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Donna Lorrene Calhoun, 1919-1919
OBITUARYDonna Lorrene, infant daughter of Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Calhoun, died Friday evening March 21st, 1919. Funeral services were held at the M. E. Church, Sunday afternoon, conducted by Rev. J. M. Johnson. Interment was made in Hillside Cemetery. The relatives have the sympathy of the entire community.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, March 27, 1919
Dorothy Lucille Calhoun, 1919-1920
Obituary Dorothy Lucille, youngest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Calhoun was born February 26th, 1919 and departed this life January 30th, 1920. She was one of twin children which came to bless the Calhoun family, and the last one of them to be taken; the other having been taken when only a few weeks old. Dorothy was taken ill only a few days prior to her death, and soon developed a serious case of pneumonia, which in spite of all that loving hands and skill could do took her from us to Our Fathers brighter home. We know that the father and mother and three brothers shall miss her presence greatly, but may they not sorrow in vain: for Jesus said, "Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not for of such is the Kingdom of Heaven." Funeral services were held in the M. E. church, Sunday afternoon by Rev. W. L. Philley, followed by interment in the Hillside cemetery. Sincere sympathy is extended to the bereaved family. A Friend.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, February 5, 1920
Glenn Campbell, 1902-1919
Death of Glenn Campbell The community was saddened last Tuesday morning when a message was received announcing the death of Glenn Campbell, Monday evening at Excelsior Springs, Mo., where he had gone a week ago for his health. Glenn had been in ill health for some time and al that medical aid and loving hands could do was done. The body was brought to Palmer, Wednesday and funeral services will be held at 2 oclock today at that place. Glenn was a favorite with all and will be sadly missed. It is hard, indeed, to part with youth; hard to gaze upon the youth when death has placed his cold mask upon the brow. It seems unjust to close the eyes forever at such a time, but our belief that the eyes are only momentarily dimmed, and that they have opened in another world, where the beauteous fields of Paradise spread out to the rapturous gaze, is what consoles the bereft mourner. This young man has filled the world with light and laughter and he goes to fill a place made by a hand, whose wisdom and mysteries we do not understand, and which finally makes all things right.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 23, 1919
Obituary Glenn Campbell was born September 14th, 1902, at Palmer, Nebraska, and passed to the Great Beyond January 20th, 1919, at Excelsior Springs, Mo., at the age of sixteen years, four months and six days. He leaves to mourn his loss a father, mother and one sister together with a host of relatives and friends. He was a young man of sterling quality, home loving and devoted to his parents and a firm believer in the Devine Being. It seems impossible to find words that might bring some consolation to the bereaved relatives. There must be some place prepared by the Creator of all things where the sufferer is taken and where eternal light guide the footsteps to happiness and contentment. Funeral services were held at the Methodist Church at Palmer, Nebraska, Thursday, January 23 at 2:30 oclock with Rev. Baxeley officiating. The body was laid to rest in the Palmer cemetery.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 30, 1919
Andrew Gustaf Carlson, 1851-1913
Andrew Gustaf Carlson was born in Jonkoping Sweden, September 18, 1851. He came to America thirty two years ago, and has lived most of the time in this part of the country. Being an old settler, he was well known to all the people of Wolbach and vicinity. He died three miles south of Wolbach June 12, 1913. His death was caused by the kick of a horse. After the fatal accident he walked to the home of niece Mrs. Chas. Wagner, and remained there until the end came. He was one of the ten children, five of whom are living, one sister in this country and one sister and three brothers in Sweden. Besides these relatives he has several nephews and nieces living in this locality. Saturday June 14, 1913 at 2:30 p.m. funeral services were held in the English Lutheran church of Wolbach conducted by the pastor Rev. R. A. White. Interment was in the Wolbach cemetery. The surviving relatives have the sympathy of all.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, June 19, 1913
David Carlson, 1902-1942
DAVID CARLSON RITES TUESDAY Funeral services were held on Tuesday afternoon for David Carlson at the McIntyre Funeral home. Rev. Primrose officiated. Burial was in the North Logan cemetery in the family plot. Pallbearers were Ernest Gibson, Andrew Thomsen, Archie Nelson, Carl Christensen, Ches Johnson and Harry Wohlers. Mrs. Seth W. Oleson and Mrs. Ralph Zlomke sang, with Mrs. Herbert Falk at the piano. Mr. Carlson died suddenly at his home at Turloc, Cal. He moved to the west coast in 1933 from Howard county, where he had made his home. Mr. Carlson was born May 5, 1902 in Howard county and was the youngest son of Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Carlson, now deceased. He is survived by two brothers Harry, at Summitville, Colo., and Frank of Palmer, two sisters, Mrs. Hulda Miller and Mrs. Emma Nilles of Omaha, also four nephews and two nieces.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 30, 1942
Frans August Carlson, 1850-1922
Frans August Carlson was born in Switzerland, Sweden, on January 21, 1850, and died December 24, 1922, aged 72 years, 11 months and 3 days. He came to America in 1875 and made his home in Red Oak, Iowa, until 1877, when he came to Nebraska and took a homestead, upon which he since lived. He was one of the oldest settlers in Howard county. He was married to Ingrid Nelson on August 10, 1888, and to this union were born seven children, two daughters who died in infancy. The rest, together with his widow, survive him. For many yeas he had been in poor health, but during this long sickness he sought and found Christ as his Savior and was a firm believer in the blood of Christ. He was baptized and brought up in the Lutheran church. The funeral took place December 27, 1922, from St. Petri church at Logan, Rev. J. Magnussen officiating, assisted by Rev. Mr. Moline, and the remains laid to rest in the St. Petri cemetery.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 11, 1923
Gustava (Magnuson) Carlson, 1844-1932
Mrs. Gustava Carlson Answers Final Call Mrs. Gustava Carlson passed away late last Saturday evening at the home of her son Oscar, south of Wolbach. Almost 88 years old, Mrs. Carlson had been in failing health for the past few years, during which time her children had shown her every care. Funeral services were held, Tuesday, July 5th, at 2 p.m. at the home and 2:30 p.m. at the Trinity Lutheran church in Wolbach conducted by Dr. R. A. White and Rev. S. S. Kaldahl. Burial was made in the Wolbach cemetery. OBITUARY-- Mrs. Gustava Magnuson Carlson was born in Jonkoping, Sweden on October 20, 1844. She was confirmed in the Lutheran Church when a young girl and remained a faithful member of the Church throughout her life. Married in her native country to John Carlson about the year 1863. To this union were born 11 children of whom 5 survive her. Five died in infancy and Emma died in 1898 at the age of 16 years. With her family of 5 children she came to America in 1884; her husband having preceded her a few years. They settled in Louisville, Nebraska, where they resided until in 1888, when they moved to a farm in Howard County near where she has been living with her son Oscar since the death of her husband in 1897. She endured the hardships of the early pioneers. Mrs. Carlson had been ill for the last few years. Death came quickly at 10 oclock on the evening of July 2, 1932. She was vouchsafed a long life, having attained the age of 87 years, 8 months and 12 days. Five children survive her: Charles and Oscar of near Wolbach, Swan and Mrs. Anna Debord of near Palmer, and Mr. Charles Wagner of near Wolbach, 16 grandchildren, 6 great grand-children, and a host of friends. CARD OF THANKS We take this means of expressing our deep thanks to all our friends and neighbors for their many acts of kindness and sympathy, and for the many flowers and other gifts and for the help rendered during the illness and at the time of the death of our beloved mother. Oscar Carlson, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Carlson, Swan Carlson and children, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wagner and children, Mr. and Mrs. John DeBord and children.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 7, 1932
Ingrid (Nelson) Carlson, 1865-1931
MRS. AUGUST CARLSON DIES It was a shock to the community Sunday morning when it was learned of the death of Mrs. August Carlson, who was found dead in the morning, not knowing when during the night she had passed away. Mr. August Carlson preceded her in death some years ago. Funeral services were held in North Logan church Tuesday afternoon. MRS. F. A. CARLSON whose maiden name was Ingrid Nelson passed peacefully away Sunday morning, Jan. 4th, at her home west of town, reaching the age of 65 years, 6 months, 2 weeks and 3 days. She was born in Sweden June 17, 1865. In 1886 she came to America, coming directly to Kansas, where she made her home for a year. Later she came to Nebraska where she met Frans A. Carlson and was married to him on August 10, 1888. He preceded her in death, passing away 8 years ago this last Christmas. To this union were born seven children, four daughters and three sons. The sons are Harry and Dave, who are at home, and Frank, living at Wood River, Nebraska. Two daughters died in infancy. The two daughters living are Mrs. Hulda Miller and Mrs. Emma Miller, both of Omaha. She also leaves five grandchildren. She is survived by two sisters, Mrs. Cecilia Anderson of St. Paul and Mrs. Annie Lindbloom of Denver, Colo., and by four brothers, Nels Nelson of Elba, John Nelson and Ole Nelson of St. Paul, and Loui Nelson of Boulder, Colo. She also has had another sister who preceded her in death, Mrs. Mary Anderson of Illinois. The funeral services were conducted from St. Peters Lutheran Church in North Logan, Tuesday afternoon, Jan. 6th. Rev. S. S. Kaldahl, pastor of the church, had charge of the funeral. Many old time friends had come out to show their sympathy with the bereaved, and their final respect to an old time friend and neighbor. Mrs. Carlson was laid to rest beside her husband on the North Logan cemetery. May God bless her memory in the hearts of her children and many friends in the community. CARD OF THANKS We wish to take this means of expressing our sincere appreciation to our neighbors and friends for their many deeds of kindness and sympathy during the brief illness and at the time of the death of our beloved mother. Harry Carlson, Dave Carlson, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Carlson and Family, Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Miller and Family, Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Miller.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday January 8, 1931
Josephine Carlson, 1864-1937
Last Rites For Early Settler Last rites were held for Mrs. Josephine Carlson who passed away August 20 were held Sunday afternoon in the Trinity Lutheran church with the pastor Rev. J. S. [illegible] conducting the services. Interment was made in the Hillside cemetery. Mrs. Carlson was born December 11, 1864 in Sweden where she was baptized and confirmed in the state Lutheran church. In 1886 she was married to Carl Oscar Carlson and in 1889 they came to Nebraska where they made their home near Wolbach. Mr. Carlson passed to his reward in 1908. She has made her home here since settling in the community reaching the age of 72 years, 7 months and 9 days. Three children are left to cherish her memory: Mrs. Ed Nestor, Mrs. John Bengston, and Mrs. John Nestor, also a sister Mrs. Hilda Bengston of Lincoln, also many grand children and many great grand children and numerous other relatives and friends. As an early settler, Mrs. Carlson was among those who made this country their monument and to the surviving relatives we extend our heartfelt sympathy.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, August 26, 1937
Oliver "Kit" Carson, ca. 1857-1917
Obituary Oliver Carson, better known as "Kit" was born in Springfield Massachusetts about 60 years ago. He died at the home of A. Pratt near Cushing, Nebraska, May 28, 1917. He came to Nebraska about 1878 or 79. For a while he was located at Minden. For 27 years he has made his home with the family of A. Pratt near Cushing. He had the reputation of being kindhearted and generous, and he had endeared himself to the family with whom he lived so long. They speak of him as having been like one of the family. He had very many friends which will make his departure a loss to the community. Funeral services, largely attended by the neighbors, were held at the Pratt home at 2:00 P.M. Tuesday, May 29, conducted by R. A. White of Wolbach. The remains were laid to rest in the cemetery near Cushing.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, May 31, 1917
Richard Otto Carlson, 1923-1929
OBITUARY Richard Otto Carlson, son of F. O. Carlson and Hannah Carlson was born in Greeley County, Nebraska, July 31, 1923. He was baptized in Wolbach, Dec. 7, 1923. He died in the St. Francis Hospital, Grand Island, Nebraska, March 20, 1929, aged 5 years, 7 months and 19 days. He leaves to mourn the loss his parents, six brothers and two sisters. Funeral services conducted by Rev. R. A. White were held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Carlson in Brayton, Friday, March 22, at 10:00 a.m. Burial was in the Swedish Lutheran Cemetery at Greeley, Nebraska. The stricken family have the sympathy of many friends. "It is not the will of your Father which is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish." CARD OF THANKS We wish to thank our friends and neighbors for their kind words and deeds of sympathy shown us in the sad hour of illness and death of our beloved son and brother. And a heartfelt thanks to School District No. 15 and Mr. and Mrs. John Ross and son for the beautiful floral offerings. We assure all, their kindness will never be forgotten. Mr. and Mrs. F. O. Carlson and family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, March 28, 1929
Sarah Jane (Steenson) Carlson, 1879-1945
Former Resident Dies At Arnold Mrs. Andrew Carlson, 66, of Arnold, former resident of this community, died Sunday at her home after a long illness. The family moved from Wolbach about 20 years ago. Funeral services were held Wednesday morning. Surviving are her husband and six children. The children are twin sons, Harry and Johnny, Mrs. Margaret Myers, Mrs. Madeline Strawsberrg, (sic) Mrs. Olivia Kelly and Arthur, all of Arnold. The following brothers and sisters also survive: Mrs. Harry Burt and John Steenson of Wolbach, Pat Steenson of Rawlins, Wyo., James Steenson of OConnor, Mrs. Margaret Murphy of Pasadena, Calif., Art Steenson of Rogerson, Ida., Joe Steenson of Wolbach, Emmett Steenson of Montella, Nev., Andy Steenson of Omaha and Lawrence Steenson of Grand Island.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, July 19, 1945
Funeral Services For Mrs. Carlson Funeral services were held July 18 at St. Agnes church in Arnold for Mrs. Anders J. Carlson. Pallbearers were her grandsons: Rodney and Duane Carlson, Howard and Ed Strasburg, Jim and Bob Myers. Burial was in the Arnold cemetery. Sarah Jane Steenson was born March 16, 1879 at Greenville, N. J. When she was six years old she moved to OConnor with her parents. On February 26, 1899, she was married to Anders J. Carlson. The family lived in Greeley county until 1924, when they moved to Arnold to make their home. Surviving are her husband; three daughters, Mrs. Glen Myers, Mrs. Harold Strasburg and Mrs. Paul Kelley; three sons, Harry, John and Arthur. Eleven grandchildren, two sisters and eight brothers also survive. The sisters and brothers are: Mrs. Mary Burt of Wolbach, Mrs. Margaret Murphy of Pasadena, Cal., John Steenson of Wolbach, Pat Steenson of Rawlins, Wyo., James Steenson of OConnor, Art Steenson of Rogerson, Ida., Joe Steenson of Wolbach, Emmett Steenson of Montella, Nev., Andy Steenson of Omaha, and Lawrence Steenson of Grand Island. One daughter, Mrs. Theresa Daily, died in September, 1934. Out-of-town relatives and friends attending the last rites were Mr. and Mrs. Joe Steenson, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Silk, Mrs. Mary Burt and John Steenson, all of Wolbach, Pat Steenson and son Edward, of Rawlins, Wyo., Andy Steenson of Omaha, Lawrence Steenson of Grand Island, Mr. and Mrs. John Nelson, Mr. and Mrs. George Ferguson of Berwyn, Mr. and Ben (sic) Best of Callaway and Miss Jeane Barbar of North Loup.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, August 2, 1945
Larry Don Cartwright, 1935-1947
Larry Cartwright Killed Sat. Morning, Services Were Mon. Mrs. Jennie Cartwright, Mrs. Vern G. Dollarhide and Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Cartwright drove to Hastings early Saturday morning being called there by the death of their grandson and nephew, Larry, 12 year old son of Mr. and Mrs. Virgil D. (James) Cartwright. Larry died from shock following injuries received on Friday afternoon at 12:22 when struck by a freight car, which he apparently did not see or hear. The accident occurred a half block west of the Hastings overpass. Larry, who was partially deaf, neither saw or heard the train, it is believed. One wheel passed over his right leg between the ankle and knee. Prior to the accident the boy had not been seen in the yards. He was immediately rushed to the Mary Lanning hospital. Larry remained conscious until it was necessary to take him to the operating room, passing away at 12:40 a.m. Saturday morning from shock. Funeral services were held for Larry Don Cartwright at 9:45 oclock Monday morning in the home of his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Virgil Cartwright and at 10:00 a.m. in the St. Paul Lutheran church at Hastings, Dr. C. B. Harman of Grand Island officiating. Burial in Parkview cemetery, Hastings. A quartet sang: "Beautiful Isle of Somewhere", "God Will Take Care of You" and "Safe in the Arms of Jesus." Pallbearers were: Donald Brandt and Leon Van Boening, two Den Chiefs and four Cub Scouts, Pack 207, John Crabtree, Arnold Hinricks, La Moyne Thomas and Jackie Blum. Larry Don Cartwright was born July 30, 1935 at Grand Island, Nebraska. October 1, 1935, he was received into the church of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ by the sacrament of Holy Baptism. On April 17, 1944 he came with his parents to Hastings, where with his parents he resided until the time of his death, Saturday, August 16, 1947 at the age of 12 years and 17 days. Since the age of 5 he attended school at Nebraska School for the deaf in Omaha. He is survived by his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Virgil Cartwright, a sister, Marilyn and his twin brother, Gary, one grandmother, Mrs. Jennie Cartwright of Wolbach, a number of aunts, uncles and cousins and a host of friends. Larry was a kind and loving boy and his very brilliant mind kept his expressive hands constantly doing and making many things, which endeared him to and was the marvel of all who knew him. Larry will be greatly missed by his loved ones, school mates and friends. Relatives from a distance attending the funeral were: C. J. Christensen, Chris Christensen and Mr. and Mrs. John Christensen, Council Bluffs, Iowa; Mrs. Chester Price, Honey Creek, Iowa; Mr. and Mrs. Russell Cartwright, Wray, Colorado; Mr. and Mrs. Lester Cartwright, Norfolk; Mr. and Mrs. D. Cleve Jackson, Fullerton; Mrs. Myrtle McIntyre, Scotia; Mr. and Mrs. Vern G. Dollarhide, Mrs. Jennie Cartwright, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. W. Cartwright and Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Cartwright, all of Wolbach.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, August 21, 1947
Roland Dale Cartwright, 1902-1935
Roland Cartwright Laid to Rest Thurs. Following brief services at the home of his sister, Mrs. D. Cleve Jackson, services were held Thursday afternoon at the Methodist Episcopal church here for Roland Cartwright. Roland passed quietly away at a St. Paul hospital from injuries sustained in an auto accident near that place the previous Sunday. His wife, mother, brothers and sisters, with the exception of Mrs. Vern Dollarhide, who arrived too late, were at his bedside when the end came. Following the largely attended services conducted by the Reverends Primrose of St. Paul and Feldman of Wolbach, at the church, interment was made in the Hillside cemetery with the following friends acting as pall-bearers: Don Treat, Leo Riley, and Jimmie Smith of Lincoln, Howard Anderson and Earl Lincoln of Scotia and Robert Wilson of Wolbach.
OBITUARY-Roland Dale Cartwright was born at Villisca, Iowa, April 19, 1902 and departed this life early Tuesday morning, October 22, 1935 at the age of 33 years, five months and 22 days. On March 16th, 1903 with his parents he moved to the vicinity of Wolbach where they lived until the death of his father on February 9, 1908. Soon afterward the mother and seven younger children moved to Wolbach where the mother still retains her home. Being handicapped by an eye injury, received while very young, Roland left school after finishing tenth grade and took up employment in the F. M. Schmidt store, later being engaged by the J. S. Greer store Company. This position he held for eight years, resigning to move to Scotia where he was employed by the Bredthauer Department store for two years. During this time he was united in marriage to Carrie Keef of Wolbach on August 15, 1926. Resigning his position in Scotia, Roland and wife moved to Lincoln in 1928 where he accepted employment in one of the Freadrich Grocery Stores as a meat cutter, a position severed only by his death. After moving to Lincoln two children were born to their union, Roland Leo, age 6 and Florene Marie, age 4. At the age of 19 years the deceased was baptized in the Methodist church of Wolbach and with his wife and children was a regular attendant at the Methodist church in Lincoln. Besides a sorrowing wife and two children, Roland is survived by a loving mother, Mrs. Jennie Cartwright and seven brothers and sisters, namely: Wm. L. Cartwright and Mrs. Ida Mae Jackson of Wolbach, Mrs. Myrtle McIntyre of Scotia, Lester Cartwright of Norfolk, Mrs. L. Marie Dollarhide of Columbus, No. Dakota, Russell Cartwright of Fort Collins, Colo., and James of Grand Island, Nebr. A sister, Mrs. Viola Junk passed away in January 1917. Two brothers and a sister died in infancy. Although a home is bereft of a devoted husband and father whose wife and children were his first and loving consideration and a family circle has a vacant chair, surely, we who were privileged to call him either son, husband, brother, relative or friend were indeed blest, for not only is the death of Roland Cartwright mourned by a devoted family but by a multitude of friends. It has been truly said by many who were happy at having been his friend or fortunate enough to have come in contact with his loyal and sunny disposition: "He could not have had an enemy." So the hours of bereavement occasioned by his untimely passing are filled with countless, beautiful memories of his brief years spent in our midst.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, October 31, 1935
Mrs. William Cartwright, ca.1895-1921
MRS. CARTWRIGHT DEAD She Succumbed at Hospital in Omaha After a Long Illness Mrs. William Cartwright died last Thursday in a hospital in Omaha following an operation. She had been in poor health for more than two years. Mrs. Jennie Cartwright of Wolbach is the mother of her husband. Mrs. Cleve Jackson and Mrs. Chancey McIntyre are sisters. All were present at the funeral services in St. Paul last Friday. Besides the husband, Mrs. Cartwright is survived by one son, William, about 3 years old. The family lived at Georgetown in Custer county. Mrs. Cartwright was about 26 years old. The deceased was well known in Wolbach. She was beloved by all.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, March 31, 1921
Charles Myron Caudill, 1935-1944
YOUTH DROWNS WHILE WADING Charles Caudill, 9 Years Old, Slips Into Hole In Creek Near Family Home Charles Caudill, 9-year-old son of Mr. and Mrs. Everett Caudill, was drowned Tuesday morning when he slipped into a ten foot hole in a creek near the family home three miles northwest of Wolbach. The tragedy occurred when the boy and his two brothers, Richard and Lyle, were returning from a pasture after herding cattle. The boys went wading in the creek formed by a dam. A heavy rain the night before had washed a deep hole in the creek. Charles slipped into the hole and being unable to swim, could not get out. His brothers, neither of whom could swim, stood by helplessly. One of the brothers ran to the house for help. The father of the boy hailed a passing car and went to the creek. Andy Nelson of Wolbach, driver of the car and the only one able to swim, went into the water and recovered the boys body. The body was lying face down in the mud. Clarence and Ernie Thayer, who were riding with Nelson, immediately started to administer artificial respiration but the boy, who had been under the water for more than an hour, was dead. County Sheriff Tom J. Murphy and County attorney T. J. Howard went to the farm to assist in the recovery of the body as soon as word of the tragedy reached Greeley.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, June 15, 1944
Last Rites For Charles Caudill Funeral services were held Friday afternoon at 2 oclock at the family home and at 2:30 at the Methodist church for Charles Caudill, who was drowned last week when he slipped into a hole in a creek near the Caudill farm northwest of Wolbach. Rev. W. J. Primrose officiated at the last rites. The pallbearers were Roy Wilks, Buddy Perry, Raymond Knudsen, Jack Higgins and Ernest Thayer. The flowerbearers were: Betty Ann Knudsen, Anna Marie Petrotis, Peggy Harrahill and Lola Mae Higgins. Charles Myron Caudill, son of Mr. and Mrs. Everett Caudill, was born near Wolbach on July 31, 1935. He attended the Midway school, where he was a fourth grade student. Surviving are his parents, two brothers and two sisters; his grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Quiller Caudill of Olympia Wash., and Mr. and Mrs. Leo Jeffers of Idaho.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, June 22, 1944
Harrison Quiller Caudill, 1882, 1947
Last Rites Held For Quiller Caudill Mon. Last rites were held for Quiller Caudill Monday afternoon at 2:00 oclock at the Everett Caudill home and at 2:30 in the Methodist church, Rev. A. Clyde Ehert officiating. Burial in the Hillside cemetery. The Junior Choir sang "God Will Take Care of You" and "Abide With Me". A vocal duet "Old Rugged Cross," Georgia and Dolores Jacobson accompanied by Mrs. Helen B. Adams. Pallbearers were: Griff Whitt, Ed Becker and George McNalley of Grand Island; Ambrose Whalen of Greeley, D. H. Marcoe and Bill Lantz. Flower girls were: Peggy Nealon, Ruth Marco, Jennie Caudill and Beverly Lantz, assisted by Mrs. Ernie Thayer and Mrs. Bill Lantz. Harrison Quiller Caudill was born on October 14, 1882 at Ashville, North Carolina and passed away early Friday morning, June 20 at the St. Francis Hospital in Grand Island at the age of 64 years, 8 months and 6 days. He had been in failing health the past few years but was stricken suddenly at his home in Grand Island. After supper he complained of not feeling well and was preparing to retire, when he became suddenly ill and was taken to the hospital. Just a few days prior to his death he visited in the home of his son, Everett at Wolbach and with relatives and friends at St. Paul. In the year 1901 he came to Nebraska with his parents, where he grew to manhood. When a young man he was baptized in the Methodist Church. On June 16, 1909 he was united in marriage to Miss Emma Studley at Greeley, they made their home in Greeley County on a farm until 1941. They then moved to Washington, where he was employed at the ship yards. They returned to Nebraska to live in Grand Island in 1944. He leaves to mourn his passing besides his wife, Emma, six children: Mrs. John Whalen, Greeley; Everett of Wolbach; Donald of Grand Island; Mrs. Vernon Nelson, Edward and Raymond of Olympia, Washington; three brothers and three sisters: Lester of Idaho, Coy of Oregon, Wheeler of St. Paul; Mrs. Ed Meyers of St. Paul; Mrs. Bert Minard of Spokane, Washington and Annis Graham of Tenn.; 14 grand children and a great host of relatives and friends. Among the out of town relatives and friends attending were: Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Nelson, Edward and Raymond Caudill of Olympia, Washington; Mr. and Mrs. Lester Caudill, Idaho; Fred Prewitt and W. B. Prewitt, Wyo.; Mrs. Quiller Caudill and Mr. and Mrs. Donald Caudill, Grand Island; Mr. and Mrs. Ole Wolfort, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Caudill, Mr. and Mrs. Leverett Caudill, Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Jeffres, Mr. and Mrs. Ed Meyers and Junior, St. Paul; Mr. and Mrs. Alvie Petersen, Cushing; Mr. and Mrs. Albert Nestor and Mr. and Mrs. Herman Lucht, St. Paul; Mr. and Mrs. Charles Tate, Cedar Rapids; Mr. and Mrs. Ed Becker, Mr. and Mrs. George McNalley and Mr. and Mrs. Griff Whitt, Grand Island; Mr. and Mrs. Robert Marco and Ruth, Mr. and Mrs. Ambrose Whalen and Mr. and Mrs. Bert Whalen, Greeley.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, Jun 26, 1947
Loren Caudle, 1921-1927
Little Loren Caudle Dies At Hospital A very sad event occurred last week in the death of Loren Caudle, the five year old son of Mr. and Mrs. George Caudle of this place. Death came last Saturday night at the hospital at Grand Island after several days of suffering. On the evening of July 2nd the boy had chewed up and swallowed a part of a fireworks called a spit-devil, and it is thought that poison contained in it was the cause of the childs death. The poison acted slowly, and it was several days before the seriousness of the case was realized. The lad was taken to the hospital on Thursday evening. Little could be done for his relief and he passed away about 11 p.m. Saturday night. Funeral services were held at the Methodist church Monday afternoon and the little body was laid to rest in Hillside cemetery. The deceased was the older of the two sons of the bereaved parents, and would have been six years old in September. The grief stricken parents have the deepest sympathy of the entire community. OBITUARY -- Loren George Caudle was born in Cozad, Nebraska, September 2, 1921, and died in Grand Island, Nebraska July 9, 1927, aged 5 years, 10 months and 7 days. His parents having lived for some time in Omaha and in Denver, brought him here in October 1926. He was baptized in the Cradle Roll of the Christian church. The sympathy of the whole community goes out to these parents in their sad affliction. CARD OF THANKS We wish to thank all our friends and neighbors for their help and sympathy during the sickness and following the death of our little son Loren, and also thank them for floral remembrances. Mr. and Mrs. George B. Caudle. [A resolution of sympathy from Wolbach Lodge No. 280 I.O.O.F. followed.]
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 14, 1927
Mary Ellen (Franklin) Caudle, 1880-1934
Mrs. J. W. Caudle Laid to Rest Mrs. J. W. Caudle passed away at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Maynord Giersdoff, near Arnold Tuesday night, January 2 at eleven oclock, following weeks of intense suffering. Although she has been afflicted for the past three years with the dreaded cancer, Mrs. Caudle has always borne her suffering with the greatest patience and fortitude. Many of her days were spent in reading her Bible. Her devoted husband and children were constantly by her side during her last illness and did every thing possible for human hands to do to make her days and nights comfortable. But in her passing they are comforted by knowing the Savior has called her where suffering is no more. Mary Ellen Franklin was born in Alleganey county, North Carolina November 22, 1880 and departed this life at Arnold, Nebraska, January 2, 1934 at the age of 53 years 1 month and 10 days. During her young life she lived with her parents and took great interest in Sunday School work. At the age of sixteen she was united with the Union Hill Baptist church and was always an earnest Christian. She was united in marriage to Joseph Woodson Caudle in July 1899. In 1902 they moved to Nebraska and lived near Wolbach which has been her home since, with the exception of a few years spent in Oregon and the last three years near Arnold. The deceased leaves to mourn her death, her husband and three children, Johnnie D. Caudle and Julia Ann Giersdorff both of Arnold and Harrison of Elm Creek, and one grand child, Howard Darnold Caudle. Two children died in infancy and one son George at the age of eighteen months. She is also survived by three sisters and one brother, all of whom reside in North Carolina. She was a kind wife, a loving mother and will be greatly missed by her loved ones. May God bless her memory in the hearts of her husband and children and friends in this community. Funeral services were held Saturday afternoon at the First Baptist church in Arnold, conducted by Rev. J. Ross Fountain, pastor of the church. Burial was made in the Arnold cemetery. The Messenger joins with the many old friends in this community in extending heart felt sympathy to the sorrowing family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 11, 1934
Richard Caudle, 1902-1918
OBITUARYRichard Caudle was born in North Carolina, February 11, 1902 and died at his home north of Wolbach, March 29th 1918. He has suffered with tuberculosis since last October which developed into dropsy and caused much suffering at the last. He leaves to mourn his loss a father, stepmother, six brothers and one sister. Five sisters and his mother have preceded him to the Great Beyond. His mother was a member of the Methodist church and Richard died in his mothers faith. Funeral services were held in the Methodist church, Saturday afternoon, at two oclock, Rev. J. M. Johnson officiating. Interment was made in Hillside cemetery. The sympathy of the entire community is extended to the father and the bereaved family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, April 4, 1918
H. I. Cecil, ca. 1887-1945
DIES IN MINNESOTA H. I. Cecil, 58, of St. Paul died Monday at Rochester, Minn. Manager of the St. Paul light and water department, he was a resident of that community for 22 years. Surviving are his wife and four sons. Mrs. Bernard Cecil, the former Leonamae Mathiesen of Wolbach, is a daughter-in-law.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, December 6, 1945
Ollie (Tilley) Cheeks, 1887-1910
Obituary Mrs. Ollie Cheeks was born Dec. 4th, 1887 at Cherry Lane, North Carolina, and died July 29, 1910. She was the eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Tilley, and was united in marriage to Arun Cheeks Jan. 10, 1904. The deceased was loved by all who had the pleasure of her acquaintance. She is survived by her husband, mother, father, one brother and a sister. Her husband thinking the western climate would improve her health brought her to Nebr. March 10, 1910, but she grew weaker and weaker with that dread disease consumption until God called her home. She always lived a Christian life and for the last seven years was a member of the Baptist church. One child blessed this union, being a little girl who died at the age of three years. Funeral services were held in the M. E. Church last Sunday morning, Rev. J. H. McDonald, the pastor, officiating. Interment in the Wolbach cemetery.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, August 4, 1910
Ane (Hansen) Christensen, 1855-1933
Mrs. James Christensen Answers Final Call Mrs. James Christensen passed away last Saturday night, about ten oclock, just two hours before the dawn of her seventy-eighth birthday. Mrs. Christensen had been confined to her house for the past few months since she was injured in a fall. She was able to get about to a limited degree with the aid of crutches. She took ill Friday night passing on about 24 hours later. Mrs. Christensen, whose maiden name was Ane Hansen was born in Sealand, Denmark, Jan. 8, 1855. She was united in marriage to James Christensen July 7, 1877. The family came to America in 1882, living in Omaha two years and then coming to St. Paul. For the past 49 years Mrs. Christensen has resided in Howard and Greeley counties, the greater share of that being on a farm two miles west of Wolbach. In the spring of 1922, Mr. and Mrs. Christensen moved to Wolbach, where the husband died in August 1927. Of the eleven children, seven survived to mourn the loss of their mother. They are Mrs. Gus Holm, Chris Christensen, Mrs. E. L. Johnson, Arthur, William, Mrs. W. A. Christensen, all of Wolbach, and Mrs. J. W. Tempest of Omaha. She also leaves eleven grandchildren and one sister, Mrs. Mary Hansen of Omaha. Mrs. Christensen was baptized in infancy and confirmed in the Lutheran church in Denmark, and remained true to her faith till death. The sympathies of the entire community go out to the surviving relatives. Funeral services conducted by Dr. R. A. White were held in Trinity Lutheran church Tuesday, January 10, 1933 at 2:30 p.m. Burial was made in Hillside cemetery.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 12, 1933
Anna Christensen, 1890-1916
Obituary Mrs. Anna Christensen was born December 24th in the year of 1890, being at the age of her death 26 years, 2 months and 4 days. She was called to her heavenly home on the night of February 28, at 8:30. She has gone to meet her mother, father, one sister and one brother, who had gone before her. She was called to her heavenly home after a long illness of which time she was bedfast 6 weeks. When she began to fail in the first stages of her illness a trained nurse was summoned and all was done for her that was possible. She seemed to improve wonderfully the last week and was expecting to get up and be around but God calls when he sees best so on the above mentioned date he called her home. She was married to Maurice Christensen and to this union 4 children were born, 3 boys and 1 girl, all of whom live to know the absence of a dear mother. She had been feeling good until about a half hour before she died, when she called them and bid them all good bye and told them she was going home. She leaves to mourn her death, her loving husband and children, Louie, Carl, Dale and Clara Christensen, 3 brothers and 3 sisters.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, March 23, 1916
Arnold Peter Christian Christensen, 1898-1921
ARNOLD CHRISTENSEN The community was absolutely shocked and stunned last Friday evening when the word came that Arnold Christensen had drowned in Spring creek just northwest of town. Arnold, big and husky, with the smile and countenance of health about him; with every indication of happiness and prosperity before him, was the last one to be thought of as dead. Yet it was true. In company with Jim McHugh, Harry Wibbels and Paul White he went in swimming Friday night, June 10th. The water was deep and cold, and having been a rather warm day it is likely that Arnold was warm, so that when he plunged into the water he became seized with cramps or something, and went under, never to return to the surface but once. Jim tried to rescue him, but was nearly drawn under in the struggle. Harry Wibbles jumped into his Ford and secured help from the boys up town but it was too late. He had drawn the dirty water into his lungs, and life was gone. The stricken family have the sympathy of the whole community. OBITUARY Arnold Peter Christian Christensen was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa, August 18, 1898. He died of drowning near Wolbach, Nebraska, June 10, 1921, -- aged 22 years, 9 months and 22 days. He was baptized in infancy in the Danish Lutheran church of Council Bluffs. About ten years ago he came with his parents to Greeley county and has been a resident of the same ever since. Since the spring of 1920 he has made his home with his parents in Wolbach. November 8, 1920, he was united in marriage with Miss Leora Baird. He leaves to mourn the loss, his wife, his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Ole Christensen and four sisters, namely, Mrs. Elna McHugh, Anna, Esther and Edith Christensen. This sad event has removed from our midst one who was well known and respected by all. His happy disposition and pleasant smile will be missed by many friends. He had the promise of becoming one of the rising business men of the community. In this dark hour all must submit to the will of the One who says, "What I do thou knowest not now, but thou shalt know after." Funeral services were held at the Trinity Lutheran church, conducted by Rev. R. A. White, after which the remains were laid to rest in Hillside cemetery. The enormous crowd that attended the funeral Sunday, is but a token of the love and esteem in which Arnold was held by all who knew him. The firemen attended in a body, six of their number acting as pall bearers being, Walter Sawicki, V. E. Plank, Alfred Larsen, Floyd Peck and B. C. Minard. The following young ladies acted as flower girls: Cotta White, Margery Davis, Esther Nelsen, Agnes Maddox, Letha Campbell and Anna Nelsen.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, June 16, 1921
Carl Charles Christensen, 1877-1944
Carl Christensen Dies At Farm Home Carl (Charles) Christensen, 67, died Tuesday morning at his home three miles north of Wolbach. He had been in ill health for several years. Surviving are his wife and five children, Lawrence of Iowa, Marvin, Mrs. Mable Lange and Mrs. Carrie Klein, all of Wolbach, and Mrs. Evelyn McCoy of California. Funeral arrangements have not been completed.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, June 15, 1944
Burial Rites For Mr. Christensen Last rites for Carl (Charles) Christensen were conducted Thursday afternoon at the family home, followed by services at the Trinity Lutheran church, with Rev. C. B. Harman officiating. Burial was in Hillside cemetery. Tony, Andrew and Rasmus Christensen, Edwin, Dave and Joe Johnson were the pallbearers. Mr. Christensen died last week at the family home north of Wolbach after a long illness. Carl Christensen, son of Lars and Christina Christensen, was born May 22, 1877, in Denmark. He came to America when he was 15 years old, living at Fremont for a few years, then moving to the Wolbach vicinity. On March 10, 1903, he was united in marriage to Alma Johnson. Following their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Christensen lived on a farm ten miles west of Wolbach. Survivors include his wife and five children, Marvin, Mrs. Mable Lange, Mrs. Carrie Klein, Wolbach; Lawrence, Iowa; Mrs. Evelyn McCoy, Maywood, Ca. Surviving also are the following brothers and sisters: Andrew, Rasmus and Anton Christensen of St. Paul, Martin Christensen of Solvang, Cal., Mrs. Laura Nielsen of Laramie, Wyo., Mrs. Christina Mortensen of Laramie, Wyo.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, June 22, 1944
Carl Harold Christensen, 1911-1934
Harold Christensen Dies Last Night Wolbach and community were shocked this morning to learn that Harold Christensen, 23, son of Mr. and Mrs. Charley Christensen living on east highway, had died about midnight from taking strychnine. According to the reports given us Harold had returned home from town and had retired, later calling his mother with the remark that he was choking. The county coroner from Greeley was called but it was not deemed necessary to hold an inquest. As we go to press funeral arrangements are not complete but no doubt burial will be Saturday afternoon. Harold was a young man of splendid character and his passing will be mourned by countless friends. The sympathy of the community is extended to the grief stricken family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 12, 1934
Harold Christensen Buried Saturday Largely attended funeral services were held for Harold Christensen, Saturday afternoon in Trinity Lutheran Church, conducted by the pastor, Rev. Rhine. The pall bearers were: Homer Cook, Ed Lange, Henry Lange, Leo Silk, Rex Marco and Henry Rother. Floral tributes were profuse and beautiful. Among those attending from a distance were: Mr. and Mrs. Will Hurt and baby, Harry Brengelman, Rasmus Christensen and Tony Christensen of Farwell; Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Nelsen and children, Clarence Christensen, Albert and Andrew Christensen of Dannivirke; Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph Christensen of Scotia; Mr. and Mrs. Elof Anderson and son of Fremont; Mr. and Mrs. Sam Klein and sons, Mr. and Mrs. George Roth of Grand Island, and Mr. and Mrs. Dean Balley of Fullerton. OBITUARY Carl Harold Christensen was born at Wolbach, Nebraska, April 9, 1911 and died July 12 1934 at the age of 23 years, 3 months and 3 days. In infancy he was consecrated in baptism in the Lutheran Church. Surviving to mourn his death are his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charley Christensen, three sisters: Mrs. Leo Klein, Mrs. Dick Lange and Evelyn Christensen; two brothers, Lawrence and Marvin Christensen and two nephews and one niece. Also his grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Leander Johnson and a host of other relatives and many friends. CARD OF THANKS To all the neighbors and friends who were so kind to us at the time and following the death of our beloved Harold, and to all those who sent flowers, we desire in this way to express our sincere gratitude. Mr. and Mrs. Charley Christensen, Marvin and Evelyn, Mr. and Mrs. Dick Lange and Darlene, Mr. and Mrs. Leo Klein and Bobby, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrance Christensen and Jimmie. [Memorial poem followed.]
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 19, 1934.
Clara M. (Peterson) Christensen, 1871-1913
Obituary Clara M. Peterson was born May 28, 1871 in Arnan, North Schwick Germany. She came to this country in the year 1880 and located in Omaha. On April 11, 1894 she was united in marriage to J. P. Christensen at Omaha. After moving about considerable they finally located near Arnold and had just made preparations to move back to this community when the Angel of Death called her over to the beyond where all pain and sorrow are forgotten, on Saturday March 1, 1913. Her death is deeply mourned by her husband, two children Julius and Annie and step children W. M. and Mary. The remains were shipped from Arnold and arrived Thursday. Funeral services were held at the Lutheran church Friday at 1 p.m. Interment was made in the Wolbach cemetery. CARD OF THANKS -- We desire to extend our sincere thanks to the many kind friends who so kindly helped us in our bereavement in the sickness and death of our beloved wife and mother. J. P. Christensen and children.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, March 13, 1913.
Christina Nelsine Christensen, 1899-1941
Service Held For Christina Christensen The funeral of Miss Christina N. Christensen, life-long resident of the Cushing community who died at her home a week ago last night were conducted Saturday afternoon at 2:30 from Trinity Lutheran church with the pastor, Rev. E. N. Haugse, officiating. Burial was made in Hillside cemetery under the direction of McIntyres Mortuary. During her last illness Miss Christensen had been sick for about a month and seriously ill for a week. Pallbearers were Charles Merta, Carl Rochek, Leo Studley, Paul Paulsen, Dave Marcoe and Chris Borre. OBITUARY Christina Nelsine Christensen was born April 7, 1899 in Howard county, and passed away at her home four miles east and south of Wolbach July 11, 1941 at the age of 42 years, 2 months and 4 days. She was baptized at the Danish Lutheran church in Wolbach May 27, 1899. Miss Christensen was a patient sufferer during her illness. She was thoughtful, loving and kindhearted, and made many friends wherever she went. She is survived by her father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. Torvald Christensen; two brothers, Engelbret of Arnold, Neb., and Albert of Wolbach; three aunts, Mrs. Mary Martin and Mrs. Katie Nelsen of Arnold, Neb., and Mrs. Katie Hansen of Wolbach; two uncles, Nels L. Hansen, Wolbach, and Pete Hansen of San Diego, Calif., besides numerous other relatives and friends. CARD OF THANKS We hereby wish to express our sincere and heartfelt thanks to all our kind neighbors and friends who rendered us every possible assistance during the illness and death of our beloved daughter and sister. We also desire to thank those who expressed their sympathy with beautiful floral tributes, the minister and choir. Torvald Christensen and Albert, Mr. and Mrs. Engelbret Christensen.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, June 19, 1941
Dorothy Maria (Mortensen) Christensen, 1856-1939
Mrs. D. M. Christensen 79, Died Tuesday Mrs. D. M. Christensen, early settler of this community passed away at the home of Mrs. Lewis in St. Paul Tuesday morning at 10 oclock after several days of severe illness. She was born in Denmark and would have been 80 years old a week from today, November 2. Funeral services will be held Friday afternoon at 2 oclock from McIntyre Funeral home in St. Paul and at 2:30 oclock from South Logan church. Rev. Primrose will officiate and burial will be in South Logan cemetery.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, October 26, 1939
Last Rites are Conducted for Mrs. D. Christensen Funeral was held last Friday from South Logan church and burial there. Funeral services for Mrs. Dorothy M. Christensen, widely known resident and pioneer of this community who died in St. Paul Tuesday last week were conducted Friday from South Logan church and interment was in South Logan cemetery. The pastor, Rev. W. J. Primrose officiated. Harry Lingford, Whitney Barnes, Mrs. W. J. Barnes and Mrs. T. C. Christensen sang appropriate hymns. After an illness covering some months followed by a heart attack, Mrs. George Christensen was called to her eternal reward Tuesday of last week at 10:00 a.m. Dorothy Maria Mortensen, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. M. Mortensen, was born in North Schleswig, November 2, 1856 and died on October 24, 1939 at the age of 79 years, 11 months and 22 days. She remained in her native land until she was 18 years of age, when she came to America and to Nebraska, settling at Fremont. Here she remained until her marriage to Mr. George Christensen on August 12, 1882 at Wahoo. To this union was born nine children. Mr. and Mrs. Christensen came to Howard county in the spring of 1891 having purchased a farm near here. Here the family has lived since. Mr. Christensen passed away October 4, 1931. As a girl Mrs. Christensen was baptized and confirmed in the Lutheran church in her home land and coming this community was a member of the South Logan church and ladies aid. Mrs. Christensen was a woman of fine Christian spirit. She bore her share of hardships in the early days. She was a faithful housewife and a loving mother, a kind friend and true neighbor. Those remaining to mourn her loss are the three step daughters, Mrs. Annie Larson of Forsythe, Montana, Mrs. Fred Sondrup of St. Paul, Mrs. G. W. Hansen of Forsyth, her own children, Mark Christensen, Mae Christensen all of St. Paul; Mrs. Thomas Hansen, Wolbach, Chris Christensen, George Christensen and Carl Christensen, St. Paul. Mrs. Christensen has two brothers remaining, Chris Mortensen of St. Paul, and Martin Mortensen of McMinneville, Ore.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, November 2, 1939
Einer Christensen, 1942
EINER CHRISTENSEN DIES AT LARAMIE, WYO Einer Christensen, a former resident of the Dannevirke community, passed away at his home at Laramie, Wyoming, Saturday following an illness extending over a period of a year. He leaves his wife and two children, a boy and girl. He also leaves the following brothers and sisters, Anton and Ras Christensen of Farwell, Chas. Christensen of Wolbach; Martin Christensen of Solvang, Calif., Andrew Christensen of Dannevirke, Mrs. Alfred Nielsen and Mrs. H. G. Mortensen of Laramie. Ras Christensen and Andrew Christensen went from here to attend the funeral, which was held on Monday, and burial was made at Laramie, Wyo.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 1, 1942
George Christensen, 1848-1931
George Christensen, Sr. Answers Final Call George Christensen, Sr., for forty years a resident of Howard County, passed away at his home south west of Wolbach at 3:30 oclock Sunday afternoon, at the age of 83 years and 9 days. Mr. Christensen had been gradually failing for the past few years. Funeral services conducted by Rev. Primrose of St. Paul, and Rev. Kahldahl of Wolbach, were held at the South Logan church Wednesday afternoon and burial made in the cemetery near by. Mr. Christensen, throughout his long residence in the community had gained the highest esteem and respect of his many neighbors and friends, and the sympathy of the community is extended to the surviving relatives. Geo. Christensen, Sr. was born in Grounebok Slesvig, Sept. 25, 1848, was baptized and confirmed in the Danish Lutheran Church in Slesvig. He came to America in 1869 and resided with a brother at Wahoo. In 1871 he was united in marriage to Miss Maren Norgaard. To them were born four girls, namely, Mary, Anna, Nora and Ida. Mrs. Christensen passed away in Sept. 1881 and a daughter Mary passed away at the age of the age (sic) 25 years, on Aug. 12, 1882 at Wahoo. Later he was married to Dorthea Marie Mortensen. In 1891 they moved to Howard Co. where they lived until his death. To this union were born nine children, namely, Mark, Joe, Elma, Mae, Eva, Chris, Geo. and Carl. One child died in infancy. He leaves to mourn his loss, his wife, and eight children, 16 grandchildren and a host of other relatives and friends.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, October 8, 1931
Hans Christensen, 1828-1912
Obituary Mr. Hans Christensen The subject of this sketch was born in Skydebjurg Tyen, Denmark July 27, 1828 and died at the home of his son Rasmus Hansen Sept. 2, 1912. At the time of his death he was 84 years 1 month and 6 days of age. He was married at Kjong Denmark to Miss Kjisten Madsen on the 23 of Dec. 1856. To this happy union 13 children were born and only seven of them live to mourn the loss of a loving father. They left their native country and came to America in the year of 1872 having lived in the state of Nebraska about 40 years. The funeral was held at the Lutheran church at this city last Wednesday the Rev. Mr. B. Peterson of Lincoln preached the sermon. The choir rendered some beautiful songs. The Messenger extends sympathy to the bereaved family. CARD OF THANKS We desire to express our sincere thanks to the many kind friends who so kindly helped to lighten the burden of our bereavement in the sickness and death of our beloved husband and father.
Mrs. Hans Christensen and family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, September 12, 1912
Harry Christensen, 1900-1919
Train Kills Harry Christensen Wood River, Neb., Nov. 4 A young man by the name of Christensen, a truck driver in the employ of the state highway department, was killed at a grade crossing on main street here Saturday afternoon, when Union Pacific train No. 9 hit the truck he was driving. He was picked up by employees of the road and taken to Grand Island on train No. 8 a few minutes after the accident. He died within a few hours. His parents live at Wolbach and they arrived at the hospital in Grand Island just after he died. The truck he was driving was completely demolished. The train struck the vehicle, a five ton army truck and carried it nearly a quarter of a mile before the train was brought to a stop. The truck hanging out on the side of the engine, destroyed the companys water crane, the mail crane and sign posts along the right of way. The train was in charge of engineer Dawson. The engineer saw the truck but was so close that he was unable to avoid hitting it. The crossing where the accident happened is an open one and no blame for the accident can be placed on the company The Nebraska State Journal OBITUARY Harry Christensen, son of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Christensen was born in Howard County, October 8th, 1900 and died at Grand Island, November 22nd, 1919, from injuries received when the truck he was driving was struck by a U.P. train at Wood River, Neb. The young man has lived in this community most of his life and is well liked by all who knew him. He attended Wolbach Schools and later attended the St. Paul High School. He leaves a father, mother, three brothers and one sister. The body arrived in Wolbach, Monday evening and funeral services were held Tuesday, at 2 P.M. at the M. E. church, conducted by Rev. W. L. Philley. Interment was made in Hillside cemetery. CARD OF THANKS -- We wish to thank our neighbors and friends for their kindness during our great sorrow in the death of our son Harry. Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Christensen and family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, November 27, 1919
Helen (Swanson) Christensen, 1892-1938
Death Comes to Mrs. C. P. Christensen Came to Greeley County in 1898; Last Rites Conducted at Fairdale Methodist Church Friday Afternoon The Angel of Death came suddenly to Mrs. C. P. Christensen Tuesday morning of last week while she slept after nine years of patient suffering. Funeral services were conducted from the Fairdale Methodist church, of which she was a faithful member many years. Friday afternoon interment was made in the cemetery there. Rev. W. W. Whitman of St. Paul conducted the services. As Helen Swanson, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Nels Swanson, she was born at Batavia, Illinois, Febr. 17th 1892. In 1896, she, with her parents, moved to Greeley county where Helen received her education in the Greeley public schools. The year 1909 her parents returned to Ilinois, but Helen remained to finish high school and later attend Kearney normal college, following which she was a successful teacher for eight years. March 30, 1918, she was united in marriage to C. P. Christensen. Six children came to gladden their home: namely, Wendel, James, Dorothy, Robert, Willard and Kenneth. They have made their home at Wolbach continuously except for nine years spent near Central City. She, with her family, united with the Fairview Methodist church near Central City and when they returned to near Wolbach in Howard county they joined the Fairdale church. The sympathy of the Community is extended the bereaved family. Her parents, one brother and a sister preceded her in death. Four brothers, Fred Swanson of Wenatchee, Wash., James of Downs, Kans., Walter of Chicago, Ill., William of Coal City, Ill., four sisters, Mrs. Lillie Hamblin of Eta, Ill., Esther Menssen of Polk, Nebr., Ebba Skinner of Chicago, and Ruth Mintz of Barrington, Ill., survive as well as her husband and children and a host of other friends and relatives. "Home is not home, Mothers not here, Dark is her room, empty her chair; Angels have taken her out of our care, Lifted her over lifes golden stair. Sleep mother, sleep, with your hands on your breast. Poor weary hands, they have needed a rest. Well we have loved you, but God loved you best, Dear heart He has given you a well deserved rest."
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 21, 1938
James Christensen, 1853-1927
Old Settler Called To His Final Reward Another one of the pioneer settlers of this community has been laid to rest. James Christensen, after an illness of about a year, passed away last Friday shortly before noon at his home in Wolbach. There is a feeling of deep respect in the heart of every one in the community for those who came here when the country was new and helped to change the raw prairies into a land of homes and productive farms. Mr. Christensen was one of these early settlers. He came to Wolbach 41 years ago, and has experienced the seasons of prosperity and adversity that have come during these years. James Christensen was born in Sealand, Denmark, May 30, 1853 and died at his home in Wolbach, Nebraska, August 5, 1927, aged 74 years, 2 months and 5 days. In infancy he was baptized and in youth confirmed in the Lutheran church in his native country. On July 7, 1887, he was united in marriage to Ane Hansen. To this union eleven children were born, of whom four preceded him to the great beyond. Those living are Mrs. Gus Holm, Mrs. E. L. Johnson, Mrs. Wilmer Christensen, Chris, Arthur, William Christensen, all of Wolbach, and Miss Minnie Christensen of Omaha. In 1882 he with his family emigrated to America and settled in Omaha. Two years later he moved to St. Paul Nebraska, and in 1886 he came to the vicinity of Wolbach and lived in different locations until he settled on his farm 2 miles west of town in 1898. About five years ago he moved to Wolbach, where his remaining days were spent. During most of his life his work was that of a carpenter. Many of the buildings of this vicinity were erected by him, among which are three of the churches of Wolbach, namely, the Danish and English Lutheran and the Catholic. He leaves to mourn his loss, his wife, seven children, eight grandchildren, and one great-grandchild, all of whom except one reside in this community. He has in addition to these, many friends who will regret his departure. Being well and favorably known, the surviving relatives have the profound sympathy of many friends. Funeral services were held at the home in charge of Rev. Henry Hansen, Sunday August 7, at 2 p.m. and at Trinity Lutheran church at 2:30 p.m., in charge of Rev. R. A. White. Rev. Hansen gave an address in the Danish language. The burial was in Hillside Cemetery. CARD OF THANKS We take this means of thanking all our friends and neighbors for their help and sympathy, and the floral gifts which we received during the illness and at the time of the death of our beloved husband and father. Mrs. James Christensen and children, James P. Olsen.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, August 11, 1927
Kirsteen (Madsen) Christensen, 1833-1913
Obituary Kirsteen Madsen was born in Kjong on Fyen Denmark on August 25th 1833, lived there until she moved with her family to this country 1882. She was married to Hans Christensen in 1856 where 13 children were born, 6 have gone on before her. Her husband died a year ago. She leaves 7 children, 4 girls and 3 boys to mourn her loss of a loving and kind mother who was loved by all. They came to Greeley county and homesteaded in the early eighties. She has always loved her savior. Mr. and Mrs. Christensen became members of the Seventh Day Adventists church they both stayed faithful till the end. They believed in the Holy Script of the near coming of Christ. CARD OF THANKS We desire to extend our sincere thanks to the many kind friends who so kindly helped us in our bereavement in the sickness and death of our beloved mother. Rasmus Hansen, Mrs. Andrew Christensen, Christ T. Hansen, Mrs. Holger Nyral and family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, November 6, 1913
Maren (Christoffersen) Christensen, 1866-1946
Mrs. Christensen Dies At Chapman Mrs. Maren Christensen, 79, died suddenly Saturday afternoon at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Roy Peterson, at Chapman, where she made her home. Death was attributed to a stroke of paralysis. Funeral services were held Tuesday afternoon at the Trinity Lutheran church in Wolbach. Rev. C. B. Harman officiated. Burial was in Hillside cemetery. The pallbearers: Dr. A. H. Holm, Vern G. Dollarhide, W. L. Cartwright, E. L. Johnson, Albin Haggstrom and Paul Paulsen. Maren Christoffersen Christensen was born November 14, 1866, at Fyn, Denmark. She came to America in 1889. On May 7, 1892 she was married to Ole Christensen of Council Bluffs, Ia. Mr. and Mrs. Christensen came to Nebraska in 1910, locating on a farm between Wolbach and Scotia. In 1920 they retired from the farm and moved to Wolbach to make their home. Surviving are three daughters, Mrs. Peterson, Mrs. Art Nelson of Ogden, Utah, and Mrs. V. D. Cartwright of Hastings. Twelve grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren also survive. Mrs. Christensen was preceded in death by her husband, one son, Arnold, and two daughters, Mrs. Elna McHugh and Carrie Christensen. Attending the last rites were Mr. and Mrs. V. D. Cartwright and family of Hastings, Mr. and Mrs. Ernest McHugh, Mrs. John Nestor, Amil and Jimmie McHugh and Elenora McHugh of Grand Island, Mr. and Mrs. D. Cleve Jackson of Fullerton, E. J. Christensen, Christian Christensen, Marie Christensen and John Christensen of Council Bluffs, Ia., Roy Peterson and son LeRoy, of Chapman and Mrs. Jake Amen of Hastings.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, January 10, 1946
Niels Christensen, ca.1891-1947
Last Rites Held Fri. For Niels Christensen Niels Christensen about 56, of Rockville passed away at his home on a farm South of Rockville last Monday as a result of a heart attack. Funeral services were held the following Friday afternoon at 2:30 at Dannebrog and burial was in the Nysted Cemetery, 4 miles west of Dannebrog. Surviving are his wife, two sons Albert and Clayton at home; three daughters, Mrs. Doris Tschudin of Cedar Rapids, Phyllis and Dorothy at home, his mother Mrs. Mathias Christensen, Wolbach; four sisters, Mrs. Del Frymire and Mrs. Marie Reemers of Grand Island; Mrs. Ida Black, McFadden, Wyo. and Miss Emma Christensen, Wolbach, one brother, Clifford of Pine Bluffs, Wyo. and a grand daughter. The Christensen family formerly lived here before moving to Rockville a few years ago.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, November 13, 1947
Ole C. Christensen, 1871-1941
Funeral Services for Ole C. Christensen The funeral of Ole C. Christensen, 70, one of Wolbachs well known citizens and former business man was held Wednesday afternoon at 2:30 at the Roy Peterson home, with Rev. W. J. Primrose of St. Paul officiating. Interment was in Hillside cemetery in the family plot, with McIntyres Mortuary in charge. Mr. Christensen passed away in a Grand Island hospital following an illness of ten days, he having been taken there November 1. He was a familiar figure around Wolbach, having been up and active about town until he was taken ill. Pallbearers were Wm. Cartwright, E. L. Johnson, Dave Marcoe, A. J. Larsen, David Bengtson and Gus Holm. He was born Feb. 9, 1871, at Gylland, Denmark, and came to America in 1889, locating at Council Bluffs where, on May 7, 1892, he married Maren Christoffersen. They came to Nebraska in 1910, settling on a farm between Wolbach and Scotia. Retiring from the farm and moving into Wolbach in the spring of 1920, he took over the operation of the Wolbach Telephone company. He retired some years ago. Surviving with his wife are three daughters, Mrs. Roy Peterson of Wolbach, Mrs. Art Nelson of Kearney and Mrs. V. D. Cartwright of Grand Island, 12 grandchildren and four great-grandchildren; also two brothers, Christian Christensen, living in Denmark, and C. J. Christensen of Council Bluffs. A son, Arnold P. Christensen and two daughters, Mrs. Ella McHugh and Carrie Christensen, preceded him in death. Card of Thanks We wish to thank everyone for their kindness and words of comfort to us during the illness and death of our husband and father. Also for the beautiful floral offerings. Mrs. Ole Christensen, Mr. and Mrs. Roy Peterson, Mr. and Mrs. V. D. Cartwright, C. J. Christensen and family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday November 13, 1941
Thomas Christensen, 1875-1943
OBITUARY OF TOM CHRISTENSEN Thomas Christensen, son of Mattie Marie and Christian Christensen, was born at Wahoo, Neb., July 22, 1875, and went to his eternal rest Jan. 20, 1943, at Merna, Neb., at the age of 67 years, 5 months and 29 days. He was baptized and confirmed in the Lutheran faith. When a young man in the late 1890s he came with his parents and brothers and sisters to the Wolbach community and the family settled on a farm two miles west of town. He lived on that place until 1911 when he moved to Custer county. On July 19, 1913, he was united in holy matrimony with Anna Kristine Jensen and to the union a daughter and two sons were born. They are Elenor Camillia and Carl Harold of Anselmo and Pvt. Thomas Pershing of Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont. Besides these and his bereaved widow he leaves to mourn his passing two brothers, John J. of Merna and Henry L. of Rapid City, S. D., and a number of nieces and nephews. Funeral services were held on Monday, Jan. 25, at the Cliff Union church at Merna with Rev. Ralph Pace and Rev. Harwood officiating. Burial was in the Cliff cemetery.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, February 25, 1943
Victoria Elenora Christensen, 1894-1944
Funeral rites For Miss Christensen Funeral services for Miss Victoria Christensen were held Saturday afternoon, July 15, at the Lutheran church in Dannebrog. Burial was in the Nysted cemetery. The pallbearers: Maitland Reimers, Clayton Christensen, Vince Van Winkle, Francis Steinke, Elmer Reimers and William Lamb. Miss Christensen died July 11 at her home west of Wolbach. Victoria Elenora Christensen was born near Boelus, Neb., on July 18, 1894. She was a member of the Lutheran church. Surviving are her mother, Mrs. M. Christensen of Wolbach, four sisters and two brothers. They are Emma, at home, Marie Reimers, and Anna Frymire of Grand Island, Ida Black of McFadden, Wyo, Niel Christensen of Rockville Neb., Clifford Christensen of Pine Bluffs, Wyo. Her father preceded her in death in 1931. A brother, Alfred, died in 1929 and one brother died in infancy.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, July 27, 1944
Emma Eugenia (Mattson) Christessen [Chirstessen?], 1891-1921
Earnest Raymond Christessen [Chirstessen?], 1921-1921
Emma Eugenia Mattson was born in Howard county, Nebraska, four miles south of Wolbach, August 18, 1891. She died on the home place May 8, 1921, aged 29 years, 8 months and 20 days. In infancy she was baptized in the Danish Lutheran church of Wolbach by Pastor Johnson. She was confirmed in Trinity Lutheran church of Wolbach, Rev. N. P. Grose April 19, 1908, and remained a faithful member of the same until her death. On January 16, 1918, she was united in marriage to Mr. Jasper Chirstessen. (sic) She is survived by her parents Mr. and Mrs. John Mattson; her husband and two children, Jasper Reo and Hannah Ruby Christessen (sic); two brothers, Raymond and Alfred Mattson; three sisters, Mabel Fishback, Veda Eck and Ellen Loomis and many other relatives beside. Her newborn babe, Earnest Raymond, preceded her by one day to the Better Land, being born Friday, May 6, and dying Saturday, May 7, 1921. At 4:30 p.m. Tuesday, May 8, 1921 funeral services were conducted in the Trinity Lutheran church of Wolbach by the pastor, Rev. R. A. White assisted by Rev. O. W. Stromborn who gave an address in the Swedish language. The church was packed to its utmost capacity by many sympathizing friends, and many were unable to gain admission. The remains were laid to rest in Hillside cemetery. The deceased grew up in this community and was known and loved by all for her upright Christian character and her happy disposition. "Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of his saints."
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, May 12, 1921
Chesterfield Clapp, 1849-1916
Obituary Chesterfield Clapp was born in Coles county, Illinois, February 4, 1849, died August 30, 1916. He moved with his parents to McKinney, Texas, when he was six years of age, but removed to Cole County, Illinois and resided there until 1867 when he went to Butler county Nebraska. He trapped during the winter of 1867 in York County Nebraska among the Indians. From this time resided mostly in Missouri until 1881 and moved to Washington County Arkansas, where he remained until June 1900. He then moved again to Nebraska, locating in Greeley county. In the spring of 1911 he came to Texas, purchased a farm four miles west of Blessing, Texas, where he has since resided until his death August 30, 1916. He was married to Mary Alice Cave December 5th 1877. To this union were born three children two of whom, George and Harvey survive him, the daughter Hattie Elizabeth having died November 5, 1895, at the age of 12 years. He leaves a wife, two sons, two brothers and two sisters to mourn his loss.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, September 21, 1916
Henry Harvey Clapp, 1858-1934
Henry Clapp Answers Summons Henry Clapp, a former well known and respected resident of this community, died at Torrington Wyoming last Thursday. Mr. Clapp suffered an illness last Christmas from which he never fully recovered. The body arrived here Sunday where it rested in the McIntyre mortuary until Monday. Funeral services were held in the Methodist church at 2:00 oclock Monday afternoon, conducted by Rev. Feldman, pastor of the church. Burial was made in Hillside cemetery. The pall bearers were William Messner, Fred Elliott, John A. Berney, Peter Berney, John Grossart and Andrew Kline. The wife and his son, Sid Clapp and H. I. Davis accompanied the body here from Torrington. Other relatives attending from a distance were Mr. and Mrs. Allen Waggoner and Mrs. Ella Waggoner of Clarks, Mrs. Vernon Sidders of Havens, Clyde Brooks and Richard Brooks of Osceola, Claude and Dan Collins of Lynch. The sympathy of the community is extended to the bereaved family. OBITUARY Henry Harvey Clapp was born September 4, 1858 in Coles county, Ill., and departed from this life April 19, 1934 at Torrington, Wyoming. At the age of nine he moved with his parents to Seward County, Nebraska. When fourteen his father died, leaving him as the support of his mother and younger brothers and sisters. In early manhood Mr. Clapp joined the Christian Church. In later years he was a constant reader of the Bible and a faithful believer till the end. On February 22, 1878 he was united in marriage to Mary E. Brooks. To this union seven children were born of whom two died in infancy and Mrs. Cinda Bucy who passed away in 1924. His wife passed away on September 26, 1926. For a number of years the family lived east of Wolbach removing then to Ericson, from there the deceased moved to Torrington, Wyoming where he has resided for the past sixteen years. On May 25, 1929 he was again united in marriage at Harrison, Nebraska to Mrs. Per[illegible] Isabelle Collins of Denver, Colorado. He is survived by his wife, two sons, Albert A. and [illegible}ley B. of Torrington, Wyoming, two daughters, Mrs. Flora Bucy and Mrs. Hattie Bucy of Wolbach, eight step children, two brothers, fifteen grand children and seven great grand children. "In lifes long battle for the right, Where Jesus leads Ill bravely go; The victory seems far out of sight Hell help me win, He tells me so. Tho in my strife my heart should bleed, And sorrow cause my tears to flow, Hell give me just the grace I need To know his will, He tells me so. If on lifes stormy sea afloat, The waves should threaten to overflow, And sink my little fragile boat, Hell come to me, He tells me so. And when lifes battles all are fought, And I have conquered every foe, I find at last the rest I sought, Hell take me home, He tells me so."
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, April 26, 1934
Mary (Brooks) Clapp, ca.1857-1926
Mrs. Henry H. Clapp Laid to Rest Here Mrs. Henry H. Clapp died at her home at Torrington, Wyoming, last Sunday and her body was brought to Wolbach for burial, reaching here Tuesday afternoon. The funeral services were held at the Methodist church Wednesday afternoon, conducted by Rev. E. C. Moore. Mrs. Clapp was the mother of Albert Clapp, Mrs. Eldon Bucy, and Mrs. George Bucy of this place. She is also survived by her husband and another son, Sidney Clapp, of Torrington, Wyoming. She was past 69 years old at the time of her death. For a number of years she lived on a farm about seven miles east of Wolbach, removing thence to Ericson, Nebraska, and about ten years ago to Torrington, Wyo. She was married February 21, 1878 and to Mr. and Mrs. Henry H. Clapp were born seven children, of whom two died in infancy, and another, Mrs. LeRoy Bucy, passed away two years ago. The surviving relatives have the sympathy of many friends in this community at this time of bereavement.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, September 30, 1926
Johnna [Johanna?] Marie (Johnson) Clark 1914-1934
Mrs. Donald Clark Buried Tuesday Mrs. Donald Clark of Grand Island passed away Saturday afternoon at the St. Francis hospital. The body was brought in the McIntyre ambulance to the undertaking parlor here and later removed to the home of Mrs. Clarks sister, Mrs. Clark Sorensen. Funeral rites were held Tuesday afternoon in Wolbach Trinity Lutheran Church with Rev. John Rhine pastor of the church officiating. The services were largely attended, many friends from St. Paul and Grand Island being present. Irma Grossart, Helen Nelsen, Dorothy Christensen and Zola Mae McIntyre served as flower girls. The pall bearers were six young men, friends of the family from St. Paul and Grand Island. Interment was made in Hillside cemetery. Johnna (sic) Marie Johnson was born February 29, 1914 near Wolbach, Nebraska where she lived her young girl hood with her parents. Following the death of the father, Julius Johnson several years ago the family moved to Grand Island where she resided until the time of her death. December 19, 1933 she was united in marriage to Donald Clark of St. Paul, Nebraska. After a lingering illness of several months, she entered the St. Francis hospital at Grand Island on March 1, where she passed away at 1:05 P.M. March 10, at the age of twenty years and ten days. Besides her devoted husband, she leaves to mourn her untimely passing: her mother, Mrs. Carrie Johnson; three sisters, Lillie, Lucille and Evelyn all residing at their home in Grand Island. Also her grand parents, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Andersen of Wolbach and a host of other relatives and many friends by whom she will be greatly missed. Her father and an infant brother preceded her in death. "Sweet Rose, fair flower, untimely plucked, soon faded, Plucked in the bud, and faded in the Spring: Bright orient pearl, alack too timely shaded: Like a green plum that hangs upon a tree And falls, through wind, before the fall should be. Oh, glory of our race that so suddenly decays: Oh, crimson flush of morning, that darkens as we gaze: Oh, breath of summer blossoms that on the restless air Scatters a moments sweetness and flies we know not where, I grieve for lifes bright promise, just shown and then withdrawn: Bt still the sun shines round me, the evening birds sing on; And I again am soothed, and beside the ancient gate, In this soft evening sunlight, I calmly stand and wait." The sympathy of the community is extended to the bereaved family in their great loss of a loved one.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, March 15, 1934
Kathleen Donna Claussen, 1931-1936
Daughter of Former Resident Killed Word came late Saturday evening that Kathleen, youngest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George Caussen (sic Claussen), former residents here, had been run over by a truck and fatally injured in a Kansas town about seven oclock. The Claussens had recently left Fullerton and were enroute south. Funeral services and burial were at Scotia Tuesday afternoon. No further information has been made available.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, October 29, 1936
Truck Brings Death To Claussen Child The following from the Scotia Register concerns the tragic death of little Kathleen Claussen, which was mentioned last week: Kathleen Donna Claussen, little five year old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George Claussen, was killed Saturday at Wakeeney, Kans., when struck by a truck on the highway. Mr. and Mrs. Claussen formerly lived at Horace and had moved to Kansas from Fullerton a short time previous to the accident. OBITUARY Kathleen Donna Claussen was born October 11, 1931 at Wolbach, Nebr., and passed to her eternal home, at Wakeeney, Kans., on October 24, 1936 at the age of five years and thirteen days. She leaves to mourn her departure her bereaved parents, Mr. and Mrs. George Claussen, a sister, Jeannine, besides a host of relatives and friends. Funeral services held at the William Claussen home Tuesday afternoon were conducted by Rev. W. C. George of the Scotia Methodist church. The pallbearers, uncles of Kathleen, were Fred Claussen, William Claussen, Lloyd Madison and Earl Madison. Burial was in Mt. Hope cemetery.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, November 5, 1936
A. S. Cleary, ?? -1924
BODY OF A. CLEARY FOUND The body of A. S. Cleary, formerly of North Loup, who disappeared from Forest Home mountain resort in California, August 28, 1924, was found by two young men hikers on August 16, 1926. The body was discovered part way down the steep slope of a mountain where it had lodged in a fallen tree and remained for two years undisturbed, although repeated searching parties had scoured the mountain sides in all directions. John and Charley Cleary of Santa Ana, were notified and they immediately went to San Bernardino, and in company with the coroner and others, got the body and identified it. Mr. Cleary had evidently followed a mountain path and climbed to quite a height when he either fell or slipped, or else suffered an attack of heart failure. The body was in a dried and mummified condition which made recognition possible.
The Scotia Register, Volume XXXII, Thursday, September 2, 1926, pg. 1, column 6
Albert E. Cleveland, 1838-1914 (poor copy)
Obituary Albert E. Cleveland was born in Edwards St. Lawrence county, New York May 19, 1838. At the age of seven he moved with his parents to the state of Michigan where he spent his boyhood days. He was married to Miss Hattie Hunt of Casopolis, Michigan, predeceased, to this Union was born nine children of which five survive to mourn the loss of a loving father, Mrs. Mary Wight of Wolbach, Nebraska, Mrs. Dell Caudel of Grand Island, Nebraska, Charles Cleveland, residing in the state of Washington, William Cleveland in Colorado, and Herman Cleveland of Wyoming. He came to Nebraska in the fall of 1879 and has resided here since. He has been a member of the Free Methodist Church for 20 years and for the past six years was a member of the Horace Free Methodist church. On July 6th 1914 on account of ill health he decided to visit his son at Longmont, Colorado, and while there he passed away, August 19, 1914 at the age of 76 years 2 months and 28 days. He leaves 2 sisters and 2 brothers, Mrs. Marietta Kinny of Cedar Rapids, Nebraska, Mrs. Emma Decker of Kooskia, Idaho, Charles Cleveland of Arkansas and Arvis Kinny of Wolbach, Nebraska. A short service was held over the remains at Longmont, Colorado after which the remains were brought back to Wolbach, Nebraska August 19, and taken to the home of his daughter Mrs. Mary Wight, where the funeral services were conducted in the home August 20, 1914 by Rev. Robt Daughterty pastor of the Methodist church.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, August 27, 1914
C. E. Cleveland, 1914
DEATHS OF A WEEK C. E. Cleveland, known to many here as Grandpa Cleveland, who has made his home with the Ed Wight family for so long, departed this life Monday at Longmont Colorado. He had gone west with the Wight family who are spending the summer in the mountains and not being in the best of health remained at Longmont while rest of the party continued their trip. Mr. and Mrs. Wight were in Hot Springs South Dakota at the time of his death but left immediately for Longmont. They will accompany the body to Wolbach for burial.
Wolbach Messenger, Thursday, August 20, 1914
Helen Kay Cochran, 1935-1941
Edna Jean Cochran, 1940-1941
Double Funeral Held For Cochran Children Grim tragedy struck in the Bernard O. Cochran home at Cushing Monday afternoon when two of the Cochran children, Helen Kay, 5, and Peggy, nine months old, received burns that proved fatal to both. Little Helen Kay died Tuesday morning and baby Peggy, about 3 oclock Wednesday afternoon. A double funeral is being held this afternoon at 1:30 from the Cushing Methodist church with Rev. L. A. Fishel officiating. The tragedy that claimed the lives of the little girls happened, according to information reaching us, when the mother left the house on a neighborhood errand. She had been away only a short time when Helen Kay, her clothing in flames, ran from the house screaming with pain. The mother extinguished the flames and called a physician but little could be done for the small girl and she passed away Tuesday morning. Her baby sister, who was also burned at the time, was thought to have been recovering but she too passed away Wednesday afternoon. A small sister and brother in the house at the time were unharmed. Doors of two stoves were found open, indicating the children had been playing with the fires. Surviving are the parents and the small brother and sister.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 9, 1941
OBITUARY Helen Kay and Edna Jean, daughters of Bernard and June Cochran were born June 12, 1935 and April 4, 1940 and departed this life Jan. 6 and Jan. 8, 1941 at the age of five years, four months; and nine months, five days. During their short life they had endeared themselves to all their loved ones and friends. They were at the threshold of life. Helen was just starting to school and was entering seriously the building of life. They leave in their passing, their parents; a brother Clarence; a sister Peggy June, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Wilson, Vivian and Jean; Mr. and Mrs. Roy Cochran, a grandmother, Mrs. Kay Parks and an uncle, Robert Parks as well as other relatives and friends. CARD OF THANKS We wish to thank our many friends for their kind acts in the recent passing of our beloved daughters, sisters, nieces and cousins. We wish to thank Miss Ilene Harris and the choir for their songs and others for their floral offerings. Mr. and Mrs. B. O. Cochran and family, Mr. and Mrs. Joe Wilson and family, Mr., and Mrs. Al Briggs and family, Mr. and Mrs. Roy Cochran.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 16, 1941
Mary Jane (Dutcher) Cochran, 1849-1936
Cushing Pioneer Passes to Reward After an illness of long duration, Mrs. Mary Cochran passed away at her home in Cushing, Wednesday, February 12, 1936. Services were held in the M. E. Church at 1:00 oclock Saturday afternoon February 15, conducted by Rev. Rush of the St. Paul M. E. Church. Four old friends acted as flower bearers namely Mrs. Ella Smith, Mrs. Ira Sailing, Mrs. Hayo Lucht and Mrs. Laura Hathaway; and Wm. Bombeck, Jr., M. Golden, Ira and Isam Sailing, George Wilkins and Clifford Smith as pallbearers. The remarks made by Rev. Rush were based on the 23 Psalm and the choir sang "Good Night and Good Morning", "No Disappointments in Heaven", and "God Be With You." OBITUARY Mary Jane Dutcher was born on the banks of Lake Champlain in New York State on March 2, 1849 and passed away at her home in Cushing, Feb. 12, 1936 at the age of 86 years, 10 months and 22 days. During her early childhood she together with her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Lyman Dutcher moved to Wallingford, Vermont, where she grew to womanhood. While a very young lady she was baptized and united with the Baptist Church. On May 20, 1869 she was united in marriage to William O. Cochran at Ruthland, Vermont, and to this union 10 children were born. In the spring of 1880 they came to Nebraska settling near Columbus. They endured many of the hardships of pioneer life. In 1889 they moved to Cushing, Nebr., where she passed the rest of her life. On Feb. 12, 1907, her husband passed away. Mrs. Cochran united with the M. E. Church of Cushing soon after moving there and was a charter member of the M. E. Ladies Aid Society. She leaves to mourn her passing 5 sons and 2 daughters, namely: Mrs. Sophfa Mark of Iola, Kansas, Lyman of Columbus, Roy of Kearney, Frank and Fred of Kansas City, Mo., George of Omaha, Mrs. Elizabeth Wilson of Cushing, and one grandson Bernard Cochran, who has been with her since infancy, also 15 other grandchildren and 12 great-grand children, two sisters, Mrs. Josephine Wilbur and Mrs. Nellie Merrill of Wallingford, Vermont, and a brother George Dutcher of Independence, Kansas, and a host of friends. Two sons, Henry and Walton and one daughter, Minnie preceded her in death. Though all that loving hands could do was done, Mrs. Cochran was sick a long time and she bore her suffering patiently until at the close of day she was called to her heavenly home. "Such beautiful, beautiful hands! Theyre neither white nor small, And you, I know, would scarcely think That they were fair at all. Ive looked at hands whose form and here A sculptors dream might be, Yet are these aged, wrinkled hands, Most beautiful to me. Such beautiful, beautiful hands though heart were weary and sad, These patient hands kept toiling on That the children might be glad. I almost weep as looking back to childhoods distant day. I think how these hands rested not When mine were at their play. But, oh! Beyond this shadow land Where all is bright and fair, I know full well those dear old hands Will palms of victory bear; Where crystal streams, through endless years, Flow over golden sands, And where the old are young again, Ill clasp my mothers hands!" Relatives from out of town who attended the funeral of their mother and grandmother were George Cochran of Omaha, Lyman Cochran of Columbus, Roy Cochran of Kearney and Mrs. Al Briggs of St. Paul. After the services all that remained of the faithful and loving mother was laid to rest in the Glenwood Cemetery beside her husband and children. contributed. The profound sympathy of both Wolbach and Cushing communities is sincerely extended the bereaved relatives.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, February 20, 1936
Walton Lee Cochran, 1885-1914
Obituary Walton Lee Cochran was born in Glenwood, Neb. Dec. 16, 1885 and died at Cushing, Feb. 23th, 1914, age 28 years 2 months and 8 days. He was married to Alta Ames, Fairmon (sic), Neb. Sept 17th 1909. To this union were born three children two have passed away, one survive him Alton Darvin three years old. Mr. W. L. Cochran spent his boyhood days, and grew to be a man in Cushing, Nebraska. He was a member of the I.O.O.F. lodge at Arcadia, which showed the brotherly kindness by assisting him during his illness and death. He leaves to mourn his loss a loving wife, a little son, a mother, two sisters and five brothers, Mrs. John Marks of Erie Kansas, Mrs. Wilson, Cushing, Roy Cochran, Arcadia, Laman Cochran, Columbus, Frank Cochran, Columbus, Fred Cochran, Bellwood, and Geo. Cochran, Cushing. He was a patient sufferer and was often visited by the writer during his sickness. He died professing faith in the Meek and lowly Jesus. Funeral services were conducted at the M. E. church in Cushing at 1 p.m. Wednesday, Feb. 25th by pastor of the M. E. church of Wolbach after which the remains were carried back by the I.O.O.F. lodge of St. Paul to the home of his mother, and on Thursday morning was shipped to Fairmont to be laid at rest beside his two children. "Heaven is but earth made richer, Therein can be no loss, To meet our loved and longing, Thou hast no gulf to cross."
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, March 5, 1914
Ella Jane (ODonnell) Coe, 1871-1946
LAST RITES FOR MRS. COE Aged Resident of Cedar Rapids Dies After Long Illness Funeral services were held Saturday at St. Anthonys Catholic church in Cedar Rapids for Mrs. S. E. Coe, who passed away Thursday morning at her home in Cedar Rapids after a lingering illness. Rt. Rev. Msgr. Vermullen officiated. Ella Jane ODonnell was born October 7, 1871 at Wilkes Barre, Pa., and was 74 years of age at the time of her death. She is survived by her husband, seven children, sixteen grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren. The children are: Lloyd, of San Francisco, Mrs. Georgia Johnson and Mrs. Mamie Coopland of Huntington Park, Calif., Mrs. Ellen Nelson of St. Edward, Mrs. Alice Hollingshead of Omaha, and Carl and Mrs. Ruth Lowe of Wolbach. The following grandsons served as pallbearers: Kenneth Smith, Ted and Fred Hemmingsen, Richard, Edward and Leonard Hollingshead. Relatives attending from out-of-town were: Mr. and Mrs. W. Johnson, Mr. and Mrs. Ben Hollingshead, sons, Dick and Eddie, and daughter Norma, and Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Hollingshead, all of Omaha; Mrs. Forrest Walker of Columbus; Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Nelson of St. Edward; Mr. and Mrs. George McKnight, Mr. and Mrs. Ted Hemmingsen, Freddie Hemmingsen and Mr. and Mrs. John Fox, all of Primrose; Mrs. E. A. Johnson and Mrs. Ernie Coopland of Huntington Park, Calif., Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Smith and son, Mr. and Mrs. Carl Coe, and Mr. and Mrs. Ernie Lowe and daughter, Mary, all of Wolbach. One son, Lloyd Coe, was unable to attend.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, May 16, 1946
Christina Doris Bazar Collins, 1856-1942
FORMER RESIDENT BURIED IN IOWA Funeral services for Mrs. Christina Collins, former well-known resident of Wolbach, who died at Lewis, Iowa, July 22 were held there, July 25 from the Christian church with Rev. A. Breeling of the Lewis Methodist church officiating. Interment was in the Lewis cemetery. Mrs. Christina Doris Collins was born Dec. 25, 1856 in Sweden and died at Lewis, Ia., July 22, 1942 at the age of 85 years, 6 months and 27 days. She had been in poor health for the past year and a half after injuring her ankle and suffering from infection. She came with her parents to America in 1866 and the family settled near Griswold, Ia. Here she grew to womanhood. She married Conrad Bazar who passed away in 1886. Later she married John Collins. She was the mother of fourteen children all of whom have preceded her in death except five. Those left to mourn her passing are Mrs. Pearl Shirley, Lewis, Ia., Mrs. Emily Studley, Oconto, Neb., Edd Bazar, Omaha, Neb., Elmer Collins, Lincoln, Neb., and Elva Phillips, Pasadena, Calif.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, August 6, 1942
Tom Collins, 1946
VICTIM OF CRASH Mrs. Louis Bartunek received word last week of the death of her brother-in-law, Tom Collins of Hemingsford, who was killed in a car accident. Funeral services were held Wednesday in Hemingsford. Mr. Collins lived southeast of Wolbach about 30 years ago.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, September 19, 1946
Mr. Compton, 1914
Death Angels Visit Though it was known that Mr. Compton was seriously sick several days prior to his death, but few if any realized that his condition was so serious and it was indeed a severe shock to all when it became known Friday morning that death had claimed him at an early hour that morning. He had been sick only about a week from stomach and liver trouble and was getting along as well as could be hoped for, when hypo-static pneumonia set in just twenty-four hours prior to death. Mr. Compton had made many friends in this community during his fourteen years of residence and was a man of progressive nature with an aim to aid in all worthy movements which would tend toward the building up the community. Prior to coming to Greeley he had been engaged in newspaper work and in fact the greater portion of life had been devoted to that profession. Saturday accompanied by Mrs. Compton and Mrs. T. F. Byrne the body was shipped to Waverly, Iowa where on Monday it was laid to rest in the family lot. During the hours of the funeral all business houses of Greeley closed their doors in respect for their departed townsman. Mrs. Compton has the sincere sympathy of all in her hour of loss. Leader-Independent, Greeley.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, April 9, 1914
Susan Anna (Bowlby) Connett 1853-1911
Obituary Susan Anna Bowlby Connett was born October 17, 1853, in Noble county, Indiana, and died at her late home in Wolbach May 4, 1911. She was married in Polk county, Nebr. Feb 19th, 1853 to Jasper N. Connett. To this union was born three children, two of whom are living, Mrs. John Lyons and Bessie E. Connett. The deceased is also survived by her husband and one brother, William H. Bowlby of Burwell. Funeral services were held in the M. E. church last Friday afternoon, Rev. McDonald, the pastor officiating. Interment in the Wolbach cemetery.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, May 11, 1911
Anna Connor, 1865-1941
Funeral Held for Mrs. R. J. Connor The funeral of Mrs. R. J. Connor who passed away at her home Saturday evening after a long illness was conducted Monday afternoon at 2 oclock from the house and at 2:30 from the Methodist church with Rev. L. A. Fishel in charge. Burial was in Hillside cemetery under the direction of McIntyres. Pallbearers were E. L. Johnson, Ernest Rother, J. B. Oakely, Robert Wilson, George Jacobson and M. H. Teilmann. Mrs. Connor was an early settler of Greeley county having come here with her husband in the fall of 1894 from Waverly, Neb., where the family had first lived on coming to this state. She and Mr. Connor farmed for many years before moving to Wolbach about 30 years ago. Mrs. Connor was born at Welling, Ontario, Ca., Feb. 18, 1865 and two months later her parents moved to Greenville, Mich., where she grew to womanhood. She was married to Robert J. Connor on Jan. 12, 1885 at Stanton, Mich., and that fall they moved to Waverly. Three daughters were born to their union, one of them, Mrs. Leona Smith, died in 1920. The two surviving daughters are Mrs. Ernestine Steenson of Greeley and Mrs. Josephine Davis of Grand Island.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, October 9, 1941
Robert J. Connor, 1862-1946
Robert Connor Dies Monday Robert Connor, 83, a resident in the Wolbach vicinity since 1894, died Monday afternoon at 2:30 oclock at the home of his daughter, Mrs. James Steenson, at OConnor. Mr. Connor had been seriously ill since January 10. Funeral services will be held this afternoon at two oclock at the Methodist church in Wolbach. Another daughter, Mrs. J. Manly Davis, of Grand Island also survives.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, January 31, 1946
Funeral Services For Robert Connor Funeral services were held Thursday afternoon at the Methodist church for Robert J. Connor, who died January 28 at the home of his daughter, Mrs. James Steenson, Rev. A. C. Ehret of North Loup officiated. Burial was in Hillside cemetery. The pallbearers were E. H. Davis, Dr. A. H. Holm, E. L. Johnson, W. L. Cartwright, George Jacobson and Ed Allen. Mr. Connor was born near Georgian Bay, Ontario, March 16, 1862. He was married on January 12, 1885, to Miss Annie Brady in Montcalm county, Mich. Mr. and Mrs. Connor moved to Nebraska on October 6, 1885, settling at Waverly. In 1894 they moved to a homestead three miles north of Wolbach, where they lived until 1910, when they moved to Wolbach. Mrs. Connor died October 4, 1941. Also preceding him in death was a daughter, Mrs. Lenora Smyth, who died in 1920. Mr. Connor was a member of the Methodist church. He joined the Masonic order in 1901 and was a charter member of Wolbach Lodge No. 292, A. F. & A. M. Surviving are two daughters, Mrs. Steenson and Mrs. Josephine Davis, of Grand Island. Also surviving are three grandchildren, Mrs. Irene Winfrey of Hastings, Mrs. Vera Herman of Fairfield, Calif., and Marvin Steenson of OConnor; six great-grandchildren, two brothers and two sisters. Out-of-town relatives attending the last rites were: Charles Connor, Mrs. Fred Ward of Ft. Morgan, Colo., Mr. and Mrs. J. Manly Davis of Grand Island, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Winfrey and family of Hastings.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, February 7, 1946
Anna Christine Cook, 1903-1923
POPULAR YOUNG LADY DIES VERY SUDDENLY Miss Anna Cook Passes Away in Grand Island Hospital This community was sorely shocked Tuesday morning when word was received that Miss Anna Cook had passed away in a Grand Island hospital at 10 oclock Monday night. Miss Anna was the third daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Eric Cook, who reside five miles west of Wolbach, and came here some eight or nine years ago with her parents, growing to womanhood in the community. On the 10th of last month she celebrated her 20th birthday. She had been suffering for several days, but her ailment was not thought serious until Saturday evening, when her case became so serious that an operation was necessary. She was rushed to Grand Island that night and submitted to the operation at 1:30 a.m. Monday. She gradually grew worse and her relatives were called to her bedside, but death relieved her at 10 p.m. Monday. The remains were brought to the home of her parents yesterday, and the funeral will be held from the Lutheran church at 2:30 today, with interment in the Hillside cemetery. The bereaved parents have the sympathy of all in their hour of grief.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 19, 1923
Obituary Anna Christine Cook, daughter of Erick and Sarah Cook, was born at Winside, Wayne county, Nebraska, June 10, 1903. When she was about 12 years of age she moved with her parents to the farm four miles west of Wolbach, where she made her home until death claimed her. In infancy she was baptized in the Lutheran church, and on March 31, 1918 she was confirmed in Trinity Lutheran church of Wolbach. On July 16, 1923, she died in the General hospital at Grand Island at the age of 20 years, 1 month and 7 days. She leaves to mourn her loss her father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. Erick Cook, three brothers and three sisters, namely: Einer, Alfred and Arthur Cook, all of Wolbach; Mrs. Martha Wetherman of Manson, Iowa, Mrs. Elinor Sundahl of Winside, Nebr., and Lulu Cook of Wolbach. The family is well known in the community and have the profound sympathy of all in their hour of great sorrow. Funeral services, conducted by Rev. R. A. White, were held in Trinity Lutheran church on Thursday, July 19, 1923, at 2:30 p.m. after which the remains were laid to rest in Hillside cemetery. CARD OF THANKS We wish to take this mean of showing our appreciation for the kindness extended to us hrn(sic) our bereavement during the illness and death of our beloved daughter and sister, Anna. Also to the neighbors and friends for their beautiful floral offerings. ERICK COOK AND FAMILY.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 26, 1923
Eleanor Margaret Cook, 1922-1932
ELEANOR COOK PASSES AWAY This community was saddened by the death of Eleanor Cook, Wednesday of last week at the St. Paul hospital. She was sick only a few days and died following a serious operation. Funeral services were held at 9 oclock Saturday morning at the Cushing Methodist Church, Rev. H. A. Feldman officiating. Burial was made at Hillside cemetery in Wolbach. OBITUARY Eleanor Margaret Cook was born at Cushing, Nebr., January 3, 1922, and passed away at St. Paul at 3:30 oclock p.m. Febr. 10, 1932 at the age of 10 years, 1 month and 7 days. Eleanor moved about in our little village and became a great favorite among her comrades, her smile was like a Sunbeam and captured the hearts of older people as well as young. She will be missed by all. She was a sincere Christian believer and was faithful to Our Master and was ready when He called her Home. She leaves to mourn her death her parents, four brothers, and two sisters, Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Cook; Earl, Lloyd, Wayne, and Roland; Ethel and Hazel Dell, many other relatives and a host of friends. "I cannot say and I will not say That Eleanor is dead, -- she is just away. With cheery smile and wave of her hand, She has wandered away, to that Heavenly Land. And leaves us dreaming how very fair, It needs must be since she lingers there. And father and mother, who the very most yearn, For that sweet happy smile and the glad return, Think of her faring on, as dear In the love of there, as the love of here. Think of her still as the same. I say, Eleanor is not deadshes just away." CARD OF THANKS We wish to thank the many friends and neighbors for their help and sympathy extended to us during the illness and at the time of death of our beloved daughter and sister, Eleanor. We especially wish to thank Rev. Feldman for his comforting words, those who sang for their music, and those contributing for the beautiful flowers. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Cook and Family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, February 18, 1932
Erick Cook, 1870-1940
Funeral Rites for E. Cook at Carroll Funeral services for Erick Cook, former widely known resident of the Wolbach community who died at his home at Carrol, Neb., were held March 30, from the Lutheran Church with the pastor, Rev. C. E. Fredrickson officiating. Burial was at Carroll. Erick Cook, son of Mr. and Mrs. Lars Neilsen Kock (sic) was born in Soerring, Dallerup, Denmark August 31, 1870. He died at his home at Carroll, March 28, 1940, at the age of 69 years, 6 months and 27 days. He was baptized in the Lutheran church at Dallerup and in the year 1884 he was confirmed. He kept his faith until his death. He emigrated to the United States in 1894 and settled in Illinois, where he was employed by the railroad. Later he came to Omaha and in March 1896 he came to Wayne county. He was united in marriage to Sarah Pedersen May 16, 1889. To this union were born seven children. One daughter, Anna, preceded him in death in 1923. He farmed for 18 years near Winside. In March 1915 he moved with his family to Wolbach, where he purchased a farm. In 1927 he came to Carroll and has been in business here since that time. Surviving are his wife, three daughters, Mrs. Martha Brown of Omaha, Mrs. Eleanora Sundahl of Carroll, Mrs. Lulu Otte of Wisner, three sons, Einer of Lancaster, Calif, Alfred of Laurel and Arthur at home. Twenty-two grandchildren also a sister and a brother in Denmark.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, April 11, 1940
James H. Cook, 1845-1931
James H. Cook Dies Suddenly James H. Cook died at his home seven miles southeast of Wolbach last Saturday at about 4:30 p.m. after a short illness. He was 85 years, 4 months and 4 days old. Funeral services, conducted by Rev. J. R. Hamilton, were held Tuesday afternoon at the home, and burial was made in the Rock Creek cemetery. Mr. Cook was born in Buchanan county, Missouri, December 29, 1845. In 1879 he was united in marriage to Miss Emma McCurdy and to this union eleven children were born: Henry of Eugene, Oregon; Charles of Cushing; Arden of Wrights, Wyo., Ralph of Fullerton; Arthur of Wrights, Wyo; Clarence of Wolbach, Hugo of Cushing; Mrs. Meadie Blake of Cushing; Mrs. Nellie Gregg of Wrights, Wyo; Mrs. Vola Brandt of Gothenburg; Mrs. Lillian Lantz of Edgerton, Wyo. He also leaves a sister, Mrs. Ruth Maskow of St. Joseph, Mo., and a brother, Perry Cook of St. Louis; 37 grandchildren and 4 great grandchildren. Coming to Nebraska as a young man he and his family lived for 16 years in Butler county. From there they moved to a farm near Cushing where he resided until his death.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, May 7, 1931
Minerva J. (Cook) Cook, 1873-1927
Mrs. Minerva Cook Dies at G. I. Hospital After several months of serious illness, Mrs. Minerva Cook passed away at the St. Francis hospital at Grand Island at 3 oclock last Friday morning. Mrs. Cook was taken to the hospital about six weeks ago. The body was brought to Wolbach Sunday afternoon on the Burlington passenger, and after a short funeral service at the Methodist church, conducted by Rev. E. C. Moore, interment was made in Hillside cemetery. Minerva J. Cook was born in North Carolina July 13, 1873 and died at Grand Island May 6, 1927, aged 53 years, 9 months and 21 days. Her husband preceded her in death about fifteen years ago. She is survived by two sons, Wm. Kyle Cook and Henry Cook, Henry, the younger, now residing at Wolbach. She is also survived by four brothers, John H. Cook of North Carolina, Joseph L. of Los Angeles, W. E. and Tyrie Cook of Grand Island; and by three sisters, Mrs. Fannie L. Phipps of Lincoln, Mrs. Susanna Squires of Wolbach, and Mrs. Cora Lucht of Cushing. She united with the Seventh Day Adventist church about 7 years ago and has remained faithful ever since.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, May 12, 1927
Vernon Carl Cook, ca. 1940-1945
YOUTH DIES Mrs. Scerona Squires received word last week that Vernon Carl, 4 ½ -year-old son of Mr. and Mrs. Clay Cook, died Thursday in a hospital following an appendectomy. Funeral rites were held Saturday. Surviving are his parents, two sisters, Lila and Dorothy, and one brother, Lee.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, May 31, 1945.
Zola Iris Corbett, 1925-1940
Funeral Held for Zola Iris Corbett The funeral of Zola Corbett of Cushing who died at her home Thursday night from pneumonia which followed measles was conducted Sunday afternoon from the Cushing Lutheran church with Rev. E. N. Haugse, officiating. Burial was in the Meyers cemetery northwest of town. Pallbearers were Ted McIntyre, Leonard Dunn, Ernie Andersen and Merlin Goering. Zola Iris Corbett, only child of Mr. and Mrs. Leo Corbett was born at the home of her grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. G. B. Middleton, near Central City, Neb., Feb. 8, 1925, and passed away June 5, 1940 at the age of 15 years, 3 months and 28 days. She resided on a farm near Cushing, Neb. until three years ago when she moved with her parents to Cushing. She attended the Lutheran Sunday school in Cushing where she will be greatly missed by her many friends and school mates. She was a very happy, sweet, loveable girl spreading happiness and cheer where ever she went. She leaves to mourn her passing besides her mother and father and grandparents, an aunt, Mrs. Cora Corbett of Oregon and a host of other friends and relatives.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, June 13, 1940
William Francas Correll, 1859-1930
Obituary of William Correll William Francas, son of Abram and Charolotta Correll was born at Richview, Illinois, February 24, 1859 and departed this life Jan. 14, 1930 at the age of seventy years, ten months and twenty days. He was the youngest of twelve children, eight brothers and three sisters who, with his parents, have preceded him to the great beyond. In 1884 he was united in marriage to Nettie J. Pitchford. To this union were born three children, Mrs. Josie Hill and Mrs. Lillian Terry of Grand Island, Nebr., and Mrs. Ada Belle Skrivan of Tilden, Nebr. At the age of twenty-three he united with the Baptist church at Richview, Ill. After coming to Wolbach he united with the Methodist Episcopal church. He has been faithful to the Sunday school and the Church. He was a good husband and father. He always tried to be patriotic to all civic betterments. He was a member of the I.O.O.F. Lodge and also of the Modern Woodmen of America. He leaves to mourn his going, his wife and three children and eleven grandchildren, one great grandchild, one sister-in-law, Mrs. Geo. Correll of Ashley, Illinois, two nephews, Ed Correll of Oshkosh, Nebr., and Albert Masters of Omaha, Nebr., one niece, Mrs. Tom Cox, of Cedar Rapids, Nebr., and a host of relatives and friends. "Soldier of God, well done! Thy glorious warfares past; The battles fought, the race is run And thou art crowned at last." Mr. Corrells funeral was held last Saturday afternoon at two oclock at the Methodist church in Wolbach. Rev. Hamilton preached a splendid funeral sermon, which was followed by the beautiful and impressive services of the Oddfellow lodge, of which Mr. Correll was a member. The three daughters of the deceased, nearly all of his grandchildren and many other relatives were here to attend the funeral. Among them were Mrs. E. H. Hills, sons Edwin, Kenneth and Darold, and daughter Wilma, of Grand Island, and also Miss Gertude (sic) Hills of Franklin; Mr. and Mrs. Frank Terry, Miss Ruby and Arthur of Grand Island, Mr. Ervin Terry of Cairo; Mr. and Mrs. Albert Skrivan and son Albert of Tilden; Mr. and Mrs. Tom Cox and Mrs. Walter Cox of Cedar Rapids; Royden Cox of Endfield; Mrs. Willard Beeman of Palmer; and Mr. Ed Correll of Oshkosh. Mr. Ed Correll, who is a nephew of the late Wm. Correll, and Mrs. Albert Skrivan are remaining here for several days visit with Mrs. Correll. CARD OF THANKS -- To our neighbors and friends, to all the members of the I.O.O.F., M.W.A., R.N.A., and Rebekah lodges, and to the church board and Sunday School, we are deeply grateful for the many expressions of sympathy and acts of kindness during the illness and following the death of our beloved husband and father, and we wish in this way to convey to each one our sincere thanks. And we would add a special word of appreciation, also, for the many beautiful floral gifts. Mrs. Wm. Correll, Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Hills and family, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Terry and family, Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Skrivan and family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 23, 1930
Clarence Paine Corwin, 1901-1914
CLARENCE CORWIN PASSES BEYOND 15 (sic) Year Old Clarence Corwin Succumbs to Attack of Acute Appendicitis. Clarence Paine Corwin was the only son of Mr. and Mrs. Fred Corwin. He was born in this county on a farm six miles north of Wolbach on February 2nd 1901 and died at his home eight miles north of Wolbach on Saturday July 4th 1914. Acute appendicitis was the cause of his death. Clarence was one of the most manly little fellows we have ever known and the fact that he had lived his short life entirely in this community made him known to almost everyone. He attended the Wolbach schools last year, graduating from the seventh grade with every honor. He was a member of the Lutheran Boys Brigade and was popular with the young people and will be missed from their circle. Funeral services were held from the Lutheran church Monday July 6th at 2:30 p.m. and interment made in the Wolbach cemetery. Rev. White was in charge of the services. The attendance was large, the church being filled to seating capacity. The Lutheran Boys Brigade and schoolmates escorted the body to the cemetery headed by Carl Neilsen carrying a large floral cross. Besides his father and mother he leaves one sister, Gladys to mourn his untimely departure from a life so full of golden prospects. The stricken family have the heartfelt sympathy of the entire community in their hour of trouble.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 9, 1914
Cora Minnie Cox, 1931-1931
One of Twins Passes Away Twins, a boy and a girl, were born about 6 a.m., Saturday, June 20 to Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Cox. The girl, little Cora Minnie passed away an hour and a half after birth. A funeral service for the little one was held at the cemetery in Wolbach at 3 p.m. Sunday afternoon, conducted by Rev. J. R. Hamilton. Leaving to mourn her loss, is a mother, father, two sisters, Erma and Anna, two brothers, Raymond and Ernest John, her twin brother. Another child, Frieda, passed away about thirteen years ago at the age of 16 days and lies buried in Hillside cemetery.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, June 25, 1931
Ellen (Russell) Cox, 1866-1945
MRS. J. J. COX DIES THURSDAY Funeral Services Are Held Sunday Afternoon At Methodist Church Mrs. J. J. Cox, 79, died early Thursday morning at the home of a daughter, Mrs. Fred Wagner. Mrs. Cox suffered a heart attack April 20 and had been confined to bed since that time. Funeral rites were held Sunday afternoon at the Methodist church in Wolbach after brief services at the J. W. Cox home. Rev. W. J. Primrose of St. Paul officiated. Pallbearers were Ed McKelvey, Scott Barr, Dr. A. H. Holm, Bill Allen Archie Nelson and Algie Wibbels. Burial was in Hillside cemetery. Ellen Russell was born January 23, 1866, at Richview, Ill. She spent her childhood and grew to womanhood there. On October 15, 1885, she was married in Richview to John J. Cox. Four years after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Cox moved to Nebraska, locating on a farm near Cedar Rapids. They later moved to a farm near Wolbach, where they lived until 1938, when they moved to Wolbach because of failing health. Surviving are eight children: Mrs. Ada Trautman and Mrs. Corda Wagner of Wolbach, Mrs. Ida Auten of Cedar Rapids, Mrs. Bertha Kinney of Martinez, Cal., Mrs. Gladys Pierpont of Grand Island, Charles L. of Tulare, Cal., J. William of Wolbach, and Oliver J., of Spalding. Also surviving are two brothers, Jake Russell of Centralia, Ill., and Charles Russell of Oakland, Cal., 22 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren. Mrs. Cox was preceded in death by her husband, two sisters and four brothers. Mr. and Mrs. Cox observed their golden wedding anniversary on October 15, 1935.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, May 31, 1945
Ernest John Cox, 1931-1931
Second Twin Dies Eight Days After Birth Mrs. and Mrs. J. W. Cox and family have recently been doubly bereaved. Twins, a boy and a girl, were born to them on Saturday, June 20. The little girl, Cora Minnie, lived only about one and a half hours. The boy, Ernest John, passed away Sunday, June 28, at 5:30 p.m. Funeral services were held Monday afternoon at the cemetery in Wolbach, where a large number of friends and relatives of the bereaved family gathered for the ceremony. The services were conducted by Rev. J. R. Hamilton. Mr. and Mrs. Cox and family have the deep sympathy of the community at this time.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 2, 1931
Frank Cox, 1915-1935
Frank Cox of Cedar Rapids Dies Funeral services were conducted at Cedar Rapids, Tuesday afternoon for Frank Cox, 20, eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Cox, former residents of Wolbach, who passed away Sunday evening in the University hospital at Omaha. The deceased was seriously injured in an auto accident last June from which he never fully regained his health. Recently while enrolled in a reforestation camp at Albion, he was taken ill and after being confined to a hospital there for many weeks was removed to Omaha for about four weeks ago. His death was attributed to brain meningitis. Frank was born in Oregon and came to Wolbach with his parents when an infant. The family lived here where Mr. Cox was manager of the Farmers Union Store for some time before moving to Cedar Rapids thirteen years ago. Relatives from here and community attending the funeral were: Mr. and Mrs. Archie Kinney and son, Lyle, Mr. and Mrs. Chris Trautmann, Mr. and Mrs. Will Cox, Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Cox, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Wagner and Mrs. Howard Teilmann. Mr. and Mrs. Alson Steele, formerly of this place, now living at Ogallala, were also present as were Mrs. Coxs parents Mr. and Mrs. Thornton of near Broken Bow who were accompanied by John Nelsen of that place. The profound sympathy of many friends here is extended to the grief stricken family in their deep sorrow.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, May 9, 1935
Freda Cox, 1917-1918
OBITUARY Freda Cox, infant daughter of Jack William Cox and Selma Cox aged 13 days, died of pneumonia at the home of her parents near Wolbach, January 11th, 1918 at 3:30 p.m. Burial services in Hillside cemetery, Wolbach, were conducted by R. A. White, the following day. This precious little bud was plucked that it might be transplanted and bloom more gloriously in the Garden of Paradise. "It is not the will of your Father which is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish." The stricken family have the sympathy of the community.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 17, 1918
John Jefferson Cox, 1866-1938
J. J. Cox Called to Reward Thursday, Settled Near Cedar Rapids in 1889; Death Follows Long Illness; Interment in Hillside Cemetery Rev. W. J. Primrose, in the absence of pastor G. M. Bing, conducted the last rites held for J. J. Cox, 72, at the Methodist church Sunday afternoon, June12. Mr. Coxs death followed a long illness at his home here, Thursday evening, June 9. He had come to Nebraska, settling near Cedar Rapids in 1889, later moving near Wolbach where he farmed until in recent years his heath forced his retirement from activity. The esteem with which he was held was witnessed by the attendance at the final rites, when friends, relatives and neighbors, many from a distance filled the church and floral offerings were profuse. Interment was made at the Hillside Cemetery with the following as pallbearers: Chas Kraft, Archie Nelson, S. L. Starr, Garrett Wibbels, Thos. Silk, and W. F. Nelson. John Jefferson Cox was born in St. Francis County, Missouri, on January 23, 1866, and passed away at his home in Wolbach, June 9, 1938 at the age of 72 years, 4 months and 17 days. He moved with his parents to Irvington, Ill., in 1872 where he attained manhood. Here he attended college for two years, and later took a course in telegraphy. On October 15, 1885, he was united in marriage to Ellen Russell. To this union there were born eight children. In 1889 he moved to Nebraska, locating on a farm near Cedar Rapids. Later he moved to a farm near Wolbach where he resided until failing health necessitated his moving into Wolbach. Here he remained until his death. Mr. Cox was a member of the Dew Drop church with which church he continued his membership until his death. He leaves to mourn his passing his wife, five daughters, Ada Trautman and Carla Wagner of Wolbach, Ida Auten of Cedar Rapids, Bertha Kinney of Ogallala, and Gladys Steele of Grand Island; three sons, Charles L. of Tulare, Calif., J. William of Wolbach and Oliver J. of Spalding. Also surviving is a brother, W. T. Cox of Cedar Rapids, twenty-one grandchildren and five great-grandchildren besides a host of other relatives and friends. The sympathy of this community is extended by the Messenger to the bereaved family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday June 16, 1938
Lavina (Russell) Cox, 1863-1939
Mrs. Lavina Cox Rites Tuesday Funeral services were held Tuesday afternoon at 2:00 oclock in the Baptist church at Cedar Rapids with the Rev. John Good in charge for Mrs. Lavina Cox, who passed away at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Ray McLain, here Saturday. Interment was made in the Sunset Cemetery at Cedar Rapids. As Lavina Russell she was born at Richview, Illinois, January 2, 1863, and was claimed by death on July 15, 1939 at the age of 76 years, 6 months and 13 days. She was united in marriage to James Robert Cox, November 2, 1882, and to this union were born seven children, Alice, who preceded her in death; Frank of Brush, Colo.; Mrs. Ray McLain of Wolbach; Mrs. Frank McLain of Hunnewell, Kans; Mrs. Frank Bevins of Cedar Rapids; Albert of Albion; and Russell of Belgrade. Other relatives who mourn her loss are three brothers and a sister, Charles Russell of Neosha, Mo., Jake and Jim of Richview, Ill., and Mrs. Ellen Cox of Cedar Rapids. Thirty grandchildren, nine great-grandchildren and a host of other relatives and friends mourn her death. Her husband preceded her in death 39 years ago leaving her with the struggles of rearing a family, which she faced bravely and patiently. The Messenger and the community join in extending heartfelt sympathy to the bereaved family.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, July 20, 1939
Tom Cox, ca. 1859-1946
DIES IN CEDAR RAPIDS Tom Cox, 87, died Tuesday of last week in Cedar Rapids. Funeral rites were held Sunday at the Baptist church there, with burial in the Cedar Rapids cemetery. Among the out-of-town relatives and friends attending the funeral services were Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Cox, Raymond; Fritz Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Chrise Steinwart, Mr. and Mrs. Ed McKelvey, Mr. and Mrs. Chris Trautmn, Mr. and Mrs. Ray McLain and daughter, Beulah, Mr. and Mrs. Emmett Wagner, Mrs. Nettie Correll of Wolbach; Mr. and Mrs. Frank Terry of Grand Island, Mrs. Albert Skriven of Tilden, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Hobbs and daughter of Palmer.
Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, Thursday, April 11, 1946
Walter Cox, 1949
Walter Cox Succumbs - Services Were Wed. J. W. Cox has received word of the death of a cousin, Walter Cox, living north of North Starr. Funeral services were held Wednesday afternoon at 2:00 p.m. at Cedar Rapids in the Methodist church.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, January 20, 1949
Mrs. Gavin Craig, 1844?-1926
PROMINENT EARLY RESIDENT OF SCOTIA DIES IN CALIFORNIA Mrs. Gavin Craig, long a resident of Scotia in the early days, died recently at her home in Los Angeles, California. The Craigs came to Scotia in 1876, their first home being where the town of Scotia was later built. The first white child born on the town site of Scotia was their son, Sam Gavin Craig, Jr., now a judge of the superior court at Los Angeles, California. The family went to California in 1892 and have since resided there. Mrs. Craig was a woman of education and refinement and a writer of more than usual ability. For years she contributed regularly, short stories and poems to several eastern magazines. Many of her poems were published in the Scotia papers of that time. Mrs. Craig was a teacher and taught the first term of school ever held in Scotia. She had known many of the great men of her time, Longfellow, Whittier and also many others. She was a relative of Samuel Morse, inventor of the telegraph. Mrs. Craig was 82 years of age at the time of her death. She will be well and lovingly remembered by her early residents of Greeley County.
The Scotia Register, Volume XXXII, Thursday, January 7, 1926, pg. 4, column 2
Harry Craig, 1914
Harry Craig Dead Mrs. John Lowe received a telegram Friday evening notifying her of the death of her brother, Harry Craig at a hospital in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. She left Saturday for Lake City, Iowa where the body has been shipped. Mr. Craig was formerly a resident of Wolbach and has many friends here who will be pained to learn of his death. He has been living in South Dakota for some time and it was not generally known that he was in any way seriously ill. We were unable to learn the immediate cause of his death but understand he was in the hospital for the purpose of an operation. His former home is at Lake City Iowa where interment will be made.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, December 10, 1914
Charles Nelson Crouch, 1831-1911
Obituary Charles Nelson Crouch was born in Edgar Co. Ills July 31, 1831. He came to Iowa in 1846 with his mother and brothers. In the year 1850 he went back to Ills. and was married April14, 1850 to Manerva Stricklan. To this union eleven children were born, seven of whom are living. They are as follows: -- Mrs. Mary Seegrist and Mrs. Allen McMasters of Dawes Co. Nebr., Chas C. Crouch of Norfolk, Nebr., Levi Crouch of Grand Island, Nebr., Mrs. Will Truitt of Decatur, Mich and Andrew J. Crouch of Wolbach, Nebr. For the last 20 years he has been living among his children, going first from one home to another, until on March 5, 1912 (sic) he died at the home of his son Andrew at the age of 79 years, 7 months and 4 days. He was buried in the St. Paul cemetery by the side of his mother, this being one of his last wishes.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, March 16, 1911
Marion Wilbur Crouch, 1906-1911
Obituary Marion Wilbur, son of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Crouch, was born in Nance Co, Nebr. Oct. 12, 1906, and died July 26th, 1911, being 4 years, 9 months and 14 days old. Funeral services were held at the house, east of town on W. O. Pecks farm, Friday morning, Rev. Anstine, officiating. Interment in the Wolbach cemetery. The bereaved parents have the heartfelt sympathy of their many friends.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, August 3, 1911
W. J. Crow, 1857-1936
Former Howard Co. Pioneer Buried Fri. News of the death of W. J. Crow, 79, a pioneer settler near St. Paul, at his home in North Platte Wednesday, February 12, has been learned here. Many of our readers will remember that he lived on the place known as Canadian Hill four miles west and north of St. Paul for many years before moving to North Platte about 16 years ago. Mr. Crow had been bedfast for about two weeks suffering with leakage of the heart when the end came. His death occurred on his 79 birthday. Funeral services were held at North Platte Friday. Among those who survive is his daughter, Mrs. Aaron Haggstrom of this place. Others also known to our readers are his wife and his children, namely: Leslie Crow of Arnold, Mrs. Harry Penny of Omaha, Mrs. Carles (sic Charles) Rich of Orleans, Mrs. George Jeffries of Oshkosh and Willard and Ed Crow of North Platte as well as a host of other relatives and friends. His youngest brother, Joe, preceded him in death at St. Paul, July 3 of last year. The sympathy of this community is extended Mrs. Haggstrom, who was unable to attend the last rites due to her health, as well as the remaining survivors.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, February 20, 1936
Addison Enos Crumrine 27 May 1888-7 Nov 1955 [To do, merge these Crumrine obits with alpha listing below.] A. Crumrine Rites Held
GREELEY---Funeral services were held today for Addison E. Crumrine, a lifelong resident of Greeley, who died Monday in a Spalding hospital. Mr. Crumrine was stricken on the street last Sunday afternoon and never recovered.
Born on a farm west of Greeley May 27, 1888, Mr. Crumrine was married Feb. 25, 1909, to Miss Eva Hepp. She did in 1953.
He had operated a trucking business in Greeley for many years. Mr. Crumrine is survived by eight children. They are: Mrs. Anton (Lorraine) Eynetich of Greeley; Mrs. Harry (Orvetta) Schamp and Jack Crumrine of Ord; Mrs. Guy (Gertrude) Schoonover of Southwest City, Mo.; Mrs. James (Harriet) Todd of Bremerton, Wash.; Max and Dean Crumrine of Longview, Wash.; Mrs. Lee (Elizabeth) Gillespie of Lincoln.
Source: possibly Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Nov. 1955
Note: Addison Crumrine was my grandfather. Submitted by Shirley Gillespie Moore
Arabella Kelley Crumrine 12 Dec 1861 to 18 Oct 1939
Dies After a Long Illness
Funeral services for Mrs. Crumrine are Held
Mrs. Arabella Crumrine died at the home of her son, George Crumrine, here Wednesday afternoon of last week. She had been seriously ill for many months. Cancer was the cause of her death.
Funeral services were held Friday afternoon at the Methodist church with Rev J. T. Sawyer, pastor, in charge of the last rites. Burial was at the side of her husband in the Greeley cemetery. The pallbearers were James Cross, Harold Gillham, Francis Weiser, Robert Moore, John Crumrine and Roland Crumrine.
Mrs. Crumrine was born at Indianola, Ia., December 12, 1861. She was married there to Warren Crumrine of the same place, August 11, 1877. Mr. and Mrs. Crumrine moved to Central City, Neb., in 1883. Two years later the family moved to Greeley. Mr. Crumrine died January 8, 1927.
Mrs. Crumrine is survived by her ten children. They are: Mrs. Harry Pratt, Greeley; Adison (sic), Greeley; Mrs. Roy Cross, Jewel, Kan. Mrs. Ernest Moore, Wolbach; Roy, Minneapolis, Minn.; Mrs. Dan Weiser, Greeley; Mrs. George Gillham, Wolbach; George, Greeley; Mrs. Fred Nerly, Spalding and Ervin, Greeley. One son, Frank, died September 22, 1938. A brother, Charles Kelley, of Creston, Ia., 41 grandchildren and 8 great-grandchildren also survive.
Among those from out of town attending the funeral services were:
Mrs. Frank Crumrine and daughter, Olive, of Shelton.
Mr. and Mrs. Roland Crumrine of Elm Creek.
Mrs. Claude Shipley of Taylor
Mr. and Mrs. Warren Crumrine of Utica, Neb.
Mr. and Mrs. James Cross of Jewel, Kan.
Mrs. William Matson of Superior, Neb.
Mrs. Kenneth Braden of Jewel, Kan.
Mrs. William Crumrine and son of Jewel, Kan.
Mrs. Robert Crumrine and son, Calvin, of Jewel, Kan.
Mrs. Crumrine was held in high esteem by all her neighbors and friends.
Source: The Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, 26 Oct 1939.
Note: Arabella Kelley Crumrine was my ggrandmother. If you are connected to her in any way, please contact me.
Submitted by Shirley Gillespie Moore
Arabelle Crumrine, 1939
Funeral Services for Mrs. A. Crumrine Funeral services for Mrs. Arabelle Crumrine, resident of Greeley county for more than a half century, who passed away at her home in Greeley on October 18, after a long illness, were held Friday afternoon at 2:30 oclock from the Methodist church at the place with the pastor, Rev. T. J. Sawyer, officiating. Burial was made in the Methodist cemetery in
Greeley beside the body of her husband who preceded her in death 12 years ago. She was the mother of Mrs. G. Gillham and Mrs. D. Wieser of Wolbach. Six grand-sons acted as pallbearers and three grand-daughters were flower girls. Mrs. Crumrines passing takes another pioneer from this community. A number of persons from here attended the funeral.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, October 26, 1939.
Warren Isaiah Crumrine 15 Oct 1858-8 Jan 1927
A PIONEER OF GREELEY DEAD
The Final Summons to Warren Crumrine at Ord.
Warren Izar (sic Isaiah) Crumrine, one of the pioneer settlers of Greeley, died at 4 o'clock, last Saturday morning in a hospital at Ord. He had been ill just a week. He went to the hospital hospital (sic) a week ago last Friday for an operation for rupture. A cancer was discovered during the operation, and this was given as the cause of his death. Immediately after the operation he became seriously ill and his condition continued to grow worse until the end.
The body was brought to the family home nine miles east of Greeley and the funeral services were held from the Methodist church here Monday afternoon. Rev J. A. Martin, pastor, officiated. The pallbearers were, A. L. Hepp, Ben Weiser, T. J. Howard, Henry Nestor, James Donnelly and Carl Bergstrom. Burial was in the cemetery northwest of town.
The deceased was born at Indianola, Ia., October 15, 1858. He was married there to Miss Arabelle(sic) Kelley of the same place August 11, 1877. In 1887 the family moved to Calwell, Kas., and the same year to Greeley. The family moved to Oklahoma in March 1893, but returned to Greeley in August of the same year. They spent the winter at Central City, returning to Greeley the next spring and remained here until 1910, when they moved to Jewel City, Kas. Mr. and Mrs. Crumrine and family lived there for three years when they moved back to Greeley, where they have since resided.
Mr. Crumrine is survived by his widow and eleven children, five sons and six daughters. The children are Frank W. of Waco, Neb.; Mrs. Harry Pratt of Greeley, Adison (sic) of Scotia, Mrs. roy Cross of Jewel City, Kas; Mrs. Ernest Moore of Greeley, Roy of Robinsdale, Minn.; Mrs. Dan Weiser of Greeley, Mrs. George Gillham of Greeley, George of Greeley, Mrs. Fred Nerly and Ervin of Greeley. Four sisters and two brothers also survive. They are Calvin of Superiour (sic), Kas.; Robert of Beloit, Kas.; Mrs. Will Madsen of Superior, Kas.; Mrs. Lou Scott of Witchita (sic), Kas.; Mrs. Sarah Chumley of Indianola, Ia.; and Mrs. Mary Roberts of Califormnia. (sic)
All of the children were here for the funeral. His sisters, Mrs. Mary Scott and Mrs. Madsen, and his brothers, Calvin and Robert, also were here. Mrs. Scott's daughter, too, attend the funeral.
Mr. Crumrine was a carpenter and helped to build the first store building in Greeley. He built the first house ever constructed here. The store was the old T. H. Hoelwarth building where the Larson building now stands. The house is now owned by Mrs. Belle Byrns and is located in the north part of town. He also constructed several homes for the pioneers of Greeley. He farmed and worked at his trade for years. In the early days, he lived a mile north of Greeley.
Mr. Crumrine was held in high esteem by all his neighbors and his friends were as numerous as his acquaintances. He was of a quiet and unassuming disposition, a hard worker and a man respected by all.
Source: The Greeley Citizen, Greeley, Nebraska, 13 Jan 1927
Note: Warren I. Crumrine was my ggrandfather. If you are related to him in any way, please contact me.
Contributed by Shirley Gillespie Moore
Thomas P. Cullen, 1868-1946
Funeral Services Held For Thomas P. Cullen In Hemingford Sept 11 Funeral services were held Wednesday, September 11 at 10 a.m. at St. Bridgets Catholic church at Hemingford for Thomas P. Cullen, 78, well known farmer of this community. Father Robert ONeil officiated at the service and interment was in the Hemingford cemetery. Mr. Cullen died of a heart attack caused by a car accident west of Broken Bow Saturday when the car he was driving went out of control and off the road. In an attempt to avoid hitting a car coming from the other direction, he lost control of his own car and went off the road, hit a telephone pole and the car turned over. The shock of the accident brought on the heart attack. Mr. Cullen was born at Chilton, Wisconsin, July 11, 1868 and was married in Salt Lake City April 25 to Anne Neilsen. In 1895 he went to eastern Nebraska in a covered wagon and in 1918 moved again to Hemingford where he lived until his death last week. In 1908 his first wife passed away at Wolbach and in 1913 he married Mrs. Anna Chalupsky of St. Paul. There were four daughters born to Mr. Cullen by his first wife. They are Mrs. W. F. Killham, Manitou Springs, Colo., Mrs. Lee Neilsen, Fort Morgan, Colo., Mrs. Leland Lycon, Panama and Mrs. John Tockey, Boelus, Mr. Cullen has one son by his second marriage, Harry Cullen of Hemingford. There is a step-daughter surviving, Mrs. Ralph Linger, Glendale, Calif. A stepson, John Chalupsky, preceded Mr. Cullen in death.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, October 3, 1946
Mrs. Edward P. Curran, 1921
Mrs. E. P. Curran Dead On Monday the sad news came to us that Mrs. Edward P. Curran of Greeley had died Sunday evening. We knew that she had been dangerously ill, but it was reported that she was getting stronger. On the Saturday the week before she had given birth to twins. One was a boy, who died shortly after birth, but the girl is still alive. Mrs. Curran had many friends here who will give Mr. Curran and those dear little children their heartfelt sympathy in this dark hour of their life. She was known for her lovable disposition, and for industry and culture. She was a wonderful mother and mate, and no words here can tell of the loss.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, August 18, 1921
Mr. & Mrs. L. B. Curren, 1942
Palmer Couples Killed In Car-Truck Collision Sad news came over the radio Sunday night of the death of Mr. Lawrence Prince, former resident of St. Paul, now of Gage Valley, and Mr. and Mrs. L. B. Curren of Palmer in a car-truck collision. The Palmer people and Mr. and Mrs. Prince were on their way to North Platte in a driving snow storm and met a truck head-on near Darr, between Lexington and Cozad. Mr. and Mrs. Curren and Mr. Prince were killed instantly and Mrs. Prince had her chest crushed and both legs broken according to word reaching here. She passed away the next morning. The driver of the truck, which was a Nielsen-Petersen truck out of Grand Island, received a broken arm and other bruises. It was stated that Mr. Curren, who was driving was lodged behind the wheel and the car had to be towed into town in order to get the car apart so that his body could be taken from it.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, March 5, 1942
Francis Marvel Cutler, 1844-1928
Pioneer Settler Answers Last Call F. M. Cutler, for forty years a resident of Wolbach and vicinity passed away at his home east of Wolbach last Friday morning at about 9:30, following several weeks of serious illness. Being an old soldier, the funeral was very properly held on Armistice Day, Sunday, November 11. A large number of the local Legion boys were out and took a prominent part in the ceremonies. They accompanied the body to the Lutheran Church, six of their number were the pall bearers and a firing squad fired a salute over the grave later at the cemetery. One more of those who offered their lives in the service of their country had been laid to rest. Francis Marvel Cutler was born in Rock Creek, Ohio May 17, 1844. He died at his home one half mile east of Wolbach, Nebraska, November 9, 1928, aged 84 years, 5 months and 22 days. He lived in his native state until 16 years of age, when he enlisted in Private Co. K. 196th Ohio Infantry and served in the Civil War, being the youngest in his regiment. After four years of service, he was honorably discharged. He moved to this community about 1880, being among the first to engage in business having the first general merchandise store in Wolbach. When the post office was established in Wolbach in 1887, Mr. Cutler was the postmaster. The post office was located on the lot just east of the present T.L. Hyde grocery store. He was very much interested in getting the railroad through this part of the country. He lived to see this part of the state grow from its natural primitive condition to what it is now. In 1900 he was united in marriage to Emma Hart. He was the father of 11 children, and grandfather of the same number. Four of his children preceded him in death. The surviving relatives being well known have the sympathy of the community. Funeral services, conducted by Dr. R. A. White, were held in Trinity Lutheran Church, Sunday, Nov. 11, 1928 at 2:30 p.m. The burial was in Hillside Cemetery. The local American Legion attended in a body, and rendered the customary military services. There was also one veteran of the Civil War present and one of the Spanish American war. Card of Thanks We wish to thank our neighbors and friends for their kindness and sympathy during the illness and at the time of the death of our husband and father. We especially wish to thank the Legion boys for their services, and all those who sent beautiful floral offerings, including the Senior Class of the Wolbach high school. Mrs. F. M. Cutler, Mrs. Polly Greer, Mrs. Barbara Hansen, John Cutler, Mrs. Florence Hodson, Mrs. Walter Papst, Ruth Cutler, Francis Cutler.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, November 15, 1928
Mary (Bartunek) Cutler, 1855-1943
Funeral Held for Mrs. Mary Cutler Friends and relatives paid final respects to one of Greeley countys oldest pioneers at funeral services conducted for Mrs. Mary Cutler at 2:45 Sunday from Trinity Lutheran church. Rev. H. P. Anderson had charge of the services and interment was in Hillside cemetery under the direction of McIntyres. Mrs. Cutler had been in poor health for about six years and had been bedfast since April, 1940. She became seriously ill on the morning of March 22 and passed away peacefully at 10:30 Thursday night. Casket bearers were Norman, Carl and Clifford Hansen, Russell Wooley, John Banka and Ed Kolar. Flower bearers were Ella Herman, Jessie Fox, Odetta Nielsen, Loretta Smith, Hazel Wagner, Clara Bower and Ethel Christensen. OBITUARY -- Mary Bartunek Cutler was born September 1855 at Oujecdec, Kutna Hora county, Czechoslovakia and passed away at Wolbach, Nebr., March 25, 1943 at the age of 87 years and six months. She was baptized and confirmed in the Lutheran church in Czecho-Slovakia. In 1881 she came to the United States, working for a year in New York City and came to Wolbach in 1882. Being among the very early pioneers of this section she helped in the building of a new community, and knew the hardships and difficulties of pioneer life. She was married in 1887 at St. Paul, Neb., to Francis M. Cutler. To this union three daughters were born, the eldest, Polly, being the first child born in the new community. A daughter, Jennie died in infancy. With high courage and unselfish devotion which was an inspiration to those who knew her, she early assumed full responsibility for the support of her family. She lived until her death with her daughter, Mrs. Polly Greer Marcoe, and son-in-law, D. H. Marcoe. Surviving are the two daughters, Mrs. Marcoe and Mrs. Barbara Hansen of Ericson; a brother, John Bartunek of St. Paul; four half-brothers, Frank and Louis Bartunek of Wolbach, Antone Bartunek of Ord and James Bartunek of Loup city; seven grandchildren, 2d Lt. Victoria Hansen, A.N.C., Mrs. Margaret Banks, Mrs. Alice Kesselder, Mrs. Doris Wooley, Carl, Norman and Clifford Hansen and ten great grandchildren and other relatives. CARD OF THANKS We extend our heartfelt thanks to the neighbors and friends for their thoughtfulness and to everyone who helped in any way during the long illness and at the time of the death of our beloved mother and grandmother. Mr. and Mrs. D. H. Marcoe, Mr. and Mrs. Peder Hansen, The Grandchildren.
Wolbach Messenger, Wolbach, Nebraska, Thursday, April 1, 1943
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723,884 | 1:1 FORASMUCH as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a narration of the things that have been accomplished among us;
1:2 According as they have delivered them unto us, who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word:
1:3 It seemed good to me also, having diligently attained to all things from the beginning, to write to thee in order, most excellent Theophilus,
1:4 That thou mayest know the verity of those words in which thou hast been instructed.
1:5 There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a certain priest named Zachary, of the course of Abia; and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name Elizabeth.
1:6 And they were both just before God, walking in all the commandments and justifications of the Lord without blame.
1:7 And they had no son, for that Elizabeth was barren, and they both were well advanced in years.
1:8 And it came to pass, when he executed the priestly function in the order of his course before God,
1:9 According to the custom of the priestly office, it was his lot to offer incense, going into the temple of the Lord.
1:10 And all the multitude of the people was praying without, at the hour of incense.
1:11 And there appeared to him an angel of the Lord, standing on the right side of the alter of incense.
1:12 And Zachary seeing him, was troubled, and fear fell upon him.
1:13 But the angel said to him: Fear not, Zachary, for thy prayer is heard; and thy wife Elizabeth shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name John:
1:14 And thou shalt have joy and gladness, and many shall rejoice in his nativity.
1:15 For he shall be great before the Lord; and shall drink no wine nor strong drink: and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb.
1:16 And he shall convert many of the children of Israel to the Lord their God.
1:17 And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elias; that he may turn the hearts of the fathers unto the children, and the incredulous to the wisdom of the just, to prepare unto the Lord a perfect people.
1:18 And Zachary said to the angel: Whereby shall I know this? for I am an old man, and my wife is advanced in years.
1:19 And the angel answering, said to him: I am Gabriel, who stand before God: and am sent to speak to thee, and to bring thee these good tidings.
1:20 And behold, thou shalt be dumb, and shalt not be able to speak until the day wherein these things shall come to pass, because thou hast not believed my words, which shall be fulfilled in their time.
1:21 And the people were waiting for Zachary; and they wondered that he tarried so long in the temple.
1:22 And when he came out, he could not speak to them: and they understood that he had seen a vision in the temple. And he made signs to them, and remained dumb.
1:23 And it came to pass, after the days of his office were accomplished, he departed to his own house.
1:24 And after those days, Elizabeth his wife conceived, and hid herself five months, saying:
1:25 Thus hath the Lord dealt with me in the days wherein he hath had regard to take away my reproach among men.
1:26 And in the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God into a city of Galilee, called Nazareth,
1:27 To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary.
1:28 And the angel being come in, said unto her: Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women.
1:29 Who having heard, was troubled at his saying, and thought with herself what manner of salutation this should be.
1:30 And the angel said to her: Fear not, Mary, for thou hast found grace with God.
1:31 Behold thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and shalt bring forth a son; and thou shalt call his name Jesus.
1:32 He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the most High; and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of David his father; and he shall reign in the house of Jacob for ever.
1:33 And of his kingdom there shall be no end.
1:34 And Mary said to the angel: How shall this be done, because I know not man?
1:35 And the angel answering, said to her: The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the most High shall overshadow thee. And therefore also the Holy which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God.
1:36 And behold thy cousin Elizabeth, she also hath conceived a son in her old age; and this is the sixth month with her that is called barren:
1:37 Because no word shall be impossible with God.
1:38 And Mary said: Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it done to me according to thy word. And the angel departed from her.
1:39 And Mary rising up in those days, went into the hill country with haste into a city of Juda.
1:40 And she entered into the house of Zachary, and saluted Elizabeth.
1:41 And it came to pass, that when Elizabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the infant leaped in her womb. And Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost:
1:42 And she cried out with a loud voice, and said: Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb.
1:43 And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?
1:44 For behold as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded in my ears, the infant in my womb leaped for joy.
1:45 And blessed art thou that hast believed, because those things shall be accomplished that were spoken to thee by the Lord.
1:46 And Mary said: My soul doth magnify the Lord.
1:47 And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour.
1:48 Because he hath regarded the humility of his handmaid; for behold from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.
1:49 Because he that is mighty, hath done great things to me; and holy is his name.
1:50 And his mercy is from generation unto generations, to them that fear him.
1:51 He hath shewed might in his arm: he hath scattered the proud in the conceit of their heart.
1:52 He hath put down the mighty from their seat, and hath exalted the humble.
1:53 He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich he hath sent empty away.
1:54 He hath received Israel his servant, being mindful of his mercy:
1:55 As he spoke to our fathers, to Abraham and to his seed for ever.
1:56 And Mary abode with her about three months; and she returned to her own house.
1:57 Now Elizabeth's full time of being delivered was come, and she brought forth a son.
1:58 And her neighbours and kinsfolks heard that the Lord had shewed his great mercy towards her, and they congratulated with her.
1:59 And it came to pass, that on the eighth day they came to circumcise the child, and they called him by his father's name Zachary.
1:60 And his mother answering, said: Not so; but he shall be called John.
1:61 And they said to her: There is none of thy kindred that is called by this name.
1:62 And they made signs to his father, how he would have him called.
1:63 And demanding a writing table, he wrote, saying: John is his name. And they all wondered.
1:64 And immediately his mouth was opened, and his tongue loosed, and he spoke, blessing God.
1:65 And fear came upon all their neighbours; and all these things were noised abroad over all the hill country of Judea.
1:66 And all they that had heard them laid them up in their heart, saying: What an one, think ye, shall this child be? For the hand of the Lord was with him.
1:67 And Zachary his father was filled with the Holy Ghost; and he prophesied, saying:
1:68 Blessed be the Lord God of Israel; because he hath visited and wrought the redemption of his people:
1:69 And hath raised up an horn of salvation to us, in the house of David his servant:
1:70 As he spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets, who are from the beginning:
1:71 Salvation from our enemies, and from the hand of all that hate us:
1:72 To perform mercy to our fathers, and to remember his holy testament,
1:73 The oath, which he swore to Abraham our father, that he would grant to us,
1:74 That being delivered from the hand of our enemies, we may serve him without fear,
1:75 In holiness and justice before him, all our days.
1:76 And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways:
1:77 To give knowledge of salvation to his people, unto the remission of their sins:
1:78 Through the bowels of the mercy of our God, in which the Orient from on high hath visited us:
1:79 To enlighten them that sit in darkness, and in the shadow of death: to direct our feet into the way of peace.
1:80 And the child grew, and was strengthened in spirit; and was in the deserts until the day of his manifestation to Israel.
2:1 AND it came to pass, that in those days there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that the whole world should be enrolled.
2:2 This enrolling was first made by Cyrinus, the governor of Syria.
2:3 And all went to be enrolled, every one into his own city.
2:4 And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem: because he was of the house and family of David,
2:5 To be enrolled with Mary his espoused wife, who was with child.
2:6 And it came to pass, that when they were there, her days were accomplished, that she should be delivered.
2:7 And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him up in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.
2:8 And there were in the same country shepherds watching, and keeping the night watches over their flock.
2:9 And behold an angel of the Lord stood by them, and the brightness of God shone round about them; and they feared with a great fear.
2:10 And the angel said to them: Fear not; for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, that shall be to all the people:
2:11 For, this day, is born to you a Saviour, who is Christ the Lord, in the city of David.
2:12 And this shall be a sign unto you. You shall find the infant wrapped in swaddling clothes, and laid in a manger.
2:13 And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly army, praising God, and saying:
2:14 Glory to God in the highest; and on earth peace to men of good will.
2:15 And it came to pass, after the angels departed from them into heaven, the shepherds said one to another: Let us go over to Bethlehem, and let us see this word that is come to pass, which the Lord hath shewed to us.
2:16 And they came with haste; and they found Mary and Joseph, and the infant lying in the manger.
2:17 And seeing, they understood of the word that had been spoken to them concerning this child.
2:18 And all that heard, wondered; and at those things that were told them by the shepherds.
2:19 But Mary kept all these words, pondering them in her heart.
2:20 And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God, for all the things they had heard and seen, as it was told unto them.
2:21 And after eight days were accomplished, that the child should be circumcised, his name was called JESUS, which was called by the angel, before he was conceived in the womb.
2:22 And after the days of her purification, according to the law of Moses, were accomplished, they carried him to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord:
2:23 As it is written in the law of the Lord: Every male opening the womb shall be called holy to the Lord:
2:24 And to offer a sacrifice, according as it is written in the law of the Lord, a pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons:
2:25 And behold there was a man in Jerusalem named Simeon, and this man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel; and the Holy Ghost was in him.
2:26 And he had received an answer from the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death, before he had seen the Christ of the Lord.
2:27 And he came by the Spirit into the temple. And when his parents brought in the child Jesus, to do for him according to the custom of the law,
2:28 He also took him into his arms, and blessed God, and said:
2:29 Now thou dost dismiss thy servant, O Lord, according to thy word in peace;
2:30 Because my eyes have seen thy salvation,
2:31 Which thou hast prepared before the face of all peoples:
2:32 A light to the revelation of the Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel.
2:33 And his father and mother were wondering at those things which were spoken concerning him.
2:34 And Simeon blessed them, and said to Mary his mother: Behold this child is set for the fall, and for the resurrection of many in Israel, and for a sign which shall be contradicted;
2:35 And thy own soul a sword shall pierce, that, out of many hearts, thoughts may be revealed.
2:36 And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Aser; she was far advanced in years, and had lived with her husband seven years from her virginity.
2:37 And she was a widow until fourscore and four years; who departed not from the temple, by fastings and prayers serving night and day.
2:38 Now she, at the same hour, coming in, confessed to the Lord; and spoke of him to all that looked for the redemption of Israel.
2:39 And after they had performed all things according to the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their city Nazareth.
2:40 And the child grew, and waxed strong, full of wisdom; and the grace of God was in him.
2:41 And his parents went every year to Jerusalem, at the solemn day of the pasch,
2:42 And when he was twelve years old, they going up into Jerusalem, according to the custom of the feast,
2:43 And having fulfilled the days, when they returned, the child Jesus remained in Jerusalem; and his parents knew it not.
2:44 And thinking that he was in the company, they came a day's journey, and sought him among their kinsfolks and acquaintance.
2:45 And not finding him, they returned into Jerusalem, seeking him.
2:46 And it came to pass, that, after three days, they found him in the temple, sitting in the midst of the doctors, hearing them, and asking them questions.
2:47 And all that heard him were astonished at his wisdom and his answers.
2:48 And seeing him, they wondered. And his mother said to him: Son, why hast thou done so to us? behold thy father and I have sought thee sorrowing.
2:49 And he said to them: How is it that you sought me? did you not know, that I must be about my father's business?
2:50 And they understood not the word that he spoke unto them.
2:51 And he went down with them, and came to Nazareth, and was subject to them. And his mother kept all these words in her heart.
2:52 And Jesus advanced in wisdom, and age, and grace with God and men.
3:1 NOW in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and Philip his brother tetrarch of Iturea, and the country of Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilina;
3:2 Under the high priests Annas and Caiphas; the word of the Lord was made unto John, the son of Zachary, in the desert.
3:3 And he came into all the country about the Jordan, preaching the baptism of penance for the remission of sins;
3:4 As it was written in the book of the sayings of Isaias the prophet: A voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight his paths.
3:5 Every valley shall be filled; and every mountain and hill shall be brought low; and the crooked shall be made straight; and the rough ways plain;
3:6 And all flesh shall see the salvation of God.
3:7 He said therefore to the multitudes that went forth to be baptized by him: Ye offspring of vipers, who hath shewed you to flee from the wrath to come?
3:8 Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of penance; and do not begin to say, We have Abraham for our father. For I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children to Abraham.
3:9 For now the axe is laid to the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that bringeth not forth good fruit, shall be cut down and cast into the fire.
3:10 And the people asked him, saying: What then shall we do?
3:11 And he answering, said to them: He that hath two coats, let him give to him that hath none; and he that hath meat, let him do in like manner.
3:12 And the publicans also came to be baptized, and said to him: Master, what shall we do?
3:13 But he said to them: Do nothing more than that which is appointed you.
3:14 And the soldiers also asked him, saying: And what shall we do? And he said to them: Do violence to no man; neither calumniate any man; and be content with your pay.
3:15 And as the people were of opinion, and all were thinking in their hearts of John, that perhaps he might be the Christ;
3:16 John answered, saying unto all: I indeed baptize you with water; but there shall come one mightier that I, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to loose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire:
3:17 Whose fan is in his hand, and he will purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his barn; but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire.
3:18 And many other things exhorting, did he preach to the people.
3:19 But Herod the tetrarch, when he was reproved by him for Herodias, his brother's wife, and for all the evils which Herod had done;
3:20 He added this also above all, and shut up John in prison.
3:21 Now it came to pass, when all the people were baptized, that Jesus also being baptized and praying, heaven was opened;
3:22 And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape, as a dove upon him; and a voice came from heaven: Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased.
3:23 And Jesus himself was beginning about the age of thirty years; being (as it was supposed) the son of Joseph, who was of Heli, who was of Mathat,
3:24 Who was of Levi, who was of Melchi, who was of Janne, who was of Joseph,
3:25 Who was of Mathathias, who was of Amos, who was of Nahum, who was of Hesli, who was of Nagge,
3:26 Who was of Mahath, who was of Mathathias, who was of Semei, who was of Joseph, who was of Juda,
3:27 Who was of Joanna, who was of Reza, who was of Zorobabel, who was of Salathiel, who was of Neri,
3:28 Who was of Melchi, who was of Addi, who was of Cosan, who was of Helmadan, who was of Her,
3:29 Who was of Jesus, who was of Eliezer, who was of Jorim, who was of Mathat, who was of Levi,
3:30 Who was of Simeon, who was of Judas, who was of Joseph, who was of Jona, who was of Eliakim,
3:31 Who was of Melea, who was of Menna, who was of Mathatha, who was of Nathan, who was of David,
3:32 Who was of Jesse, who was of Obed, who was of Booz, who was of Salmon, who was of Naasson,
3:33 Who was of Aminadab, who was of Aram, who was of Esron, who was of Phares, who was of Judas,
3:34 Who was of Jacob, who was of Isaac, who was of Abraham, who was of Thare, who was of Nachor,
3:35 Who was of Sarug, who was of Ragau, who was of Phaleg, who was of Heber, who was of Sale,
3:36 Who was of Cainan, who was of Arphaxad, who was of Sem, who was of Noe, who was of Lamech,
3:37 Who was of Mathusale, who was of Henoch, who was of Jared, who was of Malaleel, who was of Cainan,
3:38 Who was of Henos, who was of Seth, who was of Adam, who was of God.
4:1 AND Jesus being full of the Holy Ghost, returned from the Jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the desert,
4:2 For the space of forty days; and was tempted by the devil. And he ate nothing in those days; and when they were ended, he was hungry.
4:3 And the devil said to him: If thou be the Son of God, say to this stone that it be made bread.
4:4 And Jesus answered him: It is written, that Man liveth not by bread alone, but by every word of God.
4:5 And the devil led him into a high mountain, and shewed him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time;
4:6 And he said to him: To thee will I give all this power, and the glory of them; for to me they are delivered, and to whom I will, I give them.
4:7 If thou therefore wilt adore before me, all shall be thine.
4:8 And Jesus answering said to him: It is written: Thou shalt adore the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve.
4:9 And he brought him to Jerusalem, and set him on a pinnacle of the temple, and he said to him: If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself from hence.
4:10 For it is written, that He hath given his angels charge over thee, that they keep thee.
4:11 And that in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest perhaps thou dash thy foot against a stone.
4:12 And Jesus answering, said to him: It is said: Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God.
4:13 And all the temptation being ended, the devil departed from him for a time.
4:14 And Jesus returned in the power of the spirit, into Galilee, and the fame of him went out through the whole country.
4:15 And he taught in their synagogues, and was magnified by all.
4:16 And he came to Nazareth, where he was brought up: and he went into the synagogue, according to his custom, on the sabbath day; and he rose up to read.
4:17 And the book of Isaias the prophet was delivered unto him. And as he unfolded the book, he found the place where it was written:
4:18 The Spirit of the Lord is upon me. Wherefore he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor, he hath sent me to heal the contrite of heart,
4:19 To preach deliverance to the captives, and sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, to preach the acceptable year of the Lord, and the day of reward.
4:20 And when he had folded the book, he restored it to the minister, and sat down. And the eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed on him.
4:21 And he began to say to them: This day is fulfilled this scripture in your ears.
4:22 And all gave testimony to him: and they wondered at the words of grace that proceeded from his mouth, and they said: Is not this the son of Joseph?
4:23 And he said to them: Doubtless you will say to me this similitude: Physician, heal thyself: as great things as we have heard done in Capharnaum, do also here in thy own country.
4:24 And he said: Amen I say to you, that no prophet is accepted in his own country.
4:25 In truth I say to you, there were many widows in the days of Elias in Israel, when heaven was shut up three years and six months, when there was a great famine throughout all the earth.
4:26 And to none of them was Elias sent, but to Sarepta of Sidon, to a widow woman.
4:27 And there were many lepers in Israel in the time of Eliseus the prophet: and none of them was cleansed but Naaman the Syrian.
4:28 And all they in the synagogue, hearing these things, were filled with anger.
4:29 And they rose up and thrust him out of the city; and they brought him to the brow of the hill, whereon their city was built, that they might cast him down headlong.
4:30 But he passing through the midst of them, went his way.
4:31 And he went down into Capharnaum, a city of Galilee, and there he taught them on the sabbath days.
4:32 And they were astonished at his doctrine: for his speech was with power.
4:33 And in the synagogue there was a man who had an unclean devil, and he cried out with a loud voice,
4:34 Saying: Let us alone, what have we to do with thee, Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the holy one of God.
4:35 And Jesus rebuked him, saying: Hold thy peace, and go out of him. And when the devil had thrown him into the midst, he went out of him, and hurt him not at all.
4:36 And there came fear upon all, and they talked among themselves, saying: What word is this, for with authority and power he commandeth the unclean spirits, and they go out?
4:37 And the fame of him was published into every place of the country.
4:38 And Jesus rising up out of the synagogue, went into Simon's house. And Simon's wife's mother was taken with a great fever, and they besought him for her.
4:39 And standing over her, he commanded the fever, and it left her. And immediately rising, she ministered to them.
4:40 And when the sun was down, all they that had any sick with divers diseases, brought them to him. But he laying his hands on every one of them, healed them.
4:41 And devils went out from many, crying out and saying: Thou art the Son of God. And rebuking them he suffered them not to speak, for they knew that he was Christ.
4:42 And when it was day, going out he went into a desert place, and the multitudes sought him, and came unto him: and they stayed him that he should not depart from them.
4:43 To whom he said: To other cities also I must preach the kingdom of God: for therefore am I sent.
4:44 And he was preaching in the synagogues of Galilee.
5:1 AND it came to pass, that when the multitudes pressed upon him to hear the word of God, he stood by the lake of Genesareth,
5:2 And saw two ships standing by the lake: but the fishermen were gone out of them, and were washing their nets.
5:3 And going into one of the ships that was Simon's, he desired him to draw back a little from the land. And sitting he taught the multitudes out of the ship.
5:4 Now when he had ceased to speak, he said to Simon: Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught.
5:5 And Simon answering said to him: Master, we have labored all the night, and have taken nothing: but at thy word I will let down the net.
5:6 And when they had done this, they enclosed a very great multitude of fishes, and their net broke.
5:7 And they beckoned to their partners that were in the other ship, that they should come and help them. And they came, and filled both the ships, so that they were almost sinking.
5:8 Which when Simon Peter saw, he fell down at Jesus' knees, saying: Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, O Lord.
5:9 For he was wholly astonished, and all that were with him, at the draught of the fishes which they had taken.
5:10 And so were also James and John the sons of Zebedee, who were Simon's partners. And Jesus saith to Simon: Fear not: from henceforth thou shalt catch men.
5:11 And having brought their ships to land, leaving all things, they followed him.
5:12 And it came to pass, when he was ina certain city, behold a man full of leprosy, who seeing Jesus, and falling on his face, besought him, saying: Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.
5:13 And stretching forth his hand, he touched him, saying: I will. Be thou cleansed. And immediately the leprosy departed from him.
5:14 And he charged him that he should tell no man, but, Go, shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing according as Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.
5:15 But the fame of him went abroad the more, and great multitudes came together to hear, and to be healed by him of their infirmities.
5:16 And he retired into the desert, and prayed.
5:17 And it came to pass on a certain day, as he sat teaching, that there were also Pharisees and doctors of the law sitting by, that were come out of every town of Galilee, and Judea and Jerusalem: and the power of the Lord was to heal them.
5:18 And behold, men brought in a bed a man, who had the palsy: and they sought means to bring him in, and to lay him before him.
5:19 And when they could not find by what way they might bring him in, because of the multitude, they went up upon the roof, and let him down through the tiles with his bed into the midst before Jesus.
5:20 Whose faith when he saw, he said: Man, thy sins are forgiven thee.
5:21 And the scribes and Pharisees began to think, saying: Who is this who speaketh blasphemies? Who can forgive sins, but God alone?
5:22 And when Jesus knew their thoughts, answering, he said to them: What is it you think in your hearts?
5:23 Which is easier to say, Thy sins are forgiven thee; or to say, Arise and walk?
5:24 But that you may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (he saith to the sick of the palsy,) I say to thee, Arise, take up thy bed, and go into thy house.
5:25 And immediately rising up before them, he took up the bed on which he lay; and he went away to his own house, glorifying God.
5:26 And all were astonished; and they glorified God. And they were filled with fear, saying: We have seen wonderful things to day.
5:27 And after these things he went forth, and saw a publican named Levi, sitting at the receipt of custom, and he said to him: Follow me.
5:28 And leaving all things, he rose up and followed him.
5:29 And Levi made him a great feast in his own house; and there was a great company of publicans, and of others, that were at table with them.
5:30 But the Pharisees and scribes murmured, saying to his disciples: Why do you eat and drink with publicans and sinners?
5:31 And Jesus answering, said to them: They that are whole, need not the physician: but they that are sick.
5:32 I came not to call the just, but sinners to penance.
5:33 And they said to him: Why do the disciples of John fast often, and make prayers, and the disciples of the Pharisees in like manner; but thine eat and drink?
5:34 To whom he said: Can you make the children of the bridegroom fast, whilst the bridegroom is with them?
5:35 But the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them, then shall they fast in those days.
5:36 And he spoke also a similitude to them: That no man putteth a piece from a new garment upon an old garment; otherwise he both rendeth the new, and the piece taken from the new agreeth not with the old.
5:37 And no man putteth new wine into old bottle: otherwise the new wine will break the bottles, and it will be spilled, and the bottles will be lost.
5:38 But new wine must be put into new bottles; and both are preserved.
5:39 And no man drinking old, hath presently a mind to new: for he saith, The old is better.
6:1 AND it came to pass on the second first sabbath, that as he went through the corn fields, his disciples plucked the ears, and did eat, rubbing them in their hands.
6:2 And some of the Pharisees said to them: Why do you that which is not lawful on the sabbath days?
6:3 And Jesus answering them, said: Have you not read so much as this, what David did, when himself was hungry, and they that were with him:
6:4 How he went into the house of God, and took and ate the bread of proposition, and gave to them that were with him, which is not lawful to eat but only for the priests?
6:5 And he said to them: The Son of man is Lord also of the sabbath.
6:6 And it came to pass also on another sabbath, that he entered into the synagogue, and taught. And there was a man, whose right hand was withered.
6:7 And the scribes and Pharisees watched if he would heal on the sabbath; that they might find an accusation against him.
6:8 But he knew their thoughts; and said to the man who had the withered hand: Arise, and stand forth in the midst. And rising he stood forth.
6:9 Then Jesus said to them: I ask you, if it be lawful on the sabbath days to do good, or to do evil; to save life, or to destroy?
6:10 And looking round about on them all, he said to the man: Stretch forth thy hand. And he stretched it forth: and his hand was restored.
6:11 And they were filled with madness; and they talked one with another, what they might do to Jesus.
6:12 And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray, and he passed the whole night in the prayer of God.
6:13 And when day was come, he called unto him his disciples; and he chose twelve of them (whom also he named apostles):
6:14 Simon, whom he surnamed Peter, and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew,
6:15 Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon who is called Zelotes,
6:16 And Jude, the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, who was the traitor.
6:17 And coming down with them, he stood in a plain place, and the company of his disciples, and a very great multitude of people from all Judea and Jerusalem, and the sea coast both of Tyre and Sidon,
6:18 Who were come to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases. And they that were troubled with unclean spirits, were cured.
6:19 And all the multitude sought to touch him, for virtue went out from him, and healed all.
6:20 And he, lifting up his eyes on his disciples, said: Blessed are ye poor, for yours is the kingdom of God.
6:21 Blessed are ye that hunger now: for you shall be filled. Blessed are ye that weep now: for you shall laugh.
6:22 Blessed shall you be when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of man's sake.
6:23 Be glad in that day and rejoice; for behold, your reward is great in heaven. For according to these things did their fathers to the prophets.
6:24 But woe to you that are rich: for you have your consolation.
6:25 Woe to you that are filled: for you shall hunger. Woe to you that now laugh: for you shall mourn and weep.
6:26 Woe to you when men shall bless you: for according to these things did their fathers to the false prophets.
6:27 But I say to you that hear: Love your enemies, do good to them that hate you.
6:28 Bless them that curse you, and pray for them that calumniate you.
6:29 And to him that striketh thee on the one cheek, offer also the other. And him that taketh away from thee thy cloak, forbid not to take thy coat also.
6:30 Give to every one that asketh thee, and of him that taketh away thy goods, ask them not again.
6:31 And as you would that men should do to you, do you also to them in like manner.
6:32 And if you love them that love you, what thanks are to you? for sinners also love those that love them.
6:33 And if you do good to them who do good to you, what thanks are to you? for sinners also do this.
6:34 And if you lend to them of whom you hope to receive, what thanks are to you? for sinners also lend to sinners, for to receive as much.
6:35 But love ye your enemies: do good, and lend, hoping for nothing thereby: and your reward shall be great, and you shall be the sons of the Highest; for he is kind to the unthankful, and to the evil.
6:36 Be ye therefore merciful, as your Father also is merciful.
6:37 Judge not, and you shall not be judged. Condemn not, and you shall not be condemned. Forgive, and you shall be forgiven.
6:38 Give, and it shall be given to you: good measure and pressed down and shaken together and running over shall they give into your bosom. For with the same measure that you shall mete withal, it shall be measured to you again.
6:39 And he spoke also to them a similitude: Can the blind lead the blind? do they not both fall into the ditch?
6:40 The disciple is not above his master: but every one shall be perfect, if he be as his master.
6:41 And why seest thou the mote in thy brother's eye: but the beam that is in thy own eye thou considerest not?
6:42 Or how canst thou say to thy brother: Brother, let me pull the mote out of thy eye, when thou thyself seest not the beam in thy own eye? Hypocrite, cast first the beam out of thy own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to take out the mote from thy brother's eye.
6:43 For there is no good tree that bringeth forth evil fruit; nor an evil tree that bringeth forth good fruit.
6:44 For every tree is known by its fruit. For men do not gather figs from thorns; nor from a bramble bush do they gather the grape.
6:45 A good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is good: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth that which is evil. For out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh.
6:46 And why call you me, Lord, Lord; and do not the things which I say?
6:47 Every one that cometh to me, and heareth my words, and doth them, I will shew you to whom he is like.
6:48 He is like to a man building a house, who digged deep, and laid the foundation upon a rock. And when a flood came, the stream beat vehemently upon that house, and it could not shake it; for it was founded on a rock.
6:49 But he that heareth, and doth not, is like to a man building his house upon the earth without a foundation: against which the stream beat vehemently, and immediately it fell, and the ruin of that house was great.
7:1 AND when he had finished all his words in the hearing of the people, he entered into Capharnaum.
7:2 And the servant of a certain centurion, who was dear to him, being sick, was ready to die.
7:3 And when he had heard of Jesus, he sent unto him the ancients of the Jews, desiring him to come and heal his servant.
7:4 And when they came to Jesus, they besought him earnestly, saying to him: He is worthy that thou shouldest do this for him.
7:5 For he loveth our nation; and he hath built us a synagogue.
7:6 And Jesus went with them. And when he was now not far from the house, the centurion sent his friends to him, saying: Lord, trouble not thyself; for I am not worthy that thou shouldest enter under my roof.
7:7 For which cause neither did I think myself worthy to come to thee; but say the word, and my servant shall be healed.
7:8 For I also am a man subject to authority, having under me soldiers: and I say to one, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doth it.
7:9 Which Jesus hearing, marvelled: and turning about to the multitude that followed him, he said: Amen I say to you, I have not found so great faith, not even in Israel.
7:10 And they who were sent, being returned to the house, found the servant whole who had been sick.
7:11 And it came to pass afterwards, that he went into a city that is called Naim; and there went with him his disciples, and a great multitude.
7:12 And when he came nigh to the gate of the city, behold a dead man was carried out, the only son of his mother; and she was a widow: and a great multitude of the city was with her.
7:13 Whom when the Lord had seen, being moved with mercy towards her, he said to her: Weep not.
7:14 And he came near and touched the bier. And they that carried it, stood still. And he said: Young man, I say to thee, arise.
7:15 And he that was dead, sat up, and began to speak. And he gave him to his mother.
7:16 And there came a fear on them all: and they glorified God, saying: A great prophet is risen up among us: and, God hath visited his people.
7:17 And this rumour of him went forth throughout all Judea, and throughout all the country round about.
7:18 And John's disciples told him of all these things.
7:19 And John called to him two of his disciples, and sent them to Jesus, saying: Art thou he that art to come; or look we for another?
7:20 And when the men were come unto him, they said: John the Baptist hath sent us to thee, saying: Art thou he that art to come; or look we for another?
7:21 (And in that same hour, he cured many of their diseases, and hurts, and evil spirits: and to many that were blind he gave sight.)
7:22 And answering, he said to them: Go and relate to John what you have heard and seen: the blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are made clean, the deaf hear, the dead rise again, to the poor the gospel is preached:
7:23 And blessed is he whosoever shall not be scandalized in me.
7:24 And when the messengers of John were departed, he began to speak to the multitudes concerning John. What went ye out into the desert to see? a reed shaken with the wind?
7:25 But what went you out to see? a man clothed in soft garments? Behold they that are in costly apparel and live delicately, are in the houses of kings.
7:26 But what went you out to see? a prophet? Yea, I say to you, and more than a prophet.
7:27 This is he of whom it is written: Behold I send my angel before thy face, who shall prepare thy way before thee.
7:28 For I say to you: Amongst those that are born of women, there is not a greater prophet that John the Baptist. But he that is the lesser in the kingdom of God, is greater than he.
7:29 And all the people hearing, and the publicans, justified God, being baptized with John's baptism.
7:30 But the Pharisees and the lawyers despised the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized by him.
7:31 And the Lord said: Whereunto then shall I liken the men of this generation? and to what are they like?
7:32 They are like to children sitting in the marketplace, and speaking one to another, and saying: We have piped to you, and you have not danced: we have mourned, and you have not wept.
7:33 For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine; and you say: He hath a devil.
7:34 The Son of man is come eating and drinking: and you say: Behold a man that is a glutton and a drinker of wine, a friend of publicans and sinners.
7:35 And wisdom is justified by all her children.
7:36 And one of the Pharisees desired him to eat with him. And he went into the house of the Pharisee, and sat down to meat.
7:37 And behold a woman that was in the city, a sinner, when she knew that he sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of ointment;
7:38 And standing behind at his feet, she began to wash his feet, with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment.
7:39 And the Pharisee, who had invited him, seeing it, spoke within himself, saying: This man, if he were a prophet, would know surely who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him, that she is a sinner.
7:40 And Jesus answering, said to him: Simon, I have somewhat to say to thee. But he said: Master, say it.
7:41 A certain creditor had two debtors, the one who owed five hundred pence, and the other fifty.
7:42 And whereas they had not wherewith to pay, he forgave them both. Which therefore of the two loveth him most?
7:43 Simon answering, said: I suppose that he to whom he forgave most. And he said to him: Thou hast judged rightly.
7:44 And turning to the woman, he said unto Simon: Dost thou see this woman? I entered into thy house, thou gavest me no water for my feet; but she with tears hath washed my feet, and with her hairs hath wiped them.
7:45 Thou gavest me no kiss; but she, since she came in, hath not ceased to kiss my feet.
7:46 My head with oil thou didst not anoint; but she with ointment hath anointed my feet.
7:47 Wherefore I say to thee: Many sins are forgiven her, because she hath loved much. But to whom less is forgiven, he loveth less.
7:48 And he said to her: Thy sins are forgiven thee.
7:49 And they that sat at meat with him began to say within themselves: Who is this that forgiveth sins also?
7:50 And he said to the woman: Thy faith hath made thee safe, go in peace.
8:1 AND it came to pass afterwards, that he travelled through the cities and towns, preaching and evangelizing the kingdom of God; and the twelve with him:
8:2 And certain women who had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities; Mary who is called Magdalen, out of whom seven devils were gone forth,
8:3 And Joanna the wife of Chusa, Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others who ministered unto him of their substance.
8:4 And when a very great multitude was gathered together, and hastened out of the cities unto him, he spoke by a similitude.
8:5 The sower went out to sow his seed. And as he sowed, some fell by the way side, and it was trodden down, and the fowls of the air devoured it.
8:6 And other some fell upon a rock: and as soon as it was sprung up, it withered away, because it had no moisture.
8:7 And other some fell among thorns, and the thorns growing up with it, choked it.
8:8 And other some fell upon good ground; and being sprung up, yielded fruit a hundredfold. Saying these things, he cried out: He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
8:9 And his disciples asked him what this parable might be.
8:10 To whom he said: To you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God; but to the rest in parables, that seeing they may not see, and hearing may not understand.
8:11 Now the parable is this: The seed is the word of God.
8:12 And they by the way side are they that hear; then the devil cometh, and taketh the word out of their heart, lest believing they should be saved.
8:13 Now they upon the rock, are they who when they hear, receive the word with joy: and these have no roots; for they believe for a while, and in time of temptation, they fall away.
8:14 And that which fell among thorns, are they who have heard, and going their way, are choked with the cares and riches and pleasures of this life, and yield no fruit.
8:15 But that on the good ground, are they who in a good and perfect heart, hearing the word, keep it, and bring forth fruit in patience.
8:16 Now no man lighting a candle covereth it with a vessel, or putteth it under a bed; but setteth it upon a candlestick, that they who come in may see the light.
8:17 For there is not any thing secret that shall not be made manifest, nor hidden, that shall not be known and come abroad.
8:18 Take heed therefore how you hear. For whosoever hath, to him shall be given: and whosoever hath not, that also which he thinketh he hath, shall be taken away from him.
8:19 And his mother and brethren came unto him; and they could not come at him for the crowd.
8:20 And it was told him: Thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to see thee.
8:21 Who answering, said to them: My mother and my brethren are they who hear the word of God, and do it.
8:22 And it came to pass on a certain day that he went into a little ship with his disciples, and he said to them: Let us go over to the other side of the lake. And they launched forth.
8:23 And when they were sailing, he slept; and there came down a storm of wind upon the lake, and they were filled, and were in danger.
8:24 And they came and awaked him, saying: Master, we perish. But he arising, rebuked the wind and the rage of the water; and it ceased, and there was a calm.
8:25 And he said to them: Where is your faith? Who being afraid, wondered, saying one to another: Who is this, (think you), that he commandeth both the winds and the sea, and they obey him?
8:26 And they sailed to the country of the Gerasens, which is over against Galilee.
8:27 And when he was come forth to the land, there met him a certain man who had a devil now a very long time, and he wore no clothes, neither did he abide in a house, but in the sepulchres.
8:28 And when he saw Jesus, he fell down before him; and crying out with a loud voice, he said: What have I to do with thee, Jesus, Son of the most high God? I beseech thee, do not torment me.
8:29 For he commanded the unclean spirit to go out of the man. For many times it seized him, and he was bound with chains, and kept in fetters; and breaking the bonds, he was driven by the devil into the deserts.
8:30 And Jesus asked him, saying: What is thy name? But he said: Legion; because many devils were entered into him.
8:31 And they besought him that he would not command them to go into the abyss.
8:32 And there was there a herd of many swine feeding on the mountain; and they besought him that he would suffer them to enter into them. And he suffered them.
8:33 The devils therefore went out of the man, and entered into the swine; and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the lake, and were stifled.
8:34 Which when they that fed them saw done, they fled away, and told it in the city and in the villages.
8:35 And they went out to see what was done; and they came to Jesus, and found the man, out of whom the devils were departed, sitting at his feet, clothed, and in his right mind; and they were afraid.
8:36 And they also that had seen, told them how he had been healed from the legion.
8:37 And all the multitude of the country of the Gerasens besought him to depart from them; for they were taken with great fear. And he, going up into the ship, returned back again.
8:38 Now the man, out of whom the devils were departed, besought him that he might be with him. But Jesus sent him away, saying:
8:39 Return to thy house, and tell how great things God hath done to thee. And he went through the whole city, publishing how great things Jesus had done to him.
8:40 And it came to pass, that when Jesus was returned, the multitude received him: for they were all waiting for him.
8:41 And behold there came a man whose name was Jairus, and he was a ruler of the synagogue: and he fell down at the feet of Jesus, beseeching him that he would come into his house:
8:42 For he had an only daughter, almost twelve years old, and she was dying. And it happened as he went, that he was thronged by the multitudes.
8:43 And there was a certain woman having an issue of blood twelve years, who had bestowed all her substance on physicians, and could not be healed by any.
8:44 She came behind him, and touched the hem of his garment; and immediately the issue of her blood stopped.
8:45 And Jesus said: Who is it that touched me? And all denying, Peter and they that were with him said: Master, the multitudes throng and press thee, and dost thou say, Who touched me?
8:46 And Jesus said: Somebody hath touched me; for I know that virtue is gone out from me.
8:47 And the woman seeing that she was not hid, came trembling, and fell down before his feet, and declared before all the people for what cause she had touched him, and how she was immediately healed.
8:48 But he said to her: Daughter, thy faith hath made thee whole; go thy way in peace.
8:49 As he was yet speaking, there cometh one to the ruler of the synagogue, saying to him: Thy daughter is dead, trouble him not.
8:50 And Jesus hearing this word, answered the father of the maid: Fear not; believe only, and she shall be safe.
8:51 And when he was come to the house, he suffered not any man to go in with him, but Peter and James and John, and the father and mother of the maiden.
8:52 And all wept and mourned for her. But he said: Weep not; the maid is not dead, but sleepeth.
8:53 And they laughed him to scorn, knowing that she was dead.
8:54 But he taking her by the hand, cried out, saying: Maid, arise.
8:55 And her spirit returned, and she arose immediately. And he bid them give her to eat.
8:56 And her parents were astonished, whom he charged to tell no man what was done.
9:1 THEN calling together the twelve apostles, he gave them power and authority over all devils, and to cure diseases.
9:2 And he sent them to preach the kingdom of God, and to heal the sick.
9:3 And he said to them: Take nothing for your journey; neither staff, nor scrip, nor bread, nor money; neither have two coats.
9:4 And whatsoever house you shall enter into, abide there, and depart not from thence.
9:5 And whosoever will not receive you, when ye go out of that city, shake off even the dust of your feet, for a testimony against them.
9:6 And going out, they went about through the towns, preaching the gospel, and healing every where.
9:7 Now Herod, the tetrarch, heard of all things that were done by him; and he was in a doubt, because it was said
9:8 By some, that John was risen from the dead: but by other some, that Elias had appeared; and by others, that one of the old prophets was risen again.
9:9 And Herod said: John I have beheaded; but who is this of whom I hear such things? And he sought to see him.
9:10 And the apostles, when they were returned, told him all they had done. And taking them, he went aside into a desert place, apart, which belongeth to Bethsaida.
9:11 Which when the people knew, they followed him; and he received them, and spoke to them of the kingdom of God, and healed them who had need of healing.
9:12 Now the day began to decline. And the twelve came and said to him: Send away the multitude, that going into the towns and villages round about, they may lodge and get victuals; for we are here in a desert place.
9:13 But he said to them: Give you them to eat. And they said: We have no more than five loaves and two fishes; unless perhaps we should go and buy food for all this multitude.
9:14 Now there were about five thousand men. And he said to his disciples: Make them sit down by fifties in a company.
9:15 And they did so; and made them all sit down.
9:16 And taking the five loaves and the two fishes, he looked up to heaven, and blessed them; and he broke, and distributed to his disciples, to set before the multitude.
9:17 And they did all eat, and were filled. And there were taken up of fragments that remained to them, twelve baskets.
9:18 And it came to pass, as he was alone praying, his disciples also were with him: and he asked them, saying: Whom do the people say that I am?
9:19 But they answered, and said: John the Baptist; but some say Elias; and others say that one of the former prophets is risen again.
9:20 And he said to them: But whom do you say that I am? Simon Peter answering, said: The Christ of God.
9:21 But he strictly charging them, commanded they should tell this to no man.
9:22 Saying: The Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected by the ancients and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and the third day rise again.
9:23 And he said to all: If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me.
9:24 For whosoever will save his life, shall lose it; for he that shall lose his life for my sake, shall save it.
9:25 For what is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, and cast away himself?
9:26 For he that shall be ashamed of me and of my words, of him the Son of man shall be ashamed, when he shall come in his majesty, and that of his Father, and of the holy angels.
9:27 But I tell you of a truth: There are some standing here that shall not taste death, till they see the kingdom of God.
9:28 And it came to pass about eight days after these words, that he took Peter, and James, and John, and went up into a mountain to pray.
9:29 And whilst he prayed, the shape of his countenance was altered, and his raiment became white and glittering.
9:30 And behold two men were talking with him. And they were Moses and Elias,
9:31 Appearing in majesty. And they spoke of his decease that he should accomplish in Jerusalem.
9:32 But Peter and they that were with him were heavy with sleep. And waking, they saw his glory, and the two men that stood with him.
9:33 And it came to pass, that as they were departing from him, Peter saith to Jesus: Master, it is good for us to be here; and let us make three tabernacles, one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias; not knowing what he said.
9:34 And as he spoke these things, there came a cloud, and overshadowed them; and they were afraid, when they entered into the cloud.
9:35 And a voice came out of the cloud, saying: This is my beloved Son; hear him.
9:36 And whilst the voice was uttered, Jesus was found alone. And they held their peace, and told no man in those days any of these things which they had seen.
9:37 And it came to pass the day following, when they came down from the mountain, there met him a great multitude.
9:38 And behold a man among the crowd cried out, saying: Master, I beseech thee, look upon my son, because he is my only one.
9:39 And lo, a spirit seizeth him, and he suddenly crieth out, and he throweth him down and teareth him, so that he foameth; and bruising him, he hardly departeth from him.
9:40 And I desired thy disciples to cast him out, and they could not.
9:41 And Jesus answering, said: O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you, and suffer you? Bring hither thy son.
9:42 And as he was coming to him, the devil threw him down, and tore him.
9:43 And Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit, and cured the boy, and restored him to his father.
9:44 And all were astonished at the mighty power of God. But while all wondered at all the things he did, he said to his disciples: Lay you up in your hearts these words, for it shall come to pass, that the Son of man shall be delivered into the hands of men.
9:45 But they understood not this word; and it was hid from them, so that they perceived it not. And they were afraid to ask him concerning this word.
9:46 And there entered a thought into them, which of them should be greater.
9:47 But Jesus seeing the thoughts of their heart, took a child and set him by him,
9:48 And said to them: Whosoever shall receive this child in my name, receiveth me; and whosoever shall receive me, receiveth him that sent me. For he that is the lesser among you all, he is the greater.
9:49 And John, answering, said: Master, we saw a certain man casting out devils in thy name, and we forbade him, because he followeth not with us.
9:50 And Jesus said to him: Forbid him not; for he that is not against you, is for you.
9:51 And it came to pass, when the days of his assumption were accomplishing, that he steadfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem.
9:52 And he sent messengers before his face; and going, they entered into a city of the Samaritans, to prepare for him.
9:53 And they received him not, because his face was of one going to Jerusalem.
9:54 And when his disciples James and John had seen this, they said: Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them?
9:55 And turning, he rebuked them, saying: You know not of what spirit you are.
9:56 The Son of man came not to destroy souls, but to save. And they went into another town.
9:57 And it came to pass, as they walked in the way, that a certain man said to him: I will follow thee withersoever thou goest.
9:58 Jesus said to him: The foxes have holes, and the birds of the air nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head.
9:59 But he said to another: Follow me. And he said: Lord, suffer me first to go, and to bury my father.
9:60 And Jesus said to him: Let the dead bury their dead: but go thou, and preach the kingdom of God.
9:61 And another said: I will follow thee, Lord; but let me first take my leave of them that are at my house.
9:62 Jesus said to him: No man putting his hand to the plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God.
10:1 AND after these things the Lord appointed also other seventy-two: and he sent them two and two before his face into every city and place whither he himself was to come.
10:2 And he said to them: The harvest indeed is great, but the labourers are few. Pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he send labourers into his harvest.
10:3 Go: Behold I send you as lambs among wolves.
10:4 Carry neither purse, nor scrip, nor shoes; and salute no man by the way.
10:5 Into whatsoever house you enter, first say: Peace be to this house.
10:6 And if the son of peace be there, your peace shall rest upon him; but if not, it shall return to you.
10:7 And in the same house, remain, eating and drinking such things as they have: for the labourer is worthy of his hire. Remove not from house to house.
10:8 And into what city soever you enter, and they receive you, eat such things as are set before you.
10:9 And heal the sick that are therein, and say to them: The kingdom of God is come nigh unto you.
10:10 But into whatsoever city you enter, and they receive you not, going forth into the streets thereof, say:
10:11 Even the very dust of your city that cleaveth to us, we wipe off against you. Yet know this, that the kingdom of God is at hand.
10:12 I say to you, it shall be more tolerable at that day for Sodom, than for that city.
10:13 Woe to thee, Corozain, woe to thee, Bethsaida. For if in Tyre and Sidon had been wrought the mighty works that have been wrought in you, they would have done penance long ago, sitting in sackcloth and ashes.
10:14 But it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the judgement, than for you.
10:15 And thou, Capharnaum, which art exalted unto heaven, thou shalt be thrust down to hell.
10:16 He that heareth you, heareth me; and he that despiseth you, despiseth me; and he that despiseth me, despiseth him that sent me.
10:17 And the seventy-two returned with joy, saying: Lord, the devils also are subject to us in thy name.
10:18 And he said to them: I saw Satan like lightening falling from heaven.
10:19 Behold, I have given you power to tread upon serpents and scorpions, and upon all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall hurt you.
10:20 But yet rejoice not in this, that spirits are subject unto you; but rejoice in this, that your names are written in heaven.
10:21 In that same hour, he rejoiced in the Holy Ghost, and said: I confess to thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hidden these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them to little ones. Yea, Father, for so it hath seemed good in thy sight.
10:22 All things are delivered to me by my Father; and no one knoweth who the Son is, but the Father; and who the Father is, but the Son, and to whom the Son will reveal him.
10:23 And turning to his disciples, he said: Blessed are the eyes that see the things which you see.
10:24 For I say to you, that many prophets and kings have desired to see the things that you see, and have not seen them; and to hear the things that you hear, and have not heard them.
10:25 And behold a certain lawyer stood up, tempting him, and saying, Master, what must I do to possess eternal life?
10:26 But he said to him: What is written in the law? how readest thou?
10:27 He answering, said: Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with thy whole heart, and with thy whole soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind: and thy neighbour as thyself.
10:28 And he said to him: Thou hast answered right: this do, and thou shalt live.
10:29 But he willing to justify himself, said to Jesus: And who is my neighbour?
10:30 And Jesus answering, said: A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among robbers, who also stripped him, and having wounded him went away, leaving him half dead.
10:31 And it chanced, that a certain priest went down the same way: and seeing him, passed by.
10:32 In like manner also a Levite, when he was near the place and saw him, passed by.
10:33 But a certain Samaritan being on his journey, came near him; and seeing him, was moved with compassion.
10:34 And going up to him, bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine: and setting him upon his own beast, brought him to an inn, and took care of him.
10:35 And the next day he took out two pence, and gave to the host, and said: Take care of him; and whatsoever thou shalt spend over and above, I, at my return, will repay thee.
10:36 Which of these three, in thy opinion, was neighbour to him that fell among the robbers?
10:37 But he said: He that shewed mercy to him. And Jesus said to him: Go, and do thou in like manner.
10:38 Now it came to pass as they went, that he entered into a certain town: and a certain woman named Martha, received him into her house.
10:39 And she had a sister called Mary, who sitting also at the Lord's feet, heard his word.
10:40 But Martha was busy about much serving. Who stood and said: Lord, hast thou no care that my sister hath left me alone to serve? speak to her therefore, that she help me.
10:41 And the Lord answering, said to her: Martha, Martha, thou art careful, and art troubled about many things:
10:42 But one thing is necessary. Mary hath chosen the best part, which shall not be taken away from her.
11:1 AND it came to pass, that as he was in a certain place praying, when he ceased, one of his disciples said to him: Lord, teach us to pray, as John also taught his disciples.
11:2 And he said to them: When you pray, say: Father, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come.
11:3 Give us this day our daily bread.
11:4 And forgive us our sins, for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation.
11:5 And he said to them: Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go to him at midnight, and shall say to him: Friend, lend me three loaves,
11:6 Because a friend of mine is come off his journey to me, and I have not what to set before him.
11:7 And he from within should answer, and say: Trouble me not, the door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed; I cannot rise and give thee.
11:8 Yet if he shall continue knocking, I say to you, although he will not rise and give him, because he is his friend; yet, because of his importunity, he will rise, and give him as many as he needeth.
11:9 And I say to you, Ask, and it shall be given you: seek, and you shall find: knock, and it shall be opened to you.
11:10 For every one that asketh, receiveth; and he that seeketh, findeth; and to him that knocketh, it shall be opened.
11:11 And which of you, if he ask his father bread, will he give him a stone? or a fish, will he for a fish give him a serpent?
11:12 Or if he shall ask an egg, will he reach him a scorpion?
11:13 If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father from heaven give the good Spirit to them that ask him?
11:14 And he was casting out a devil, and the same was dumb: and when he had cast out the devil, the dumb spoke: and the multitudes were in admiration at it:
11:15 But some of them said: He casteth out devils by Beelzebub, the prince of devils.
11:16 And others tempting, asked of him a sign from heaven.
11:17 But he seeing their thoughts, said to them: Every kingdom divided against itself, shall be brought to desolation, and house upon house shall fall.
11:18 And if Satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand? because you say, that through Beelzebub I cast out devils.
11:19 Now if I cast out devils by Beelzebub; by whom do your children cast them out? Therefore they shall be your judges.
11:20 But if I by the finger of God cast out devils; doubtless the kingdom of God is come upon you.
11:21 When a strong man armed keepeth his court, those things are in peace which he possesseth.
11:22 But if a stronger than he come upon him, and overcome him; he will take away all his armour wherein he trusted, and will distribute his spoils.
11:23 He that is not with me, is against me; and he that gathereth not with me, scattereth.
11:24 When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through places without water, seeking rest; and not finding, he saith: I will return into my house whence I came out.
11:25 And when he is come, he findeth it swept and garnished.
11:26 Then he goeth and taketh with him seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and entering in they dwell there. And the last state of that man becomes worse than the first.
11:27 And it came to pass, as he spoke these things, a certain woman from the crowd, lifting up her voice, said to him: Blessed is the womb that bore thee, and the paps that gave thee suck.
11:28 But he said: Yea rather, blessed are they who hear the word of God, and keep it.
11:29 And the multitudes running together, he began to say: This generation is a wicked generation: it asketh a sign, and a sign shall not be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet.
11:30 For as Jonas was a sign to the Ninivites; so shall the Son of man also be to this generation.
11:31 The queen of the south shall rise in the judgment with the men of this generation, and shall condemn them: because she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold more than Solomon here.
11:32 The men of Ninive shall rise in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it; because they did penance at the preaching of Jonas; and behold more than Jonas here.
11:33 No man lighteth a candle, and putteth it in a hidden place, nore under a bushel; but upon a candlestick, that they that come in, may see the light.
11:34 The light of thy body is thy eye. If thy eye be single, thy whole body will be lightsome: but if it be evil, thy body also will be darksome.
11:35 Take heed therefore, that the light which is in thee, be not darkness.
11:36 If then thy whole body be lightsome, having no part of darkness; the whole shall be lightsome; and as a bright lamp, shall enlighten thee.
11:37 And as he was speaking, a certain Pharisee prayed him, that he would dine with him. And he going in, sat down to eat.
11:38 And the Pharisee began to say, thinking within himself, why he was not washed before dinner.
11:39 And the Lord said to him: Now you Pharisees make clean the outside of the cup and of the platter; but your inside is full of rapine and iniquity.
11:40 Ye fools, did not he that made that which is without, make also that which is within?
11:41 But yet that which remaineth, give alms; and behold, all things are clean unto you.
11:42 But woe to you, Pharisees, because you tithe mint and rue and every herb; and pass over judgment, and the charity of God. Now these things you ought to have done, and not to leave the other undone.
11:43 Woe to you, Pharisees, because you love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and salutations in the marketplace.
11:44 Woe to you, because you are as sepulchres that appear not, and men that walk over are not aware.
11:45 And one of the lawyers answering, saith to him: Master, in saying these things, thou reproachest us also.
11:46 But he said: Woe to you lawyers also, because you load men with burdens which they cannot bear, and you yourselves touch not the packs with one of your fingers.
11:47 Woe to you who build the monuments of the prophets: and your fathers killed them.
11:48 Truly you bear witness that you consent to the doings of your fathers: for they indeed killed them, and you build their sepulchres.
11:49 For this cause also the wisdom of God said: I will send to them prophets and apostles; and some of them they will kill and persecute.
11:50 That the blood of all the prophets which was shed from the foundation of the world, may be required of this generation,
11:51 From the blood of Abel unto the blood of Zacharias, who was slain between the alter and the temple: Yea I say to you, It shall be required of this generation.
11:52 Woe to you lawyers, for you have taken away the key of knowledge: you yourselves have not entered in, and those that were entering in, you have hindered.
11:53 And as he was saying these things to them, the Pharisees and the lawyers began violently to urge him, and to oppress his mouth about many things,
11:54 Lying in wait for him, and seeking to catch something from his mouth, that they might accuse him.
12:1 AND when great multitudes stood about him, so that they trod one upon another, he began to say to his disciples: Beware ye of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy.
12:2 For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed: nor hidden, that shall not be known.
12:3 For whatsoever things you have spoken in darkness, shall be published in the light: and that which you have spoken in the ear in the chambers, shall be preached on the housetops.
12:4 And I say to you, my friends: Be not afraid of them who kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do.
12:5 But I will shew you whom you shall fear: fear ye him, who after he hath killed, hath power to cast into hell. Yea, I say to you, fear him.
12:6 Are not five sparrows sold for two farthings, and not one of them is forgotten before God?
12:7 Yea, the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Fear not therefore: you are of more value than many sparrows.
12:8 And I say to you, Whosoever shall confess me before men, him shall the Son of man also confess before the angels of God.
12:9 But he that shall deny me before men, shall be denied before the angels of God.
12:10 And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but to him that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven.
12:11 And when they shall bring you into the synagogues, and to magistrates and powers, be not solicitous how or what you shall answer, or what you shall say;
12:12 For the Holy Ghost shall teach you in the same hour what you must say.
12:13 And one of the multitude said to him: Master, speak to my brother that he divide the inheritance with me.
12:14 But he said to him: Man, who hath appointed me judge, or divider, over you?
12:15 And he said to them: Take heed and beware of all covetousness; for a man's life doth not consist in the abundance of things which he possesseth.
12:16 And he spoke a similitude to them, saying: The land of a certain rich man brought forth plenty of fruits.
12:17 And he thought within himself, saying: What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my fruits?
12:18 And he said: This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and will build greater; and into them will I gather all things that are grown to me, and my goods.
12:19 And I will say to my soul: Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years take thy rest; eat, drink, make good cheer.
12:20 But God said to him: Thou fool, this night do they require thy soul of thee: and whose shall those things be which thou hast provided?
12:21 So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich towards God.
12:22 And he said to his disciples: Therefore I say to you, be not solicitous for your life, what you shall eat; nor for your body, what you shall put on.
12:23 The life is more than the meat, and the body is more than the raiment.
12:24 Consider the ravens, for they sow not, neither do they reap, neither have they storehouse nor barn, and God feedeth them. How much are you more valuable than they?
12:25 And which of you, by taking thought, can add to his stature one cubit?
12:26 If then ye be not able to do so much as the least thing, why are you solicitous for the rest?
12:27 Consider the lilies, how they grow: they labour not, neither do they spin. But I say to you, not even Solomon in all his glory was clothed like one of these.
12:28 Now if God clothe in this manner the grass that is to day in the field, and to morrow is cast into the oven; how much more you, O ye of little faith?
12:29 And seek not you what you shall eat, or what you shall drink: and be not lifted up on high.
12:30 For all these things do the nations of the world seek. But your Father knoweth that you have need of these things.
12:31 But seek ye first the kingdom of God and his justice, and all these things shall be added unto you.
12:32 Fear not, little flock, for it hath pleased your Father to give you a kingdom.
12:33 Sell what you possess and give alms. Make to yourselves bags which grow not old, a treasure in heaven which faileth not: where no thief approacheth, nor moth corrupteth.
12:34 For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
12:35 Let your loins be girt, and lamps burning in your hands.
12:36 And you yourselves like to men who wait for their lord, when he shall return from the wedding; that when he cometh and knocketh, they may open to him immediately.
12:37 Blessed are those servants, whom the Lord when he cometh, shall find watching. Amen I say to you, that he will gird himself, and make them sit down to meat, and passing will minister unto them.
12:38 And if he shall come in the second watch, or come in the third watch, and find them so, blessed are those servants.
12:39 But this know ye, that if the householder did know at what hour the thief would come, he would surely watch, and would not suffer his house to be broken open.
12:40 Be you then also ready: for at what hour you think not, the Son of man will come.
12:41 And Peter said to him: Lord, dost thou speak this parable to us, or likewise to all?
12:42 And the Lord said: Who (thinkest thou) is the faithful and wise steward, whom his lord setteth over his family, to give them their measure of wheat in due season?
12:43 Blessed is that servant, whom when his lord shall come, he shall find so doing.
12:44 Verily I say to you, he will set him over all that he possesseth.
12:45 But if that servant shall say in his heart: My lord is long a coming; and shall begin to strike the menservants and maidservants, and to eat and to drink and be drunk:
12:46 The lord of that servant will come in the day that he hopeth not, and at the hour that he knoweth not, and shall separate him, and shall appoint him his portion with unbelievers.
12:47 And that servant who knew the will of his lord, and prepared not himself, and did not according to his will, shall be beaten with many stripes.
12:48 But he that knew not, and did things worthy of stripes, shall be beaten with few stripes. And unto whomsoever much is given, of him much shall be required: and to whom they have committed much, of him they will demand the more.
12:49 I am come to cast fire on the earth; and what will I, but that it be kindled?
12:50 And I have a baptism wherewith I am to be baptized: and how am I straitened until it be accomplished?
12:51 Think ye, that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, no; but separation.
12:52 For there shall be from henceforth five in one house divided: three against two, and two against three.
12:53 The father shall be divided against the son, and the son against his father, the mother against the daughter, and the daughter against the mother, the mother in law against her daughter in law, and the daughter in law against her mother in law.
12:54 And he said also to the multitudes: When you see a cloud rising from the west, presently you say: A shower is coming: and so it happeneth:
12:55 And when ye see the south wind blow, you say: There will be heat: and it cometh to pass.
12:56 You hypocrites, you know how to discern the face of the heaven and of the earth: but how is it that you do not discern this time?
12:57 And why even of yourselves, do you not judge that which is just?
12:58 And when thou goest with thy adversary to the prince, whilst thou art in the way, endeavour to be delivered from him: lest perhaps he draw thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the exacter, and the exacter cast thee into prison.
12:59 I say to thee, thou shalt not go out thence, until thou pay the very last mite.
13:1 AND there were present, at that very time, some that told him of the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices.
13:2 And he answering, said to them: Think you that these Galileans were sinners above all the men of Galilee, because they suffered such things?
13:3 No, I say to you: but unless you shall do penance, you shall all likewise perish.
13:4 Or those eighteen upon whom the tower fell in Siloe, and slew them: think you, that they also were debtors above all the men that dwelt in Jerusalem?
13:5 No, I say to you; but except you do penance, you shall all likewise perish.
13:6 He spoke also this parable: A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard, and he came seeking fruit on it, and found none.
13:7 And he said to the dresser of the vineyard: Behold, for these three years I come seeking fruit on this fig tree, and I find none. Cut it done therefore: why cumbereth it the ground?
13:8 But he answering, said to him: Lord, let it alone this year also, until I dig about it, and dung it.
13:9 And if happily it bear fruit: but if not, then after that thou shalt cut it down.
13:10 And he was teaching in their synagogue on their sabbath.
13:11 And behold there was a woman, who had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years: and she was bowed together, neither could she look upwards at all.
13:12 Whom when Jesus saw, he called her unto him, and said to her: Woman, thou art delivered from thy infirmity.
13:13 And he laid his hands upon her, and immediately she was made straight, and glorified God.
13:14 And the ruler of the synagogue (being angry that Jesus had healed on the sabbath) answering, said to the multitude: Six days there are wherein you ought to work. In them therefore come, and be healed; and not on the sabbath day.
13:15 And the Lord answering him, said: Ye hypocrites, doth not every one of you, on the sabbath day, loose his ox or his ass from the manger, and lead them to water?
13:16 And ought not this daughter of Abraham, whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years, be loosed from this bond on the sabbath day?
13:17 And when he said these things, all his adversaries were ashamed: and all the people rejoiced for all the things that were gloriously done by him.
13:18 He said therefore: To what is the kingdom of God like, and whereunto shall I resemble it?
13:19 It is like to a grain of mustard seed, which a man took and cast into his garden, and it grew and became a great tree, and the birds of the air lodged in the branches thereof.
13:20 And again he said: Whereunto shall I esteem the kingdom of God to be like?
13:21 It is like to leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened.
13:22 And he went through the cities and towns teaching, and making his journey to Jerusalem.
13:23 And a certain man said to him: Lord, are they few that are saved? But he said to them:
13:24 Strive to enter by the narrow gate; for many, I say to you, shall seek to enter, and shall not be able.
13:25 But when the master of the house shall be gone in, and shall shut the door, you shall begin to stand without, and knock at the door, saying: Lord, open to us. And he answering, shall say to you: I know you not, whence you are.
13:26 Then you shall begin to say: We have eaten and drunk in thy presence, and thou hast taught in our streets.
13:27 And he shall say to you: I know you not, whence you are: depart from me, all ye workers of iniquity.
13:28 There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when you shall see Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, and all the prophets, in the kingdom of God, and you yourselves thrust out.
13:29 And there shall come from the east and the west, and the north and the south; and shall sit down in the kingdom of God.
13:30 And behold, they are last that shall be first; and they are first that shall be last.
13:31 The same day, there came some of the Pharisees, saying to him: Depart, and get thee hence, for Herod hath a mind to kill thee.
13:32 And he said to them: Go and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils, and do cures to day and to morrow, and the third day I am consummated.
13:33 Nevertheless I must walk to day and to morrow, and the day following, because it cannot be that a prophet perish, out of Jerusalem.
13:34 Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that killest the prophets, and stonest them that are sent to thee, how often would I have gathered thy children as the bird doth her brood under her wings, and thou wouldest not?
13:35 Behold your house shall be left to you desolate. And I say to you, that you shall not see me till the time come, when you shall say: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.
14:1 AND it came to pass, when Jesus went into the house of one of the chief of the Pharisees, on the sabbath day, to eat bread, that they watched him.
14:2 And behold, there was a certain man before him that had the dropsy.
14:3 And Jesus answering, spoke to the lawyers and Pharisees, saying: Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath day?
14:4 But they held their peace. But he taking him, healed him, and sent him away.
14:5 And answering them, he said: Which of you shall have an ass or an ox fall into a pit, and will not immediately draw him out, on the sabbath day?
14:6 And they could not answer him to these things.
14:7 And he spoke a parable also to them that were invited, marking how they chose the first seats at the table, saying to them:
14:8 When thou art invited to a wedding, sit not down in the first place, lest perhaps one more honourable than thou be invited by him:
14:9 And he that invited thee and him, come and say to thee, Give this man place: and then thou begin with shame to take the lowest place.
14:10 But when thou art invited, go, sit down in the lowest place; that when he who invited thee, cometh, he may say to thee: Friend, go up higher. Then shalt thou have glory before them that sit at table with thee.
14:11 Because every one that exalteth himself, shall be humbled; and he that humbleth himself, shall be exalted.
14:12 And he said to him also that had invited him: When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, nor thy kinsmen, nor thy neighbours who are rich; lest perhaps they also invite thee again, and a recompense be made to thee.
14:13 But when thou makest a feast, call the poor, the maimed, the lame, and the blind;
14:14 And thou shalt be blessed, because they have not wherewith to make thee recompense: for recompense shall be made thee at the resurrection of the just.
14:15 When one of them that sat at table with him, had heard these things, he said to him: Blessed is he that shall eat bread in the kingdom of God.
14:16 But he said to him: A certain man made a great supper, and invited many.
14:17 And he sent his servant at the hour of supper to say to them that were invited, that they should come, for now all things are ready.
14:18 And they began all at once to make excuse. The first said to him: I have bought a farm, and I must needs go out and see it: I pray thee, hold me excused.
14:19 And another said: I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to try them: I pray thee, hold me excused.
14:20 And another said: I have married a wife, and therefore I cannot come.
14:21 And the servant returning, told these things to his lord. Then the master of the house, being angry, said to his servant: Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in hither the poor, and the feeble, and the blind, and the lame.
14:22 And the servant said: Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room.
14:23 And the Lord said to the servant: Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled.
14:24 But I say unto you, that none of those men that were invited, shall taste of my supper.
14:25 And there went great multitudes with him. And turning, he said to them:
14:26 If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.
14:27 And whosoever doth not carry his cross and come after me, cannot be my disciple.
14:28 For which of you having a mind to build a tower, doth not first sit down, and reckon the charges that are necessary, whether he have wherewithal to finish it:
14:29 Lest, after he hath laid the foundation, and is not able ti finish it, all that see it begin to mock him,
14:30 Saying: This man began to build, and was not able to finish.
14:31 Or what king, about to go to make war against another king, doth not first sit down, and think whether he be able, with ten thousand, to meet him that, with twenty thousand, cometh against him?
14:32 Or else, whilst the other is yet afar off, sending an embassy, he desireth conditions of peace.
14:33 So likewise every one of you that doth not renounce all that he possesseth, cannot be my disciple.
14:34 Salt is good. But if the salt shall lose its savour, wherewith shall it be seasoned?
14:35 It is neither profitable for the land nor for the dunghill, but shall be cast out. He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
15:1 NOW the publicans and sinners drew near unto him to hear him.
15:2 And the Pharisees and the scribes murmured, saying: This man receiveth sinners, and eateth with them.
15:3 And he spoke to them this parable, saying:
15:4 What man of you that hath an hundred sheep: and if he shall lose one of them, doth he not leave the ninety-nine in the desert, and go after that which was lost, until he find it?
15:5 And when he hath found it, lay it upon his shoulders, rejoicing:
15:6 And coming home, call together his friends and neighbours, saying to them: Rejoice with me, because I have found my sheep that was lost?
15:7 I say to you, that even so there shall be joy in heaven upon one sinner that doth penance, more than upon ninety-nine just who need not penance.
15:8 Or what woman having ten groats; if she lose one groat, doth not light a candle, and sweep the house, and seek diligently until she find it?
15:9 And when she hath found it, call together her friends and neighbours, saying: Rejoice with me, because I have found the groat which I had lost.
15:10 So I say to you, there shall be joy before the angels of God upon one sinner doing penance.
15:11 And he said: A certain man had two sons:
15:12 And the younger of them said to his father: Father, give me the portion of substance that falleth to me. And he divided unto them his substance.
15:13 And not many days after, the younger son, gathering all together, went abroad into a far country: and there wasted his substance, living riotously.
15:14 And after he had spent all, there came a mighty famine in that country; and he began to be in want.
15:15 And he went and cleaved to one of the citizens of that country. And he sent him into his farm to feed swine.
15:16 And he would fain have filled his belly with the husks the swine did eat; and no man gave unto him.
15:17 And returning to himself, he said: How many hired servants in my father's house abound with bread, and I here perish with hunger?
15:18 I will arise, and will go to my father, and say to him: Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee:
15:19 I am not worthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants.
15:20 And rising up he came to his father. And when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and was moved with compassion, and running to him fell upon his neck, and kissed him.
15:21 And the son said to him: Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee, I am not now worthy to be called thy son.
15:22 And the father said to his servants: Bring forth quickly the first robe, and put it on him, and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet:
15:23 And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it, and let us eat and make merry:
15:24 Because this my son was dead, and is come to life again: was lost, and is found. And they began to be merry.
15:25 Now his elder son was in the field, and when he came and drew nigh to the house, he heard music and dancing:
15:26 And he called one of the servants, and asked what these things meant.
15:27 And he said to him: Thy brother is come, and thy father hath killed the fatted calf, because he hath received him safe.
15:28 And he was angry, and would not go in. His father therefore coming out began to entreat him.
15:29 And he answering, said to his father: Behold, for so many years do I serve thee, and I have never transgressed thy commandment, and yet thou hast never given me a kid to make merry with my friends:
15:30 But as soon as this thy son is come, who hath devoured his substance with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf.
15:31 But he said to him: Son, thou art always with me, and all I have is thine.
15:32 But it was fit that we should make merry and be glad, for this thy brother was dead and is come to life again; he was lost, and is found.
16:1 AND he said also to his disciples: There was a certain rich man who had a steward: and the same was accused unto him, that he had wasted his goods.
16:2 And he called him, and said to him: How is it that I hear this of thee? give an account of thy stewardship: for now thou canst be steward no longer.
16:3 And the steward said within himself: What shall I do, because my lord taketh away from me the stewardship? To dig I am not able; to beg I am ashamed.
16:4 I know what I will do, that when I shall be removed from the stewardship, they may receive me into their houses.
16:5 Therefore calling together every one of his lord's debtors, he said to the first: How much dost thou owe my lord?
16:6 But he said: An hundred barrels of oil. And he said to him: Take thy bill and sit down quickly, and write fifty.
16:7 Then he said to another: And how much dost thou owe? Who said: An hundred quarters of wheat. He said to him: Take thy bill, and write eighty.
16:8 And the lord commended the unjust steward, forasmuch as he had done wisely: for the children of this world are wiser in their generation than the children of light.
16:9 And I say to you: Make unto you friends of the mammon of iniquity; that when you shall fail, they may receive you into everlasting dwellings.
16:10 He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in that which is greater: and he that is unjust in that which is little, is unjust also in that which is greater.
16:11 If then you have not been faithful in the unjust mammon; who will trust you with that which is the true?
16:12 And if you have not been faithful in that which is another's; who will give you that which is your own?
16:13 No servant can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or he will hold to the one, and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon.
16:14 Now the Pharisees, who were covetous, heard all these things: and they derided him.
16:15 And he said to them: You are they who justify yourselves before men, but God knoweth your hearts; for that which is high to men, is an abomination before God.
16:16 The law and the prophets were until John; from that time the kingdom of God is preached, and every one useth violence towards it.
16:17 And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fall.
16:18 Every one that putteth away his wife, and marrieth another, committeth adultery: and he that marrieth her that is put away from her husband, commmitteth adultery.
16:19 There was a certain rich man, who was clothed in purple and fine linen; and feasted sumptuously every day.
16:20 And there was a certain beggar, named Lazarus, who lay at his gate, full of sores,
16:21 Desiring to be filled with the crumbs that fell from the rich man's table, and no one did give him; moreover the dogs came, and licked his sores.
16:22 And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom. And the rich man also died: and he was buried in hell.
16:23 And lifting up his eyes when he was in torments, he saw Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom:
16:24 And he cried, and said: Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, to cool my tongue: for I am tormented in this flame.
16:25 And Abraham said to him: Son, remember that thou didst receive good things in thy lifetime, and likewise Lazareth evil things, but now he is comforted; and thou art tormented.
16:26 And besides all this, between us and you, there is fixed a great chaos: so that they who would pass from hence to you, cannot, nor from thence come hither.
16:27 And he said: Then, father, I beseech thee, that thou wouldst send him to my father's house, for I have five brethren,
16:28 That he may testify unto them, lest they also come into this place of torments.
16:29 And Abraham said to him: They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.
16:30 But he said: No, father Abraham: but if one went to them from the dead, they will do penance.
16:31 And he said to him: If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they believe, if one rise again from the dead.
17:1 AND he said to his disciples: It is impossible that scandals should not come: but woe to him through whom they come.
17:2 It were better for him, that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he cast into the sea, than that he should scandalize one of these little ones.
17:3 Take heed to yourselves. If thy brother sin against thee, reprove him: and if he do penance, forgive him.
17:4 And if he sin against thee seven times in a day, and seven times in a day be converted unto thee, saying, I repent; forgive him.
17:5 And the apostles said to the Lord: Increase our faith.
17:6 And the Lord said: If you had faith like to a grain of mustard seed, you might say to this mulberry tree, Be thou rooted up, and be thou transplanted into the sea: and it would obey you.
17:7 But which of you having a servant ploughing, or feeding cattle, will say to him, when he is come from the field: Immediately go, sit down to meat:
17:8 And will not rather say to him: Make ready my supper, and gird thyself, and serve me, whilst I eat and drink, and afterwards thou shalt eat and drink?
17:9 Doth he thank that servant, for doing the things which he commanded him?
17:10 I think not. So you also, when you shall have done all these things that are commanded you, say: We are unprofitable servants; we have done that which we ought to do.
17:11 And it came to pass, as he was going to Jerusalem, he passed through the midst of Samaria and Galilee.
17:12 And as he entered into a certain town, there met him ten men that were lepers, who stood afar off;
17:13 And lifted up their voice, saying: Jesus, master, have mercy on us.
17:14 Whom when he saw, he said: Go, shew yourselves to the priests. And it came to pass, as they went, they were made clean.
17:15 And one of them, when he saw that he was made clean, went back, with a loud voice glorifying God.
17:16 And he fell on his face before his feet, giving thanks: and this was a Samaritan.
17:17 And Jesus answering, said, Were not ten made clean? and where are the nine?
17:18 There is no one found to return and give glory to God, but this stranger.
17:19 And he said to him: Arise, go thy way; for thy faith hath made thee whole.
17:20 And being asked by the Pharisees, when the kingdom of God should come? he answered them, and said: The kingdom of God cometh not with observation:
17:21 Neither shall they say: Behold here, or behold there. For lo, the kingdom of God is within you.
17:22 And he said to his disciples: The days will come, when you shall desire to see one day of the Son of man; and you shall not see it.
17:23 And they will say to you: See here, and see there. Go ye not after, nor follow them:
17:24 For as the lightening that lighteneth from under heaven, shineth unto the parts that are under heaven, so shall the Son of man be in his day.
17:25 But first he must suffer many things, and be rejected by this generation.
17:26 And as it came to pass in the days of Noe, so shall it be also in the days of the Son of man.
17:27 They did eat and drink, they married wives, and were given in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark: and the flood came and destroyed them all.
17:28 Likewise as it came to pass, in the days of Lot: they did eat and drink, they bought and sold, they planted and built.
17:29 And in the day that Lot went out of Sodom, it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all.
17:30 Even thus shall it be in the day when the Son of man shall be revealed.
17:31 In that hour, he that shall be on the housetop, and his goods in the house, let him not go down to take them away: and he that shall be in the field, in like manner, let him not return back.
17:32 Remember Lot's wife.
17:33 Whosoever shall seek to save his life, shall lose it: and whosoever shall lose it, shall preserve it.
17:34 I say to you: in that night there shall be two men in one bed; the one shall be taken, and the other shall be left.
17:35 Two women shall be grinding together: the one shall be taken, and the other shall be left: two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other shall be keft.
17:36 They answering, say to him: Where, Lord?
17:37 Who said to them: Wheresoever the body shall be, thither will the eagles also be gathered together.
18:1 AND he spoke also a parable to them, that we ought always to pray, and not to faint,
18:2 Saying: There was a judge in a certain city, who feared not God, nor regarded man.
18:3 And there was a certain widow in that city, and she came to him, saying: Avenge me of my adversary.
18:4 And he would not for a long time. But afterwards he said within himself: Although I fear not God, nor regard man,
18:5 Yet because this widow is troublesome to me, I will avenge her, lest continually coming she weary me.
18:6 And the Lord said: Hear what the unjust judge saith.
18:7 And will not God revenge his elect who cry to him day and night: and will he have patience in their regard?
18:8 I say to you, that he will quickly revenge them. But yet the Son of man, when he cometh, shall he find, think you, faith on earth?
18:9 And to some who trusted in themselves as just, and despised others, he spoke also this parable:
18:10 Two men went up into the temple to pray: the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican.
18:11 The Pharisee standing, prayed thus with himself: O God, I give thee thanks that I am not as the rest of men, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, as also is this publican.
18:12 I fast twice in a week: I give tithes of all that I possess.
18:13 And the publican, standing afar off, would not so much as lift up his eyes towards heaven; but struck his breast, saying: O god, be merciful to me a sinner.
18:14 I say to you, this man went down into his house justified rather that the other: because every one that exalteth himself, shall be humbled: and he that humbleth himself, shall be exalted.
18:15 And they brought unto him also infants, that he might touch them. Which when the disciples saw, they rebuked them.
18:16 But Jesus, calling them together, said: Suffer children to come to me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of God.
18:17 Amen, I say to you: Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a child, shall not enter into it.
18:18 And a certain ruler asked him, saying: Good master, what shall I do to possess everlasting life?
18:19 And Jesus said to him: Why dost thou call me good? None is good but God alone.
18:20 Thou knowest the commandments: Thou shalt not kill: Thou shalt not commit adultery: Thou shalt not steal: Thou shalt not bear false witness: Honour thy father and mother.
18:21 Who said: All these things have I kept from my youth.
18:22 Which when Jesus had heard, he said to him: Yet one thing is wanting to thee: sell all whatever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me.
18:23 He having heard these things, became sorrowful; for he was very rich.
18:24 And Jesus seeing him become sorrowful, said: How hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God.
18:25 For it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.
18:26 And they that heard it, said: Who then can be saved?
18:27 He said to them: The things that are impossible with men, are possible with God.
18:28 Then Peter said: Behold, we have left all things, and have followed thee.
18:29 Who said to them: Amen, I say to you, there is no man that hath left house, or parents, or brethren, or wife, or children, for the kingdom of God's sake,
18:30 Who shall not receive much more in this present time, and in the world to come life everlasting.
18:31 Then Jesus took unto him the twelve, and said to them: Behold, we go up to Jerusalem, and all things shall be accomplished which were written by the prophets concerning the Son of man.
18:32 For he shall be delivered to the Gentiles, and shall be mocked, and scourged, and spit upon:
18:33 And after they have scourged him, they will put him to death; and the third day he shall rise again.
18:34 And they understood none of these things, and this word was hid from them, and they understood not the things that were said.
18:35 Now it came to pass, when he drew nigh to Jericho, that a certain blind man sat by the way side, begging.
18:36 And when he heard the multitude passing by, he asked what this meant.
18:37 And they told him, that Jesus of Nazareth was passing by.
18:38 And he cried out, saying: Jesus, son of David, have mercy on me.
18:39 And they that went before, rebuked him, that he should hold his peace: but he cried out much more: Son of David, have mercy on me.
18:40 And Jesus standing, commanded him to be brought unto him. And when he was come near, he asked him,
18:41 Saying: What wilt thou that I do to thee? But he said: Lord, that I may see.
18:42 And Jesus said to him: Receive thy sight: thy faith hath made thee whole.
18:43 And immediately he saw, and followed him, glorifying God. And all the people, when they saw it, gave praise to God.
19:1 AND entering in, he walked through Jericho.
19:2 And behold, there was a man named Zacheus, who was the chief of the publicans, and he was rich.
19:3 And he sought to see Jesus who he was, and he could not for the crowd, because he was low of stature.
19:4 And running before, he climbed up into a sycamore tree, that he might see him; for he was to pass that way.
19:5 And when Jesus was come to the place, looking up, he saw him, and said to him: Zacheus, make haste and come down; for this day I must abide in thy house.
19:6 And he made haste and came down; and received him with joy.
19:7 And when all saw it, they murmured, saying, that he was gone to be a guest with a man that was a sinner.
19:8 But Zacheus standing, said to the Lord: Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have wronged any man of any thing, I restore him fourfold.
19:9 Jesus said to him: This day is salvation come to this house, because he also is a son of Abraham.
19:10 For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost.
19:11 As they were hearing these things, he added and spoke a parable, because he was nigh to Jerusalem, and because they thought that the kingdom of God should immediately be manifested.
19:12 He said therefore: A certain nobleman went into a far country, to receive for himself a kingdom, and to return.
19:13 And calling his ten servants, he gave them ten pounds, and said to them: Trade till I come.
19:14 But his citizens hated him: and they sent an embassage after him, saying: We will not have this man to reign over us.
19:15 And it came to pass, that he returned, having received the kingdom: and he commanded his servants to be called, to whom he had given the money, that he might know how much every man had gained by trading.
19:16 And the first came, saying: Lord, thy pound hath gained ten pounds.
19:17 And he said to him: Well done, thou good servant, because thou hast been faithful in a little, thou shalt have power over ten cities.
19:18 And the second came, saying: Lord, thy pound hath gained five pounds.
19:19 And he said to him: Be thou also over five cities.
19:20 And another came, saying: Lord, behold here is thy pound, which I have kept laid up in a napkin;
19:21 For I feared thee, because thou art an austere man: thou takest up what thou didst not lay down, and thou reapest that which thou didst not sow.
19:22 He saith to him: Out of thy own mouth I judge thee, thou wicked servant. Thou knewest that I was an austere man, taking up what I laid not down, and reaping that which I did not sow:
19:23 And why then didst thou not give my money into the bank, that at my coming, I might have exacted it with usury?
19:24 And he said to them that stood by: Take the pound away from him, and give it to him that hath ten pounds.
19:25 And they said to him: Lord, he hath ten pounds.
19:26 But I say to you, that to every one that hath shall be given, and he shall abound: and from him that hath not, even that which he hath, shall be taken from him.
19:27 But as for those my enemies, who would not have me reign over them, bring them hither, and kill them before me.
19:28 And having said these things, he went before, going up to Jerusalem.
19:29 And it came to pass, when he was come nigh to Bethphage and Bethania, unto the mount called Olivet, he sent two of his disciples,
19:30 Saying: Go into the town which is over against you, at your entering into which you shall find the colt of an ass tied, on which no man ever hath sitten: loose him, and bring him hither.
19:31 And if any man shall ask you: Why do you loose him? you shall say thus unto him: Because the Lord hath need of his service.
19:32 And they that were sent, went their way, and found the colt standing, as he had said unto them.
19:33 And as they were loosing the colt, the owners thereof said to them: Why loose you the colt?
19:34 But they said: Because the Lord hath need of him.
19:35 And they brought him to Jesus. And casting their garments on the colt, they set Jesus thereon.
19:36 And as he went, they spread their clothes underneath in the way.
19:37 And when he was now coming near the descent of mount Olivet, the whole multitude of his disciples began with joy to praise God with a loud voice, for all the mighty works they had seen,
19:38 Saying: Blessed be the king who cometh in the name of the Lord, peace in heaven, and glory on high!
19:39 And some of the Pharisees, from amongst the multitude, said to him: Master, rebuke thy disciples.
19:40 To whom he said: I say to you, that if these shall hold their peace, the stones will cry out.
19:41 And when he drew near, seeing the city, he wept over it, saying:
19:42 If thou also hadst known, and that in this thy day, the things that are to thy peace; but now they are hidden from thy eyes.
19:43 For the days shall come upon thee, and thy enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and straiten thee on every side,
19:44 And beat thee flat to the ground, and thy children who are in thee: and they shall not leave in thee a stone upon a stone: because thou hast not known the time of thy visitation.
19:45 And entering into the temple, he began to cast out them that sold therein, and them that bought.
19:46 Saying to them: It is written: My house is the house of prayer. But you have made it a den of thieves.
19:47 And he was teaching daily in the temple. And the chief priests and the scribes and the rulers of the people sought to destroy him:
19:48 And they found not what to do to him: for all the people were very attentive to hear him.
20:1 AND it came to pass, that on one of the days, as he was teaching the people in the temple, and preaching the gospel, the chief priests and the scribes, with the ancients, met together,
20:2 And spoke to him, saying: Tell us, by what authority dost thou these things? or, Who is he that hath given thee this authority?
20:3 And Jesus answering, said to them: I will also ask you one thing. Answer me:
20:4 The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men?
20:5 But they thought within themselves, saying: If we shall say, From heaven: he will say: Why then did you not believe him?
20:6 But if we say, Of men, the whole people will stone us: for they are persuaded that John was a prophet.
20:7 And they answered, that they knew not whence it was.
20:8 And Jesus said to them: Neither do I tell thee by what authority I do these things.
20:9 And he began to speak to the people this parable: A certain man planted a vineyard, and let it out to husbandmen: and he was abroad for a long time.
20:10 And at the season he sent a servant to the husbandmen, that they should give him of the fruit of the vineyard. Who, beating him, sent him away empty.
20:11 And again he sent another servant. But they beat him also, and treating him reproachfully, sent him away empty.
20:12 And again he sent the third: and they wounded him also, and cast him out.
20:13 Then the lord of the vineyard said: What shall I do? I will send my beloved son: it may be, when they see him, they will reverence him.
20:14 Whom when the husbandmen saw, they thought within themselves, saying: This is the heir, let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours.
20:15 So casting him out of the vineyard, they killed him. What therefore will the lord of the vineyard do to them?
20:16 He will come, and will destroy these husbandmen, and will give the vineyard to others. Which they hearing, said to him: God forbid.
20:17 But he looking on them, said: What is this then that is written, The stone, which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner?
20:18 Whosoever shall fall upon that stone, shall be bruised: and upon whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder.
20:19 And the chief priests and the scribes sought to lay hands on him the same hour: but they feared the people, for they knew that he spoke this parable to them.
20:20 And being upon the watch, they sent spies, who should feign themselves just, that they might take hold of him in his words, that they might deliver him up to the authority and power of the governor.
20:21 And they asked him, saying: Master, we know that thou speakest and teachest rightly: and thou dost not respect any person, but teachest the way of God in truth.
20:22 Is it lawful for us to give tribute to Caesar, or no?
20:23 But he considering their guile, said to them: Why tempt you me?
20:24 Shew me a penny. Whose image and inscription hath it? They answering, said to him, Caesar's.
20:25 And he said to them: Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's: and to God the things that are God's.
20:26 And they could not reprehend his word before the people: and wondering at his answer, they held their peace.
20:27 And there came to him some of the Sadducees, who deny that there is any resurrection, and they asked him,
20:28 Saying: Master, Moses wrote unto us, If any man's brother die, having a wife, and he leave no children, that his brother should take her to wife, and raise up seed unto his brother.
20:29 There were therefore seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and died without children.
20:30 And the next took her to wife, and he also died childless.
20:31 And the third took her. And in like manner all the seven, and they left no children, and died.
20:32 Last of all the woman died also.
20:33 In the resurrection therefore, whose wife of them shall she be? For all the seven had her to wife.
20:34 And Jesus said to them: The children of this world marry, and are given in marriage:
20:35 But they that shall be accounted worthy of that world, and of the resurrection from the dead, shall neither be married, nor take wives.
20:36 Neither can they die any more: for they are equal to the angels, and are the children of God, being the children of the resurrection.
20:37 Now that the dead rise again, Moses also shewed, at the bush, when he called the Lord, The God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob;
20:38 For he is not the God of the dead, but of the living: for all live to him.
20:39 And some of the scribes answering, said to him: Master, thou hast said well.
20:40 And after that they durst not ask him any more questions.
20:41 But he said to them: How say they that Christ is the son of David?
20:42 And David himself saith in the book of Psalms: The Lord said to my Lord, sit thou on my right hand,
20:43 Till I make thy enemies thy footstool.
20:44 David then calleth him Lord: and how is he his son?
20:45 And in the hearing of all the people, he said to his disciples:
20:46 Beware of the scribes, who desire to walk in long robes, and love salutations in the marketplace, and the first chairs in the synagogues, and the chief rooms at feasts:
20:47 Who devour the houses of widows, feigning long prayer. These shall receive greater damnation.
21:1 AND looking on, he saw the rich men cast their gifts into the treasury.
21:2 And he saw also a certain poor widow casting in two brass mites.
21:3 And he said: Verily I say to you, that this poor widow hath cast in more than they all:
21:4 For all these have of their abundance cast into the offerings of God: but she of her want, hath cast in all the living that she had.
21:5 And some saying of the temple, that it was adorned with goodly stones and gifts, he said:
21:6 These things which you see, the days will come in which there shall not be left a stone upon a stone that shall not be thrown down.
21:7 And they asked him, saying: Master, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign when they shall begin to come to pass?
21:8 Who said: Take heed you be not seduced; for many will come in my name, saying, I am he; and the time is at hand: go ye not therefore after them.
21:9 And when you shall hear of wars and seditions, be not terrified: these things must first come to pass; but the end is not yet presently.
21:10 Then he said to them: Nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom.
21:11 And there shall be great earthquakes in divers places, and pestilences, and famines, and terrors from heaven; and there shall be great signs.
21:12 But before all these things, they will lay their hands upon you, and persecute you, delivering you up to the synagogues and into prisons, dragging you before kings and governors, for my name's sake.
21:13 And it shall happen unto you for a testimony.
21:14 Lay it up therefore into your hearts, not to meditate before how you shall answer:
21:15 For I will give you a mouth and wisdom, which all your adversaries shall not be able to resist and gainsay.
21:16 And you shall be betrayed by your parents and brethren, and kinsmen and friends; and some of you they will put to death.
21:17 And you shall be hated by all men for my name's sake.
21:18 But a hair of your head shall not perish.
21:19 In your patience you shall possess your souls.
21:20 And when you shall see Jerusalem compassed about with an army; then know that the desolation thereof is at hand.
21:21 Then let those who are in Judea, flee to the mountains; and those who are in the midst thereof, depart out: and those who are in the countries, not enter into it.
21:22 For these are the days of vengeance, that all things may be fulfilled, that are written.
21:23 But woe to them that are with child, and give suck in those days; for there shall be great distress in the land, and wrath upon this people.
21:24 And they shall fall by the edge of the sword; and shall be led away captives into all nations; and Jerusalem shall be trodden down by the Gentiles; till the times of the nations be fulfilled.
21:25 And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, by reason of the confusion of the roaring of the sea and of the waves;
21:26 Men withering away for fear, and expectation of what shall come upon the whole world. For the powers of heaven shall be moved;
21:27 And then they shall see the Son of man coming in a cloud, with great power and majesty.
21:28 But when these things begin to come to pass, look up, and lift up your heads, because your redemption is at hand.
21:29 And he spoke to them in a similitude. See the fig tree, and all the trees:
21:30 When they now shoot forth their fruit, you know that summer is nigh;
21:31 So you also, when you shall see these things come to pass, know that the kingdom of God is at hand.
21:32 Amen, I say to you, this generation shall not pass away, till all things be fulfilled.
21:33 Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away.
21:34 And take heed to yourselves, lest perhaps your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting and drunkenness, and the cares of this life, and that day come upon you suddenly.
21:35 For as a snare shall it come upon all that sit upon the face of the whole earth.
21:36 Watch ye, therefore, praying at all times, that you may be accounted worthy to escape all these things that are to come, and to stand before the Son of man.
21:37 And in the daytime, he was teaching in the temple; but at night, going out, he abode in the mount that is called Olivet.
21:38 And all the people came early in the morning to him in the temple, to hear him.
22:1 NOW the feast of unleavened bread, which is called the pasch, was at hand.
22:2 And the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might put Jesus to death: but they feared the people.
22:3 And Satan entered into Judas, who was surnamed Iscariot, one of the twelve.
22:4 And he went, and discoursed with the chief priests and the magistrates, how he might betray him to them.
22:5 And they were glad, and covenanted to give him money.
22:6 And he promised. And he sought opportunity to betray him in the absence of the multitude.
22:7 And the day of the unleavened bread came, on which it was necessary that the pasch should be killed.
22:8 And he sent Peter and John, saying: Go, and prepare for us the pasch, that we may eat.
22:9 But they said: Where wilt thou that we prepare?
22:10 And he said to them: Behold, as you go into the city, there shall meet you a man carrying a pitcher of water: follow him into the house where he entereth in.
22:11 And you shall say to the goodman of the house: The master saith to thee, Where is the guest chamber, where I may eat the pasch with my disciples?
22:12 And he will shew you a large dining room, furnished; and there prepare.
22:13 And they going, found as he had said to them, and made ready the pasch.
22:14 And when the hour was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles with him.
22:15 And he said to them: With desire I have desired to eat this pasch with you, before I suffer.
22:16 For I say to you, that from this time I will not eat it, till it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God.
22:17 And having taken the chalice, he gave thanks, and said: Take, and divide it among you:
22:18 For I say to you, that I will not drink of the fruit of the vine, till the kingdom of God come.
22:19 And taking bread, he gave thanks, and brake; and gave to them, saying: This is my body, which is given for you. Do this for a commemoration of me.
22:20 In like manner the chalice also, after he had supped, saying: This is the chalice, the new testament in my blood, which shall be shed for you.
22:21 But yet behold, the hand of him that betrayeth me is with me on the table.
22:22 And the Son of man indeed goeth, according to that which is determined: but yet, woe to that man by whom he shall be betrayed.
22:23 And they began to inquire among themselves, which of them it was that should do this thing.
22:24 And there was also a strife amongst them, which of them should seem to be the greater.
22:25 And he said to them: The kings of the Gentiles lord it over them; and they that have power over them, are called beneficent.
22:26 But you not so: but he that is the greater among you, let him become as the younger; and he that is the leader, as he that serveth.
22:27 For which is greater, he that sitteth at table, or he that serveth? Is it not he that sitteth at table? But I am in the midst of you, as he that serveth:
22:28 And you are they who have continued with me in my temptations:
22:29 And I dispose to you, as my Father hath disposed to me, a kingdom;
22:30 That you may eat and drink at my table, in my kingdom: and may sit upon thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.
22:31 And the Lord said: Simon, Simon, behold Satan hath desired to have you, that he may sift you as wheat:
22:32 But I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and thou, being once converted, confirm thy brethren.
22:33 Who said to him: Lord, I am ready to go with thee, both into prison, and to death.
22:34 And he said: I say to thee, Peter, the cock shall not crow this day, till thou thrice deniest that thou knowest me. And he said to them:
22:35 When I sent you without purse, and scrip, and shoes, did you want anything?
22:36 But they said: Nothing. Then said he unto them: But now he that hath a purse, let him take it, and likewise a scrip; and he that hath not, let him sell his coat, and buy a sword.
22:37 For I say to you, that this that is written must yet be fulfilled in me: And with the wicked was he reckoned. For the things concerning me have an end.
22:38 But they said: Lord, behold here are two swords. And he said to them, It is enough.
22:39 And going out, he went, according to his custom, to the mount of Olives. And his disciples also followed him.
22:40 And when he was come to the place, he said to them: Pray, lest ye enter into temptation.
22:41 And he was withdrawn away from them a stone's cast; and kneeling down, he prayed,
22:42 Saying: Father, if thou wilt, remove this chalice from me: but yet not my will, but thine be done.
22:43 And there appeared to him an angel from heaven, strengthening him. And being in an agony, he prayed the longer.
22:44 And his sweat became as drops of blood, trickling down upon the ground.
22:45 And when he rose up from prayer, and was come to his disciples, he found them sleeping for sorrow.
22:46 And he said to them: Why sleep you? arise, pray, lest you enter into temptation.
22:47 As he was yet speaking, behold a multitude; and he that was called Judas, one of the twelve, went before them, and drew near to Jesus, for to kiss him.
22:48 And Jesus said to him: Judas, dost thou betray the Son of man with a kiss?
22:49 And they that were about him, seeing what would follow, said to him: Lord, shall we strike with the sword?
22:50 And one of them struck the servant of the high priest, and cut off his right ear.
22:51 But Jesus answering, said: Suffer ye thus far. And when he had touched his ear, he healed him.
22:52 And Jesus said to the chief priests, and magistrates of the temple, and the ancients, that were come unto him: Are ye come out, as it were against a thief, with swords and clubs?
22:53 When I was daily with you in the temple, you did not stretch forth your hands against me: but this is your hour, and the power of darkness.
22:54 And apprehending him, they led him to the high priest's house. But Peter followed afar off.
22:55 And when they had kindled a fire in the midst of the hall, and were sitting about it, Peter was in the midst of them.
22:56 Whom when a certain servant maid had seen sitting at the light, and had earnestly beheld him, she said: This man also was with him.
22:57 But he denied him, saying: Woman, I know him not.
22:58 And after a little while, another seeing him, said: Thou also art one of them. But Peter said: O man, I am not.
22:59 And after the space, as it were of one hour, another certain man affirmed, saying: Of a truth, this man was also with him; for he is also a Galilean.
22:60 And Peter said: Man, I know not what thou sayest. And immediately, as he was yet speaking, the cock crew.
22:61 And the Lord turning looked on Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, as he had said: Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice.
22:62 And Peter going out, wept bitterly.
22:63 And the men that held him, mocked him, and struck him.
22:64 And they blindfolded him, and smote his face. And they asked him, saying: Prophesy, who is it that struck thee?
22:65 And blaspheming, many other things they said against him.
22:66 And as soon as it was day, the ancients of the people, and the chief priests and scribes, cane together; and they brought him into their council, saying: If thou be the Christ, tell us.
22:67 And he saith to them: If I shall tell you, you will not believe me.
22:68 And if I shall also ask you, you will not answer me, nor let me go.
22:69 But hereafter the Son of man shall be sitting on the right hand of the power of God.
22:70 Then said they all: Art thou then the Son of God? Who said: You say that I am.
22:71 And they said: What need we any further testimony? for we ourselves have heard it from his own mouth.
23:1 AND the whole multitude of them rising up, led him to Pilate.
23:2 And they began to accuse him, saying: We have found this man perverting our nation, and forbidding to give tribute to Caesar, and saying that he is Christ the king.
23:3 And Pilate asked him, saying: Art thou the king of the Jews? But he answering, said: Thou sayest it.
23:4 And Pilate said to the chief priests and to the multitudes: I find no cause in this man.
23:5 But they were more earnest, saying: He stirreth up the people, teaching throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee to this place.
23:6 But Pilate hearing Galilee, asked if the man were of Galilee?
23:7 And when he understood that he was of Herod's jurisdiction, he sent him away to Herod, who was also himself at Jerusalem, in those days.
23:8 And Herod, seeing Jesus, was very glad; for he was desirous of a long time to see him, because he had heard many things of him; and he hoped to see some sign wrought by him.
23:9 And he questioned him in many words. But he answered him nothing.
23:10 And the chief priests and the scribes stood by, earnestly accusing him.
23:11 And Herod with his army set him at nought, and mocked him, putting on him a white garment, and sent him back to Pilate.
23:12 And Herod and Pilate were made friends, that same day; for before they were enemies one to another.
23:13 And Pilate, calling together the chief priests, and the magistrates, and the people,
23:14 Said to them: You have presented unto me this man, as one that perverteth the people; and behold I, having examined him before you, find no cause in this man, in those things wherein you accuse him.
23:15 No, nor Herod neither. For I sent you to him, and behold, nothing worthy of death is done to him.
23:16 I will chastise him therefore, and release him.
23:17 Now of necessity he was to release unto them one upon the feast day.
23:18 But the whole multitude together cried out, saying: Away with this man, and release unto us Barabbas:
23:19 Who, for a certain sedition made in the city, and for a murder, was cast into prison.
23:20 And Pilate again spoke to them, desiring to release Jesus.
23:21 But they cried again, saying: Crucify him, crucify him.
23:22 And he said to them the third time: Why, what evil hath this man done? I find no cause of death in him. I will chastise him therefore, and let him go.
23:23 But they were instant with loud voices, requiring that he might be crucified; and their voices prevailed.
23:24 And Pilate gave sentence that it should be as they required.
23:25 And he released unto them him who for murder and sedition, had been cast into prison, whom they had desired; but Jesus he delivered up to their will.
23:26 And as they led him away, they laid hold of one Simon of Cyrene, coming from the country; and they laid the cross on him to carry after Jesus.
23:27 And there followed him a great multitude of people, and of women, who bewailed and lamented him.
23:28 But Jesus turning to them, said: Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not over me; but weep for yourselves, and for your children.
23:29 For behold, the days shall come, wherein they will say: Blessed are the barren, and the wombs that have not borne, and the paps that have not given suck.
23:30 Then shall they begin to say to the mountains: Fall upon us; and to the hills: Cover us.
23:31 For if in the green wood they do these things, what shall be done in the dry?
23:32 And there were also two other malefactors led with him to be put to death.
23:33 And when they were come to the place which is called Calvary, they crucified him there; and the robbers, one on the right hand, and the other on the left.
23:34 And Jesus said: Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. But they, dividing his garments, cast lots.
23:35 And the people stood beholding, and the rulers with them derided him, saying: He saved others; let him save himself, if he be Christ, the elect of God.
23:36 And the soldiers also mocked him, coming to him, and offering him vinegar,
23:37 And saying: If thou be the king of the Jews, save thyself.
23:38 And there was also a superscription written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew: THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS.
23:39 And one of those robbers who were hanged, blasphemed him, saying: If thou be Christ, save thyself and us.
23:40 But the other answering, rebuked him, saying: Neither dost thou fear God, seeing thou art condemned under the same condemnation?
23:41 And we indeed justly, for we receive the due reward of our deeds; but this man hath done no evil.
23:42 And he said to Jesus: Lord, remember me when thou shalt come into thy kingdom.
23:43 And Jesus said to him: Amen I say to thee, this day thou shalt be with me in paradise.
23:44 And it was almost the sixth hour; and there was darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour.
23:45 And the sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was rent in the midst.
23:46 And Jesus crying out with a loud voice, said: Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. And saying this, he gave up the ghost.
23:47 Now the centurion, seeing what was done, glorified God, saying: Indeed this was a just man.
23:48 And all the multitude of them that were come together to that sight, and saw the things that were done, returned striking their breasts.
23:49 And all his acquaintance, and the women that had followed him from Galilee, stood afar off, beholding these things.
23:50 And behold there was a man named Joseph, who was a counsellor, a good and just man,
23:51 (The same had not consented to their counsel and doings;) of Arimathea, a city of Judea; who also himself looked for the kingdom of God.
23:52 This man went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus.
23:53 And taking him down, he wrapped him in fine linen, and laid him in a sepulchre that was hewed in stone, wherein never yet any man had been laid.
23:54 And it was the day of the Parasceve, and the sabbath drew on.
23:55 And the women that were come with him from Galilee, following after, saw the sepulchre, and how his body was laid.
23:56 And returning, they prepared spices and ointments; and on the sabbath day they rested, according to the commandment.
24:1 AND on the first day of the week, very early in the morning, they came to the sepulchre, bringing the spices which they had prepared.
24:2 And they found the stone rolled back from the sepulchre.
24:3 And going in, they found not the body of the Lord Jesus.
24:4 And it came to pass, as they were astonished in their mind at this, behold, two men stood by them, in shining apparel.
24:5 And as they were afraid, and bowed down their countenance towards the ground, they said unto them: Why seek you the living with the dead?
24:6 He is not here, but is risen. Remember how he spoke unto you, when he was in Galilee,
24:7 Saying: The Son of man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified, and the third day rise again.
24:8 And they remembered his words.
24:9 And going back from the sepulchre, they told all these things to the eleven, and to all the rest.
24:10 And it was Mary Magdalen, and Joanna, and Mary of James, and the other women that were with them, who told these things to the apostles.
24:11 And these words seemed to them as idle tales; and they did not believe them.
24:12 But Peter rising up, ran to the sepulchre, and stooping down, he saw the linen cloths laid by themselves; and went away wondering in himself at that which was come to pass.
24:13 And behold, two of them went, the same day, to a town which was sixty furlongs from Jerusalem, named Emmaus.
24:14 And they talked together of all these things which had happened.
24:15 And it came to pass, that while they talked and reasoned with themselves, Jesus himself also drawing near, went with them.
24:16 But their eyes were held, that they should not know him.
24:17 And he said to them: What are these discourses that you hold one with another as you walk, and are sad?
24:18 And the one of them, whose name was Cleophas, answering, said to him: Art thou only a stranger to Jerusalem, and hast not known the things that have been done there in these days?
24:19 To whom he said: What things? And they said: Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, who was a prophet, mighty in work and word before God and all the people;
24:20 And how our chief priests and princes delivered him to be condemned to death, and crucified him.
24:21 But we hoped, that it was he that should have redeemed Israel: and now besides all this, to day is the third day since these things were done.
24:22 Yea and certain women also of our company affrighted us, who before it was light, were at the sepulchre,
24:23 And not finding his body, came, saying, that they had also seen a vision of angels, who say that he is alive.
24:24 And some of our people went to the sepulchre, and found it so as the women had said, but him they found not.
24:25 Then he said to them: O foolish, and slow of heart to believe in all things which the prophets have spoken.
24:26 Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and so to enter into his glory?
24:27 And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded to them in all the scriptures, the things that were concerning him.
24:28 And they drew night to the town, whither they were going: and he made as though he would go farther.
24:29 But they constrained him; saying: Stay with us, because it is towards evening, and the day is now far spent. And he went in with them.
24:30 And it came to pass, whilst he was at table with them, he took bread, and blessed, and brake, and gave to them.
24:31 And their eyes were opened, and they knew him: and he vanished out of their sight.
24:32 And they said one to the other: Was not our heart burning within us, whilst he spoke in this way, and opened to us the scriptures?
24:33 And rising up, the same hour, they went back to Jerusalem: and they found the eleven gathered together, and those that were staying with them,
24:34 Saying: The Lord is risen indeed, and hath appeared to Simon.
24:35 And they told what things were done in the way; and how they knew him in the breaking of the bread.
24:36 Now whilst they were speaking these things, Jesus stood in the midst of them, and saith to them: Peace be to you; it is I, fear not.
24:37 But they being troubled and frightened, supposed that they saw a spirit.
24:38 And he said to them: Why are you troubled, and why do thoughts arise in your hearts?
24:39 See my hands and feet, that it is I myself; handle, and see: for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as you see me to have.
24:40 And when he had said this, he shewed them his hands and feet.
24:41 But while they yet believed not, and wondered for joy, he said: Have you any thing to eat?
24:42 And they offered him a piece of a broiled fish, and a honeycomb.
24:43 And when he had eaten before them, taking the remains, he gave to them.
24:44 And he said to them: These are the words which I spoke to you, while I was yet with you, that all things must needs be fulfilled, which are written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me.
24:45 Then he opened their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures.
24:46 And he said to them: Thus it is written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise again from the dead, the third day:
24:47 And that penance and remission of sins should be preached in his name, unto all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.
24:48 And you are witnesses of these things.
24:49 And I send the promise of my Father upon you: but stay you in the city till you be endued with power from on high.
24:50 And he led them out as far as Bethania: and lifting up his hands, he blessed them.
24:51 And it came to pass, whilst he blessed them, he departed from them, and was carried up to heaven.
24:52 And they adoring went back into Jerusalem with great joy.
24:53 And they were always in the temple, praising and blessing God. Amen. | 138,354 | 1,150 |
462,610 | THE LIFE OF
GENERAL HUGH MERCER
GENERAL HUGH MERCER
With brief sketches of General George Wash
ington, John Paul Jones, General George Weedon,
James Monroe and Mrs. Mary Ball Washington,
who were friends and associates of General Mercer
at Fredericksburg ; also a sketch of Lodge No.
4, A. F. and A. M., of which Generals Washington
and Mercer were members; and a genealogical
table of the Mercer family.
JOHN T. GOOLRICK
NEW YORK & WASHINGTON
THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY
COPTBIQHT, 1906, BY
JOHN T. QOOLRICK
General Hugh Mercer Frontispiece
Hugh Mercer as a country doctor in Pennsylvania. 26
The office and apothecary shop of Hugh Mercer,
Fredericksburg, Va 32
The Quaker Meeting House, Princeton, N. J 52
The battlefield of Princeton 54
The Clark House, Princeton, where Gen l Mercer
The monument to General Hugh Mercer at Fred
ericksburg, Va 68
The grave of General Mercer in Laurel-Hill Ceme
tery, Philadelphia, Pa., monument erected by
St. Andrews Society 70
The Rising Sun Tavern, Fredericksburg, Va 76
Kenmore, at Fredericksburg, where Major Lewis
John Paul Jones 82
"The Sentry Box" the home of Mercer, Fred
ericksburg, Va 88
The home of Mary, the mother of Washington,
Fredericksburg, Va 92
The monument to Mary, the mother of Washington,
Fredericksburg, Va 98
General George Washington as a mason and mem
ber of Lodge No. 4 A. F. and A. M., Fredericks
burg, Va 100
THIS book is affectionately dedicated to
my wife, a great-granddaughter of George
Mason, who was an intimate friend and
associate of General Hugh Mercer.
INTRODUCTION is only necessary to
this Life of Mercer in order to return
thanks to others for what I have herein ob
tained from them, as well as to disclaim
any very marked originality for some
things herein written. For instance, I
could not and do not claim any great origi
nality for the brief description of the
battles of Culloden or of Princeton. Both
have been described so often and by so
many writers, that there is "nothing new
under the sun" to be said about them. I
only introduce them here that I may give
a full and complete history of the life of
Mercer ; without them I could not have done
so. I return thanks and acknowledge my
self under obligations to James D. Law,
Esq., of Germantown, Pa. ; Eev. J. Lindsay
Patton, Ashland, Ya.; Judge Beverly B.
Wellford, Bichmond, Va., and Corbin W.
Mercer, Esq., Bichmond, Va., for some
things that I have embodied in this small
volume, and which appear with quotation
I was constrained to write of General
Hugh Mercer because I thought that such a
life as he lived, and such a death as he died,
should be written about; and should be
written about by some one who is identi
fied with Fredericksburg, the home of Mer
cer. How perfectly or imperfectly I have
performed the task which I have voluntar
ily undertaken, I submit to the charitable
criticism of my readers.
JOHN T. GOOLBICK.
Fredericksburg, Va., March 1, 1906.
THE Highlands of Scotland, land of
brown heath and shaggy wood "land of
the mountain and the flood" has always
been celebrated in song and story. Its
stern and wild mountains, its dark and si
lent glens, its deep-lying lochs beneath the
shadow of the hills, its silent, whirling
mists and sudden storms, are the scenes of
strange romance and ghastly tragedy. It
is a very playground for the novelist s ex
cited imagination and the poet s wildest
fancy. But withal, so barren in soil and
harsh in climate, that the inhabitants of the
Highlands early gave themselves up to the
delights of the chase, or the dangers of the
sea, the pursuit of arms, or the joy of
Picturesque in costume, splendid in mus
cular development, trained in the use of
arms, proud of their race, loyal to their
clan, they boasted their fidelity to their
friends, and that they never turned their
backs to a foe. Restless, inclined to travel,
quick to adapt themselves to new surround-
12 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
ings, the Highlanders of Scotland sought
their fortunes abroad, rising to fame and
wealth in many a Continental country, be
coming the leaders in trade and commerce,
in Colonial enterprise and in war, in all
parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Fru
gal, industrious, persevering and brave,
success rewarded their undertakings.
Characterised beyond all else by loyalty to
their King, they were the most devoted of
the adherents of the ill-fated house of
Stuart, and they gathered around that fatal
standard with romantic devotion. To their
loyalty this land is indebted for not a few
of its best citizens and noblest heroes. The
land of the Highlanders Bonnie Scotland
has given to the world in all departments
of life, great men who have taken conspicu
ous parts in its history in war and peace.
The men from the land of Bobby Burns
have made their impress on the age and on
the people among whom they have lived,
and none occupies a higher niche in its Hall
of Fame than General Hugh Mercer.
Hugh Mercer was born in Aberdeen,
Scotland, in the year 1725. He descended
on his paternal side from a long line of min
isters of the Church of Scotland. The Eev.
William Mercer, his father, was in charge
of the Manse at Pittsligo, Aberdeenshire,
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 13
from 1720 to 1748, and although some biog
raphers of Mercer give the date of his birth
as 1721, the records of this church show
that he was baptised in 1726 ; it is therefore
thought now, that more accurate history
should place his birth in the year 1725.
On his mother s side he was closely related
to the Munro family; her name being Anna
Munro, daughter of Sir Eobert Munro, who
fought with conspicuous distinction in the
British Army at Fontenoy, on the Conti
nent, and elsewhere; and who, ordered
home to oppose the young Pretender, was
killed in 1746 while commanding British
troops at the Battle of Falkirk.
Mercer matriculated in the School of
Medicine of Marschall College in the year
1740, graduating in the year 1744. He had
hardly commenced the practice of his pro
fession ere Prince Charlie made his "dash
for a throne " which startled and, for a
while, stupefied the British by its daring
and brilliancy, but which was very ephem
eral in its existence. The Scotch, espe
cially those from the Highlands, were al
ways loyal to the House of Stuart, and
"Wha shall be King but Charlie!" as
it was played on the bagpipes by the kilted
Highlanders, his admiration for the people
whom the Pretender represented, and his
14 The life of General Hugh Mercer
convictions of the justice of his cause,
stirred up the martial and patriotic spirit
of Hugh Mercer, who joined Charles Ed
ward s Army as an Assistant Surgeon.
History and tradition are both silent as to
when Mercer "linked his fortune and his
fate" to the cause of the Pretender.
Whether he was on the fatal field of Fal-
kirk on January 17, 1746, we have no rec
ord; but on April 16, 1746, at Culloden,
near Inverness, he is found in the army of
Prince Charles. The Duke of Cumberland
was on that day in command of the Royal
forces against the Highlanders, and when
the sun went down on the field of carnage,
Mercer shared with his chieftain the gloom
of his defeat a defeat that marked the end
of the ambition of the Pretender and the
hopes of the Stuarts. The victorious shouts
of the army of the Duke sounded a veritable
dirge to a cause that was then irrevocably
lost. The last grand stand had been made,
and all was over.
Sir Walter Scott, with his splendid
genius for picturing and portraying, in the
"Tales of a Grandfather," gives a graphic
account of the Battle of Culloden; an ex
tract from which may not be inappropriate
to embody in this sketch. After narrating
the events of importance that led up to the
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 15
battle, the marching and the counter
marching of the armies of Prince Charles
and the Duke of Cumberland, and especi
ally the unsuccessful night attack on April
15th by the Army of the Pretender, Sir
Walter Scott wrote :
4 As the lines approached each other the
artillery opened their fire by which the
Duke of Cumberland s army suffered very
little and that of the Highlanders a great
deal, for the English guns being well served
made lanes through the ranks of the enemy,
while the French artillery scarcely killed a
man. To remain steady and inactive under
this galling fire would have been a trial to
the best-disciplined troops, and it is no
wonder that the Highlanders showed great
impatience under an annoyance peculiarly
irksome to their character; some threw
themselves down to escape the artillery,
some called out to advance, and a few broke
their ranks and fled.
"The cannonade lasted for about an
hour ; at length the Clans became so impa
tient that Lord George Murray was about
to give the order to advance, when the
Highlanders from the centre and right
wings rushed, without orders, furiously
down, after their usual manner of attack
ing, sword in hand, being received with
16 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
heavy fire both of cannon and grape-shot.
They became so confused that they got hud
dled together in their onset, without any
distinction of Clans or regiments. Not
withstanding this disorder, the fury of
their charge broke through Munro s and
BurrePs regiments, which formed the left
of the Duke of Cumberland s line; but that
General had anticipated the possibility of
such an event, and had strengthened his
second line so as to form a steady support
in case any part of his first should give
way. The Highlanders, partially victori
ous, continued to advance with fury, and al
though much disordered and partly dis
armed (having thrown away their guns
on the very first charge), they rushed on
SempilPs Kegiment, in the second line, with
unabated fury. That steady corps was
drawn up three deep, the first rank kneel
ing, and the third standing upright. They
reserved their fire until the fugitives of
BurrePs and Munro s broken regiments
had escaped round the flanks and through
the intervals of the second line. By this
time the Highlanders were within a yard of
the bayonet point, when Sempill s battalion
poured in their fire with so much accuracy
that it brought down a great many of the
assailants, and forced the rest to turn back.
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 17
A few pressed on, but unable to break
through SempilPs Eegiment were bayon
eted by the first rank. The attack of the
Highlanders was the less efficient that on
this occasion most of them had laid aside
their targets, expecting a march rather
than a battle.
"While the right of the Highland line
sustained their national character, though
not with their usual success, the MacDon-
nalds on the left seemed uncertain whether
they would attack or not. It was in vain
Lord George Murray called out to them,
* Claymore, telling the murmurers of this
haughty tribe that if they behaved with
their usual valor they would convert the
left into the right and that he would in fu
ture call himself MacDonnald. It was
equally in vain that the gallant Keppoch
charged with a few of his near relations,
while his Clan, a thing before unheard of,
4 The Chief was near the front of the
enemy and was exclaiming, with feelings
that cannot be appreciated, My God, have
the children of my tribe forsaken me? At
that instant he received several shots,
which closed his earthly account, leaving
him only time to advise his favorite nephew
to shift for himself.
18 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
"The three regiments of the MacDon-
nalds were by this time aware of the rout
of their right wing, and retreated in good
order upon the second line. A body of
cavalry from the right of the King s army
was commanded to attack them on their re
treat, but was checked by a fire from the
French pickets, who advanced to support
the MacDonnalds. At the same moment
another decisive advantage was gained by
the Duke s army over the Highland right
wing. A body of horse making six hundred
cavalry, with three companies of Argyle-
shire Highlanders, had been detached to
take possession of the Park walls ; the three
companies of infantry had pulled down the
east wall of the inclosure and put to the
sword about a hundred of the insurgents to
whom its defense had been assigned. They
then demolished the western wall, which
permitted the dragoons, by whom they were
accompanied, to ride through the inclosure
and get out upon the open moor to the west
ward, and form so as to threaten the rear
and flank of the Prince s second line.
i Gordon of Abbachie, with his Lowland
Aberdeenshire regiment, was ordered to
fire upon these cavalry, which he did with
some effect. The Campbells then lined the
north wall of the inclosure and commenced
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 19
a fire upon the right flank of the Highland
ers second line. That line, increased by
the MacDonnalds, who retired upon it, still
showed a great number of men keeping
their ground, many of whom had not fired a
shot. Lord Elcho rode up to the Prince and
eagerly exhorted him to put himself at the
head of those troops who yet remained and
make a last exertion to recover the day and
at least die like one worthy of having con
tended for a crown."
But all this was too late the Pretender
had been defeated; and his army, broken
and shattered, fled from the field, hotly pur
sued by the Duke of Cumberland and his
army. Of the treatment of the fallen and
their allies, Sir Walter Scott thus writes :
"The soldiers had orders to exercise to
wards the unfortunate natives the utmost
extremities of war; they shot, therefore,
the male inhabitants who fled at their ap
proach; they plundered the houses of the
chieftains; they burnt the cabins of the
peasants; they were guilty of every out
rage against women, old age, and infancy,
and where the soldiers fell short of these
extremities it was their own mildness of
temper or that of some officer of gentler
mood which restrained the license of their
20 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
And in conclusion, in his discussion of
this battle, its causes and its results, Sir
Walter Scott wrote: "Looking at the
whole in a general point of view, there can
be no doubt that it presents a dazzling pic
ture to the imagination, being a romance of
real life, equal in splendour and interest to
any which could be devised by fiction. A
primitive people, residing in a remote quar
ter of the empire and themselves but a
small portion of the Scottish Highlanders,
fearlessly attempted to place the British
Crown on the head of the last scion of those
ancient kings whose descent was traced to
their own mountains.
"This gigantic task they undertook in
favor of a youth of twenty-one, who landed
on their shore without support of any kind
and threw himself on their generosity.
They assembled an army in his behalf with
men unaccustomed to arms, the amount .of
the most efficient part of which never ex
ceeded two thousand; they defeated two
disciplined armies commanded by officers
of experience and reputation, penetrated
deep into England, approached within
ninety miles of the capital, made the Crown
tremble on the King s head, and were only
suppressed by concurrent disadvantages
which it was impossible for human nature
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 21
to surmount. It is, therefore, natural that
this civil strife should have been long the
chosen theme of the poet, the musician, and
the novelist. "
In his flight, the Pretender was like a
hare hunted by hounds. Flora MacDon-
nald, a Scottish maiden, foiled his pur
suers ; and at length he reached France in
safety. His loyal and loving followers
found refuge in any way possible, hunted
down, mercilessly butchered when caught.
The terrible tragedy of the battle was as
nothing compared to the butchery of these
fugitives by the relentless and implacable
Duke of Cumberland. Historians may dif
fer as to the right and righteousness of the
cause of Prince Charles Edward. None
can deny that William, Duke of Cumber
land, has rightly written his name as in
famous by his treatment of the fallen foe.
Campbell sweetly though sadly sang of
Lochiel, Lochiel, beware of the day
When the Lowlands shall meet thee in
For a field of the dead rushes red on my
And the Clans of Culloden are scattered in
22 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
They rally, they bleed, for their kingdom
Woe, woe to the riders that trample them
For dark and despairing my sight I may
But man cannot cover what God would
Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical
And coming events cast their shadows
I tell thee, Culloden s dread echoes shall
With the bloodhounds that bark for their
HAVING, as has been before stated, fallen
under the shadow of a great sorrow by the
disastrous ending of the Battle of Culloden,
and having eluded the vigilance of the min
ions of the " Bloody Butcher, " Dr. Hugh
Mercer, in the fall of the year 1746, em
barked at Leith for America, landing a few
weeks thereafter at Philadelphia. He did
not remain long, however, in that city, but
made his home on the western borders of
the State of Pennsylvania, near what was
then known as Greencastle, now Mercers-
burg. And for some years he practised his
profession as a physician and, what was
customary in those days, as an apothecary.
In that then sparsely settled section, the
territory over which he rode, dispensing
calomel and using the lancet, was very
large. Among the varied experiences of
this eventful and heroic life, none proved
more helpful and beneficial than the ardu
ous, unselfish years spent as a country doc
tor in Colonial times on the frontier of civi
lisation in Pennsylvania, a profession for
24 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
which he was well fitted by education and
training, and by the high qualities of en
durance, patience, skill and courage. For
the country doctor s life of that day needed
all the strength of body and of brain, the
steadfast will and tireless energy. It was a
wild and busy life in an unsettled region of
scattered homes ; distance and danger were
daily encountered, for the Indians still hov
ered upon the frontier, and life and liberty
were often imperiled by their unexpected
To this strange chance of fate and for
tune came the soldier-surgeon of Culloden,
and here he lived and labored for many
years, amid privation and peril, dauntless
and devoted; friend, healer, counsellor,
benefactor to all within the circle of his
far-reaching ministry of comfort and cure
the country doctor of the past. How shall
we picture a life, a man, so worthy of repro
duction and remembrance?
God gives to every man
The virtue, temper, understanding, taste,
That lifts him into life, and lets him fall
Just in the niche he has ordained to fill.
Known to all the inhabitants of the re
gion round about, loved ancl welcomed
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 25
everywhere, believed in and looked up to
as one who not only healed the sick, but one
who strengthened the weak, comforted the
weary, and cheered the sorrowing, Hugh
Mercer s life as a country doctor day by
day in active duty, with saddle-bags filled
with remedies for human ills, the old-fash
ioned medicines and the ever-ready lancet
for bloodletting, was a splendid prepara
tion for the hardships and privations he
was in the future called upon to endure. A
life of hardship ennobled by duty well done,
and consecrated by self-sacrifice.
It was a rough school, but a thorough
one, in which the country doctor learned
the lessons of life. As he rode amid the
forest solitudes, vigilant, alert, or visited
the waiting homes to which his presence
brought succor and relief, his memories of
the past merged in duties of the present,
with only faith and fortitude as guides
upon the way, his life might have seemed
unsatisfying to a nature less hopeful, less
heroic. All honor to this man, and the
many like him, whose daily round of sym
pathetic toil is brightened by the approval
of his conscience and the benedictions of
suffering humanity. The country doctor s
lasting monument lives in the hearts that
loved and reverenced him; and no higher
26 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
tribute to his memory can be written than
the tender and inspiring words of heavenly
recognition and reward, "I was sick and ye
It was a history-making era, that of the
year of 1755 the time of Braddock s dis
astrous defeat by the French and Indians,
in his attempt to capture Fort Duquesne.
There and then George Washington s
splendid career began, and there Mercer
made his first public and prominent ap
pearance as a Captain in the ill-fated army
of Braddock, conspicuous for his bravery
on the memorable July 9, 1755, of which
has been said, "The Continentals gave the
only glory to that humiliating disaster. "
"History," says another, "furnishes few
pages so replete with instances of official
incompetence and consequent failure as
that expedition, yet in the list of its Colo
nial heroes, the name of Hugh Mercer
stands ever bright." In this engagement,
Mercer was severely wounded ; and, having
been left behind by his own army in its
panic-stricken flight, after a perilous tramp
through a trackless wild, he at length re
joined his comrades and again commenced
the work of healing the sick at his old lo
The Indians with their French allies be-
Hugh Mercer as a Country Doctor in Pennsylvania
OPPOSITE P. 26
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 27
coming very aggressive and warlike, its
residents for self-protection formed them
selves into military associations of which
Colonel Armstrong was made Commander.
In one of these companies Hugh Mercer
was made Captain. His commission as
such is dated March, 1756, and he was given
the supervision of a very large territory,
with Bridgeport (then called McDowell s
Fort) as his headquarters.
During all this time he practised as a
physician among the people and as surgeon
to the garrison. In one of these Indian
fights he was again wounded and aban
doned to his foes. Closely pursued by his
savage foes," says a very interesting his
torian, "he providentially found a place of
safety in the hollow trunk of a tree, around
which the Indians rested and discussed the
prospect of scalping him in the near future.
When they had taken their departure, he
took out in another direction and com
pletely outwitted them." Sick with his
wounds and worn out with his recent strug
gles, he began a lonely march of over a hun
dred miles through an unbroken forest. To
sustain existence, he was compelled to live
on roots and herbs, the carcass of a rattle
snake proving his most nourishing and pal
atable meal. He finally succeeded in re-
28 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
joining his command at Fort Cumberland.
He was in command of one of the com
panies which captured an Indian settle
ment at Kittanning in 1756, but was again
wounded. In recognition and appreciation
of his services, sacrifices and sufferings in
these Indian wars, as well as his deeds of
daring, the Corporation of Philadelphia
presented him with a note of thanks and a
splendid memorial medal.
Mercer was placed in command of the
garrison at Shippensburg in the summer of
1757, and was promoted to the rank of Ma
jor in December of that year, and placed in
command of the forces of the province of
Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna. In
that year, 1758, he was in command of a
part of the expedition of General Forbes
against Fort Duquesne. Whether Hugh
Mercer met George Washington at Brad-
dock s defeat, or at the headquarters of the
Forbes expedition against Fort Duquesne,
there seems to be some conflict of opinion
and statement among his biographers. The
time and place of that meeting is of no very
material moment. One thing seems to be
absolutely certain, that they did meet, and
an attachment sprang up between them
which lasted as long as Mercer lived. And,
further, that as a result of that meeting and
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 29
that attachment, on the advice and at the
suggestion of Washington, Virginia be
came the home of Hugh Mercer, and the
State of Pennsylvania lost him as a citizen.
SOME TIME after the end of the French-
Indian wars on the western borders of
Pennsylvania, Hugh Mercer moved to
Fredericksburg, Virginia; and during his
residence in that town another Scotchman
lived there, a fellow-citizen, one whose
name was destined to "go down the ages,
sung by poets and sages " John Paul
Jones! John Paul had only one home in
America, and that was Fredericksburg.
There his brother, William Paul, lived and
died. There he lies buried. It was while
John Paul was in Fredericksburg that he
added Jones to his name, and from there
he went forth as a Lieutenant of the Con
tinental Navy. These two illustrious
Scotchmen, Hugh Mercer and John Paul
Jones, no doubt often met and talked of
the land of their birth beyond the seas.
Both, however, became illustrious in the
cause of the Colonies in their struggle to
be free from the domination of Great Brit
ain, even though Scotland was one of its
constituent territories. In Fredericksburg,
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 31
Mercer commenced the practice of his pro
fession as a physician, his residence for a
number of years being a two-story frame
house on the corner of Princess Ann and
Amelia streets. His office and apothecary
shop was located in the building now stand
ing at the corner of Main and Amelia
An English traveller in 1784 published an
account of a visit that he had made to Fred-
ericksburg during the Bevolution, and
made this statement :
I arrived in Fredericksburg and put up
at an inn kept by one Weedon, who is now
a general officer in the American Army, and
who was then very active and zealous in
blowing the flames of sedition. In Fred
ericksburg, I called upon a worthy and inti
mate friend, Dr. Hugh Mercer, a physician
of great eminence and merit, and, as a man,
possessed of almost every virtue and ac
complishment. Dr. Mercer was afterwards
Brigadier-General in the American Army,
to accept of which appointment I have rea
son to believe he was greatly influenced by
General Washington, with whom he had
been long in intimacy and bonds of friend
ship. For Dr. Mercer was generally of a
just and moderate way of thinking and pos
sessed of liberal sentiments and a generos-
32 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
ity of principle very uncommon among
those with whom he embarked."
The inn to which this traveller referred
was < The Kising Sun Tavern, now stand
ing on upper Main Street; and Weedon,
who he said was actively engaged in blow
ing the flames of sedition, was brother-in-
law of Mercer. This intensely loyal son of
Great Britain was evidently a great ad
mirer of Hugh Mercer ; while he character
ised the so-called disloyal colonist as want
ing in that generosity of principle with
which Mercer, he said, was greatly en
Life in the quiet town of Fredericksburg
during these years was uneventful. Mer
cer pursued the even tenor of his way as a
country doctor, always a welcome guest in
the hospitable homes of its people; he at
tended the meetings of Lodge No. 4, A. F.
& A. M., of which he and George Washing
ton were members, and occasionally paid a
visit to the future " Father of his Country"
at Mount Vernon.
Some time in the spring of 1775, a horse
man suddenly dashed up the quiet streets
of his town with the startling news that Vir
ginia s Koyal Governor, Dunmore, at Wil-
liamsburg, the capital, had removed the
Colonial store of gunpowder from the mag-
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 33
azine to the British man-of-war Magdalen.
This tyrannical and aggressive act upon the
part of Dunmore only intensified the mut-
terings of discontent already existing in
the colony, and added fuel to the flames
that were already burning. Messengers
were at once dispatched to the adjoining
counties urging decisive action, and the
horsemen and footmen came pouring in. A
meeting was then called, and an organiza
tion perfected of which we have this
"Election of officers of minutemen and
regulars for Caroline, Spotsylvania, King
George and Stafford counties, Virginia,
September 12, 1775. At a meeting of the
select committee for the district of this
county, the counties of Caroline, Stafford,
King George and Spotsylvania, the follow
ing officers were elected :
Minutemen Hugh Mercer, Colonel ;
Mordecai Buckner, Lieutenant-Colonel ;
Robert Johnson, Major.
1 1 For Spotsylvania Lewis Willis,
George Stubblefield and Oliver Towles,
Captains; Robert Carter Page, Larkin
Chew, Francis Taliaf erro, Lieutenants ;
Henry Bartlett, Eobert Dudley and Wins-
low Parker, Ensigns."
And "Mercer s Minutemen" commenced
34 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
the march to Williamsburg. Before pro
ceeding very far, it is said that George Ma
son and others urged them to reconsider
and wait for further and fuller information
and not to act too hastily; and the cooler
counsels of these advisers prevailed. Of
this, Alexander Spotswood, in a letter to
George Washington of date April 30, 1775,
i I am extremely glad to inform you that
after a long debate it was agreed that we
should not march to Williamsburg.
Four days later, George Washington set
out from Mount Vernon for the Continen
tal Congress. The abandonment of the un
dertaking may have been brought about by
the want of ammunition, as Mercer wrote
to Washington on April 25, 1775 :
"We are not sufficiently supplied with
powder ; it may be proper to request of the
gentlemen who join us from Fairfax and
Prince William to come provided with an
over-proportion of that article.
Keturning to the town, they appointed a
Committee of Safety and adopted a set of
resolutions in which they pledged their sa
cred honor to resist all attempts against
their rights and liberties, from whatever
quarter they might be assailed, and agreed
to be in readiness to defend the laws, the
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 35
liberties and the rights of this or any sister
colony from unjust and wicked invasion by
force of arms, concluding with, "God save
the liberties of America. " It is claimed
that this Declaration is prior in time to
that of Mecklenburg, North Carolina, as it
is to that of the Continental Congress at
A thoughtful writer defines history
as "philosophy teaching by example." If
this be so, historic Fredericksburg ranks
high in the role of great names and great
deeds. Of the men who made our history
in Colonial days, before and during the
Revolutionary War, many were identified
with that old town, visited there, met to
gether in friendly converse or earnest coun
sel, and discussed the grave questions of
the hour England s oppressive measures
and the resistance of the Colonies, the
rights involved, the liberties invaded, and
the crisis inevitable. George Washington
was often there; Fredericksburg was the
home of his mother. Hugh Mercer lived
there as a physician; James Monroe, law
yer (who later led the advance of the
Americans in the battle of Trenton and af
terwards became President), also resided
there; John Marshall, afterward Chief Jus
tice, and George Mason of Gunston Hall,
36 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
leaders of thought, patriots of action, all
found Fredericksburg a pleasant and con
venient meeting place in those days, omi
nous of threatening strife and deadly con
In September, 1774, the General Con
gress of the Colonies met in Philadelphia,
the assembled delegates representing the
best and wisest, the most determined and
patriotic men of the land. Peyton Ean-
dolph, of Virginia, was chosen president;
and a declaration of rights and a series of
resolutions were adopted which for solid
ity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wis
dom of conclusion 7 have never been ex
celled. The session ended on the 26th of
October, and it was recommended that an
other Congress meet in May, 1775. The
war-cloud was lowering.
In March, 1775, the Virginia Convention
assembled in St. John s Church, Richmond,
and Patrick Henry s magnetic eloquence,
his splendid rallying cry of "Liberty or
death," stirred all hearts to decision and
action. During these months of hesitation,
anxiety, possible compromise, yet contin
ued aggression, we can imagine this group
of patriots in Fredericksburg keenly alive
to the hazardous trend of public affairs
which culminated in open hostilities at Lex-
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 37
ington and Concord. The Eising Sun tav
ern was then the centre of public entertain
ment; and its genial host was Mr. George
Weedon, who afterwards became a Major-
General in the Continental Army. The
cosy apartments of the inn, its bright wood
fires and comfortable surroundings, in
duced good-fellowship and free exchange of
opinions. There was no need of argument,
as all were true patriots. It was surely as
picturesque a scene as history ever painted
those men in conversation at the * Rising
Sun!" Washington, wise and calm; Mer
cer, with patriotic power and battle memor
ies surging in his heart; impetuous Paul
Jones, eager for the fray; young Monroe,
summing up the wrongs of the Colonies,
and ready to avenge them; Marshall, the
learned jurist, the great advocate of jus
tice, and George Mason, one of the great
lights of history, whose genius illuminated
the cause and established its principles.
Can we not see them all, great men, whose
example lives still, whose names are blaz
oned on "the roll-call of the immortals. "
Madam Washington, as she was called,
lived not far from the Rising Sun tavern,
and would have enjoyed the earnest dis
cussions therein (which no doubt George
reported to her), as her sterling good sense
38 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
and keen observation made her opinions of
decided weight and influence.
After the removal of the powder, above
referred to, the news of unjustifiable acts
of aggression by the Crown in other Colo
nies came thick and fast. Events with
startling rapidity followed one after an
other. Concord and Lexington had been
heard from ; Virginia s Patrick Henry had
uttered the words that were heard around
the world ; and the Revolution was inaugu
rated. Three regiments were formed.
Henry was made Colonel of the First,
elected over Hugh Mercer by one vote in a
contest for the colonelcy.
William Woodford of Caroline County
became Colonel of the Second, and Mercer,
Colonel of the Third Regiment, of which his
brother-in-law, Weedon, was the Lieuten
ant-Colonel ; and Thomas Marshall of Fau-
quier County, the father of John Marshall
who afterwards became Chief Justice, was
the Major. About this time, Mercer, who
had married Miss Isabella Gordon, daugh
ter of John Gordon, resided in what is
known as "The Sentry-Box, " on lower
Main Street, a house which is still in good
condition and well preserved.
The election of Mercer to the colonelcy
of this Third Regiment was a veritable case
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 39
of the "office seeking the man," for when
the storm-cloud of war first appeared, Mer
cer made an offer of his services to the Vir
ginia Convention in these expressive but
brief words : "Hugh Mercer will serve his
adopted country and the cause of Liberty
in any rank or station to which he may be
assigned, " words which found their echo
in what he said later.
"We are not engaged," said he, "in a
war of ambition, or I should not have been
here. Every man should be content to
serve in that station in which he can be
most useful. For my part, I have but one
object in view, and that is, the success of
the cause ; and God can witness how cheer
fully I would lay down my life to secure
William Wirt, in his Life of Patrick
Henry, has this to say in connection with
Mercer s appointment:
i Three Eegiments of one thousand men
each was first determined on, and Patrick
Henry s friends nominated him for Colonel
of the First Regiment, it having been de
termined that this officer should be the
Commander-in-Chief of the forces to be
raised. The opposition united on Dr. Hugh
Mercer of Fredericksburg, who had served
with great distinction under Washington
40 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
in the French and Indian War of 1755. It
is no wonder that men, with so much at
stake, should have hesitated to place in
command of their entire forces a man of
no military experience (Patrick Henry),
however great his abilities as a civilian.
The first ballot stood for Hugh Mercer 41,
for Patrick Henry 40, for Thomas Nelson
8, and for William Woodford 1.
The second ballot between the two high
est resulted in the election of Mr. Henry,
although Mercer and Woodford were offi
cers of experience and ability. Nothing
but the conviction of the majority that the
qualities which made Mr. Henry a great
political leader would also make him a good
Colonel can explain their action in prefer
ring him (Patrick Henry) as the Comman-
der-in-Chief of the Virginia forces. Mer
cer was objected to for being a North
Briton. In answer to this objection it was
admitted that Mercer was born in Scotland,
but that he came to America in his early
years and had constantly resided in it from
his first coming over; that his family and
all his other connections were in this col
ony; that he had uniformly distinguished
himself as a warm and firm friend of the
rights of America; and what was a princi
pal consideration, that he possessed great
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 41
military as well as literary abilities. Mr.
Nelson acknowledged Mercer s military
abilities, declared he would not oppose his
appointment, and hoped that he himself
would not be voted for. Mr. Woodford,
who was not at that time a member of the
Convention, spoke much in favor of Mer
cer, declaring that he was willing to serve
under him, as he knew him to be a fine
Mercer s election is thus recorded in
the proceedings of the Virginia Conven
"Wednesday, January 10, 1776, Conven
tion proceeded by ballot to the appointment
of a Colonel of the Third Regiment, and
there was a majority of the whole Conven
tion in favor of Hugh Mercer. Resolved,
therefore, that the said Hugh Mercer be
appointed Colonel of the Third Regiment.
When the Committee of Safety heard of
Mercer s appointment, it passed these reso
"The committee of the county, to express
their approbation of the appointment of
Col. Mercer, and to pay a tribute justly
due to the noble and patriotic conduct
which that gentleman has uniformly pur
sued since the commencement of our dis
putes with the Mother Country, which was
42 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
so strikingly displayed on that occasion,
entered into the following resolve:
Resolved, That the thanks of this com
mittee be presented to Colonel Hugh Mer
cer, Commander-in-Chief of the Battalion
of Minute Men in the District of this
County, and the counties of Caroline, Staf
ford, and King George ; expressing the high
sense of the importance of his appointment
to that station, and our acknowledgements
of his public spirit in sacrificing his pri
vate interest to the service of his Country.
"ALEXANDER DICK, Clerk."
And Colonel Mercer, at the head of his
regiment, with his fife and drum, marched
away from his adopted Virginia home, bid
ding good-by to his wife, children, and
friends "whom God ordained and the
fates decreed " he should never, in this
world, see again.
COLONEL MERCER was ordered at once to
report to Williamsburg then the capital of
Virginia where there was a considerable
encampment of troops. A writer in a very
old periodical gives us an interesting ac
count of Mercer while there, from which we
"The commencement of the American
Revolution found him in the midst of an
extensive medical practice, surrounded by
affectionate friends, and enjoying in the
bosom of a happy family all the comforts
of social life. Stimulated to action
by a lofty spirit of patriotism, he
broke from the endearments of do
mestic life, and gave to his country
in that trying hour the energy and
resources of a practiced and accomplished
soldier. In 1775 he was in command of
three regiments of minute men, and early
in 1776 we find him zealously engaged, as
Colonel of the Army of Virginia, in drilling
and organizing the raw and ill-formed
masses of men who, under the varied names
44 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
of sons of liberty, minutemen, volunteers,
and levies, presented the bulk without the
order, the mob without the discipline, of
an army. To produce obedience and subor
dination among men who had entered
into the war unpaid and unrestricted by
command, was a severe and invidious
The courage, the fortitude, the self-pos
session of Colonel Mercer quailed not at
these adverse circumstances, and, by the
judicious exercise of mingled severity and
kindness, he soon succeeded in reducing a
mutinous soldiery to complete submission.
Tradition has preserved the following an
ecdote, illustrating, in a striking manner,
his characteristic promptitude and brav
Among the troops which arrived at Wil-
liamsburg, then the metropolis of Virginia,
was a company of riflemen from beyond
the mountains, commanded by Captain Gib
son. A reckless insubordination and a vio
lent opposition to military restraint had
gained for this corps the sarcastic name of
"Gibson s Lambs. " They had not been
long in camp before a mutiny arose among
them, producing much excitement in the
army, and alarming the inhabitants of the
city. Freed from all command, they roamed
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 45
through the camp, threatening with instant
death any officer who would presume to ex
ercise authority over them. In the height
of the rebellion an officer was dispatched
with the alarming tidings to the quarters
of Colonel Mercer. The citizens of the town
vainly implored him not to risk his life and
person amid this infuriated mob.
Reckless of personal safety, he instantly
repaired to the barracks of the mutinous
band, and directing a general parade of the
troops, he ordered Gibson s company to be
drawn up as offenders and violators of law,
and to be disarmed in his presence. The
ringleaders were placed under a strong
guard, and in the presence of the whole
army he addressed the offenders in an elo
quent and feeling manner, impressing on
them their duties as citizens and soldiers,
and the certainty of death if they continued
to disobey their officers and remained in
that mutinous spirit, equally disgraceful to
them and hazardous to the sacred interests
they had marched to defend. Disorder was
instantly checked, and, after a short con
finement, those under imprisonment were
released ; the whole company was ever after
as exemplary in deportment and conduct as
any troop in the army.
On June 5, 1776, Mercer was promoted
46 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
and made a Brigadier-General in the Con
tinental Army, of which the following cor
respondence gives evidence:
"President of Congress to General Mer
cer, Philadelphia, June 6, 1776. Sir: I
am directed by Congress to inform you that
they yesterday appointed you a Brigadier-
General in the armies of the United Colo
nies, and that they request you will imme
diately on receipt hereof set out for head
quarters at New York; for which purpose
I am commanded to forward you this by
express. Should you take Philadelphia in
your way, I must beg you will do me the
favor to call at my house, as it is highly
probable I shall have something in charge
from Congress ready for you at that time.
I do myself the pleasure to enclose your
commission; and have the honor to be, sir,
"Your most obedient and very humble
" J. HANCOCK, President.
"To Brigadier-General Mercer, Vir
"Williamsburg, June 15, 1776.
l Sir : I had the honor yesterday to re
ceive your letter of the 6th inst., together
with a commission, appointing me a Briga-
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 47
dier- General in the army of the United
Give me leave, sir, to request of you to
present to the honorable Congress my most
grateful acknowledgements in this distin
guished mark of their respect.
i I was on duty with part of my regiment
before Gwinn s Island, where Lord Dun-
more has taken possession, when your in
structions reached me; in consequence of
this I shall use my utmost diligence, after
settling the accounts of my regiment, to
wait on you in Philadelphia, I have the
honor to be, sir,
i Your most obedient, humble servant,
"To the Honorable John Hancock, Es
General Washington soon afterward ap
pointed him to take full command of the
troops at Paulus Hook, and charged him
with the duty of directing the movement of
a large detachment of Pennsylvania Militia
and of protecting that point against a
threatening invasion by the enemy from
Staten Island. The latter part of the year
1776 the Colonists, with bated breath,
feared the end of their struggle for liberty
had come. New York and Rhode Island
48 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
had been left in the hands of the British.
Washington slowly withdrew from New
Jersey, stubbornly disputing every effort
to bring on an engagement ; he crossed the
Delaware; as the Royalists approached he
retreated; at last he took refuge beyond
that river, and for a distance of many miles
he withdrew all the boats on its shores to
its right bank, in order to impede Cornwal-
lis in case he attempted to cross. The army
of the Colonists was poorly clad, many of
them barefooted; without tents, with few
blankets, and very scantily fed, they were
confronted by Cornwallis with a splendidly
equipped army, well provisioned and
The British Hessians were then in pos
session of Trenton, and had to a large ex
tent the practical control of the State of
New Jersey. Sir William Howe boasted
that Philadelphia would fall when the Del
aware became frozen. At this critical junc
ture, on Christmas night, Washington
crossed the Delaware amid a blinding storm
of snow and sleet. His passage became
much impeded by floating ice, but with the
rallying cry of "Victory or death, " he
executed that brilliant movement on De
cember 26, at Trenton, which caused
the loyal though much depressed pa-
The life of General Hugh Mercer 49
triots to renew their fast-wasting cour
By this coup-de-main, Washington cap
tured in the battle fought in Trenton about
one thousand stands of arms, one thousand
prisoners, and many stores of ammunition,
with a large amount of provisions and
clothing. This, with a bounty of ten dol
lars in gold to his troopers, restored fresh
confidence in his rank and file, and caused
the Continentals whose term of enlistment
was about to expire to remain under the
new flag of the Colonists for some weeks
longer. For this brilliant victory histori
ans, with one accord, give credit and glory
to Mercer. Major Armstrong, his aide-de
camp, who was present at a council of offi
cers, and who was with Mercer at the cross
ing of the Delaware, is authority for the
statement that Mercer suggested this ex
pedition, fraught with so much peril and
General Howe, who was amazed at
Washington s intrepid boldness, and
stunned by his great success, immediately
ordered Cornwallis by a forced march to
stop this onward advance. About five thou
sand men were pushed to Trenton, while a
larger body of men was held in reserve;
and on January 2d they met the advance
50 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
line of the Continental Army at Laurens-
ville. The British drove them back, and
about sunset of that day reached Trenton.
Washington, having carefully guarded the
ford and bridge, drew up his army beyond
the Assanpenk. This skirmish caused a
great loss in killed and wounded, and the
fate of the struggling Colonies was held
tremblingly in the balance. Had Cornwal-
lis forced the light that night with his vastly
superior and much better equipped troops,
it is possible that the fate of the Colonists
would have been sealed. He was urged to
make the attack, but refused, giving as an
excuse the fatigue of his troops, saying
"that he had the old fox just where he
wanted him, and would catch him in the
morning," a morning which never came to
him, so far as catching the "old fox" was
Washington was now confronted with
great peril. The army of Cornwallis in
front and the Delaware in the rear, retreat
was impossible; an open engagement was
nearly certain to result in defeat; and de
feat at this pivotal point in the life of the
Colonies meant the destruction of their
government and death to their hope for
that liberty for which they longed and had
suffered and sacrificed so much. At a coun-
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 51
cil of war held in General Mercer s head
quarters that night, the determination and
decision was reached to withdraw the Con
tinental forces from in front of the enemy
and go around him and attack the detach
ment then at Princeton; for by the Provi
dence of God, the roads were made pass
able by being frozen, or else such a perilous
expedition could not have been accom
The pickets of the two armies were with
in two hundred yards of one another, and
only a small stream, called the Assanpenk,
was between them. In order to deceive
the enemy, a long line of fire was kept up
in Washington s front while his army was
slowly on its way to Princeton, and thus
deceived, the enemy slept. The "old fox"
had escaped, as Cornwallis, much to his dis
may, found in the morning.
A woman guided the Continental Army
on that march beset with so many perils
and difficulties. A woman! Her loyalty,
her devotion, her sacrifice, and her suffer
ings for the cause of the Colony have given
and shall ever give her all honor, praise,
Washington passed safely around the
post of General Leslie at Maidenhead, but
his progress was so slow that it was sun-
52 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
rise when he reached Stonybrook, about
two miles from Princeton. He formed his
column at the Quaker meeting house, which
is still well preserved, at Princeton. The
van and rearguard was composed of Con
tinental soldiers who had bared their
breasts to many a storm of shot and shell ;
the center was composed of troops who
were first baptized with fire at Trenton.
Washington ordered forward a detachment
of about four hundred men under Mercer,
consisting of the First Virginia Kegiment,
Sham wood s Regiment from Maryland, and
Colonel Haslett s Delaware Regiments,
with NeaPs Battery, to seize a bridge at
Worth s Mill. This detachment marched
to the left from the road that leads along
the brook, while Washington took a by-road
to the right, in the rear of the Clark house ;
this road led directly to Princeton.
The Seventeenth, the Fortieth, and the
Fifty-fifth British regiments, and three
troops of Dragoons, had slept that night at
Princeton, and had already begun their
march to Trenton. The night had been
dark and dreary, and the morning was se
verely cold ; the Seventeenth Kegiment hav
ing crossed the bridge, occupied a hill be
Mercer s presence was revealed at day-
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 53
break, and Mawhood at once counter
marched his regiment and crossed the
bridge at Worth s Mill before Mercer could
reach it, each side being surprised by the
presence of the other. Each army tried to
gain the high ground west of Clark s house.
The Colonists reached it first, and from be
hind a worm fence opened fire, which was
quickly responded to by the British.
The British troops charged after the
third volley, and the Colonists were driven
back in disorder before a bayonet charge
from a force vastly superior in numbers.
At this point General Mercer dismounted
from his horse, which had been disabled,
and tried vainly to rally his men; while he
was doing so, he was knocked down by the
butt-end of a musket in the hand of a Brit
ish trooper, who demanded that he should
surrender, which he refused to do. He was
then bayoneted and left for dead on the
battle-field. (This spot has been marked
by the erection of a white pillar.)
As soon as Washington heard this firing,
he ordered forward the Pennsylvania Mi
litia and Moulder s Battery to the assist
ance of Mercer ; thus reinforced, the flight
of the Continentals was stopped, and the
British were made to halt in their pursuit.
At this critical moment Washington ap-
54 The Life of General Hugh. Mercer
peared in person, and taking in the situa
tion of affairs at a glance, he waved his hat
and cheered on his troops. Washington
was now between the firing lines of both ar
mies, and was in great danger and great
peril. Moulder s Battery poured volley af
ter volley into the ranks of the enemy, and
the roar of musketry followed, as the brave
Rhode Islanders and the Virginia Seventh
swung, with other Continentals, into line,
causing the enemy to break and fly, fol
lowed by victorious shouts from the Amer
As the smoke of battle cleared away, it
revealed Washington unharmed. Colonel
Fitzgerald, his aide-de-camp, galloped to
his side and said, * Thank God, your excel
lency is safe!" Washington replied,
"Away, my dear Colonel, and bring up the
troops ; the day is our own.
The rout of the British was complete.
Mawhood escaped with some of his scat
tered and shattered troops to Maidenhead.
Some fled up Stonybrook ; many were cap
tured by a body of cavalry from Philadel
General St. Clair met on this retreat the
Fifty-fifth Regiment of British soldiers and
quickly put them to flight ; a portion of the
Fortieth Regiment, which had not been in
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 55
the engagement, took refuge in Nassau
Hall, Princeton, and were captured.
And thus on the morning of January 3,
1777, the Battle of Princeton, which was of
short duration, but momentous of great re
sults, was fought and won; and the shout
of victory that commenced there was not
hushed until at Yorktown the end came
an end which marks the beginning of our
Eepublic, which is to-day the wonder of the
It is needless and unnecessary in this bi
ography of General Mercer to recount the
further movements, marches, and counter
marches of Washington and his army. In
this battle General Mercer, "who seems to
have excited the brutality of the British by
the gallantry of his resistance, " was
stabbed by their bayonets in seven different
parts of his body, and they inflicted on his
head many blows with the butt-end of their
muskets, only ceasing this butchery when
they believed him dead.
As soon after the battle as possible, Gen
eral Mercer was removed to an adjacent
farmhouse, owned by Mr. Clark, where
Mrs. Clark and her daughter tenderly
nursed him, being assisted by Major Lewis,
who was delegated by General Washington
to go there for that purpose. Dr. Bush, of
56 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
Philadelphia, and Dr. Archibald Alexan
der, of Augusta County, Virginia, who was
then a surgeon of the Virginia troops, were
at Mercer s bedside doing everything pos
sible to alleviate his sufferings, which were
intense and acute. Their services and min
istrations were without avail, for on Janu
ary 12, 1777, he died in the arms of Major
Lewis. The angel of death wooed him to a
brighter and better land, and the recording
angel wrote in the great book, "Well
He had willingly sacrificed his life for the
liberties of the people of his adopted land.
"For whether on the scaffold high,
Or in the battle s van,
The noblest death that man can die
Is when he dies for man.
DESIRING to give the full benefit of what
others thought and said of General Mercer
and the great value of his services to the
struggling Colonies, it cannot be thought
inappropriate for me to reproduce here
what has already been written of him, es
pecially by those who were near him in the
times of which they wrote. Among those
was General James Wilkinson, who says :
"The first fire was delivered by General
Mercer, which the enemy returned with a
volley and a sudden charge; many of our
men being armed with rifles, were forced,
after the third round, to abandon the fence,
and fled in disorder. On hearing the fire,
General Washington directed the Pennsyl
vania Militia to support General Mercer,
and in person led them on, with two pieces
of artillery under Capt. Wm. Moulder, of
the city of Philadelphia, who formed a bat
tery on the right of Thomas Clark s house;
the enemy pursued the detachment of Gen
eral Mercer as far as the brow of the de
clivity, etc. At the time General Mercer en-
58 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
gaged the Seventeenth Eegiment, under
Colonel Hand, and endeavored by a right
movement to turn the enemy s left flank,
In this affair our numerical loss was in
considerable it did not exceed 30, and only
14 were buried in the field; but it was of
great magnitude in worth and talents.
Colonels Haslett and Porter, Major Morris,
and Capt. Wm. Shippen were respected in
their corps; Captains Fleming and Neal
presented fair promise of professional ex
cellence ; but in General Mercer was lost a
chief who, for education, experience, tal
ents, disposition, integrity and patriotism,
was second to no man but the Commander-
in-Chief , and was qualified to fill the highest
trusts of the country. The manner in which
he was wounded is an evidence of the ex
cess to which the common soldiery are li
able in the heat of action, especially when
irritated by the loss of favorite officers. His
way being obstructed, when advancing, by
a post and rail fence in front of the or
chard, it may be presumed that the General
dismounted voluntarily, for he was on foot
when the troops in the front hesitated, be
came confused, and soon gave way, while
the few regulars in the rear could not
check the dastardlv retreat. Ere the for-
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 59
tune of the day was changed and victory
perched on the patriot standard, the heroic
Mercer fell. Bushing forward to rally his
broken troops, and stimulating them by
voice and example, his horse was shot from
under him, and he fell, dangerously wound
ed, among the columns of the advancing
enemy. Being thus dismounted, he was in
stantly surrounded by a number of British
soldiers, with whom, when they refused him
quarter, he fought desperately with drawn
sword until he was completely overpow
ered. Excited to brutality by the gallantry
of his resistance, they stabbed him with
their bayonets in seven different parts of
his body, and inflicted many blows on his
head with the butt-ends of their muskets;
nor did they cease their butchery until they
believed him to be a crushed and mangled
corpse. Nine days after the battle, he died
in the arms of Major George Lewis, of the
army, the nephew of General Washington,
whom the uncle had commissioned to watch
over the last moments of his expiring
friend. His latter hours were soothed by
the skillful and affectionate attendance of
the distinguished Dr. Eush. He complained
much of his head, and frequently remarked
to his surgeon that "there was the princi
pal danger/ and Dr. Eush, in speaking of
60 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
his patient s suffering, always ascribed his
death more to the blows on the head than
to the bayonet wounds, although several of
these were attended with extreme danger.
In a small house not far distant from the
blood-red plain of carnage and death, but
far away from the soothing consolations of
domestic affection, this distinguished mar
tyr of liberty breathed his last.
The mangled body was removed under a
military escort from Princeton to Phila
delphia, and exposed a day in the Coffee
house, with the idea of exciting by that
mournful spectacle the indignation of the
people. The Pennsylvania Evening Post
for January 18, 1777, has thus recorded his
death and funeral obsequies: "Last Sun
day evening, died, near Princeton, of the
wounds he received in the engagement at
that place on the 3rd instant, Hugh Mercer,
Esquire, Brigadier-General in the Conti
nental Army. On Wednesday his body was
brought to this city, and on Thursday bur
ied on the south side of Christ Church,
with military honors, attended by the Com
mittee of Safety, the members of the As
sembly, gentlemen of the army, and a num
ber of the most respectable inhabitants of
this city. The uniform character, exalted
abilities, and intrepidity of this illustrious
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 61
officer will render his name equally dear to
America, with the liberty for which she is
now contending, to the latest posterity.
The battles of Trenton and Princeton, in
which General Mercer fought and bled unto
death, were the most brilliant and fortunate
victories won in the War of the Revolution.
The question of our independence was now
no longer a matter of doubt. General Mer
cer s elevated character, lofty heroism, and
brutal murder excited a deep and affection
ate sympathy throughout all the Colonies.
General Washington, in an official letter to
the Continental Congress, thus alluded to
Generals Mercer and Warren, Congress
having, on April 7, 1777, resolved that a
monument should be erected at Boston to
the memory of General Warren, and one at
Fredericksburg to General Mercer :
i The honors Congress has decreed to
the memory of Generals Warren and Mer
cer afford me the highest pleasure. Their
character and fortitude had a just claim
to every mark of respect, and I heartily
wish that every officer of the United States,
emulating their virtues, may by their ac
tions secure to themselves the same right to
the grateful tributes of their country. 7
On January 15, 1777, Washington wrote
to Mr. Joseph Reed:
62 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
"When you see General Mercer, be so
good as to present my best wishes to him
and congratulations (if the state of his
health will admit of it) on his recovery
from death. You may assure him that
nothing but the confident assertion to me
that he was either dead, or within a few
minutes of dying, and that he was put into
as good a place as I could remove him to,
prevented his seeing me after the action
and pursuit at Princeton."
When that letter was written the hero
of Princeton had passed to the Great Be
yond. A farther evidence and expression
of the high estimation in which General
Mercer was held by Washington is found
in a letter from the latter to General Liv
ingston, dated from headquarters, July 6,
1776, 5 o clock p. M., in which he wrote :
* General Mercer has just set off for Jer
sey. In his experience and judgment you
may repose great confidence. He will pro
ceed to Amboy after conferring with you.
You will please to keep me constantly in
formed of the proceedings of the enemy,
and be assured of every assistance and at
In the Journal of the Continental Con
gress for June 3 and July 19, 1776,
what was known as the Flying Camp was
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 63
constituted of ten thousand men, to be put
under the command of such a Continental
officer as General Washington should di
rect, and by his direction they assembled
at Amboy, New Jersey, under the command
of General Mercer.
General Washington, in another letter to
General Livingston, of date July 5, 1776,
referring to Mercer said: "His judgment
and experience may be depended on ; " and
on January 5, 1777, in his official report to
Congress, of the Battle of Princeton, after
describing the battle and the capture of
prisoners, etc., he said: "This piece of
good fortune is counterbalanced by the loss
of the brave and worthy General Mercer."
Nothing is needed further to show how
the great Washington regarded Hugh Mer
cer, and to this I will add what was said of
him by Lafayette on his last visit to this
The conversation in a brilliant company
turning on the prominent men of the Bevo-
lution, one of the company observed to him
that he, General Lafayette, was, of course,
acquainted with General Mercer, not recol
lecting that Lafayette did not arrive in the
United States until after the Battle of
Princeton. "Oh, no," said the General,
"you know that Mercer fell in January,
64 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
1777, and I reached the United States in
the ensuing spring; but on my arrival I
found the army and whole country so full
of his name that an impression has been
always left on my mind since that I was
personally acquainted with him."
At Princeton the high tide of the Revolu
tion was reached. Before then, gloom had
settled on the cause of the Colonies. The
Tories, with their "I told you so," pre
dicted and prophesied a humiliating defeat,
and the loyal Colonists began to doubt and
despair. After that battle the bright sun
shine of hope settled on this fair land of
ours, and from that point the army of
Washington fought to conquer ; for the vic
tory of Princeton not only encouraged the
doubting and despairing rebels, as the Col
onists were called, but it brought to them
the recognition and alliance of France.
That victory, however, was dearly gained,
for amidst the exultant charge of our vic
torious legions could be heard the dying
groans of that pure patriot the brave and
"What death could finer laurel buy?
What grander ending can there be
Than for a noble man to die
To help to make his country free?
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 65
Although the day was dearly bought,
Twas there the Tyrant s doom was
And not in vain the fight was fought
When Mercer fell on Princeton Field.
His sword will waste away with rust,
And tho twere wrapped in cloth of
Within the grave his precious dust
In time will mingle with the mold ;
But he, himself, is canonized,
If saintly deeds such fame can give,
For long as Liberty is prized
HUGH MERCER S NAME SHALL SURELY
ON JANUARY 31, 1777, the Continental
Congress passed the following resolution:
1 That a committee of four be appointed to
consider what honors are due to the mem
ory of General Mercer, who died on the
12th instant, of wounds received on the 3d
of the same month, in fighting against the
enemies of American liberty, near Prince
ton. The members of that committee were
the Hon. Messrs. Rush, Heynard, Page, and
S. Adams. On April 8, 1777, that com
mittee reported "That a monument be
erected to the memory of General Mercer
at Fredericksburg, in the State of Virginia,
with the following inscription:
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 67
Sacred to the memory of
Brigadier-General in the Army of
The United States.
He died on the 12th of January, 1777,
of the wounds he received on the
3rd of the same month,
Near Princeton, in New Jersey,
Bravely defending the
Liberties of America.
The Congress of the United States,
In testimony of his virtues and their
Have caused this monument to be erected.
The report of the committee was, how
ever, never executed. Under that resolu
tion no monument was ever built; why, no
one knows. Nations, like some individuals,
soon forget. For more than a century did
this Republic fail in its duty to the memory
of the gallant Mercer. At last the con
science, as well as the sense of justice, of
the nation was aroused. Hence by an act
of Congress, approved June 28, 1902, the
resolution of 1777 was directed by Congress
to be carried into effect, and at Fredericks-
burg, in the State of Virginia, there has
been a monument erected to perpetuate the
fame and name of Hugh Mercer. And it
68 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
is well, "lest we forget, lest we forget."
The same epitaph is engraved on this mon
ument that was prescribed in the resolu
tions of 1777. The City of Philadelphia
paid the memory of Mercer a great tribute
by giving his remains a public funeral,
which it is said 30,000 people attended. He
was buried in the graveyard of Christ
Church. In 1817 his son visited his grave ;
the old sexton a Mr. Dolley who had at
tended the funeral of the General, was
there alone. Under the grass on the south
side of the brick enclosure was found a
plain and unadorned marble slab, inscribed
Gl. M. In memory of Gen 1 Hugh Mercer,
who fell at Princeton, January 3rd, 1777."
The St. Andrew s Society afterward re
moved his remains to the Laurel Hill Ceme
tery and erected a monument to his mem
ory, which was dedicated with imposing
ceremonies on Thursday, November 26,
1840; on which occasion Wm. B. Reed,
Esq., grandson of Adjutant-General Reed,
of the Revolution, delivered a beautiful ad
dress. General Mercer had joined the St.
Andrew s Society in Philadelphia, in 1757.
On the front die of this monument, etc., is
the following inscription:
The Monument to Gen. Hugh Mercer at Fredericksburg, Va.
OPPOSITE P. 6<
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 69
Dedicated to the memory of
GENERAL HUGH MERCER,
For the sacred cause
The Battle of Princeton.
He poured out his blood for a generous
Left-hand side of die :
The St. Andrew s Society
Offer this humble tribute
To the memory of
An illustrious brother.
When a grateful posterity shall bid the
trophied Memorial rise to the martyrs who
sealed with their blood the Charter of an
Empire 7 s Liberties, there shall not be want
ing a monument to him whom
Mourned as "The Worthy and Brave
70 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
Eight-hand side of die :
General Mercer, a physician of Freder-
icksburg, in Virginia, was distinguished for
his skill and learning, his gentleness and
decision, his refinement and humanity, his
elevated honour and his devotion to the
great cause of civil and religious liberty.
In the historical paintings of the Battle
of Princeton by Peale, at Princeton, and by
Trumbull at New York, General Mercer is
given a prominent position. And the states
of Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Virginia, and
New Jersey, have by solemn and appropri
ate acts of their respective Legislatures,
named a county " Mercer " in his honor.
On October 1, 1897, a bronze tablet was
unveiled in Princeton, bearing this inscrip
"To the memory of General Hugh Mer
cer, the revered martyr of American Inde
pendence. Born in Scotland in 1720; edu
cated as a physician ; emigrated to America
in 1747; was appointed by Congress, June
5th, 1776, a Brigadier-General in the Amer
ican Army; was mortally wounded at the
Battle of Princeton, January 3rd, 1777 ; and
died in the house now standing near this
spot January 12th, 1777. This tablet was
The Grave of General Mercer in Laurel Hill Cemetery,
Philadelphia, Pa., with Monument Erected
by St. Andrew s Society
OPPOSITE P. 7O
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 71
erected by the Mercer Engine Company No.
3 of Princeton, N. J., October 1st, 1897, at
the semi-centennial celebration. "
On this occasion Judge Beverly E. Well-
ford, of Richmond, Va., and Dr. Henry C.
Cameron, of Princeton, made eloquent and
appropriate historical orations.
In November, 1899, the Hon. Henry W.
Green, of Trenton, N. J., presented a hand
some portrait of General Mercer to the
Mercersburg Academy of Pennsylvania;
and in doing so, among other things, said :
"His life record shows him as a soldier,
brave and courageous; as a physician,
learned in his profession ; as a scholar, well
read and of generous attainments ; as a pa
triot, pure and impulsive; as a Christian,
self-sacrificing and true. Few lives illume
the page of national history with kindlier
glow than that of Mercer. Fortunate the
town with such a namesake; honored the
school that bears his name ; glorified the na
tion in whose cause he laid down that most
precious of his possessions his life."
Hugh Mercer was an alumnus of Mar-
schal College and the University of Aber
deen, Scotland, and this university recog
nizes him as one of its most illustrious stu
dents. In its annual list of honored alumni,
he is one of the three chosen to represent
72 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
the profession of arms ; the other two being
Field-Marshal James Keith, the distin
guished officer in the service of Frederick
the Great, and Sir James Outram, the
" Bayard of India, "
Congress, on motion of Thomas Jeffer
son, in 1784 made an appropriation for the
education of General Mercer s youngest
son, Hugh, who died at his residence, "The
Sentry Box," December 2, 1853. Another
son, John, a distinguished lawyer, died
September 30, 1817; and his only daugh
ter, Anna Gordon, who married Eobert Pat-
ton, died in Fredericksburg, Va,, May 12,
1832. General Hugh W. Mercer, of Savan
nah, Ga., a gallant officer in the Confeder
ate Army, was a grandson of General Mer
cer, and the late John M. Patton, another
grandson, was a member of Congress from
the Fredericksburg District under Jack
son s administration, and was acting-Gov
ernor of Virginia in 1840.
Now as the end of the story of the life
of Hugh Mercer in this work approaches,
by way of recapitulation it behooves us to
ask, What were the most attractive and po
tential elements of that life? We would
say, Fidelity to principle, fixedness of pur
pose, faithfulness in the discharge of the
obligations imposed by citizenship, with a
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 73
fearlessness that knew no limitation when
duty and obligation joined in demanding
energetic action. To realize that this is
true, the reader need only be reminded of
what was accomplished by Mercer, and how
that accomplishment was brought about.
We find him at Culloden obeying every in
spiration of loyalty to Scotland and Scot
tish traditions when he championed the
cause of the Pretender. To have done oth
erwise would have been contrary to every
dictate of duty as it was impressed on Scot
land itself. When he became a resident of
America, on the frontier of Pennsylvania,
he felt himself obliged by the very highest
and holiest obligations of citizenship to im
peril his life in many Indian wars in order
to preserve the lives and protect the homes
of the people among whom he lived. When
the tocsin of war sounded, and the Colo
nies "struck for liberty" and for freedom
from the intolerable and tyrannical aggres
sions of Great Britain, being impressed
with the right and righteousness of the
cause of the Colonies, he at once offered his
services in their behalf, gave up his life for
the cause which he espoused, and died that
liberty might live.
His life was a strenuous one, full of ex
acting and unselfish work for others : As a
74 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
country doctor, ministering to the sick and
comforting the suffering; as a Mason,
teaching by precept and by example the
cardinal doctrines of the craft, the father
hood of God and the brotherhood of man ;
as a member of the church, expressing by
his walk and conversation the faith he felt
in the Savior of men, whom he humbly fol
lowed ; as the head of his home, in the God-
given capacity of husband and father, ever
directing its affairs and executing its du
ties, making his home life spotless and
stainless ; as a citizen, evading no obligation
and avoiding no demand imposed upon that
citizenship. He was a soldier always, vigi
lant, obedient and loyal; an officer whose
tactics were of the onward, never backward
order, counselling against evacuation of
strategic positions, even though it seemed
impossible to retain them, with judgment
that could be always relied on, said the
great Washington. When confronted by
seemingly insurmountable obstacles, he
suggested movements by which superiority
in numbers could be overridden by superi
ority in forethought and decisive action. He
was brave without being desperate ; he was
a good disciplinarian without being a mar
tinet. In his vocabulary there was no such
word as surrender. He was willing t to
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 75
do, dare or die for the flag under which he
enlisted ; he unsheathed his sword in honor,
and never was it dishonored to his dying
day ; he was the hero of Princeton, with no
one to pluck that laurel from his brow, and
is entitled to the glory that came from that
victory which resulted in a Confederation
of States that has made the Western Hem
isphere the admiration and the wonder of
the world. He is entitled to the gratitude
of all liberty-loving America. His life was
beautiful and complete in its symmetry,
and was both a benediction and benefac
tion. The memory of such a man cannot
perish from the face of the earth, but shall
be as eternal as Truth.
THIS narrative would not be complete
without a short story of the friends of
Hugh Mercer at Fredericksburg his daily
associates, who communed with him at the
sessions of the Masonic Lodge; who sat
Around the old open fireplace at the Eising
Sun tavern and talked with him about the
gossip of the town ; who watched and waited
with him, in front of the post-office, for the
coming of the rumbling, rattling old stage
with its weekly mail and its belated news
from Williamsburg. It is not, however, my
purpose to write a biography of these peo
ple, but only a short sketch of them as their
lives touched that of Mercer s, and as these
distinguished people were connected and
associated with Fredericksburg; and, as
Washington stands in the forefront of this
nation s life, so he stands, peerless and
high above all others, in the life of this
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 77
He who was " first in war, first in
peace, and first in the hearts of his country
men" was a very small boy when his
father, Augustine Washington, died on his
place, since called "The Washington
Farm," opposite Fredericksburg. He went
to school in that town, and in after-life
referred to it as the town of his youth and
maturing manhood. Just before the com
mencement of the Revolution, his mother
and her family moved into the town. Wash
ington, in his maturer years, visited his
mother there frequently. He and his bride,
en route from Williamsburg to Mount Ver-
non, came by Fredericksburg to receive, no
doubt, his mother s blessing and benedic
tion. He was the owner of several lots in
the town. After the surrender of Cornwal-
lis at Yorktown, Washington, impelled by
the love and adoration which he had for
her, determined that his first visit should
be to his mother at Fredericksburg, and he
came to her without delay. On that visit
he was received with expressions of joy
and gratitude by the people of the place,
and was presented with an address of wel-
came and congratulations by the Town
Council. On that occasion a grand ball was
78 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
given in his honor, which he attended, ac
companied by Lafayette and other distin
guished officers. In those days the ball com
menced at early candle-light. His aged
mother, whom he escorted, left at nine
o clock. After seeing her safely home, he
returned and danced the stately minuet
with one of the Gregory girls, who was his
Washington was a member of Lodge No.
4, A. F. and A. M., the records of which
lodge show that he was made a Mason No
vember, 1752. On that date there was re
ceived from George Washington, for his
entrance fee, two pounds and five shillings.
When in Fredericksburg he attended the
services of St. George s Episcopal Church.
It is related that on one of his visits after
he had become great and famous, while at
tending the services of this church, it be
came overcrowded, that the old frame
building gave evidences of being unsafe,
and that a panic was only averted by the
coolness of Washington himself.
His only sister, Bettie, who married
Fielding Lewis, lived at a place called
"Kenmore," then on the outskirts of the
Parson Weems locates Fredericksburg as
the place where the great Washington
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 79
threw a silver dollar across the Rappahan-
nock River, and the farm just across the
river and immediately opposite Fredericks-
burg as the place where the cherry tree
and hatchet incident occurred. Although
tradition says Washington read this life
of himself by Weems, history does not re
cord what he said about it. Perhaps he
thought if he (Washington) could not tell
a lie, the parson could, and did.
Mercer and Washington were close and
intimate friends from the time they first
met on the frontier of Pennsylvania until
the death of Mercer at Princeton. They
often met in old Fredericksburg, at the
home of Washington s mother, in the lodge
room, and at the old Rising Sun tavern.
He who enters the town is constrained to
stand reverently, with uncovered head, on
ground around which cling holy memories
of its most illustrious citizen.
JOHN PAUL JONES
John Paul was born July 6, 1747,
in the parish of Kirkbean, Scotland. His
brother, William Paul, had resided in Fred
ericksburg some time prior to 1760, and
kept a grocery store in a house now stand-
80 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
ing at the corner of Prussia and Main
The will of William Paul is recorded in
Spottsylvania County, dated March 22,
1772, and probated November 16, 1774. In
his will he wrote : * It is my will and
desire that my lots and houses in
this town be sold and converted into money,
which I give and bequeath to my beloved
sister, Mary Young, and her two oldest
children, in the Parish of Kirkbean, in
the stewarty of Galloway, North Britain,
Scotland." And as this Mary Young-
was also sister of John Paul, it cannot
possibly be doubted that William and John
Paul were brothers. William Paul died
in 1773, and is buried in old St. George s
churchyard. Over his remains there is still
standing a moss-covered stone, with the
simple inscription : < William Paul, 1773.
Seven cities claimed Homer, dead, and
three contended for Virgil ; a greater num
ber of American cities claim that John Paul
had his home within their gates, but the
record is against them. Fredericksburg,
Virginia, was the one and only home of the
great admiral in this country. One of his
many biographers, as far back as 1823, lo
cates him at Fredericksburg, at the home
of his brother William.
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 81
During the Revolution he wrote to Baron
Von Copelan: "America has been the
country of my fond election since I was
thirteen, when I first saw it." His first
visit, therefore, to Fredericksburg was
about 1760, and after remaining there for
nearly four years he went back to Scot
land. In < The National Portrait Gallery,
published in 1833, it is stated, "In 1773 we
find him (John Paul) in Fredericksburg,
arranging the estate of his brother Will
iam, who had settled in Fredericksburg."
In addition, the traditions and history of
the town establish the unimpeachable fact
that the illustrious hero of the sea had only
one home in America Fredericksburg. It
was while living there that he added Jones
to his name. The reason that moved him
to do this is not known. Speculation and
guesses abound, and authorities differ.
There must have been some strong impel
ling cause, but it is locked in the mystery
of a long silence.
While a resident of that town he received
his commission as lieutenant in the Conti
nental Navy. The splendid achievements
of John Paul Jones are already so well
known to the world that I will not attempt
in so brief an article as this to narrate them
or to give the story of his brilliant career.
82 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
His hand was the first to unfurl the Stars
and Stripes on the high seas. As the com
mander of the Bon Homme Richard, his
story is the pride of every boy in America.
He was the only man who ever gave battle
to the English on English soil. These
things are within the knowledge of all. It
is of his life in Fredericksburg that I
write, and strive to redeem from the past
those years of which so little has been writ
Mercer and Jones, both Scotchmen, were
residents there at the same time, and it can
scarcely be drawing on the imagination to
picture these men of the Clans of old Scot-
hand often meeting in social intercourse
to talk of the land of their birth, being
drawn together as friends and associates
by the strong bond of their mother-country.
It was from Fredericksburg that Mercer
went forth to make his name immortal,
fighting the battles of the Colonies on land ;
and it was from there that John Paul Jones
went to become illustrious by his great vic
tories on the sea. The memories of both
these great and illustrious men are cher
ished by old Fredericksburg, and will ever
be cherished by her as long as the story
of their lives shall live and Fredericksburg
John Paul Jones
OPPOSITE P. 82
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 83
GENERAL GEORGE WEEDON
George Weedon was the "mine host" of
the Rising Sun tavern at Fredericksburg,
whom our English traveler, heretofore
mentioned, said was over-zealous in stir
ring up sedition in the Colonies. He was
also postmaster there. The post-office was
kept in the tavern. Weedon was appointed
lieutenant-colonel of the regiment of which
Mercer was the colonel, was promoted to
its colonelcy on August 17, 1776, and was
made a brigadier-general on February 24,
In the Battle of Brandywine, Weedon
rendered conspicuous and valuable service
while commanding a brigade in Greene s
division, which checked the pursuit of the
British and saved our army from utter and
complete rout. He was a brave and bril
liant commanding officer at the Battle of
Germantown. In consequence of some dis
satisfaction about rank, he left the army
at Valley Forge, re-entering it in 1780 ; and
in 1781 he was given the command of the
Virginia Militia at Gloucester, which posi
tion he held at the surrender of Cornwal-
lis at Yorktown.
General Weedon was the first president
of the Virginia Branch of the Society of
84 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
Cincinnati, and was a member of Lodge
No. 4, A. F. and A. M., of which lodge Mer
cer was at one time the Master. After the
death of his brother-in-law, General Hugh
Mercer, General Weedon occupied "The
Sentry Box" on lower Main street; and
was appointed by the Court the guardian of
Mercer s children. He died in Fredericks-
burg in the early part of the last century.
The General wrote a song, entitled
"Christmas Day in 76," which was sung
at his festive board at each recurring
Christmas. A very interesting account of
this was given in a letter dated February
8, 1837, from Hugh Mercer, Esq., the son
of the General, to the grandfather of Judge
Beverly Wellford, of Richmond, and no
apology is offered for reproducing this
song in this memoir.
CHRISTMAS DAY IN 76
On Christmas Day in seventy-six
Our ragged troops, with bayonets fixed,
For Trenton marched away.
The Delaware ice, the boats below,
The light obscured by hail and snow,
But no signs of dismay.
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 85
Our object was the Hessian band
That dare invade fair Freedom s land,
At quarter in that place.
Great Washington, he led us on,
With ensigns streaming with renown,
Which ne er had known disgrace.
In silent march we spent the night,
Each soldier panting for the fight,
Though quite benumbed with frost.
Greene on the left at six began,
The right was with brave Sullivan,
Who in battle no time lost.
Their pickets stormed; the alarm was
The rebels, risen from the dead,
Were marching into town.
Some scampered here, some scampered
And some for action did prepare;
But soon their arms laid down.
Twelve hundred servile miscreants,
With all their colors, guns, and tents,
Were trophies of the day.
The frolic o er, the bright canteen
In center, front, and rear, was seen,
Driving fatigue awav.
86 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
And, brothers of the cause, let s sing
Our safe deliverance from a king
Who strove to extend his sway.
And life, you know, is but a span;
Let s touch the tankard while we can,
In memory of the day.
1 1 Written by General George Weedon, of
the Eevolutionary Army, who was in the
action at Trenton, and had charge of the
Hessian prisoners after the victory, which
prevented his being at Princeton a few
days after and taking part in that glorious
"My uncle and second father, General
Weedon, went through the whole Eevolu
tionary W^ar, commanding the American
troops on the Gloucester side of York River
during the siege of York and the surrender
of the British Army at that memorable
place. The brilliant victories at Trenton
and Princeton were won at the most gloomy
period of the great struggle for our inde
pendence ; it was the crisis of the war, and
turned the scale in favor of our bleeding
country. H. MERGER. "
"My dear Sir: I have had much pleas
ure in writing out for you, as you request
ed, the patriotic song of Christmas Day in
76. For many years after the Revolution
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 87
my uncle celebrated at The Sentry Box
(his residence, and now mine) the capture
of the Hessians, by a great festival a jubi
lee dinner, if I may so express myself at
which the Revolutionary officers then living
here and in our vicinity, besides others of
our friends, were always present. It was
an annual feast, a day or so after Christ
mas Day, and the same guests always at
Your father was, of course, a standing
guest. I was young, and a little fellow, and
was always drawn up at the table to sing
Christmas Day in 76.
; Two young servant boys he was bring
ing up as waiters in the family were posted
at the door as sentinels, in military cos
tumes, with wooden muskets on their shoul
ders ; one he called Corporal Killbuck and
the other Corporal Killdee. It was always
a joyous holiday at The Sentry Box.
"I am, my dear sir,
"Most truly yours,
James Monroe was born in Westmore
land County, Virginia, April 28, 1758. He
was educated at William and Mary College,
88 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
graduating in 1776. On leaving that col
lege he took up law for a profession; but
being inspired by the martial fire that was
then filling the breasts of the young men of
that time, at the commencement of hostili
ties he offered his services and sword in
the cause of the Colonies. He was made a
lieutenant in the regiment which was com
manded by Hugh Mercer, and was with
Washington and Mercer when they crossed
the Delaware. On December 26, 1776, he
was wounded in the shoulder at Trenton,
while leading the van of the army. On re
covering from his wound he was appointed
as an aide-de-camp on the staff of Lord
Sterling, and was in the battles of Brandy-
wine, Germantown and Monmouth.
After the war he again took up his resi
dence in Fredericksburg. Under the laws
then in force, in order to vote and hold of
fice it was necessary to own property ; and
to meet that qualification, an uncle of Mon
roe, who was also a resident of Fredericks-
burg, made him a gift of a town lot, and
thus he was enabled to exercise the great
and inalienable right of an American citi
Monroe was at that time a member of
the Fredericksburg Town Council, and a
vestryman of St. George s Episcopal
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 89
Church. When only twenty-four years of
age he was sent to Congress for the district
of which Fredericksburg constituted a part.
So it was brought about that Monroe, in the
Town Council of Fredericksburg, com
menced a career which culminated in his
election to the Presidency.
Monroe was a continuous office-holder,
having been a town councilman, a member
of the Virginia Legislature, Governor of
that State, member of Congress, minister
to two foreign courts, senator, cabinet offi
cer and President. And, what is to his
everlasting honor and credit, he executed
the trusts of these various and varied sta
tions with faithfulness and efficiency. He
did his duty, and did it well, and has en
shrined his name in America s history as
a patriotic citizen, and as a conscientious,
conservative and able officer.
The result of his life in dollars and cents
was that his poverty was to him a badge
Monroe was much younger than Mercer,
but he doubtless was found on the outskirts
of the assembled and much excited patriots
around the old open fireplace at the Eising
Sun tavern, which tradition locates as a
meeting place of these worthies "in ye old
en time" for the discussion of the removal
90 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
of the powder at Williamsburg by Dun-
more, and other acts of England s intol
erable tyranny, as well as to formulate
methods and means to stop and stay the
onward march of Great Britain s aggres
sions against the rights and liberties of the
Colonies. And when the cry "To arms!"
rang out over the land, young Monroe
showed his faith by his works when he en
listed in the regiment of which his friend,
Mercer, was colonel.
He was, however, destined to play a
greater and more prominent part in the
drama of life than Mercer. From a lieu
tenant he became the Commander-in-Chief
of the army ; from a member of the council
of the town of Fredericksburg he became
the Chief Executive of the Eepublic. Who
knows how potential was the influence of
Mercer on the life of Monroe, and how
much, and how far, that influence shaped
and molded his character, and thus
brought about the illustrious career of
Monroe? We only know that they were
true and loyal friends.
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 91
MARY, THE MOTHER OF
After the death of her husband, Augus
tine Washington, "Madam Washington, 7
as she was called by her neighbors and
friends, moved to Fredericksburg, and
lived and died in the house now standing
on the corner of Charles and Lewis streets.
The world pays its tribute to the memory
of the mother of the "Father of His Coun
try. President Andrew Jackson said that
"the character of Washington was aided
and strengthened, if not formed, by the care
and precepts of his mother, who was re
markable for the vigor of her intellect and
the firmness of her resolution.
Mrs. Washington was left in early life a
widow, with the burden of a young and
large family, and to the task of guarding
and governing them she unselfishly devoted
herself. She was a woman of much busi
ness ability, for her farm she managed with
great skill and with profitable results. Tra
dition says she was rather inaccessible and
somewhat exclusive, for she was in no sense
a society woman. Mrs. Washington was in
tensely religious, a consistent member of
St. George s Episcopal Church, and very
charitable to the poor. Her hospitable home
92 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
was always open to her friends, among
whom was Hugh Mercer, who was a fre
quent visitor there.
When Washington found himself the lau
rel-crowned hero of the new Eepublic, he
came first to pay his homage and filial de
votion to his revered mother. On that visit
he was accompanied by Lafayette and a
number of other distinguished military
men. She received him as a devoted moth
er should receive a dutiful son. In that
reception Washington the hero, to her, had
no part. She was proud of her great son,
proud because of his greatness, but prouder
still, no doubt, as she remembered her part
in making that son great.
He escorted her to the Peace Ball before
mentioned. At nine o clock she said it was
time for old people to go home, and she
Washington sent a special messenger to
his mother, it is said, to give her the glad
tidings of the surrender of Cornwallis. An
old gentleman once told the writer of this
brief memoir that when that messenger
dashed up the deserted streets of Freder-
icksburg a Mr. Keiger, then a very young
but precocious boy, was urged by some
older ones standing on the street corner to
go up to Madam Washington and get the
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 93
news. Keiger went ; Mrs. Washington was
in her garden ; he watched and waited until
she had opened the letter with a pair of
scissors attached to her waist by a cord,
then turning, she said, "My young man,
what is it you want?" He told her. She
said, "Tell the gossips that George has
sent me word that Lord Cornwallis has sur
rendered at Yorktown."
Lafayette, on his visit, called on the
mother of his illustrious chief; he wrote
home to France quite a lengthy account of
that visit. Mrs. Washington met him at
the door of her residence; he introduced
himself. Walk right in, said the Madam.
"I am glad to see you, for George has told
me all about you." He was ushered into
the parlor, and refreshed the inner man
with her home-made ginger cake and her
home-brewed rum punch ; and he went from
that simple country home declaring that he
was glad to say he had seen in her a splen
did old Virginia matron.
In appearance, Mrs. Washington was of
medium height, and rather stout in her old
age, but carried herself with great dignity.
For a number of years she suffered from
a very painful disease. On August 25, 1789,
she died. In her last illness she was at
tended by Doctors Mortimer and Hall. The
94 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
funeral ceremonies were held in St.
George s Episcopal Church, August 28,
1789. On the day of the funeral all busi
ness was suspended in the town ; the church
bells tolled. The whole population wended
its way solemnly and reverently to pay its
last sad tribute to the memory of a friend
and neighbor. She was buried on the Ken-
more farm, then owned and occupied by
her daughter, Mrs. Fielding Lewis, in a
spot she herself had selected for that
purpose, near what are now known as
the Oratory Rocks, where she frequently
sat with her grandchildren and read her
When the sad tidings of her death was
conveyed to Congress, resolutions of sym
pathy for President Washington, and a
tribute to her memory, were passed. This
deeply touched Washington, who respond
ed in a note of thanks, adding : " I attribute
all of my success in life to the moral, intel
lectual and physical education which I re
ceived from my mother/ No grander
tribute was ever paid by a great man to
his mother than that, and the world, well
knowing how much was accomplished by
him, can readily pay its homage to the
memory of this great and good woman,
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 95
"Methinks we see thee as in olden time,
Simple in garb, majestic and serene,
Unmoved by pomp and circumstance,
Inflexible, and with a Spartan zeal
Expressing vice, and making folly
In 1833 the erection of a monument over
the grave of this most illustrious of Ameri
can women was commenced, but never com
pleted. Congress was importuned, but
failed to act, although it had promised in
1789, by solemn resolution, to build a mon
ument to mark the spot where sleeps the
mother of Washington.
On October 21, 1889, the following appeal
was made by the wife of this writer:
"AN APPEAL IN BEHALF OF THE MARY
"Amid great pomp and ceremony the
corner-stone of the monument to the mem
ory of Mary Washington, the mother of
The Father of this Bepublic, was laid in
1833. The erection of the monument over
the grave of this most illustrious of Ameri
can women was voluntarily undertaken by
a philanthropic and patriotic citizen, Silas
96 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
Burrows, of New York. Mr. Burrows died
before its completion. It is now in an un
finished and dilapidated condition.
* Congress has been again and again ap
pealed to and importuned. Favorable leg
islation has been promised, but this incom
plete monument crumbles and decays. Shall
the memory of the mother of the great
Washington longer be neglected? In every
State of this Union monuments mark with
emphasis the veneration with which George
Washington is held by a grateful republic,
and at the Capitol of the nation there is
one that towers above all the rest; but no
where is there recognition made of the
mother. Her very grave at this place is
marked only by an unsightly pile of marble.
Shall this neglect continue?
"Mrs. Washington was an uncommon
woman. It is recorded of her that she
was of strong will, splendid judgment, un
tiring energy, and without pretension, and
from these elements she molded her great
son, taught him to become great, equipped
him with attributes essential to great
"She lived, during the Eevolutionary
War, in Fredericksburg ; died, and was bur
ied here at the spot she herself had selected
for that purpose. Shall the grave of Mary
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 97
Washington be allowed to remain longer
in a condition which is the reminder of the
forgetfulness, rather than the gratitude, of
our people? Remember that the grave of
Washington himself is held as a very Mecca
to which all liberty-loving people can make
their pilgrimage the work of the faithful
and devoted women of this land. And it is
proposed that an organization shall at once
be formed, having for its object the erec
tion of a monument over the grave of
George Washington s mother at this
"Will the women of this Eepublic
respond to this appeal? Are they
not willing to undertake this patriotic
"To the end that steps may be immedi
ately taken, it is intended to obtain a
charter of incorporation of the Mary Wash
ington Memorial Association, to have a
president, one vice-president in each State,
and other usual and necessary officers, all
women. It is also suggested that the ladies
of America, on February 22, 1890, shall in
every State make some organized effort to
raise the necessary funds. The writer of
this requests that the papers give circu
lation to this appeal, and she will be glad
to hear from any ladies who desire to
98 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
take an active interest in this patriotic
"MRS. JOHN T. GOOLEICK.
"Fredericksburg, Va., Oct. 15, 1889."
In response, largely to that appeal, or in
part at least as a result of it, the National
Mary Washington Monument Association
was organized, composed of patriotic
women of America, and a stately, imposing
monument stands sentinel over the grave
of Mrs. Washington. On one side of it is
inscribed, "Erected by Her Country
women. " Just here it will not be irrele
vant to record an incident. A verdant
woman visited this monument and read
* Erected by Her Countrywomen. 9 " Thank
the Lawd!" she said, "that no city wimen
had nothing to do with this monument. " On
the other side of this splendid granite shaft
is inscribed in raised letters this epitaph :
"Mary, the Mother of Washington."
LODGE NO. 4, A. F. AND A. M. "
Past Master Bro. S. J. Quinn, of Fred
ericksburg, has compiled a very interesting
history of this Lodge. From it we find
that it was organized September 1, 1752. It
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 99
has had among its membership many good
men and true, many who became illustrious
besides George Washington, Hugh Mercer
and George Weedon, of whose membership
in that Lodge we have heretofore made
mention. Its records are quaint and curi
ous, and as an illustration of this, we ex
tract from its proceedings as follows :
"On December 19, 1755, it was resolved
by unanimous consent of the Lodge, that
the treasurer shall, at his discretion, pur
chase on account of this Lodge six lottery
tickets, and the numbers of them to be re
turned to the Lodge and made a minute
of. And tradition says that these tickets
were signed by the illustrious brother,
George Washington, who was president of
On April 15, 1769, "on motion of Broth
er Alexander Woodron, it was resolved,
that the Stewarts of this Lodge, for the
time being, shall for the future provide
liquors, candies, and all other necessaries
for the use of the Lodge. About this time
two demijohns, one called "Jachen," full
of Jamaica rum, and the other called
"Boaz," full of Holland gin, with an old-
fashioned loaf of sugar, were kept in the
ante-room for the refreshment of the breth
ren ; and tradition hath it, that some of the
100 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
brothers were content to tarry in the ante
room and never got any farther.
"On December 27, 1756, being the anni
versary of our Patron Saint John, the
Lodge assembled, attended by several vis
iting brothers, and went in procession to
the church, where we heard a most excel
lent sermon preached by our worthy Broth
er James Marye, after which we returned
in procession to the Lodge, where our wor
thy Master returned the thanks of the
Lodge to our worthy Brother James Marye
for so good a sermon.
"The Lodge being closed, the evening
was spent very agreeably with a Ball.
On the second Sunday in December, 1799,
after the death of General Washington,
Lodge No. 4 met in a Lodge of sorrow. The
Grand Master of Virginia, who was a mem
ber of that Lodge and citizen of Fredericks-
burg, Benjamin Day, made an address,
from which we quote in part :
"We are now, brethren, assembled to
pay the last sad tribute of affection and re
spect to the eminent virtues and exemplary
conduct that adorned the character of our
worthy deceased brother, George Wash
ington. He was early initiated in this ven
erable Lodge, in the mysteries of our an
cient and honorable profession, and having
General George Washington as a Mason and Member of
Lodge No. 4, A. F. and A. M., Fredericksburg, Virginia
OPPOSITE P. 100
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 101
held it in the highest and most just venera
tion, the fraternal attention we now show
to his memory is the more incumbent
After these memorial exercises in the
Lodge room, the Lodge went in procession
to St. George s Episcopal Church, where
religious services were held.
On Sunday, November 28, 1824, General
Lafayette, with his son, George Washing
ton Lafayette, and Colonel La Vassem, vis
ited that Lodge. Lafayette on this occasion
was made an Honorary Member, and in re
sponse to an address of welcome the Mar
"The pleasure I ever feel in our frater
nal meetings cannot but be enhanced by the
consideration, that in this city the first les
sons of childhood, and in this Lodge the
first lessons of Masonry, were conferred
upon the man who was first in all our
hearts. " * * *
This old Lodge has many valuable relics
and mementos of the old times; among
them, a portrait of Washington painted
from life by Sully, and the Holy Bible upon
which Washington, Mercer and Weedon
were obligated as Masons.
This historic Lodge, the Alma Mater in
Masonry of distinguished and illustrious
102 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
men, feels proud of its record, as well as
of its roll of honor ; for it has always been
faithful and true to the sacred principles
and tenets of the order, ever practicing
and proclaiming as its holy mission the ele
vation and ennoblement of mankind.
GENEALOGICAL NOTES ON THE DESCENDANTS
EEV. JOHN MERCER OF KINNELLAN
John Mercer 1 was minister of Kinnel-
lan in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, from 1650
to 1676, when he resigned (in June) be
cause of infirmity. He died August 7, 1677.
John Mercer of Kinnellan married Lilias
Row. She was the great-granddaughter of
John Row, the Reformer. (See The Scot
tish Nation by William Anderson, Vol. Ill,
The children of John Mercer (1) and
Lilias Row, his wife, were:
1. John Mercer 2. Baptized January
8, 1654, at Old Machar. Died young.
2. Agnes 2 (or Annas). Baptized Janu
ary 20, 1656. Polled, 1696, at Todlay, Par
ish of Alva.
104 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
3. Thomas Mercer 2. Baptized January
20, 1658. Polled, 1696. He was married
twice. His first wife was Anna Eaite. The
marriage contract is dated July 13, 1681.
His second wife was Isabel.
The children of THOMAS MEKCEK 2 (5)
1. Lilias Mercer 3. Polled 1696.
2. John Mercer 3. Polled 1696. Mar
ried Isabel Martin.
3. Margaret Mercer 3. Polled 1696.
4. Janet Mercer 3. Polled 1696. Mar
ried June 1, 1704, at Fyvie, to Robert Eait
5. Thomas Mercer 3. Baptized April
25, 1693. Polled 1696.
6. Christian Mercer 3. Baptized June
4, 1695. Polled 1696.
7. William Mercer 3. Baptized March
25, 1696. Married Anne, daughter of Sir
Eobert Munro of Foulis.
The children of John Mercer 3 (9) and
Isabel Martin, his wife, were :
1. Elizabeth Mercer 4. Baptized De
cember 10, 1710. Married Rev. James Wil
son, minister of Glowerie, May 27, 1735.
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 105
2. John Mercer 4. Baptized March 27,
3. Thomas Mercer 4. Baptized Octo
ber 17, 1721.
4. Isabel Mercer 4. Baptized June 15,
5. Agnes Mercer 4. Baptized May 20,
The children of WILLIAM MERGER 3 (14)
and ANNE MUNRO 3 (15), his wife, were:
1. Margaret Mercer 4. Baptized June
2. Hugh Mercer 4. Baptized January,
1726. Emigrated to America and married
Isabella Gordon of Virginia. Wounded at
Princeton, January 3, 1777, where he died
on January 12th of the same year.
3. Isabel Mercer 4. Baptized October
30, 1735. Married George Mercer of Marl
The children of GEN. HUGH MERCER 4
(23) and ISABELLA GORDON (24), his wife,
1. Anna Gordon Mercer 5. Married
Eobert Patton of Fredericksburg, Va. In
a letter from Mrs. Dunbar, who was Eliza-
106 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
beth Gregory Thornton, to her sister, Mrs.
Frances Thornton of Fall Hill, nee Miss
Innes, daughter of Judge Innes of Ken
tucky, she wrote of this marriage : * * But if
I go on so fast I will not have time to tell
you about Miss Ann Mercer s wedding.
Well, Polly and myself were drawn forth in
our best airs on the occasion, last Thursday
was a week, and saw Miss M. give her hand
to the delighted Mr. Patton. You may be
sure she looked infinitely lovely; her dress
was white satin and muslin; her necklace,
earrings and bracelets were very bril
2. John Mercer 5. Born 1772. Died
September 30, 1817.
3. William Mercer 5. Died unmarried.
He was deaf and dumb.
4. George Weedon Mercer 5. Died un
5. Hugh Tenant Weedon Mercer 5. He
was a child in arms at his father s death.
He was educated at the expense of the na
tion by act of Congress of 1793. He mar
ried Louisa Griffin 5, daughter of Judge
Cyrus Griffin by Lady Christina Stuart.
Col. Hugh Mercer 5 (31) was born in
Fredericksburg, August 4, 1776, died at
the " Sentry Box," Fredericksburg, De
cember 1, 1853. His wife, Louisa Griffin
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 107
Mercer 5 (32), died December 28, 1859,
aged 80 years. These dates are taken from
the tombs in the Masonic Cemetery in Fred-
THE DESCENDANTS OF EOBEKT PATTON AND
ANNE GORDON MERCER
EGBERT PATTON 5 (27) was a Scotchman.
He emigrated to Virginia some time before
the Revolutionary War, settled in Fred-
ericksburg, Va., and there married ANNE
GORDON MERCER 5 (26), only daughter of
GEN. HUGH MERCER 4 (23), about 1793, but
prior to November 25th of that year vide
will of General Weedon.
The children of Eobert Patton and Anne
Gordon Mercer 5 (26), his wife, were:
1. Robert Patton 6, a distinguished law
yer of Fredericksburg, Va. President of
Farmers Bank. He died, unmarried, at
about the age of thirty-five, in 1830, in
Spottsylvania County, Va.
2. Hugh Mercer Patton 6. Died un
married in 1846.
3. John Mercer Patton 6. Born August
10, 1797. Died October 29, 1858. He was
for many years the acknowledged leader of
the Richmond Bar, a Representative in
Congress from Virginia, and for a short
108 The life of General Hugh Mercer
time Governor of the State of Virginia. He
married on January 8, 1824, Margaret
French Williams 6, by whom he had twelve
4. Eleanor Anne Patton 6. Born ,
1805. Died June 24, 1890. She married on
March 24, 1825, John James Chew 6. Born
-, 1806. He was Clerk of Courts of
Fredericksburg. Died January 23, 1870,
at Fredericksburg, Va., and had six
5. William Fairlie Patton 6. Born
. Died . He married Harriet
Shepherd Buck 6 and had five children by
6. Margaretta L. Patton 6. Born ,
1810. Died July 2, 1852. She married, on
April 18, 1835, John Minor Herndon 6.
Born May 14, 1808. Died September 19,
1871, and had three daughters.
Robert Patton 5 (27). Died in 1827 or
See report of Commissioner Thomas D.
Ranson in suit of Patton s Exec, against
Patton s creditors in Circuit Court of Au
gusta County, Va., of 1871.
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 109
THE DESCENDANTS OF EGBERT PATTON AND
ANNE GORDON MERCER
The children of the HONOURABLE JOHN
MERCER PATTON 6 (35) and MARGARET
FRENCH WILLIAMS 6 (36), his wife, were:
1. Eobert Patton 7. Born October 10,
1824. Died, unmarried, June 13, 1876.
2. John Mercer Patton 7. Born May 9,
1826. He married first on November 11,
1858, Sallie Lindsay Taylor 7, daughter of
Alex. Taylor of Orange, Va. She died on
December 28, 1872. He married, second,
Lucy Agnes Crump, born April 29, 1846,
by whom he had two children, both girls.
Died on October 9, 1878.
3. Isaac Williams Patton 7. Born Feb
ruary 4, 1828. Died February , 1890.
He married Fanny Elizabeth Merritt 7 on
February 29, 1855. He held many promi
nent positions in New Orleans. There were
three sons by this marriage.
4. Lucy Anne Patton 7. Born Novem
ber 7, 1829. Died October 31, 1831.
5. Hugh Philip Patton 7. Born July 7,
1831. Died April 2, 1832.
6. George Smith Patton 7. Born June
26, 1833. Died September , 1864. He
settled as a lawyer in West Virginia, volun
teered in the late war between the States,
became a Colonel and was killed at the
110 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
battle of Winchester, near the close of the
war. He married Susan Glassell 7, Novem
ber 8, 1855, and had by her four children.
Mrs. Patton afterwards was married to
Col. George Hugh Smith of Los Angeles,
Cal. He was the son of the Eev. George
Archibald Smith of Alexandria, who mar
ried Ophelia Williams, sister of Margaret
French Williams. There were two chil
dren by this second marriage : a girl, Anne
Patton Smith, who married Hancock Ban
ning of Los Angeles ; and a boy, who died,
full of promise, quite young.
7. Waller Tazewell Patton 7. Born
July 15, 1835. Died July 21, 1863. He was
Colonel in the Southern Army and Senator
in the Virginia Legislature. He was mor
tally wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg,
July 3, 1863, and died a few days later, un
8. Mary Mercer Patton 7. Born April
14, 1837. Died August 29, 1841.
9. Eliza Williams Patton 7. Born
February 22, 1839. Married on Novem
ber 15, 1860, to John Gilmer 6, born
January 13, 1826, of Chatham, Va. He
died March 12, 1894. They had several
10. Hugh Mercer Patton 7. Born April
6, 1841. Married Fannie Bull 7, of Orange,
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 111
Va., on October 19, 1870. They had several
11. James French Patton 7. Born
September 19, 1843. Died while Judge of
the Supreme Court of West Virginia, at
Wheeling, on March 30, 1882. He married
on April 6, 1869, Melinda Caperton 7,
daughter of Senator Caperton of Union,
Monroe County, Va., and had by her two
12. William Macfarland Patton 7. Born
August 22, 1845. Died May 19, 1905. He
studied engineering, and while Professor
of Civil and Military Engineering at the
Virginia Military Institute, he married
Miss Annie Jordon on January 7, 1875, by
whom he had several children, all girls.
She afterwards married Judge Bingham of
the Supreme Court of District of Columbia.
The children of Col. Jno. Mercer Patton
7 (44) and Sally Lindsay Taylor 7 (45), his
first wife, were :
1. Jno. Mercer Patton, Junior, 8. Born
August 30, 1859. He married on June 28,
1890, Julia Mattern. They had two chil
a. Catherine 8. Born April, 1891.
b. Jno. Mercer Patton (9), Jr. Born
112 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
2. Alexander Taylor Pattern 8. Born
April 19, 1861. He married Miss Beatrice
Chandler of San Francisco in June, 1901.
Died November, 1904. No issue.
3. Sadie Lindsay Patton 8. Born Feb
ruary 7, 1863. She married on September
19, 1888, Capt. Arthur Jno. Hutchinson 8
(E. A.), who was born August 31, 1846.
Their children are:
a. Mary Lindsay Hutchinson 9. Born
August 4, 1890.
b. William Nelson Lindsay Hutchinson
9. Born December 7, 1892.
c. Arthur John Lindsay Hutchinson 9.
Born August 18, 1896.
4. George Tazewell Patton 8. Born
December 25, 1864. He was married on
December 10, 1890, to Virginia (Jennie)
King Pemberton 8. Born February 1,
1864. They have children:
a. Mary Pemberton Patton (9). Born
December 3, 1893.
b. William Eives Patton (9). Born May
c. George Tazewell Patton (9). Born
January 31, 1902.
5. James Lindsay Patton 8. Born No
vember 20, 1866. Married June 28, 1890,
to Fanny Kean Leake 8, daughter of Judge
W. J. Leake of Ashland, Va., and later of
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 113
Kichmond, Va. He was a minister of the
Episcopal Church and Missionary to
Japan. Their children are:
1. John Mercer Patton (9), Jr. Born
June 7, 1891. Died July 1, 1892.
2. Sadie Patton 9. Born July 5, 1893.
3. Martha Callis Patton 9. Born Octo
ber 5, 1896.
4. James Lindsay Patton 9. Born De
cember 13, 1900.
5. William Josiah Leake Patton 9. Born
July 28, 1902.
6. Fanny Leake Patton 9. Born March
7. Robert Williams Patton 8. Born
February 18, 1869. Married on January 1,
1900, Janie Slaughter Stringfellow. Born
August 15, 1876, daughter of Rev. Frank
Stringfellow of Raccoon Ford, Va., and
Emma Francis Green, born 1843, of Alex
andria, Va. Issue:
Alice Lee Patton 9. Bom July 25, 1901,
near the Meadows in Albernmrle County,
8. William Rives Patton 8. Born April
3,1871. Died May 29, 1897. Unmarried.
9. Alfred Slaughter Patton 8. Born
October, 1872. Died July 28, 1873.
114 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
THE DESCENDANTS OF ANNE GOKDON MERCER
AND ROBERT PATTON.
The children of Col. Jno. M. Patton (44)
and Lucy Agnes Crump, his second wife,
9. Susan French Patton 8. Born Sep
tember 11, 1884.
10. Agnes Parke Patton 8. Born Feb
ruary 19, 1887.
The children of Col. Isaac Williams Pat-
ton 7 (46) and Fanny E. Merritt 7 (47)
1. William Thomas Patton. Born
March 18, 1856. Died July 4, 1896.
2. Mary Mercer Patton. Born March 9,
1861. Died August , 1864.
3. George Tazewell Patton. Born No
vember 14, 1864.
4. Mercer Williams Patton. Born Oc
tober 26, 1867. Married.
THE DESCENDANTS OP EGBERT PATTON AND
ANNE GORDON MERCER
The children of George Smith Patton 7
(50) and his wife, Susan Thornton Glassell
7 (51), were:
George Smith Patton. He married Euth
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 115
Wilson of California. They have two chil
2. Ellen Thornton Patton. She mar
ried Tom Brown, Esq., of Los Angeles, Cal.
He died about 1895. They have three chil
3. Andrew Glassell Patton.
4. Susan Glassell Patton. Married 1904.
THE DESCENDANTS OF ROBERT PATTON AND
His WIFE, ANNE GORDON MERCER
The children of Eliza Williams Patton
7 (54) and John Gilmer 7 (55), her hus
1. John Patton Gilmer. Born Septem
ber 9, 1861. Married on October 16, 1895,
to Lucy Dabney Walker. Born October 10,
1872. They have one child.
2. William Wirt Gilmer. Born May 21,
3. Tazewell Gilmer. Born March 30,
4. Mary Eidgeway Gilmer. Born Au
gust 9, 1866.
5. Francis Walker Gilmer. Born May
23, 1868. Died November 7, 1879.
6. Mercer Williams Gilmer. Born De
cember 30, 1869. Unmarried.
7. James Carrington Gilmer. Born De
cember 7, 1871.
116 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
8. Lindsay Gilmer. Born July 7, 1873.
9. Isabel Breckinridge Gilmer. Born
December 26, 1879.
THE DESCENDANTS OF ROBERT PATTON AND
ANNE GOKDON MERCER
The children of Hugh Mercer Patton 7
(56) and Frances Dade Bull 7 (57) were :
1. Marguerita French Patton 8. Born
September 22, 1871. She married on June
9, 1895, George Harmer Gilmer 8, born
December 19, 1864, son of Judge George
Henry Gilmer of Chatham, Va. They live
in Lynchburg, Va. Issue :
a. Helen Mercer Gilmer 9. Born Janu
ary 8, 1896.
b. Rita Carrington Gilmer. Born July
2. Sally Lindsay Patton. Born Sep
tember 15, 1872. Died - -.
3. Frances Payton Patton. Born May
4. John Mercer Patton. Born January
5. Marie Louise Patton. Died in in
6. Mabel Blair Patton. Born June 27,
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 117
7. Helen Lee Patton. Born October ,
8. Marcus Bade Patton. Died in in
9. Clayton Lorenzo Patton. Born Au
gust 11, 1892. Died in infancy.
THE DESCENDANTS OF EGBERT PATTON AND
ANNE GORDON MERCER
James French Patton 7 (58). Married
Melinda Caperton (59) and had issue:
1. Harriet Echols Patton. Born Au
gust 25, 1870. Married 1903.
2. Allen Gilmer Patton. Born Decem
ber 1, 1871. Married 1903.
William Macfarland Patton 7 (66).
Married Annie Jordon 7 (61) and had
1. Sallie Taylor Patton. Born April
26, 1877. Married on August 28, 1905, at
Blacksburg, Va., Prof. - .
2. Margaret French Patton. Born Au
gust 13, 1878.
3. Virginia Mercer Patton. Born Sep
tember 21, 1880.
4. Nannie Maria Patton. Born July 6,
118 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
5. Agnes Lee Patton. Born September
6. Lucy Williams Patton. Born De
cember 20, 1886.
7. Elizabeth Jordan Patton. Born
January 1, 1876. Died July 13, 1876.
THE DESCENDANTS OF EGBERT PATTON AND
ANNE GORDON MERCER
The Chew Family
Eleanor Anne Patton 6 (37). Married
John James Chew 6 (38) of Fredericks-
burg, Va., who was for many years a Clerk
of the Courts of Fredericksburg, and had
issue as follows :
1. Anne Mercer Chew 7. Born Febru
ary 26, 1826. Died May 13, 1896. She mar
ried, on October 14, 1851, Frank Thornton
Forbes. Born January 11, 1826, and died
December, 1905, and had issue as follows :
The Forbes Family
a. John James Forbes 8. Born Septem
ber , 1852. Died May , 1855.
b. Sallie Innes Forbes 8. Born August
The life of General Hugh Mercer 119
c. James Fitzgerald Forbes 8. Born
July 14, 1856.
d. Eliza French Forbes 8. Born Sep
tember 19, 1858.
e. Ellen Patton Forbes 8. Born Novem
ber 25, 1860. Married Dr. William Wayne
Owens of Savannah, Ga., on . Issue:
William Duncan Owens 9. Born June 22,
/. Anne Mercer Forbes 8. Born Febru
ary 4, 1864.
The Chew Family.
Robert Stanard Chew, born October 3,
1828. Died August 17, 1886. Unmarried.
Succeeded his father as Clerk of the Courts
of Fredericksburg, graduated in n*edieine,
and was Colonel of the 30th Virginia Regi
ment, C. S. A.
3. Ellen Patton Chew. Born Septem
ber 17, 1837. Died May 22, 1896. Unmar
4. Hugh Patton Chew 7. Born Septem
ber . Died January 30, 1873. He mar
ried Bessie Bainbridge 7 on , and had
a. Eleanor Patton Chew 8. Born No
vember 13, 1868.
b. John James Chew 8. Born January
120 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
c. Bessie Mason Bainbridge Chew 8.
Born August , 1873. Died .
Mrs. Bessie Bainbridge Chew was mar
ried on , 18 , to William M. Grafton,
and now resides (May, 1899) at Sewickley,
near Pittsburgh, Pa.
The Crutchfield Family
5. Elizabeth French Chew 7. Born
June 13, 1843.
She married, on January 13, 1865, Edgar
Crutchfield (born March 1, 1840) of Fred-
ericksburg, Va., and had issue:
a. Eleanor Patton Crutchfield 8. Born
May 6, 1866.
She married, on November, , 1892,
Clement Bead Carrington 8, born July 25,
1854, and died , and had issue :
1. Abram Cabell Carrington 9. Born
January 26, 1894.
2. Elizabeth Crutchfield Carrington 9.
Born June 30, 1896.
b. Stapleton Crutchfield 8. Born Au
gust 24, 1868. Died .
He married on September 12, 1893, Mary
Lee Van House, born December 12, 1873,
and had issue by her :
1. Elizabeth Mercer Crutchfield 9. Born
March 18, 1895. Died July 7, 1896.
The life of General Hugh Mercer 121
2. Joy Mantlebert Crutchfield 9. Born
December 23, 1896.
c. Susan Gatewood Crutchfield 8. Born
December 23, 1870.
Married on October 24, 1895, to Daniel
Shriver Kussell 8, and had issue :
1. Elizabeth Mantlebert Kussell 9.
Born August 14, 1896.
2. Eleanor Blain Eussell 9. Born Oc
tober 26, 1898.
d. Anne Minor Crutchfield 8. Born Feb
ruary 14, 18. Died May 22, 1898.
e. Margaretta Taylor Crutchfield 8. Born
November 7, 1876.
/. Elizabeth French Crutchfield 8. Born
February 3, 1879.
Married Mr. John Minor Gatewood of
Boston, June 1, 1905.
g. Mercer Forbes Crutchfield 8. Born
August 15, 1881.
6. Margaretta Herndon Chew 7. Born
She married, on January 28, 1873, Ar
thur Taylor (born October 13, 1844) of
Fredericksburg, Va. They have issue as
122 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
a. Bobert Chew Taylor 8. Born October
b. Fanny Mackall Taylor 8. Born Oc
tober 4, 1881.
c. Margaretta Mercer Taylor 8. Born
April 15, 1885.
The children of William Fairlie Patton 6
(39) and Harriet Shepherd Buck 6 (40)
1. Anthony Patton 7. Born . Died
January 21, 1905.
He married Virginia Bernard Coakley
on , 18 . No issue.
2. Mary Patton 7, twin of the above.
Born . Died .
She married Eichard Henry Catlett 7,
born , of Staunton, Va. They have
3. William Fairlie Patton 7. Died .
4. . Died in infancy.
5. Anne Gordon Patton 7. Born .
She married, on , 18 , Gen. Jno.
Eogers Cooke. Born June 10, 1833. Died
April 10, 1891, and had eleven children.
6. Fairlie Preston Patton 7. Born
March 10, 1851.
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 123
He married Winnie T. Branham (born
April 18, 1853) on April 18, 1875. They
have five children.
The children of Mary Patton 7 (163) and
Richard Henry Catlett 7 (164) are :
1. Charles Catlett. Born August 18,
He married, on November 6, 1890, Eliza
beth Marye Hunton, daughter of James
Innis Hunton of Warrenton, Va., and had
issue by her as follows :
a. Lucy Hunton Catlett. Born Septem
ber 26, 1891.
b. Richard Henry Catlett. Born Octo
ber 19, 1892.
c. Elizabeth McNemara Catlett. Born
June 22, 1895.
2. Richard Henry Catlett. Born Novem
ber 27, 1868.
3. William Fairlie Catlett. Born Au
gust 8, 1871. Died November , 1872.
The Cooke Branch
The children of Anne Gordon Patton 7
(167) and Gen. Jno. Rogers Cooke 7 (168)
1. Jno. Rogers Cooke (8), Jr. Born
March 29, 1865.
124 The life of General Hugh Mercer
2. Fairlie Patton Cooke 8. Born May
Married October 26, 1904, to Miss Mary
Edmonia Rogers of Richmond, Va.
3. Ellen Mercer Cooke 8. Born .
She married, on November 14, 1895, Aus
tin Brockenbrough 8. Born April 18, 1862,
and had issue:
a. Austin Brockenbrough. Born July 6,
b. Anne Gordon Brockenbrough. Born
April 27, 1903.
4. Philip St. Geo. Cooke 8. Born No
vember 3, 1871.
5. EstenCookeS. Born March 10, 1873.
Died , 1873.
6. Wilt Cooke 8. Born March 10, 1873.
Died , 1873.
7. Rachel Cooke 8. Born June 16, 1874.
8. Harriet Shepherd Cooke 8. Born Au
gust 10, 1876. Married, on March 27, 1900,
to Mr. William Jefferson Wallace. Born
, 18 . Issue: Virginia Gordon Wal
lace. Born March 12, 1903.
9. Nanny Gordon Cooke 8. Born Octo
ber 5, 1878. Married, on October 24,
1905, Stafford A. Parker, of Richmond,
10. Stuart Cooke 8. Born December 8,
1879. Married, on January 22, 1903, to
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 125
Miss Martha Ann Lundy (born July 18,
) of Bichmond, Va.
The children of Fairlie Preston Patton 7
(169) and Winnie T. Branham 7 (170) are:
1. Fairlie Clifton Patton. Born Decem
ber 4, 1876.
2. Sterling Hume Patton. Born De
cember 19, 1878. Died December 28, 1878.
3. Eobert Antony Patton. Born De
cember 13, 1879.
4. Mary Alice Patton. Born May 8,
5. Eugenie Virginia Patton. Born April
6. William Henry Patton. Born Decem
ber 22, 1887.
7. John Mercer Patton. Born Febru
ary 9, 1891.
8. Winnie Baidie Patton. August 6,
9. Hugh Peyton Patton. October 26,
The Herndon Family
The children of Margaretta Patton 6
(41) and John Minor Herndon 6 (41) were :
1. Ellen Mercer Herndon 7. Born April
29, 1836. Died January 29, 1888.
126 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
2. Nanny Gordon Herndon 7. Born
, 1838. Died August 1, 1862.
3. Elizabeth Fairlie Herndon 7. Born
, 1841. Died January 3, 1892.
She married, on , 18 , Seth Barton
French 7 (born October 5, ), who is a
prominent financier in the city of New
York. They had three children :
a. Margaretta Patton French 8. Born
July 25, 1857. Died November 30, 1878.
b. John Herndon French. Born August
He married, on November 14, 1888,
Sarah Ann Spies Cockrane 8 (born Febru
ary 18, 1865), by whom he has children:
1. Seth Barton French, Jr. Born Au
gust 17, 1889.
2. Hilah Cockrane French. Born Janu
ary 28, 1891.
3. Ellen Mercer French. Born March
4. John Herndon French, Jr. Born
February 26, 1898.
c. George Barton French 8. Born Feb
ruary 12, 1864.
Married Adela Lesher on April 29, 1886.
He next married Miss of Denver.
d. Nannie Gordon French 8. Born
March 25, 1866.
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 127
She married, on April 21, 1885, Charles
Steele 8 (born May 5, 1857), who is a mem
ber of the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co.,
bankers, New York City. They have
a. Eleanor Herndon Steele 8. Born July
b. Nancy Gordon Steele 9. Born Octo
ber 11, 1894.
c. Catheryn Nevitt Steele. Born March
THE DESCENDANTS OF COL. HUGH MEKCEE
AND LOUISA GRIFFIN
The children of Col. Hugh Mercer 5 (31)
of the "Sentry Box," Fredericksburg,
Va., and Louisa Griffin 5 (32), his wife,
1. Hugh Weedon Mercer 6. Born No
vember 27, 1808. Died June 9, 1877. He
settled in Savannah, Ga. Married, first,
Mary Stiles Anderson 6 (born September
17, 1812; died February 3, 1855) of Savan
nah, Ga., on February 5, 1834, and had by
her six children. He married, second, Mrs.
George A. Cuyler 6 (nee Steenberger) of
Virginia, and had one child, a daughter.
He was Major-General in the Confeder
acy, and died at Baden-Baden, Germany.
2. George Weedon Mercer 6. Born
128 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
January 3, 1816. Died September 9, 1858,
3. Julia Weedon Mercer 6. Born .
Died December 10, 1883.
She married, on May 12, 1825, Dr. Eob-
ert Page Waller 6 (born - ; died July 21,
1872) of Williamsburg, Va., and had issue.
4. John Cyrus Mercer 6. Born at Fred-
ericksburg, May 12, 1810. Died March 26,
1884. He practiced medicine in Williams-
burg, Va.; was appointed Surgeon in the
U. S. Navy; resigned; appointed Surgeon
in the Confederate States Navy; with the
Marine Hospital, Norfolk.
He married Catherine Waller 6, died
May 24, 1892, daughter of Dr. Eobert Page
Waller, and had issue.
5. Louisa Mercer 6. She married Rev.
Dr. John Leyburn 6, a Presbyterian min
ister. Born - . Died - . No issue.
Miss Julia Weedon Mercer was the sec
ond wife of Dr. E. P. Waller, his first wife
being Eliza Corbin Griffin.
The children of Gen. Hugh Weedon Mer
cer 6 (211) and Mary Stiles Anderson 6
(212), his first wife, are:
1. George Anderson Mercer 7. Born
February 9, 1835.
He married, on October 23, 1861, Nanny
Maury Herndon 7 (died June 16, 1885) of
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 129
Fredericksburg, Va., daughter of Dr. Bro-
die Herndon, and by her had issue :
1. Nannie Herndon Mercer 8. Born
January 8, 1866.
She married, on April 24, 1889, Joseph
Muir Lang 8 (born February 4, 1861) and
has issue :
a. George Mercer Lang. Born July 13,
2. George Anderson Mercer. Born
March 2, 1868.
He married, on April 19, 1892, Mary
Walter 8 of Savannah, Ga. (born October
8, 1872), and has issue:
a. George Anderson Mercer. Born Feb
ruary 7, 1893.
b. George Walter Mercer. Born April
3. Lewis Herndon Mercer 8. Born
March 4, 1870. Settled in New York.
4. Eobert Lee Mecrer 8. Born Novem
ber 24, 1871.
He married, on October 27, 1896, Kath-
erine Mackay Stiles 8 of Cartersville, Ga.
Born April 29, 1870.
5. Edward Clifford Anderson Mercer 8.
Born November 13, 1873.
He married, on June 8, 1898, Josephine
Freeland 8 of Charleston, S. C. Born
March 4, 1875.
130 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
6. Hugh Weedon Mercer 8. Died in in
fancy, February 3, 1871. Born August 25,
7. Brodie Herndon Mercer 8. Born
, 1876. Died in infancy, June 13, 1878.
3. Hugh Weedon Mercer 7. Born
March 3, 1846. Died June 7, 1847.
2. William Gordon Mercer 7. Born
May 26, 1843. Died November 26, 1844.
4. Eobert Lee Mercer 7. Born July 10,
5. Mary Stuart Mercer 7. Born Janu
ary 12, 1842.
She married, on February 5, 1863, Gen
eral Henry Harrison Walker of Sussex
County, Va. (born October 15, 1833), and
has issue. General Walker s father was
John Harrison Walker of Sussex County,
Va., and his mother was Marie Louise Car-
gill, also of Sussex County. They had ten
children, of whom General Walker was
6. Georgia Anderson Mercer 7. Born
September 6, 1851. Died December 5, 1878.
She married, on January 15, 1874, Eob
ert Ap thorp Boit of Boston, Mass. (Born
April 29, 1846.) She died at the birth of
her second child, leaving two daughters.
1. Mary Anderson Mercer 8. Born
September 5, 1877.
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 131
2. Georgia Mercer 8. Born November
The child of Gen. Hugh Weedon Mercer
6 (211) and Mrs. George A. Cuyler 6 (nee
Bessie Steenberger) (213), his second
wife, is :
The children of Gen. Henry H. Walker 7
(251) and Mary Mercer 7 (250) are:
1. Mary Mercer Walker 8. Born May
She married, on September 17, 1890,
George Evelyn Harrison 8 of Brandon-on-
2. Louise Cargill Walker 8. Born Sep
tember 25, 1869.
3. Henry Harrison Walker 8. Born
January 11, 1872.
4. Hugh Mercer Walker 8. Born April
5. Alice Stuart Walker 8. Born Novem
ber 24, 1877.
She married, on January 7, 1899, Edwin
A. Stevens Lewis of Castle Point, Hobo-
ken, N. J.
The children of Dr. Eobert Page Waller
6 (216) and Julia Weedon Mercer 6 (215)
132 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
1. Hugh Mercer Waller 7. Born De
cember, 1829. Died May 30, 1896.
2. Laura Page Waller 7. Born July 31,
She married, on October 15, 1846, Dr.
William Sylvanus Morris 7 of Lynchburg,
Va. (born March 17, 1821; died December
20, 1893), and had issue:
3. Louisa Mercer Waller 7. Born Feb
ruary 7, 1826. Died October 30, 1856. She
married Captain J. B. Cosnahan of South
Carolina 7 (born 1821, died 1862) on ,
1843, and had issue :
4. Julia Weedon Waller 7. Born No
vember 23, 1836. Died October 30, 1860.
5. Isabella Stuart 7. Born 1833. Died
May 15, 1855.
Kate Page Waller 7. Born November
She married, on July 3, 1861, Charles
Scott Langhorne 7 (born January 23, 1836;
died March 31, 1896).
(Issue: page 95 of Notebook of Mercer
The children of Dr. William Sylvanus
Morris 7 (280) and Page Waller 7 (279)
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 133
1. Mary Mercer Morris. Born .
She married, on , Mr. Nowlin of
2. Charles Morris.
3. Eobert Page Waller Morris. He
Judge of United States District Court of
Minnesota, appointed by President Roose
velt, and late Member of Congress from
4. John Speed Morris 8.
He married, on February 19, 1882, Pattie
Cary Kean 8 (born April 11, 1858) and had
a. Robert Morris 9. Born , 1883.
b. Mary Randolph Morris 9.
c. Page Waller Morris 9. Born July 1,
d. William Sylvanus Morris 9. Born
May 6, 1888.
5. Lou Belle Morris 8.
She married, first, Mr. Langhorne of
Lynchburg, and had issue:
She married, second, on , Robert
Stanard 8, and left issue:
1. Virginia. Born .
2. . Born .
134 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
The children of J. B. Cosnahan 8 (282)
and Louisa Mercer Waller 8 (281) are:
1. Eoberta Ould Cosnahan 9. Born
April 29, 1844.
She married, on December 25, 1871,
Charles Camm 9, born April 18, 1844, and
had issue living :
Florence Waller Camm. Born March 9,
Edward Camm. Born February 28, 1876.
Louise Page. Born September 2, 1879.
3. Mary Mercer Cosnahan 9. Born Oc
tober 5, 1850.
She married, on December 22, 1869, Prof.
Thomas Jeffres Stubbs 9 of William and
Mary College (born September 14, 1841),
and had issue living :
a. Annie Waller Carter Stubbs 10. Born
January 7, 1872.
fc. J. T. Stubbs, Jr., 10. Born December
c. Lucy Talioferro Conway Stubbs. Born
October 11, 1882.
d. Mary Mercer Stubbs. Born June 1,
The children of Dr. John Cyrus Mercer
6 (217) and Mary Catherine Waller 6 (218)
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 135
1. Eobert Page Mercer 7. Died in in
2. Mary Louisa Mercer 7. Born June
She married, on January 3, 1867, Eev.
Daniel Blain 7 (born November 20, 1838)
of the West Hanover Presbytery, Va., and
had issue :
3. Eliza Christina Mercer 7.
She married, on November 26, 1861, Dr.
Beverly St. George Tucker 7 (born ;
died December, 1896), and had issue :
4. Thomas Hugh Mercer 7. Born in
1845. Died 1864. Unmarried. Lieutenant
G. S. A.
5. Corbin Waller Mercer 7. Born April
He married, on November 25, 1885, Fan
nie Burwell Nelson 7 (born July 16, 1848),
daughter of William Nelson of Yorktown,
second grandson of Governor Nelson, and
6. Catherine Stuart Mercer 7. Born at
She married, on November 26, 1873, Wil
liam Stuart Wall (died in Durham, N. C.,
1891), and had issue:
7. John Leyburn Mercer 7. Born Au
gust 2, 1849.
He married, on March 31, 1875, Jean Sin-
136 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
clair Bright 7 (born December 20, 1850),
daughter of Samuel Bright of Williams-
burg, and had issue :
8. Blakely Carter Mercer 7. Died in in
9. Eobert Page Mercer 7.
He married Sally Tourman 7, and they
10. Isabella Stuart Waller Mercer 7.
Born September 29, 1858. She married on
October 18, 1888, Charles McGary 7 (born
November 12, 1858), of Durham, N. C., and
have issue. Charles McGary was son of
Captain P. McGary of the U. S. Navy, and
was born in Buenos Ayres.
2. George Weedon Mercer 7. Born
June 4, 1863.
He married Elizabeth Butterworth 7
(born September 9, 1872) on January 5,
1893, and has issue :
The children of Rev. Daniel Blain 7 (328)
and Mary Louisa Mercer 7 (327) are:
1. Rev. John Mercer Blain 8. Born
April 30, 1869.
He went as a missionary to China and
there married, on August 24, 1897, Claude
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 137
Lacy Grier 8 of North Carolina. They have
a. Daniel Blain 9. Born December 17,
b. Mary Grier Blain. Born October 27,
c. Margaret Gary Blain. Born October
2. Randolph Harrison Blain 8. Born
January 12, 1871. Married Jean Throck-
morton Forman, August 23, 1899. Issue:
(1) Mary Louise. Born August 14, 1900, at
Coresville, Va. (2) Stanton Forman. Born
in Louisville, Ky., July 22, 1902.
3. Samuel Stuart Blain 8. Born Octo
ber 18, 1872.
4. Hugh Mercer Blain 8. Born Decem
ber 26, 1874. Married, at Waynesboro, Va.,
Mary Moore Winston, June 26, 1901. Is
sue: (1) Elizabeth Winston. Born Novem
ber 28, 1902, (2) Hugh Mercer. Born Au
gust 14, 1905.
5. Daniel Blain 8. Son of Eev. Daniel
Blain and Mary Louise, his wife, nee Mer
cer. Born November 23, 1877. Died Octo
ber 28, 1879.
6. Robert Waller Blain 8. Born June
7. Gary Randolph Blain 8. Born March
138 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
The children of Dr. Beverly St. G.
Tucker 7 (330) and Eliza Christina Mercer
7 (329) are:
1. John Speed Tucker 8.
2. Dr. Beverly Tucker 8.
3. Eliza Christina Tucker 8. Born .
4. St. George Tucker 8.
5. Hugh Mercer Tucker 8.
6. Henrietta Elizabeth Tucker 8.
The issue of Corbin Waller Mercer 7
(332) and Hannie Burwell Nelson 7 (333)
1. William Nelson Mercer 8. Born Sep
tember 27, 1888. Died April 2, 1889.
2. Waller Nelson Mercer 8. Born No
vember 3, 1891.
The children of William Lewis Wall 7
(335) and Catherine Stuart Mercer 7 (334)
1. Mary Stuart Wall 8. Born Decem
ber 17, 1875.
She married, on June 1, 1898, William
Guthrie 8 (born January 12, 1874).
The Life of General Hugh Mercer 139
2. Catherine Mercer Wall 8. Born
March 7, 1882.
3. William Lewis Wall, Jr., 8. Born
September 21, 1887.
The children of John Leyburn Mercer 7
(336) and Jean Sinclair Bright 7 (337) are:
1. Jean Christine Mercer 8. Born De
cember 23, 1875.
2. Mary Waller Mercer 8. Born Octo
ber 13, 1877.
3. Thomas Hugh Mercer 8. Born No
vember 6, 1879.
4. John Leyburn Mercer 8. Born Octo
ber 11, 1881. Died July 16, 1882.
The issue of Eobert Page Mercer 7 (340)
and Sally Tourman 7 (341) is:
1. Hugh Mercer 8. Born August 4,
1893. Died October, 1904.
The issue of Charles McGary 7 (343) and
Isabella Stuart Waller Mercer 7 (342) are:
1. . Born September 17, .
Died before being named.
2. Mary Mercer McGary. Born Janu
ary 29, 1891.
140 The Life of General Hugh Mercer
3. Annie Bell McGary. Born February
4. Isabel Stuart McGary. Born March
The issue of George Weedon Mercer 7
(344) and Bessie Butterworth 7 (345) is:
1. Linden Waller Mercer 8. Born Au
gust 19, 1893. Died June 2, 1896.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY | 137,641 | 3,594 |
136,238 | The History of Last Names •
Surnames A-Z •
When communities consisted of just a few people, surnames -- last
names/family names -- weren't important. As each town acquired
more and more Johns and Marys, the need was established for a way
to identify each from the other. The Romans had begun the practice
of using "given-name + clan-name + family-name" about 300 B.C. In
the English-speaking part of the world, the exact date that
surnames began to be adopted can't be pinpointed. The Domesday
Book compiled by William the Conquerer required surnames, but
hereditary surnames are not considered to have been commonplace
until the late 1200's.
William Camden wrote in Remaines of a Greater Worke Concerning
About the yeare of our Lord 1000...surnames began to be taken up
in France, and in England about the time of the Conquest, or else
a very little before, under King Edward the Confessor, who was all
Frenchified...but the French and wee termed them Surnames, not
because they are the names of the sire, or the father, but because
they are super added to Christian names as the Spanish called them
Renombres, as Renames.
Some surnames refer to occupations (Carpenter, Taylor, Brewer,
Mason), a practice that was commonplace by the end of the 14th
century. Places of residence were also commonly used (Hill, Brook,
Forrest, Dale) as a basis for the surname, for reasons that can be
easily understood. Less apparent is the rationale behind the
adoption of animal references (Wolfe, Fish, Byrd, Katt), although
it may have been to identify a similar trait in the bearer of the
name (John Fox might have been sly). Relations of those with royal
rank often adopted the title as a surname (King, Abbott, Steward,
Prince) and colors (Brown, Black, White, Gray) were adopted for
less obvious reasoning.
Physical features that were prominent when surnames began to be
adopted were also borrowed as an identifier (Long, Short, Beardsly,
Stout) as were dispositions of the bearers (Gay, Moody, Sterne,
Wise). Sometimes the name told its own story (Lackland,
Freeholder, Goodpasture, Upthegrove) and sometimes they might have
been selected to elicit envy or sympathy (Rich, Poor, Wise,
names are those that identify the father and various cultures did
so by different means. The Scandinavians added "son" to identify
John's son or Erik's son. The Norman-French used the prefix "Fitz"
to mean child of, as in Fitzpatrick, for child of Patrick. Many
other cultures had their own prefixes to indicate of the father('s
name) , including the Scots ('Mac'Donald), Irish ('O'Brien), Dutch
('Van'Buren), the French ('de'Gaulle), Germans ('Von'berger)
Spanish/Italian ('Di'Tello) and the Arab-speaking nations ('ibn'-Saud).
Sometimes the prefixes were attached to places rather than the
father's name, such as traditional family land holdings or
When surnames were being adopted, many were the result of
nicknames that were given by friends, relatives, or others. Some
nicknames were extremely unflattering -- to the point of vulgarity
-- but most of those have vanished, having been changed by
descendants through spelling changes or simply by changing names
Some names were simply acquired when those without a surname
acquired a need to have one. A lady-in-waiting for royalty might
have had no traditional surname, but would require one if no
longer in the service of royalty. In times of political turmoil, a
deposed ruler might require a smaller staff, and long-time
servants would find themselves among commoners -- and suddenly in
need of a surname. Names were sometimes invented as combinations
of other words.
The Chinese were the first to adopt surnames to honor their
forebears, with the family name placed first, rather than last.
Thus, the family name of Sun Yat-sen is Sun.
Abbott: English Occupational name for the man who lived in the
house of the Abbott, or sometimes as a nickname for the
sanctimonious person. Requested by Darryl Rogers
Alexander: is a name common throughout the early British Isles
taken from the English given name Alexander, which means "defender
Alarcon: is a Spanish Place name derived from Alarcon in Cuenca
Alarid: may be a version of the name Alard (Alar-i-d) which is a
Patronymic name derived from the given name Adelard. From Old
English adal=noble + hard=hardy. Another variation of the name is
spelled Allard. Requested by Inez Alarid.
Allard/Alard/Allert: English Patronymic Name...from the old name
Adelard. It's components are adal = hardy + hard. Allart and
Allert are variations of the name.
Allender: English/Scottish patronymic name, from the Celtic name
of antiquity – Alan, from Ailin = rock and sometimes derived from
Allen as the name of a town or settlement. Requested by Rick
Anderson: is the ninth most common surname in America, and owes
that position to the popularity of the name Andrew in England,
Scotland, and Scandinavian countries. Andrew (man) was the first
of the disciples called by Jesus, and was a revered name due to
its church influences through medieval times. St. Andrew is the
patron saint of both Scotland and Russia and many given names were
chosen to honor the saint. Patronymic surnames are names used to
describe a man by using his father's name. In Norway the name
takes the form Andresen, Anders, and Enders; the Swedes in
American eliminated the extra -S- they normally include to become
Anderson. It was Andersson and Anderssen before they emigrated.
The French form is Andre, with an accent mark above the ending
letter. Andrews is largly found in Scotland, along with McAndrew
-- the prefix Mc being another patronymic designation -- which is
also found in Ireland. In Italy, the name is D'Andrea, in Poland
it is Andrzejewski, in the Ukraine it is Andrijenko, and in
Czechoslovakia, Andrew takes the form of Ondrus. Requested by
Appel/Appelbaum: The German Place names Appel and Applebaum/Appelbaum
described the man who lived by the apple tree, and Appelt is a
Arnold/Arnatt/Arnett: English Patronymic Name...Arnett is a
variation of Arnatt, which is derived from Arnold, a Norman given
name. The Norman arn = eagle + weld = rule combined to form
Ashmore: is an English Place name that was derived from the Old
English oesc = ash + mor = marsh...for a literal translation of
ash-marsh. The man who lived near there often acquired that as his
surname. Requested by Andy Ashmore.
Atkins is a Patronymic name, derived from the early given name
Adam (Hebrew adama = red earth or man), originating in England,
France, Catalan, Italy, Germany, and Poland, as well as the
Ashkenazic Jewish, Dutch and Flemish. Diminutive forms of Adam are
Adkin, Atkin, Aitkin, Adnett, Adnitt, and Ade. Italian variants
are Adami, Dami; Polish and Jewish versions include Adamski. The
Hugarian cognate is Adam, in Provencal it is Azam, in Spain, Adan.
Atnip: English Place Name...The Medieval English said atten to
mean "at the" creating names like ATWOOD meaning "at-the-woods."
The Old English word heope (pronounced like hip) meant "rose-hip."
Atten+heope or "at-the-roses" can easily be anglicized as Atnip.
Requested by: Earl Atnip
Austin is an English Patronymic name, derived from the given name
Aoustin introduced into England by the Normans. Requested by Laura
Ayers is a patronymic version of the surname Ayer, an English
Nickname for the man who was well known to be the heir to a title
or fortune, from the Middle English word eir, eyr = heir. Variants
include Ayr, Ayre, Eyer, Eyre, Hayer, Heyer, among others.
Bailey is an English occupational name for a steward or official,
from the Middle English bailli = carrier, porter. In Scotland, the
bailli is the magistrate and bailiff is a form that has evolved
elsewhere. Occasionally, the name is derived as an English Place
name from a Middle English word derived from Old French baille =
enclosure. In this form it originally meant the person living by
the outer wall of the castle, but Old Bailey, a place in
Lancashire which formed part of the outer wall of some medieval
castle, also became the origin for surname for people from that
location. There are numerous variations in many countries,
including Baillie (Scotland), Bayless, Bailess, Lebailly (French),
Bally (Swiss), Baglione (Italian), and Bailloux (Provencal).
Baker: As you might suspect, this name originated in the
occupation of a medieval townsman, where many of the most
frequently found surnames were derived. Baker is the 7th most
frequently found occupational surname in America.
Baldwin is an English Patronymic name from the given name
comprised of the Germanic elements bald = bold, brave + wine =
friend. Baldwin was an extremely popular given name among the
Normans and in Flanders during the Middle Ages. The first
Christian king of Jerusalem was Baldwin, as was the count of
Flanders who lead the Fourth Crusade and became the first Latin
Emperor of Constantinople in 1204. Occasionally, Baldwin is an
Irish surname adopted by bearers of the Gaelic name O'Maolagain,
as a result of an association with an English term meaning bald,
as a nickname. Congnative forms of the English version are
Baudouin (French); Baldovino, Balduini, Baldoin (Italian);
Valdovinos (Spanish); and Baldewin, Ballwein, Bollwahn, and
Ballard: Many times nicknames that had become attached to people,
stuck as their surname. Some were cruel, some weren't too bad.
Those that had particularly cruel names either changed the
spelling or changed their names altogether. Ballard is the
nickname that the English sometimes gave to those whose head were
short in the hair department. Bald, Balch, and Ballard are typical
English Nicknames for that description.
Barna/Barner: Hungarian Patronymic name from the given name
Barnaby, who was St. Paul's companion and a fairly common early
Barnes: English Place Name, from Barnes (in Surry or
Aberdeenshire) so named because of the barns that were located
there. There were also Barnes families who were known by the name
of their father (English Patronymic Name) who was called Barn, a
pet form of Barnabas -- a name not used much these days that means
'son of prophesy or consolation.' Some Barnes families are
descended from Beorn, a given name that meant 'nobleman' and still
others had a patronymic designation from Bairn, a name often given
to a young child of a prominent family.
Barrington: English Place name, from several locations by that
name, the one in Gloucester derived from Old English Beorningtun
(settlement of Beorn), the Somerset location derived from Bara's
Settlement. Occasionally Barrington is an Anglicized form of
O'Bearain , descendant of Bearan (spear).
Barron: English Nickname that called attention to noble birth or
Bass/Basso: English/Italian Nickname...Surnames were often taken
from nicknames given to the progenitor of a family -- in the case
of Bass, the English used the word as a nickname for a small or
thin person, along with Block, Grubb, Littell, Short, Smalley,
etc. In Italy, the same nickname is Basso. Requested by: Pamela
Bauer is a German status name for a peasant or a nickname for the
"neighbor, fellow citizen," with variants Baumann, Gebuhr, Pauer,
Beard was a fairly common English Nickname, for the man who wore a
beard, and a number of surnames were derived from it. The suffix
-den or -don is from an Old English element for dune, or hill.
Bearden in that context would be "Beard's Hill" a fairly good
description for a medieval location, from which many surnames drew
Beattie/Beaty/Beatty/Beatie/Beatey: Scottish/Northern Irish
Patronymic name...derived from the name Bartholomew. Bate was a
pet form of that given name, and sons of Bate might be known as
Beattie, Beatty, or Beatey.
Beck/Beckman/Bachman: German Place Name...There were many names
for the 'one who dwells by the stream' and in Germany they
included Beck/Beckman/Bachman. Requested by: David Verdoorn
Beebe: English Occupational name for the man who lived near the
bee farm or apiary.
Bekker is a variation of the German Occupational name Becher, the
occupation of the man who created wooden vessels such as cups,
mugs, and pitchers. It is derived from Middle High German becher,
from Greek bikos = pot, pitcher. Occasionally it referred to the
German man who worked with pitch, a substance used in
waterproofing such items; and also, Becher originates sometimes as
a Jewish name of uncertain origin or an English Place name as a
variant of Beech.
Bennett/Bennet: English Patronymic name from the name Bennet,
which means 'blessed' – a popular name during the middle ages. It
has variations in several languages, and spellings. American
singer Tony Bennett uses two versions -- his artworks are signed
Anthony Benedetto, his name before being American-ized. Requested
by Bevan Bennett. He was `blessed' – Bennet – with a great voice!
Bentley: is an English Place name that is a combined form of the
Old English word leah, which meant 'clearing in the woods.' The
bent-leah was the 'clearing in the woods with the bent grass,' and
Bentley was the man who lived there.
Benz/Benzer: In early times when advertising was in its infancy,
(before television and the proliferation of literacy -- and the
subsequent decline due to the aforementioned...) innkeepers had
pictures placed on their hanging outdoor signs for identification.
The bear was one of the popular depictions. Benz is a German place
name derived from the place of the 'bear sign' with Benzer as a
Bettencourt: French Place name to describe someone from
Bettencourt, France. There are several spelling variations of the
place name. Bettencourt was originally or Germanic origin; Betto's
court, with Betto a variant of the personal name Bert with the
suffix court, which means farmyard. It is prevalent in Portugal
where it was first recorded in the 1300's.
Biedenweg, an unusual German place name, means "by the way" as a
location of where someone lived -- 'way' meaning course or path.
An Old Middle German given name was Budde, which evolved into
several surnames. Budde's Way, or the path to Budde's settlement
or enclosure, might have been taken as a surname for someone who
lived along that trail -- as Buddeweg or Budweg.
Billings: English Place name for the man who was one of "Billa's
people" or who is from Billinge (which is derived from an Old
English term for sword) in Lancashire.
Bixby is an English place name from "Bekki's homestead" in
Blackburn: Scottish Patronymic/Place name...Blackburn is somewhat
of an oddity in that many Scottish families with the name
originated from the town of Blackburn, which was named for an
original settler. He likely got the name because of where he
formerly lived -- black-burn being the reference to a 'dark
Blain: is a Scottish Patronymic name derived from Blane, or Blaan
-- given names that honored St. Blane, a Scottish Saint.
Blalock and Blaylock are English Nicknames for the man who had the
black hair, or the Bla'ck locks.
Blauer: is a Bavarian nickname for one who is associated with the
color blue...either by wearing blue clothes, or blue eyes -- or
sometimes having a pale complexion.
Blount/Blunt: English descriptive name...derived from the Old
French word blund -- which meant 'blond, or yellow-haired.'
Boeuf is a French Nickname for a powerfully built man, from the
Old French boeuf = bull. Variants are Leboeuf, Boey, and Boez.
Cognates are Boff, Leboff (England), La Bau, Boe, Boi, Lo Voi
(Italian), and others.
Bohm: and its variants are German Nicknames derived from the terms
used to identify a person from Bohemia. From Old German Baii +
heim=home. Variations include Bahem, Boehme, and Boehm, among
Booth is an English Place name for the man who lived in a small
hut or bothy from the Middle English word bothe, and usually
designated a cowman or shepherd. It has Scandinavian origins and
denoted the various kinds of temporary shelter, and is more common
in Northern England and Scotland. Variations include Boothe,
Boothman, Boden, Bodin.
Bowen: is a Welsh Patronymic name from the given name Owen. In
early times, when they said "son of" they said it ap or ab. For
example, William ap'John, was William the-son-of John. In the case
of Owen, it was William ap'Owen -- which when said the least bit
quickly, immediately becomes, William Bowen. Occasionally, Bowen
is an Anglicized form of the Gaelic O'Buadhachain (descendant of
Bower: English Place name for the person who lived in a small
cottage or occasionally, an occupational name for the house
servant, derived from Old English bur = cottage, inner room.
Variants include Bowers, Bour, Bowerer, Boorer, Bowering, and
others. Dutch versions include Van Buren, Van Buuren, and Van den
Bowman is a name that is quite literal; it's the English
Occupational name for the archer, from Old English boga = bow +
mann = man, although occasionally it is an Anglicized form of the
German and Dutch surname Baumann -- consult your heritage for the
correct version. Variants of Bowman are Boman, and Beauman. The
cognate form in Dutch and Flemish is Boogman.
Bradford: English Place Name...Settlers near a crossing point on a
watercourse often adopted 'ford' as their surname. A wide crossing
was a 'broad-ford' and those living there - Bradford.
Incidentally, Bradford was one of the 50 surnames of people
arriving on the Mayflower in 1620. Requested by: Glenn Bradford
Brake: English place name -- which derived from the way they
described bushes or a thicket in medieval times. The person who
lived by the 'bracken' thicket or bushes sometimes acquired the
Bredon, Breden, Breedon of English origin. It is derived from
places (in Leicestershire and Worcestershire) that are comprised
of the Old English elements bre=hill + dun=low hill.
Brett is the ethnic name for a Breton, from the Old French word
bret. The Bretons were Celtic-speaking folks who were driven from
SW England to NW France in the 6th century by the Anglo-Saxon
invaders. Some returned in the 11th century with William the
Conqueror. As an English surname it is most commonly found in E.
Anglia where many Bretons settled after the Conquest. Variations
are Britt, Breton, Bretton, Brittain, Bret, Lebret, Breton,
Bretonnier, Bretegnier, Bretagne, and Bretange. There are numerous
cognative versions as well. Requested by Judy Brett.
Briggs: A North English and Scottish variant of Bridge, derived
from the Old Norse bryggja. Bridge is an English Place name for
the man who lived near a bridge, or an English Occupational name
for the keeper of the bridge. Building and maintaining bridges was
one of three main feudal occupations, the cost of which was
occasionally offset by a toll charged to cross, and the keeper of
the toll often acquired the surname. Variations are Bridges,
Brigg, Briggs, Burge, Bridger, Bridgeman, Brigman. German
cognitives include: Bruckmann, Bruckman, Bruck, Bruckner,
Bruckner, Pruckner (Austria), Brugge, Brugger, Anderbrugge,
Toderbrugge, Terbruggen (at the bridge). Van Bruggen is Flemish,
and Van der Brug is Dutch. Other versions exist in additional
Bronowitz/Bronisz: Polish Patronymic Name... owitz and owicz are
typical patronymic endings applied to a given name in several
languages of Slavic origin. Bronowitz would be the 'son of Bron.'
Bron, by the way, meant 'defender.' The surname Bronisz is taken
directly from that given name. Requested by: Paul Pruitt
Brown: is one of the more common surnames, as you might expect.
Among the light-skinned English anyone with a darker complexion,
brown hair, tendancy toward brown clothing, etc. were often
described that way, and it stuck as a surname. There are a number
of derivatives in many countries.
Bruno: Brown is one of the more common surnames - it is the most
common of the surnames derived from nicknames. Bruno is the form
the name takes in Italy and occasionally in Germany.
Buhl is a German nickname for a relative of an important man, who
is not the head of the household, from Middle High German
buole=kinsman. It is also occasionally known as a nickname for a
lover, in the same context the word "paramour" is used.
Bulmer is an English Place name from a place in Essex that was
recorded in the Domesday Book as Bulenemera. It is derived from
the Old English elements bulena (the plural of bula = bull) + mere
= lake, for a literal meaning of 'lake of the bulls.'
Burckhardt/Borrows/Burg/Burge/Burks/Burr/Burris: German Place
Name...The principal surnames that refer to a fortified castle, an
imposing structure, or the peasant who lived nearby were Borrows,
Burg, Burge, Burks, Burr, and Burris -- which all came from the
Old English word burg which meant fort. Borg is generally the
designation used in Sweden, Norway, and Germany. Burckhardt was an
especially well fortified castle in Germany at the time surnames
were being adopted.
Burgess: English Descriptive Name...taken by men of free birth,
but not noble birth, who held substantial land for which they paid
very little rent, and had no obligation to render services to the
lord or king. Franklin and Freeman were names originating under
the same circumstances.
Burlingame/Burling/Burlingham: Burling and Burlingame are
corruptions of Burlingham, which was the 'settlement of Baerla's
people,' and an English Place name.
Burney: English Place name from Bernay , Normandy which had its
name originations in the Gaulish given name Brenno, or from Berney
in Norfolk (recorded in the Domesday Book as Ralph de Bernai , a
Norman who received land grants there). Occasionally, Burney is an
Anglicized form of the given name Biorna , a Gaelic version of the
Old Norse Bjarni (bearcub, warrior). Variations are Berney,
Burnie, McBurney, MCBirney, and Mac Biorna.
Burnham: an English Place name from various locations; Burnham
Beeches in Buckinghamshire, various villages in Norfolk, and
Burnham-on-Crouch in Essex. The name Burnham is derived from Old
English burna = stream + ham = homestead. A man from one of the
Burnham settlements might have that name as his identifying
Burns: English Place name. The man who lived in the lone cottage
by the small stream was called Burn, or Burns. The -S- was often
added to names as an aid to pronunciation. Other names with the
same origin are Brooke, Bourne, Beck, and Beckett. Requested by
Burnstein: German/Jewish Acquired name...Many German-Jewish names
were simply the result of a desire for something pleasant-sounding
when Jews in Europe were obliged to take surnames in the early
1800's. Those who picked such names usually were compelled to pay
a hefty tariff to the government officials for the privilege --
Amber (burnstein) is a color with positive connotations and it
also served as a descriptive name for some early day settlements,
which may have been located in an area noted by that color. Elsdon
C. Smith, in his work American Surnames, suggests that Bernstein
was generally adopted because of its pleasing sound.
Burris: The medieval castle was an imposing structure and was
often used as a reference point for those who lived nearby. The
English word burg meant fort, and the principal names describing
the English man who lived near one were: Burg, Burge, Borrows,
Burks, Burr, Burris. It's an English Place name. Requested by
Beverly Burris Daniels
Butler is an English and Irish Occupational name for the wine
steward, who was the chief servant of a medieval household, from
Anglo-Norman French butuiller = bottle. In the households of
nobility, the title denoted an officer of rank and responsibility.
Cain: English nickname, derived from the Middle English word cane
= reed or cane, and described the tall, thin man.
Callicott: is a variation of Caldicott, an English Place name from
any number of settlements originally spelled Caldecote, from Old
English ceald = cold + cot = cottage or dwelling. Some suggest the
name was in reference to unattended shelters for travelers,
although in the Domesday Book (1086) many of these places had
achieved some status. Variants are Caldicot, Caldecott,
Caldecourt, Callicot, Callcott, Calcut, Caulcutt, Caulkett,
Cawcutt, Corcut, Corkett, Corkitt, Coldicott, Coliccot, Collacott,
Collecott, Collicutt, Colcott, Colcutt, Colkett, Clocott,
Chaldcot, and Chalcot.
Camden: English Place name derived from the Old English elements
campas = enclosure + denu = valley. Cambden is a variation.
Camp: is an English Place name that along with Field, Prindle, and
Viles were references to the man whose home was the house in the
open field (as opposed to the forest or some other recognizable
feature). Requested by Tammy Miller.
Carberry: Scottish Place name in the parish of Inveresk, Lothian
which was first recorded as Crebarrin.
Carlisle is an English Place name for the town in Cumberland
derived from the British ker =fort + Romano-British settlement
named Luguvalium. How kerLuguvalium becomes Carlisle is yet
another story. Variations of this name include Carlyle, Carlile,
Carpenter: At the time surnames were adopted, the average man
built his own cottage and did not require the skill of the
Carpenter, who usually was hired by those who were of some means,
and required products only a craftsman could provide. It's an
English Occupational name. Requested by Dan Carpenter.
Carr: was a term used in old Scotland to describe 'low, wet
ground' and the person who lived by that area was often identified
by it. Carson is a Scottish Place name that describes the man who
lived by the carr -- the low, wet ground.
Carrera: French Place Name from the Latin carraria = cart. It was
the name used to refer to the man who `lived on the vehicle road'
or busy thoroughfare where many carts traveled. Requested by Larry
Carpinito: Spanish/Italian surnames are notorious for the number
of spelling variants and pet forms. Carpineto is an Italian
version of a French Place name for the dweller by a conspicuous
'witch elm' tree, or near a group of such trees, from Old French
charme, derived from the Latin carpinus. Variants include Charmes,
Charne, Carne, Decharme, Duecharme, Ducharne, and cognizant forms
in addition to Carpinito/Carpineto (which are diminutive forms)
are: Carpe, Ducarpe (Provencal), Carp, Carpin, Carpini, Carpino,
Carpine, Carpene, and Carpano, among others (Italian).
Carter is an English Occupational name for the transporter of
goods by cart or wagon from Anglo-Norman French caretier, a
derivative of Old French caret which originally implied 'carrier.'
Occasionally it is a form of McArthur. Variants include Charter
and cognates include Carreter, Carretier, Cartier, Charretier,
Chartier, Chareter, Charater, Carratier, Carratie and Carretero.
Cartwright: is an English Occupational name. One of the primary
specialized crafts along with CARPENTER was that of the
Cartwright, who fashioned the wheeled carts that traversed the
early roads. Requested by Fred Hensley
Cash: is an English Place name that was given to the man who lived
near the Cash -- or oak -- tree. Requested by William Hopkins.
Caswell: English Place name that identified the man who lived near
a spring or stream. In his case the water was identified by the
watercress nearby: Ole English cressa -- Cressawell, which evolved
Cates is an English Patronymic name from the Old Norse nickname
Kati, which meant 'boy' and speculation that it was derived from
the nickname Kate (from Catherine) should be tempered with the
knowledge that the Kate nickname wasn't used for Catherine until
after the Middle Ages, when Cates was already established as a
Chamberlin: is a variation of Chamberlain, an English Occupational
name that originally was the job held by the one who was in charge
of the private chambers of the master of the house, and later was
a title of high rank. Variations include Chamberlaine,
Chamberlayne, Chamberlen, and Champerlen.
Chandler: The Chandler worked with wax, and in addition to making
candles, he fashioned wax objects or icons that were used in
church offerings. Chandler is an English Occupational name.
Requested by Gloria Markus.
Clayton: is an English Place name that incorporates the most
common ending found among English names -ton. In Old English, tun
was the word for town, and it was used with other descriptions to
pinpoint settlements. Clayton, or Clay-town, was the settlement on
the soil of clay. Requested by Andrew Clayton
Clifton is an English Place name, as determined by the suffix
-ton- which originated in the Old English term tun meaning
"settlement" or "enclosure." The Old English word clif meant
"slope" which makes Clifton a "settlement on the slope," and a man
who lived there might be described that way. There are towns all
through England by the name of Clifton.
Cobb: English Patronymic name that is derived from Jacob 'the
supplanter' or 'may God protect' (depending on whom is asked...)
Cobb is a pet form of the name Jacob. Requested by William
Coggins :Irish/Welsh place name derived from a spot near Cardiff,
which is a Welsh word for bowl, and likely described the terrain
at the time. Requested by Kathy Hooten Gorodetzer
Coghill is a Scottish version of the Danish name Kogel for the
maker of hoods, or someone who wore one regularly.
Collard is derived in a round-about way from the given name
Nicholas. In several European languages where the accent tends
toward the second syllable in Ni-chol-as, the first syllable is
eventually lost due to lazy pronunciation. It's called aphetic
loss, for example, when the word esquire becomes squire over time.
Collard was derived as a pejorative form of Coll. Other variations
are Colle (French), Cola and Colao (Italian), Colle (Dutch), Col
and Colla (Flemish).
Colley/Coley/Collie: English Nickname from W. Midlands derived
from the Old English word colig which meant `dark' and was
sometimes used to describe a swarthy or darker skinned man.
Requested by Larry Hatfield
Collins/Cole/Coles: English Patronymic Name...Nicholas was an
extremely popular name in early times -- in the 4th century,
Nicholas was the patron saint of children. Many names were derived
from Nicholas, such as Nichols, Nickles, Nickleson, McNichols.
Collins derived from the ending of Nicholas.
Conway: Welsh Place Name from Conwy, a town in N. Wales named for
the Conwy River, which was named from an Old Brit term that meant
`reedy.' It is also sometimes derived from the Scottish place
Conway in Beauly Parish and was recorded in 1215 as Coneway.
Conway when descended from Ireland usually an Anglicized version
of Mac Commidhe, a name which meant `head smashing.'
Coomer/Coomber: English Place Name...Coomer is a variation of
Coomber from the Old English cumb which was a short, straight,
valley. Requested by Nancy Kincaid
Coop: There are several variations of Coop, the English
Occupational name that describes the maker of wooden barrels.
Cupp, Coope, and Cooper are the most common.
Cooper is the primary spelling of the English version of the
Occupational surname for the barrelmaker or repairer of wooden
vessals. The widespread adoption of this surname is testimony to
the fact that the cooper was one of the valued specialist trades
in the Middle Ages all through Europe. English variants include
Copper, Coupar, Cupper, Kooper, Coope, Coupe, and Cooperman (among
others --always) and cognates are Kiefer (German), Kupper (Low
German), Kupker (Frisian), De Cuyper, Cuyp (Flemish), Kuijper,
Kuiper, Kuijpers, Kuypers, Cuijpers, Cuypers (Dutch).
Colson/Coulson/Collson: English Patronymic Name...Coulson
originates from a very popular Middle Ages given name - Nicholas.
Cole was a pet form of Nicholas used in England (primarily) and
Coulson is a Scottish/Irish variation on a pet form of Nicholas.
Requested by Kylie Lacey
Copeland: originates in Cumberland county England and cope-land is
"bought land," a way that the man living there was referenced in
Corder: is an English Occupational name for the maker of string,
and occasionally as a nickname for the maker of ties.
Cotter: English Occupational name from Middle English cotter a
status term during the feudal times which described the tenant
farmer or serf who planted only five to ten acres and lived in a
cottage on the farm and payed for his place by service rather than
rent. There are several variations for the name of this modest
farmer, including Cottier, Cotman, Kotter, Kother, Kotter, Kother,
Kather, Cotterel, Cotterell, Cottrell, Cotterill, Cothererill,
Cotterel, Cottereau, and Cottarel.
Cottle: English Occupational name which described the tenant
farmer or serf who planted only five to ten acres and lived in a
cottage on the farm. There are several variations for the name of
this modest farmer.
Cotton: Cotton originated from the village naysayer, who always
said "I don't COTTON to that idea!" Just kidding. It also doesn't
have anything to do with the fluffy white stuff. Cot was a
shortened form of cottage, and was used as the ending of many
English surnames such as Wolcott, etc. and in a diminutive form
with the suffix -on the English Place name Cotton was derived. The
man who came to be known by that name lived near the small
cottage, or at the cottages. Requested by James Cotton.
Couldridge: Just as the name 'Colegate' designates a 'cool gap in
the mountain range,' the name Couldridge is an English Place name
that designates a 'ridge of mountains where it is cold.' Spellings
of names were not standardized until the 1800's and -o- and -ou-
were often mixed with the same intent. Requested by Mark
Coupar, when not a variant of Cooper, is a Scottish Place name
from Cupar in Fife, likely of Pictish origin, with an unknown
meaning. There are also locations Cuper Angus, and Cupar Maculty,
but no known surnames are derived from these. The first known
bearer of the place name in Scotland was Solomone de Cupir, who
was a witness to a charter in 1245.
Cowell: English Place Name...In Merry Old England they stayed out
'til the cu's came home, and pastured the milque cu on the hyll.
Cu-hyll -- or cowhill -- was a reference to the places in
Lancashire and Gloucester where cattle grazed on hillsides. Some
people from that area took it as a surname. Requested by: Norma
Craddock/Cradduck: Welsh nickname from the Old Welsh term caradog,
which meant `amiable.'
Craft: is a variant of Croft, an English Place name for the man
who lived by an arable enclosure, normally adjoining a house. It
is derived from Old English croft , with variations Crofts,
Craft(s), Cruft(s), and Crofter. Occasionally it is a place name
from Crofts in Leicestershire, which got its name from the Old
English croeft = craft or skill, and likely referenced a mill
Crim: English Place Name...Those who took the name Crim kept their
dwelling near a small pond or pool.
Crisp: English Nickname for the man with curly hair, from an Old
English term. Variations include Crispe, Chrisp, Cripps, Crippes,
Cross: English Place name for the man who lived near the stone
cross set up by the roadside or marketplace, from Old Norse kross.
Cognitives include De(la)Croix, Croix, (French); Croux, Lacroux,
Lacrouts, De(la)croux (Provencal); Croce, DellaCroce, Croci
(Italian); Cruz (Spanish); Kreutzer, Kreuziger (German);
Vercruysse (Flemish), Krzyzaniak (Polish), and Van der Kruijs
Crowell: is an English Place name from Oxfordshire and denoted the
man who lived by the "crow's stream."
Crowley: is an Irish Patronymic name, and it means 'grandson of
Cruadhlaoch,' whose name means 'tough hero.' Requested by Laura
Cunningham: Scottish/ Irish Place/ Patronymic Name...Cunningham is
a Scottish place name near Kilmarnock and was referenced in 1153
with the spelling Cunegan. Cunningham is a polygenetic name (it
has more than one source) -- the other is the Irish patronymic
name derived from O'Cuinneagain, a descendant of Cuinneagan, who
fashioned his name from conn or con which was used to designate
the leader or chieftain.
Curry: English place name in Somerset named for the river Curry.
Daniel/Daniell/Daniels: English, French, Portuguese, German,
Polish and Jewish Patronymic name, from the Hebrew given name
Daniel (meaning God is my judge). Variations are too numerous to
list, but will be added as queries concern them.
Darby: English Place name taken from a Middle Ages term that
described "where the wild animals are" and the man who lived
nearby could easily be described by that surname.
Daugherty is another Anglicized version of the Scottish and Irish
Patronymic name O' Dochartaigh "descendant of Dochartach" which
was a nickname meaning 'unlucky' or 'hurtful.' The most common
form of the name as Anglicized from the Gaelic is Doherty.
Docharty is the common Scottish variation.
Davenport: English Place Name...Many of the surnames that
originated in England came from places where the progenitor
lived... The name Davenport was first used in England's county
Cheshire, where the Dane river flowed. Davenport was the 'town on
the Dane River' and became the name of some who made their homes
there. Requested by: Susan Davenport-Wagner
David/Davis/Davies: was the patron saint of Wales, and the name
was popular throughout early Britain...as a result, there a many
surnames derived from the given name David, including Davis, and
Davies as the Welsh equivalent. Requested by Michael Stroupe.
Davies: English Patronymic name derived as a diminutive form of
the given name David. Requested by Doug Strohl
Dazey: is a variant spelling of Deasy, an Irish Patronymic name
from the Gaelic Deiseach, a nickname for a member of 'Dei's
Dent: English Place Name...it comes from 'Dent' hill in Yorkshire,
England. The first to use it as a surname lived in that area.
Dibley: is an English Patronymic name, based on a corruption of
the name Theobald (folk, bold), which when said often and quickly
enough, became Dibald and formed the basis for the surnames Dibble
and Dibley. Requested by Fred Hensley
Dinse is a German cognate of the English surname Dennis, which is
patronymic from the medieval given name Dennis, from the Latin
Dionysius and the Greek Dionysios, which meant 'follower of
Dionysos.' The big-D was the eastern god introduced to the classic
list late in the game. St. Denis was an early martyr (3rd Century)
who became the patron saint of France and the namesake of many
medieval Christians. Variations are Denniss, Denis, Denness, Dinis
(English); Denis, Denys (French); Dionisio, Dionis, Dionisi,
Doniso, Donisi, Denisi (Italian); Denys, Dinnies, Dinse (Low
German); Denys (Polish); Divis, Divina (Czech); and Denes, Dienes,
Gyenes (Hungarian), among many others.
Disney: is an English Place named derived from a French place
-Isigny- which was Isinius' estate in France. Many who followed
William the Conqueror into England became known by the French
towns from which they emigrated. Micky Mouse is said to have been
Dixon/Dickson/Dickinson/Dickey/Dix/Dickens: English Patronymic
Name...The love of the English for Richard the Lion-Hearted in the
late 1100's caused a rash of names in his honor, in addition to
three often-used nicknames that derived from Richard: Rick, Hick,
and Dick. The son of a man given the latter of the nicknames was
"Dick's son" which evolved into Dixon, Dickson, Dickens, Dix, and
Dickinson. In colonial America, Dick's River (in Kentucky, for
example) was spelled Dix as often as Dick's until it was
standardized, sometimes as late as the 19th century. Requested by:
Doherty is an Irish and Scottish Patronymic name from the Gaelic
O'Dochartaigh, meaning 'descendant of Dochartach', whose name
meant Unlucky or Hurtful. Variants are O'Doherty, O'Dougherty,
Dougharty, Doghartie, Dogerty, Daugherty, Doggart, Dockert, and
Docharty, among others.
Donaldson is a Scottish and Irish Patronymic name form of the
surname Donald that comes from the given name Domhnall and is
comprised of the Gaelic elements dubno = world + val = might,
rule. Variants are Donnell, Doull, Doole, and patronymic versions
include Donaldson, McDonald, McConnell, O'Donnell, O'Donill, and
O'Daniel (when derived from Gaelic O'Domhnaill).
Donathan has roots in the Irish given name Donndubhan (brown
Dubhan)and was Anglicized as many of the longer Irish names
commonly were. They're called Patronymic when the surname is
derived from the father's name.
Donovan: is an Irish Patronymic name from the Gaelic O
Donndubhain, which means descendant of Donndubhan, from the roots
Donn = brown + dubh = black. Requested by Alan Engebretson.
Dowd/Dowda/Duddy: Irish Patronymic Name for O'Dubhda, a common
name in Kerry County, where the term dubh = dark. Requested by
Driscoll/O'Driscoll: Irish name Driscoll was the one given to the
man who served as an interpreter -- the prefix -O- means 'of, son
of, or grandson of' -- so, O'Driscoll is the descendant of the
Irish interpreter. Requested by Chantell O'Driscoll.
Drummond is a Scottish place name to describe the man who lived
near the ridge, from the Gaelic druim = ridge. Gilbert de Drummyn
is the earliest known bearer of the name, and signed a document as
the chaplain to Alwyn, Earl of Levenax circa 1199.
Duckworth: English Place name from Duckworth in Lancashire which
was derived from the Old English given name Ducca + OE word =
enclosure, translating literally to Ducca's word or Ducca's
Duguid is a Scottish nickname for a do-gooder or a
well-intentioned person, from Northern Middle English du = do +
guid = good. The earliest known bearer of the name is John Dugude,
who was in Perth in 1379 and went to Prussia with the King's
service in 1382. It is most commonly found in the Aberdeen area.
Duke is an English nickname for someone who gave himself airs and
graces, from Middle English duke (from Latin dux = leader), or an
Occupational name for a servant employed in a ducal household.
Occasionally, it is a surname taken as a Patronymic version of a
shortened form of the given name Marmaduke, which is of Irish
origin, said to be derived from 'mael Maedoc' which meant 'devotee
of Maedoc' a name borne by several Irish saints. Cognates are Duc,
Leduc (French); Duca, Duchi, Lo Duca (Italian); Deuque
(Portuguese); and Duch (Catalan).
Dull: It depends on whether you are of Scottish descent, or
English descent concerning Dull. If you are a Dull Scot, you hail
from Dull (a plain) which is a village and parish in Perthshire.
If your ancestors originated in England, the name is a nickname
that is not as unflattering as some that wound up as surnames.
Requested by Christy Dull.
Dunaway: English Place Name...which refers to one who lived 'on
the road to the hill.' Requested by: Brian Dunaway
Dungen is the general spelling with an umlaht (dots) over the U,
and is a German Place name as a variant of Dung, the surname given
to the man who lived on a pieces of raised dry land amidst marshy
surroundings. Dunk, Donk, and Dunkmann are other versions.
Edwards: is an English Patronymic name from the Middle English
given name Edward from the Old English eadward, derived from
ead=prosperity + weard=guard.
Elliott: and its spelling variations are all based on the popular
Middle Ages given name Elijah (My God is Yahveh). Among the many
surnames that were adopted as English Patronymic names from Elijah
were Ellis, Ellison, Elias, and Elliott. Requested by Janet
Embery: is a variant of the surname Amery which is an English
Patronymic name. The name was brought to the British Isles with
the Normans, many of whom were referenced by the towns they
emigrated from, or by the Norman given names of their fathers.
Amery is derived from Old French amal=bravery + ric=power, and
derivatives include Amory, Emery, Emary, Emberry, Embrey, and
Imbrey, among others.
Erwin: and its counterparts Ervin/Irvin/Irwin are German
Patronymic names from the Old German given name Eorwine which
means "sea, friend." On occasion the name can be traced to
Scottish roots and the places called Irvine and Irving, which
meant 'green river.' If you are of Scottish descent, then the
second is a strong possibility.
Fairfull/Fair/Fairchild: English Nickname....Both 'fair' and
'full' have their origins in Middle English words; full - the
meaning of which has passed to us unchanged, and fere, which meant
comrade, friend, or 'friendly one.' The earliest meaning of fair
was beautiful, so Fairfull would be "filled with beauty" or if
derived from 'fere,' - "full of friendliness." Not all nicknames
that survived as surnames were as flattering! Requested by:
Falla/Fallas is an English (by way of the Normans) place name that
describes the man who hailed from Falaise in Calvados, which
happens to have been the birthplace of William the Conqueror. He
brought many with him, and others followed shortly after, who
became known by their place of emigration.
Farquharson: Scottish Nickname from Gaelic fearchar (Celtic
elements mean man+dear) to signify a beloved person. Descended
from Farquhar Macintosh, a grandson of laird of Macintosh who was
at Braemar before 1382.
Feingold: German Jewish names originated in the early part of the
nineteenth century when European Jews were compelled to take
surnames. Many chose purely ornamental names, of which Feingold is
an example that means 'fine gold.'
Finn isn't always Irish, of course, but when it is -- it's derived
as an Anglicized version of the Gaelic nickname Fionn, meaning
'white,' which could have denoted prematurely white hair, or fair
complexion, etc. When Finn is of English origin it is derived from
the Old Norse given name Finnr with the same meaning.
Occasionally, the name is of Ashkenazic Jewish origin, but its
exact meaning in that context isn't clear. Variations are Finne,
Fynn, Phinn, McGinn, Finsen (Danish), McKynnan, Kinnan, O'Finn,
O'Fionn, and many others.
Fort: English/French Place/Descriptive name...Fort is found in
several countries, all deriving from an English/French term
meaning strong/brave that was derived from the Latin word fortis.
Some with the name were descendants of a strong/brave person --
others were those who lived at or near the fort, which was the
term eventually used to describe a strong or fortified location.
Foster/Forester: In the English Middle Ages, the forests and woods
were almost always owned or controlled by the lord of the manor --
but people had no reservations about sneaking in and taking
firewood, game, or whatever else they might require. To keep the
poaching to a minimum, the lord retained a man to watch the forest
-- often called a Forester, and sometimes called a Foster. The
name stuck as an English Occupation surname when they became
Fox: Although in some cases Fox refers to the nature of its
originator -- as in sly as a fox, most animal names were derived
from the pictures that decorated the signs at the medieval
roadside inns. Literacy was an issue, most could distinguish the
pictures, and the family at the sign of the Fox often took that as
a surname. Requested by William Hopkins.
Fritz/Fritsch/Fritzch: German Patronymic Name...The Germans were
fond of using shortened or pet versions of names when acquiring
surnames. Fritz is a patronymic surname taken from a pet form of
Friedrich, which means "peace, rule." Fritsch and Fritzch are
versions of the given name held by a long ago ancestor.
Froman: from the Old French fromant = corn, a French occupational
name for the corn merchant.
Fulton: /English/Scottish Place name, In Scotland, Fulton was the
Fuller: English Occupational name for the dresser of cloth. The
fuller scoured and thickened cloth by trampling it in water.
Related Fuller information page here.
Fullerton: English Place name...for the 'village of the
birdcatchers' in Hampshire. From Old English fuglere =
Place/Occupational/Nickname When the name originated in Provencal,
it referred to the person living by the lookout spot . In more
northern areas of France, the name was the occupational title for
a wood sawyer. Less frequently, the name was a nickname given to a
wasteful person, derived from Old French gaschier to spoil.
Requested by: Paul Carr
Garcia: Spanish Patronymic Name from the given name Garcia which
means "spear, firm."
Garrison: English Place/Occupational name, derived from Middle
English garite = watchtower. The garrison were troops stationed at
the fort or castle, and the name could also describe one who lived
near the garrison's watchtower.
Garwood: English Place Name derived from the Old English gara
(triangular land) and wudu (wood). The early Garwoods were those
who lived by the triangular stand of trees. Requested by: Eva
Gaunt: English Place name derived from the town of Ghent in
Flanders from which skilled workers migrated to England during the
Middle Ages. It was also the nickname given the thin or gaunt man.
Gay: English and French nickname for the cheerful person.
Gee: If the man named Gee didn't come from the town Gee in
Cheshire, then it was a nickname he was given by his
less-than-tactful associates who pointed him out by his lameness
Gilmore: Irish Occupational Name...In old Ireland, the words gil,
kil, maol, and mul designated a follower, devotee, or servant" of
someone. Those with the name Gilmore are descended from the
"servant of Mary." Requested by: Wouter Sas
Glabb/Glab/Glabski: Polish Place name/Nickname, variation of
Glab/Glabski, a low-lying spot or valley or a Polish Nickname for
a fool (the literal meaning of glab is cabbagestalk). Better go
with that first definition!
Godfrey: is an English Patronymic name from the French given name
Godefrei, comprised of the Germanic elements god + fred, frid =
peace. Variations are Godfray, Godfree, and Godfer. French
cognatives include Godefroi, Godefroy, Godefrey, and others.
German: Govert, Goffer, Goffarth. Flemish = Govaard, Godevaard,
Gold/Gould/Guild(Scottish): English Patronymic Name derived from
the Old English masculine personal name from the precious metal.
Requested by: Sheri McGregor
Gollaher , and the more frequently seen Gallagher, are Anglicized
versions of O'Gallchobhair, which means descendant of Gallchobhar,
derived from gall = Foreign, stranger + chobhar = help, support.
Other variants include Gallacher, Gallaher, Gallogher, Galliker,
Gilliger, O'Gallagher, and O'Galleghure.
Goode: When not referring to the man of high morals, is an English
Patronymic name, taken from a shortened form of the given names
Godwine, Godric, or Godmund.
Gore is a French nickname for an idle individual (don't tell
Vice-President Al though!) that has versions Lagore, Gouret,
Gorron, Gorin, Goury, Gorel, Goureau, Gorichon and Gorillot, among
Goss: Polygenetic (several sources)... It originated near the same
time in England, France, Hungary, and Germany. As an English place
name, it described one who lived near a moor or wood...a
descendant of Goss -- a pet form of Gocelin "the just" was called
by the name, as was the descendant of the Goth...The dweller at
the sign of the goose was sometimes called Goss, as was the
dweller at the thorns. There was a former Austrian town called
Goss, and some residents took that as a surname. And if that isn't
enough, Goss is also a shortened form of the Germanic element god
- which means good. You can pick your favorite! Requested by Jerry
Gough: English Occupational Name...of Celtic origin for the man
who worked as a smith, from the Gaelic gobha or goff. It was
common in E. Anglia and was introduced by the followers of William
the Conqueror. It is also sometimes derived from the Welsh
nickname for a red-haired man... coch = red.
Griffin: A mythical beast, half-lion and half-eagle -- that
decorated signs at some of the roadside inns during the Middle
Ages. Most people did not read or write at the time, but all could
recognize the pictures. The man who lived at the sign of the
griffin was sometime called by that name.
Griggs is a variant of the English Patronymic surname Gregory,
from the same given name that was popular throughout the Christian
countries during the Middle Ages. It derives from the Greek
Gregorios, a variant meaning 'to be awake or watchful' but was
later associated with a term that meant 'good shepherd.' Sixteen
of the popes were named Gregory, starting with Gregory the Great
in 540 AD.
Guerin and Geurin: (spellings weren't standardized until the
1800's) are both versions of the surname Waring, being the Irish
form of the French given name Geran. That was taken from the
Norman name Warin which meant 'guard.' Kind of a long way 'round
to achieve an Irish Patronymic name.
Hackney is an English Place name, comprised of the elements Haki
(Old Norse nickname for a man with a crooked nose or hunched
figure, meaning similar to 'hook') + Eld English eg = island,
literally, Haki's Island, or Hook's Island. The man from there
might take the name Hackney.
Haffner/Hafner/Hefner/Heffner: German Occupational Name...Lathes
and potter's wheels have been around since ancient antiquity; in
Germany, one who fashioned pottery was the hafner . Requested by:
Hagan: It's an Irish Patronymic name for the son of Hagan.
Originally from the Gaelic form O'Hagain, it's one of the many
that dropped the -O- identifier.
Hall: English/German/Danish/Norwegian/Swedish Place name, derived
from various words for "large house" including OE heall, and
Halterman: The southern Germanic term for hillside or slope is
halde and the German Place name for the man who lived on the halde
was Halder, Halter, Haldermann, Halterman(n), Haldner, Hald,
Halde, or Halt.
Hamilton: is an English Place name, derived from its elements
hamil =treeless hill + tun =settlement, for a literal translation
of 'treeless hill town.' Hamilton was earlier described as
Hameldon, Hambledon, and Hambleton.
Hampton is an English Place name from hamrh=water meadow or
homestead + tun=town or settlement/enclosure. The man who lived at
the settlement near the water-meadow was called Hampton.
Handlen: is a variation of Hanlon/Hanlin which is one of the
'Fighting Irish' surnames. A number of Irish names reference
warriors, and Hanlon and its variations means 'great hero.'
Requested by Steve Handlen
Hanna/Hannah/Hannay: English Place name...All three names are
derived from the English place in Lancashire called 'Hanna's
Island' and as spellings of surnames were not standardized until
the 20th century, several variations exist. People who came from
Hanna's Island came to be known as Hanna/Hannah/Hannay.
Hardcastle: English place name near Hebden Bridge in Yorkshire. It
is derived from Middle English hard + castel = castle.
Harding: English Patronymic name, from the name Heard (hard,brave)
The closest I can find to the Hungarian Harlacher is the German
name Horlacher from the place Horlach in Bavaria or Horlachen in
Wurttemberg, from Old High German hor = mud, marsh + lahha = lake.
Germany constituted the strongest influence on early Hungary and
Hungarian names are similar to German although the language is
Harris: is an English Patronymic name that comes from a pet form
of the given name Henry. Some Henrys became known as Harry, and
Harris was the descendant of Harry.
Harstad: In Norway, people lived on farms rather than villages as
they did in other parts of Europe, and some can be traced all the
way back to the Iron Age. There are several designations for the
farms, and -stad is one of the later ones. Harstad is a Norwegion
Hartley: The ending -ley on English surnames is derived from the
Old English word leah, which described a 'clearing in the woods.'
Hart is an old term for stag or deer, derived from OE heorot, and
Hartley would be the man who lived near the clearing in the woods,
where the deer were found. Requested by Maryellen O'Donnell
Hatfield: English Place Name for the field that was covered with
Heard is an English Occupational name for the tender of animals,
normally a shepherd or cow herder, derived from Middle English
hearde and Old English hierde = herd, flock. Variants are
Heardman, Herd (Scottish primarily), Herdman, Hardman, Hird, Hurd,
Hurdman, Hearder; cognates are Hirth, Hirter, Herter, Herder,
Horter (German) and diminutive forms include Hirtel and Hirtle.
Hebert: is an English Patronymic name from the given name Hebert,
which means "combat, bright."
Heck/Hack/Hatch/Hatcher: English Place name...Surnames were often
derived from the places where people lived at the time names were
being adopted: Heck, Hack, Hatch, Hatcher were names that were
used by those who lived at the gate or entrance to a park or
forest, usually surrounded by a hedge.
Hedmark/Hedemark: Swedish Acquired Name...the Swedes were among
the last to adopt formal surnames and had a tough set of criteria
for making up family names. (They didn't want anything risque or
socially offensive.) Many were combined from nature words that
they linked to form a pleasant sounding family name. Hed means
'meadow' and mark means 'field' -- so Hedmark would be literally
translated as meadow-field.
Helfield: The lord's manor or hall was one of the easily
recognizable features in the early countryside. The man who had a
home near the hall was called Heller and the man who lived near
the field by the hall was called Helfield. It's an English Place
Hell(e): is a variant of Hill, an English Place name. The man who
lived by the Hill (and there were many) sometimes came to be known
as Hill, and less frequently, as Hell or Helle. When the name is
of German origin, it is a place name for the man from Heller, from
the German heller = light.
Helmrich is one of the many variations of Helm, a medieval German
given name which was a shortened form of the many compound names
containing helm = helmet. Others are Helmel, Helmle, Helmecke,
Henley/Hensley: English Place name...Originating in Suffolk and
Warwickshire, from Old English heah meaning high + OE leah meaning
wood/clearing. A Henley or Hensley would be one who lived near the
high clearing in the woods.
Hewitt is an English Patronymic name from the given name Huet,
which was a diminutive form of Hugh; occasionally it comes as a
description of the man who lived in a newly-made clearing in the
woods, from Middle English hewett, a derivative that meant 'to
chop' or 'to cut.' Variants include Hewit, Hewett, Hewat, Howett,
Howatt, Huett, and Huitt. Patronymic versions are Hewitson,
Hewetson, Hewison, Howetson, Howatson, Huitson, and Huetson.
Heydrich: and its many variations are German Patronymic names from
the given name Heidenreich, which is derived from Old German
headen=heathen + reich=rule, and was a popular name during the
Crusades when it proudly declared "power over heathens!" The other
forms of the name include Hedrick, Headrick, Heydrick, and
Hibbard/Hibbert/Hilbert/Ilbert: English patronymic name from the
Norman given name Hilbert or Hildebert, which was derived from
hild = battle + berht = famous.
Highland: English/Scottish Place name that quickly described where
its owner lived -- on the high land. It was an easy way to
distinguish between John in the valley from John on the hill.
Requested by William Hopkins.
Hilliard: is one of the rare English Matronymic names -- that is,
it comes from the name of the mother instead of the father.
Hilliard is derived from the Norman female given name
Hildiarde/Hildegard, comprised of Germanic elements hild = battle,
strife + gard = fortress, strength. Variations include Hilleard,
Hillyard, and Hildyard.
Hinshaw: English Place name that is a variation of Henshaw, which
was a 'woods where wild birds are' found, such as moor hens and
Hopkins: English Patronymic name...At the time of the conquest,
the Normans brought the name Robert to England, and it had several
pet forms that became the basis for surnames. Rob (which we still
use), Hob, and Dob, were all pet names for Robert. Hobbs and
Hobson were drawn from Hob, and Hopkins was yet another variation.
Hodge/Hudge/Hodgin/Hodgen: English Patronymic name from the pet
name Hodge, which was derived from the given name Roger. Roger
came to England as Rogier courtesy of the conquering Normans.
Hodinott: is the original version of (H)Od(d)en(n)not(t), which is
a Welsh Place name from Hodnet in Shropshire or any of the various
places called Hoddnant in Wales. It is derived from whawdd =
pleasant, peaceful + nant = valley, stream. Other variations
include Hodinott, Hodinett, now chiefly in Ireland.</P>
Hoefling/Hoffling/Haefling: German Acquired/Occupational
Name...Adopted when surnames became required, by a class of people
that had formerly not used them -- ie. footman to royalty -- when
the royalty were deposed. From German hof meaning "court."
Hoffman: German Nickname Name...hoef (hof with the two-dots over
the o) means court or small farmer and Hoffman is a nickname for a
farmer who owned his land rather than rented.
Hogarth/Hoggarth: English and Scottish Place name from an
unidentified place with the second element garth = enclosure.
Hogeweide/Hochweide: German Place Name...From German hoge/hoch =
tall + weide = willow, or "tall willow." One living near the tall
willow would be Hogeweide or Hochweide. Requested by: Bev Waller
Holbrook: English place name that described the man living by the
stream in the deep ravine.
Houston/Huston/Houstoun/Heuston: Scottish Place Name...From a
place near Glascow, from the medieval given name Hugh + the
Medieval English word tune,toun meaning village or settlement.
Hugo de Paduinan held the location circa 1160. Hugh's town was
anglicized to Houston, the most common form.
Hoxie/Hochzeit: German Acquired Name...Hoxie is that it is derived
from the German Acquired name Hochzeit (many names were altered to
make them easier to spell) whose elements are hoch+zit which meant
"high time" in Middle High German. It was associated with weddings
and could have been taken by a man who was being married and had
not yet become known by a specific surname.
Huff: English Place Name...from the Old English hoh = heel, and
referred to one who lived at the spur of a hill.
Hunter/Hunt: Scottish/English Occupational name, variation of
Hunt, Old English (hunta=to hunt)
Hutin/Hooten/Hustin/: French Nickname for a quarrelsome person.
Requested by Kathy Hooten Gorodetzer
Ingersoll/Ingersall/Inkersall/Inkersole/Ingsole: English Place
Name from Derbyshire which was written in the 13th Century as
Hinkershill and was derived from Old Norse name Ingvair + the Old
English term hyll = hill; literally Ingvair's Hill.
Jackson: is an English Patronymic name from the Old French given
name Jacque, which was the French form of Jacob (Yaakov in Hebrew,
meaning heel -- it's a long story...)
Jeanes/Jeanne/Jayne: Norman-French Place Name....Guido de Genez
came to England with the Norman Conquest and was granted lands
there. Genez is a placename in Normandy. Anglicized to Jeanes;
also de Genes, Jenis, Janes, Jans, J'Anes, Jeanne, Jeynes, Jayne,
Jenks is an English Patronymic name derived the long way around
from the given name Jenkin (normally suffixes are added rather
than taken away), in this case, the Anglo-Norman suffix -in is
removed. Jenkin was a Middle English given name that came as a
diminutive form of John.
Juliard/Julliard/Julianus/Julius: French Patronymic
Name....Juliard is a French version of Julian/Julianus/Julius
which derived from the Latin Julius meaning youthful looking --
literally as "downy-bearded." Requested by: Paul Pruitt
Johnson: English Patronymic Name:One of the earliest first names
was John (gift of God), which in the 17th century replaced William
as the most popular name for a male. As a patronymic name, Johnson
from England and Scandinavia became the most widely found name in
America, and its Welsh version Jones the fifth-most prolific.
Jones: English Patronymic Name:One of the earliest first names was
John (gift of God), which in the 17th century replaced William as
the most popular name for a male. As a patronymic name, Johnson
from England and Scandinavia became the most widely found name in
America, and its Welsh version Jones the fifth-most prolific.
Requested by: Bev Waller
Jovan: Slavic Patronymic name...Likely Anglicized version of
Jovanovic, a Slavic version of the given name John, which came
from the Hebrew Yochanan, which meant `Jehovah has favored me with
Justice: English Patronymic name that is derived from the given
name Justus which means 'the just,' and in some cases was applied
to the man who performed the duties of the judge. If nowhere else
-- you can find Justice on these pages! Requested by Herb King
Kantor: German Occupational Name...Kantor is the one who sang
liturgical music in the synagogue.
Keach: is an English nickname given the man who was a little
chubby. From the Middle English keech = fat, with variants Keech,
Keetch, Keatch, and Keitch.
Kelso: Scottish Place name that was used to describe the man who
lived near the 'chalky height' -- a place they would have
recognized during the Middle Ages when surnames were adoped there.
Requested by Liz Kelso
Kern/Kerns/Curn: Many German names are taken from the short, or
pet form of a given name. Kern (of which Curn may be a derivative)
is taken from Gernwin (spear, friend) when it isn't the man who
emigrated from Kern, the German town. It's a German Patronymic
name when not from the town, and a German Place name in that case.
Kesterson: Some names are a combination of types: In Germany, the
official in charge of the church sacristy was the Kuester (the
English equivalent was Sexton) and Kester and Koester are
variations of that occupational name. The -son at the end is a
Patronymic designation that denotes the descendant of the Church
Kuester. Requested by Gloria Markus
Key: as you might expect, was the man who made keys, or
occasionally -- the man in the largely ceremonial office of
'key-bearer.' Kay is another version of that English Occupational
Kidd: English Occupational/Nickname...Most surnames relating to
animals had their origin in signs that were displayed at inns
throughout the countryside. In early times, when travel from one
location to another could not be completed in a day -- people took
travellers into their homes -- many doing so as a business.
Animals pictures were popular additions to the signs. Kidd came
from the picture of the "little goat" at an English inn...in
France, the counterpart was Chevrolet.
Kille is a variation of the Irish Patronymic name Killeen, which
is an Anglicized version of the Gaelic Cillin, a dimunitive form
of Ceallach. Phew! -- a long way of saying descendant of Kelly.
John Kyllyk is the first known bearer of the name. He was a
vintner in London whose will was proven in court in 1439.</P>
Kincaid: Scottish Place Name...Kincaid was derived from a place
near Lennoxtown in Campsie Glen, north of Glascow. It was
referenced in 1238 as Kincaith which means 'top pass.'
Kingdon: It's an English (Devon) place name from High Kingdon in
Alverdiscott, Devon. The name elements are from Old English cyning
= king + dun = hill for a literal translation of 'king's hill.'
Kinney: Variant of the Scottish Patronymic name Kenney derived
from the Gaelic given name Cionaodha, of unknown origin, but
likely composed of the elements cion = respect + Aodh = pagan god
of fire. Occasionally Kenney is derived as an Irish Patronymic
name through the Anglicizing of O'Coinnigh -- 'descendant of
Coinneach. Variations are McKinney, McKenney, McKenna, McKinna,
and McKennan, among others.
Kirkland: Scottish Place name; the man who took it as a surname
lived on land adjacent to the church property, often the parish
cemetery. The Scottish church is referred to as the Kirk.
Klink: Dutch Place name for the man who lived near the rushing
Knapp: As an English place name, Knapp was the man who lived at
the top of the hill.
Knight: English Status Name from the Old English cniht which
referred to a boy or serving lad. During the Middle Ages, Knight
was used as a given name before the Norman conquest, after which
it became a term for a tenant farmer who defended his lord on
horseback. As only those men of some stature owned horses, it
became a term for a man of prominence, and later, was converted to
an honorary title.
Knopf: is a German and Jewish occupational name for the maker of
buttons, or the man who lived by a rounded hillock. In the second
case, it's a Place name.
Kroeger: From the Middle Ages through colonial times - innkeepers
and tavern owners were people of prominence in the community, and
were the only place of refuge for travelers. More often than not,
the host of the inn took that as a surname: Host and Hostler in
England, in Germany it was Krueger, Krug, and Wurtz. The Dutch
form was Kroeger.
Kruse/Krusekopf: German Nickname...Kruse is a Low(land)German
version of the surname Kraus, which -- along with Kruskopf -- was
given as a nickname for one with curly hair. Kraus means curly.
Cruise, (as in Tom Cruise) on the other hand, is an English
nickname from the Middle English crouse=bold, fierce.
Kyle: In early times, the man who lived by an important river was
referred to by the name of the river. In England, the Kyle River
was the "narrow" river. Kyle is an English Place name.
LaCroux is a Provencal variation of the surname Cross: English
Place name for the man who lived near the stone cross set up by
the roadside or marketplace, from Old Norse kross. Cognitives
include De(la)Croix, Croix, (French); Croux, Lacroux, Lacrouts,
De(la)croux (Provencal); Croce, DellaCroce, Croci (Italian); Cruz
(Spanish); Kreutzer, Kreuziger (German); Vercruysse (Flemish),
Krzyzaniak (Polish), and Van der Kruijs (Dutch).
Laird: is a Scottish name taken from the term used to describe the
caretaker of land under which the peasant farmers rented land and
sought protection during the height of the feudal period. The
laird offered protection to the serfs who fought for him when
attacked by neighboring lairds. They tended to raid each other
often, for livestock, and as a relief for boredom.
Lambert: English/French/German Place name from Old German land
=land + berht = famous...literally, famous-land. Requested by Doug
Lambkin/Lumpkin/Lamkin: English Patronymic names derived from
"Little Lamb" which was a pet form of the given name Lambert
Langdon: English Place Name...from settlements in Devon, Dorset,
Essex, Kent, and Warwick in medieval times. It is derived from Old
English lang+dun, which meant long hill.
Langworthy: is an English Place name that is derived from two
elements, -lang which meant 'long' and -worth which designated an
enclosure or settlement. Langworthy was the man who hailed from
the long settlement or enclosure. Requested by Lora Langworthy.
Laporte: French version of the place name Port which described
someone who lived near the gateway to the town, or by a harbour.
Lapsley: is an English Patronymic name from the Old English given
name, Hlappa + leah=woods, for a literal meaning of 'Hlappa's
woods' or more specifically, 'Hlappa's clearing in the woods."
Larson/Larkin/Lawson,/Lorenzo: The name Lawrence was derived from
'laurel' - symbol of victory, and was popularized by St. Lawrence,
a papel deacon who was martyed in the Middle Ages. McLaren is the
Scottish form of the name, Larson, Larkin, and Lawson are among
the English variations and Lorenz is a German form. Spanish
speaking languages are among those that would have Lorenz and
Lorenzo as a variants of Lawrence, which is a Patronymic name --
from the name of the father with that given name.
Law: is an English and Scottish Patronymic name from a Middle
English pet form of the given name Lawrence; occasionally it is an
English Place name for the name who lived by the hill, derived
from Northern Middle English hlaw = hill or burial mound. Lawes
and Lawson are traditional Patronymic versions of Law. Richard Law
emigrated to America in 1638 and was one of the founders of
Lawton: English Place name from settlements common in Lancashire
and Yorkshire, from Buglawton or Church Lawton in Cheshire, which
derived their names from Old English hlaw = hill, burial mound +
tun = enclosure, settlement. The literal meaning would be "hill
settlement" and someone from that place might be identified as
Lee/Lea: The surname Lea is derived from the Old English word
leah, which meant 'clearing in the woods' and the ending -ley- is
the second-most common among English surnames. Lee and Lea were
also the names of many small towns that were in the valley or the
'clearing in the woods.'There are other versions as well, posted
on request. Requested by Stuart Lea.
Lease is a variation of Lees, an English name that is derived from
several sources, one of which is the same as Lee and Lea. In
medieval times, the Old English word leah meant "wood" or
"clearing" and the name Lee (or Lea) described the man who lived
near a meadow, pasture, or patch of arable land. Leas/lees is the
plural form of 'lee' which was the Middle English form of 'leah.'
The man named Lees/Leas (and its variations) lived on or near the
fields or pastures. Also, several settlements arose with the name
Lee or Lees, and people who lived there were often described that
way, when no other description was more appropriate. There is a
Lees in Ashton-under-Lyne and a Leece in Barrow-in-Furness.
Occasionally -- although somewhat rarely -- Lees is derived as an
English Matronymic name. Names taken from the mother are pretty
scarce, but in the case of Lees and Lease, some derived their name
from the female given name Lece, a short form of Lettice. Finally,
some with the name Lease or Lees are descended from Scots with the
surname Gillies, where the first part of the name has been lost
through aphesis, when a short beginning syllable is dropped
through lazy pronunciation, as in squire, derived aphetically from
esquire. Gillies is a Scottish Patronymic name from the Gaelic
given name Gilla Iosa (servant of Jesus). Variations include
Leese, Leece, Leish, Leishman, Leeson, Leason, Lesson, and Lisson.
Leo is an Italian version of the English Nickname Lyon, given to
the brave or fierce warrior, from the Old French lion, from Latin
Leo/Leonis. Also it is taken from the given name Leo = lion, borne
by numerous early martyrs and popes. English versions are Lion,
and Leon, French are Lion, Leon; Italian versions are Leoni,
Leone, Lione, Liuni, and Lio. The Spanish version is Leon,
Portugese is Leao. Patronymic forms are Delion, De Leone, Di
Lione, De Lionibus, De Leo, Di Leo, and Leoneschi.
Leonard: Almost all given names that were around during Medieval
times have continued through the ages as surnames. Leonard is one
such name, the meaning of which is "lion, bold." Requested by
Lichtsinn: is a variant of the surname Licht, which is a German
Occupational name for a chandler. It is derived from the German
licht=light. Variations include Lichtner, Lichtmann, and Lichtzer,
Lindsey is a spelling variation of Lindsay, an English and
Scottish Place name from Lindsey in Lincolnshire, first found in
the form Lindissi, a derivative of the British name Lincoln. The
Old English element eg=island was added since the area was
virtually cut off from the surrounding fenland. Lincey and Linsey
are other variations.
Littlefield: English Place Name...Field comes from the Old English
word feld which meant pasture or meadow that was flat and
uncultivated. Littlefield is a place name given to one who lived
near the small uncultivated meadow -- the 'little-field.'
Requested by Alan Littlefield
Logan: Scottish Place name and colonial frontier family, including
General Benjamin Logan who founded Logan's Station (Stanford, KY).
The name originated in the Scottish Lowlands, and designated the
man who lived near the 'little hollow.'
Long: English Descriptive name. During early times when surnames
were being adopted, the man they called Long was especially tall
Lovell is an English diminutive variant of the name Low, when it
meant a crafty or dangerous person, a Nickname derived from the
Anglo-Norman French lou = wolf + -el, a diminutive suffix. Lovel
and Lowell are variations.
Lundquist: Swedish Acquired Name...Adopted when surnames became
required; the Swedes acquiring surnames much later. Acquired names
were chosen for a pleasing sound; Lundquist is literally "grove
twig." Swedish immigrants to American often added Lund or
qvist/quist to surnames because it gave the appearance of
increased social status. Lundquist is simply a surname prefix with
a suffix attached.
Lux: may be the shortened form of Luxton, a place in Devon,
England. The ending -ton came from Old English tun = settlement
and Luke's town was eventually known as Luxton.
Maier, Meyer, Meier, and Myer: were the principal officers in
charge of large and important households in Germany, and often, an
-s- was added as in Meyers and Myers. Later the term came to
designate a sustantial farmer. Requested by Marilyn Meyer Roberts.
Malone: is an Irish Patronymic name from the given name Malone
(servant of St. John).
Manke: Nicknames or descriptions of people often stuck as
surnames, and many were none-too-politically-correct. Manke was
what they called the man who was lame or crippled, and some wound
up with it as a surname.
Maitland: was a lot like England: Mait and Eng being terms for a
grassy field. Eng-land became the name of the realm, and Mait-land
became the name of the family that made their home in Eng-land.
It's an English Place name.
The name Markowski and many other versions are derived from the
Latin Marcus, the given name of Mark the Evangelist, who authored
the second Gospel. The etymology of Marcus is unknown, but it may
come from the word Mars. It is an old and popular given name which
constituted the origin of many surnames. Markowski is a Jewish
version of the name, along with Markewitz, Markovski, Markovitz,
and numerous others.
Marshall: originally cared for the lord's horses, and acted as an
early vet and farrier. Later on, the term evolved to describe an
official in a noble's household in charge of the military affairs.
It's an English Occupational name, either way.
Martin is found in many sources: English, Scot, Irish, French,
German, Czech, Flemish/Dutch, and Danish/Norwegian, and is from
the personal name Martin derived from the Latin Martinus = Mars,
the Roman god of fertility and war. A 4th century St. Martin of
Tours was extremely popular, and made the name widespread
throughout Europe, as one of the few Old English saints' names
found in England before the Conquest.
Martinez: Spanish Patronymic Name...St. Martin of Tours was the
patron saint of France and made Martin the most common name in
that country. As a saint (with a good festival, to boot) Martin
was also popular around the world. In Spanish speaking countries,
descendants of Martin were called Martinez.
Matthews/Mathis: English Patronymic Name...Matthew means 'gift of
Yahweh' as does Matthias -- both were popular first names in early
times, and it is almost impossible to determine which derivatives
came from which name...at any rate, Matthews and Mathews are
English Patronymic names (from the father) and Mathis is the
German counterpart. Matthews with the double-t was more popular in
Mattingly: is an English Place name from an Old English personal
name Matting + leah (clearing in the woods) which is literally,
Matting's clearing in the woods. Requested by Karen Mattingly.
Mayor, see also: Meyer/Meier: English Occupational Name...The head
of a village or town was the mayor, often a position held for
life. Henry Fitz Ailwin was the first mayor of London in 1193.
Requested by: Bob Meyer
McArdle/McArdell/McCardle: Scottish/English Patronymic
Name...McArdle is an Anglicized version of gaelic Mac Ardghail
which came from the given name Ardghal. That name is composed of
ard = height + gal = valor, for high valor. Variations are
McArdell and McCardle. Requested by Tim McArdle
McCann: Scottish Patronymic name for the 'son of Annadh' whose
name means 'storm.'
McCleaft: Possibly derived from MacCleish, which is Anglicized
from Mac Gill'losa which meant `son of the servant of Jesus," and
is documented in Dumfrieshire as early as 1376. Requested by
McClourghity: is an old Irish name, of which most have been
Anglicized to one degree or another -- with McClourghity not quite
as much as McCafferty, which is another version of Mac
Eachmhareaigh, a patronymic surname from the given name
Eachmharcach. If it wasn't Anglicized that way then his namesake
son would have to sign his check: Eachmharcach Mac Eachmhareaigh,
taking up so much space he could only write them for small
amounts! Just kidding...
McCracken: Irish Patronymic Name...An Irish sept or clan was a
group of people living in the same area with the same surname, and
most Irish names used the Mac or O' prefix, as well as the Norman
inspired Fitz'. Most of the names were taken from the father's
name (patronymic) although many dropped the prefix and most were
Anglicized in America. Many Fitz prefixes were replaced with Mac.
McCracken was the son of Neachtan, which meant 'pure one.'
McDonald and McDonell are variations of the same surname, both
Scottish Patronymic names derived from the Gaelic -- Mac
Dhamhnuill, which means 'son of Domhnall,' a given name from the
Gaelic elements dubno=world + val=rule. Other variations are
McDonnell, McDonaill, McDonall, and McDaniel.
My guess on MacEachern is a slightly Anglicized version of Mac
Eachain, a Scottish Patronymic name from the Gaelic given name
Eachan, which means 'each horse.'
Irish Patronymic Name...the Mc designates 'son of' and a literal
meaning of "Son of Guinness" which is anglicized. The Irish
version was from the Gaelic Mag Aonghuis and the given name
Aonghuis is anglicized to Angus. Requested by: Kathryn McGuinness
McGowan is a Scottish and Irish Patronymic name from the
Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Gobhann (Scottish) and Mac Gabhann
(Irish) both from occupational nicknames for the village smith. It
is also occasionally derived in Scotland from Mac Owein, a
patronymic form of the given name Owen or Ewen. Variations include
McGowing, McGowen, McGoune, Magowan, McAgown, McEgown, McIroine,
McIntosh : is derived from MacIntosh, a Scottish occupational and
patronymic name that means 'son of the chief or leader.'
McKeever: is a variation of McIver which is a Scottish version of
an Old Norse given name Ivarr derived from iw = bow + herr = army.
The name was adopted at an early date by the Scots, Welsh, and
Irish, and most cases indicate Celtic ancestry. Other variations
include MacIvor, McIver, McEevor, McEever, McHeever, and McCure.
Iverson is the Danish and Norwegian version, while the Swedes
opted for Ivarsson and Iwarsson.
McKinley: derived from the given name Finlay a Gaelic tribal
leader, whose name came from the given name, Fionnla 'fair hero.'
McLean: Scottish Patronymic from MacLean, 'son of the servant of
McMurtry: possibly Irish Patronymic names, from Anglicized
versions of the Gaelic given name Muircheartach, derived from muir
= sea + ceardach = skilled, to mean 'skilled navigator of the
sea.' The Patronymic forms are McMoriertagh, McMurihertie,
McMiritee, McMreaty, and McMearty.
McNeilly: Scottish Patronymic name from the 'son of Neil' whose
name means 'champion.'
McQuaig, McQuade, MacQuaid, McQuoide: Scottish/Irish Patronymic
Name... The Gaelic given name Wat (pronounced wait, and the same
as Walter). The name Walter was brought by the Normans and derived
from Wald , meaning rule, and theri , meaning army. Mac Uaid was
the son of Wat (Walter). The Anglicized version took many forms,
some of which dropped the Mac, and many of which arranged the
vowels in combination. Many Gaelic consonants were used
McVie is another variation of the Scottish Patronymic name McBeth,
from the Gaelic personal name Mac Beatha which meant 'son of
life,' that is - man of religion. Other versions are McBeath,
McBeith, McBay, McVay, McVey, McVeagh, McVie, McAbee.
Meacham: English occupational name from Machin, derived from
Anglo-Norman French machun, which designated the stone mason.
Mercer: English Occupational Name...Mercer was the one who dealt
in silks, velvet, and expensive materials, although the term was
sometimes applied to merchants in general.
Merlo: derived from the Old French word merle = blackbird -- Merle
was used as a French Nickname for simplicity, or for the catcher
Miles: English Patronymic name by way of Old French and the given
name Milo, or occasionally from the given name Michael. Miles is
also infrequently derived as an occupational name from the servant
or retainer called a miles in medieval times.
Mill: In Medieval times, an center in every village or settlement
was the mill, where people took their corn to be ground into
flour. The man who worked at the mill, and sometimes the miller
himself, might come to be known as Mill, or a variant of the name.
In fact, the most common form of Mill is Mills. It has cognative
forms in almost every language.
Miller: English Occupational Name for the man who operated the
mill from the Middle English term mille. Requested by Darryl
Mitchell is an English, Scot, and Irish Patronymic name from the
given name Michel, the regular vernacular form of Michael.
Variants are Mitchel and Michell, while the English patronymic
version takes the form of Mitchelson or Michelson.
Mitter: German place name for the farmer whose land was in the
middle of two other, particularly when the farmers had the same
given name. It's from Middle High German, mitte = middle, and
could be used as in Hans mitte, or the Hans in the middle.
Mixon/Mix/Mixson: English Patronymic Name...The archangel Michael
was the patron of the 12th century Crusades, and the name Michael
was a favorite as a result. 'Of Michael' or 'of Mich/Mick' denoted
the son. Mix and Mixon/Mixson also denote son of Mick or Michael.
Requested by: Debra Mixon
Mogk: English Patronymic Name from the Old English personal name
Mawa, which was used to describe an important local personality in
the settlement or village.
Moore is an English Place name for the man who lived on a moor, in
a fen, or any of the various settlements with this name -- derived
from their location near the moor or fen. It comes from the Old
English mor. Occasionally, Moore is a nickname for the person with
swarthy complexion, from Old French more = Moor/Negro, and
sometimes Moore is derived from the Gaelic O'Mordha (descendant of
Mordha, a name that meant 'great' or 'proud' in Gaelic) and
Anglicized to Moore. Lastly, Moore can be a Scottish or Welsh
Nickname for the big man, from Welsh mawr = big, great.
Moran is a variant of the English and French surname Morant, which
is an old given name of unknown etymology, but believed to mean
'steadfast' or 'enduring.' When of Irish descent, Moran is derived
by Anglicizing O' Morain, (descendant of Moran), which usually has
its accent on the first syllable, as opposed to the English and
French version's second syllable accent.
Morgan is a Patronymic name of Welsh, Scot, and Irish origin --
from an old Celtic given name (Morien in Wales) composed of
elements meaning sea + bright. Morgan is one of the most common,
and oldest of the Welsh names. There is a Scottish Clan Morgan
established in medieval times with connections to the McKays, and
was likely developed independently of the Welsh surname. The Irish
version is from O'Murchan or O'Morghane, from the Gaelic
Moriarty/Moirerdagh/Muirihertie: Irish Occupational Name...from
very old Celtic terms muir =sea and cheardach =good navigator.
Settled in County Kerry, on both sides of Castlemaine Harbor. The
name is an anglicized version of Muircheardach or O'Muircheardach,
with a literal meaning of skilled navigator of the sea. Variations
include McMoirerdagh, and McMuirihertie. Requested by: Erina
Morin: French surname for a dark complexion or dark-haired person;
Moring may be a variation. The French Nickname Morin became Moreno
in Italy and Spain. Requested by Mark Moring.
Morris: Welsh/English/Scottish/Irish Patronymic name from the
French given name Maurice which was introduced at the time of the
Norman conquest. Requested by Jennifer Morris
Muldowney: Irish Patronymic name from the descendant of Dunadhach,
the fortress holder, Gaelic maol = chief + dun = low hill.
Requested by Brian Muldowney
Murdock: English Patronymic name derived from the old Irish name
Murdoch (seaman) which was introduced into England before the
Nagel/Naher/Nager/Neher/Nader: German occupational name for the
tailor. Nahen = to sew. Many of these names are also spelled with
two dots over the first vowel. (umlaut)
Nelson is an English Patronymic name derived either from the given
name Nell or Neil, both of which originated from the Irish given
name Niall. It means literally -- Niall's son. It is believed to
have meant 'champion' and was brought to England from Ireland by
Scandinavian settlers where the 'son of Niall' became known as
Niall's son, or Nelson.
Niblett: English Nickname...Niblett comes from a Middle English
word nibbe which meant 'beak,' and was a nickname for someone with
a prominent nose. Some of the nicknames that stuck as surnames
were none too kind, but by comparison, this is fairly mild.
Requested by John Saulsbury Niblett
Nigro: is a cognizant of Noir, a French nickname for someone with
notably dark hair or complexion, from the Old French noir = black.
LeNoir is a variant of the name as well.
Niziolek: Polish Nickname...The small or thin man often was
referred to by a descriptive word that wound up as a surname --
Niziolek is the Polish version; Littell, Lytle, Short, and Cline
are among the English counterparts.
Northrop/Northrup: English Place Name...An old Danish word
termination was -thorpe which designated 'outlying farmstead or
hamlet' was corrupted into -throp and -thrup in early England.
North-thorpe -- the north farm -- became Northrop and Northrup as
an English place name.
Nuccio: The surname John is universally found, from the Hebrew
name Yochanan which meant 'God has favored me with a son.' Each
language had its own versions of John and the Italians used a good
many, including Giovannelli, Gianelli, Gianiello, Gianilli, and
Giannucci, among dozens of others. Giannucci often became Nussi,
Nuzzi, and Nucci, to which the final -O- completed Nuccio.
Nugent: Derived from the French nogent which designated the 'fair,
wet meadow' and was the name of several towns. It's a French Place
O'Connell: Irish Patronymic Name...it originated with the grandson
of Conall, whose name meant 'world mighty.'
O'Dungan is Anglicized from O'Donnagain, which mean 'descendant of
Donnagan' a diminutive form of a personal name that meant 'dark'
or 'brown.' Donegan is the most common spelling, with variants
Dunnigan, Doonican, Dunegain, O'Donegan, and O'Donegaine.
Olejnicazk/Olejniczak: Polish Patronymic/Occupational Name...There
a few names that are patronymic (from the father's name) that
originate from the father's occupation. The Polish name
Olejnicazk/Olejniczak came from the 'son of the maker of oil from
seeds for food purposes.' Kind of an Olestra forebear, I guess.
Oliver: is both an English and a French surname, although the
French version is often seen as Olivier. It's a Patronymic name
from the given name Oliver, which means 'elf, host.' Requested by
Olney: is an English Place name derived from Old English ollaneg,
which meant island of Olla.
Otter/Otterman: While many animal names derived from the pictures
on the roadside inns during the Middle Ages, the surnames Otter
and Otterman aren't among those. Otter is a corruption of the Old
English names Otthar or Othere, which meant "terrible army." I
don't know if that means 'terribly mean army' or just 'terribly
bad army." Just kidding...I'm sure Otthar could throw a spear with
the best of them!
Paris/Parris: French Place Name...Paris is the name taken by many
who originated in that French city, named for the Gaultic tribe
Parker: English Occupational name for the man who was the
gamekeeper at the medieval park.
Parks: English Occupational name, along with Park, for the dweller
in the enclosed woods which was stocked with game for royal use.
Payne: is a derivative of Pain, which is an English Patronymic
name from the Middle English given name Pain. It comes from the
Old French Paien, which came from Latin Paganus -- where pagus
meant outlying village. To make the long story short (or to wrap
up an already long explanation of its origin), Pain was a civilian
instead of a soldier and lived in an outlying area. Derivatives
include Paine, Payne, Payen and Payan.
Pawlik/Pawlicki/Pawlak/Pavlik: Polish Patronymic Name...derive
from the given name Paul, which was a popular item around the
surname-acquiring period. When the spelling used a V as in Pavlik
-- the name has the same derivation, but its origin would be
Payton is an English Place name from Peyton in Sussex, which got
its name from the Old English given name Poega + tun = settlement,
enclosure, meaning literally" Poega's settlement."
Pearce: and its variations: Pearce, Pearse, Piers, Peers, Perce,
Persse, Perris, (and others) are derived from the English given
name Piers, which is a form of the name Peter.
Pearsall /Piersol: (and its variations) refer to a medieval
English place called Per's Valley and one who lived there or
nearby often became known as Pearsall. Requested by Nicki
Pennebaker/Pennebakker/Pannebakker: Dutch Occupational
Name...Pennebaker evolved from the Dutch penne = tile + bakker =
baker; literally tile-baker. The Pannebakker family shield motto
is: Mein Siegel ist ein Ziegel - "My Seal is a Tile." September
15, 1463 an edict in Holland forbade thatch and straw roofing and
required tiles, making the tile-making a busy trade. Submitted by
Perkins: is a Welsh Patronymic name derived from the given name
Peter, which was introduced into the area with William the
Conqueror. There were many other varieties in England, but Perkins
was most popular in Wales.
Perry: Henry was a popular name during the Middle Ages when
surnames were adopted, and one of its pet forms was Harry. To
point out a lad who was the 'son of Harry' a person might say "Yon
is ap Harry." As a result, ap Harry eventually evolved into Perry
for some who adopted the surname. It's an English Patronymic name.
Requested by Sean Perry.
Petrie: Scottish Patronymic name that is derived from the given
name Peter. As a given name, Peter became popular after the Norman
conquest of England, and Peter was often used as a surname by
itself. Petrie is a dimunitive form of Peter, that was more
popular in Scotland.
Phelps: In the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries were French kings
named Philip, which helped to popularize the name. Among the
English variations of Philip, which means 'lover of horses' is
Phillips/Philips: Philip was an extremely popular name in medieval
times -- Philip was one of the apostles, and four French kings
were named Philip from the 11th to the 13th century. The name --
which means 'lover of horses' -- came into England from France at
the time of the conquest. Philips is patronymic (named after the
father Philip, whose sons would be referred to as Philip's sons).
The common Welsh and English version of the surname is spelled
with two l's, giving the descendants the surname Phillips.
Phillips is a variation of the English, French, Dutch/Flemish, and
Danish/Norwegian Patronymic name Phillip/Philip from the Greek
name Philippos and elements philein = to love + hippos = horse.
Its popularity seems to have been due to medieval stories about
Alexander the Great, whose father was Philip of Macedon.
Variations are Philipp, Phillip, Philp, Phelp, Phalp (English);
Philippe, Phelip, Felip, Phelit, Philip, Phalip (French); Filip
(Flemish/Dutch). There are numerous other diminutive, patronymic,
and cognative forms.
Pillsbury: English place name and refers to Pil's fort, a place of
safety during medieval times. Requested by Peter Hebert
Pinson: It's an English nickname based on an Old French word --
pinson -- which meant finch, and was used to describe a cheerful
Pitt: English Place name...OE pytt ; a pit, hollow, or low valley
Poe: is a variant of the English nickname Peacock, which described
the man who seemed to strut about, or was brightly fashioned. The
Flemish version is DePauw/Depaeuw, and the Dutch version is
DePaauw. Requested by Cynthia Lux.
Poisson is a French diminutive version of an Italian Occupational
name (Pesce) which was given to the fisherman, or fish seller.
Peschi is a variation of Pesce, and other French versions include
Poisson, Poissonnet, Poissenot, Poyssenot.
Poll: is an ancient Gaelic word that means 'pool, pit' and the
name Poll would describe the man who lived near the deep pool of
water. It's a Place name of Gaelic origin.
Pollard: derived from two sources: the Englishman with a
closely-cropped or shorn head was described as 'pollard' and for
some the name stuck as an English Descriptive name. Other Pollard
families were those who lived near the head or the end of the
lake, and wound up with an English Place name.
Pomeroy is a French Place name given to the person from any of the
several locations in France by that name, generally spelled
similar to pomeroie, which was Old French for 'apple orchard.' The
Pomeroy family of Devon can trace their heritage to a close
associate of William the Conqueror, Ralph de la Pomerai, whose
descendants lived for over 500 years in a castle near Totnes,
Powers: English Descriptive name for the man who had little money.
There were many more Powers and Poors in early times, than Richs.
Pratt: English Place name derived from the word used to describe a
grassy field during early times. The man who lived there was
sometimes referred to as Pratt. Requested by William Hopkins.
Preston is a Northern English Place name from the numerous
locations, including Lancashire) derived from Old English preost =
Priest + tun = enclosure, used to described a village held by the
church or village with a priest.
Prochazka: is a Czech Occupational name for the travelling
tradesman, especially the travelling butcher. It is derived from
Czech prochazet=to walk, stroll, or saunter. It is among the most
common Czech surnames.
Provost: English Occupational name...During the Middle Ages serfs
elected one of their own to oversee the work on their lord's
manor. One title for the position was Provost. It's considered an
Occupational name. Requested by Nick Stamos.
Pruitt: English Descriptive Name...Pruitt is a diminutive
derivative of an old English term meaning bold, impetuous, brave,
soldier. Requested by: Paul Pruitt
Punnett: One version is that it comes from Pugnator or a person
who is a fist fighter or boxer. We have tracked back to the 1600's
in Punnetts Town in Sussex England, but believe the family
originally came from Belgium or Normandy. Submitted by Chris
Putnam: English Place Name...Many English villages were described
by attributes, and some surnames were adaptations of those
locales. Putta's Homestead was one such settlement and some
residents described themselves as being Putnam. Requested by:
Quaite, Quate, Quade, McQuade, MacQuaid, McQuoide: Scottish/Irish
Patronymic Name...The Gaelic given name Wat (pronounced wait, and
the same as Walter). The name Walter was brought by the Normans
and derived from Wald , meaning rule, and theri , meaning army.
Mac Uaid was the son of Wat (Walter). The Anglicized version took
many forms, some of which dropped the Mac, and many of which
arranged the vowels in combination.
Quigg/Quigley/Quigley/Quick/Quickley: English Nickname for an
agile person, from Middle English quik or Old English cwic =
lively. The surname is also sometimes derived from the place where
cinch grass grew – it was a quick-growing grass. Quick and its
variations were also derived occasionally from Old English cu =
cow + wic = outlying settlement, for the man at the dairy farm.
Quinton: English Place Name...Quinton was the name given to
several locations in Gloucester, Northants, and Birmingham that
derived from Old English cwen = queen + tun = enclosure,
settlement. The name is patronymic when derived from the Old
French given name Quentin (Quintin) from Latin Quninus and Quintus
meaning fifth(born). The name was introduced by the Normans but
never really caught on. Finally, Quinton sometimes derived from a
Norman location named for St. Quentin of Amiens, a third Century
Roman missionary. Requested by Victoria Quinton.
Rabinovich and Ravinovitch are versions of the Jewish Status name
Rabin from the Polish rabin = rabbi. Variations include
Rabinerson, Rabinsohn, Robinsohn, Robinzon, Rabinow, Robinov,
Rabinowicz and others.
Ragsdale: is an English Place name comprised of the elements rag =
rough + dale = valley, for a literal translation of 'rough
valley.' The letter -S- is added to many names and elements to
make them easier to pronounce.
Ralph: Ralf de Tankerville was the chamberlain for William the
Conqueror, and from his name a number of given names were derived.
From Ralf came: Raff, Ralph, Rand, Randall, Randolph, Rankin,
Ransom, Ranson, Rawlings, Rawson, and Rawle. Requested by Dave
Ramirez: is a Spanish cognizant of Reinmar, a German Patronymic
name from ragin = counsel + meri = fame. The Spanish version was
Ramiro, from which the patronymic derivative Ramirez evolved.
Ramsey: is a Scottish place name in Essex and Huntingdonshire from
Old English hramsa=wild garlic + eg=island or low land, for a
literal meaning of 'wild garlic island.' Someone who lived near
the spot where the wild garlic grew became known as Ramsey.
Randall/Randolph: English Patronymic name from the early given
name Raedwulf, which means 'shield wolf.' It was popular in
England before the Norman Conquest. The name eventually became
Radulf and Randolph and Randall are among the derivatives.
Requested by Jennifer Turnbull
Ray/Rey/Wray: English Nickname/Place Name...Ray is polygenetic in
that it has several sources. One version is an English nickname
from Old French rey or roy meaning king, to designate someone who
had regal airs (not necessarily regal heirs!). It was also from
the Middle English word ray which meant female deer (Ray -- a
deer, a female deer...) and was given as a nickname to one who was
timid. It also derived from the places Rye and Wray -- for people
who were from there.
Rayner/Raynor: French Patronymic name, from the Norman given name
Rainer, which was derived from ragin = counsel + hari = army.
Requested by Kathy Alsobrooks
Ready/Reed: Scottish Patronymic Name...of the Scotsman Reedie in
Angus. Also, in some cases, a Descriptive English name, as in --
always ready. Sometimes, meaning the descendent of Little Read
(red), the nickname for a redhead, or the pet form of Redmond
"counsel, protection." Requested by: Kathleen Cocuzzo
Redman is polygenetic, derived independantly from surnames Read
and Roth. When arriving from the former it originates from the Old
English read = red and designated the man with the red hair or
ruddy complexion. The softening of the -E- sound in OE read to
modern English red is not well-explained. Variations of Read are
Reade, Reed, Redd, Reid, Redman, Readman, Ride, Ryde, and Ryder.
Roth is the German Nickname and Jewish Assumed Ornamental Name for
the person with red hair, derived from German rot = red. Variants
are Rothe, Rother, and the Jewish variations are Roter, Roiter,
Royter, among others.
Reece: There was a family in the south of Wales that favored the
given name Rhys: one was Rhys ap Tudor (Rhys the son of Tudor) who
led men in stopping the advance of the Normans into South Wales.
His grandson was Rhys ap Gruffydd (Rhys of Gruffydd) who became so
powerful that he was appointed King's Judiciar for Wales by King
Henry II of England. As heroes, they were responsible for a lot of
given names, of which some translated into surnames. Reece, Reese,
and Rice were all derived as Welsh Patronymic names from the given
Reichenberg is a Ashkenazic Jewish ornamental surname derived of
the elements reich(en) = rich + berg = hill -- literally 'rich
hill.' Ornamental surnames were taken for their pleasing sound
rather than any significant meaning, and occured when
nationalities such as the European Jews and the Swedes adopted
surnames in the 1800's.
Reid/Reed: Scottish Patronymic Name...English nickname from OE
read (red) for red hair or complexion.
Reyes: is from the Old French rey=king, and is a nickname for the
man who carried himself in a regal fashion, or sometimes - a timid
Richmond: English Place Name. William the Conqueror brought many
French names with him, including Richemont "lofty mountain" which
was Anglicized to Richmond.
Rigg/Riggs/Ridge/Ruge English Place Name...The person who lived at
the ridge or at a range of hills was known in England by various
names, including: Rigg, Riggs, Ruge, and Ridge. These names also
derive from small settlements by these names within the British
Isles. Requested by Bill Rigg
Robinson: The Normans brought the French given name Robert to
England at the time of the Conquest. It means 'fame, bright' and
was derived from the Old German Hrodebert. Rob, Hob, and Dob were
pet forms of the name, and from Rob a number of surnames were
derived -- including the English Patronymic name Robinson.
Requested by Harley Robinson
Rodriguez is a Spanish version of the given name Hrodrick,
comprised of the Germanic elements hrod = reknown + ric = power.
The Spanish form of the given name is Rodrigo, and the Patronymic
form is Rodriguez, meaning 'son of Rodrigo.'
Rogers: English/French Patronymic name from the given name Roger
which was brought to England by the Normans as Rogier. Its
elements are hrod = renown + geri = spear, or `reknowned
spearman.' Requested by Darryl Rogers
Round/Rounds: When surnames were adopted, sometimes nicknames
stuck as in the case of Round and Rounds, which were English
Descriptive surnames for the person who was about as wide as he
was tall. Requested by Marcus Round.
Rundle: In the Middle Ages, when surnames were being adopted, some
were Nicknames that neighbors or relatives pinned on a man to help
identify him from others with the same first name. Sometimes they
were cruel, sometimes not too bad. Rundle is a diminutive form of
the Middle English rund which meant 'round' and was used to
describe the man who was slightly round at the middle.
Occasionally, Rundle identified the man who was from Rundale, in
Shoreham parish, Kent, which derived its name from Old English
rumig = roomy. Variants are Rundell, and Rundall.
Rycenga: Dutch surname derived from German town of Rysum combined
with Dutch ga = from to designate the man from Rysum, Germany.
Variations include Rycenga, Rycinga, Ryzenga, Rijzinga, Rijzenga,
Rijsinga, Rijsenga. Submitted by Doug Strohl
Sablun/Sabluns: Italian Place name, for the man from the place
settled by the ancient Italic people of Central Italy. Requested
by Doug Strohl
Sadler: aptly described the Englishman who was the maker of
saddles and is derived from the Old English sadol. Varieties
include Saddler and Sadlier, among others.
Salisbury/Saluisbury/Saulsbury: English Place Name...Saulsbury is
a variation of Salisbury (pronounced the same way as Saulsbury)
which was an English city in Wiltshire that was derived from searu
= armour and burh which meant town -- for a literal meaning of
armour-town. People from their would sometimes use it as a
surname. Requested by John Saulsbury Niblett
Sanders is derived the long way around from the popular given name
Alexander. An aphetic version is one where the initial syllable is
lost through poor or lazy pronunciation, as in squire evolving
from esquire. Alexander became Sander in parts of England,
Scotland, and Germany, and the addition of the -S at the end
denotes a Patronymic name, as in "son of."
Sandis/Sandison/Sandys/Sand: English/Scottish, German, Danish,
Norwegian or Swedish place name for the man who lived near the
sandy soil...and occasionally, the son of Alexander. Requested by
Sanguino/Sanguinetti: Spanish/Italian Nickname...Both Sanguino and
Sanguinetti have as their root -- sanguinis -- the Latin word for
blood. The word was also appropriated by Medieval English and
Medieval French as a root for words with blood as a reference. The
Italians often placed diminutive suffixes on names, which would
create "little blood" Sanguinetti. Descriptive names are somewhat
rare among the Spanish-speaking languages, and those taken from
colors are even more rare; Blanco (white), Castano, Moreno
(brown), and Pardo (gray) are the only ones among the top
one-thousand Latin American names. Requested by Cris Sanguino
Santi: English and French nickname derived from the word saint,
which described a pious person. Requested by Doug Strohl
Satterfield is an English Place name for the man who lived in a
hut in the open field.
Sauer: German Nickname...In England there were several names for
the grave or austere man, including Sterne and Stark. One of the
German counterparts is Sauer. Mental and moral qualities were
often ascribed to people during Medieval times, with the
differences in spelling and pronunciation due to the varying
dialects and languages. Sauer and Wunderlich both designated the
morose or moody man in Germany. Requested by J. Sauer
Saunders: Scottish Patronymic name derived from the popular name
Alexander. Three Scottish kings bore the name during Medieval
times and there are a large number of variations taken from its
pet forms. Sanders and Saunders are among those well represented
Savage is an English nickname for a 'wild or uncouth person,'
derived from a Middle English version of Old French salvage,
sauvage = untamed. Variants include Sauvage, Salvage, Savidge,
Savege. French congitives are Lesauvage and Sauvage; Italian =
Salvaggi, Selvaggio, Salvatici, and French diminutive versions are
Sauvageon, Sauvageau, and Sauvageot.
Schachet: a variation of Shoikhet, a Jewish (Southern Ashkenazic)
name for the ritual slaughterer, from Yiddish shoykhet, with
variants: Shoichet, Schochet, Shohet, Szoachet, and Schauchet.
Schechter: The Jewish (Ashkenazic) Occupational name for a ritual
slaughterer is Schechter, of which there are a number of
variations, derived from German Schachter (agent deriv. of
schachten, from the Yid. verb shekhtn, whose stem is from Hebrew
shachat - to slaughter. Variations include Schachter, Schaechter,
Schacter, Schechter, Schecter, Szechter, Scherchner, and
Scheidtz/Sheets: German place name used to describe the man who
lived by a boundary or a watershed. Requested by Robert Sheets
Schoff: German Occupational Name...German occupational name for a
shepard and derived from the element schaf = sheep.
Schroeder: In Germany, the Schroeder drove a dray, which was a
low, wheeled cart with detachable sides -- the drayman, or
schroeder, was the driver.
Schwalb is usually a German nickname for the man who resembled
(presumably in grace or swiftness, -- those crazy medieval
namers!) the swallow. Back/Bach is the German reference to the man
who lived by the stream so Schwalbach would be literally, "swallow
stream" and could be a reference to a small river or stream named
Schwalb (such a stream is located in England, known by the English
Schwertz is from schwert, a German Occupational name from the word
for sword, which described the man who worked as an armourer for
Seal/Seale/Seales: English place name from Sale in Manchester, or
as an occupational name for the maker of seals or saddles. It was
also occasionally used as a nickname for a plump person.
Sells: English Place Name given to the man who lived in the rough
hut that was designed for animals – that person was usually the
herdsman who was in there watching over the animals. Requested by
Sewell is polygenetic, in that it was derived from separate
sources at the time names were being acquired. Some Sewells are
wearing an English Patronymic name, and are descended from Sewel
(victory, strength) and others have an English Place name, from an
ancestor who lived near Bedfordshire or Oxfordshire -- both had
places called Sewell, which designated 'seven wells.' Requested by
Shand is a Scottish name, Shands is the Patronymic version of the
name, that is, the equivalent of "son of Shand." The origin of
Shand itself is uncertain, but may be a shortened form of
Alexander. It may also be a Place name from Chandai, located in
Orne, and recorded in the 12th century. Shand: A rare but old
surname in Scotland. The surname of Shand seems originally to have
been confined to the north-eastern counties, particularly
Aberdeenshire, and in that county more especially to the districts
comprising the parishes of Turriff, Forgue, Drumblade,
Auchterless, Culsalmond, Fyvie, King-Edward, and Gamrie. In old
times it was variously spelled Schawand, Schaand (1696), Schande,
Schand (1528), and Shand...We have also Shandscross given to
certain lands on the estate of Delgarty. Magister Robert Schawnd
was prebendary of Arnaldston, 1522. Probably French, Philibert de
Shaunde was created earl of Bath in 1485; but nothing is known of
him, except that he was a native of Brittany. The Surnames of
Scotland by George F. Black, 1946
Sharma: in sanskrit means brahmin or uppercaste men. The caste
system in ancient India consisted of Brahmin, Kshatryas, Vaishyas
and Shudras. Brahmin = priestly or educated class, Kshatryas =
kingly/warrior, vaishyas = business class, and Shudras =
Sharp is an English Nickname given to the man who was keen,
active, and quick; derived from the Middle English term scharp.
Variations include Sharpe, and Shairp (the second of which is
primarily Scottish). Scharff and Scharfe had the same meaning in
Germany, while Scherpe is the Flemish and Dutch version.
Shaw: English place name for a copse or thicket, and would have
been given to someone living near the thicket.
Sheffield and Shaffield are English Place names from Sheffield in
South Yorkshire, so called from the river Sheaf, meaning
Sherrer: Variation of Scheuer, a German Place name for the man who
lived near the tithe-barn, or an Occupational name for the
official who was responsible for collecting the tithes of the
farmers, derived from Middle High German schiur (barn, granary).
Versions include Scheurer, Scheurermann, Scheuerman, Scheier, and
Schaier. Sherrer is likely an Americanized version, which was a
common practice among immigrants.
Shields is a Patronymnic version of Shield, an English
Occupational name for an armourer, the man who provided arms and
implements to the soldiers. It is occasionally derived as a place
name from a locale in Northumberland called Shields, and more
infrequently is from the Old English term scieldu, which
designated the shallow part of the river, and denoted the man who
lived near there. Also, somewhat less frequently than all of the
above, Shields can be an Anglicized version of O'Siaghail, which
means "descendant of Siadhal" a Gaelic personal name of unknown
Shirer, Sherer, and others are variants of Shearer, the man who
used scissors to trim finished cloth, or the sheep-shearer.
Simson: is an English Patronymic name derived from the Medieval
given name Sim. It has a number of variations that include:
Simson, Simms, Symms, and Symes.
Simpson: English Patronymic from the popular given name Simon
(gracious hearing) from which evolved many surnames, including the
two most popular versions: Simmons and Simpson.
Sicilia: (which also appears as Sciliani and Sciliano) is an
Italian/Spanish Place name for the man who was from Sicily, which
was part of Aragon from 1282 to 1713.
Sigmund/Siegmund: and other variants are German patronymic names
from sigi = victory + mund = protection. Siemund and Seemund are
among the other versions.
Silver and Silber are cognates of the same name, the first an
English nickname for the rich man, or the man with silvery-gray
hair. Occasionally, it comes from the occupation of silversmith.
Silber is the German version of the name, with variations Silbert
and Silbermann, among others.
Skipper was derived chiefly in the Norfolk area of England as an
Occupational name for the master of a ship, although occasionally
it originated from the Middle English term skip(en) which meant to
'jump' or 'spring' and described an acrobat or professional
tumbler. Skepper and Skipp are variations.
Slaughter: English occupational name for the man who slaughtered
the animals for the butcher, and also a place name for the person
who lived by the muddy spot, or the sloe tree.
Slight/Slightam: Scottish Descriptive name from Middle English
sleght = smooth or slim.
Sloan: Scottish/Northern Irish patronymic name from the Anglicized
version of the Gaelic Sluaghadhan, a diminutive form of Sluaghadh.
The family emigrated from Scotland to Northern Ireland during
`Great Plantation' of Ulster during the reign of King James I. Sir
Hans Sloan (1660-1753) a collector of papers, manuscripts and
curios, donated his holdings to the government, and they became
the basis for the British Museum.
Smedley is an English Place name from Old English smede = smooth +
leah = clearing, for a literal translation of "smooth clearing" in
Smith: is an English Occupational name for man who works with
metal, one of the earliest jobs for which specialist skills were
required. It is a craft that was practiced in all countries,
making the surname and its cognizants the most widely found of all
occupational names in Europe. Medieval Smiths made horseshoes,
plows, and items for the house. English variations are Smyth, and
Smither; German = Schmidt; Flemish = De Smid; Dutch = Smit;
Norwegian = Smidth; Polish = Szmyt; Czechoslovakian = Smid; Jewish
= Schmieder. Even the gypsies had the name: the Romany Petulengro
translates to Smith.
Snyder: Dutch form of Taylor, an occupational name for the person
who stitched coats and clothing.
Solis/Soltis: Polish occupational name for the magistrate or the
mayor of the town.
Spears: is among the many variations of the English Nickname for
the tall, thin person, or for the man who used the spear with
great skill. It derives from Old English spere = spear. It
occasionally is derived from the maker of spears. Variations
include: Spear, Speir, Spier (Scotland) and Speer (N. Ireland).
When the -S- is present at the end of the name, it generally
denotes a Patronymic version, as in the 'son of Spear.'
Spence/Spencer: English Occupational name for the person at the
manor who dispensed the lord's provisions to those who lived on
his land and worked at his estate. Requested by Walter Spence.
Spires is a patronymic variant of the surname Spire (that is, one
would have identified the son of Spire by saying he was
Spire's...). Spire is an English Nickname from the Middle English
word spir = stalk or stem, and was used to describe the tall, thin
man. By the way, church steeples, sometimes called spires, were
not known as such until the 1500's, well after the surname was
Springer, Weller, and Wilder are examples of names that end in -er
that are NOT occupational names. Most that do -- are. These three
surnames are English Place names derived from colloquialisms at
the time for a woods or forest, and the man designated as Springer
Stafford: is an English Place name that was adopted by the man who
lived near a river or creek at a crossing point -- which was
called a ford. The particular crossing point was a 'stony ford, or
ford by a landing place.'
Standish: is an English Place name for the location in Lancashire
(now Greater Manchester) from OE stan=stone + edisc=pasture, for a
literal meaning of 'stone pasture.'
Stanier/Stonyer/Stanyer/Stonier: English Occupational Name...for
stone cutter. Old English stan =stone. A stan sawyer or stan'yer
was a cutter of stone.
Starr: English Place name... Many surnames derived from the signs
at the roadside inns during early times, when people didn't read
signs as much as they looked at the pictures – and innkeepers
sometimes took their sign's picture as a surname. Most were
animals, birds or fish, but occasionally the innkeeper displayed
other signs, such as the star, by which they became known.
Steele: English Place name, from 'stile' or a place of steep
Stevenson is a variation of the English Patronymic name
Stephen/Steven, which originated in the Greek given name
Stephanos, meaning 'crown.' Stephen was the first Christian
martyr, stoned to death three years after the death of Christ, and
his name was widely adopted throughout the Christian countries in
the Middle Ages. Among the numerous variations are Stephenson,
Stevenson, Steven, Stiven, Steffen, Steffan. French cognates are
Stephan, Stephane, Estienne, Etienne. Other cognates include
Estievan, Etievant, Tievant, Thevand (Provencal), Stefano,
Stifano, Stephano, Stievano, Steffani (Italian), Esteban
(Spanish), Esteva, Esteve (Portuguese), Stefan (Rumanian), Stoffen
(Bavaria), Stevaen (Flemish), Schippang, Zschepang, Schoppan
(German of Slav origin), and many, many others.
Stiehr, Stier, Steer: German occupational names for the man who
watched the livestock.
Strobel: German nickname that is derived from Straub, which comes
from Middle High German strup = rough, and was given to the
"shock-headed man" for his hair style.
Stroupe: comes from the Middle High German word strup, which means
'rough, unkempt' and is a German Descriptive name for the
Stukeley: Stukley, Stucley, and Stukeley are variations of a
habitation name from a place in the county of Huntingdonshire (now
Cambridgeshire) which got its name from Old English styfic = stump
+ leah = wood. A family by the name of Stucley can be traced to
Richard Stucley (died 1441) who is also recorded as Richard
Sullivan/Sullivant: Anglicized form of the Gaelic O'Suileabhain ,
descendant of Suileabhan , a given name composed of the elements
suil = eye + dubh = black, dark + the diminutive suffix -an.
Swann/Swan: English Nickname for a person noted for purity of
excellence (attributes of the swan, supposedly), from Old English
swan. Some Swan surnames derived from the signs at the roadside
inns during early times, when people didn't read signs as much as
they looked at the pictures – and innkeepers sometimes took their
sign's picture as a surname. (Most were animals, birds or fish.)
Occasionally, Swan is derived as an Occupational name for the
servant or retainer as a variant of Swain. Cognates include Schwan
(German), De Swaen (Flemish), De Swaan, Van den Swaan, Van den
Zwaan (Dutch), Svane (Norwegian), and Svahn, Swahn (Swedish).
Sweet: Swett is a variation of Sweet, an English Nickname for a
popular person, derived from Old English swete. Given names
Swet(a) -- masculine, and Swete -- feminine, were derived from
this word, and survived into the early Middle Ages, and may be the
source of the surname. Swett isn't the only variant: Swetman,
Sweetman, Sweatman, and Swatman are among the English varieties.
There are cognative versions many countries including Sussman
(German), DeZoete (Flemish), and Susser (Jewish).
Syri: English Patronymic Name... from given name Syred and
elements sige = victory + roed = counsel
Szymczyk/Szymczak: Polish Patronymic Name...from the popular name
Simon, which means 'gracious hearing' and was common during the
Middle Ages. It was due to affection for Simon Bar-Jonah surnamed
Peter, rather than to Simeon -- the second son of Jacob by Leah.
(from Elsdon Smith)
Taber/Tabor: was the man who beat the tabor, a small drum. It's an
English Occupational name.
Terrell: is an English Patronymic name, with a little Nordic
influence. (remember, they invaded early on...) Thurold or Thorold
were given names that mean 'Thor, strong' and have lapsed into
disuse these days...but during the Middle Ages there were enough
that their sons were sometimes known as Terrell, meaning the 'son
of Thurold' or 'son of Thorold.'
Terry: is derived from the pet form of the given name Terence,
which means 'smooth, tender.' It's an English Patronymic name from
a Latin given name. Requested by Philip Terry
Tew: English Place name from the Old English word tiewe which
meant row, or ridge, and the person living near the ridge became
known as Tew. Requested by Karen Tew
Thomasson: English Patronymic name derived from the given name
Thomas, which was the preferred usage in Wales, while in England
the Patronymic surname evolved as Thoma, Thomasson, Thompkins,
Tomlinson, and Toombs.
Thompson: English and Scottish Patronymic name from Thomas (twin)
which was a popular name in the Middle Ages (and still is...).
Requested by Philip Terry
Thomson: Thomas was a popular given name in the Middle Ages, and
it has endured through the years. Thom is a pet form and the man
who had Thom for a Dad, was Thom'son. It's an English Patronymic
name. Requested by Ronald Thomson
Thurman: Thor was the ancient god of thunder, and was known in Old
Norse as Porr (not exactly the correct P as the Norse wrote it,
but it's the best this keyboard will do). Porr + mundr = Thor's
protection, and that became a given name in Old Norse -- Pormundr,
which evolved into the Middle English version Thurmond. Thurman is
an English Patronymic Name derived from Thurmond as a given name.
Tipton: English Place name from Staffordshire which described
Tibba's homestead. Requested by Philip Terry
Todd: English Occupational Name...In the north of England, a fox
was commonly referred to as a 'todd' and the picture of the fox or
todd often appeared on the sign outside a roadside inn. (Many
couldn't read and the signs used pictures instead.) The animal on
the signs often were adopted as surnames by those who lived there.
Tomlin: English Patronymic name...another derivative of the given
name Thomas. Thomas was the preferred usage in Wales, while in
England the Patronymic surname evolved as Tomlin, Thoma,
Thomasson, Thompkins, Tomlinson, and Toombs. Requested by James
Toomey, O'Toomey and Twomey are Anglicized versions of the Gaelic
O'Tuama (descendant of Tuama) with Tuama being a personal name
derived from tuaim'which meant "small hill." Other variations are
Twoomy, Tuomy, Towmey, O'Twomey, and O'Toomey.
Tracy: English Place name based on a French town called Tracy
which meant 'terrace.' Many English surnames were those based on
the name of the former home of those who emigrated with William
the Conqueror or soon after. Requested by William Tracy.
Treat: The surname Treat is an English descriptive name that
originated with a 'friendly, beloved person' whose company was
well-enjoyed, as any treat today would be!
Troy: French Place name from Troyes, a place known for "the
Gaulish tribe, the Tricassii."
Tullos/Tulloh/Tulloch/Tullock: Scottish Place Name near Dingwall
on the Firth of Cromarty which got its name from the Gaelic tulach
= hillock, or hill.
Turnbull: Some names are derived from descriptions of their
originators...like the Englishman strong enough to 'turn a bull.'
Requested by Jennifer Turnbull
Turner: English/Scottish Occupational Name...from the French
turnier = turn for the man who used a lathe to turn objects from
wood or metal. Requested by Phil Hopkins
Turvey: English Place name from a place by that name whose
elements are comprised of OE turf= grassy + eg'= island. Requested
by Brock Vodden
Tweedy/Tweedie: English Place Name...traced back to the Scotsman
who came from the land of Tweedie (which means 'hemming in') in
Stonehouse parish, Lanarkshire.
Uberuaga: originates from Bizkaia, the Basque Country, Spain, and
means Hot Springs in English, derived from the elements ur = water
+ bero = hot + aga = place of. Submitted by B. Uberuaga.
Ulmer: Research indicates that the original Ulmer who came to
Charleston, South Carolina from Germany was named Baron Heinrich
Philip Von Ulm. Some sources say that he changed his name in
England before coming to the colonies in order to receive a land
grant. Submitted by Jim Ulmer. Von Ulm is a Place designation that
references Ulm, a city in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany.
Uusimake: Finnish Acquired/ornamental Name... Like many other
nationalities, the Finnish people often constructed surnames that
pleased the ear; maki = hill
Valdez/Valdes: Spanish Place Name...The Spanish and Portugese were
fond of bestowing as a surname, the name of the place from which
the person had departed. Valdez ends in -ez, so it is Spanish
rather than Portuguese where -es is preferred. Valdes was the name
of the town that gave its name to those who came to be known as
Valentine: means 'vigorous or healthy' and was originally a Latin
given name that found its way to various countries. Valentino was
a derivative in a number of countries. It's Patronymic in that it
was derived from the father's name.
Varn: Variation of Fern, an English Place name for someone who
lived in a place where many ferns were growing, derived from Old
English fearn = fern. Variations include Fearn, Fairn, Feirn,
Fearne, Ferns, Farnes, Vern, Verne, Varn, Varne, and Varnes.
Vass/Voss: English Occupational name... OE vassus = serf, Gaelic
foss = servant
Veale/Veal: English Nickname...Veale is a name that was influenced
by the Normans. Old French viel meant old, and the nickname
referred to an old man or the elder of two brothers that had the
same given name American heavyweight boxer George Foreman named
several of his sons George, so it still happens!). Requested by
Veitch/Veach/Vetch/Veath: Veitch is a Norman (Old French)
cognitive of the name Veath/Vacca (Italian) which described 'one
who herds cows.'
Verdoorn/VanDoorn/Van den Doorne/Doorneman: Dutch
Place/Patronymic...A version of the English name THORN; a person
living by the thorn bush/hedge, or from the Danish version of
"tower". With the prefix Van it becomes "the son of Thorn/Tower"
and Ver would denote "from Doorn," a place of thorns. Requested
by: David Verdoorn, Jr.
Vidal: Italian Patronymic name from Vitale, a name derived from
the Latin Vitalis and its root vita which means life. It was a
popular name among Italians professing their early Christian
Wagner/Waggoner: German/English Occupation Name...One who drove
the high-sided carts or wagons carrying produce between manors was
called the Waggoner in England, and the German counterpart is
Wagner. Among the Pennsylvania Germans who were among the first
non-English settlers of the American colony, Wagner also denoted a
wagon-maker. According to one survey, Wagner is 116th on the list
of most-frequently found surnames in America. Requested by Susan
Wall/Walls/Waller: English Place and Occupational Name...one who
lived by the wall (medieval towns always used them for protection)
was Wall/Walls/Waller, and the name was also used to designate the
one who did the repair. Requested by: Bev Waller
Walsh: English/Welsh place name. In England, the man from Wales
would be described as Walsh, Welsh, Wallace, or Welch -- that is,
foreigner or stranger.
Walt: Walter means "rule, army" and has been a popular name since
the Middle Ages. There were a number of surnames derived from the
given name -- including the pet form Walt. The son of Walt was
Walts. It's an English Patronymic name.
Warf: is taken from the Old English word hwearf=shipyard and as an
English name would designate a man who works at the docks, and the
word evolved into our lexicon as wharf. The Dutch equivalent is
Van Der Werf.
Warner/Warren: both names were derived from the job of the man who
watched over the wildlife at a park. They are both English
Occupational names. Requested by Lori Warner.
Warren: English Place Name...(Norman) from La Varrenne in
Seine-Maritime which means sandy soil.
Walton: The ending -ton comes from the Old English/Norse -tun
which designated a town or settlement. Walton was the 'walled'
town or the 'wood' town and is an English Place name.
Wessel: is a Frisian cognative of the name Warner. The Frisian
Islands are in the North Sea off the coast of the Netherlands and
near Denmark. It's a patronymic name from the given name Warner
Whaley: English Place Name for the meadow by the road or hill.
Whetstone: normally whet is a derivative of white, and white stone
would be a place name for one who lived near a prominent white
stone...but the Old English word whetten = to make keen + ston =
stone --combine for whetstone, an abrasive stone for sharpening
tools, which could have been adopted as a surname by the man who
White: English/Scottish/Irish Nickname for the man with white
hair, or pale skin, from the Middle English whit = white.
Requested by Darryl Rogers
Whitehead: is an English Nickname that described the man with the
fair hair, or the prematurely white hair. It's from the Old
English whit=white + heved=head.
Whitelock/Whitlock/Whitlatch: English Descriptive name for the man
who had an especially white head of hair. Requested by James
Whitmer/Whitemore: English Place name derived from Whitemore, in
county Staffordshire. It was a white barren ground, and the man
who lived near could easily be identified by his dwelling's
Wien: German/Jewish Place Name for a city in Vienna of Celtic
origin. There was a large Jewish population in Vienna previous to
the Holocaust. Requested by Jane Cowart
Wiesenhunt: German place name from Middle High German wise =
meadow. Requested by Jane Cowart
Wilcynski: is a Polish Place name and is derived from the Polish
wilk which means wolf. Wilk was generally used to describe someone
wolf-like -- but in the case of Wilcynski, it indicates a place
name, and could be for the man who lived near the wolves.
Wiley: Some names were taken from the places where the home was
kept...in the case of the man who became known as Wiley, he lived
near the Wiley River in England, which was so-called as a "tricky"
Wilson/Willson/Will: Scottish/N.English Patronymic name derived
from the given name William. It was also sometimes an English
Place name for the person who lived by the stream or well from the
Saxon wiell = well.
Wingate: English Place Name...taken from the Wingate, Durham area
of England. Wingate was the 'pass where the wind blows.'
Womack: English Place name that designated a 'hollow or crooked
oak' tree. The person who wound up with the surname was the one
who lived nearby. Requested by Mark Womack
Wojcik/Wojtas: Polish Patronymic Name...The Czech missionary who
converted Poland to Christianity was Voitech, which meant 'noble,
bright.' The Polish version of the name was Wojciech which became
a family name in Poland, and another form of the name was Wojcik,
as was Wojtas.
Word: is an English (and German) place name for the man who lived
near the thicket. Or near a winding brook. Or the man who
inhavited an open place in a village. Or the man who had an
ancestor named Werdo, which was a pet form of the name Werdmann or
Werdheri. In the case of the latter, it's a Patronymic name.
Wyatt: the word wido was Old German for 'wood' and was brought to
England with the Normans as the given name Guy. Diminutive forms
include Wyatt which was adopted as a Patronymic surname.
Young: Comparitive age was an easy way to reference men with a
common name -- for example, John, the young -- as opposite to
John, the elder. It is sometimes found with the old spelling Yong,
and is found in other languages. Jung is the version found in
Germany, and Jaros is the Polish variety.
Zumwalt/Zumwald: The prefix -zum is the German indicator for "at
the" or "of" and Zumwalt and Zumwald are "at the woods," or "of
Zweiacker: is two German words, Zwei and Acker, Zwei is the number
2 and Acker means field. Submitted by a Zweiacker surnamer. | 134,974 | 2,252 |
984,529 | Inventions Made for Hire
Despite the continued reliance on the rhetorical device that modern invention is performed by individual inventors in their garages, few would disagree that today most patentable inventive activity occurs in corporate and university settings and that most individuals who would be labeled “inventors” in the twenty-first century are employees of a corporate entity. Yet, while copyright law’s work made for hire doctrine automatically vests employers with ownership of works made within their employees’ scope of employment, except in a few limited circumstances, patent law continues to require a written assignment of the rights to a patented invention.
This difference between copyright law and patent law can be explained by the differences between the needs of the two disciplines in the nineteenth century that led to their modern formulations. In particular, whereas copyrighted works in the nineteenth century were frequently created by multiple individuals working together, which necessitated the collecting of rights in order to make use of the resulting copyrightable work, patentable inventions were almost exclusively perceived to be invented by individuals. Moreover, patent law developed doctrines that provided some limited rights to inventors’ employers.
Joshua L. Simmons*
Despite the persistent notion that modern invention is performed by individual inventors in their garages, few would disagree that today most patentable inventive activity occurs in corporate and university settings and that most individuals who would be labeled “inventors” in the twenty-first century are employees of corporate entities. In the corporate setting, if an employee creates a copyrightable work within the scope of his or her employment, the Copyright Act not only grants ownership of the work to the employer but actually considers the employer the “author” of the work. By contrast, under the Patent Act, one who creates an invention is its inventor, and ownership will only pass to another, including an employer, through a written assignment. In other words, unless there is an agreement to the contrary, an employer does not have any rights in an invention “which is the original conception of the employee alone.”
Given the close relationship between copyright law and patent law, it is puzzling that employees’ works and inventions would be treated so differently under the two disciplines. Yet, when one considers their historical foundation, it becomes clear that there were pivotal differences between the needs of the two disciplines in the nineteenth century that led to their modern formulations. In particular, whereas the type of copyrightable works created in the nineteenth century transitioned from individual labors to collaborative labors among multiple individuals working together, which necessitated the collecting of rights in order to make use of the resulting copyrightable work, patentable inventions continued to be perceived during the nineteenth century as the work of individuals. Moreover, patent law developed other, more limited doctrines that provided some rights to inventors’ employers.
Today, however, most patentable inventions are invented by multiple inventors in a collaborative environment. In fact between 1885 and 1950, the percentage of U.S. patents issued to corporations grew from 12% to at least 75%. These numbers have only continued to increase in the past decade. Moreover, the recently passed Leahy-Smith America Invents Act partially recognizes this change by permitting an “applicant for patent” to file a “substitute statement” instead of an inventor’s oath or declaration in certain circumstances.
Nevertheless, patent law remains stuck in the past. The failure to modernize how patent law handles employee invention has led to a string of significant court opinions, including from the Supreme Court and the Federal Circuit, holding that employers had not received adequate assignments to their employees’ patented inventions and thus could not bring suit based thereon. In order to resolve these issues and bring patent law into the twenty-first century, the Patent Act should be amended to borrow from the Copyright Act and adopt a principle similar to the work made for hire doctrine that would grant employers the rights to their employees’ inventions made within the scope of their employment.
This article proceeds in four parts. Part I discusses the current state of copyright and patent law vis-à-vis employers’ rights in their employees’ intellectual labor. This part will compare copyright’s work made for hire doctrine to three patent law doctrines: the shop rights doctrine; the hired-to-invent doctrine, and the employee improvements doctrine. Part II describes the evolution of copyright law during the nineteenth century from the former regime, which vested employees with presumptive ownership of their work, to the current regime, which grants employers presumptive rights to their employees’ efforts. Part III describes patent law during the time that copyright law was changing so dramatically—including the development of the patent law doctrines described in Part I—and posits potential reasons that patent law did not make a similar move. In particular, (a) patent law’s development of the doctrines described in Part I provided similar benefits, although in the form of different rights, to those provided by copyright law’s work made for hire doctrine, and (b) the perceived nature of invention in the nineteenth century did not call for a unification and codification of those doctrines the way copyright law’s did. Finally, Part IV argues that patent law should modernize and develop an “inventions made for hire” doctrine.
It is well settled in the United States that copyright law and patent law treat legal title in the intellectual labor of employees differently. Section A discusses the copyright law doctrine of work made for hire and its benefits for employers. Section B discusses doctrines that provide some of those benefits in patent law.
Under the Copyright Act, title in a copyrightable work initially vests in the author or authors of a work. However, “author” is a term of art with meaning beyond the creator of or “person who originates or gives existence” to a work. In particular, where a “work made for hire”—another term of art—is concerned, the employer is “considered the author” unless the parties agree otherwise. A work may be considered made for hire if (1) it was prepared within the scope of an employee’s employment, or (2) it is a certain type of commissioned work and the parties have so agreed previously.
Whether the creator of a copyrightable work is an employee for purposes of the work made for hire doctrine is determined by looking to the common law doctrine of agency. In Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, the Supreme Court identified thirteen factors that it considered relevant to whether an individual was considered an employee as a matter of agency law. The Supreme Court declared that “[n]o one of these factors [was] determinative,” but at least one circuit has held that not all factors are created equal and some will be important in “virtually every situation” while others “will often have little or no significance.” The more important factors are to be given “more weight in the analysis.”
Once a work is considered made for hire, the employing or commissioning party enjoys several benefits over a work that is not considered made for hire, but rather is transferred to the employing party. First, unlike in patent law, it immediately becomes the owner of a legal right to the work. In patent law, an inventor must first file an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”), which is then examined by a PTO employee to determine if the alleged new invention is entitled to a patent. Copyrights, on the other hand, vest immediately once an original work of authorship is fixed in a tangible medium of expression. For a company to gain an ownership interest in a copyrighted work not made for hire, the interest must be negotiated for and transferred in a signed written document. When a work qualifying as a work made for hire is created, however, no negotiation or written instrument is required for that specific work because, for copyright purposes, as long as agency would hold that the work’s creator was an employee working within the scope of his employment, his employer is considered the work’s author.
There are two subsidiary benefits to the immediate grant to the employer of a work’s copyrights. First, no court intervention is required to transfer the rights. As will be described below, in certain cases, patent law will grant employers rights in their employee’s patents, but to vest those rights the employee must still sign a document transferring ownership to his employer. If he refuses, a court order may substitute for the transfer. Second, the work made for hire doctrine allows a grant of rights without needing to define what is being granted. Whereas when a grant of rights is negotiated, the transferor may come back to the transferee to argue about which rights were actually transferred and the scope of the intended transfer.
Second, an employer holding the rights in a work made for hire may register the work in the Copyright Office in its own name. This is an optional but important step, because without registration a copyright infringement action may not be initiated, and generally, statutory damages are not available for infringements prior to registration.
Third, the work made for hire doctrine grants employers all of the rights associated with copyright ownership. Thus, they can exclude others from using the work, and leverage that right to extract rents in exchange for a license authorizing someone else to use the work. Further, employers using works made for hire are authorized to then transfer their ownership of the works’ copyrights to another party, either in whole or in part. They can also, of course, exercise any of the rights authorized under the Copyright Act itself, including creating derivative works. One set of rights an employer is not granted under the Copyright Act, however, is the right to attribution and integrity granted for works of visual art.
Fourth, the work made for hire doctrine also protects employers from future rights granted to authors. For example, the Copyright Act of 1976 granted authors the right to terminate transfers, but those new rights did not apply to creators of works made for hire because their employers were considered the author. In addition, after the 1976 revisions, employers remained shielded from the exercise of the transfer termination provisions because no transfer is considered to have taken place under the work made for hire doctrine; the employer was the work’s original “author.”
Fifth, the work made for hire doctrine grants employers certainty with regard to the duration of their copyrights. Works not made for hire subsist for the life of the author plus 70 years. This means that those to whom the original author transfers must know the duration of the original author’s lifetime in order to calculate the duration of the copyrighted work’s term. Works made for hire, however, are merely granted a term of 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first. This time frame serves two functions. First, it simplifies the requirements of an employer to keep track of the duration of its copyrights. Second—grim though it may be—if the employee were to die within 25 years of publication or 50 years of creation, the employer would benefit from a longer copyright term than if the work were considered made for hire.
Finally, the work made for hire doctrine applies to all works universally, regardless of the type of work or the employee’s level of contribution. In other words, a work created and conceptualized entirely by only one employee is treated the same as a work created by hundreds of employees, each of whom contributed minor improvements and expression to the work.
Some of the benefits described in the previous section are mirrored by certain patent law doctrines—or are irrelevant with regard to patents—but others have no patent law equivalent. Section A described eleven benefits associated with copyright law’s work made for hire doctrine: (1) grant of title without negotiation; (2) grant of title without transfer/assignment; (3) grant of title without court intervention; (4) registrability in the employer’s own name; (5) exclusion of others from using the work and licensing rights in the work to others; (6) use of the work; (7) transfer of title to others; (8) protection from future rights granted to work’s creator; (9) shield from transfer termination; (10) benefits with regard to copyright term duration; and (11) universal application regardless of level of contribution.
Table 1: Work Made For Hire Benefits No Negotiation No Assignment from Employee No Court Intervention Registrability Exclusion and Licensing Use Transfer to Others Protection from Future Rights Termination Shield Duration Universal Application
It is immediately apparent that the benefits of the termination shield and duration are not relevant to patent law because patents are granted for a set term of years—whether the base of 20 years or an extended term due to regulatory or PTO review—not tied to the inventor’s lifetime. Therefore, there would be no special duration benefits should an inventor’s employer be considered an “inventor” for purposes of the Patent Act. In addition, unlike copyright transfers, which as discussed above may be terminated upon notice, patent assignments are not subject to termination.
The other benefits, however, require additional consideration. The three following sections describe modern patent law doctrines that give employers some, but not all, of the benefits of copyright law’s work made for hire doctrine.
One of the benefits of the work made for hire doctrine is that an employer is guaranteed the right to make use of an employee’s creative work. Employers may receive a similar benefit from patent law’s shop rights doctrine. However, because patent law describes negative rights, it is a protection against infringement actions by the employee patent holder and her assigns, and not an affirmative grant of use of the patented invention.
Shop rights arise when an employee, “during his hours of employment, [and] working with his [employer’s] materials and appliances, conceives and perfects an invention for which he obtains a patent.” The courts have held that in such circumstances, the employee by force of law must give his employer a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to practice the invention. The doctrinal basis behind the shop right remains fuzzy, as courts have described it being based on (a) a license implied in fact, (b) estoppel, and (c) equity and fairness.
Shop rights do not have the same scope as work made for hire, however. A shop right is not an ownership interest in the patent, which means that an employer does not have either the right to exclude others by threatening to sue for infringement or the right to file a patent application. Similarly, a shop right is non-exclusive, which means that the employee patent holder is free to assign rights to others by granting them a patent license. In addition, a shop right is not transferable other than with the sale of the entire appurtenant business.
Table2: Work Made For Hire v. Shop Rights
No Negotiation ✓ No Assignment from Employee ✓ No Court Intervention ✓ Registrability Exclusion and Licensing Use ✓ Transfer to Others Protection from Future Rights Termination Shield n/a Duration n/a Universal Application ✓
As mentioned in section A, under copyright law a work will be considered for hire if it was made by an employee within the scope of his or her employment. Similarly, patent law’s hired-to-invent doctrine grants an employer rights to the inventions of its employees if the employee was hired to invent them.
Under this doctrine, an employee hired to solve a particular problem or to invent in a certain field will forfeit his patent rights even without a written contract. Just as in the work made for hire context, courts have established a number of factors to indicate whether an inventor has been hired to invent. However, unlike work made for hire, the hired-to-invent doctrine requires the employee to assign any patent obtained; it does not vest title immediately in the employer upon invention. Although, failure to assign after a court order to do so may result in the order having the same effect as an assignment.
At first blush, this patent law doctrine would appear to accomplish much of what the copyright law work made for hire doctrine does. However, there are differences. First, work made for hire vests title in an employer immediately. The hired-to-invent doctrine merely obligates the inventor to assign the invention to his or her employer. True, no negotiation is required after the inventive activity occurs, but until an assignment is signed, the invention’s creator continues to hold the patent on the invention—albeit in trust for his employer. Furthermore, if the invention’s creator refuses to assign his patent rights, then a court order is required. Second, the doctrine is only effective against employees who are actually hired to invent. Employees who create an invention within the scope of their employment but who were not specifically directed to do so retain their patent rights. Third, unlike the work made for hire doctrine, which permits an employer to file a copyright registration in its own name, the hired-to-invent doctrine still requires the patent application to be filed in the inventor’s name, even if the employer, as assignee, files a patent application on his behalf. Finally, as the employee is still considered the “inventor” under the Patent Act, it is possible for future rights to be given to the “inventor” that would not be automatically vested in the inventor’s employer. For example, in the copyright context, when the right to terminate transfers of ownership was introduced as a right of “authors,” it did not apply to those whose works were made for hire, as their employers were considered the “authors.” Similar rights could be granted to “inventors” that would affect the assignees of the inventors’ patent rights.
Table3: Work Made For Hire v. Hired-to-Invent No Negotiation ✓ No Assignment from Employee No Court Intervention Registrability Exclusion and Licensing ✓ Use ✓ Transfer to Others ✓ Protection from Future Rights Termination Shield n/a Duration n/a Universal Application ✓
In addition to the situation where an employer hires an employee to invent, an employer will also receive the benefit of insignificant improvements by his employees on inventions the employer has conceived of himself. Under this doctrine, when an employer conceives of an invention, but receives ancillary suggestions or improvements from his employee, he retains all rights in the invention, including any employee improvements. To qualify under the employee improvements doctrine, the employer must have had a “plan and preconceived design,” and the improver must be an employee.
The employee improvements doctrine provides a minimal step toward the work made for hire doctrine, but does not come anywhere close to providing a substitute. First, the doctrine still requires there to be an inventor. All the doctrine does is subsume improvements by another person into the inventive exercise of the employing inventor; it does not operate to grant an employing corporation rights. In addition, the improvements that are granted must be ancillary, so any benefits from the doctrine will be minimal. Thus, if the employee creates a non-ancillary invention or improvement, the employer still needs to qualify under one of the previous doctrines or negotiate an assignment. At base, the employee improvements doctrine determines whether an employee should be considered a joint inventor or not, which does not come close to achieving the same benefits of the work made for hire doctrine.
Table4: Work Made For Hire v. Employee Improvements No Negotiation ✓ No Assignment from Employee ✓ No Court Intervention ✓ Registrability ✓ Exclusion and Licensing ✓ Use ✓ Transfer to Others ✓ Protection from Future Rights Termination Shield n/a Duration n/a Universal Application
Given that patent law never developed a doctrine that defaulted patent rights to an employer the way copyright law did, one is left to wonder why. Why is it that copyright law in the nineteenth century began to apply an employer presumption? And why did the courts not feel the need to apply a similar presumption in patent cases? Part II discusses the development of the work made for hire doctrine in the nineteenth century, and Part III discusses potential reasons that a similar doctrine was not developed in patent law.
The work made for hire doctrine predated the Copyright Act of 1976. In fact, although it was first codified in the Copyright Act of 1909, Professor Catherine L. Fisk has claimed that the doctrine “neither was invented by the drafters of the 1909 Act, nor was it well recognized in the cases before 1909.” Instead, between the American Civil War and the passage of the Copyright Act of 1909 the default rule in copyright cases quietly switched from employee ownership to employer ownership. Professor Fisk argues that this move was justified by “cloaking” artists in an “aura of . . . romantic genius” to argue for greater legal protection, while simultaneously “downplaying or ignoring individual creative genius so as to assert corporate ownership over those copyrighted works.”
Prior to the American Civil War, the default—and essentially the rule—was that the employee author was the owner of his works. In the early days of copyright, protection was of limited application. The first copyright act—the Copyright Act of 1790—only protected maps, charts, and books. Among the books that received copyright protection were the books in which court decisions were reported. Thus, it was only natural for the first copyright cases concerning employment to involve books containing those decisions and the authors that authored them. In the first case involving an employed author, the author of twelve volumes reporting the caselaw of the United States Supreme Court assigned his copyrights to a publisher. The publisher then sued a subsequent case reporter for copyright infringement because he had produced a volume titled “Condensed Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of the United States,” which included the work of the prior reporter. The Supreme Court, noting that the original reporter had failed to satisfy the formality requirements, held that it could not confer common law copyright on the initial reporter. However, what is telling about the opinion is that it appears to assume that the original reporter—and not the publisher—would be entitled to the copyrights in his work, even though his status as an employee was uncertain at best.
Later cases in the antebellum era involved school books, theatrical works, and cartography. What is particularly interesting about this period of time is the courts’ clear pro-employee stance. In later decades, courts’ rhetoric would be inconsistent with the holdings of their decisions. While courts would claim to celebrate the genius and romanticism of the independent author, they would simultaneously grant first publishing houses and later employers the rights to that labor. During the antebellum nineteenth century, however, courts’ rhetoric praising the individual was consistent with the holdings of their decisions, which largely gave employees ownership of the copyrights in their works. The only cases where employers were held to have been granted copyrights in their employees’ works involved expressed contracts and cartography which, by its very nature, requires coordination among various individuals. True, smaller scale maps could be created by one person on their own, but for anything of a greater scale, coordination among various parties would be required.
In the period during and after the American Civil War, courts began to hold that employers had been granted copyrights in their employees’ works, not by operation of contract, but based on the employment relationship. Particularly important to the discussion in Part III is that while cases originally held that the employment relationship granted an employer rights in his employees’ work by virtue of the involvement of a corporate president, later cases created the legal fiction of the company as author.
In the postbellum period, like the antebellum period, the relevant cases generally involved legal publications, as well as theatrical works. One of the theatrical work cases is particularly important for the purposes of this article. In Keene v. Wheatley, the court ruled against the plaintiff-employer on many of her arguments, but with regard to ownership of one of her employee’s works, the court stated:
Here, [the employee], while in the general theatrical employment of the [employer], engaged in the particular office of assisting in the adaptation of this play; and made the additions in question in the course of his willing performance of this duty. [The employer] consequently became the proprietor of them as products of his intellectual exertion in a particular service in her employment.
For this proposition, the court did not rely on copyright law. Instead, the court looked to patent law, and determined that since “[w]here an inventor, in the course of his experimental essays, employs an assistant who suggests, and adapts, a subordinate improvement, it is, in law, an incident, or part, of the employer’s main invention,” the plaintiff in Keene was entitled to the “literary proprietorship” of her employee’s work.
In the eyes of the Keene court, the employee was merely adding minor enhancements akin to the patent doctrine of employee improvement. Yet, over time the doctrine of work made for hire found increasing judicial support and eventually became a default rule in favor of employers. Over the next several years, this new doctrine was mentioned in dicta, but in no case did a court rule that an employer possessed rights over its employee by virtue of the default rule.
Instead, the presumption was switched surreptitiously. In Callaghan v. Myers, for example, while holding that a court reporter-employee held the copyrights in his work instead of his government employer, the Supreme Court determined that this was the case only due to “a tacit assent by the government to his exercising such privilege,” This shift in emphasis made employer ownership a presumption that was only rebutted by tacit agreements and expressed contracts.
Why did the courts make this shift? Professor Fisk posits three potential factors:
Courts might have felt that a default rule of employer ownership was more likely to reflect the intent of most parties and wanted to save the parties the trouble of negotiating for employer ownership. . . . [C]ourts might have begun to see employers as possessing a stronger moral claim and believed that any employee who planned to assert copyright ownership ought to be forced to disclose that intent and negotiate for it. . . . [A]s changing assumptions about the nature of authorship strengthened the rhetorical force of the employer’s claim, a default rule of employer ownership might have seemed more intrinsically appealing, irrespective of whether the parties might negotiate around it.
In response to the shifting sands of copyright law doctrine of the nineteenth century, one might expect that parties would have begun contracting around the default rules, but two factors may have made contracting prohibitively difficult:
First, the costs of transacting might be high when the parties have to discuss something as touchy as authorship. Employers might have been afraid to alienate employees by demanding assignment of the copyright, preferring to run the risk of litigation later. Employees may have lacked legal sophistication to realize that it was necessary to contract for copyright ownership. Second, the instability of the law may have made enforcement of any contract they did reach highly uncertain.
In any case, by the nineteenth century, the work made for hire doctrine was in the wind, whether because of changes in the parties themselves, or merely the impressions of those sitting on the bench.
The work made for hire doctrine was codified by Congress in 1909, but its foundations had existed prior to that time. As described in section B, the concept of authorship and ownership of copyright were shifting over the last half of the nineteenth century. However, it was not until 1885 that a court held that a corporation, and not an individual employer, held the copyrights in a work. It was at this time that the legal fiction arose that a corporation could be an author. This idea makes sense when viewed one way: corporations are merely collections of individuals working toward, generally, hierarchically determined joint goals. However, it flies in the face of the entire notion of the individual romantic author.
The concept behind the expression embodied in a copyrightable work can be created by any number of different people as it moves through the corporate process. This is particularly clear today when one looks at the large corporations behind music, television, and film. These corporations are made up of hundreds of thousands of employees, and even more independent contractors. To produce one blockbuster film may require hiring and coordinating thousands of individuals, each of whom may contribute to a portion of the film. Without the work made for hire doctrine, these companies would have to rely on a messy web of contracts and the employee improvements doctrine, and even then, it is unlikely that they would be assured that all the relevant rights had been secured.
By 1899, however, the courts had come to realize the need for a doctrine that allowed corporate employers to control the copyrights in the works of their employees by default. In Collier Engineer Co. v. United Correspondence Schools, a salaried employee hired “to compile, prepare, and revise . . . instruction and question papers” had moved to a new employer and prepared similar materials. His former employer made a motion for a preliminary injunction, which the court denied, but in so doing determined that the employer was entitled to any copyright in the original materials. This idea of protecting employers when their employees move to other employers will resurface in Part III as a justification for employer ownership of patent rights.
Later cases embraced the idea that when an employer hired individuals to produce copyrightable works, the copyrights in those works were granted to the employer. In this way, by the turn of the century, copyright law and patent law had developed fairly parallel doctrines with regard to employee works and inventions. In 1909, however, the Copyright Act was revised to codify the work made for hire doctrine by adding the following language:
[T]he word ‘author’ shall include an employer in the case of works made for hire.
By including employers of those that create works made for hire within the definition of the term “author,” Congress continued in the direction the courts had been heading, but went farther by creating an explicit employer presumption. Professor Fisk identifies three reasons for this change: (1) an ease in drafting the Act, (2) avoiding constitutionality challenges, and (3) ensuring that copyright ownership would vest initially in employers so they could benefit from copyright renewals.
And that, ladies and gentlemen, was history. Since 1909, work made for hire has remained a mainstay of American copyright law.
Yet, despite over one hundred years of the work made for hire doctrine in copyright law, patent law remains based on the rule that only the individuals that create an invention can be considered inventors. Moreover, for an employer to claim patent rights, he must either negotiate an assignment, or rely on one of the doctrines discussed in Part I.B.: shop rights, hired-to-invent, or employee improvements. Barring one of these options, an employer holds no rights in a patent absent a written assignment. Part III will explore the patent cases of the late nineteenth century, and posit potential reasons that patent law did not take a similar route.
As previously described, patent law never developed a doctrine that provided all of the benefits of copyright law’s now well-established work made for hire doctrine. This divergence between the two disciplines can be explained by two factors. First, inventive activity in the nineteenth century was perceived to be individualized and not to require significant coordination among individuals. Second, patent law developed the three doctrines described in Part I.B., which provided satisfactory protection to employers who wanted to continue using their employees’ inventions.
In order to understand the nature of inventive activity during the nineteenth century, one must understand that fundamental shifts were occurring in society at the time that changed both who the inventors were and what they were inventing. The United States has always been a country of inventors. In fact, both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson are credited with numerous inventions, including plows, adjustable writing desks and swivel chairs. However, at the end of eighteenth century, there were “probably no more than 300 people who we would now class as scientists in the entire world,” By 1800, there were about a thousand, and by 1900 there were approximately 100,000. Due to the growth in the number of scientists, science began to shift from “a gentlemanly hobby, where the interests and abilities of a single individual [could] have a profound impact, to a well-populated profession, where progress depend[ed] on the work of many individuals who [were], to some extent, interchangeable,”
Similarly, the number of non-scientist inventors blossomed throughout the nineteenth century leading to an increased ability to appreciate the “interplay between science and technology, particularly in the fields of electricity and engine building,” which “led to a host of new practical machines that changed communications, transportation, the home, the workplace, and the farm,” For example, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, America remained a nation of farmers who used the same hand implements that had been used for centuries to harvest their crops and who would travel primarily by horse or boat. In the time before the Civil War, however, non-scientist inventors made many advances, including the invention of the steamboat, farming machinery, the telegraph, and synthetic materials. Such advances were only possible due to the increased interplay between science and technology that continued to grow throughout the nineteenth century. These developments also led to societal changes, including increased prosperity and the end of slavery as new equipment was developed that could perform the work better and more cheaply.
Despite the democratization of science and invention in the nineteenth century, however, inventive activity continued to be considered the work of individuals. In fact, there are “no reported cases before 1843 in which an employer claimed, as against an employee, ownership of a patent because the inventor had been working for him at the time of the invention,” Thus, in the nineteenth century, the general perception was that inventorship was the work of certain individuals, who were considered the great men of the time. One visual example of this mentality is Christian Schussele’s 1857 painting titled Men of Progress, which depicts Benjamin Franklin overlooking nineteen nineteenth century inventors:
Figure 2: Men of Progress
Despite this public perception, however, the reality was that even these great men had assistance in creating their famous inventions. Among those depicted in Schussele’s painting is Charles Goodyear, who is remembered for his invention of vulcanized rubber in 1839. He received a patent on his process in 1844, and almost immediately became embroiled in patent litigation. Not only was Goodyear forced to litigate against his competitors, however, but also against his own employees, one of whom attempted to patent one of Goodyear’s inventions. Fortunately for Goodyear, despite recognizing a presumption in favor of the employee—who actually made the machine—the courts considered Goodyear’s employee’s activities to have been at Goodyear’s direction, and thus, they determined that it was Goodyear, and not his employee, that was the true inventor.
Despite the favorable result for Goodyear, the case only underscored the presumption that employees owned their inventions, as the court continued to articulate employee-ownership as the general presumption in such cases. Thus, time and time again, courts were required to find exceptions in order to protect employers from the presumption’s consequences. For example, in 1843 the Supreme Court, in McClurg v. Kingsland, determined that a license or grant from the employee to the employer may be presumed by virtue of the fact that the employee:
was employed by the defendants . . . receiving wages from them by the week; while so employed, he claimed to have invented the improvement patented, and after unsuccessful experiments made a successful one . . . the experiments were made in the [employer’s] foundry, and wholly at their expense, while [the employee] was receiving his wages, which were increased on account of the useful result.
This implied license, or shop right, prevented the assignees of the employee’s patent from bringing suit against the former employer for infringement when all the employer was doing was continuing to use the process it had been using prior to the employee’s departure. The Court reached this result without requiring an assignment of the patent. Rather, the Court held that the plaintiffs took their assignment from the employee subject to his license to his former employer. As such, McClurg is generally thought of as the first shop rights case. It can also be seen as a fairly pro-employee case, for the employer received no rights to the invention other than the right to use it despite the fact that the employee would not have been able to make his improvement but for his employer’s time, money and equipment.
During this same time period, other inventors were creating major innovations in both science and industry. For example, in 1844 Samuel Morse—also depicted in Men of Progress—connected the first intercity line between Washington and Baltimore and sent the message, “What hath God wrought!” Moreover, scientists were making significant advances in electric theory, evolution, and thermodynamics. Similarly, in the decade that followed, solo inventors continued to be credited with major breakthroughs in both science and industry. For example, during the 1850s, Heinrich Geissler is credited with the leaps forward that resulted in the invention of the vacuum tube. Further, the 1850s saw huge advances in telecommunications technology, including Morse’s testing of the first transatlantic telegraph cable. Even Abraham Lincoln took the time to consider the discoveries, inventions and improvements that resulted from America’s willingness to observe, reflect and experiment.
Despite the attribution of these major advances to individual inventors, the reality was that even in the 1840s, teams of workers were working together to develop new technologies, which “somewhat undermine[s] the heroic mythology surrounding the great individualistic and entrepreneurial American inventors,” The dichotomy between the myth of the sole inventor and the reality that inventive activity was being carried out by groups of individuals in many ways mirrors the shift that was occurring in copyright law at that time. However, instead of acknowledging that multiple individuals were involved in the inventive process, courts turned a blind eye to the significant contributions employees were making to their employers’ inventions and dismissed those contributions as small modifications. In King v. Gedney, for example, the court disregarded the following evidence as “vague and equivocal,” and instead determined that the employer “might have” given the employee—a draftsmen and general foreman—general directions about the improvement:
[The employee] was the foreman, and directed the making the alterations in the factory. [The employer] gave him no directions in relation to those alterations; [another employee] asked him for directions during the time that he was making alternations, and his answer was, ‘I do not know anything about it; go to [the employee].’ He said it was [the employee’s] improvement, and he knew nothing about it; if it did not work it was [the employee’s] fault; [the other employee] must go to him for all instructions. [The other employee] did not hear [the employer] give directions to any of the workmen in the shop. He has seen [the employer] and [the employee] conversing together at the factory, when chalk marks were made upon the floor by [the employee] to convey to [the employer] the manner in which he was going to prosecute the work.
The court determined that if the general idea was the employing inventor’s, then the employee “could only be considered as acting as [his] servant,” and held the employer to be the original and sole inventor.
Thus, by crediting employers with being sole inventors, courts were able to continue to articulate the presumption that those who do the actual inventing will own the rights to their inventions. However, as employees became more and more involved with the inventive process, courts would find it increasingly difficult to rely on the employee improvements doctrine to rebut the presumption of employee ownership.
American invention did not stop during the American Civil War. In fact, the war spurred increased invention, particularly in agriculture. For example, Cyrus McCormick—another famed inventor depicted in Men of Progress—developed a reaper in 1861, which allowed northerners to increase food production “to the highest levels of surplus ever known” even though they had fewer farm hands due to the war. Similarly, in the mid-1860s, scientists were making major advances in chemistry and thermodynamics. Then, in 1865, George Westinghouse received his first patent for a rotary steam engine, followed by patents for railroad frogs and air brakes. A few years later, a “self-taught practical innovator” by the name of Thomas Alva Edison would apply for his first patent. Edison is a particularly interesting example of a nineteenth century inventor, because it is well documented that he “regularly employed not only mechanics and craftsmen but also college-trained chemists and engineers in his invention workshop,”
In some ways, then, it is not surprising that the Supreme Court first recognized the employee improvements doctrine in its 1868 Agawam Co. v. Jordan opinion. In Agawam, an inventor named John Goulding hired a blacksmith, Edward Winslow, to help in his machine shop. Goulding had been working on his invention and was at the point of experimentation when Winslow, having visited another factory, made a suggestion of replacing a piece of Goulding’s invention with a spool and drum. Goulding went back and forth about the value of the suggestion, but after making another modification to make the change practicable, he adopted Winslow’s suggestion.
The new invention was patented and eventually assigned to the plaintiff who then sued the Agawam Woolen Company for infringement. Agawam defended, in part, by arguing that it was Winslow, and not Goulding, that invented the improvements for which the patent was granted. The Court held that Goulding’s claim to invention of the patent was sustained, because all that Agawam could prove was that Winslow suggested the spool and drum—an “auxiliary” part of the invention. In handing another victory to an employer, however, the Court continued to recite that the general presumption is that employees hold rights to their inventions.
Similarly, as discussed above, during this time employers in copyright cases began to see the presumption switch from employee ownership to employer ownership. For example, five years prior to Agawam, the influential case of Kenne v. Wheatley was decided in favor of the employer relying on an employee improvements-type argument to grant a theater proprietor the copyrights to a play adapted by her and her theatrical company. Whereas in theater it was undeniable that multiple individuals were required to develop new materials and produce it for the stage, invention in the 1870s continued to be perceived as the work of individuals with minimal help from employees instructed to carryout manual labor.
Significant changes, however, were on the horizon for those industries that employed workers to design and construct their products. The “United States began to develop a single price and market system,” which led to capital intensive industries that “employed workers who owned no tools and had few skills, leading to social inequalities that created new political crises,” Those inequities led to the formation of labor unions, which employed a variety of tactics to effect the status of workers in this country. “The decades from the 1870s through the early 20th century saw one disruptive strike after another and the beginning of the appeal of ideologies and reform strategies that would characterize the labor movement—agrarian reform, populism, socialism, anarchism, and progressive reformism,”
Despite these changes, inventive activity in the United States soldiered on. For example, Edison—who, as discussed above, employed a variety of workers in his invention workshop—had filed for patents on 21 inventions by 1871. As inventive activity began to involve more complex technology, the proportion of inventions devised by solo inventors continued to decline. Perhaps in recognition of these changes, the Supreme Court began to hint at a willingness to recognize employers’ ownership of patented inventions that they hired employees to create.
Nevertheless, there were limits to the Court’s willingness to grant patent rights to one who employed another to invent. In Collar Co. v. Van Dusen, for example, the Supreme Court determined that the plaintiff, despite employing a set of paper-makers to create a paper collar that would be perceived as a real starched linen collar, was not entitled to a patent because only the paper-makers had invented something patentable. The plaintiff had argued that the paper-makers had received inspiration and direction, but the Court determined that the paper-markers had provided the whole improvement and therefore the plaintiff had no rights to their invention under Agawam’s ancillary discoveries rule.
Despite its use of the terms “employer” and “employee,” however, the Collar case is better understood as concerning, using our modern parlance, independent contractors, who, even if Collar was a modern copyright case, would be unlikely to fall within the work made for hire doctrine. Rather than inspiring and directing the paper-makers’ improvement, the patentee derived all of the improvements he attempted to patent from the paper-makers. Similarly, other courts in the 1870s held that if an employee’s invention was outside the employee’s inventive arena, the employer would receive no more than a shop right to the invention.
By the 1880s, “farmers and industrial workers represented a force for political insurgency that began to coalesce into new movements that threatened to change the nature of society,” These movements reflected a general anti-monopoly and big business sentiment at the turn of the century, as they began to lead to discussions of new government regulations “to control railroad rates and other large enterprises . . . to address the growing power of bankers and railroad magnates,” At the same time, entrepreneur inventors, like Westinghouse, were beginning to build empires of their own from their own companies and inventions, as well as those of others. These companies employed various individuals who developed patentable inventions during their employment.
During the remainder of the nineteenth century, disputes over employees’ inventions became more frequent and led to cases that further developed the shop right and employee improvements doctrines. The courts, however, failed to develop a mechanism for dealing with employees that were explicitly hired to invent, until the hired-to-invent doctrine was formally recognized by the Supreme Court in 1924. Also, the rise of the corporate form introduced additional complications, such as whether a shop right could be assigned. Despite these developments, however, in not one of these cases was an employing company considered an “inventor” by virtue of its employees’ activity. Rather, for a company to receive patent ownership, an employee needed to assign it his or her rights.
By the turn of the century, each and every person in the United States had been affected by the inventions of the nineteenth century. In particular, the poor were being put to work in factories using newly invented machinery and tools. Even the middle classes indirectly benefited from the benefits of the day:
For the middle classes, such as physicians, attorneys, engineers, academics, journalists, and managers, whose employment was less dependent on machinery and tools than on their education, the new technologies provided new sources of entertainment, comfort, and opportunities. By 1890, a person who worked in such a profession could come home, switch on the electric light, make a phone call, go to the refrigerator and take out a cold beer, light a factory-made cigarette with a safety match, then sit down to listen to a phonograph record while reading a newspaper with news of the day from all over the planet. It was a new world, for none of those experiences had been possible 40 years earlier, even to the wealthy.
For inventors in the twentieth century, more and more inventive activity would occur within corporate settings. However, patentable inventive activity would continue to be credited to individuals, not groups, until late into the century. In fact, the average number of inventors per patent would not begin to change dramatically until the 1970s, when a “dramatic increase in the proportion of ‘highly collaborative’ inventions” would drive the average up:
Yet, despite the fact that today the “ordinary inventor is . . . a joint inventor who invents as part of a team,” patent law continues to require that corporate employers receive assignments from their employees in order to effect a transfer of the ownership of the employees’ patent rights.
In Part II, several reasons behind copyright law’s move toward the work made for hire doctrine were posited: (1) courts were attempting to reflect the intent of the parties; (2) courts felt that employees were in the best position to determine ex ante whether they intended to assert copyright ownership; (3) changing notions of the nature of authorship; (4) ease of statutory drafting; (5) avoiding constitutional concerns; and (6) concern about renewal terms.
Three of these reasons simply do not apply to patent law. First, patents in the United States do not have renewal terms. Second, the copyright statute was being revised in 1909 for reasons beyond the codification of the work made for hire doctrine. The patent statute, by contrast, was not significantly revised until 1952. Without an independent push to redraft the Patent Act, the need to ease statutory drafting was absent, and constitutional concerns in granting patent rights to non-“inventors” would not need to be addressed. As for the remaining reasons for the shift in copyright law, patent law simply did not share those factors.
First, the perceived nature of inventive activity in the nineteenth century did not lend itself to an argument for the need of a doctrine like work made for hire. As discussed in Part II, copyrighted works grew in complexity over the course of the nineteenth century. While copyrighted works were originally only embodied in single author books, they steadily grew to include complicated works involving the input of the multiple creative individuals. In particular, the creation of maps and theatrical works required coordination among multiple parties to insure that works could be exploited. Once the 1909 Act was passed, that complication grew exponentially as additional works were brought under the copyright statute.
The perception of inventive activity in the nineteenth century, on the other hand, did not appear to require significant coordination among parties. Rather, credit for advances was given to individual inventors, whether or not they, like Edison, employed others in their invention workshops. Moreover, even in the nineteenth century, most patents were on incremental improvements of existing technologies, which made it even more likely that the number of individuals involved in each inventive push forward would be small. Further, even if an invention required multiple individuals to reduce it to practice, the individual credited with the invention could subsume any other inventive activity into his invention under the employee improvements doctrine. In fact, in 1916, three-quarters of U.S. patents were issued to individuals. Thus, the need to coordinate among multiple individuals that existed in copyright law in the nineteenth century did not exist in patent law.
Second, the existing doctrines that had developed, including the hired-to-invent doctrine, provided sufficient ex ante protection to employers. The shop rights doctrine, which was well established in the early part of the century, provided employers with a way of ensuring that their expectations were met. Unlike today where many organizations that own patent rights merely license those rights to others to use, in the nineteenth century, most companies used patent rights merely to exclude competitors while they themselves developed products to sell to consumers. Without the need to license, companies merely needed the right to use, which the shop rights doctrine provided. Moreover, as described above, when an inventor did use assistance in the process of developing his invention, the employee improvements doctrine protected him from needing to secure rights from each assistant in his workshop. As long as the inventor couldn’t be seen as deriving his invention from someone else, he could be fairly content that his rights in the invention would be secure.
Finally, by the end of the nineteenth century, employers were securing contracts with their employees that included provisions requiring the assignment of any patented inventions later developed. In 1885, only 12% of U.S. patents were issued to corporations. By 1950, it had grown to 75%, and by the 1980s, 84% of U.S. patents were assigned to corporations, “usually the employer of the actual inventor,” In the past decade, those efforts have become increasingly successful.
In fact, it will come as no surprise that the Intellectual Property Owners Association’s list of top patent owners does not include the name of a single individual. Further, by the turn of the century, when an employer hired an inventor, the hired-to-invent doctrine would require the inventor to assign their rights to the employer.
Despite the protection of the existing patent law doctrines that give employers some of the benefits of the work made for hire doctrine, it is clear from Table 5 that not one doctrine captures all of the benefits from that doctrine:
Table 5: Work Made For Hire Benefits v. Patent Doctrines Shop Rights Hired-to-Invent Employee Improv. No Negotiation ✓ ✓ ✓ No Assignment from Employee ✓ ✓ No Court Intervention ✓ ✓ Registrability ✓ Exclusion and Licensing ✓ ✓ Use ✓ ✓ ✓ Transfer to Others ✓ ✓ Protection from Future Rights Termination Shield n/a n/a n/a Duration n/a n/a n/a Universal Application ✓ ✓
Moreover, as recent cases make clear, companies cannot rely on the patent law doctrines and contracts with their employees to ensure ownership of the rights to their employees’ inventions. For example, the Supreme Court recently held that although an inventor working as a research fellow at Stanford University signed a Copyright and Patent Agreement that stated that he “‘agree[d] to assign’ to Stanford his ‘right, title and interest in’ inventions resulting from his employment at the University” and written assignments of rights, which Stanford used to file several patent applications, Stanford did not receive the inventor’s patent rights because he signed a Visitor’s Confidentiality Agreement that provided that he “‘will assign and do[es] hereby assign’ to Cetus his ‘right, title and interest in each of the ideas, inventions and improvements’ made ‘as a consequence of [his] access’ to Cetus” between signing the CPA and the assignments. Further, many modern employers intend to license, rather than use, their employees’ inventions, which a shop right would not permit.
Similarly, in Abbott Point of Care Inc. v. Epocal Inc., Abbott filed a patent infringement suit against Epocal, a competitor in the diagnostic field, alleging infringement of patents that “cover systems and devices for testing blood samples,” Epocal, however, was founded by Dr. Imants Lauks, the named inventor of the patents at issue and a former employee of Abbott’s predecessors. Despite the fact that Dr. Lauks had entered into two employment agreements, one of which contained a provision requiring him to assign all of his rights to any inventions that he might conceive, the Federal Circuit determined that Abbot did not hold rights to the patents and, thus, lacked standing to bring the lawsuit. The court determined that Dr. Lauks had resigned from his previous employment in 1999, and that while the consulting agreement that he entered into after his resignation stated that various provisions of Dr. Lauks’ employment agreement remained in effect, it did not address invention assignments or obligations. Thus, the two patent applications Dr. Lauks filed after entering into the consulting agreement did not belong to Abbot.
Additionally, despite the high assignment rate discussed above, when a patent assignment is found to be ineffective, the consequences can be extreme. This is particularly true where the employer acts on its belief that an assignment is effective and incurs costs associated with the patented technology, only to learn that they do not, in fact, hold any patent rights.
As such, it is time for patent law to come to terms with the fact that it is stuck in the past and adopt an inventions made for hire doctrine. To do so, Congress need only pass an act amending two sections of the Patent Act. First, Congress would add a subsection (c) to 35 U.S.C. § 111 as follows:
(c) In the case of an invention made for hire, the employer is considered the inventor for purposes of this title, and, unless the parties have expressly agreed otherwise in a written instrument signed by them, owns all patents rights to the invention.
Second, Congress would add a subsection (f) to 35 U.S.C. § 100 as follows:
(f) An “invention made for hire” is an invention invented or discovered by an employee within the scope of his or her employment.
Whether an individual is an employee for purposes of the invention made for hire doctrine will be determined by looking to the same common law doctrine of agency that the Supreme Court identified in Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid. Moreover, there is over two decades of caselaw interpreting agency doctrine in light of the Copyright Act and over a century of caselaw interpreting the work made for hire doctrine for courts to rely on in implementing this new provision.
As this article has suggested, patent law remains stuck in the past by continuing to rely on the rhetorical device that modern invention is performed by individual inventors in their garages, when, in fact, most patentable inventive activity occurs in corporate and university settings. Moreover, contrary to popular perception, most individuals who would be labeled “inventors” in the twenty-first century are employees of a corporate entity and assign their patent rights to their employer. Nevertheless, patent law continues to require written assignments to give employers ownership of their employees’ inventions. While that formulation may have made sense when invention was credited to individuals and required little coordination among inventors, it no longer does. Rather, employers should be able to feel secure in the knowledge that any inventions invented or discovered by their employees within the scope of their employment are owned by the party that financed and supported them (i.e., their employers). As such, it is time for the Patent Act to be amended to borrow from the Copyright Act and adopt an inventions made for hire doctrine.
See Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 201(b) (2006) (“In the case of a work made for hire, the employer or other person for whom the work was prepared is considered the author for purposes of this title, and, unless the parties have expressly agreed otherwise in a written instrument signed by them, owns all of the rights comprised in the copyright.”).
See United States v. Dubilier Condenser Corp., 289 U.S. 178, 188 (1933) (noting that invention is “the product of original thought”); Solomons v. United States, 137 U.S. 342, 346 (1890) (“[W]hatever invention [an inventor] may thus conceive and perfect is his individual property.”); Gayler v. Wilder, 51 U.S. 477, 493 (1851) (“[T]he discoverer of a new and useful improvement is vested by law with an inchoate right to its exclusive use, which he may perfect and make absolute by proceeding in the manner which the law requires.”); 8 Chisum on Patents § 22.01 (2012) (“The presumptive owner of the property right in a patentable invention is the single human inventor . . . .”); see also Patent Act of 1952, 35 U.S.C. § 152 (2006) (“Patents may be granted to the assignee of the inventor of record in the Patent and Trademark Office, upon the application made and the specification sworn to by the inventor, except as otherwise provided in this title.”); id. § 261 (“Applications for patent, patents, or any interest therein, shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing.”); Bd. of Trustees Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ. v. Roche Molecular Sys., Inc., 131 S. Ct. 2188, 2192 (2011) (“Since 1790, the patent law has operated on the premise that rights in an invention belong to the inventor.”); Dubilier Condenser, 289 U.S. at 187 (“A patent is property and title to it can pass only by assignment.”); 8 Chisum on Patents § 22.01 (2012) (“The inventor . . . [may] transfer ownership interests by written assignment to anyone . . . .”).
In fact, only the actual inventor is entitled to a patent, and only the inventor or someone he has assigned his patent rights to in writing may file a patent application, which in either case must be made on the inventor’s behalf. See 35 U.S.C. § 111(a)(2)(C) (“Such application shall include . . . an oath by the applicant as prescribed by section 115 of this title.”); id. § 115 (“The applicant shall make oath that he believes himself to be the original and first inventor of the process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or improvement thereof, for which he solicits a patent . . . .”) (emphasis added); id. § 118 (“Whenever an inventor refuses to execute an application for patent, or cannot be found or reached after diligent effort, a person to whom the inventor has assigned or agreed in writing to assign the invention or who otherwise shows sufficient proprietary interest in the matter justifying such action, may make application for patent on behalf of and as agent for the inventor . . . and the Director may grant a patent to such inventor . . . .”) (emphasis added).
Dubilier Condenser, 289 U.S. at 189; see also Stanford, 131 S. Ct. at 2196 (“We have rejected the idea that mere employment is sufficient to vest title to an employee’s invention in the employer.”).
Certainly copyrights and patents share an affinity due to their finding support in the same clause of the Constitution. U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 8 (“The Congress shall have Power . . . [t]o promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries . . . .”).
As described below, in the nineteenth century, copyright law had a strong presumption of employee ownership, which slowly moved to an employer presumption that was finally codified in the twentieth century. See infra Part II. Patent law, on the other hand, developed various doctrines that permitted employers to be considered the owners of patent rights in certain circumstances, but not in others. See infra Part III.
David F. Noble, America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism 87 (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1977).
Dennis Crouch & Jason Rantanen, Assignment of US Patents, Patent Law Blog (Patently-O) (Dec. 18, 2011, 9:07 PM), http://www.patentlyo.com/patent/2011/12/assignment-of-us-patents.html.
Leahy-Smith American Invents Act, Pub. L. No. 112-29, § 4, 125 Stat. 284, 294 (2011) (“A substitute statement . . . is permitted with respect to any individual who—(A) is unable to file the oath or declaration . . . because the individual—(i) is deceased; (ii) is under legal incapacity; or (iii) cannot be found or reached after diligent effort; or (B) is under an obligation to assign the invention but has refused to make the oath or declaration required. . . .”) (emphasis added); see also Dennis Crouch, AIA Shifts USPTO Focus from Inventors to Patent owners, Patent Law Blog (Patently-O) (Aug. 14, 2012, 9:35 AM), http://www.patentlyo.com/patent/2012/08/aia-shifts-usptos-focus-from-inventors-to-patent-owners.html (describing the shift).
See Stanford, 131 S. Ct. 2188 (2011) (holding that Stanford did not hold the rights to a patent that was allegedly infringed by Roche’s HIV test kits); Abbott Point of Care Inc. v. Epocal Inc., 666 F.3d 1299 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (affirming the dismissal of Abbott complaint for lack of standing to bring suit based on blood sample testing patents).
Patent law and copyright law borrowing from each other is nothing new. The Supreme Court borrowed patent law’s construction of secondary liability to inform its copyright decision in Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios. 464 U.S. 417, 439 (1984) (“There is no precedent in the law of copyright for the imposition of vicarious liability on such a theory. The closest analogy is provided by the patent law cases to which it is appropriate to refer because of the historic kinship between patent law and copyright law.”). That analysis was then expounded on in the copyright case of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913 (2005), and then the copyright focused construction was used as precedent in later patent cases. See, e.g., Ricoh Co. v. Quanta Computer Inc., 550 F.3d 1325, 1336–40 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Sony and Grokster to determine the standard for contributory infringement); DSU Med. Corp. v. JMS Co., 471 F.3d 1293, 1303–04 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (same).
3 R. Carl Moy, Moy’s Walker on Patents § 10:17 (4th ed. 2012).
Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 201(a) (2006) (“Copyright in a work protected under this title vests initially in the author or authors of the work. The authors of a joint work are coowners of copyright in the work.”).
Oxford English Dictionary (2d ed. 1989).
17 U.S.C. § 201(b) (“In the case of a work made for hire, the employer or other person for whom the work was prepared is considered the author for purposes of this title, and, unless the parties have expressly agreed otherwise in a written instrument signed by them, owns all of the rights comprised in the copyright.”).
Id. § 101 (“A ‘work made for hire’ is—
(1) a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her employment; or
(2) a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a contribution to a collective work, as a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, as a translation, as a supplementary work, as a compilation, as an instructional text, as a test, as answer material for a test, or as an atlas, if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire.”).
For example, comic book authors generally are required to sign agreements establishing that their work is commissioned as a work made for hire. See Joshua L. Simmons, Catwoman or the Kingpin: Potential Reasons Comic Book Publishers Do Not Enforce Their Copyrights Against Comic Book Infringers, 33 Colum. J.L. & Arts 267, 272 (2010) (describing comic book work made for hire agreements and caselaw).
Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730, 750–51 (1989) (holding the sculpture at issue was not a work made for hire, because the sculptor was an independent contractor and CCNV could not satisfy Section 101(2)).
Id. at 751–52 (“In determining whether a hired party is an employee under the general common law of agency, we consider the hiring party’s right to control the manner and means by which the product is accomplished. Among the other factors relevant to this inquiry are the skill required; the source of the instrumentalities and tools; the location of the work; the duration of the relationship between the parties; whether the hiring party has the right to assign additional projects to the hired party; the extent of the hired party’s discretion over when and how long to work; the method of payment; the hired party’s role in hiring and paying assistants; whether the work is part of the regular business of the hiring party; whether the hiring party is in business; the provision of employee benefits; and the tax treatment of the hired party.”) (citations omitted).
Id. at 752 (citing Ward v. Atl. Coast Line R.R., 362 US 396, 400 (1960); Hilton Int’l Co. v. NLRB, 690 F.2d 318, 321 (2d Cir. 1982)).
Aymes v. Bonelli, 980 F.2d 857, 861 (2d Cir. 1992) (“Some factors, therefore, will often have little or no significance in determining whether a party is an independent contractor or an employee. In contrast, there are some factors that will be significant in virtually every situation. These include: (1) the hiring party’s right to control the manner and means of creation; (2) the skill required; (3) the provision of employee benefits; (4) the tax treatment of the hired party; and (5) whether the hiring party has the right to assign additional projects to the hired party.”).
Id. (“These factors will almost always be relevant and should be given more weight in the analysis, because they will usually be highly probative of the true nature of the employment relationship.”).
Under the Copyright Act of 1976, copyright vests “initially in the author or authors of the work,” 17 U.S.C. § 201(a) (2006). As “the employer or other person for whom the work was prepared is considered the author” when a work made for hire is involved, however, a work made for hire initially invests in the employer or commissioning party. Id. § 201(b).
See Patent Act of 1952, 35 U.S.C. § 131 (2006).
See Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 102(a) (2006).
See id. § 204(a).
As described above, even works that are not created within the scope of an employee’s employment may be considered works made for hire. See supra note 17. However, works that are specially ordered or commissioned and considered works made for hire under Subsection 2 are outside the scope of this article.
For example, in 2009, the founders of Skype, after selling the company to eBay, sued their former company and eBay for copyright infringement because, although eBay had purchased the good will in Skype, they had only licensed the source code to the program. See Complaint, Joltid Ltd. v. Skype Techs. S.A., 2009 WL 2958651 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2009) (No. 09 Civ. 4299); see also Brad Stone, Skype Founders File Copyright Suit Against eBay, N.Y. Times, Sept. 17, 2009, at B3, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/17/technology/
See 17 U.S.C. § 408(a) (2006) (“[T]he owner of copyright or of any exclusive right in the work may obtain registration of the copyright claim . . . .”); id. at § 409 (“The application for copyright registration . . . shall include — (1) the name and address of the copyright claimant . . . (4) in the case of a work made for hire, a statement to this effect . . . .”).
See id. § 411(a).
See id. § 412.
See id. § 106.
See id. § 201(d).
Section 106A grants certain rights to “the author of a work of visual art,” See id. § 106A(a). However, section 101 defines a “work of visual art” as not including “any work made for hire,” Id. at § 101. In addition, in Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., the Supreme Court held that trademark law cannot be used to require attribution “to the author of any idea, concept, or communication embodied in [tangible] goods,” 539 U.S. 23, 37 (2003).
See 17 U.S.C. § 203(a) (stating that exclusive or nonexclusive transfers or licenses of copyrights to works created on or after January 1, 1978 and not works made for hire may be terminated); id. § 304(c) (noting that exclusive or nonexclusive transfers or licenses of the renewal copyrights to works within its first or renewal term on January 1, 1978 and not works made for hire may be terminated).
Id. § 203; see Simmons, supra note 17, at 274–75 (describing cases of termination involving comic book talent); cf. James Grimmelmann, The Worst Part of Copyright: Termination of Transfers, The Laboratorium (Feb. 15, 2012, 10:23 AM), http://laboratorium.net/archive/2012/
02/15/the_worst_part_of_copyright_termination_of_transfe (arguing that the inalienability created by the termination transfer provisions of the Copyright Act is unsupported by moral intuitions or logic).
17 U.S.C. § 302(a). A potential infringer may seek a certified report from the Copyright Office after 95 years for a published work or 120 years for an unpublished work. If the certified report does not disclose that the author of a work is alive or died less than 70 years prior to the report, the infringer is entitled to a presumption that shields her from infringement liability. Id. § 302(e).
Id. § 302(c).
On the other hand, a long-lived author could result in a significantly longer period of protection.
By avoiding negotiation, parties also avoid the possibility that a court would interpret contract terms later in a way that the original parties to the agreement would not have anticipated. See, e.g., Marvel Characters, Inc. v. Simon, 310 F.3d 280 (2d Cir. 2002) (holding that although both parties had signed a settlement agreement stipulating that a work was made for hire, the provision was ineffective because it was signed subsequent to the work’s creation with purported retroactive effect).
An additional societal benefit might include the idea that the work made for hire doctrine may permit and even incentivize the creation of works that would be impossible to create if the employing company had to negotiate with each employed author.
Patent Act of 1952, 35 U.S.C. § 154(a)(2) (2006) (“[S]uch grant shall be for a term beginning on the date on which the patent issues and ending 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed in the United States . . . .”). The Patent Act contains provisions providing for extensions to the patent term in certain circumstances. See id. § 154(b) (describing patent term adjustment for PTO delays); id. § 155 (describing patent term extension for Food and Drug Administration approval); id. § 156 (describing patent term extensions for other regulatory review).
See id. § 261 (“Applications for patent, patents, or any interest therein, shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing. The applicant, patentee, or his assigns or legal representatives may in like manner grant and convey an exclusive right under his application for patent, or patents, to the whole or any specified part of the United States.”).
Kurtzon v. Sterling Indus., Inc., 228 F. Supp. 696, 697 (E.D. Pa. 1964) (“[A] ‘shop right’ or license to use, manufacture and sell.”).
United States v. Dubilier Condenser Corp., 289 U.S. 178, 188 (1933) (holding that two employees of the radio section of the Bureau of Standards, who had received patents based on a “power amplifier” invention, were not required to assign their patents to the United States—their employer—instead the United States was entitled to a shop right, if anything); McClurg v. Kingsland, 42 U.S. 202 (1843) (affirming the Circuit Court’s jury instruction that a license between the patent holder and the employer-defendants could be presumed allowing the employer to continue to use the patented invention without liability, even if the patent was valid); Lariscey v. United States, 949 F.2d 1137, 1144 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (“A common law doctrine founded on equitable principles, the shop right rule allows an employer to use, without payment to the employee, an employee’s invention that was made using the employer’s time and/or materials, facilities, or equipment.”); see also Terry B. McDaniel, Shop Rights, Rights in Copyrights, Supersession of Prior Agreements, Modification of Agreement, Right of Assignment and Other Contracts, 14 AIPLA Q.J. 35, 38 (1986) (“The concept of shop right developed as a form of equitable compensation for situations where the employer has financed the employee’s invention, normally where the employee has used his employer’s time, facilities, and materials.”) (citation omitted).
See McDaniel, supra note 46, at 36.
Lariscey, 949 F. 2d at 1144 (“The shop right has variously been described as a form of implied license, founded on estoppel or acquiescence.”).
See McClurg, 42 U.S. 202; see also Chisum, supra note 3, at § 22.03[a] (“The actions of both the employee and the employer may warrant the assumption that the employee had consented to allow limited use of his invention in return for assistance in the development of the idea.”).
See Gill v. United States, 160 U.S. 426 (1896); see also Chisum, supra note 3, at § 22.03[a] (“By participating in the installation of an embodiment of the invention in the employer’s business without demanding a royalty or other compensation, the employee is estopped from later demanding compensation or charging infringement after issuance of the patent.”).
See Dubilier Condenser, 289 U.S. at 188; Beecroft & Blackman, Inc. v. Rooney, 268 F. 545 (S.D.N.Y. 1920); see also Chisum, supra note 3, at § 22.03[a] (“Because the employee has used employer resources to develop the invention, it is only fair and equitable that the employer have a limited right to use the invention. The party who invests in a project and risks the cost of failure should enjoy a return on his/her investment and should share in the benefits of success.”).
See Dubilier Condenser, 289 U.S. at 188 (“[W]here a servant, during his hours of employment, working with his master’s materials and appliances, conceives and perfects an invention for which he obtains a patent, he must accord his master a non-exclusive right to practice the invention.”); Kurtzon, 228 F. Supp. at 697 (“[The employer] has the right to use the plaintiff’s invention but pays no royalties to the patentee. It has no property or title interest in the invention or the patent. [It] has no exclusive contract with the [employee] that others shall not practice the invention. At most [it] has a ‘shop right’ or license to use, manufacture and sell the [product] which is not an exclusive contract and amounts to a bare license protecting [the employer] from a claim of infringement by [the employee]. . . . Such a licensee may neither sue alone nor join with the licensor patentee in an infringement action.”) (citations omitted).
See Lane & Bodley Co. v. Locke, 150 U.S. 193 (1893) (holding that the Hapgood doctrine would not be extended to a company that “was organized upon the same basis as the [predecessor company]; that the business of the company was to be the same as that carried on by [the predecessor], and to be carried on in the same premises; that the entire property and assets of the firm and its liabilities and obligations were devolved upon the [successor] company”); Hapgood v. Hewitt, 119 U.S. 226 (1886) (holding that although after the original corporation entitled to a shop right dissolved, the stockholders had created a new corporation—its successor in interest—the shop right did not cover the new corporation).
See Standard Parts Co. v. Peck, 264 U.S. 52 (1924) (holding that the invention’s creator held the legal title to the patented invention in trust for his former employer, and ordering him to assign the title in the patent to him employer’s successor); see also Houghton v. United States, 23 F.2d 386 (4th Cir. 1928) (“An employ[ee], performing all the duties assigned to him in his department of service, may exercise his inventive faculties in any direction he chooses, with the assurance that whatever invention he may thus conceive and perfect is his individual property. . . . But this general rule is subject to these limitations. If one is employed to devise or perfect an instrument, or a means for accomplishing a prescribed result, he cannot, after successfully accomplishing the work for which he was employed, plead title thereto as against his employer. That which he has been employed and paid to accomplish becomes, when accomplished, the property of his employer. Whatever rights as an individual he may have had in and to his inventive powers, and that which they are able to accomplish, he has sold in advance to his employer.” (citing Solomons v. United States, 137 U.S. 342, 346 (1890)); Nat’l Dev. Co. v. Gray, 55 N.E.2d 783, 787 (Mass. 1944) (“If the employee fails to reach his goal the loss falls upon the employer, but if he succeeds in accomplishing the prescribed result then the invention belongs to the employer even though the terms of employment contain no express provision dealing with the ownership of whatever inventions may be developed.”).
Chisum, supra note 3, at § 22.03 (“The primary factor . . . is the specificity of the task assigned to the employee. . . . Evidentiary factors that carry some weight include (1) previous assignments of patents on other inventions by the employee; (2) a customary practice within the company for other similarly situated employees to assign; (3) whether the invention was conceived during the period of employment; (4) who originally posed the problem solved by the invention; (5) the employee’s authority within the company to determine to whom to give a problem for solution; (6) the relative importance of the idea to the employer’s business; (7) a previous inconsistent position on inventorship by the employer; (8) an agreement by the employer to pay royalties to the employee; (9) payment of patent procurement expenses by the employer or employee; and (10) the absence of initial interest by the employer when the employee first exposed the idea.”).
See Standard Parts, 264 U.S. at 56–57 (Upholding the district court’s formal decree that the patentee, “within ten days from the date of the decree, assign and transfer to the company the legal title to the letters patent, and also transfer to it all other patents or pending applications for patents for inventions made by him, in connection with the processes and machinery developed in the performance of the agreement with the [company],” Furthermore, “if [the patentee] failed to perform the decree, ‘then and in that event’ the ‘decree [would] have the same force and effect as such assignments and transfers would have had if made.’”).
Id. But see Leon Jaroff, Intellectual Chain Gang, Time Vol. 149, 64 (Feb. 10, 1997), available at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/
article/0,9171,985892,00.html (describing employee that chose to go to jail rather than to comply with a court order to assign his invention to his employer).
See 1-5 Milgrim on Trade Secrets § 5.02[b] (“The general rule of law is that inventions made by an employee, although made during the hours of employment and with the use of his employer’s materials, facilities and personnel, are the employee’s property unless by the terms of his employment, or otherwise, he agreed to transfer the ownership (as distinguished from the use) of such inventions.”); see also United States v. Dubilier Condenser Corp., 289 U.S. 178, 187 (1933) (stating that inventions created by employees not hired to invent—even if the invention is within the same field as their employment—follow the general rule that title may only pass through negotiated assignments).
Agawam Co. v. Jordan, 74 U.S. 583, 602 (1868) (“No one is entitled to a patent for that which he did not invent unless he can show a legal title to the same from the inventor or by operation of law; but where a person has discovered an improved principle in a machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, and employs other persons to assist him in carrying out that principle, and they, in the course of experiments arising from that employment, make valuable discoveries ancillary to the plan and preconceived design of the employer, such suggested improvements are in general to be regarded as the property of the party who discovered the original improved principle, and may be embodied in his patent as a part of his invention.”).
Id. at 602 (“[W]here a person has discovered an improved principle in a machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, and employs other persons to assist him in carrying out that principle, and they, in the course of experiments arising from that employment, make valuable discoveries ancillary to the plan and preconceived design of the employer, such suggested improvements are in general to be regarded as the property of the party who discovered the original improved principle, and may be embodied in his patent as a part of his invention.”).
Id.; see also Int’l Carrier Call & Television Corp. v. Radio Corp. of Am., 142 F.2d 493, 496 (2d Cir. 1944) (“An employer who seeks to patent the fruits of his employees’ labors must go further than merely to express a purpose to be realized.”).
Agawam, 74 U.S. at 603 (“Persons employed, as much as employers, are entitled to their own independent inventions, but where the employer has conceived the plan of an invention and is engaged in experiments to perfect it, no suggestions from an employee, not amounting to a new method or arrangement, which, in itself is a complete invention, is sufficient to deprive the employer of the exclusive property in the perfected improvement.”); Larson v. Crowther, 26 F.2d 780, 790 (8th Cir. 1928) (“Where a party has discovered an improved principle in a manufacture, and employs another to assist him in carrying out that principle, and the employee makes valuable additions to the preconceived design of the employer, such improvements are, in general, to be regarded as the property of the employer, and may be embodied in his patent as part of his invention,” (citations omitted)).
See Copyright Act of 1909, ch. 320, § 62, 35 Stat. 1075 (amended 1976) (“[T]he word “author” shall include an employer in the case of works made for hire.”).
Catherine L. Fisk, Authors At Work: The Origins of the Work-For-Hire Doctrine, 15 Yale J.L. & Hum. 1, 5 (2003).
Id. at 7 (“[S]ome courts did focus on the employer’s contribution or the employer’s right to control. But over time many came to rely simply on the legal fiction that employment renders the employer the author. The ‘crude legal fiction’ was not that the employer’s right to control made it the author; it was that the employer was the author.”).
But see id. at 15 (discussing that despite courts’ statements to the contrary, studies have shown that “between forty-four and forty-nine percent of copyright registration between 1790 and 1800 were by a person other than the actual author.”) (citation omitted).
Copyright Act of 1790, ch. 15 §1, 1 Stat. 124 (amended 1976). The first thing you notice in this group of works is that while books can certainly be created by an individual author, the most useful maps require coordinated effort by multiple individuals.
See Wheaton v. Peters, 33 U.S. 591 (1834) (holding that the author of twelve volumes reporting the cases of the United States Supreme Court held copyright in his original elements added to the reports, although not the work of the justices themselves).
See Fisk, supra note 64, at 16–18 (discussing early American legal publishing and the status of legal reporters, who were hired by the courts as independent contractors—although not called that—and encouraged to find publishers for their work by selling their copyrights). Fisk believes that the fact that early cases involved case reporters who, like Wheaton vis-à-vis the United States Supreme Court, had relationships with the judges likely deciding these cases, likely influenced their outcome. See id. at 21. The reporters were not traditional employees, but rather important and well-educated men who had agreed to perform a function that that was essential to the profession. See id.
See Pierpont v. Fowle, 19 F. Cas. 652 (C.C.D. Mass. 1846) (holding that the renewal rights in a copyrighted work are not included in an assignment of the initial copyrights).
See Atwill v. Ferrett, 2 F. Cas. 195 (1846) (holding that an author commissioned to create an opera remained the author of the work, but that an involved theater manager retained copyright in the version performed in his theater).
See Pennsylvania v. Desilver, 3 Phila. 31 (C.P. 1858) (holding that the state employing a coordinating cartographer held the copyrights in his work); Heine v. Appleton, 11 F. Cas. 1031 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1857) (holding that an artist that had participated in a government funded expedition could not enjoin publication of books containing his illustrations, because he had expressly agreed otherwise and he had been paid to alter the images for that very purpose).
See Fisk, supra note 64, at 32 (“[C]ourts came to understand that a corporation—the quintessential “corporate” (as in collective) author—should own the rights to the work created by all the persons who worked for the corporation.”); see also infra Part II.C.
See Lawrence v. Dana, 15 F. Cas. 26 (C.C.D. Mass. 1869) (holding that an employer’s use of an employee’s work on a legal treatise, which she had contracted not to make use of in future editions, is an infringement). In Lawrence, the court in dicta noted that the employee had not acquired “any right to demand a copyright” in his work, but rather his employer held that right. Id. at 51.
In both Roberts v. Myers and Boucicault v. Fox, the author of a commissioned play sued the theater manager who commissioned the piece for having it performed after the author, who was also acting in the piece, had quit. Roberts v. Myers, 20 F. Cas. 898 (C.C.D. Mass. 1860) (finding the author was entitled to the copyright in the work, despite being commissioned to write the play); Boucicault v. Fox, 3 F. Cas. 977 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1862) (finding that only an express agreement to assign copyright in the work would be sufficient to transfer copyright ownership). In Keene v. Wheatley, the proprietor of a New York theater had been given the rights to perform Our American Cousin, and in the process, she and her company adapted the play. 14 F. Cas. 180 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1861).
Keene, 14 F. Cas. at 187.
Id. Although the court ultimately held that the employee’s work was not copyrightable, the court did determine that equitable principles permitted the plaintiff to recover based on the employee’s giving his work to the defendants to add to their production. Id. at 188.
Professor Fisk makes much of the fact that the doctrine “slipped into the cases without the usual adversary process,” because in both Keene and Lawrence, the employees did not lose the rights to their work. Fisk, supra note 64, at 43–44. In Keene, the employee had already assigned whatever he had to the theater producer defendants; if anyone was going to lose out it would have been them. Keene v. Wheatley, 14 F. Cas. 180 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1861). In Lawrence, despite the court acknowledging a copyright interest in the employer, the parties’ express contract protected the employee. Lawrence v. Dana, 15 F. Cas. 26 (C.C.D. Mass. 1869).
See Callaghan v. Myers, 128 U.S. 617 (1888); Sarony v. Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co., 17 F. 591 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1883); In re Gould & Co., 2 A. 886 (Conn. 1885).
Callaghan, 128 U.S. at 647.
Fisk, supra note 64, at 45 (emphasis added).
Id. at 50 (citing Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss, Collaborative Research: Conflicts on Authorship, Ownership, and Accountability, 53 Vand. L. Rev. 1161, 1172–79 (2000)). But see Press Publishing Co. v. Monroe, 73 F. 196 (2d Cir. 1896) (holding that a contract provided copyright to the author); Mallory v. Mackaye, 86 F. 122 (C.C.N.Y. 1898) (holding that a contract allocated copyright in a theater manager over the playwright); Carte v. Evans, 27 F. 861 (C.C.D. Mass. 1886).
Schumacher v. Schwencke, 25 F. 466 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1885). But see Edward Thompson Co. v. Am. Law Book Co., 119 F. 217, 219 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1902) (“It is conceded that the question whether a corporation can be an author within the meaning of the copyright laws has never been decided.”).
In Aalmuhammed v. Lee, the plaintiff was hired to work on, without a written agreement, and made “very extensive” contributions to the film Malcolm X. 202 F.3d 1227, 1229 (9th Cir. 2000). However, the Ninth Circuit held that in the same way that the person who controlled the film’s hue was not a joint author of the film, the plaintiff would not be considered one either. Id. at 1233. Instead, the “superintended” or “master mind” of the whole work—in this case Spike Lee, who had signed a work for hire agreement—would be considered the work’s author. Id. at 1233, 1235. To have held otherwise would have opened authors to claims by “research assistants, editors, and former spouses, lovers and friends,” not to mention dramaturgies, actors, cinematographers, film editors, art directors, and costume, makeup, set and sound designers. See id. at 1235–36.
94 F. 152, 153 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1899).
Id. at 153 (“[U]nder his contract . . . the literary product of [the employee’s] work became the property of the [employer], which it was entitled to copyright, and which, when copyrighted, [the employee] would have no more right than any stranger to copy or reproduce.”). The court denied the motion because it was unclear whether the newly created pamphlets infringed because both sets of pamphlets were compilations. Id.
See Edward Thompson, 119 F. at 219 (In response to the defendant’s demurrer that the plaintiff corporation was not the copyright holder, the court stated, “It sufficiently appears that complainant’s publication is the result of the intellectual labor of the editors and compilers employed by complainant. It is unnecessary, as it might be impracticable, to set forth the names of the persons engaged in the preparation of the work.”);
Copyright Act of 1909, ch. 320, § 62, 35 Stat. 1075 (amended 1976).
Fisk, supra note 64, at 62 (“First, it was a matter of ease in statutory drafting (“author” is a term of art used throughout the statute). Second, it avoided constitutional doubts about a default rule of employer ownership stemming from the constitutional provision that Congress may give “authors” a copyright. Third, and most importantly, the drafters of the revision wanted to be sure that the employer would be the initial copyright owner rather than an assignee, because only the initial owner is entitled to obtain a renewal.”) (citations omitted).
Jon Noonan, Nineteenth-Century Inventors, at ix (Facts on File 1992).
John Gribbin, The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors 359–61 (Random House 2002) (citing Frank Greenaway, John Dalton and the Atom (Heinermann, London, 1966)).
Id. “But remember that the whole population of Europe doubled, from about 100 million to about 200 million, between 1750 and 1850, and the population of Britain alone doubled between 1800 and 1850, from roughly 9 million to roughly 18 million. The number of scientists did increase as a proportion of the population, but not as dramatically as the figures for scientists alone suggested at first sight,” Id.
Id. at 359.
Rodney P. Carlisle, Inventions and Discoveries, Scientific American
224 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004).
Noonan, supra note 90, at xi.
Id. (“In 1830, there were only 23 miles of usable track in the United States, but that was soon to change. By 1850, there were 5,000 miles of track and 20 years later, 75,000 miles. Steamboats increased in size and number; new farming equipment filled the country with food; the telegraph lines grew alongside the expanding railroads; and a thousand uses were found for vulcanized rubber and other new materials.”).
Carlisle, supra note 94, at 223 (“The machines were built first; then the principles that governed them were thought through. With the newly discovered principles in place, it was possible to build better machines.”).
Noonan, supra note 90, at x–xi.
Catherine L. Fisk, Removing the ‘Fuel of Interest’ from the ‘Fire of Genius’: Law and the Employee-Inventor, 1830–1930, 65 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1127, 1138 (1998); see also id. 1138 n.33 (explaining that it is “implausible that there were no such cases before 1843,” but there were fewer opinions written and reported at that time).
Depicted left to right: William Morton; James Bogardus; Samuel Colt; Cyrus Hall McCormick; Joseph Saxton; Charles Goodyear; Peter Cooper; Jordan Mott; Joseph Henry; Eliphalet Nott; John Ericsson; Frederick Sickels; Samuel F. B. Morse; Henry Burden; Richard Hoe; Erastus Bigelow; Isaiah Jennings; Thomas Blanchard; Elias Howe.
Noonan, supra note 90, at 33–34, 39 (“A sample of his rubber, composed of his most recent chemical formula, came in contact with a hot stove. The natural gum always softened in summer heat. With the extreme heat of the stove, the gum should have melted. Instead of softening, however, Goodyear’s newest rubber charred like leather. It could still stretch but it wasn’t soft or sticky! Goodyear noticed that the edge of his sample was perfectly cured and not charred. If he could find the correct temperature, he could make fully cured rubber.”).
Id. at 36.
Id. (“Several companies honored licenses from Goodyear to make rubber products using his methods. Some did not. These other companies copied Goodyear’s process without paying royalty fees. Goodyear had to get involved in lawsuits to protect his rights.”).
In Warner v. Goodyear, Charles Goodyear patented an invention and then Solomon C. Warner, who had been employed as a machinist for Goodyear, attempted to patent the same invention. 29 F. Cas. 256, 256 (C.C.D.C. 1846). The invention at issue was a combination for “manufacturing corrugated or shirred India-rubber goods” using “metallic calendar rollers an elastic endless apron and a stretching-frame,” Id.
The patent commissioner refused Warner’s patent, and when he appealed, the court found that although an inference could be drawn for Warner because he made the machine, it was rebutted by his employment and that while still employed he “stood by and saw Mr. Goodyear apply for and obtain a patent for it without objection,” Id. at 257. Moreover, the court found a presumption in Goodyear’s favor:
from the fact that Warner made the machine for Goodyear at his request, for his benefit, and at his expense, [the presumption] is that it was made according to his directions; and the burden of proof is then on Warner to show that the machine was not according to his directions.
Id. The court went on to find that Goodyear had conducted a number of experiments and that Warner had merely reduced to practice Goodyear’s combination. Id. Furthermore, the court may have been swayed by some evidence of bad faith, as Wilson did not apply for a patent for 18 months, six months after Goodyear had obtained his patent, and had reached an agreement with another company to pay for the costs in getting the patent. Id. Cf. Collier Eng’r Co. v. United Correspondence Sch., 94 F. 152 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1899), discussed supra notes 85–86 and accompanying text.
42 U.S. 202, 205 (1843). Furthermore, the employee continued to work at the foundry making rollers, and although his employer declined his proposal to apply for a patent and have the employer purchase his rights,
he made no demand on theme for any compensation for using his improvement, nor gave them any notice not to use it, till, on some misunderstanding on another subject, he gave them such notice, about the time of his leaving their foundry, and after making the agreement with the plaintiffs, who owned [another] foundry . . . for an assignment to them of his right.
Id. at 204. The patent had been granted on an “improvement in the mode of casting chilled rollers and other metallic cylinders and cones . . . [so that] iron rollers or cylinders could be so cast that when the metal was introduced into the mould it should cause a sw[i]rl or rotary motion, by which the flog or dross would be thrown into the centre instead of the surface of the cylinder,” Id. The improvement was to change the direction of a tube exiting a furnace and entering the cylindrical mold from a perpendicular position to an angular one. Id. at 204–05 (“The tube or tubes, or passages called gates, through which the metal to be conveyed into the moulds shall not enter the mould perpendicularly at the bottom, but slanting, or in a direction approaching to a tangent of the cylinder, or if the gates enter the moulds horizontally or nearly so, shall not enter in the direction of the axis of the cylinder, but in a tangent form, or inclining towards a tangent of the cylinder.”).
Id. at 206.
Interestingly, McClurg has reasserted itself in modern copyright law to establish the idea that legislative expansion of intellectual property rights does not conflict with the constitution’s requirement that copyrights and patents be only for “limited times,” See Golan v. Holder, 132 S. Ct. 873, 886–87 (2012). (“This Court again upheld Congress’ restoration of an invention to protected status in McClurg v. Kingsland . . . . There we enforced an 1839 amendment that recognized a patent on an invention despite its prior use by the inventor’s employer. Absent such dispensation, the employer’s use would have rendered the invention unpatentable, and therefore open to exploitation without the inventor’s leave.”) (citations omitted); Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186, 187–88 (2003); Golan v. Ashcroft, 310 F. Supp. 2d 1215, 1219 (D. Colo. 2004) (“As explained in Eldred, the McClurg court determined that [the employee] was ‘unprotected under the law in force when the patent issued because he had allowed his [ex-]employer briefly to practice the invention before he obtained the patent. Only upon enactment, two years later, of an exemption for such allowances did the patent become valid, retroactive to the time it issued.’ The McClurg Court upheld retroactive application of the new amended laws ‘for though they may be retrospective in their operation, that is not a sound objection to their validity.’”) (citations omitted).
Cf. Fuller & Johnson Mfg. Co. v. Bartlett, 31 N.W. 747, 752 (Wis. 1887) (“The mere fact that, in making the invention, an employe [sic] uses the materials of his employer, and is aided by the services and suggestions of his co-employes [sic] and employer in perfecting and bringing the same into successful use, is insufficient to preclude him from all right thereto as an inventor.”).
Noonan, supra note 90, at 26.
In 1841, James Joule produced papers on the relationship between electricity and head for the Philosophical Magazine and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. Gribbin, supra note 91, at 384. Between 1839 and 1845, Darwin made significant advances in developing his theory of evolution. Id. at 349. In 1848 and 1849 respectively, Julius Robert von Mayer developed ideas about heat and energy into a discussion of the age of the Earth and the Sun, and William Thomson coined the term thermodynamics. Id. at 381, 383.
First, Geissler invented a better kind of vacuum tube that used mercury to make airtight contact. Id. at 487. Then, he pushed the invention further and “sealed two electrodes into the evacuated glass vessel, creating a tube in which there was a permanent vacuum,” Id. at 488.
Noonan, supra note 90, at 14–15, 26. In 1851, over 50 telegraph companies “started stretching wires,” and within 15 years, “almost half a million miles of lines in America, Europe, and Asia would be connected,” Id. at 23–24.
Abraham Lincoln, Sole Hope of the Future (Feb. 11, 1859), in Mario M. Cuomo & Harold Holzer, Lincoln on Democracy 148, 150 (Fordham Univ. Press 2004).
Gribbin, supra note 91, at 224.
For example, in Wellman v. Blood, an employer attempted to patent an invention, and an interference party argued that he was not the inventor, but rather the inventor was a man who had created a drawing of the invention with a modification of his own. 29 F. Cas. 628, 629–31 (C.C.D.C. 1856) (involving improved machinery for “cleaning top cards of carding machines”). The court determined, however, that
[i]f the employer conceives the result embraced in the invention, or the general idea of a machine upon a particular principle, and in order to carry his conception into effect, it is necessary to employ manual dexterity, or even inventive skill, in the mechanical details and arrangements requisite for carrying out the original conception; in such cases the employer will be the inventor, and the servant will be a mere instrument through which he realizes his idea.
Id. at 631. It went on to decide that Wellman had conceived of the improvement first and “practically reduced it,” even though the final invention included the employee’s small modification. Id.
King v. Gedney, 14 F. Cas. 526, 530 (C.C.D.C 1856) (involving improvement on washing machinery that included a four-way valve at the breach end of the tub). In King, the employer sought a patent on an improvement to a previously patented machine, his employee also sought a patent, and an interference was declared. Id. at 526. The patent commissioner decided invention priority in favor of the employee, and the employer appealed. Id. at 527.
Id. at 530–31; see also Dental Vulcanite Co. v. Wetherbee, 7 F. Cas. 498, 502–03 (C.C.D. Mass. 1866); Goodyear v. Day, 10 F. Cas. 677, 677 (C.C.D.N.J. 1852); Sparkman v. Higgins, 22 F. Cas. 879, 880 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1846); Alden v. Dewey, 1 F. Cas. 329, 330 (C.C.D. Mass. 1840); Dixon v. Moyer, 7 F. Cas. 758, 759 (C.C.D. Pa. 1821). The court also repeated the rule stated in Wellman, supra note 117, but attributed it to Curtis on Patents. King, 14 F. Cas. at 530.
Dwight B. Cheever, The Rights of Employer and Employee to Inventions Made by Either During the Relationship, 1 Mich. L. Rev. 384, 385 (1902–1903) (“[T]here is . . . no question for the courts where the employer does all the inventing and the employee does only work requiring ‘mechanical skill,” As soon, however, as the employee begins to think that his ‘mechanical skill’ has turned to inventive skill the trouble begins . . . .”).
Noonan, supra note 90, at 48–49.
Gribbin, supra note 91, at 382, 376–77. Moreover, in 1864, James Maxwell published his “tour de force paper, ‘A Dynamic Theory of the Electromagnetic Field,’ which summed up everything that it is possible to say about classical electricity and magnetism in a set of four equations, now known as Maxwell’s equations,” Id. at 431. These equations would be the basis for Albert Einstein’s work on the special theory of relativity. Id. at 435.
Noonan, supra note 90, at 57–58, 65; see also Improvements in Rotary Steam-Engines, U.S. Patent No. 50,759 (issued Oct. 31, 1865) (see Figure 3). Railroad frogs are “used for keeping cars on the correct rails at intersections and track switches,” Noonan, supra note 90, at 57. Westinghouse’s invention was to use reversible cast steel frogs to prevent them from wearing out. Id.
Figure 3: U.S. Patent No. 50, 759
Carlisle, supra note 94, at 224; see also Improvement in Electrographic Vote-Recorder, U.S. Patent No. 90,646 (issued Jun. 1, 1869) (see Figure 4).
Figure 4: U.S. Patent No. 90, 646
Carlisle, supra note 94, at 224. Cf. Fisk, supra note 99, at 1139 (“In the late nineteenth century, research laboratories dedicated to invention and technological innovation—like Thomas Edison’s famed laboratory enclave at Menlo Park, New Jersey—were unusual”).
74 U.S. 583, 586 (1868). The invention in Agawam was a new mechanical combination for manufacturing wool and other fibrous materials using a carding machine that was fed a continuous roll. Id. at 584–86, 599–602.
Id. at 587.
Id. at 588, 593. Interestingly, Goulding actually failed to apply for a renewal of his patent right due to “erroneous information given him by the Commissioner of Patents,” and the patent expired. Id. at 588, 594. Twenty-one years after the patent expired, Goulding persuaded Congress to pass a special act, authorizing the patents commissioner to entertain an application for extension, and the patent reissued. Id. at 588, 594; see also An Act for the Relief of John Goulding, ch. 88, 12 Stat. 904 (1862). In a previous case involving Goulding’s patent, the constitutionality of the grant was questioned, but the circuit court rejected the argument. Jordan v. Donson, 13 F. Cas. 1092, 1095–96 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1870).
Agawam, 74 U.S. at 589, 595.
Agawam, 74 U.S. at 605–07. In so holding, the Court repeated over and over that while only the inventor is entitled to a patent, if he employed other persons to help and they made “valuable discoveries ancillary” to the employer’s plan, the employer who invented the original idea is regarded as the owner of them. Id. at 602–03. Rather, the employee’s contribution would need to meet the derivation requirements to preempt the employer’s rights from vesting. Id. (citing various derivation cases, including Pitts v. Hall, 19 F. Cas. 754 (C.C.N.D.N.Y. 1851); Reed v. Cutter, 20 F. Cas. 435 (C.C.D. Mass. 1841); Alden v. Dewey, 1 F. Cas. 329 (C.C.D. Mass. 1840)).
Agawam, 74 U.S. at 603 (“Persons employed . . . are entitled to their own independent inventions.”).
See supra notes 75–79 and accompanying text.
Carlisle, supra note 94, at 225.
Id. at 226–27.
See supra note 125 and accompanying text.
Noonan, supra note 90, at 74. By 1872, “Edison had filed patents for 52 inventions, most of them on printing-telegraph improvements. In the next three years, Edison created inventions such as the electric pen and mimeograph for making copies of letters and the quadruplex telegraph. The quadruplex handled two messages simultaneously to and from each end of the telegraph line, making a total of four messages on a single wire,” Id.
Fisk, supra note 99, at 1141 (citing B. Zorina Khan & Kenneth L. Sokoloff, “Schemes of Practical Utility”: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Among “Great Inventors” in the United States, 1790–1865, 53 J. Econ. Hist. 289, 295–301 (1993) and Naomi R. Lamoreaux & Kenneth L. Sokoloff, Inventors, Firms, and the Market for Technology in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century United States, in Naomi R. Lamoreaux, et al., Learning by Doing in Firms, Markets, and Nations (University of Chicago Press 1999)).
See United States v. Burns, 79 U.S. 246, 252 (1871) (hinting at the hired-to-invent doctrine in dicta).
90 U.S. 530, 536, 564 (1874). Andrew Evans had previously received a patent for an improvement in the creation of shirt collars, which turned out to be a flop. Id. The shirt collars were “made of parchment-paper and coated with varnish of bleached shellac,” which—according to the reporter—evidently did not look like linen, much less starched linen, became discolored over time, emitted an odor when wearers sweated, and was not amenable to the new fashion of turned down collars. Id. at 537.
So Evans employed Crane & Co. to create “something which while it was paper and could be produced cheaply should yet have such a thickness, tenacity, pliability united with strength, and have moreover that polish of surface, and that exact bluish tint which is found in the best starched linen—as distinguished from yellowness and from dead white—which would deceive even critical observers who had no opportunity of judging otherwise than by eye,” Id. Crane & Co. after laborious effort were able to create just such a collar, and after it was created, Evans assigned his patent rights to the Union Paper Collar Company and they applied for and received a reissue of the patent. Id. at 537, 539. Collar Co. then brought suit against Van Dusen.
Id. at 550, 564 (“[P]ersons employed, as much as employers, are entitled to their own independent inventions, and if the suggestions communicated constitute the whole substance of the improvement the rule is otherwise, and the patent, if granted to the employer, is invalid, because the real invention or discovery belongs to the person who made the suggestions.”). The court first noted that Evans likely knew nothing about the process of manufacturing paper and that the original patent did not describe the process added in the reissue. Id. at 561. It then found that Evans “did not communicate any information to [Crane & Co.] respecting the process by which such paper could be produced, nor did he give [them] any directions upon the subject,” because without knowledge of making paper he was unable to do so. Id. at 562.
See Whiting v. Graves, 3 Ban. & A. 222 (C.C.D. Mass. 1878). In Whiting, an employer hired a machinist to maintain the machines in his new dry goods factors and to make any other machinery that would be necessary, but did not include a provision in his service contract related to patents. Id. at 223. Instead, the employer would have the machinist assign his inventions prior to application for patents on them, which worked fine for the employer’s dry goods machines, but then the machinist made an improvement on sewing-machines. Id.
The court determined that while the employer would be afforded a shop right in the machinist’s inventions by virtue of his original contract, an additional assignment would be required for the employer to take legal title. Id. at 224. The court went on to hold, based on various testimony, that the employer was only entitled to a one-half interest in the patents, by virtue of an agreement to pay the patent expenses for one-half of the profits from the manufacture of the invention, and that the machinist was entitled to assign his interests to the defendants, which meant they could not infringe. Id. at 1061; see also Niagara Radiator Co. v. Meyers, 40 N.Y.S. 572, 573–76 (N.Y.S. Ct. 1896) (finding machine shop foreman not hired to invent); Connelly Mfg. Co v. Wattles, 23 A. 123, 124 (1891) (finding a shop foreman would not be hired to invent).
Carlisle, supra note 94, at 226.
Noonan, supra note 90, at 60 (“By the 1880s, Westinghouse was involved in several enterprises. As well as companies and patents he originated on his own, he also started purchasing the companies and patents of others, too. He seemed to find opportunities everywhere.”).
See Clark v. Fernoline Chem. Co., 5 N.Y.S. 190, 191 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1889) (In a case primarily concerned with a dispute over unpaid wages, the New York Superior Court held that although an employee had been hired as a chemical expert and chemist, his employer was only entitled to a shop right and not an assignment of any patents granted to the employee.); see also Gill v. United States, 160 U.S. 426 (1896) (holding that the patentee had acquiesced to the government’s use of his invention—a shop right); McAleer v. United States, 150 U.S. 424, 432 (1893) (finding an expressed contract permitting government use); Lane & Brodley Co. v. Locke, 150 U.S. 193, 196, 198–99 (1893) (finding implied license—or shop right—from inventor to partnership, which was incorporated while he was still working there); Solomons v. United States, 137 U.S. 342, 346–48 (1890) (finding an implied license permitting government use—a shop right).
In Dalzell v. Dueber Watch Case Manufacturing Co., an individual, who had been employed at various times within a company as an electroplater, slider and toolmaker, invented various things and applied for and was granted patents on them. 149 U.S. 315, 315–19 (1893) (the inventions involved improvement in the making of watch case cores). The employee sued the employer fro infringement, and the employer responded by seeking specific performance of an oral agreement to assign the right to obtain patents on them. Id. at 317–20. The Court held that an oral agreement for the “assignment of the right to obtain a patent for an invention” was neither within the statute of frauds nor covered by the requirements that all patent assignments be in writing. Id. at 320. However, the Court determined that the testimony was in hopeless conflict and therefore refused to afford specific performance; thus, allowing the infringement action to proceed. Id. at 326. The Court did, however, leave open the possibility that a shop right had been granted. Id. (“It is proper to add that the question whether the [employer], by virtue of the relations and transactions between it and [the employee], had the right, as by an implied license, to use [the employee’s] patents in its establishment is not presented by either of these records, but may be raised in the further proceedings upon the bill against the [employer] for an infringement.”).
See Eclipse Mfg. Co. v. Adkins, 44 F. 280, 281–82 (C.C.N.D. Ill. 1890) (determining that employer who came up with the idea of putting ornamenting on radiator pipes, but had his employees create the design and build the pipes, was entitled to his patent, as the patent was on the idea, not the specific ornamentation); Streat v. White, 35 F. 426, 426, 428 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1888) (involving a design patent for textiles intended to be employed to create imitation “seersucker” fabrics, the court determined that because the plaintiff only had the idea of imitation seersucker, which did not constitute a novel idea, and employed a cotton goods factory manager to produce it by whatever means were necessary, he could not patent the resulting design). In Streat, the factory manager and the designer “were furnished a sample of a seersucker, and with a photographic copy of the sample, and where told to imitate it, and that the way in which the imitation was to be effected was left with the designer, who was solely responsible for a successful result, and to whom the task of finding an idea or conception of the method of imitating the crinkle was solely committed,” Id. at 428; see also Streat v. Simpson, 53 F. 358, 359 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1893) (finding in a subsequent infringement suit that the plaintiff “had nothing to do about designing or engraving the tools for printing the imitation, but through [the factory manager]; and that the designer and engraver were controlled by anything but the sample and photograph given to them by [the factory manager] is not made to appear”).
Compare Dalzell, 149 U.S. at 320 (“[A] manufacturing corporation which has employed a skilled workman, for a state compensation, to take charge of its works, and to devote his time and services to devising and making improvements in articles there manufactured, is not entitled to a conveyance of patents obtained for inventions made by him while so employed, in the absence of express agreement to that effect.”) with Solomons, 137 U.S. at 346 (1890) (stating in dicta that “[i]f one is employed to devise or perfect an instrument, or a means for accomplishing a prescribed result, he cannot, after successfully accomplishing the work for which he was employed, plead title thereto as against his employer. That which he has been employed and paid to accomplish becomes, when accomplished, the property of his employer. Whatever rights as an individual he may have had in and to his inventive powers, and that which they are able to accomplish, he has sold in advance to his employer.”); Annin v. Wren, 44 Hun. 352, 353 (N. Y. Sup. Ct. 2d Dept. 1887) (holding that equity required a skilled draughtsman—hired by an iron truck and wheelbarrow manufacturer to develop his business—to assign his patents on improvements to the manufacturer’s wheelbarrows and trucks to the manufacturer if they were based on their joint development, because it would be unreasonable to prevent an employer from using improvements made during the course of the draughtsman’s employment). The court’s decision in Annin may have been colored by the fact that the draughtsman assigned his patent application to his brother in order to deprive the manufacturer of it. Id. at 354.
See Standard Parts Co. v. Peck, 264 U.S. 52, 58–60 (1924).
See Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law 446–59 (Simon & Schuster 1973) (discussing the right of the corporate form at the end of the nineteenth century); see also Christopher L. Tomlins, Law, Labor, and Ideology in the Early American Republic 259 (Cambridge Univ. Press 1993) (“By midcentury, on and off the farm, it seems likely that the proportion of productively engaged Americans employed by others—about one-third in 1820—had increased to about one-half.”).
It cannot. See Hapgood v. Hewitt, 119 U.S. 226 (1886). In Hapgood, a mechanical expert had been hired by a corporation as vice president, and later superintendent, to create plows and other goods, and to supervise generally the manufacturing department. Id. at 229. While in the corporation’s employ, the expert was asked with creating an iron plow similar to the company’s existing wooden ones, and he did so within the corporation’s employ, during working hours, using employees and corporate materials. Id. at 230. While he was inventing these plows, he never claimed a property ownership, but when he left he made his own, patented the improvements, and sought money from the corporation for its use of the improvements. Id. at 232. The Court held that he was not required to assign his patent to the corporation, but the corporation had received a “naked license to make and sell the patented improvement,” Id. at 233. However, the corporation had, in the meantime, dissolved and the stockholders had created a new corporation, which was its successor in interest; the Court held that the new corporation did not benefit from the shop right. Id. at 232–34.
Nevertheless, in Lane & Bodley Co. v. Locke, the Supreme Court determined that a shop right created during a partnership carried over after incorporation, because of the close affinity between the two corporate entities and because the inventor had ratified the transfer by acknowledging the incorporated entity was the successor to the partnership. 150 U.S. at 196.
Carlisle, supra note 94, at 227.
Dennis Crouch, The Changing Nature Inventing: Collaborative Inventing, Patent Law Blog (Patently-O) (Jul. 9, 2009, 9:28 AM), http://www.patentlyo.com/patent/2009/07/the-changing-nature-inventing-collaborative-inventing.html (“This data is derived from a sample of 750,000 patents issued from August 1971 through February 2009. All reported results are significant at the 99% confidence level.”); see also Dennis Crouch, Person(s) Skilled in the Art: Should the Now Established Model of Team-Based Inventing Impact the Obviousness Analysis?, Patent Law Blog (Patently-O) (May 17, 2011, 5:24 PM), http://www.patentlyo.com/patent/2011/05/persons-skilled-in-the-art-should-the-now-established-model-of-team-based-inventing-impact-the-obviousness-analysis.html [hereinafter Team-Based Inventing] (“In , 82% of patents listed only one inventor and a mere 3% listed three or more inventors. By 2011, the statistics had inverted. Less than one-third (32%) of patents issued so far this year list just a single inventor and 43% identify three or more inventors. During this 60-year period, the average number of inventors per patent has more than doubled.”); Dennis Crouch, Cross-Border Inventors, Patent Law Blog (Patently-O) (Nov. 21, 2010, 8:06 PM), http://www.patentlyo.com/patent/2010/11/cross-border-inventors.html (“The number of inventors per patent has been steadily increasing over the past forty years. Patents issued during the past six months, have an average of 2.7 inventors per patent. In all, 68% of these patents list multiple inventors with 13% listing five or more inventors. Prior to 1990, most patents listed only one inventor.”).
Team-Based Inventing, supra note 153.
See Louis Galambes, The American Economy and the Reorganization of the Sources of Knowledge, in The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America, 1860–1920 269, 277 (Alexandra Oleson and John Voss eds., Johns Hopkins Univ. Press 1979).
See Aalmuhammed v. Lee, 202 F. 3d 1227 (9th Cir. 2000), discussed supra note 84.
Littlefield v. Perry, 88 U.S. 205 (1875) (finding agreement to assign future inventions enforceable); Hulse v. Bonsack Mach. Co., 65 F. 864, 867–68 (4th Cir. 1895) (finding pre-invention assignment contract enforceable); cf. Fisk, supra note 99, at 1191 (“At the end of the nineteenth century, the number of reported decisions enforcing employee patent assignments began steadily to increase.”). But cf. Aspinwall Mfg. Co. v. Gill, 32 F. 697, 700 (C.C.D.N.J. 1887) (“A naked assignment or agreement to assign, in gross, a man’s future labors as an author or inventor—in other words, a mortgage on a man’s brain, to bind all its future products—does not address itself favorably to our consideration.”); Eustis Mfg. Co. v. Eustis, 27 A. 439, 442–43 (N.J. Ch. 1893) (finding despite agreement that employee would give employing company “the benefit of any and all patents for cooking utensils made by or issued to him during the term of his office and employment,” company held only an exclusive license of the patents, not ownership).
Noble, supra note 8.
See id.; Rights of Employed Inventors: Hearing on H.R. 4732 and H.R. 6635 Before the H. Subcomm. on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice, 97th Cong. 1 (1982) (remarks of Rep. Robert Kastenmeier quoting U.S. Patent Office report); see also William P. Hovell, Note, Patent Ownership: An Employer’s Rights to His Employee’s Inventions, 58 Notre Dame L. Rev. 863, 864 (1983); Robert L. Gullette, State Legislation Governing Ownership Rights in Inventions Under Employee Invention Agreements, 62 J. Pat. Off. Soc’y 732, 738–39 (1980).
Crouch & Rantanen, supra note 9.
Intellectual Property Owners Association, Top 300 Organizations Granted U.S. Patents in 2010, The IP Record, at 9–17 (2011).
See Stanford, 131 S. Ct. at 2192 (2011) (holding that Stanford did not hold the rights to a patent that was allegedly infringed by Roche’s HIV test kits); Abbott Point of Care Inc. v. Epocal Inc., 666 F.3d 1299, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (affirming the dismissal of Abbott complaint for lack of standing to bring suit based on blood sample testing patents); see also Banks v. Unisys Corp., 228 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (as employee did not sign employer’s “standard form for assignment of inventive rights,” fact issues precluded summary judgment determination of whether the hired-to-invent doctrine applied); Mallinckrodt Inc. v. Masimo Corp., 293 F. Supp. 2d 1102, 1106 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (employee’s release of ownership claims to product did not include release of ownership of ideas later patented by employee); cf. Teets v. Chromalloy Gas Turbine Corp., 83 F.3d 403, 409 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (reversing district court finding of employee ownership due to implied-in-fact contract to assign rights to employer). But see Preston v. Marathon Oil Co., 684 F.3d 1276, 1288–89 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (holding post-employment employee agreement that included automatic patent assignment provision with only continued employment as consideration was valid and enforceable).
Stanford, 131 S. Ct. at 2192, 2199. The Supreme Court expressly did not address Roche’s “shop right” or license arguments. Id. at 2193 n.1.
Abbott, 666 F.3d at 1300.
Id. at 1300, 1303–04.
Id. at 1300.
Id. at 1303.
Cmty. For Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730, 751–52 (1989).
Leave a Reply | 129,402 | 285 |
352,050 | Liz Augereau, Sally Lloyd, Caroline Glass, Barry Johnston and Hugh Casement have spent enormous effort on researching the detail of the Johnston family. The links to the other Johnston settlers from Scotland are still uncertain but there is confidence in the identity of the family which settled in Dublin, where Benjamin married, firstly Mary Osborne at St Pauls, Dublin, and secondly Mary Weld at St. Peter & St. Kevin's (as demanded by the law and Establishment); the latter's children were, however, baptised at the Eustace Street Presbyterian chapel.
The Number Code
The number before the name "J1)" or "J11)" is the individual reference based on Neville de Mestre's system and starts at 1 with patriarch Benjamin. Each generation then adds one more digit so that Benjamin's fourth son, Edmund, is J14 and John (J15)'s son, Benjamin, is J152. When there are more than 9 children T is used for the 10th, E for the 11th offspring and Tw for the twelfth. Therefore J152E311), Peter Richard Graydon JOHNSTON is the first child of Hugh Graydon Johnston, first child of Augustus Henry Graydon Johnston who was the third child of Augustus Johnston; he was the eleventh child of Benjamin Johnston and Catherine Graydon and Benjamin was the second child of the original Benjamin's fifth child, John.
Only Johnston children have been coded as, in theory, other families marrying-in could have their own codes.
The Johnston Story
J1) Benjamin JOHNSTON, born about 1703, married firstly Mary OSBORNE in St Paul’s Church, Dublin on 25th March 1727. Benjamin was a Public Notary and had his office in Castle Street. Notes from a family bible (held by the Figgis family) state that there were five children :
Dorothea born 15th December 1727 Benjamin born 15th October 1729 John born 9th February 1732 Benjamin born 27th September 1735 Joseph born 9th May 1739.
Mary died on 13th June 1741, at about 35 years of age. Sadly her five children had already predeceased her.
Benjamin married secondly, Mary WELD, daughter of Edmond Weld, in St Peter & St Kevin’s Church, Dublin on 25th September 1741. They had a total of twelve children, of whom eight survived. Although Benjamin and Mary had married in the Church of Ireland, their children were baptised in the Eustace Street Meeting House, Dublin.
In a family archive, kindly submitted by a member of the Figgis family, Benjamin Johnston wrote that their first child “was lost coming into the world to save its mother’s life” in 1742. Their youngest child, Jane, was born in 1757 after her father’s death.
Benjamin Johnston died on 18th July 1757, aged about 54 years. When Mary Johnston, née Weld, died in 1787 her Will mentioned seven children.
J11)Edmond JOHNSTON, born 17th August 1743 – died young.
J12)Benjamin JOHNSTON, born 8th August 1744. The date of Benjamin’s marriage is still uncertain. However, the family bible, mentioned above, gives a list of his issue :
J121) Jane JOHNSTON, born 2nd June 1767
J122) Mary JOHNSTON, born 28th August 1769
J123) Benjamin JOHNSTON, born 14th October 1770
J124) Elizabeth JOHNSTON, born 7th October 1773 – she married (?) UNDERWOOD
J125) Edmund JOHNSTON, born 18th September 1775
J126) John JOHNSTON, born 18th November 1777.
J13) John JOHNSTON, born 21st September 1745 – died young.
J14) Margaret JOHNSTON, born 15th January 1746
J15) Edmond JOHNSTON, born 2nd January 1747. He was a "Gentleman" and lived in Camden Street, Dublin. He remained a bachelor and at his death in 1828 he left his Estate to his sisters Mary Johnston and Jane Holmes and to his nephews and nieces, Holmes, Figgis, Dunne, Hall, Stephenson, Wybrants and Sisson. Edmund's will, dated 7th February 1826 with Codicil dated 9th May 1828, is in the National Archives Dublin, under the reference T 19907. The Executors of the will were his nephew Jonathan Sisson, Henry Hutton, barrister and Robert Moore Peile Junior, barrister. Edmund is buried in St Paul's churchyard, Gormanstown.
J16) John JOHNSTON, born 19th November 1749. John was an Ironmonger. He lived in College Green, Dublin. He married Maria HIGGINSON in St John's Church, Dublin on 22nd December 1772. They lived in Belvedere Place, Dublin. Other addresses include : Trough Lodge, Co Monaghan; The Copse, Rathdrum, Co Wicklow and 9/10, Upper Pembroke St, Dublin. When John died in 1823, Maria lived in Upper Dominick St. She died around 1828; she was the daughter of Rev Thomas HIGGINSON and Anne MOORE (see HIGGINSON). John & Maria had four children :
J161) Elizabeth JOHNSTON married Rev Henry MATURIN(1111271) in St George's Church, Dublin on 24th May 1802. She died in 1826. (see the MATURIN STORY part two)
The portraits of Benjamin and Catherine Johnston, right, were painted by Martin Cregan of County Meath, 1788-1870 (President
of the Royal Hibernian Acadamy for twenty three years).
J162) Benjamin JOHNSTON, "Gentleman", married Catherine GRAYDON at Trough Lodge , Co Monaghan on 17th February 1809. (Catherine Graydon's mother was possibly Letitia HIGGINSON, Maria's sister, who married Capt GRAYDON, H.M. Dragoons; widowed, she married secondly Edward Henry MURRAY in 1789). Benjamin died in 1849 and his wife Catherine in 1855. They had 12 children, 3 daughters and 9 sons :
J1621) Letitia JOHNSTON, born 5th October 1809 in Trough Lodge, Co. Monaghan. She married the Rev Robert HENDERSON, of Derry, on 10th November 1831 in St Peter's Church, Aungier Street, Dublin. Robert Henderson was born in 1801 in Tyrone. He qualified at TCD in 1822 and was ordained by the Bishop of Derry in 1825. Principal of Foyle's College, Londonderry, the family is then in Brompton Ralph, Somerset in the 1861 census, and in Clifton, Gloucestershire in 1881. Rev Henderson died in Clifton and was buried in Brompton-Ralph on 4th October 1878, aged 77. Letitia died in Clifton too, and was buried in Brompton-Ralph on 30th April 1890 aged 79. Letitia & Robert had six children :
William HENDERSON, born in Londonderry on 22nd May 1834. Educated at TCD, he graduated in 1854 and was ordained in 1857. Curate in Brompton-Ralph and Monksilver in England, and Ballymore in Ireland, he went to America in 1862 and in 1877 he was appointed Canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Montreal. He married Mary Agnes BURGEN or BURGON. She was born in 1840 in Ireland. They had 6 children :
Letitia Agnes HENDERSON, born 14th April 1865 in Pembroke, Ontario, Canada. She was educated in Montreal and married the Rev Jervois NEWNHAM in 1892. Jervois was born on 15th Oct 1852 in Combe Down, Somerset and died 11th January 1941 in Hamilton, Toronto. He became Bishop of Moosonee and later Bishop of Saskatchewan in 1903.
Jervois & Letitia August 1918
Letitia was a “devoted companion and assistant” during Jervois’ missionary years. She founded St Alban’s Ladies College, Prince Albert. They had 5 daughters:
Georgina Agnes NEWNHAM, born 13th March 1893, in Moose Factory. She married Joseph Fortescue McKAY born in March 1890 in Fort A La Corne, Northwest Territories, son of the last in line of the Hudson’s Bay Company men. (Hudson’s Bay Company – the oldest surviving commercial corporation in North America, founded in eastern Canada in 1670 and, for over a century, dominated the fur market in that area.) Joseph served in the First World War in the 28th Infantry Battalion. After the war he set up a Law Practice in Nipawin, Saskatchewan. From there, the family moved in Winnipeg (1930), to Prince Albert (1935) and to Regina in 1940. Joseph died in June 1977 in Regina. Georgina & Joseph had a son :
Arthur Fortescue McKAY,(Art McKay) born 11th September 1926 in Nipawin, Saskatchewan. After High School, Art joined the army but by the time his training was over, so was the war … He then studied Art at the Provincial Institute of Technology & Art in Calgary, Alberta, where he met and married Lori SINGER, another student. In 1949, after art school, Art & Lori made a remarkable trip across Canada on a motorcycle before leaving by freighter for Europe where they worked in England and later studied in Paris at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière.
One of many Saskatchewan artists influenced by the Emma Lake Artists Workshops, McKay is widely known as a member of the Regina Five. The name originated from an exhibition at the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa in 1961. Art McKay is most noted for his scraped enamel “mandalas” – circular and rectangular highly contemplative images reflecting his interest in Zen Buddhism.
He retired in 1987 and moved to Vancouver in 1994. He died on 3rd August 2000.
“If I realized I was this good, I would have painted more…” he said at the opening of the 1997 MacKenzie Art Gallery retrospective.
Art & Lori McKay had two daughters.
Georgina, Hazel and May - in Toronto
Hazel Grace NEWNHAM, born 31st October 1894, christened in St Martin’s Church, Montreal on 8th December. She spent her childhood at a Hudson Bay Company post, Moose Factory, Ontario until she was 9. She attended St Alban’s College, founded by her mother. She came to the United States in 1917 where she studied art for four years at the Child-Walker School of Fine Arts in Boston and attended the Charles Woodbury Summer School of Painting at Ogunquit, Maine. She married Charles Benjamin ABBOTT, a civil engineer, on 15th October 1921. They were married by Hazel’s father, Jervois Newnham, Bishop of Saskatchewan, in the Chapel of the Diocesan Theological College in Montreal. Charles was born in Germany on 6th June 1892 and in the 1910 US Federal Census, he was living in Milton, Norfolk, Massachusetts. At the time of his marriage, he was in Madison, Wisconsin. Hazel had a mental breakdown and took ten years to recover. By that time, she was living in Colorado Springs. In 1935, she and her sister-in-law, Agnes Abbott, had a two-woman exhibition at Wellesley College in Massachusetts, and several years later Hazel had a solo exhibition at the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. Hazel was best known as a western landscape painter, especially of Colorado. Hazel died on 23rd April 1984. Charles died , aged 100, in July 1992. They are both buried in Evergreen Cemetery, South Hancock Avenue, Colorado Springs.
May Louise NEWNHAM, born 31st October 1894, christened in St Martin’s church, Montreal on 8th December. May went to McGill University in 1913 and graduated in 1917, a Gold Medalist in Modern Languages. During the next two years she taught German at the University of Saskatchewan, then spent a year in Paris on a scholarship, teaching English at the College Sévigny and taking classes at the Sorbonne. On her return to Canada, she took her Master's degree at McGill in 1921. May married Noël JACKMAN in 1921. He was born in England in 1886 and emigrated to Canada. He was living near Prince Albert, Saskatchewan at the time of his marriage.
After being crippled by an infection, which killed their baby son, May moved with her family to Hamilton, Ontario in 1928, in order to have easier access to the medical facilities she needed. There she tutored in French and German and, after her husband's death in 1947, she taught at McMaster University for several years. She died on 3rd January 1982.
May & Noël also had a daughter :
Kathleen NEWNHAM, born 8th May 1900. Kathleen was a student at McGill University when she met David Hepburn ELLIS. David was born in Newfoundland. He attended Bishop Field College in St John’s and St Andrew’s in Toronto. At McGill he received a scholarship in geology and then obtained a degree in Master of Science in 1926. He went to Northern Rhodesia with the Anglo-American Corporation of South Africa. Kathleen & David were married in Livingstone (Zambia). In 1930, David became Geologist to the Rhodesian Congo Border Concession Ltd at N’Changa. He died at Bulawayo, Rhodesia on 23rd November 1935. Practically his entire active career since graduation had been spent in Africa. David & Kathleen had two children.
Kathleen married, secondly, Volney Godden REXFORD. They were married in St Paul’s Church, Knowlton on 19th May 1938. Volney was born on 18th January 1890, the son of the Rev Dr Elson I. Rexford, rector and assistant headmaster of the High School of Montreal and then principal of the Montreal Diocesan Theological College. Volney served in the First World War and was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant of the 14th Battalion of the Royal Montreal Regiment. He died in 1972 and is buried in the Rexford family grave in Knowlton Cemetery, Knowlton, Brome County, Quebec. Kathleen died in April 1982 and is buried with her parents and twin sister Dorothea, in Woodland Cemetery, Hamilton.
Dorothea NEWNHAM, born 8th May 1900. She died in November 1982 and is buried in Woodland Cemetery, Hamilton.
Robert Benjamin HENDERSON, born 1st December 1866 in Pembroke, Ontario. He was a barrister. He married Audrey Irene SMITH on 4th July 1907, Deer Park, Toronto.
Audrey was born about 1874 in York, Toronto, daughter of Larratt William Smith & his second wife Mary Elizabeth. Larratt W. Smith was a well-known figure in Toronto, a lawyer, businessman and Vice-Chancellor of the University.
Audrey died on 17th August 1918 aged 42, following the birth of their son Hugh, by caesarian section. Robert died on 11th January 1925, aged 58. They are both buried in St James Cemetery, Toronto.
Hugh Larratt HENDERSON, born 13th August 1918. Like his maternal grandfather and his father Robert, Hugh studied law and became a barrister. He joined the Royal Canadian Navy Volunteer Reserve and, in January 1941, when he was Sub-Lieutenant posted in Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, he married Mary Elizabeth ROGERS.
Hugh & Mary then settled in Victoria, British Columbia. Hugh was the progressive conservative candidate at the 27th British Columbia election in 1953.
Hugh died on October 31st 1986, aged 68. His funeral service was held in Christchurch Cathedral, Victoria. He & Mary had three children.
Hugh Larratt Henderson
Mary Howard HENDERSON, born 12th July 1869, Ontario. Mary studied at McGill University and left there in 1890 as one of its first women graduates. She wrote three books of which “By Water & The Word” is the best-known. It is a transcription of the diary of the Right Reverend Jervois A. Newnham, her brother-in-law, while plying the waters and ice fields of northern Canada in the Diocese of Moosonee.
Mary married Frederick PerrySHEARWOOD in St James' Cathedral, Toronto on 3rd September 1898. Frederick was born in London in September 1869, son of George Perry Shearwood. He began his career in 1884 with the Sao Paulo Railway in Brazil. In 1887 he joined the Dominion Bridge Company, firstly as design engineer and then chief engineer, notably for the Alexandra Bridge between Ottawa and Hull (1900) and the Jacques Cartier Bridge in Montreal (1929). President of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers in 1934, he was also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Railroad Engineering Association and the Corporation of Professional Engineers of Quebec. In 1955, he was awarded the EIC’s Gzowski medal for his paper on “The Stabilization of Suspension Bridges”.
With his colleague D.H. Duggan, he designed and built yachts that won the Seawanhaka Cup from 1896 to 1904.The Seawanhaka Cup is the oldest yachting trophy, originating in America, that is still in active competition.
Frederick died in 1956. Mary died in April 1962 aged 93. They had two children :
Grace Eleanor SHEARWOOD,born 1901. She married Charles F. FURSE in 1930 in Newton Abbott, Devon, England.
Alexander Bergin Perry SHEARWOOD, born 8th July 1908 in Montreal, Quebec and christened in Christ Church, Montreal, on the 20th September by his uncle, Jervois Newnham, Bishop of Saskatchewan. He was educated at Westmount High School and went to McGill University where he obtained his B.A. in 1930.
Alexander worked for the Dominion Bridge Company, then the Canadian Pacific Railway and spent 1931 travelling in Europe. On his return to Canada, he joined the National Steel Car Corporation, in Hamilton, Ontario and then in Montreal, rising to Chief Executive Officer 1953-1966. He was Chairman of the Board until 1974 and retired in 1977. He married Christina FRASER in 1950 and they had three children.
Alexander Bergin Perry Sherwood
William HENDERSON was born on 6th September 1872 in Dunham, Quebec.
Grace HENDERSON, born about 1876, Ontario. She was a graduate of McGill University and she married Reginald R. WALLACE, a direct descendant of Michael Wallace, Provincial Treasurer of Nova Scotia in the early nineteenth century and after whom the town of Wallace, Nova Scotia was named.
Reginald worked for the Bank of Montreal and had various postings in the United States and Canada. Reginald and Grace were living in New York at the beginning of the 1900s where their two sons were born. They then came back to Canada and lived in Winnipeg, Vancouver and Halifax.
Raymond Henderson WALLACE, born 18th February 1902 in New York. A graduate of McGill University, he was a mechanical engineer and a member of the Brockville Rifles (NPAM) prior to his appointment to the Canadian (Active) Army in October 1940 with the rank of Lieutenant. He proceeded overseas in December 1940 and was promoted to the rank of Captain in June 1942 and in September 1943 he rose to the rank of Major. In December 1944, he was awarded an M.B.E. for gallant and distinguished services in the field.
Raymond married Elizabeth Marjorie RUTHERFORD in September 1929 at St Andrew’s United Church in Westmount, Quebec. They had three children.
Arthur William WALLACE, born 1903 in New York. He was an architect, historian, collector & bibliophile who worked in Hamilton,Ont.from 1946 until his retirement in 1971.
Arthur entered the School of Architecture at McGill in 1922 and it was here that Ramsay Traquair and Percy Nobbs awakened his interest in recording and preparing measured drawings of historic buildings in the province of Quebec. Many of Wallace's drawings were subsequently published in Traquair's landmark work entitled The Old Architecture of Quebec (1947). He worked in the office of Nobbs & Hyde during the summer of 1923 and graduated from McGill University in 1926. He travelled to New York City and took a position with McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin in August, 1927 and during the next four years assisted with the design of large exchange buildings for the New York Telephone Company. Arthur returned to Nova Scotia in mid-1931 and during the next two years devoted most of his time to photographing and measuring early Nova Scotia buildings. Hisdrawings formed the basis of his book published in 1976 by the Heritage Trust of Nova Scotia entitled “An Album of Drawings of Early Buildings of Nova Scotia.”
In 1935 he travelled to London, England and worked as a draftsman until 1939 when he joined the War Office in England to assist with the design of industrial and military buildings for the Directorate of Fortifications and Works in France and the Middle East.
In 1946 Arthur returned to Hamilton, Ont. Much of his work after 1950 involved major restoration projects for residences, churches, military fortifications and museums; the largest project he undertook was at Dundurn Castle, the palatial residence of Sir Allan MacNab in Hamilton (restored 1964-67).
Arthur died in Hamilton in 1978, and his extensive architectural library of more than one thousand books was auctioned in Toronto on 27 May 1981. The National Archives of Canada acquired the Wallace Collection of more than 20,000 photographs, clippings, maps, drawings and articles on architecture and style in 1982.
Kathleen HENDERSON, born about 1883, in Montreal,
Catherine HENDERSON born in Londonderry in 1835. Catherine died in Minehead, Somerset on 3rd May 1864 and was buried in Brompton-Ralph on 6th May 1864.
Benjamin David HENDERSON, born around 1836. He died aged 23 on 15th July 1859 and was buried in Brompton-Ralph on the 19th July 1859.
Mary HENDERSON born in Londonderry in 1840
Robert John HENDERSON, born in Killelagh or Killela, Co Donegal, Ireland about 1847. He appears in the 1871 British Census as Second Officer in the Mercantile Marine. Robert was living in Clifton, Gloucestershire at the time of his marriage to Alice Leslie MARRIOTT on 26th March 1879. They were married in the Channel Islands by the Rev. Henry M.C. Price, in St Luke’s Church, St Saviour’s Parish, Jersey. Alice was born in Lucknow, India, daughter of Edwin Marriott, colonel in the Bengal Army.
Robert & Alice appear in the 1881 Canadian Census, with their daughter Pauline. Ten years later, in the 1891 British Census, Alice and two children, Pauline & Leslie, are living in Holdenhurst, Hampshire. Robert & Alice had two children :
Pauline Carlyle HENDERSON, born in Quebec about 1880. Pauline married John Leigh Smeathman HATTON in Paddington, in 2nd Quarter 1897. John was born on 27th May 1865, son of the Reverend J.L.S. Hatton. He was a barrister and mathematician. He died in 1933. They had a daughter :
Lois Leslie Smeathman HATTON, born 3rd Quarter 1899.
Robert Leslie Sinclair HENDERSON, born in Jersey, Channel Islands, on 26th October 1881 and christened on 22nd May 1882. In the 1901 Census, Leslie is a Bank Clerk, living in Kensington.
During the First World War, Leslie served with the South Stafford regiment, and was promoted from Cadet to Second Lieutenant Artists Rifles O.T.C. in July 1916.
Leslie married Mabel Gertrude S. POND on 28th October 1922 in St George's Parish, Hanover Square, London. They had a son, born in December 1923.
Leslie died in 1960 and Mabel in 1978.
Letitia Anne Smyth HENDERSON born in Ireland in 1853. She died in Minehead, Somerset on 8th June 1863, aged 10 and was buried in Brompton-Ralph on 11th June 1863.
J1622) Maria JOHNSTON, born 5 Oct 1810 at Ecclesville, Co. Tyrone. She died on 11 July 1811.
J1623) Maria JOHNSTON, born 5th January 1813, at 9 Upper Pembroke St, Dublin. She remained a spinster and lived with her brother Augustus & family in Ambleside, Westmoreland.
J1624) John JOHNSTON born on 28th October 1814 at The Copse, Rathdrum, Co Wicklow and baptised on 17th November 1814. John never married.
J1625) Benjamin JOHNSTON born in The Copse, Rathdrum, Co Wicklow and baptised on 20th October 1816. Qualified as a medical doctor in TCD, he was surgeon in Dr Steeven's Hospital, Dublin, before becoming G.P. in Ramelton (Rathmelton) Co Donegal. He married Emma MATURIN (111126) , his first cousin, in St Peter's church, Dublin on 11th January 1843. They were married by Benjamin’s brother in law, the Rev Robert Henderson. They lived in "Ayr Hill", Ramelton where their ten children were born - four girls and six boys. Benjamin & Emma moved to "Riversdale", Middleton, Co Cork where Benjamin died (inflammation of the lungs) on 2nd June 1876, aged 59. Emma died on 6th November 1890 at "Gorsehill", Ballybay, Co Monaghan. She also had an address in Dublin : 38 Upper Rutland St.
Dr Benjamin Johnston - the only surviving photo suffered a little from being carried around in the breast pocket of his son Arthur (J16259). Kindly supplied by Arthur's grandson, Barry Johnston.
J16251) Catherine Emma JOHNSTON born in Ramelton, Co Donegal, 4th February 1844, she was baptised immediately due to her state of health. She was "brought into the church" on 7th July 1844. Her godparents were Rev Edmund Maturin, Catherine Johnston and Anna Maturin. Catherine remained a spinster. She was an artist and lived in Italy.
J16252) Emma Maturin JOHNSTON, born in Ramelton on 24th June 1845. She remained a spinster and lived with her brother Benjamin & family in Listowel Co Kerry. She died in Listowel and is buried there
J16253) Elizabeth Graydon JOHNSTON, born in Ramelton on 26th December 1847, she was the only daughter of Benjamin & Emma to marry. She was living at 38 Upper Rutland St, Dublin at the time of her marriage to Nathaniel Thomson Dale, a widower, on 28th July 1884. They were married in Chorlton upon Medlock in Lancs. Witnesses : William Woods & Hannah J. Woods. Nathaniel was married previously to Henrietta Ryan (7th October 1874 Dublin). Elizabeth died on 19th June 1907 (TB) at home, "Ardnehue" Howth, Co Dublin.
J16254) Letitia JOHNSTON born in Ramelton on 13th August 1848 J16255) Benjamin Maturin JOHNSTON born in Ramelton on 31st October 1849. He worked in the Bank of Ireland, in Tralee Co Kerry, Castleblaney Co Monaghan, Ballybay Co Monaghan, Dundalk Co Louth, before founding the Bank of Ireland in Listowel, Co Kerry. He married Christina STAPELTON, in Newcastle West, Co Limerick, on 17th February 1876. Christina was born on 28th December 1849 in Jersey , Channel Is, daughter of David STAPELTON, Quartermaster in the Royal Navy, and Christian MAGILL, (see MAGILL). Benjamin & Christina retired to Malahide, north Co Dublin. He died on 8th November 1928 and she died on 27th June 1933. They are both buried in St Andrew's Church graveyard, Malahide. Benjamin & Christina had 2 sons & 5 daughters :
Benjamin Maturin Johnston & Christina (Stapelton)
(from right to left) standing - Benjamin Charles, Benjamin Maturin,
Ina, Lucy; sitting - Christina with baby Henry on her knee, Katherine,
Emma Johnston (J16252), Alice
J162551) Benjamin Charles Maturin JOHNSTON, born 3rd December 1876 in Tralee, Co Kerry. He was Manager of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, with postings in Tientsin and Peking, China, in Hong Kong, in Ipoh, Perak, Federated Malay States and in Manilla in the Philippines. He married Frances Elizabeth (Fanny) SANDES in 1909 in Hong Kong. Frances was born on 25th August 1869, daughter of the Rev Samuel Dickson Sandes and his wife Sophia Julia nee Besnard. Benjamin Charles died on 21st November 1945. Fanny died on 12th June 1953. They are both buried in the Parish Church graveyard, Orford, Suffolk. They had two children :
Benjamin Charles with Fanny, Betty and Stephen in c. 1920
J1625511)Benjamin Stephen Besnard (Stephen) JOHNSTON, born in Ardfert, Co Kerry, on 19th September 1912. Stephen married Joyce BARON (born 1908) in St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore on 13th March 1937. Joyce was the daughter of Dr & Mrs H.N. Baron of Orford, Suffolk.
Stephen had a distinguished war record flying “Pathfinders” in the RAF. He was awarded the DFC and the AFC, Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Force Cross. Before and after the war, Stephen was a Rubber Planter in Bahau, the principal town of Jembol district in Negeri Sembilan, Malaya, working for Dunlops. He was murdered by Communist terrorists on 17th August 1951. Joyce came back to live in Orford. She died in January 2001 and is buried in the Parish Church graveyard in Orford. Stephen & Joyce had two children.
Stephen and Joyce on 13 March 1937
J1625512) Elisabeth Sophia Christina (Betty) JOHNSTON – born 7th February 1914 in Ipoh, Perak, Federated Malay States. Betty married John Withers RUSSELL (born 1906) in Singapore on 25th September 1937.
John and Betty
John was a Chartered Accountant and worked for Dunlop Malayan Estates. In the Second World War, when the Japanese attacked, John managed to get Betty and their two children down to Singapore and on to a ship which had just arrived with Australian troops. John immediately enlisted in an Artillery Regiment. Betty and the children landed in Perth, Western Australia. From there, they got to Sydney where they managed to get a passage on a small passenger-carrying cargo boat, all the way to Belfast and from there across to her parents’ home in Orford. Betty and the children spent the rest of the war there. John miraculously survived and returned to England nearly four years later. The family went back to live in Malacca after the war and returned to England in 1951. John continued to work for Dunlops in London until he retired to Orford in 1963. He died in April 1983 and is buried in the Parish Church graveyard in Orford. She died 8 September 2008. John & Betty had two children.
J162552) Christina Emma (Ina) JOHNSTON, was born on 11th April 1878 in Tralee, Co Kerry. She married Dr Arthur STANLEY, on 5th August 1903 in Listowel, Co Kerry. This was a double wedding with Ina’s sister Alice marrying Dr Robert Cox. He and Dr Arthur Stanley were Medical Officers in Shanghai. When Robert Cox came back to Ireland for the wedding, he brought Arthur Stanley with him to be his best man. Arthur fell in love with Ina, and they were all married on the same day! Arthur was born in 1868 in Dalham, Suffolk, son of Walter & Hannah STANLEY. His father was a Supervisor of Inland Revenue. The family moved around, depending on Walter’s postings, Dalham, Truro in Cornwall and Bradford, Yorkshire. Arthur was educated at Truro, the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, Leeds’ University and St Mary’s Hospital, London. He graduated M.B. London in 1892 and M.D. the following year. Arthur was appointed in 1898 as the first full-time Medical Officer of Health of the Foreign Settlement of Shanghai, and became its first Commissioner of Public Health. He founded a Pasteur Institute, the first under British control. He acquired the technique of antirabic treatment in Kitasato’s laboratory in Tokyo. In 1911 he was a member of the commission appointed to investigate the epidemic of plague in Manchuria. Beyond his professional work, Arthur Stanley was an accomplished student of Chinese Art. For many years, he was curator of the Museum of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Arthur & Ina settled in Hampstead when Arthur retired from Shanghai in 1921. He died on 28th March 1931, aged 62. Ina died on 15th September 1957. She is buried in Rickmansworth cemetery, Herts., England. They had three children :
Brian STANLEY, born 29th May 1904 in Shanghai, China. He was christened in the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Shanghai on 8th September 1904. Brian was a medical doctor. He married Margaret Mary (Rita) CRONIN on 19th April 1934. Rita was born on 19th July 1907. Brian died on 8th July 1990 in Hounslow and she died on 25th June 1983 in Hatfield. Brian and Rita had three children.
Sheila STANLEY, born 29th May 1905. She married David Raymond Read(born 23rd August 1909) in 1950. Sheila died on 2nd July 1979. David remarried on 20th September 1980 to Marion June BAILEY. David died on 7th October 1985.
Reginald (Rex) STANLEY,born on Christmas Day 1906. He married Doreen ANDREWS on 5th March 1938. Rex died in 1990 and Doreen died on 24th October 2006. They had four children.
J162553) Mellicent Kathleen Lucy Ethel (Lucy) JOHNSTON born on 28th October 1879 in Castleblaney, Co Monaghan. She married Dr Leslie Wren CROSBIE, Ballyheigue Castle, Ardfert, Co Kerry. The marriage took place in Listowel on 9th December 1897. Leslie Crosbie was the son of Pierce CROSBIE and his third wife Margaret née Wren. He married firstly Agnes, widow of Thomas Dickson Davenport, by whom he had three sons: Fitzgeorge Bateman (died Oct 1905); Pierce Leslie (1878-1965); Douglas Edward (1880-1953).
Right - Lucy, Alice and Leslie Crosby
Leslie died in Malahide on 31st October 1922, aged 79. Lucy died on 8th September 1961. They are both buried in St Andrew's Church graveyard, Malahide, Co Dublin. They had one daughter :
Margaret Lucy Alice (Alice) CROSBIE, born 1898. She was educated at the French School in Bray. She was a very competant horsewoman who took part in the Dublin Horse Show. A talented woman, art crafts of all sorts, sewing & tapestry, piano & music, with a very adventurous spirit.
Alice married Samuel Dickson (Dick) SANDES at St John’s Church, Umtali, Rhodesia in 1926 (pictured right). Dick was born in 1899 on the Island of Texada, Van Anda, between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia where his father, also Samuel Dickson SANDES, was employed as a draughtsman on a copper mine. When his mother died in 1904, Dick was taken back to England to go to school. He tried to run away to sea but was brought back and put on a training ship and in 1915 he was in the Navy as a midshipman. Dick then joined the British South Africa Police and served with them until 1948.
After their marriage in 1926, Alice & Dick lived in Rhodesia, leading a very nomadic lifestyle between small towns and the huge expanse of the Rhodesian bush, Salisbury and Gatooma, then Fort Victoria and Nuanetsi. The latter is a large wild area situated some 150 miles from Fort Victoria, now Masvingo, between the Lundi and Limpopo rivers. Nuanetsi consisted of a native commissioner’s office and a police camp. There were no roads, shops or amenities and supplies were transported by bus, mules and horses. Thatched mud huts and canvas tents were provided for living quarters. The heat at Nuanetsi was unbearable, malaria rife and the area infested with wild animals. Despite everything, Alice loved this life-style.
Alice died of tuberculosis in Fish Hoek, South Africa in 1933. She was on her way back to Ireland with Lucy, her mother. She is buried in Muizenburg Cemetery in Cape Town. There is a memorial inscription on her parents’ grave in Malahide, Co Dublin.
Dick married again in 1933, to Joan AIREY. They had two children. After the Second World War, Dick retired from the BSAP and joined the Historical Monuments Commission as Curator of The Great Zimbabwe Ruins and also became Warden of two National Parks. When he left the National Parks in 1959, he became security doorman at the House of Parliament whenever it was in session, while always looking after his farm. His wife Joan died in 1979, and Dick died in November 2001 in Johannesburg, aged 102. Sincere thanks to Dick’s daughter, Allison, for all her help in compiling this chapter of the Johnston Story.
J162554) Edith Bertha Violet Alice (Alice) Johnston, born on 20th October 1881 at "Agherlane", Ballybay, Co Monaghan. She married Dr Robert Hanham COX in Listowel, Co Kerry, on 5th August 1903 (double wedding with her sister Ina). Dr Cox came from Dundalk, Co. Louth, son of John & Mary Ann Cox, née Mouritz, qualifying as a surgeon at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin in 1886. Shortly afterwards, he was appointed Medical Officer of the Chinese Customs. Dr Cox, with his brother, Dr Stafford Mouritz Cox, pioneered the use of saline injections in the treatment of cholera when he was in China.
Robbie and Alice
Robert and Alice had 7 children. The 5 girls were born in Shanghai where Dr Cox was the Port Health Officer. It was their chinese Amah (nanny) who called them 1,2,3,4 & 5 in Chinese, and the names stuck ! The family returned to Ireland in 1911 and settled in Howth. On the outbreak of the First World War, Dr Cox joined the Royal Army Medical Corps. During his retirement, he devoted his time to private scientific research. Dr Cox died in November 1939 and Alice died on 27th April 1966. They are both buried in St Fintan's graveyard, Howth, Co Dublin.
The Cox Girls
Kathleen COX, Ahdo, born 2nd July 1904 in Woosung, Shanghai, China. Kathleen was educated at Alexandra College, Dublin and then at the Metropolitan School of Art. She won the Taylor Prize for the first time in 1925 and again in 1926 and 1927. Oliver Sheppard, her master of sculpture, was clearly a major influence on her artistic development. She opened her pottery studio at no 7 Schoolhouse Lane, off Molesworth St in Dublin. With her college friend Stella Rayner, Kathleen fired her pottery in a small electric kiln, the first of its kind in Ireland. During the mid-1930s, she gradually stopped making pottery, feeling very strongly that pottery should be useful and not merely ornamental. With this sense of futility, Kathleen smashed all her moulds and closed down her studio and, from then on, avoided talking about her work.
In 1937, she married Alan Gordon PALMER and moved to London. Alan was a conscientious objector and they spent the war years running a farm at Meopham, Kent. In 1950 they returned to London. Kathleen wrote and illustrated a book for children called “A Story of Stories” about the great religions of the world, under the pen name C.M. Kay.
Kathleen died in London in September 1972 and Alan died in 1996. They had two daughters.
Moira COX, Ahnee, born about 1906 in Woosung, Shanghai, China.
During the Second World War, Moira or Ahnee joined the Land Army. Back in Dublin afterwards, she was a medical secretary and was very involved in the art world, working in an Art Gallery in Dawson St. She enjoyed painting and making pottery.
Doreen Primrose COX, Ahsae, born about 1907 in Woosung, Shanghai, China. Ahsae married Daniel WHERRY in 1954. Danny was the youngest son of Joseph Wherry of Dungannon. He was a talented actor, took part in several productions in London, and appeared in a number of films. His family also owned the Northland Arms Hotel in Dungannon.
Danny died very suddenly in London in April 1955, aged 45, just six months after their marriage. He was cremated and his ashes brought back to the family burying ground in Newcastle, Co Down.
Ahsae was well-known in Howth and Malahide as a dog-breeder. She won numerous prizes with her poodles. She died in April 1987. She and Danny had no children.
Eileen Doris COX, Szesze, born 1909 in Woosung, Shanghai, China. Szesze married Robert James (Robin) CHILLINGWORTH in June 1942.
Robin was born on 2nd October 1917, son of Henry & Ina Chillingworth. He qualified as a Civil Engineer from Trinity College, Dublin. During the Second World War, he worked for the Air Ministry in Northern Ireland, building runways for military aircraft. He was due to be transferred to Tripoli when peace was declared … During this time, Szesze worked as a VAD (Voluntary Aid Detachment) nurse in a military hospital in Belfast.
After the war, Robin was Town Surveyor in Portstewart before returning to Dublin in 1954. He was involved in the building of the dry docks in Dublin port. He then joined Sound Systems until his retirement.
Robin died in March 2000. SzeSze died on 6th September 2008, aged 99. They had three children.
Robin & Szesze Chillingworth
Sheila Patricia COX, Ahung, (Patsy) born about 1910. Patsy married Captain Reginald H. MARTIN, East Yorkshire Regiment, 4th son of T.S.W. Martin of Ballygorell, Co Wicklow. The marriage took place in May 1932, in Howth Parish Church.
They had two children.
Robert B. D. COX, (Bobs), born about 1912 in Howth, Co Dublin. During World War II, Bobs was chauffeur to the Lord O’Neill in the desert in Africa. He spent most of his career with Unidare as an engineer. In 1952, Bobs married Adrienne McDOWELL, eldest daughter of Oswald McDowell of Churchtown, Co Dublin.
Bobs died suddenly on 3rd April 1983 and is buried in St Fintan’s graveyard in Howth, Co Dublin.
Bobs & Adrienne had a daughter. Shaun Maturin COX, born about 1914 in Howth, Co Dublin. He qualified from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1934 with a degree in Experimental Science. Shaun married Marjorie STRONG-HECKLES in November 1936. Marjorie was the youngest daughter of Lynn Strong-Heckes, Durham. Shaun was Manager of J.A. Jobling & Co, Sunderland (UK manufacturers of Pyrex glass) and was awarded an OBE on 9 Jun 1949 for his research into the manufacture of coloured pyrex. He died in 1979 and Marjorie in 1997. They are both buried in Harton Cemetery, South Shields.
Shaun & Marjorie had three children, of whom :
Nigel Shaun Maturin COX was born in September 1937 in South Shields. Nigel was a computer engineer and worked in the Laboratory in Newcastle- upon-Tyne University. He wrote several books : The Computer and the Library ( the role of the computer in the organization and handling of information in libraries) ; The Indexing of Records in the Public Record Office.
Nigel married Christine MAULE in 1965 and they later divorced. Nigel died in Worcester in June 2000.
Noel COX – born and died 3rd Quarter 1940
Left - Katharine Stella & Ina
Below - Tom and Katharine's wedding with Alice Crosbie (left) and Stella (J162557) right
J162555) Katharine Elizabeth Alice (Daisy) JOHNSTON, born 5th September 1883 at "Gorsehill", Ballybay, Co Monaghan. She married Thomas ARMSTRONG in Listowel, Co Kerry on 7th March 1905. Daisy died of TB on 18th November 1921. She is buried in Listowel. Thomas had a Toffee Factory in Listowel for some years and on the death of his wife, he moved to Blackrock, Co Dublin. The family then went to England, where Thomas bought and sold large country houses with land. He had a large Elizabethan farm house near Gatwick called Rowley Farm for a few years. He was a gentleman farmer and had a champion Jersey Herd. In his last years, Thomas lived in a flat in Tunbridge Wells where his daughter Lucy looked after him. He died on 29th July 1962, aged 87, and was cremated in Tunbridge Wells. Katharine & Thomas had five children :
John Reay ARMSTRONG, born on 8th July 1906,
Died 24th February 1909.
Walter Johnston ARMSTRONG, born 3rd July 1907.He married Enid Constance WHISHAW on 1st October 1930. Walter died on 28th March 1982. They had a son.
Katharine Ethel ARMSTRONG, born 28th February 1910. Ethel married Robert Howard WINDSOR on 28th May 1938. Robert was born 18th April 1900.
Robert died in September 1990 and Ethel in February 1998. They had two children.
Lucy Helen ARMSTRONG, born 4th May 1911 . She married Kenneth Ian (Kim) McCREA on 29th June 1937, at the British Consulate in Helsingfors, Finland.
Kim was in the North West Frontier Police, India (now Pakistan) from 1928 to 1947. He was with the British Diplomatic Service in Iran, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya and Cyprus from 1948 to 1954 and then Deputy Chief Constable with the Air Ministry Constabulary from 1954 to 1971.
He died in January 1990 and was cremated in Bath.
Lucy died in March 1994 and was cremated in Uckfield, Sussex. Lucy & Kim had three children.
Lucy and Kim McCrea
Margaret Aline ARMSTRONG, born 29th February 1913 in Listowel, Co Kerry. She died on 29th May 1913.
J162556) Henry Vassal JOHNSTON was born on 30th April 1889, at "Gorsehill", Ballybay, Co Monaghan. He died in February 1891 and is buried the Church of Ireland graveyard in Ballybay.
J162557) Estelle Zina Margaret (Stella) JOHNSTON was born in Dundalk, Co Louth on 17th April 1892. She married Richard Isaac BEAMISH, born 17th May 1889, in St Andrew's Church, Malahide, Co Dublin on 20th December 1920. Dick was Manager of the Imperial Bank of India in Ambala. They came back to Malahide to retire. Dick died on 5th January 1959 and Stella died on 20th December 1968. They are both buried in St Andrew's Church graveyard, Malahide. They had 2 children :
30 December 1920 - Kathleen Cox, Kitty Beamish, Richard Beamish, Stella Johnston, Patrick Beamish, Alice Crosbie (sitting) Ethel Armstrong.
Henry Maturin Johnston and his family
J16256) Henry Maturin JOHNSTON, born in Ramelton on 24th January 1851. He qualified as a medical doctor from Queen's University, Belfast in 1872 and practised as a G.P. in Stranorlar, Co Donegal. Click HERE to go the story of how the IRA commandeered his car, later enshrined in the rebel song "Johnston's Motor Car". He married Mellicent Agnes Blennerhassett STAPLETON, on 2nd January 1879 in the Church of Ireland, Muckross, Castleblaney, Co Monaghan. Witnesses : Benjamin & Christina Johnston. (Christina & Mellicent were sisters). Mellicent died on 17th June 1903, (brain tumour), aged 52. She is buried in Stranorlar, Co Donegal. Henry & Mellicent had 6 children :
J162561) Benjamin JOHNSTON born in Stranorlar, Co Donegal on 20th April 1880. He had a military career : 54th Company of Ulster Imperial Yeomanry, South African War. First World War in racks of Lord Strathcona's Horse (Canadian Military Forces). Subsequently commissioned in North Irish Horse. Benjamin died in Canada in 1950.
162562)ChristinaLetitia Aileen (Aileen) JOHNSTON was born on 22nd June 1881 in Stranorlar,Co Donegal, second child and only daughter of Dr Henry M. Johnston and his wife Mellicent. She married Edward Humphrey (Teddy) BARTON on 11th February 1911.
Aileen and Kitty right
Edward was born in 1884,fourth son and fifth child of Colonel Baptist Johnston Barton & his wife Isabel née McClintock. He was educated at Scaitcliffe School near Windsor and later at Highgate School, before going to an engineering college at Seaford.
He was adjutant in the Donegal Militia when it was disbanded shortly before the 1914-1918 war. He served with the 10th Inniskillings in France for the duration of the First World War. When fighting in the trenches, he noticed the waste of food and responded by organizing the keeping of two pigs behind the lines !
They had four daughters, Kitty, Isabel, Mella and Rosemary. After the war, Teddy returned to Donegal and farmed, with his youngest daughter Rosemary, in Portsalon. He died in July 1951 and Aileen in 1958.
They are both buried in Rosnakill in the parish of Clondevaddock, Co Donegal.
Isabel (left) and Kitty (right) Barton
Katherine Mellicent Frances (Kitty) BARTON born in Portsalon, Co. Donegal, on 24th December 1911, eldest daughter of Edward Barton & his wife Aileen née Johnston. On 14th September 1935 at the age of 23 she married Cecil Albert Connolly McCLENAGHAN in Rosnakill Church, Clondevaddock, Co Donegal.
Kitty and Cecil's wedding
Cecil, Kitty , Harry Gill (best man) - and in front of him Mella Barton (Harry's future wife), Rosemary Barton
Cecil was born in Killaghtee Rectory, Dunkineely, Donegal, Ireland on 6 April 1902. He was the third child of Henry St.George McClenaghan and Constance Mary Louisa (Queenie) Warren. His father was rector of Killaghtee parish from 1895 to 1919 and he then became Archdeacon of Raphoe. Together with his three brothers, Cecil attended The Royal School in Armagh, Co Armagh.
On leaving school Cecil joined Ralli Brothers, a trading company, and worked in England before he was posted to India in 1923 and joined the Ferozepore Agency. Later he was transferred to the Lyallpore Agency (now Faisalbad, Pakistan). In those days the main business of the company was in the export of grain, i.e. wheat, barley, chickpea flour, maize and oilseeds; and the import of cotton piece goods from Lancashire. Throughout his service both these trades gradually declined and the company's business came to be dominated by the export of cotton.
Cecil was in charge of the Lyallpore Agency during the Second World War and during the difficult times leading up to the partitioning of India and Pakistan in 1947. Cecil sent Katherine and the children back to Ireland for their safety at this time. In 1954 Cecil retired from Pakistan and worked in the Liverpool Office of Ralli Brothers and they moved to Southport, Lancashire, England.
Cecil retired in 1961 and died on 16th April 1981 in Southport, aged 79. Katherine moved to Harrison Cottage, Bilsborrow where she died on 1st March 2005, aged 93. They had three sons.
"Aunt Kitty" is well remembered by the younger generation for her enthusiasm and help when work first began on this Johnston Story.
Isabel Alice BARTON was born on 1st June 1914. She was educated at Ashleigh House School in Belfast and then she trained as a Physiotherapist in Birmingham. At the outbreak of the war, she joined the Red Cross and departed from Glasgow on a convoy to the Middle East. This was the beginning of her travels – she spent time in Egypt, Palestine,Italy, India, Palestine and Indonesia, finishing up in Singapore where she was Head Physiotherapist.
Isabel was in Indonesia when she met Michael MARRIOTT-DODINGTON whom she later married. Michael was born in 1907, the youngest son of Lt-Colonel Roger Marriott-Dodington. He was educated at Radley College and then attended the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. He joined the Somerset Light Infantry and was sent to Hong Kong. Michael was then commissioned into the Indian Army, and fought on the Khyber pass against the Afghans. He was then posted to Burma and fought under Field Marshal The Viscount Slim, against the Japanese. Michael was the youngest full Colonel of the Indian Army when he was promoted at the age of 32 in 1939. He was awarded the 1939-45 War Medal and the Star. At the end of the war, he also received an OBE.
Michael came back to England on secondment and the British War Office then reassigned him to Indonesia.
Isabel & Michael thought it was not a good idea to return to the UK after the war. They bought a map of the world and Isabel closed her eyes and pointed to … New Zealand ! They applied for assisted passage which was granted, and in 1947 off they went ! They arrived in Nelson at the north tip of South Island.
They thought about growing tobacco or having an orchard but eventually Michael became a grain & seed broker. They lived in Timaru, South Canterbury for 17 years and returned to Nelson when Michael retired.
Michael died in June 1994 and Isabel in December 2010. They had two daughters.
Mella Edna BARTON was born on 6th November 1915. She attended Ashleigh House School in Belfast with her sister Isabel.
The school was founded by Anne & Rosalind Shearman, daughters of the Rev Josiah Shearman, minister at St Matthew's Church, Belfast. Mella very much enjoyed her time at the school and stayed in touch with the two sisters, who were joint headmistresses, until they died.
Mella met Henry Anderson Clifford GILL at her sister Kitty's wedding in 1935. Cecil McClenaghan had brought Harry with him as best man. They were both on leave from India. Harry fell in love with Mella and would have married her on his next leave in 1939 - however war broke out so all the wedding arrangements had to be cancelled; Harry had to return to India at once and Mella followed a few months later and they married in Bombay on Christmas Eve.
Harry Gill was born in India in 1906, the eldest son of Colonel Clifford Gill who was a doctor in the Indian Army. After graduating from Cambridge, Harry returned to India in the Indian Civil Service where he remained until India became independent in 1947. Then he transferred to the Home Civil Service, latterly the Crown Estates Department, working in London and living in the village of Buckland in Surrey from 1947 until his death in 1980. He was also a keen botanist. Mella and Harry had three children.
Harry and Mella Gill
Rosemary Aileen BARTON was born on 13th September 1919. She lived at home on the farm in Portsalon with her parents, Teddy & Aileen. She is well remembered by the family and with great affection.
When Teddy came home after the Great War, he was no longer able to do the physical work and so it was Rosemary who did the actual farming. Grandchildren on holiday at their grandparents' thatched house with wonderful views across the garden to Lough Swilly, have enchanting memories of Rosemary, watching her making rope, helping her collect eggs, learning to milk the cows and being taken to church in Rosnakill in the pony and trap...
Rosemary married Henry BORLAND in May 1951. They lived in Tamney, near Rosnakill. Sadly, both Rosemary and Henry died young, in 1972. They are buried in Rosnakill church graveyard.
Teddy Barton with Rosemary
Henry Stapleton Johnston
Ruth Evelyn Peel
J162563) Henry Stapleton JOHNSTON born in Stranorlar, Co Donegal. He qualified as a medical doctor in 1908. Her married Ruth Evelyn Atkinson PEEL, on 15th December 1909 in Christ Church, Leeson Park, Dublin. Ruth was born in Armagh on 4th June 1880. In 1914, Henry worked in Essex and then from 1924-55 in Wellington, Somerset. Henry died on 28th January 1955. Ruth died on 31st December 1973 They had two daughters :
J1625631 Mellicent Mary JOHNSTON was born on 21st June 1911 at West View, Bollington, Macclesfield, Cheshire. Mellicent qualified as a medical doctor. She died on 12th June 1988, at Little Oak, Waddicombe, Somerset
J1625632 Ruth Alice JOHNSTON was born on 8th April 1914 at Ivy House, South Ockendon, Essex. She married Kenneth Frank Hywel (Hywel) MURRELL, born 1908,on 17th September 1938 at the Parish Church in Wellington, Essex.
Hywel and Ruth Johnston
J162564) Victor Ernest JOHNSTON born in Stranorlar, Co Donegal on 27th January 1887.
Albert Blennerhassett Johnston
J162565) Albert Blennerhassett JOHNSTON born in Stranorlar, Co Donegal on 23rd October 1888. He was Paymaster Captain in the Royal Navy. He married Ester Luttrell BAILEY. Albert died in 1954. They had one daughter:
J1625651) Pamela JOHNSTON
J162566) Herbert Augustus JOHNSTON was born in Stranorlar, Co Donegal on 28th August 1891. He was an undergraduate of Trinity College, Dublin. He obtained his Certificate of Proficiency in Radiotelegraphy in September 1913 and worked for Messrs. Siemans Brothers, fitting wireless installations in many parts of the world.
From this employment, he entered the New Army for a year as a private before joining the Royal Flying Corps and passed the Central Flying School Upavon Certificate "A". As Second Lieutenant, he flew operationally with the N°1 Squadron from January 1916 and was killed by enemy shell-fire a few weeks later, on 4th March 1916.
The commander of the squadron wrote to Herbert's father, Dr Henry M. Johnston, to tell him that Herbert and a fellow officer had had the day off due to bad weather when a shell fell ten yards away, killing him and wounding his companion. The commander added : « We are all extremely sorry about the whole thing, the more so because he was not only one of my best officers, but also a great favourite with all his brother officers. »
Herbert is buried in the Cité Bonjean Military Cemetery in Armentières, in the north of France.
Herbert Augustus Johnston
Henry Maturin Johnston married secondly Amy Cordelia CRAIG née SNOAD in December 1912 at St George's Church, Hanover Square, London.
Amy was born in Yoxall, Lichfield, Staffordshire in 1866. She married, firstly, James Craig at the beginning of 1887 and she was widowed in December the same year - her husband died, aged 32. In the 1901 and 1911 Census, Amy is living with her brother, Dr Philip Ephraim Snoad, in Aylestone Leicestershire. The 1911 Census also shows another brother, Dr Francis George Snoad and her elder sister Frances, also a widow.
Henry died on 9th July 1932, aged 82. Amy died in Warrenpoint, Co Down on 7th October 1940. They are both buried in Stranorlar graveyard, Co Donegal.
J16257) Augustus JOHNSTON born in Ramelton on 15th April 1852. He emigrated to Sydney, Australia around 1889 where he worked as a wool sorter. He remained a bachelor and died on 6th June 1911. He is buried in the Church of England cemetery, Rookwood, N.S.W.
J16258) James Stewart JOHNSTON born in Ramelton on 14th July 1853. According to Beamish family papers, James died "in his teens".
J16259) Arthur Alma JOHNSTON born in Ramelton, Co Donegal on 3rd October 1854. He qualified as a medical doctor in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1876. Arthur worked in Ireland and England before becoming a ship's surgeon and met his future wife at a doctors' convention in Buenos Aires in 1879. Arthur married Giovanina (Nina) DE STRENS in St Philip's Church, Sydney on 1st December 1881. Nina, of Italian origin, was born in Brussels, Belgium about 1851.
Dr Arthur Alma Johnston
Arthur & Nina led a very nomadic life, starting in Parkes where their first five children were born. Located on the central western slopes of the Great Dividing Range in the state of NSW, Parkes is situated 365 kilometres west of Sydney. It was originally founded in 1853 as the Currajong Settlement, named for the abundance of Kurrajong trees in the area, but was then known as Bushman's, from the local mine, Bushman's Lead. Renamed Parkes in 1873 in honour of Sir Henry Parkes, otherwise known as the "Father of the Federation" for his role in unifying Australia. Parkes attracted significant attention during the gold rush of the 1870s onwards, and even to this day modern mining companies still have sites in the nearby region.
Another of Australia's gold rush towns of the 19th century is Moruya, situated on the south coast of NSW, where Arthur & Nina's son George was born. When Alma was born, her father was superintendant at the Sunbury asylum, Victoria. (The building is a college today, now in a Melbourne suburb.) The family then moved to Tasmania at the turn of the century, at Beaconsfield gold mine, where they lived in "Rose Cottage". A photo of the doctor is still in the hospital there. When the Beaconsfield mine closed, they went to live in Deloraine.He died (stroke) on 29th December 1915, aged 61, and is buried in Deloraine, Tasmania. Nina died on 11th December 1918, aged 67. She is buried in St Saviour's cemetery in Punchbowl, Canterbury, N.S.W. Australia They had seven children :
Luigi Gino JOHNSTON 1882-1883
Emilio Guido JOHNSTON born & died 1884
Gordon A. JOHNSTON born & died 1885
Reginald, Alma, Maude and George
J162591) Reginald JOHNSTON born at Currajong Villa, Church Street in Parkes NSW on 6th April 1886. He was a car salesman and lived in Sydney where he married Beatrice Harriett GwynneUNDERWOOD in 1912. Reginald died on 16th November 1962 aged 76, and was cremated at Woronora Crematorium. Beatrice died in 1967, in Sutherland NSW. They had four children:
J1625911) Arthur Hugh Gwynne (Bill) JOHNSTON, born in 1913 in Randwick, Sydney, nicknamed Bill by his father because he was born on January 1st when another bill arrived for payment on the first of the month ! The family lived in Neutral Bay until 1919. They moved to Willoughby where Bill attended the Public School before going on to the North Sydney Intermediate High School. He joined the Water Board in 1929 and studied for and passed his Accountancy exams. Bill married Grace Eloise Goodwin (Bunty) in 1940 and they lived at Rose Bay.
Bill and Grace
on their wedding day in 1940
In June 1941 Bill joined the A.I.F. and was stationed in Darwin with the Sparrow Force which was formed to defend the island of Timor from invasion by Japan. He was despatched to Koepang, Timor where he was captured by the Japanese in February 1942 and interned in Changi prison. As a POW he worked for a time on the wharves at Koepang and Batavia before being sent to construct the railway in Burma at Hellfire Pass, carrying bags of cement and sleepers to build the “Pack of Cards” bridge. When he was suffering from Berri Berri and Trench feet, Bill was evacuated to a recuperation camp at Tamarkan. From there, he was sent to Japan to work in a copper mine and was released in September 1945.
On his return to Australia, Bill rejoined and embarked on a life-long career with the Water Board, a career for which, at one period, enabled him to proudly guide public tours of the emerging monolith that became Warragamba Dam. Bill & Bunty lived in Como for nine years where their two sons were born. They were active members in a small group which built and started St Anne's Church in Como. In 1956, Bill accepted a promotion to the newly-opened Water Board office in the remote outskirts of Wollongong. He retired in 1971 having been given six months to live ! He & Grace travelled the world.
Music played a huge part in both Bill & Bunty's lives. Their mothers had met during Conservatorium studies. Bunty was a great pianist and they were both life members of the Wollongong Eisteddfod choral societies.
Bill died in 1999 and Grace in 2009. They had two sons.
J1625912) Kathleen JOHNSTON born 1914
J1625913) Cyril JOHNSTON born 1916
J1625914) Rex JOHNSTON born 1928
J162592) Maude Nina Alma JOHNSTON born in Parkes NSW on 6th April 1888. She remained a spinster. During World War II she was in the Belgian Consulate in Milan, working for her uncle Emile de Strens.
She lived in Wollongong, NSW and died on 25th October 1973. She was cremated.
J162593) George Arthur JOHNSTON born in Moruya, NSW on 14th December 1889. George worked as a teacher and then in the First World War was in 3rd Light Horse in Galipoli. After the war he was a farmer and then a Health Inspector. He married firstly Eileen GRIFFIN on 17th February 1917 and had 5 children :
J1625931) Emil JOHNSTON
J1625932) Arthur Joseph JOHNSTON born 24th August 1921 in Devonport, Tasmania. He died on 13th May 2007, in Brisbane, Queensland.
J1625933) Eileen Giovanina JOHNSTON
J1625934) Desmond JOHNSTON born on 2nd March 1925. He died on 24th August 1994.
J1625935) Mona JOHNSTON
The whole family was in a bad car crash in 1936. George & the children survived, but his wife Eileen died (25th March 1936). He married secondly Mary Adeline (Mollie) McGEE on 20th September 1937 at the Church of Apostles, Launceston, Tasmania. Mollie was born on 6th October 1907. George died on 2nd April 1957. They had one son :
J1625936) Barry Anthony JOHNSTON
Mollie remarried, to George COULTHARD. She died on 23rd August 2001, aged 93.
J162594) Alma JOHNSTON, born in Sunbury on 30th September 1892. She married David R. YOUNG. Alma died in 1986. They had two children :
J1625T) Charles Inkerman JOHNSTON born 19th October 1856 in Ramelton, Co Donegal
J1626) Edmond JOHNSTON born in The Copse, Rathdrum, Co Wicklow, and baptised 26th July 1818. Edmond appears in Griffith's Valuation as owner of property in Belvedere Place, Dublin with the Rev Benjamin Maturin (his cousin Anna's husband). He also owned property in Mountjoy Square East, with Charles Maturin. J1627) William JOHNSTON born in The Copse, Rathdrum, Co Wicklow, and baptised 7th February 1820. Qualified as a solicitor and barrister, affidavit 1836, King's Inns, Dublin. In 1850 he is living at 9 Upper Pembroke St, Dublin.
He emigrated to New Zealand (with 3 brothers) , on the “Agra” arriving Port Chalmers in May 1852. He farmed in Kuri Bush, Otago for 9 years and was Justice of the Peace from January 1859. He returned to his profession as a solicitor, admitted to the NZ Law Society in 1862. Listed in Temuka in 1881. William married Mary FALCONER, a teacher who arrived from Scotland in May 1848 on the “Blundell”. They were married on 16th November 1853, by Rev Henry Graydon Johnston, William’s brother, at the house of Mr Dewe, Resident Magistrate, Tokomairiro, Otago. Arthur Charles Johnston and Mr Dewe were witnesses.
Mary died on 27th January 1862 (consumption) aged 33 years. She is buried in the Southern cemetery, Dunedin. They had 3 children :
J16271) Graydon Falconer JOHNSTON born in 1855. He attended the Otago Boys’ School, Dunedin, from 1864 to 1869. He died on 6th April 1876 (TB) aged 21 years. He is buried in the Anglican Section of Queenstown Cemetery, South Island, New Zealand.
J16272) Catherine Mary JOHNSTON, was born on April 3rd 1856 and christened on April 23rd (Presbyterian Baptismal Register for East & West Taieri, Native Village, Waihola). She appears in the 1881 Census as governess in school in England. She then emigrated to Canada in 1883. She married William HUTCHINS, a Tea Merchant of Montreal, Canada., on 19th September 1894. The marriage took place in All Saints’ Church, Toronto.
William was born in Somerset, England on 9th December 1848. He had married firstly Ester Ann McArthur in 1873 in Montreal and had six children. Once widowed, he probably employed Catherine Johnston as a governess for the children…
In the 1901 Census, the family are living in London, Ontario. Catherine (or Katherine) died aged 80 in Toronto on 22nd December 1936 and is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery.
William & Catherine had a daughter :
Ruth HUTCHINS, born 23rd February 1898. Ruth was a secretary, aged 26, when she married John Bain STEWART on 24th September 1924, in St Thomas’ Church, Toronto.
John was born in Duluth, Minnesota on 3rd February 1890, although both his parents were born in Canada. He was one of four children. He married, firstly, Mary Rennie in 1913. In November 1915, John was with the Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force, having already spent 5 years with the 2nd Queen’s Own Rifles and was active in 97th Regiment of the Canadian Militia. He served in the First World War as a lieutenant, rising to captain. His first wife died of TB in 1921. He was an Accountant residing in Toronto at the time of the marriage to Ruth.
Ruth & John moved to Qualicum Beach in British Columbia. Ruth died in 1964 and John in 1971.
J16273) William JOHNSTON born on 16th August 1860 in Kuri Bush, Otago. He married Helen Sophia MATHER on 13th October 1897 in Trinity Church, Adelaide, South Australia. William was Secretary of the Union Club in Sydney. He died on 30th April 1926 aged 65. He was cremated at Rookwood Cemetery.
Helen was born on 27th January 1873 in Streaky Bay, Karcultaby, South Australia, daughter of George Ernest Mather & his wife Mary née Titmus. She died in Chatswood, NSW, on 18th January 1958, aged 84. At the time, she was living with her son Graydon at 10 Raymond Rd, Neutral Bay. She was cremated at the Northern Suburbs Crematorium on 21st January 1958.
Helen with grandson William Willans
J162731) Graydon Mather JOHNSTON, born 5th November 1898 in Stirling West, South Australia. He was enrolled in St Helier’s School in Auckland between October 1905 and February 1907 when the family went to Australia. They settled in Bathurst, NSW where Graydon attended All Saints College until 1916. He won a scholarship to study Law at the University of Sydney but after two years there he decided that it was not his calling.
Graydon left Bathurst and went to the far west of New South Wales to work as a Jackaroo and Book-Keeper on several large sheep stations in the area. (Jackaroo is the Australian term for an agricultural trainee.) After several years, Graydon returned to the farm at Oberon which was purchased by his father, William. Oberon is about 50 kms south east of Bathurst.
Graydon & Mollie at Oberon , NSW
Graydon married Mollie WILLANS in 1933, in Gordon, NSW, a suburb of Sydney. He sold the property at Oberon and went back to Bathurst in 1940 to work in a Munitions Factory. He was there for the duration of World War II. Once the war was over, the factory closed down.
In 1946, he bought a large truck and became the first person to seriously motor-transport livestock in the Bathhurst district. Graydon sold the business ten years later and went to work for the NSW Government Railways, where he remained until he retired in 1963. He then bought the lease of the "Empire Hotel" in Newcastle and had a manager running the business for him.
Graydon died on 9th May 1967 at 18 Blandford St, Bathurst, NSW and was cremated at the Canobolas Crematorium. Mollie died in 1969. They had one son :
J1627311) William W. JOHNSTON Many thanks to « Jock » for all his help with the details of this family
William married secondly Eubertine Charlotte Susanna Ryder RICHARDSON, on 28th January 1863, at the house of F.L. Mieville, Dunedin - witnesses : Jas.L. Landen, Jane Purdie, F. Mieville. William died on 17th October 1885 aged 65 years. He is buried in Gore cemetery , plot 13, block 57.
Eubertine was born on 10th June 1842 in Tasmania to Arthur Mackinder RICHARDSON & his wife Ann née GREAVES (their marriage in Tasmania : 31st March 1840). After the death of William, she moved to Wellington – “Pleiades”, South Road. She appears on the 1893 Electoral Roll, the first year women were allowed to vote in NZ. She is still there in 1902, her address is given on a military pension list for her son Charles. In 1916, she is living at 120, Elizabeth Street, Wellington. Eubertine died at 21 Batt Street, Palmerston North from Kumeroa,on 21st July 1926, aged 84. She is buried in Terrace End Cemetery, Palmerston North. William & Eubertine had seven children :
J16274) Arthur Henderson JOHNSTON, born 23rd May 1863 in Dunedin. He married Ida Rose MacPHERSON on 23rd June 1902 in Temuka. He was aged 39, she was 40. Arthur was a Commission Agent, formerly of Masterton, later of Gisborne. He died, intestate, on 11th November 1932, aged 69. His address at the time of death was 114 Whitaker Street, Gisborne. He was buried in Taruheru Cemetery on 13th November 1932. His wife, Ida, died in 1957, probate in Auckland. Arthur & Ida had no children.
J16275) Murray Eccles JOHNSTON, was born on 5th March 1866. He was drowned in Glenorchy on 9th February 1888 aged 22 years. He is buried in Queenstown cemetery with his half brother, Graydon.
J16276) Charles Frederick JOHNSTON, born 10th April 1868 in Dunedin. He volunteered for the Boer War and was posted as a trumpeter for the 8th Contingent of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles. On 27th January 1902 he had been noted as a shepherd living in Addington, Christchurch (NZ); Addington is now a suburb of Christchurch. His military record notes him as 5 ft 6 ½ ins with blue eyes and fair hair and fair complexion. In June 1902 at Newcastle, Natal, he suffered one attack of rheumatic fever; after a second at Green Point, Capetown, on 16th August 1902, he was admitted to hospital at Wynburg, but discharged on 22nd Oct 1902. He was readmitted to hospital on 11th Dec , after just seven months in South Africa, when the doctor diagnosed heart disease resulting from the rheumatic fever but, as there were no heart lesions, the doctor recommended light employment and a pension for 6 months.
He returned to New Zealand, requiring supervision as an out-patient which started in Wellington on 10th March 1903 and on 25th March the decision was made that his heart disease was probably permanent and the result of military duty but not while in action; as he was capable of working he would receive a conditional Third Degree (i.e. half) pension of 1 shilling 3 pence per day for 12 months. In a letter from Westminster Chambers, 13 Victoria St, London SW, dated 24th Dec 1903, it was stated that Charles was thereafter to receive 12 pence (one shilling) per day, as a member of the NZ Expeditionary Force and this was confirmed as a permancy on 6th February 1904.
Charles married Barbara Ellen AUSTIN on 9th July 1912 in All Saints’ Church, Foxton. Barbara, daughter of William George Hodder, had married firstly Herbert Austin in 1896. Herbert died in 1906. In Dec 1916 Charles & Barbara were living in Foxton, Manawatu, with no children (under 16); he was a Protestant, a farmer and owned a coach, belonged to the Foxton Defence Rifle Club and was applying for the NZ Expeditionary Force (at the age of 48 with a heart condition after rheumatic fever !!!). Their marriage was dissolved by decree absolute on 22nd August 1927.
Charles died in July 1938 aged 70. He is buried in Totara Memorial Park Cemetery.
J16277) Mary Eubertine JOHNSTON, born 26th November 1869 in Dunedin, New Zealand. She came to England to train as a nurse and appears in 1891 census, niece staying with her uncle, Dr Augustus Johnston, Ambleside, Westmorland. She married Dr John Price WILLIAMS, on 11th February 1897 in Ambleside. John Williams was a physician/surgeon , born in Chorley, Lancs.
During the war Mary looked after the wounded New Zealand and Australian soldiers in the Manchester military district, managing a branch of the New Zealand Red Cross Society. They lived in Swinton, Manchester and had two children.
John Williams, Mary and Edmund
When John Price WILLIAMS died in 1946, aged 81, his obituary was published in the British Medical Journal, describing him as an outstanding personality. Educated at Denstone College, he obtained the M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. in 1888, the M.B. London in 1892 and the B.Sc.Vict. in 1904. He became public vaccinator for Swinton and Pendlebury and medical officer to the Post Office.
He retired to Bramhall and Ambleside, aged 70. During his 47 years as a general practitioner, he endeared himself to his friends and patients and earned the regard and good will of his fellow colleagues.
Kathleen Mary Eubertine WILLIAMS, born 1901. She went to St George’s School, Harpenden,Herts, a co-education school whose headmaster Dr.Cecil Grant was an outstanding man, intellectual/theologian/writer who had a great influence on her.
On leaving school she was accepted by St.Hughes College, Oxford, as a member of the first intake of women to be allowed to get a degree as up to that time degrees were only given to men. Sadly, Kathleen had to renounce her studies when her father ran into financial difficulty. Her great passion was always books and reading and she opened The Times Book Club at Oxford. She met Roland Lionel RAYMOND at Oxford.
Kathleen and Roland's wedding
Roland played Rugby for Australia, a Wallaby, and got his Rugby Blue at Oxford, (in fact was chosen to play for England but was injured in the trials). Roland had already his medical degree from Sydney University and had won a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford. Kathleen & Roland married in England in 1926 and then went out to Sydney where he set up medical practice.
After the birth of their daughter in 1931, they returned to England for Roland to do another post graduate degree, the DOMS (degree in opthalmic surgery) at London university. He then furthered his medical qualifications by obtaining a degree at Edinburgh University in General Surgery, FRCS(Edin.)
He then said he would like to learn to fly, so joined the RAF and got his wings. The RAF posted him to India, where Kathleen and his daughter joined him. Roland then joined the Indian Medical Service, and it was the IMS who sent him to Burma, where the family lived. Roland & Kathleen had another daughter, born in London in 1935, but all four returned to Burma after her birth.
Kathleen and the girls were in England when war broke out. When the London blitz started, Roland, away in Burma, advised Kathleen to take the family back to Australia. So they joined the many women and children who were fleeing UK in passenger liners in escorted convoys. After avoiding Japanese submarines in the Pacific, they safely arrived in Auckland where they stayed with Fanny JOHNSTON (Kathleen’s adored unmarried aunt – Kathleen’s happiest memories of her childhood were when she stayed in Chipping Camden with Auntie Fan, who was a companion to Mrs.Gubbins – see below Fanny Johnston).
They spent two months with “ Auntie Fan”, and then sailed for Sydney, Australia.
Kathleen & the girls lived in Armidale, NSW, during the war while Roland, with the 4th Indian Division, fought with the Eighth Army in the desert with Monty against Rommel. After the war he returned to Burma, where Kathleen joined him in Rangoon. He was head of the Rangoon General Hospital, and Professor of Surgery at Rangoon University, until Burma became independent in 1948, when all the whites were thrown out of the country. They returned to Australia where Roland set up a practice in opthalmic surgery in Sydney.
Kathleen & Roland divorced in 1948 and Roland married again, to Agnes Irene LOCKHART. Roland died on 29th January 1964.
Kathleen died in 1998, aged 97.
Edmund Johnston WILLIAMS, born 1906. Edmund studied at Oxford and qualified as a medical doctor. He lived and worked as a GP all his life in Barnsley, Yorkshire.
J16278) Fanny Kathleen JOHNSTON,was born in Ballyshannon, Co Donegal on 1st Dec 1871 , while William Johnston and family must have been back in Ireland from New Zealand for a few months.
Fanny Johnston joined the Gubbins family in New Zealand in the 1880/1890s , probably as a companion to Mrs Gubbins. Arthur & Catherine Gubbins were both from Co Limerick, Ireland. They married in Ireland in 1878 and emigrated to NZ and farmed near Merrinsville. Beatrice, their daughter, was born in 1884. Arthur Gubbins died in 1902 and in 1903 Catherine & Beatrice Gubbins, with Fanny, went to England. For seven years, they stayed with relatives and friends and even rented a house in Dublin.
In 1910 they settled down, in the Cotswolds at Chipping Camden. Fanny Johnston was still with them. From there they made trips to Ireland, Switzerland and other parts of Europe. It was during this period that Fanny visited Scandinavia with her brother in law, Dr Williams, and her niece Kathleen, of whom she was very fond. (She later became godmother to Kathleen’s eldest daughter.)
Fanny with Kathleen and Edmund Williams
Catherine Gubbins died in 1918. Her daughter Beatrice had trained as a physiotherapist and travelled on hospital ships back & forth between NZ and England. After the war she set up a practice with a colleague in Wellington, NZ.
After 1918, Fanny joined the household of Mrs Georgina Battiscombe (it is not clear whether this is in England or in NZ). Fanny looked after the children and spoke of Mrs Battiscombe as the finest character she had ever met ! Georgina Battiscombe wrote : "Mrs Gladstone - The Portrait of a Marriage".
Meanwhile, the Barton family had emigrated to NZ in 1851, living in Hamilton near Morrinsville. Here, James Barton was born in 1886. He had a career in the Army. James was serving in England during WW1 and attended Catherine Gubbins' funeral in 1918. After the war, James remained in the Army in NZ and met Beatrice Gubbins from time to time in Wellington. They married in 1923. Their son Charles John Winthrop Barton was born in 1924.
When John Barton was born, Fanny joined the family in Blenheim, NZ, and became his godmother. Beatrice Barton died just before the Second World War. John joined the Air Force and served in England. Fanny was with his father at Lucerne Rd during most, if not all, of this time.
Fanny in 1950
Fanny died on 21st February 1958. Her funeral service was held in St Aidan’s Church, Remuera, followed by her cremation at Purewa Crematorium.
(We are very grateful to Mrs John Barton for all her help with the details of this chapter. She wrote of “Auntie Fan” as one of the family, loved and beloved, loyal and caring and a dear friend.)
J16279) Capel Wolseley JOHNSTON, born 16th April 1877 in Queenstown, Otago,NZ. Capel, aged 11, was admitted to school at High Street, Dunedin on 14th June 1888 when his mother was living at Stafford St. His last school was Gore Primary School until July 1890 when he left to go to work, aged 13 years. He married Anne Eliza Bevars SAMSON in 1909. In 1918 he was living at Hataitai, Wellington and working as a clerk. Capel appears in the Wellington East Electoral Roll in 1919. At the time of his death on 1st February 1948, Capel & his wife were living at 11 Kainui Rd, Wellington. He was cremated and his ashes scattered at Karori cemetery. Capel & Anne had a daughter :
J162791) Phyllis Audrey Eubertine JOHNSTON, born 9th March 1911. She married Kenneth Charles ROBERTSON in 1947. Kenneth died in 1979 and Phyllis Audrey in August 1995. They are both buried in Karori cemetery.
They had a son :
John Melrose ROBERTSON, born about 1948/1949
J1627T) Madeline Miéville JOHNSTON, born 28th December 1879 in Temuka, Canterbury. NZ. Madeline married Harold SHEFFIELD of Hawkes Bay on 21st August 1907 in St Mary's Church, Wellington. They were married by the Rev. J.G. Bartlett. Harold was born in Bombay about 1876, son of Duncan Sheffield & his wife Eleanor née Hazeldon. He was a dairy farmer in Palmerston North where their address was 144 Fitzherbert Avenue. Harold died on 28th September 1964, aged 88 years. Madeline died on 9th March 1972, aged 92. They were both cremated and their ashes were scattered in Kelvin Grove Cemetery, Palmerston North. They had no children.
J1628) Thomas JOHNSTON. Born 26th September 1821 at The Copse, Rathdrum, Co Wicklow. According to Beamish family papers held by Liz Augereau and old letters from Dr Augustus Johnston's children, George & Emily, Thomas emigrated to Demerara where he worked on an Estate. He died there. J1629) Henry Graydon JOHNSTON, born at The Copse, Rathdrum, Co Wicklow, on 16th November 1823 and baptised on 21st December. He graduated from TCD in 1846 and was ordained in 1847. Henry appears in the 1850 Dublin City Directory, living at his parents’ address, 9 Upper Pembroke Street. In 1851 he was curate at Collon in the diocese of Armagh. He emigrated to New Zealand in 1852 with his brothers William, Edward and Arthur where he was a priest at Otakou, Otago. In 1853 he was Tutor to sons of John Jones at Matanaka, Waikouaiti when he brought an assault case against Mr Jones for £1500 damages. He was awarded £150 (at the time his annual salary was £100 …) Henry returned to England where he was curate in Sheringham 1857-8, High Wycombe 1858-9, Accrington 1859-61, Shirley 1861-63, Silverstone 1863-65, Brompton-Ralph 1865-72, Tolland 1872. Henry married Maria Althea CROSS on the 16th October 1857 in St Margaret’s Parish Church, Ipswich, Suffolk. Maria was born in Peasonhall, Suffolk and baptised in September 1836, daughter of Samuel Cross and Mary née Kersey . She died in Brentford, 3rd Quarter 1903, aged 68. Henry died in Tolland, Somerset on 18th February 1897. Probate was granted in Taunton on 7th April 1897 to the Rev Frederick Llewellyn Hughes. Effects : £439-18s-11d. Henry and Maria had four children :
J16291) George Henry Bernard JOHNSTON was born on 8th October 1859 in Hastingdon and baptised on 13th December in Accrington. He joined the Devon Regiment and then went into the Indian Police, in the United Provinces, as Superintendent. George married Nyanza May DAVIS in Axminster, 3rd Quarter 1895. Nyanza was born “at sea” about 1870. George died in Evershot, Dorset, on 1st October 1930, aged 70. Nyanza died in Lyme Regis, on 7th September 1946, aged 76. They had two children :
J162911) Ronald Hilary G. JOHNSTON, born in January 1898 in Partabgarh, Oudh (Gonda), India. Ronald and his mother appear in the 1901 Census, staying with his grandmother Lucy Davis, in Lyme Regis, Dorset. He married Evelyn Mary JACOB in the Cathedral in Allahabad on 21st December 1931. Mary was born on 14th November 1897, the daughter of Rev William Jacob, canon at Canterbury & his wife (Emily) Mabel Hyde, later of Monkton-Wyld Rectory, Dorset.
Ronald has written a memoir, dated 1980, « One Man's Life » which is available at the British Library. He describes his life in the Indian Army, mainly on the North-West Frontier (1916-1922), and in the Indian Civil Service (1923-1947) chiefly in the United Provinces, apart from five years in Bengal (1935-1940).
When Ronald & Mary retired they returned to England. They bought a house in Stoke Abbott, Dorset and nine acres of land and planted an orchard. Mary died in August 1978 and Ronald in 1990, aged 92. They are both buried in Stoke Abbott. Ronald & Mary had two children :
J1629111) Hilary Mary JOHNSTON
, born 7th November 1932, at St Stephen’s Hospital in Delhi. She married John WhitakerSWEET-ESCOTT(1925-1999) on 21st May 1956. They have four children.
J1629112) (Bernard) William JOHNSTON
was born on 8th September 1935 at Monkton-Wyld Rectory, Charmouth, Dorset. He died, following an accident, in Darjeeling, India in 1940.
J162912) Margery Maturin Christabel JOHNSTON, was born in India on 29th January 1903 and christened in Muttra, Bengal on 22nd February 1903. She married Ernest Victor SMALL. Victor was born on 27th March 1896, the son of Charles SMALL. He was an electrical engineer and he and Margery were married in Calcutta, Bengal, India on 19th October 1931.
They retired to Dorset, England. Victor died in 1975 and Margery on 30th March 1983. They had a daughter :
J1629121) Nancy Juliet JOHNSTON, born 15th August 1933 in Calcutta, India and christened in St Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta on 7th October 1933.
Nancy married John LOCK, son of Mr & Mrs F. E. LOCK, in 1956.
Nancy died in Surrey in 1983, aged 49.
J16292) Edith Mary JOHNSTON born on 19th October 1860, and baptised on 26th April 1861 in Accrington, Lancs. She died in Tolland, 2nd Quarter 1878, aged 17.
J16293) Percy Henderson JOHNSTON, was born on 24th November 1866 and baptised on 26th May 1867 in Brompton-Ralph, Somerset.
J16294) Selbourne JOHNSTON, born 3rd Quarter 1876 in Tolland, Somerset. Selbourne appears in the 1901 Census, as a Corporal in the Royal Marines Barracks in Alverstoke, Hampshire. He is also listed as member of the crew on the “West Kader” sailing from Fushiki, Japan to Astoria, Oregon in July 1927 and on the “Kentucky” from Shanghai to Astoria in May 1934. Selbourne died in Siskiyou, California on 20th July 1955 and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Siskiyou.
J162T) Edward JOHNSTON born on 13th July 1825 at The Copse, Rathdrum, Co Wicklow. Graduated from Trinity College, Dublin - BA 1851. He emigrated to New Zealand with William, arriving Port Chalmers in May 1852. He married Emily CHITTOCK(pictured right), on 27th February 1862 in Dunedin, Otago. Emily was born in St John’s Wood, London, on 11th October 1842, third child of Frederick Camel CHITTOCK and his first wife Rachel MASTERS. Rachel died after the birth of their fourth child and Frederick married secondly Sophia BARTON. Frederick and Sophia had three children before emigrating to New Zealand in 1857 and had another three in NZ.
Edward & Emily lived initially at Otokia on the Taieri Plains, south of Dunedin and Edward had a carting business of six bullocks and a dray. He and his brothers in law, James & Edward Chittock, drove the bullock teams from Dunedin to towns in Southland and Central Otago during the gold rush, carrying produce, supplies and hardware. Edward appears in Wise's Dunedin Directory in 1866, a farmer, address : The Copse, Saddle Hill.
After farming, Edward Johnston was first teacher at Kyeburn School and then Moa Flat Schook at Ettrick. Later, he used to travel around the towns in the Beaumont area as a preacher. A controversial writer and speaker in religious matters, he was forthright in his opinions. He was never referred to as a reverend, pastor or father so he was probably a self-proclaimed preacher. This was not uncommon in those days as, during the gold rush years, the numbers of single men in the region well exceeded women. Drink, crime and womanising were prevalent, an ideal place for an educated man to lecture to the masses on these “demons” !!!
When Edward died on 22nd June 1896, their address was Costerphine Creek, Beaumont. Situated five miles up river from Beaumont Bridge, the Johnston family home in wattle and daube was built by Edward and Emily’s children and Emily thatched the roof of tussock grass...
Emily died on 31st August 1899. She and Edward are buried in Beaumont cemetery. They had two children:
J162T1) Edward Augustus JOHNSTON,born 16th February 1863 at Otokia, Taieri Plains. Edward married Isabella Geddes GRANT in July 1901. The Grant family had a big sheep farm near the Shotover river.
Edward Augustus was
a dredge master on the mining dredges – Gold Terrace no. 1 and Olrig.
Isabella died in 1941 aged 66 years and “Gus” died in 1952, aged 89.
They had no children. Edward Augustus
J162T2) Catherine JOHNSTON, born 11th May 1871 at Otokia, Taieri Plains (pictured right). Known as Kate Spence, at the age of 16, she married Andrew WATSON from Dunfermline, Scotland, on 14th July 1887. They were married by the Rev W. Grant in the Congregational Church in Port Chalmers.
Andrew was born in Dunfermline, Fife on 3rd October 1860, fourth child of Andrew Watson & his wife Isabella née Inglis. Andrew was listed originally as a mariner. He & Kate Spence lived at Beaumont and Andrew worked as a labourer on the railway, and then became a steam engine driver.
They moved to 44 Carr Street, Dunedin in about 1922 where he worked as the boiler attendant at the Moray Place Tepid Baths.
Andrew died on 3rd August 1930 and Kate Spence in 1962, aged 90. They are both buried at Anderson’s Bay cemetery, block 130, plot 0070.
The Watson family home at Beaumont, Central Otago, NZ circa 1916 Standing - Christina Victoria 1887-1963; Charles Hector 1902-1979; Augustus James 1895-1962; Emily Violet 1891-1982 Seated - Kate Spence; Andrew Front - William Stanley 1903-1972; Albert Inglis 1897-1980
They had seven children :
Christina Victoria WATSON born 24th May 1887, she married William Townsend HARVEY on 8th January 1919. Christina died on 12th January 1963. They had five children :
Vivan Chittock HARVEY, born 1920 in Dunedin. He remained a bachelor. He died at 52 Bonnington St, Dunedin on Christmas Day 1972 and is buried in Anderson’s Bay Cemetery, Block 219 Plot 0079.
Pearl Catherine HARVEY, born 9th December 1923 in Dunedin. She married Frederick B. COUSINS (born 1926). Frederick died on 19th November 1970 and Pearl on 4th August 2000. They are buried in Marsden Valley cemetery, Nelson, plot 273. They had four children.
Violet May HARVEY, born 2nd May 1926 and lived in Queenstown. She married Frank BROUGH. They had two children.
Dorothy Heather HARVEY, born 18th April 1928 in Dunedin. She married George C. PORTEOUS (born 1929) Dorothy died at her grandparents original address, 44 Carr St, Dunedin on 3rd December 1997. She was cremated and her ashes were scattered. Dorothy & George had two children.
Dulcie Winifred HARVEY, born 13th March 1930 in Dunedin. She married James S. McCRORIE. They have two daughters.
Emily Violet WATSON, born 24th January 1891. The young man she loved was killed in WW1. She never married . Emily lived at Cherry Farm, Waikouaiti. She died on 8th February 1982, aged 91.
Rose G. WATSON , born and died 1892.
Augustus James Frederick WATSON, born 19th April 1895. Augustus married Mary (Molly) KENNETT on 19th September 1922 in Dunedin. Molly was born in 1891 at Lake Wakatipu. They lived at 3 Frame St, Dunedin. Augustus died on 16th September 1962 and Molly on 31st December 1973. They had two children :
Kennett Andrew WATSON, born 5th September 1924 in Dunedin. He married Rita Irene GODSO (born 3rd July 1923). They lived at 74 Knowles St, Christchurch. Rita died on 18th February 1989 and Kennett in 1998. They had three children.
Jean Rees WATSON, born 21st July 1929. She married Joseph HARPER (born 10th August 1927 in Stillwater, West Coast) on 20th October 1951. They have three children.
The Watson family at Carr Street, Dunedin at Christmas 1957
Standing Bill, Bert , Charlie and Gus (Augustus)
Sitting Christina, Kate and Emily
Albert Inglis WATSON, born 8th April 1897. Albert remained a bachelor and lived in his parents’ home, 44 Carr St Dunedin. He died on 11th June 1980. He was cremated and his ashes scattered.
Charles Hector WATSON, born 12th March 1902 . He never married and lived with his brother Albert at 44 Carr St, Dunedin. He died on 5th February 1979. He was cremated and his ashes scattered.
William Stanley WATSON born on 24th June 1903, he married Ethel Jessie NAYLOR (born 1904) on 16th September 1922. William was a steam engine fireman and then an engine driver in Dunedin. They retired to and lived at 99 Chelmsford St, Invercargill. William died on 3rd June 1972 and Ethel on 19th June 1993. They are both buried in the Eastern Cemetery, Block 36, plot 820A. They had four children.
Bill and Ethel
Stanley WATSON, born on 5th September 1925 in Balclutha. He married Gwen Laurette QUELCH in Waikiwi on 4th June 1949. Gwen died on 28th December 1996 in Devonport, Auckland. She is buried at Schnapper Rock Road, Central Mixed Section 4, Row D, plot 84. They had six children.
Bruce William WATSON, born 14th April 1927 in Dunedin. He married Maureen Patricia O’CALLAGHAN in Lumsden, Southland, on 7th February 1959. Brian died at 13 Folia St, Lumsden, on 7th August 2000 and Pat on 21st March 2007. They had five children.
Nancy Mavis WATSON, born 21st December 1929 in Dunedin. She died on 5th November 1997 in Whangaparaoa, Auckland. She married Lenard O. BROUGH in 1952 in Invercargill. Nancy had three children.
Joyce Eleanor WATSON, born 23rd September 1931 in Dunedin. She married Trevor Russell JACKSON on 28th September 1954. They have two children.
J162E) Augustus JOHNSTON born on 12th March 1828 at The Copse, Rathdrum, Co Wicklow and baptised on 13th April 1828. Qualified from TCD as a medical doctor in 1853. He lived and practised in Ambleside, (Gale House), Westmoreland. He married firstly Mysie RIGBY born 1832, and they had 6 children, 4 sons & 2 daughters. Mysie died in 1880 aged 44 and is buried in Ambleside graveyard.
J162E1) Benjamin Rigby JOHNSTON was born in 1861 in Hawkeshead, Lancs. He was educated at Rossall School and in Dublin and Brussels, qualifying as a medical doctor in 1884, also M.R.C.S. Eng. and M.D. Brussels in 1890. After various resident appointments in Dublin hospitals he became a ship surgeon in 1886 to the Far East; he then acted as assistant at Birkenhead for a year or two and in 1888 settled in Grasmere, where he practised continuously for 58 years. He remained a bachelor and lived at Rose Cottage, Grasmere, with his sister Katherine. He had numerous interests, especially literary and archaeological, being secretary to Dove Cottage and the Wordsworth Museum. He died on 17th March 1946, aged 84, and was buried in Grasmere Cemetery after a funeral service at St Oswald's Parish Church.
J162E2) William Arthur JOHNSTON born in 1863 in Hawkeshead, Lancs. He qualified as a medical doctor in 1886. He married Emily BOWATER in Bangor, 4th Quarter 1896. They had no children. In the 1913 Medical Directory he is practising in Ravenglass, Cumberland. William died on 29th March 1933 and is buried in Muncaster.
J162E3) Augustus Henry Graydon JOHNSTON, third son of Augustus & Mysie, born about 1865 in Hawkeshead, Lancs. He qualified as a medical doctor in 1886. He married Isabel TOSH in Ulverston, 4th Quarter 1899 (pictured below right with her mother, sister and baby Hugh). Isabel was born in Ulverston, 3rd Quarter 1876. Augustus worked in Heysham and Scunthorpe. He died in Hendon on 24th March 1932 aged 68 years, and is probably buried in Scunthorpe. Isabel died 1st Quarter 1935, in Carlisle. They had two sons :
J162E31) Hugh Graydon JOHNSTON was born 2nd Quarter 1900 in Heysham. Hugh was motor salesman, living at 14 Holmstall Avenue, Edgware, Middlesex when he married Elsie Ada JONES, in Scunthorpe on 7th June 1930. Elsie was born in 1902. Hugh bacame a vacuum cleaner salesman.
Hugh & Elsie's wedding in 1930 with Elsie's sister Ida and flower girl, her niece Joan
During the war, Hugh was away for 6 years in the R.A.F. and Elsie & their two children followed him around from station to station in a little Austin 7 ! After the war in 1946, Hugh & Elsie (Pop & Marty) bought a restaurant with Hugh’s de-mob pay, The Chequers Tea Room in Rickmansworth. The restaurant didn’t do well, they took a long time to learn the ropes… They eventually sold up and decided to join their son Peter in Southern Rhodesia (1956), with their daughter Susan. Hugh had a slight heart attack on arriving in Salisbury so he immediately bought a farm in Banket, although Peter felt that he hadn’t acquired enough experience. (Banket is about 100 kms north of Salisbury) Hugh died in 1969. The farm was sold and Marty moved into a small cottage beside Peter & Pam’s house. She helped a lot looking after her grandchildren. She died in 1997, aged 96.
J162E311) Peter Richard Graydon JOHNSTON, born in Scunthorpe on 8th March 1931. He was educated at Rossall School, Fleetwood, Lancs. When he left school he worked as a farm labourer and then emigrated to Southern Rhodesia in 1954. He worked as assistant on a farm in Ingledorn. Peter then ran the family farm in Banket , with his sister. They grew tobacco, sunflower, cotton and beans, with a shop and a school and daily clinic for their African workers. The farmhouse, which was built with homemade bricks and a thatched roof, was in a very bad state of repair when they arrived. Their African workers lived in thatched huts. None of them spoke English so Peter & Susan had to learn Chilapalapa, a mixture of Africaans and Shona … It was very, very hard work but a good healthy life. Peter met his future wife out there – Pamela Margaret ASKE. Pamela was born in Halifax, Yorkshire and was working as a theatre nurse in Southern Rhodesia for a year. The farm was sold at the beginning of the 1970s. Peter went into the Cotton Co-op as a consultant and later worked for Dellswear and Saybrook, dress manufacturers, before opening a pharmacy with his wife Pam. Peter died on 19th November 2001. They had four children.
Peter, Susan, Marty & Hugh in 1948
J162E312) Susan JOHNSTON Special thanks to Sue who lives in Harare for all her help in writing this chapter of the Johnston Story. Research on this branch of the family was proving difficult until her nephew Mark, in Mozambique, found the Maturin/Johnston site on internet and got in touch.
J162E32) Geoffrey Augustus Graydon JOHNSTON, born 11th July 1908, Clifford House, Brough, Kirky Stephen. He was educated at Rossall School, Fleetwood, Lancs. Geoffrey joined the RAF (Squadron Leader, decorations MiD 1943, CBE 1949 – CO August 1939-April 1940) promoted to Group Captain July 1947, retired December 1957). He married Kathleen Irene WOLFE in Kensington, 2nd Quarter 1940. Kathleen was born in Hong Kong on 21st January 1919.
Geoffrey, Peter and Hugh (right)
After the war Geoffrey was stationed in the UK until 1947 when he was posted to RAF Changi in Singapore. He and the family were there until 1950 (he helped design the golf course at Changi and was an avid golfer for most of his life). In the early fifties he was commanding officer at RAF Hemswell in Lincolnshire and then at RAF Scampton also in Lincolnshire. In 1954 he was stationed at HQ Bomber Command in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. In 1956 he was posted as Air Attache to Cairo and was there during the ‘Suez crisis’. The family were sent home in September 1956 and Geoffrey was interned in the British Embassy until December of that year. He was retired from the RAF in late 1957 and the following year joined the Colonial Service and was posted to Nigeria. He was there for self-government and a year later for Independence. Geoffrey and Kathleen were posted to various places in Northern Nigeria and he retired again in 1967. Kathleen died in April 1990. Geoffrey died in Cheltenham in July 1994. They had two children.
J162E4) Katherine Frances JOHNSTON born in 1866 in Hawkeshead, Lancs. She remained a spinster and lived with her brother Benjamin in Grasmere (1901 census) She died in 1934, and is buried in Grasmere.
J162E5) George Ainslie JOHNSTON born in 1869 in Hawkeshead, Lancs, he qualified as a medical doctor in 1888 and practised in Ambleside, Westmoreland for more than fifty years. He remained a bachelor and died on 8th June 1949, aged 81. He is buried in Ambleside.
One of his patients was the well-known exiled German artist, Kurt Schwitters. George was more than his doctor, he was a good friend and they used to play chess together in the evening. The portrait of Dr George Johnston (right) is one of the best known of Schwitters’ Ambleside works. See the Armitt Collection website for more information.
J162E6) Emily Mysie JOHNSTON born about 1869 in Hawkeshead, Lancs. She lived with her father and brother George in Ambleside. She remained a spinster and died on 7th July 1950, aged 82. She is buried in Ambleside.
In 1883, Augustus married secondly Judith Ann METCALFE, born 11th May 1839. He died on 6th September 1907, aged 79. He is buried in Ambleside. Judith died on 27th September 1919 and is buried in Ambleside.
Thank you to Jean Johnston who was a great help with the research into the Ambleside branch.
J162Tw) Arthur Charles JOHNSTON born in Dublin on 16th November 1833 (Upper Pembroke St) and baptised in St Peter's Church, Dublin on 3rd January 1834. He emigrated to New Zealand with William and Edward. He married Sarah Annie PETCHELL in 1863 in Balclutha, Otago. They had no children. He died on 22nd July 1876 aged 41 years (pleuro-pneumonia). He is buried in the Southern cemetery, Dunedin.
J163) John JOHNSTON born 1780, married Anne ??. They lived in Ashley Lodge, Ballymacarrett, Co Down, near Belfast. Anne Johnston died on 25th May 1820, aged 33 years.
J1631) John JOHNSTON son of John & Anne Johnston, Ashley Lodge, Ballymacarrett. (No other information) J1632) Anna JOHNSTON born around 1817, she married the Rev Benjamin MATURIN on 3rd June 1840 in St Peter's Church, Dublin. She died in at Fannet Glebe May 1842 aged 25. They had one son : - Henry(see MATURIN) J1633) Margaret JOHNSTON born in May 1818, she died on 13th July 1821, aged 3 years. She is buried in Clifton St cemetery, Belfast.
John married secondly Agnes GEMMILL on 14th November 1823 at Rosemary St Presbyterian Church, Shankill, Belfast. Witnesses : John Gemmill and Margaret Wilson. John Johnston died in February 1833, aged 53. He is buried in Clifton St Graveyard, Belfast. Agnes remarried, to Dr John Scott on 9th April 1835. She died on 12th June 1845 and is buried in Clifton St Graveyard. John and Agnes had 3 children :
J1634) Robert JOHNSTON, born 1826. He died in Bangor , Co Down on 14th May 1843 and is buried in Clifton St cemetery. J1635) Edmond JOHNSTON son of John Johnston & his second wife Agnes née Gemmill, (No other information) J1636) Mary Elizabeth Catherine JOHNSTON born in 1831. She married Dr John Milford BARNETT, in Trinity Church,Paddington parish, Middlesex on 14th October 1859. John Barnett was born in Belfast on 28th September 1830, son of Richard Barnett of Belfast and Holywood and Sarah, daughter of John Milford. John Barnett was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and Edinburgh University and joined the Bombay Artillery in 1853. He served as surgeon (rank of Major) with the 26th Bombay Regiment. John Barnett retired from the Army in 1869. Vice-President of the Irish Temperance League, he formed the Holywood Band of Hope, with double pledge,and 300 members; in Belfast his years and energies were occupied with the work of numerous missions and associations, including the Presbyterian Orphan Society for all Ireland. Mary died at Croft House, Holywood, Co Down on 16th February 1875 aged 44 years. She is buried in Clifton St cemetery, Belfast.
Dr Barnett - photo found by Susan House and contributed to this site following her research, together with the picture of Edith Isobel / Elizabeth Isobel below. We are very grateful for Susan's generosity.
They had seven sons :
Son, born 1st November 1860, in Ahmedabad,India. Died young.
John Gemmill BARNETT, second son of Mary née Johnston & John Milford Barnett, born on 29th April 1862, in Deesa, India. Educated at Lurgan College and Heversham Grammar School, Kendal (Cumbria). He was a businessman and travelled from Belfast to Argentina – Rosario, Alberdi province of Santa Fe - as of representative of Lloyds. He married Susan Marsh in 1894 (Belfast). In England, they lived at Lavender Lodge, Biddenham, Bedfordshire. Susan died on 6th June 1936.
John Gemmill Barnett
John and Susan had four children :
Gladys Antoinette BARNETT, born 29th January 1895 in Riverside, Rosario de Santa Fé, Argentina. Christened on 3rd July 1895 in St Bartholomew’s Anglican Church in Rosario. Gladys married Lieutenant George Aubrey Thomas DARBY, Honourable Artillery Company, at the Chapel Royal, Tower of London, on 4th July 1918. Lt. Darby was born in Wandsworth, 4th Quarter 1890. He was awarded a Star Medal in 1914-15 when Captain. Promoted to Lieutenant in 1916, he obtained the British War and Victoria medals in 1918. They had a son:
Nigel A.B. DARBY, born 1st June 1921. He joined the Royal Engineers and was killed in action on 7th June 1941, aged 20. He is buried in grave 23262, St Mary’s Avenue, Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey..
George and Gladys divorced in October 1931.
George remarried in 2nd Q 1932, to Marjorie SOMERSMITH née DUNCAN. He died in 1960.
Gladys married secondly on 27th September 1933, Major Philip Claude NICHOLLS, at St Ethelburga-the Virgin, Bishopsgate. Philip, son of the Rev & Mrs F.H. Nicolls of Woodbridge, Ipswich was born in 1893. He died in 1956. Gladys died on 17th September 1969 and was cremated at Golders Green. John Maurice BARNETT, born 27th March 1898, in St Leonards on Sea. John married Georgina Margaret ARNOLD-FOSTER, on 15th October 1949, at Shalford Parish Church. Georgina was born 22nd July 1908 and died in July 1987.
Richard Dennis Gemmill BARNETT, born 1906. He married Evelyn ALLEN in 1933. They had a son :
Richard BARNETT, born 1935
William Reginald Neville Bruce BARNETT, born 1908. Neville married Dawn Newsome BAXTER 2nd Quarter ?(Dawn (Aurora Mary Elizabeth Newsome) born 14th March 1907, died in 1981.) They had a daughter:
Mary Elizabeth BARNETT
Milford Bruce BARNETT, third child of John and Mary Barnett, born 19th November 1863, in Deesa
Son, fourth child of John and Mary Barnett, born 27th October 1865, in Deesa. Died young
Kennet Bruce BARNETT, fifth child of John and Mary Barnett, born 22nd September 1867, in Holywood, Co Down. Educated at Methodist College, Belfast and Heversham Grammar School, Kendal (Cumbria). He studied medecine at Queen’s College, Belfast and joined the Army Medical Service as surgeon lieutenant in 1894. Surgeon Captain 1897; Major 1905; Lieutenant-Colonel 1915; served in the Tirah campaign North West Frontier 1897-8 and in World War I. Kennet retired in 1919. He married Rosa A. FENTIMAN in Paddington, 4th Quarter 1927. They lived at Oakwood, Ledborough Lane, Beaconfield, Buckinghamshire. (Rosa Alice HUMPHRIES was born in 1871 in St Olave. She married firstly John Percy FENTIMAN in 1893 and had a son, John Fentiman.) Kennet died 31st August 1941 aged 72. Rosa died in 1942 aged 71. On the death of his wife, Kennet left £1000 to Dr Barnardo’s Homes, £1000 to Epsom College and £500 to Heversham Grammar School.
Dr John Milford Barnett with Kennet, Ashley and Leslie in about 1905
Photo taken by Selina
Leslie BARNETT, sixth child of John and Mary Barnett, born around 1869. Educated at Heversham Grammar School, Kendal (Cumbria)
Heber Hope Johnston BARNETT, seventh child of John and Mary Barnett, born around 1872. Educated at Heversham Grammar School, Kendal (Cumbria)
"J Milford Barnett MD ?? H.M.'s Indian Army, College Gardens, Belfast Nov 1880" written on back. Photo by R Seggons of 13 Castle Place, Belfast.
John Milford Barnett married secondly Selina Boyd, in Sept 1875 in Clifton, Gloucestershire. John Barnett died in 1913 in Bexhill-on-Sea, aged 83. Selina died in 1927. They had three daughters (1901 Census) :
Mary Florence Boyd BARNETT, born in Ireland 1876. In both the 1901 census sheets Mary is living at home with her parents, at 21 Amherst Road, Bexhill on Sea, Sussex.
After their deaths, Mary travelled, to Australia, probably to see her sister & family (1930) and then she is on the passenger list of a ship going from Honolulu to San Francisco in February 1931.
She lived at 6 Marine Parade, Ventor, Isle of Wight and died there in 1952.
Mary, Isabel and Adela
Edith Isabel Campbell (Isabel) BARNETT, born about 1878, in Ireland.
Susan House found this photo marked "Edith Isabel Campbell Barnett", together with the above picture of Dr John Barnett, in a bought album. This was taken in May 1878, when she was seven months old, by E T Church of Belfast who was in business between 1870 and 1879.
On 4th June 1901, Isabel married Stanley Charles Wentworth WILSON at St Leonards on Sea, Sussex. Stanley was born in 1872 in Armidale, NSW, Australia, son of Irish-born parents, Charles Graham WILSON & his wife Annie Jane née McBride. Stanley's father Charles was Mayor of Armidale for five terms between 1890 and 1907 and also Member of the NSW Legislative Assembly 1898–1901.
Isabel & Stanley went out to Australia after their wedding. Stanley was an Auctioneer in Armidale. The Wilson family house, “Loombra”, was built in the late 1880s for Charles Wilson, a stock & station agent, and it remained in the family until 1945. The house has many typical late Victorian features : bay windows, cast-iron veranda decoration and bull-nosed iron roofing.
Stanley and Isabel in 1901
Stanley died in London, England in March 1944 and is (probably) buried in Amberley, Gloucestershire. Isabel died in Brisbane, Queensland in July 1951. They had five children:
Milford Graham WILSON, born in Armidale, NSW, in 1902. Milford qualified as a Medical Doctor and he practiced in Toowoomba, Queensland. He married Edith TALBOT in 1928 in Woollahra, NSW.
Talbot Milford Stanley WILSON 1929-2012
Laura Isabel WILSON, born in Armidale, NSW, in 1903. Laura married Robert Arundel MacKENZIE in Armidale, NSW, at St Peter's Cathedral in 1926. Robert was born in 1902 in Dubbo, NSW, son of Arthur Swinton MacKenzie & his wife Eve née Tibbitts. He was a Grazier in Tullochard, Mitchell, Queensland, a long-established pastoral station. Robert died in October 1969 and Laura in August 1979, both in Toowoomba, Queensland. They had five children :
Robert Jock Milford MacKENZIE
Alan Stanley MacKENZIE
Peter Arundel MacKENZIE
Bruce Swinton MacKENZIE 1933-1996
Patricia Laura (Pattie) MacKENZIE
Arthur Stanley WILSON,
born 28th October 1907. He attended the Armidale School before going to Oxford University in England and graduated B.A., B.C.L. and practised as a Barrister at the Middle Temple in London. He served as a Lieut. in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RN.V.R). He was a Sub- Lieut. from 1.12.1939 and Lieut. from 2.1.1940.
He was killed in action in the North Sea. He was in charge of the minesweeper, "Robert Bowen", when it was bombed and blown up by German bombers on 9th February 1940. He is remembered with honour at the Lowestoft Naval War Memorial in Suffolk.
Bruce Comyn WILSON, born 11th May 1910. He attended the Armidale School and then became a Grazier in Warwick, Queensland. In 1933, Bruce purchased the Brook property near Gore (Brooklyn Station) and stocked it with breeding ewes. Bruce’s grandfather, Charles Graham Wilson, originally settled near Warwick when he came out from England in the 1860s.
Bruce married Marjorie MacDOUGALL at St Stephen's Church, Macquarie Street, Sydney, in 1936.
Bruce died on 28th December 1988 and is buried in Point Clare Cemetery, NSW.
Pixie Joy WILSON, born about 1922. She married John FOLEY on 14th June 1946, in Hampstead, London.
Adela B. Milford BARNETT, third daughter of John Barnett and Selena, born about 1885, in Ireland. In the 1901 census, Adela is living at home with her parents. In 1911 she appears as an “inmate” student in St Andrew’s Home, Fawcett Rd, Southsea, which specialized in the “Diocesan training for women”.
Adela died on 20th May 1949 in Crossways Nursing Home, Weston-Super-Mare. Her address was 58 Beach Road. She is probably buried in Weston-Super-Mare.
J164) Higginson JOHNSTON youngest son of John & Maria Johnston, was born around 1790. He was an attorney and qualified at the King's Inns, Dublin in 1816. He married Sarah HUTTON, daughter of Alderman Henry HUTTON & his first wife Elizabeth BARBER. The marriage took place in St Peter’s Church, Dublin on 29th January 1810. Higginson died at n°134 rue Royale, Boulogne sur Mer, in France, on 11th June 1828, aged 38. “A pencil copy from France” of Higginson Johnston’s will is in the National Archives in Dublin, dated 30th August 1826, in which Higginson instructs that the whole of his property is to be equally divided between his four children. He requests his sister-in-law Susan Guinness, wife of John Grattan Guinness, and Mrs Thorpe, wife of the Rev Dr Thorpe, to take upon themselves the guardianship of his daughter Susan, and Dr Thorpe and his cousin Thomas Murray, Hope St, Liverpool, to take guardianship of his three sons. On the death of Mrs Guinness, Higginson appoints, by Codicil dated 18th October 1827, Maria Johnston, “his very dear mother”, as one of the guardians of Susan. Higginson & Sarah had four children :
J1641) Susan JOHNSTON. She married Henry GRAVES, born 1797, on 2nd November 1833 in St George’s Church, Dublin. They lived in Hollybrook Park, Dublin and later in Fishergate, Preston in Lancashire. Henry GRAVES died on 8th December 1862 in Fishergate. They had eleven children:
Sarah Jane GRAVES
Adelaide Eliza GRAVES
Henry William GRAVES
William Percival GRAVES
Benjamin Champney GRAVES Robert GRAVES Edmund Johnston GRAVES
J1642) Higginson JOHNSTON born around 1814. Educated in TCD, aged 20 in 1834
J1643) John JOHNSTON born around 1815. Educated in TCD, aged 17 in 1832
J1644) Henry JOHNSTON son of Higginson Johnston & Sarah née Hutton.
J17) Mary JOHNSTON, seventh child of Benjamin Johnston and Mary Weld, born 29th December 1750. J18) Elizabeth JOHNSTON, born 11th May 1752 J19) Anne JOHNSTON, tenth child of Benjamin Johnston and Mary Weld, born 22nd October 1753, married Jonathan SISSON - second son of Jonathan SISSON, Linen Printer and Bleacher of Lucan, and Catherine Marie née LEFEBURE, in Tallaght, Dublin on 23rd September 1775. Anne’s husband was a Linen Printer and Merchant. They lived in 20 Charlemont Street, Dublin. Jonathan died, intestate, about 1829. Anne and Jonathan had eight children:
Jonathan Sisson - born 1777
Jonathan SISSON, born about 1777 married Sarah DUNNE in Taney (Dundrum), Dublin on 18th September 1805. He became a Free Citizen of Dublin, 1810, (Weavers’ Guild, which he represented in the Court of Common Council 1829-35). They lived at 20 Charlemont St, Dublin until the late 1830s when they moved to N°40 Ontario Terrace, Grand Canal, Upper Charlemont St. Jonathan died there in 1849. Once widowed, Sarah emigrated to Canada to join her children there. She lived with her daughter Mary Anna. Sarah died in Belleville, Ontario on 21st September 1855, aged 78 and is buried in St Mary Magdalene Cemetery, Napanee, Ontario. Jonathan and Sarah had 3 children:
Jonathan SISSON, born around 1808, a Free Citizen of Dublin, 1849. There is the following entry in the Freedoms records of Dublin : “Jonathan Sisson of Ontario Terrace, Rathmines, admitted by birth, as son of Jonathan Sisson, admitted Michaelmas 1810, 1849”, (Archives Division, City Hall, Dublin).
Mary Anna SISSON, born in Dublin in 1811. She married at Kingston, Ontario, Canada in 1841 George FILLITER of Thurlow, near Belleville, Ontario. George came to Canada circa 1830, originally from Dorset, England. He resided in Belleville and its immediate vicinity, with one brief interval, for forty-five years. He was a rancher, taking his farm in Thurlow about 1834 and later Lt Colonel, (1863), of the Hastings Militia in Belleville. He also served his community for many years as Justice of the Peace. George died on 29th April 1880. Mary Anna followed her late mother’s example, by leaving home in Canada and going to live with her married daughter in England, at Bradley Hall, Ashbourne, Derbyshire. She died on the 24th November 1890. She and George had four children :
George Sisson FILLITER, born in 1842 in Thurlow, Belleville, Ontario. He was sent to England, as were all his siblings, to be educated, where he remained. Ordained in the Church of England, he became Vicar of Ryhill,and then Master of Holgate, both in the West Riding of Yorkshire. In 1877 he married Emily Violette BRAMELD, née HURT, daughter of the Rev. George William Hurt. They had 3 children :
Violette Kathleen FILLITER, born in 1878 at Ashton, Lancs and who died at Parkstone, Dorset in 1964. She married in 1907, Geoffrey Colley MARCH, MRCS; LRCP (London), formerly of Southampton, latterly of Abbotsbury, Dorset. He died in 1922. They had a son :
Richard Anthony Colley MARCH, 1913-1990. He died unmarried.
George William FILLITER, M.A. (Oxon), born in 1879 at Ashton, Lancs. He was an architect in Manchester. He died, unmarried, in 1960.
Clavell Bernard Sisson FILLITER, 1881-1883
Mary Sarah FILLITER, born on the 8th June 1844 in Thurlow, Ontario. Educated in England, she remained there. She married on the 7th August 1867 at St George’s, Hanover Square, Bloomsbury, George Moore DIXON of The Manor House, Corfe Castle, later of Bradley Hall, Derbyshire, J.P. The service was conducted by the groom’s brother-in-law, the Rev William Brown, DD., Rector of St Cuthbert’s Stella, Blaydon on Tyne, Northumberland. Mary Sarah died on 21st November 1923. They had five children :
Mary Elizabeth DIXON, born 21st May 1868 at The Manor House, Corfe Castle, Dorset. She was a companion to her widowed mother until the latter’s death. Mary then lived near her maternal cousins in Parkstone, Dorset, from 1923 until her death, unmarried, on 29th April 1951.
George Thomas DIXON, formerly of Bradley Hall, Derbyshire, Commissioner of Livestock, Board of Agriculture & Fisheries, England and Wales, O.B.E. George was born 25th March 1873 at Bradley Hall. Educated at Repton, he experienced considerable ill-health when 17 years old. A doctor recommended the Tropics, so George went to train in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) to be a tea planter. Nearly losing his life there, another doctor recommended an extremely cold, dry climate ! George travelled to the North West Territory of Canada, where he became a salmon fisherman. His illness, undiagnosed tuberculosis, never troubled him again. Serving next in the North-West Mounted Police, he experienced police work during the gold rush in the adjoining Yukon. Latterly, he became a rancher with a friend at Bowness Ranch, near Calgary, Alberta. He returned to England on his father’s death. Selling his estate in 1910, he joined the Forestry Commission, moving later to the Board of Agriculture & Fisheries, where he became a Livestock Inspector. Promoted to head that department as the Commissioner for England and Wales, he was awarded for his services in the New Year’s Honours List, 1931, with the O.B.E., (Civil Division). Retiring in 1938, he was recalled to serve as Land Commissioner, Devon & Cornwall, 1939-1940. George died at Grange-in-Borrowdale, Cumberland on 9th February 1951. He had married at Tiverton, Devon, on 17th January 1911, Hilda Marian EGREMONT, daughter of Edgar J. Egremont. The service was conducted by his cousin, the Rev. William D. Filliter. George and Hilda had two children :
William George Moore DIXON, Major in the Regular Army, late of The Sherwood Foresters, he married Hope May DE GRUCHY. They have descendants.
Elizabeth Mary DIXON. She married Lt Colonel John Patrick DE MOLEYNS WILKINSON. They have descendants.
Winifred Jane DIXON, born at Bradley Hall on 29th August 1874 and died Ist January 1950 at Wimborne, Dorset, where she is buried. She married at St John’s, Chester, on 12th December 1899, James Cautley ATKINSON, latterly of Colwyn Bay, Solicitor. They had no issue.
Ida Harriet DIXON, born at Bradley Hall on 8th November 1875 and died at Fenny Bentley, near Ashbourne, on 10th November 1962. She married at All Saints’ Church, Bradley, on 7th September 1898, Edmund Paley STEPHENSON, C. Eng. The marriage was conducted by the groom’s father, the Rev. Robert Stephenson, assisted by the bride’s uncle, the Rev. George Sisson Filliter and the rector !! Paley Stephenson had the good fortune to not need to pursue a profession, so had been for some years what was then called a “gentleman rider”. He was killed when he broke his neck, eleven months after marrying, in a steeplechase fall. They had no issue. Jane Moore DIXON, born at Bradley Hall on 20th October 1876 and died, unmarried, at Warden-on-Tyne, Northumberland, where she lived with relatives, on 28th February 1941.
Clavell Freeland FILLITER, born on the 19th January 1847 in Thurlow, Ontario. Educated in England, he had a military career and became a Lieutenant on 28th October 1871, serving in the Army until 1889. Capt. 2nd West Indies Regt., and later of The Bedfordshire Regt., Clavell served with particular gallantry and distinction in the Ashanti War, as recorded in the footnotes in each successive Army List from 1874 until his retirement. He was sent as Special Commissioner in 1873 to King Solomon of Domonassie, whose assistance to the British in this war was vital. He later fought and was wounded in the Battle of Pecabio, the 27th October 1873 but went on to fight in the battles of Assanchi,(3rd November that year), Amoaful, (31st January 1874) and Becquah, (1st February 1874). After the successful conclusion of the war, the government of the day disbanded the 2nd Battalion, West Indies Regiment. Clavell, a Captain from the 25th September 1877, joined the Bedfordshire Regiment. Stationed in Enniskillen, Ireland, then in India, his next battle experience was in Burma in 1885. The British “Burma Expedition” of that year ended with the annexation of Upper Burma in January 1886. Back again in Rangoon, Clavell was appointed Adjutant of the newly raised Rangoon Mounted Rifle Volunteers and “Assistant Cantonment Magistrate”, (Rangoon), the 18th September 1885. Whilst in that city, family information records his having founded “The Gymkhana Club”. (His great nephew, Captain “Bill” Dixon, with the 2nd Chindit Expedition in 1944, fought about sixty years later over much the same terrain, on this occasion as part of the struggle to free Burma from Japanese occupation.) Clavell F. Filliter married in Jamaica, at the headquarters of the West Indies Regt., on the 19th April 1876, Ida Allice NUNES. Clavell died without issue.
Henry Edmund FILLITER, born 3rd May 1852 in Thurlow, Ontario. Educated in both England and Canada, he was a partner in “Filliter & Holden”, Brokers, Belleville. He married on the 16th June 1873 in Belleville, Ida Agnes E. HOLDEN, daughter of E. Holden Esq., of a family long-settled in Canada, having migrated there in 1799 from the United States. They had four children :
Mabel F. FILLITER, born 16th March 1874 and died in 1967. She married I896, Henry W. POLLOCK, who died in 1939. They had two sons, (one engaged in banking, Bank of Montreal, the other dying aged 26) and a daughter, none of whom married.
Clavell George FILLITER, 1876 – 1877. Ida Nina Christian Bernard FILLITER, born in 1880 in Belleville, Ontario and died on 28th September 1978 at Shoreham Village, Chester, Nova Scotia. She married on 10th October 1899, Charles S. STROUD. They had a son and three daughters and have descendants in Canada.
George FILLITER, O.B.E., born 18th March 1885 in Belleville, Ontario and died 31st August 1973 at Moncton, New Brunswick. Orphaned at the age of five, he went to live in England with his aunt, Mary Sarah Dixon, née Filliter, at Bradley Hall, Derbyshire from 1891 to 1897, attending boarding school and spending holidays with his aunt and uncle. He then went to college in Canada and entered the Bank of Montreal in 1903. By 1913, he was Manager, (Magog branch). He was afterwards Manager at Woodstock, N.B., (1918), Charlottetown (1925) and Moncton (1932), retiring in 1946. In the latter part of his career, he travelled as a Bank Inspector for the Bank of Montreal to Mexico and New York City. George’s civic service was extensive. Amongst the many committees he chaired in New Brunswick, was the Citizens’ War Service Committee. He was awarded the O.B.E.,(Civil Division), on 1st July 1946 for meritorious service organising and regulating the activities of the various war service organisations in the area. George married on 7th October 1911 at Quebec City, Julia Blanche HALL, daughter of William Charles John Hall and his wife Amy Adele, née Forsyth. They had four sons, one of whom died at a young age. Their three surviving sons all came once more to Europe, on this occasion engaged in active service, (George Richard Forsyth Filliter as a Major, 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade, for which he received the M.B.E.; David Forsyth Filliter D.S.M. as a Captain, 2nd Field Regt., Royal Canadian Artillery and Brian Forsyth Filliter as an Air Gunner, R.C.A.F.) They all have descendants in Canada.
Edmund Johnston SISSON, born abt 1815 was a Barrister. He was admitted to the Freedom of Dublin on 22nd August 1846 : “Edmund Johnston Sisson of Upper Charlemont Street, admitted a Free Citizen of Dublin by marriage to the daughter of Thomas Cornwell, himself a Free Citizen”. His wife, née Mary CORNWALL died not long afterwards.He married, secondly, Mary JUDGE, daughter of John Chapman JUDGE and Emily SINNETT, by License on 30th November 1848. They emigrated to Ontario, Canada in 1849 and settled in Belleville, Ontario, joining Edmund’s sister Mary Anna & her husband. When in Canada, Edmund found a second profession as a Notary Public. He died on 17th April 1898 and Mary on 5th April 1915. Edmund and Mary had five children:
Mary Emily SISSON born abt 1851
Jonathan Judge SISSON, born 24th April 1852, was a Civil Engineer. He married Jane BATESON and they lived briefly in Toronto. In 1881 he had returned to live with his parents in Belleville. He died on 28th October 1931 in Belleville, a widower. Jonathan and Jane had issue, one of whom :
Ethel Blanche Mary SISSON born 5th April 1880.
Catherine Lefebure SISSON, born about 1858, married Thomas Edwin DRINKWATER of Medicine Hat, North West Territory, on 30th April 1880.
Hester Anna SISSON born 26th September 1862, lived in Belleville with her brother Jonathan until his death.
Elizabeth Mauvillain SISSON married Albert OLVER M.D. of Medicine Hat, North West Territory.
Benjamin Johnston SISSON, born around 1782/1784. He was a wool merchant with his brother Jonathan, and features in Dublin directories as “B.J. Sisson & Co., Merchants, 12 Fleet St”. From 1815 he resided at 16 Upper Merrion Street, moving by 1832 to Molesworth Street. He was a member of Dublin’s Court of Common Council from 1829 to 1831. He is not known to have married. He died 7th August 1849, aged 67. He is buried in Kilgobbin, Co Dublin.
Catherine SISSON, born about 1785, married John A. STEPHENSON in St Peter’s Church, Dublin on 5th September 1806. John Stephenson had already died by 1828 as Catherine is referred to in her uncle Edmond Johnston’s will (J15) as a widow with two children.
Anna SISSON, born circa 1788 and married circa 1808, George WYBRANTS. George died in 1831 and Anna in 1847. They are both buried in Derrylossory Old Graveyard, Co. Wicklow.They had one child:
George Sisson WYBRANTS, born about 1809, educated in Dublin and admitted to study for the degree of Barrister at the King’s Inns, Trinity Term 1832. He sat the final exam in 1841 and practised from that time onwards in Dublin as a Solicitor.
George married,firstly, Esther Anne BLAYNEY, on 2nd April 1839 in St Peter's Church, Dublin. They had two children :
George WYBRANTS, born 24th January 1843, baptised 30th March 1843.
Emily WYBRANTS, baptised 17th December 1844.
George married secondly Mary SWAN née CHAMNEY, daughter of Henry Chamney, in St Peter’s Church, Dublin on 2nd October 1861. George died in 1867, aged 58.
Harriett SISSON married Valentine DUNNE in 1824, second son of Valentine DUNNE and Barbara SINNOTT. Valentine was a solicitor. In 1842 they lived at 12 Charleville Mall, Dublin.
Eliza SISSON married Charles DUNNE in 1825. They lived at N°4 Charleville Mall, Dublin.
Amelia SISSON married John HALL in 1825.
William SISSON, born 1796. He matriculated at Trinity College, Dublin, as a pensioner 18th October 1823. He was in 1826 Deputy Librarian at Marsh’s Library, Dublin. He married Mary (?) some time before 1841, when they were living in the High St., Queenborough, Kent. William was a schoolmaster there. In the 1851 Census, he is still a schoolmaster, living in Wolverhampton, where he died in 1854. They had no known issue.
J1T) Matthew JOHNSTON, born 17 March 1756, died young
J1E) Jane JOHNSTON, eighth child of Benjamin Johnston and Mary Weld, married John Gunstan Holmes. Jane Holmes of Richmond Hill, Rathmines, died around 1843. They had three children:
Maria HOLMES, born in Dublin about 1784. Maria married William FIGGIS.
She was living at 12 King Edward Rd, South Hackney, England, when she
died on 26th November 1873, aged 89. Maria and William had 12 children: | 127,145 | 492 |
898,815 | janilye on Family Tree Circles
Journals and Posts
The Orient steamship John Elder, A. J. Cooper commander, arrived at Semaphore, South Australia and anchored at half past 4. on Wednesday, March 12, 1879.
SHE had a capital passage but no special incidents occurred. One birth took place, and the child was named John Elder.
The following is the list of immigrants by the s.s. John Elder, with their ages and occupations : —
Gilbert Aitkins, 18, agricultural laborer;
William Bacon, 25, do.;
George Beavis, 22, do. ;
Charles Bennett, 20, do. ;
Matthew Blakey, 20, do.;
William Bond, 22, do. ;
Robert Brewis, 24, pick and shovel laborer ;
Peter Brooks, 27, do.;
John Brown, 21, agricultural laborer ;
William Dabrnett, 19, do. ;
Robert Dunn, 24, pick and shovel laborer ;
John George, 31, agri cultural laborer ;
John Glover, 22, do. ;
William Gosling (special constable), 25, do.;
Samuel Grapes, 20, pick and shovel laborer;
Robert Gummer, 23, agricultural laborer ;
Job Hallett,23, do.;
Thomas Harrison, 21, quarryman ;
David Holland, 17, agricultural laborer ;
Tom Horner, 31, pick and shovel laborer;
George Hoyes, 21, agricultural laborer;
Albert V. King, 22, do. ;
Robert Madus, 21, pick and shovel laborer;
Henry Male, 23, agricultural laborer;
Watson Male, 17, do. ;
William Meadlan, 23, pick and shovel laborer;
Robert A. Munro, 20, house and cartwright;
John McAskill, 20, agricultural laborer;
Alexander McKenzie, 19, do.;
John McPherson, 22, do. ;
Edward Peel, 25, pick and shovel laborer;
Robert Purdy, 29, agricultural laborer ;
William Read, 23, do. ;
Edwin Robins, 18, do.;
Ben Russ, 20, do.;
Alfred Smith, 21, do.;
William Smith, 22, pick and shovel laborer ;
Anthony Steel, 28, do.;
Benjamin Thomson, 22, agricultural laborer;
James Turner, 22, laborer.
The following is the list of first saloon passengers: -
Mr and Mrs Arthur Bull, family (seven)and servant;
Mr Arthur Campbell,
Miss E C Caswell,
Mr Arthur Crocker,
Mr and Mrs J C Davie,
Mr John Duncan,
Mr John H Durham,
Miss C D Fergusson,
Rev C. J. and Mrs Godby,
Mr J H Hickson,
Mr Edgar W Hoe,
Mr and Mrs Arthur Howell,
Dr Thomas G Kerr,
Mr Alex Maclean,
Mr and Mrs G F Maberly and child,
Miss Auguste Innes,
Rev T M O'Callaghan,
Rev. G.D.P. Pritchard,
Mr A. O. Robotham,
Mr Frank J. Sheppard,
Mr Richard M. Sheppard,
Mr H Spragge,
Mr and Mrs C G Tindal and servant,
Mr Charles F. Tindal,
Mr John T. Tindal,
Miss Annie Tindal,
Miss Louisa Tindal,
Miss Jane Tindal,
Miss Elizabeth Tindal,
Miss Esther Tindal,
Mr H P Tomkinson,
Mr W P Turton,
Mr R E Nowell Twopenny,
Mr Edward Twynam,
Mr and Mrs Forster Willson, child, and nurse,
Mr Charles V Wilson,
Mrs Willson, the Misses Willson (two),
Mr A. J. Winterson,
Mr Wm. Wood,
Mr and Mrs.Reginald Young,
Also received European correspondence and files of English papers to the 30 January, 1879,
and South African letters and papers to the 22 February 1879.
[These are the memories Alfred Smith of the Hawkesbury in New South Wales.
Alfred was born in Hobartville, New South Wales on the 13 July 1831 to John Smith 1798-1833 a convict who drowned in Liverpool in 1833 and Adelaide Eliza De La Thoreza 1808-1877 she had been born in Madrid. After John Smith died, at 15 months of age, Alfred was adopted by George JAMES 1768-1862 and his wife Ann Kelly 1789-1864. They had only one girl, Eliza JAMES 1824-1862 ( the mother of Ann ONUS 1841-1927) Alfred died 0n 24 December 1917. On the 11 October 1854 at St.Matthew's Catholic Church, Windsor, Alfred married Ann Amelia KINSELA 1838-1917 the daughter of Martin KINSELA 1793-1860 and Ellen, nee HENDLING 1794-1862. Alfred had many jobs throughout his lifetime, including Town Stockman, running The Punt across the river and a drover, droving throughout New South Wales and as far down as Victoria.]
Many of the people mentioned are my ancestors and his recollections have been an invaluable aid not just to my own family research but many other family trees seeded in the Hawkesbury.janilye
Right in the corner of the vacant allotment at the corner of Paget and March streets, there stood a weatherboard house, which had a verandah in front. At the side of the house was a very large cedar tree. When I first remember the place the old man Douglas of all lived there. He would be great-grandfather to the present William Douglas, who we all know today as a good bricklayer in Richmond. In those days we always knew the corner as Douglas' corner, and the big tree at the side of the house as Douglas's cedar tree. I still have a vivid recollection of old Mr. Douglas. He used to wear his hair very long, brush it round behind his ears, and it would hang well on to his shoulders. He had two horses and carts, and hired them out to people who wanted to draw wood. He charged five shillings per day for each horse and cart. He had one very funny saying, which he would use on special occasions. It was this "Bad luck to all informers! You're a liar ! Whether or no too bad. cabbage is no good without pork." He bad two sons, wheelwrights, Joseph and Isaac, and about where Ernest Marlin is living at present there was a skillion, and they had a big workshop there. In this same skillion Ellen Cavanah lived for some time. I think old Saunders, the brickmaker,lived there also. Alderman T. Biddle's father was the agent. Where Mr Sid Paull's residence stands there was a blacksmith's shop kept by Dan Ward. He was a single man and lived with his mother, who we always knew as Granny Ward. I remember three daughters. Sarah married a man named Brett. Jane married a man named Ben Gawthorn, and went to Mudgee to live. I think there are some of the descendants about there now. Phyllis married a chemist named Lester, in Mudgee. Old Granny Ward had a white cockatoo, which could say almost anything, He would call her whenever she was wanted in her little shop. I understood he was 35 years old when Mrs Ward died, and I heard her daughter, Mrs Lester, took him to Mudgee. Outside her family she had a boarder named Robinson, who was a tailor. The old lady was a most industrious woman, and had a big mangle, with which she did a large trade.
Then there was vacant land till we came to where Mr W. Drayton is residing. Here was an old house, used as a school, which was kept by Mr Hogsflesh. Mrs Harrington, a widow, lived there after Mr Charles Hogsflesh kept the school. I think Mr Harrington was killed by the blacks somewhere up Kurrajong. Old Mrs Harrington was a chatty old woman. She often came round to Mr James for advice, as he was a constable. If I were about when she came she would say to me 'Go out !— get out of this!' and away I would have to go. Later she becme Mr. Preystnell, but the union did not turn out a happy one. They did not live long together, and Preystnell told me the reason.
In the course of time the property came into the hands of the Draytons, and is now owned by my old friend Mr W. Drayton. Some years ago he built an up to date cottage on the land, which has improved it so much that only us old hands can have an idea of what it was like in my boyhood days. Next door to this stood the old Horse and Jockey Hotel that was pulled down when the Imperial was built on the corner. The first person I remember living there was Thomas Silk, Harry's father, who kept it as an hotel. His sign was the Lion and the Unicorn. We lads had a song among ourselves which went : —
The Lion and the Unicorn Are fighting for the crown,
The Lion beat the Unicorn All around the town.
The first circus I ever saw was in the paddock at the back when Tom Silk kept the pub. A man named Croft was the proprietor, and I never forgot Quinn the tight rope walker. We thought it was something wonderful to see a man walking backwards and forwards on a tight rope. Old Mr.Joseph Onus lived there for a while. Here he had 'Jerry Sneak,' the racehorse, half brother to the famous 'Jorrocks' The first gold cup run for in the colony was won by 'Sneak' at Homebush. When old Mr Crisford and family first came to Richmond it was in this place they commenced housekeeping. Caleb Crisford was only talking to me about it the second last time he was in Richmond. Then a tall man, whose name I don't remember, kept a school there. He had a school also down on the 'Bottoms,' by 'Smashem' Smith's. One night as he was going to Windsor two fellows nearly killed him. The Rev. Father Terry, the Roman Catholic priest, held services upstairs in the big room. Old Mr Brooks also kept a school here, and no doubt some of his pupils are alive to-day in the district. At the time Mr. James Bates took it over to start pub keeping, the building was in a state of great disrepair, and it cost him a large sum of money to put it in thorough order. He was living there at the time of the '67 flood, and I heard it was about half an inch over the counter, but I was up the country at the time and only heard this.
Among others who kept the old place as an hotel will be remembered 'Black' Johnny Gough, ]im Ryan (Toby's son), Tom Hough, George Cobcroft, Tom Young, Campion, Ted Morgan and, after his death, his widow. On the piece of land on which the Imperial Hotel is built was a weatherboard place in which Dan Neil lived. Right on the corner he had a blacksmith's shop. I have been given to understand he was a Government man to old Mr Cox, of Clarendon, and did his blacksmithing. But to his credit, with good conduct and a good record he became a free man, and started black smithing on his own account on this corner.
On this same corner Tom Masters, of Windsor, kept his first little shop. He had been droving, but his health began to give way, and he decided to start in business. On the opposite side of the street where Joseph Ashton keeps his cases there was a little slab place with no verandah. 'Bill' Wilmott a shoemaker, lived in it. While living there he died suddenly. Mrs Morgan, who they called 'Betty,' a very stout woman, was his housekeeper. Next door, only on the same block of land, there stood one room in which lived an old bachelor known as 'Bob the Stockman.' For a long time he made ti-tree brooms, and sold them for sixpence each. He would go out to the Black Swamp and get the good class of ti-tree, cut it, and let it wilt for a certain time before making it into brooms. You would see him coming home with a large bundle of it on each shoulder. Where Mr. S. Orchard's own house stands, and where he kept a store for many years, stood a skillion with no verandah and containing three or four rooms. Here Mrs. Davis, mother of Mrs S. Orchard, lived for some time. Later on Mrs. Davis married Matthew Webb, a carpenter. It was Mr Webb who had the front put on and started storekeeping. Later on he went to St Mary's, and kept a tannery. He died over there. Tom Masters kept a general store there also. Coming down nearer the present day we knew it as a butcher's shop kept by 'Ike' Cornwell. Mr. Orchard conducted a successful business there and a general store for a long time.
What we now call the park, wasn't such a beauty spot when I first knew it, and was called the Market Square. In wet weather water would lie in a few places about the centre. It wasn't quite as level as now. There were a few trees standing, a few logs on the ground, and plenty of stumps. On the 5th of November, Guy Fawkes day, they would build a platform some five or six feet high about where the pavilion now stands, and make a effigy of a man. They had the effigy on show at day time, and large heaps of wood piled up about a a rod away. When night came they set fire to the man and heaps of wood, and great was the rejoicing.
Where the School of Arts and public school stands was the pound paddock. About where Constable Ross has his garden was the pound. The first poundkeeper I remember was old 'Dicky' Lounds.
Returning to the corner where Mr. S. Orchard keeps his present "Railway Stores" I remember there stood a skillion with a small verandah. In this humble, dwelling Charles Chamberlain, the fencer and splitter, lived. On the spot where Mr Orchard's store stands there were several lots of bricks made by 'Tim ' the brickmaker. This was the only name I knew him by. Where Mr. F. Gow's places are there stood a weatherboard skillion of four rooms and no verandah, which was occupied by Mr Tafe. He used to grow tobacco, and had two sons, Joe and Dick. After that there stood a brick skillion, where Mr Wade lived. Mr Wade was a gardener to Mr William Bowman. In his spare moments, and with the help of his wife, he used to raise a lot of good vegetables, his wife used to sell them. He also grew tobacco. He had two daughters, Jane, and Harriet. but only one son, I think. He had a tobacco press made out of logs and a long lever to press his tobacco leaf. A man named Province — 'Ratty,' as he was always called —lived with him for a long time and helped him with the tobacco.
A brick house stands on the allotment where Mr Guest's saleyards are. It is an old place. I don't remember it getting built, but I don't think it had been up many years when I first knew it. Here old Mr Ducker (Roland's father) kept a shop when they first came to Richmond. Old Mr Ducker was an industrious man and I recollect him driving his team up and down for goods. Mr B. Richards had a butcher's shop in the verandah portion on the end towards Mr. F. Gow's property, and sold, mutton only. This was the last place he lived in in Richmond till he built the beautiful mansion 'Kamilaroi.' From here he went to live at the bridge, where he kept public house. Mr Joseph Single lived there also.
I have heard old Mr Martin, who married Miss Henderson (Granny Field) gave it to his granddaughter, who married Charley Price. Charley lived here a good while. Next door, where Miss Fergusson is living, must be a very old place, as it had an old look when I first recollect it. Mr King occupied the whole premises — late years it has been made into two dwellings. Old Mr King was a nail maker, and consequently was always known as 'King the nailer.' He used to live in one end and have his shop in the other. After Mr King left it, Joe Poole lived there. He ran a one horse coach to Windsor. Nixon, the tailor, lived there also.
Then there was a vacant allotment next in my earliest days. Later on, but standing on this piece of ground is the old two-storey place which has been in the possession of the Price family for many years. The brick work was done by Caleb Crisford and his father. Grand father Price died there, as also did Rebecca, his daughter. It was from this place that Mrs Archie Kennedy buried a son, Donald, and a daughter, Mary, in a very short space of time. Mrs Parkinson, who afterwards went to England, kept a school there.
Next door we have the old home of the Price family which I don't remember getting built. Old Mr. William Price of all (great grandfather of the two young Prices now living in Richmond), kept the second post office in Richmond in the old place. At the back was the tan-yard. He also carried on undertaking, &c.
Again there was vacant land, but afterwards there was a black-smith's shop erected, and this, combined with monumental work, made it a scene of activity.
I don't remember the house at the corner, owned by William Sly, getting built. The first I recollect living there was 'Joe the wheeler,' a wheelwright by trade. Joe engaged with Mr William Bowman to go to Tunnabutta but he never turned up. He arranged to go by Bell's Line, and some considerable time afterwards the remains of a man were found at the Bald Hill, seven miles the other side of Mount Tomah. As he was never heard of after leaving Richmond it was always thought to be his body.
Dr. Rowan lived there also. Miss Hawsey — a miss, about 60 years of age — kept house for him, and did dressmaking besides.
Where Mr Steve Dunston is living plays its part in Richmond's history.The first man I remember living there was James Griffiths. Then old Alexander Gough (father of the 'Johnny' who kept the Royal Hotel) lived there. He was a cooper by trade, and used to make the old fashioned churns, &c, and one of his make I worked many a time when making butter at old Mr James'.
On the same block of ground as John Sly has his house built, only about forty for fifty yards back from March-street, was an old slab place, I think, with a tremendous large vine in front of it. Here lived old Mr and Mrs William Magick. And here it was Mr Magick died at the reputed age of 108 years. I
remember the old man well. He had two bullocks, and with these he ploughed the back paddock of nearly an acre for old Mr George James where he lived. It was through ploughing the paddock I came to know him first. Further down there stood an old weatherboard place. I do not remember its erection. It contained four rooms and had a verandah. Robert Reeves —'Bob Fatty,' as he was generally called— who owned this block from March-street to Lennox-street, lived in the house and kept a little shop. He sold pipes, tobacco, starch and blue, He died in this place and I saw him when he was dead. Mr. William Sharpe — young Bill as we knew him then — married the widow, and I think the old lady died there. At any rate some time after her death, I remember Sharpe marrying old Mrs Onus, mother of the old Joseph Onus, who did a great deal towards the making and advancement of Richmond. The two-storey place next door to where I have been speaking of I remember getting built. Burgess and Shelton kept a store there for a while Burgess married a Miss Dargin, of Windsor, I understood. Thomas Bell, after leaving 'Belmont' came there to live. I sold him many 'possum skins while he lived there. I remember well old Mr Bowen (father of Mr G. B. Bowen, of 'Bowen Mount') living in the two storey house for about two years, It was my work to take them two quarts of milk every morning. They dealt with old Mr George James for butter as well, but he always delivered this himself. Mr G. B. Bowen never forgets it, and always likes to have a chat with me about it. He reckons he was about four years old then. The old house owned by William Sly on the corner will be dealt with when we speak of Bosworth-street, as it faces into that street Where the late Doctor Cameron's grand mansion stands was vacant ground. Next to this vacant block I speak of was a skillion with no verandah, at that time, which belonged to old Mr. Sam Payne, He was grandfather, of the present Mrs. Tomkinson who lives in Windsor street. The first man I remember living there was Thomas Death, a butcher. He was a single man, and was found dead on the floor of his bedroom. They held an inquest, and found the cause to be eating cucumbers. After this 'Long Harry,' the bricklayer, lived there and died there also. I was one who helped to carry him to the cemetery. From there to Bosworth-street was vacant land.
Going down March-street, from the corner of Bosworth-street, toward Mr Charles Guest's there was a skillion standing just past the corner. The front portion has been put on since I first knew it. The first person I have any recollections of living there was John Masters, father of Tom Masters in Windsor. He was a painter and decorator by trade, and a splendid tradesman. He was an artist also, and could paint animals or any other pictures.
Weller , I think, who was a publican of Windsor in the early days, had a sign done by him. It represented a blackfellow and a large lump of gold in his hand.
Sam Nixon, the tailor, lived there also. Nixon's wife was run over by some horsemen while coming home after dark, The accident happened at Seymour's corner (now the 'Black Horse') only in Bosworth-street. In those days they hadn't a Constable Ross to regulate the traffic, and as they were galloping round the corner run over Mrs Nixon.
It was in this house that Bill Johnson was living at the time he got his leg broken in front of my residence, and it was here he had it taken off. Tom Johnson (father of Arthur and Tom) told me that when the doctor was taking off the leg it was like as if they were sawing a baton. He stood the operation without chloroform, and had, I believe, a handkerchief rolled up in his mouth to bite to stand the pain.
[I informed my narrator that my grand father, William Heath, who had been an old soldier, held the leg while the doctor amputated it, and carried it for the doctor who preserved it. Also that Dan Carter saw the handkerchief after, the operation was over, and it was bitten to pieces. — R.F.]
Where Mr C. S. Guest is living there was a weatherboard house of' about four rooms with a verandah. In it lived a man by the name of Simpson, who was a currier by trade. I went to school with two of his sons Ebenezer and William. Our schoolmaster was good old Mr Charles Hogsflesh.
In the house which is now the back of the Commercial Hotel, and which was occupied by Miss Caroline Price for many years, Mr Alfred Cox lived for some time. He was the son of the original Cox, who died at ' Fairfield,' after leaving Clarendon. This same Mr Cox was grandfather to Sloper. I used to take milk to Mr Alfred Cox, and he was the first person I have any knowledge of living there. It was the post office also for some time
previous to the new office being built. Mr White, who married a step-daughter of Mr William Reid, and a sister to the present Mr. Joseph Onus, of Richmond, was postmaster at the time. In years after Mr George Cobcroft bought the property and built the hotel on to the front of it. Next door Mrs Parkinson, as I have stated, kept her school, and I was her milk boy also. I remember the ser- vant girl she had living with her, whose name was Rebecca Rose. She came from Wilberforce way. At another period it was a school again, and kept by Mr Brown. Again it was a school, and kept by a Mr Gaisley, but only for a short time. I remember the Gaisleys were strict Wesleyans. The ground where the present Wesleyan Chapel stands was given by old Mr Martin. I remember this church being erected. I have said that where Woodhill's drapery store is was the old Wesleyan Chapel, and I remember quite well when they used to preach in it. Afterwards it was bought by old Mr Ducker, and he re- moved from March-street over there. The grocery store was afterwards built by Mr Ducker. Where Mr O Ridge now has a shop, a man named Forrester, who was a baker and confectioner was the first I remember living there. He was a very religious man and a strict, Wesleyan. He brought wood into town with his pair of a blue bullock in the shafts and a chestnut horse leading. Then the late William Sullivan's father kept a school there. I think where the Price brothers have their office was the chemist shop kept by "Cocky" Jones. He also kept the post office. When he left, "Grandfather" Price kept the post office and sold patent medicines, perfumery, etc. But before "Cocky" Jones lived there, the first I recollect was a Mr McCreedie, a boot and shoe maker. When he left there he went to live where Mr. Tom Richardson lived for many years at the corner of Lennox and Paget-streets. Old Mr Collins, mentioned in a previous paper, lived in the same house, which McCreedie left, for some time. In the last house of this terrace of four cottages, and which stands next to Mr Henry Sly's, a Mr Oxley kept a butcher's shop He had been an overseer for Mr. Bowman, of Richmond. At the same time his wife kept a school where "Granny" Ashton lives. The last time I saw his son, Owen, he was at Coonabarraban, where he was carrying on business as a saddler and harness maker. A daughter of his, Mary Ann, married a drover named Baker. The last time I saw her she was living at Cooyal, and told me her husband had been dead a few years. Robert Eather also kept a butcher's shop there. He married the eldest sister of the present Mr John Cornwell, of Richmond. The house where Mr Henry Sly lives I re- member getting built. W. G. Burgess and Shelton kept a general store there. These two men will be remembered as living and keeping a store in the two storey house in March-street. One night a hole was made in the brick wall just large enough for a man to get through. It was in the corner of the building just as you go in off the street into where Mrs Rogers now lives, Several articles were stolen. Old Mr. King, who we always re member as "King the Nailer," kept a store there for a long time. Of course the late William Sullivan kept a boot and shoe factory there for a number of years. The first horse I ever bought I sold to William Sullivan, say, to-day at a profit of 10/-. He rode the horse to Windsor the same day and made 10/- on his deal. Mr Cox, when writing to you about a bit of old times, mentioned William Sullivan running a one horse coach from Richmond to Windsor. Mr Sullivan ran the coach while I was keeping the pub., but before that Joe Poole ran one, and again Tom Phillmore ran one. These two latter plied their coaches to and from Windsor when I was a big lump of a lad. Where Henry Mortimer is living the back portion was built first, and it had a small verandah. A Mr. Burgess, a very big man and no way connected with the other Burgess I have mentioned, was the first one I remember living there. He kept a butcher's shop and used to hang meat in the verandah. Afterwards Tom Eather kept a butcher's shop there for a long time. He married Eliza Crowley, sister of John Crowley, who lived and died at Yarramundi. He was the eldest son of Mr Thomas Eather, who kept the pub. Later on, the front portion was built. The old dwelling portion of the present A.J.S. Bank I saw getting put up. Old Thos. Eather had it built. He was keeping a public house, where the Bank of N.S. Wales is, at the time, and when it was finished he shifted into it. The sign then was the "Union Inn." Afterwards it was kept as a pub by Mrs Griffiths. The old lady dropped dead in the kitchen. I was going up Kurrajong with Mr. An- drew Town to have a look at some horses he had for sale. On our way up Mr Town "shouted" for me and Mrs Griffiths served us. When we came back she was dead. A good, jolly woman she was. She was a daughter of Robert Eather and mother of the present Thomas Griffiths, sen., who lives in Richmond. "Ned" Young must not be forgotten as keeping a pub there also, not George Cobcroft. Mrs Charles Eather died suddenly there while reading a telegram she had re- ceived. Opposite to the place we have been speaking about was the old lockup, and a big cedar tree stood in front of it. It was a brick place of four rooms, whitewashed and a verandah in front. After some time the authorities had a slab building put up at the back, but close to the house, for a lockup. "Daddy" Merrick, grandfather to Mrs. T Pryke, was the first lockup keeper I remember. Fred Williams, the constable, lived there for a number of years. After him a man named Andrews was constable and lockup keeper. Andrews was guardian to William Tom kinson, and it was he who bound Mr Tomkinson to Mr John Long for five years to carpentering. Mr Tomkinson served his apprenticeship where Harry Fong is living. Where Chalmers' build ings and Holborow's store stand was vacant land when I first, recollect it. It be longed to old Mr John Stevenson, grand- father to the present Mr Edwin Steven son. Mr Abraham Cornwell bought the land from old Mr Stevenson, and built the low long house where Thomas Chalmers kept a shop for so many years. Mr Chalmers purchased the house and land from Mr Cornwell, and a few years before his death replaced the old house with the present up-to-date premises. When he was pulling the old place down to build the new terrace I happened to be going by one day and he was standing outside. We entered into conversation, when he said to me "I suppose you don't remember this old place getting built." I told him I did, and where his stables were.
On St. Patrick's Day I have seen cock- fighting, men fighting, a skittle alley and quoit playing. One St. Patrick's Day, Constable Byrnes, who was for years in Yarramundi, was in Richmond, and was what they would now call a hot member. A row had started in Tom Eather's yard just opposite, and he went over and was trying to stop some fighting when Isiah Bell, a blacksmith, gave him "a beauty " on the nose. Byrnes didn't know at the time who it was that had dealt it out to him owing to the crowd, but someone "came it" on Isiah. Byrnes summoned him and he was fined £5. It was made up for Isiah among his pals. He was an apprentice to Jack Freeman at the time. The land on which Holborows shop stands was bought from old Mr John Stevenson by Mr Brew, who built the shop and kept a big store, and a post office as well. Afterwards old Mr Grinsell kept a large store there, and died there. Mr William Holborow kept a store there for years. The back portion of the house this side of Mr Allison's was a brick place of four rooms and a veran- dah, and belonged to old William McAlpin. He was a blacksmith, and carried on his business there. A cabinet maker lived there, and the late Mr. W. Sullivan's father worked with him. There was a saw pit in the yard, and I remember them sawing up big cedar logs there. The portion I have just mentioned I don't remember getting built. The front ot it I remember getting built. About where Mr Allison's shop is there was another brick place of four rooms and a verandah which was built before my time. William Hook, a tailor, was the first I recollect living there. Mrs Hook was a sister of the late Thomas Laycock, senr., of Putty. John Hammond, a butcher, lived there for some time and
died there. Old Tom brown, a shoe maker, who married Mrs Savage, lived there also. The building of Allison's and Pryke's shops will be within the recollec tion of the young generation. I don't remember the present Bank of New South Wales getting built. The first per son living there to my knowledge was Thomas Eather, who was keeping a pub. After he left it and started up at the corner already spoken of, old Mr George Guest kept a saddle and harness-maker's shop there. He also had a tan-yard there. His currier was a Mr Shepherd. Thomas Onus kept a pub there, and here he died. Mrs Thomas Onus married a man named Joseph Rutter, and he died there also. The old residence by the Army Medical orderly room I don't remember getting built, and it looked as if it had been up for a number of years when I first knew it. Old Mr Brew was the first person who lived there to my recollection. He kept a store and post office. I remem- ber old Mrs George James paying him £1 for 4 lbs of tea. At the time the Californian diggings broke out. Mr J. A. Earle, a cabinet-maker, lived there. The Army Medical room was a specula- tion of Mr Sam Boughton's in more re-
cent years. Where the baker now lives had no front when I first knew it. There were four rooms of weatherboards, and a verandah. The land was owned by old Robert Potts. The late Mr Joseph Walden, who some little time ago died in Yarramundi, married Rachael, his daugh- ter, and the house was put up for them to live in when they were first married. After him a single man named "Frank the groom," lived there. He had been a groom to Andrew Town's grandfather. He died there, The first man I remember in the house occupied by Miss Richards was "Bill the painter." He had a man working for him who flew into a rage one day, and in the heat of passion he took an axe and went to cut "Bill" down. He got 75 lashes for it. Then Mr Robert Potts came there to live, and kept a butcher's shop — only selling mutton. He lived there for years, and he and his wife died there.
After him old Mr Thomas Richards came there and started butchering.
Then we have no houses till we come to the corner where Mrs Alex Benson is living. This was built before my time. The first I knew there was Mr Issac Cornwell, who kept a big general store there. When Mr Ben Richards got married he lived there and kept a mutton butcher's shop, and while he was living there Mr Robert Richards
was born. William Delange and Mitchell Despointes kept a large store there. I took milk to William Delange, who was always known as ' Billy the Frenchman.' Here old Tiernan, the constable, luckily missed meeting his end. One night calling in for a chat, as was his custom, on his round he happened to have his big over- coat on and buttoned up which saved him from a well directed stab. He had been in the shop only a few minutes when a very tall stranger came in and wanted to buy some clothes. He had selected the goods and put down a £5 cheque, on some of the Dangars, of Singleton. Tiernan had heard about the mail up there being robbed and these cheques being among the missing articles. Naturally he was on the look-out for any stranger on for passing them. David Yates was shopman, and Thomas Hughes, a brother to Henry Hughes, happened to be in the shop talking to Yates. Neither of the owners happened to be there at the time. When he put down the cheque Tiernan asked him how he came by it. "What is that got to do with you?" he said. Tiernan tapped him on the shoulder and told him he was going to arrest him. He sprang back from Tiernan, and as he did so he drew a big knife and made a stab at the policeman. His blow missed the desired mark, and only cut Tiernan's coat a few inches. It was lucky for Tiernan he had his great coat on and buttoned up. In the scuffle that followed the stranger was too much for Tiernan, who wasn't the easiest man to best. He called on Yates and Hughes to assist him. One got hold of one leg and one the other, and between them they downed him and succeeded in popping him in the lockup. Tiernan had got word there were two in the matter, and he 'dropped down ' that the other was about the town, somewhere handy. He sent to Windsor and George Shirley, the chief constable, came out. Well on in the night they were having a cup of tea when they heard someone knocking at the front door of the pub opposite and calling out. Tiernan went out and saw a man there, and told him to go round to the back and what window to knock at if he wanted to get in. He asked Tiernan if this was where the mail — of course it was only a one horse coach running to Windsor — started from for Windsor. He guessed it was the mate of the man he had arrested, and told him he and a friend were having a cup of tea and invited him to come and have one, as they were going by the coach also. There was a palisading in front of the old lockup, and Tiernan opened the little gate for him to walk in. He walked in ahead of Tiernan till he got to the front door, and as soon as he saw the handcuffs hanging on the wall he knew what was up, and made a bound back. Tiernan grabbed him, and he and Shirley locked him up with his mate. I saw the two next morning when Tiernan was taking them to Windsor handcuffed.
Tiernan told me they got ten years at Cockatoo Island.
Then old Mr Henry Turner kept a general store there for many years. Mr Turner was a schoolmaster at one time down on the front of the river. Coming on to the opposite side, between West Market and Bosworth streets, there was a little place of four rooms with a small verandah some 30 or 40 yards back from where Charley Knott's store stands. A plasterer lived there in my earliest recollections of it. His name I don't remember. Old William Allen lived there and dealt in eggs and poultry in a large way. James Roberts lived there also, and had a blacksmith's shop in front of the place near the road. He shod horses for me when I had the Camden mail. A little farther on there was a little weatherboard place of four rooms, and no verandah. The first I remember living in it was a Mr Shepherd, who was a currier to old Mr Guest. Joe Poole lived there for a while when he was running the one horse coach to Windsor. Where Miss Long is living I remember getting built. It was the first bank of New South Wales in Richmond. I think Mr Hole was the first manager. He married a Miss Long. Old Mr Brew lived there before it was a bank. When he left there he went to England.
Old Mrs Long died in this house. She was half sister to old Richard Skuthorp, on the mother's side. This Richard Skuthorp would be father of the present Mr Richard Skuthorp, J.P., of Kurrajong. The old low long house which stood next door — it was pulled down by Mr John Long some time ago — I don't remember getting built. When I first knew it there was a big grapevine growing in front. It belonged to old Mr Samuel Payne. I used to mind his cattle for him — five milking cows, and among them I remember well he had a white cow and a brown 'poley.' Being the owner he lived in it. Old Mr and Mrs Long lived there for a long time. Their son, Thomas, died there, and Mr Long ended his earthly days there also. Where the third infantry have their office, I remember that getting put up. Atkinson, a builder in Windsor, was the man who had the contract. He was old Mrs Edward Robinson's father. Dr Whittaker and his wife were living there, and one time they happened to be away the roof caved in, and it was a wonder it did not fall right in. It was afterwards put to rights by old Mr George Marlin. Mr Marlin, being such a good tradesman, was sought after, and old Mr William Durham got him to go to Wombo to put up some buildings for him. I also remember a Dr Brown living there. Dr Jockel lived and died there, and Mr. Robert Richards lived there. Of course I don't remember the Black Horse Hotel getting built. It looked old when I first recollect it. Old Dr and Mrs Seymour were the first people I remember there. The old doctor was a bit lame. Ever since I can recollect the sign was in Mrs Seymour's name during the time they kept the hotel. The old pub couid tell many tales if it could only speak. Many of the nobility have spent their honeymoons there. It has been the means of giving Richmond a fair footing in history.
On the opposite side of Bosworth-street, on the corner, there stood a large brick place — there must have been six or seven rooms in the place — and old Mr and Mrs Cuff were the first people living there in my earliest recollections. The old people lived in the back portion of the premises, and rented the front to William Delange and his partner. This was before they went to live where Mr Henry. Turner kept the store. Living in the same place was a young man named McEwen. He married a widow named Mrs White. Old Mr Cuff died first, and after his death Mrs Cuff rented the front portion, which the French man had occupied, to this McEwen. She died while the McEwens were there. Some time after Mrs McEwen died there. Before McEwens went there to live a woman we always called ' Little Ann,' a dressmaker, lived there. Later on Mr James Haughton kept a shop there for a good while. He had a creamy pony and a cart with a tilt, and used to go over Kurrajong selling ornaments. (Here my narrator showed me an ornament he bought from Houghton, a few weeks be- fore he was married, nearly 56 years ago. It represents an animal like a greyhound dog resting— R.F.) I was putting him over the river in the punt when I bought it. While living in this place Mr Houghton had two children die at the same time. In course of time the old place went to ruin and has been pulled down many years. Just this side of where Mrs Stewart is living, about opposite Mrs Onus' place, there stood a four roomed place with a verandah and built of brick. Here a man we always knew as Sam Davison lived. Then it was occupied by 'Johnny the Sexton ' and his wife. He was the first sexton to the church. They had no children, and were peculiar speaking people, and were known as ' Shonny and Shany.' Then Johnny Ward, a brick- maker, lived there. He was a married man, but had no family. Two women also lived there. One was a widow named Mrs Levey and the other they used to call "Big Jane." Where Mrs Stewart lives was built before my time, and was, I think, built by old Mr G. Bowman. I have heard old hands say he kept a pub there. I have heard also he did some blacksmithing there. I remember quite well the old roan horse he had, named Richmond. I have heard them say he was the first foal foaled in Richmond, and that he had turned 30 years when he died. Many a time I have seen him in the water truck fetching water from the lagoon. After the Bowmans left a doctor lived there, but I forget his name. Crossing over to the opposite side of the street there were no houses from the cemetery till we come to the brick place opposite Mrs Stewart's residence. I don't remember it getting built. In my earliest days a man named Tipping lived there. After him Jack Freeman, a blacksmith, came there to live. Jack McGinnity served his apprenticeship there with Freeman. After serving his apprenticeship he married Hannah White, whose father was a farmer, and lived there for a long while. Afterwards he bought a piece of land from Fred Thompson in March-street, about where Ald. Brownlow is now living. He built two places of four rooms and a verandah to each of them. He went up country. But coming back to the old place in Windsor-street, where MrGinnity lived. After he left, a man named Thomas Chapman lived there. He worked for Mr Joseph Onus. He went to Guntawong, and lived for a long time with the Rouses. He met his death while driving a waggon.
About where the A. J. S. Bank was first kept in Richmond (next door to the widow of the old Mr Joseph Onus) there was a weatherboard place of four rooms. The first I remember living in it were the Ashtons— old Mrs Ashton, who is still alive, and who we now call "Granny Ashton," and her husband, Thomas. He dealt in poultry and fruit. The late Mrs James Bates, a young maid then, lived with them. Her maiden name was Ivery, and she was a sister of old Mr Thomas Ivery. The next I remember living there was a Mr Shepherd, a currier. Old Mr. Guest kept a butcher's shop in the old place. Charley Shepherd, a son of the currier, went round for orders. Mr Guest had the new place built and had the saddler's shop there. He also had the tanyard as well — and they do not tan the leather today equal to what he turned out. A set of leading harness, &c, made by Mr. Guest out of his own tanned leather meant almost a lifetime's wear.
Edward Guest used to go round with the meat on horseback, in a basket. Henry Etherden also lived there and carried on the tannery.
About where Mrs Onus' place is there was the old pub which bore the sign of the "Welcome Inn." It was a low, long house with a long verandah to it. In the end room my daughter, Ellen, was christened. Old Mrs Kenny of all had a daughter christened there the same day — on a Sunday morning. It was kept by Dan Harriskey. Paul Devlin also kept it for some time, and William Allen kept it also, I think he was the last to keep it. The erection of this old pub goes back before my recollection, and it appeared very old place when I first knew it.
Where John Allen now lives I don't remember getting built. My first know ledge of the place was Mr Ben Richards keeping a mutton butcher's shop, there. He married there and went to live in the corner house, a remnant of which has been made into the comfortable residence occupied by Mrs Alex Benson. Old Mr Kidd lived there many years ago. He was a sort of a butcher; the chief thing he made was sausages. He also went round killing pigs and such like for anyone who needed his services. He was the father of good old 'Ned,' who is not forgotten in Richmond at the present time. When the Frenchmen lived in old Mrs Cuff's place, I used to sell them green frogs, and out of them they used to make soup. They gave me fourpence a dozen for them. They also bought them off other boys. One day Mrs ? went into their shop— they were keeping a store there then— to buy something, and they were at dinner. They asked her if she would try some soup. She said she would. They gave her a cupful and after she had finished it they asked her how she liked it. She said it was a nice drop of soup. They then told her what it was, and whether she ventured on frog soup again I don't know. On St. Patrick's night and other festive occasions there used to be great dancing in the hotels in Windsor-street and other parts of the town in the olden times. Step-dancing, four-handed reels, etc., were the fashion, It was quite a common thing to see men and women dancing. The race between the late 'Abe' Eather and a horse, fifty or a hundred yards and back, took place in Windsor street, and we have several still in the flesh who remember the event. "Abe" won the race.
We will commence this street from the Windsor end.
About where Mr J. G. Percival's factory is was an old slab place with a verandah, and bark roof. Old Thomas Kenny's father, Charles, lived in it and worked a farm on the lowlands. He would be grandfather to Charles Kenny, well-known to local residents. Old Charles Kenny, after leaving there, removed to Windsor-street, opposite to where the late Mr Joe. O'Sullivan lived. In the same place a man named Robert Smith lived for some time. He was a farmer. This old place I don't remember getting built. Where Mr John Madden lived the first I remember there was William South, who married a Miss Byrnes, and did farming.He was a brother to Ben South, and James South. The Rigneys lived there for a long while, and were farmers also. From there they went up country and took up selections. The building of this old house took place before my recollections. Where Mrs Ridge lives there was a cottage of several rooms before the present front was put on. This old place I remember getting built for old Mr Benson, father of William Benson, the elder, of Richmond. It was ready for him when he came out from Scotland with his wife and family. Alongside this place was a cottage of several rooms where old Mrs Fossett lived. She died there. I remember Mrs Fossett's husband, James very well. Also her previous husband, Byrnes. Byrnes was a short, stout man, and he, too, died there. He was a Presbyterian, and I remember him going to I church where 'Granny' Ashton lives. He was father of the late William South's wife. The next house in this street was the old place which stood on the ground where Mr Robert Marlin has his nice house. I don't remember this place getting built. It belonged to Mr Vincent, grandfather of Mr Neville, who lived in Paget street. In this place Frank Gow's father and mother lived some time. His mother died there. She was a Miss Kingswood, 'Ned' Thompson lived there at one time. 'Bandy'Smith, as they used to call him, lived there also and did some farming. Jim Douglas, a brother to ' Billy ' the bricklayer, lived there for some time and farmed. He afterwards went up country, and, I believe, did well.
Then we come to where "Abe" Eather lived for a number of years. This place I have no knowledge of getting put up. The first I knew living in it was old 'great grandfather' Martin. His wife died there. After he left Frank Simons (father of the late Frank, of Windsor) came there to live and went in for farming. Then the father of Mr Alex Matheson, J. P., lived there for some time. Like some of his predecessors he went in for farming. This place has been pulled down some time. The house where Mr Thomas Horan lives was erected before my time. The first I remember living in it were Paddy and Jimmy White, brothers. Both died there. Jimmy married a widow named Mrs Kelly, who owned a public house on the road between Windsor and Parramatta. It was a great house of call for teamsters. After leaving the house next to Mrs Ridge's William South went to live in this place. He was farming and carrying. He brought a large quantity of loading up for old Mr Ducker. I remember a man named Stubbs, a farmer, living there. Then we come to where Mr Joseph Onus lives up on the hill, 'The Cedars.' This was built when I knew it first. William Sharpe was the first man I remember living there — and he was there for a long time. It belonged to William Onus, father of Mr Joseph Onus, now living in it.
When William Onus married Miss Annie Hough, sister to the late Peter Hough, of Agnes Banks, he went there to live. Good old Edward Robinson, also lived there for a while, and kept a boarding house. On the same side, down rear the lagoon, was a brick house of four rooms and a verandah with a kitchen at the back , where Jacob Inness lived. He was a farmer and had three sons, Jacob, Isaac and John, and one daughter, Betsy. I went to school with them. Betsy was a fine working girl, and I have heard them say she was a great reaper — girls thought nothing of that work in those days — and could do her half acre a day. Mr. Inness died there. After they left, the place went to ruin, and Mr Joseph Onus, senr., had it pulled down.
Another place was built and that, too, has been down a long time. We will take the opposite side of this street, and work from the Windsor end. There were no houses on this side till we come to the old brick place opposite to where Abe Eather lived. It was a big place with a verandah back and front, and a barn. It belonged to Robert Martin, Mrs William Price's father, who lived there. He sold the property to old Mr. Fossett. Mr Fossett had the barn built. He died there. I don't remember it getting built, Crawford Bedwell lived there for a number of years, and a large portion of his family were born there. Afterwards old Mr. and Mrs. Field lived there. Here old Mr Field died.
Then we come to the long weatherboard place on the corner, which was built before my time. The first I remember there was old Mr Peter McAlpin, father of the well-known William. He was a blacksmith, and carried on business there. He was a fine singer, and had a very strong voice, and I remember him singing at the Presbyterian services, which they held where 'Granny' Ashton lives. When Thomas Eather left the pub he went there to live. Mrs Eather was a daughter of Mr Peter McAlpin. Old Mr. McAlpin, the black smith, died there Mrs Thomas Eather died there also. We then had vacant land till we come to where Mr Henry Hughes lives. This must be a very old place, and was built before my time. The first I remember living there was Henry Hughes' father, the old schoolmaster, and his wife. Both Mr and Mrs Hughes died there. This house has always been occupied by the Hughes family. Where Mr Fred Powell had his milking yard there was a four-roomed weather-board cottage, with a verandah. It be- longed to Mr Joe Sharpe, who lived in it. This also I cannot remember getting put up. Mrs Faithful's coachman, Riley. lived there after he left 'Lakeville.' This place, has been pulled down many years. The next place is the skillion where Miss Thorley lives. This is a very old place. The first I remember living there was Jack Cafe, better known as Jack Tailby. He was a splitter and fencer. He married a sister to old William Timmins, and she died there. Miss Thorley has been living there a great number, of years.
Where Matthew Hughes lived there was an old weatherboard place with a verandah I don't remember getting built. When Matthew got married and went there to live they made alterations and additions to it. Here the good old Matthew lived all his life, and died. His wife died somewhere about Goulburn. She had a married daughter living up there, and went up for the good of her health.
The next place is the historic building, the old church and school. The portion down stairs was used as a church and the upstairs as a school. The first minister I heard preach there was the Rev. H. Stiles, and the first schoolmaster I remember was old Mr Hughes. The next schoolmaster was Mr Braham and then came Mr Griffiths. He was the first registrar of births, deaths and marriages in Richmond. I understand a daughter of his was keeping a boarding house at Manly a short time ago. Mr Braham was a little man, and I remember hearing people say he was the last of a family of twenty two.
While in this locality I am reminded of old *Mr George James when we used to go down to the lagoon for casks of water. He was fond of children, and when leaving home would bring out a basket of fruit to take with him. When he got to the school he would scramble them among the school children and delight in the sport.
Commencing at the lowlands end of this street.
I can just remember the two-storey house on the corner belonging to the Onus' being finished. It was here old Joseph Onus went to live when he married Emma Powell, sister to Mr Henry Powell, and daughter of the late Edward Powell, His son, 'young' Joe, lived there also for a great number of years and died there. Coming along on the same side about half way between the house we have mentioned and Windsor-street there was an old weatherboard place of several rooms without a verandah. There were two doors in the front. One end of it was occupied by 'Jerry' Hill, a very tall Stout man. He had no family. He was a veterinary surgeon, and will be remembered by some of the very old hands. At the other end towards Windsor-street Tom Watson, 'Tom the Tinker' as he was called, lived. His sign was "T. Watson, tinman and brazier" lettered on a piece of tin. This old place has been pulled down many years, and I don't remember it getting built.
That is all the houses in this street at that time. On the opposite side was a paddock.
The house in which old Herbert Travis lived for so many years, and the places to be seen to-day, have all been built within my recollection.
At Cox's lane end the first house I remember was up before my time. The first person I knew there was James Griffiths. He was a shoemaker, and a brother to Mrs Parnell and Mrs Potts. He had three daughters and two sons. When he first came to Richmond he and the wife and family — it wasn't quite as large then — stayed with old Mr. and Mrs. George James for a week or two till they got a house. They went back to Launceston.
Mr Thomas Richards lived there for years and kept a butcher's shop. When he left there he went round into Windsor Street, and there ended his days. Old Mr William Heath lived there for many years, and carried on tailoring. He sent clothes to all parts of the district, and miles up country. He was a jolly old man and good company. He had been an old soldier, and learnt the tailoring while in the army. His training as a soldier stuck to him, and in his advanced years was a very nimble man, and could kick the top of a door frame quite easily — and the hat off your head if you wished. He was a great admirer of game fowls, and an excellent hand at making 'heels,' and heeling the birds. Others have lived there also, but Charley Curtis crosses my mind at present as living there for a while. The old house was pulled down years ago. A few years ago a new cottage was
put up on the same block of land. When Mr Jim Shields and his sisters are living I don't remember getting put up. I remember Thomas Harris keeping a 'pub' there, but that is many, many years ago. Old Mr Potts kept a ' pub ' there also. After the 'pubs' a Jew, whose name I forget, kept a shop there. He was a very big man, jolly, and good company. Old Mr George Shields lived there pretty well a life time, Both Mr and Mrs Shields died there. The house is still in the possession of the family and occupied by the children already mentioned. I fancy old Mr Joseph Stafford kept a shop there, and dealt in poultry. Where the two skillions are next to Shields' old place was one block of land, on which stood a weatherboard place of four rooms, the two back rooms being skillion roof. This, like Shields' house, I don't remember getting put up. There was an old low paling fence in front. A man whom we always knew as ' Robison the carpenter ' lived there for some time. He and his wife died there, leaving no family. I have heard it said he was a good tradesman. This old place has been down many years. The two skillions standing there to-day I remember getting built. Harry Willis, a shoemaker, lived in the old house. He worked for old Mr Swinbourne.
We then come to where Mr Richard Allen lives— and truly 'Dick' is a very long way over the three score and ten. Mrs Masters, my mother, stands first in my mind. I was taken down to see her one day, and told she was my mother, but I couldn't make out how it was possible to have two mothers. I had always known Mrs James as mother, and I was too young to know anything about being adopted at the age of fifteen months. This place is too old for me to recollect. Old Mr Allen has been living there a very fair lifetime — and may he be spared many years yet. Old Mr Allen was a wheel wright, and I was going to be bound to him for seven years to learn the wheel wrighting, I was then fourteen years of age, and my term was to be till I was twenty one, The indentures was drawn up and ready to be signed when my foster father and mother jibbed on it. I went to school with Mrs Richard Allen, who was Miss Matilda Cornwell then.
The little skillion on the corner is a very old place — long before my time. The first person I knew living in it was a man named Whalan, a basketmaker. He was a short man, and had a great habit of saying "How do ! How do !" to, himself as he went along. Little 'Bob the Hatter' lived in it. He was a very short, stout, jolly man, and made straw hats for sale. When walking up the street he would have his plait of straw with him and hard at it as he went along. Tom Watson, the tinker, removed from Chapel-street and lived in it for some time. Alex. McKay lived there for a number of years. He worked for Mr Thomas Richards for many years. He was a jolly old fellow, and a true-born Scotchman. In one of the skillions we have been speaking about in this block Thomas Young lived, but the exact one I cannot say. He was a quiet, harmless old man, and was thought a great deal of by Mrs W. H. Holborow, the Rev. Dr. Woolls and others. All were kind to Tom. Where Mr Charles Sly has been living for a number of years ; where the old skillion so many years occupied by 'Janey' Baldwin stands; where the old homes of Mr Houghton and his son Clem, and where the old home of good old 'Betty' Mortimer are to be seen, was all vacant land when I first knew it. It was at the old Houghton home that 'Clem' ran the livery stable for so many years.
We next have the old, low, house on the corner, opposite to the side 'Dick' Allen lives on, which was built before my time. When I first knew it it was a pub. kept by Thomas Mortimer. His wife died there. A man named Harris, or Owen, kept it as a 'pub' also.
John Markwell also kept a ' pub ' there for some time. While Markwell was there a very funny thing happened. A man who was famous for his non-shouting propensities was in there, sitting on the seat. Several jolly boys came in for a drink, and invited him to take one with them. The next one's turn came, and he, too, extended the invitation. And so it went the rounds of the boys, the invitation being given every time. They thought they would drag a shout out of the man by this method, but no. Some of them had been out back and knew a little about the black's language, and, as they knew their guest prided himself on knowing more about the blacks language than anyone else, they challenged him to a test. Their friend led off with some of the language and told them they did not know what he was saying. One of them said he was asking them would they have something to drink, and named their drinks and told Markwell to draw them.
The old man protested strongly that wasn't what he was saying, but it was no go. They were all of the same opinion that that was what he, said, and the wind up of it was the old man had to pay for drinks all round. Then a Douglas Hadkins kept a 'pub' there also. Douglas in years after drifted into Sydney. He invented an incubator, etc , for poultry raising and was, I believe, keeping a shop in that line in Bathurst-street. Old Mr. Joe. Stratford lived in this old place at one time. He kept a little shop, and still dealt in poultry.
His first wife died there. I remember the day Joe got married to his second wife. John Cashell also lived there for many years. The little building at the March-street end has been used by different people as a butcher's shop — among them my old road mate William Sly.
Where Dr. Helsham lives is of comparatively recent date, and was built by the well-known contractor of Windsor, old Mr John Johnson, father of the late Mrs Edwin Pitt.
One more old place was only to be found in this street when I first knew it. It stood just below where. Mrs Alex Benson lives. The first I have any recollections of living in it was a man named George Smith. His wife was a servant to old Mr. Dan Harriskey, and Smith married her from there. Mr Isaac Cornwell owned it for a long time. Afterwards it came into the hands of Mr Henry Turner, and he used it as a bake-house for many years. I think Thomas Allen used it as a bake-house also. A man named Afflick lived in it for a while, in earliest history. Where old Mr. and Mrs. Buckton lived is an old place so also is the one next to it.
The other places on the opposite side cannot be included among our old building.
WEST MARKET STREET.
Commencing from Lennox-street — the old house in which Mrs John Collins lived for some years was built before my time. The first people I remember living there were old Mr and Mrs Thomas Ashton. Mr Ashton was dealing in poultry then. Then old Mr and Mrs George Campling lived in this house for a long time. One of his daughters was a teacher, and well up in the profession. George Smith, the brickmaker, lived in it also. Mr and Mrs John Collins lived there for a long while, and on more than one occasion.
On the opposite side of the street, only facing into this street, was a very large weather board room with a single roof and no verandah to it. In this old place a single man whom I never knew by any other name than old 'Warley Camp' lived for a long time. He was a brickmaker and very deaf. This room was built on the property of old "Scotch John". It has been pulled down many years.
Where Mr Tom Chalmers lives I remember getting built, and the brickwork was the first done in Richmond by the late Caleb Crisford.
In this street there was only one more house standing in my earliest recollections. It was a skillion which stood about where Mr John Cashell is now living. It contained two main rooms, and a little room at the back, with a shingle roof, and no verandah. Thomas Hogsflesh lived there for some time. He was a blacksmith by trade, having served his apprenticeship to Jack Freeman, and had his shop there. He left Richmond, and I think he died at Rope's Creek. I often saw his widow there.
The Salvation Army barracks is not an old place by any means, and is now used by the Richmond Light Horse as an orderly room.
Where Mr Alf Sly lives is a more recent addition to the street, and a few more houses like it would make this street look up. I think it was on this allotment of land where Peter O'Hara had a weatherboard building where he kept a bit of a shop. One of his sons, Harry, kept a billiard room there, and finally, it was burnt down. The old house on the corner of March Street was mentioned when we spoke of March-street, but the blacksmith's shop adjoining Mr. Alf Sly's place faces into this street, and has been a busy little shop more than once. Mr. Fred Small has only left it a few months. Fred is a son of William Small, of Lennox-street, whose reputation as a blacksmith spread far and wide.
The house belonging to some of the Onus family, and rented by Mr Fitzsimons, has been up some time, but does not come in our list of old Richmond buildings.
Coming along the street we have the School of Arts, and when I first knew the ground on which it stands it was a portion of the pound paddock. I was at the laying of the foundation stone. The stone is at ihe corner of the building on the March-street side as you enter the main hall. It was laid by Mary Ann Bowman, who afterwards became the wife of the medical Dr Cameron. A sovereign was put under the stone, a copy of the daily paper was put under it also.
The Presbyterian Church I remember getting built. Mr Long had the contract for the woodwork. Later on Mr Sam Boughton was the contractor for the tower. While the work was in progress Mr. Tom Masters and I went round to have a look at it. Mr.Boughton was working about where the clock is, and a ladder was standing up almost as high as the ball on top. Tom was chaffing me about not being game to go up to the ball, and Sam happened to hear him at it, and remarked he had seen me as high as that in the trees out on the common after possums. To show I still had nerve left, up I went and placed my hand on the ball.
The Commercial Bank, which faces into Windsor-streets is a comparatively recent ornament to the town. So also is the police station.
Years ago old Mr William Stevenson kept a shop in a weatherboard place close to where Mr Les. Wheeler lives. He dealt in poultry as well. The houses on the same side as Mr Wheeler's have been up some years, but are not the oldest.
The opposite side of this street was much improved by the two new cottages built to the order of the late William Sullivan. The skillion next to these cottages is not a youngster, though I remember when it was vacant land. William Douglas has built himself a comfortable home close by. He is a great gardener, and what he grows on his small plot shows what can be done both in quantity and quality.
The Public School is in this street, and as I see the youngsters playing about in such numbers I think of the big difference there is now for a child to get an education and when I was a youngster. If they do not get a good schooling now it is the parents' fault.
EAST MARKET STREET
Commencing at the Lennox street end, we have the old place where "Granny" Ashton lives, which dates back before any time. When I first knew it there was only one room, and in it Mr.and Mrs. Johnson lived. This would be 'Bill' Johnson's father and mother, Afterwards they went to Londonderry — 'Town's paddock' in those days —where they lived for years. After they left it was done up for the Presbyterian Church, and services were held there for a long time. I have heard Dr. Lang, Dr. Fullerton, and the Rev. Mr Adam, of Windsor, preach there. The pulpit stood at the end of the room on Lennox-street side. As you went in at the door, on the left side along the wall, there was a long cedar seat with a back to it which was occupied by George Bowman and his family. William Bowman, his wife and daughter, Ann (who married a Mr. Caddell) went there to worship also.
On the opposite side of the room to the Bowman's seat was another long seat where William McAlpin and his father, Peter McAlpin, sat. On a front cross seat, facing the pulpit, sat Mrs. Field's father, John Henderson. He, too, like McAlpin, was a great singer, and his voice was always loud and clear during the singing. Mrs. Martin had a Sunday school there, and taught a few children.
The old weatherboard house which stood by the fig tree which grew in the paddock at the back of the Imperial Hotel I remember getting built. It was an old place, and has been pulled down many years. Among those who have lived there we have with us in Richmond to-day Messrs. Ernest Marlin and John Ashton. Mr. Sam Farley lived there also. Mrs. Elliott lived there for years, The good old lady went to her last resting place some few months ago. The railway station is in this street, but though built a goodly number of years looks different to my boyhood days. What is to be found in the way of buildings below the Royal Hotel is the outcome of later years.
We will start in this street at the College end, and up to the corner of Lennox street there was only two houses when I was a boy. George James lived in one and Thomas Silk in the other. About where Mr John Cornwell now lives there stood a very large bushy apple tree, which were plentiful on the common then. On Sunday evenings people used to sit there in the hot weather. The blacks were about then, and had their camp not more than a hundred yards the other side. All about there then was a wild bush, but just about that spot it was principally gum trees.
About where Mr Dan Carter lives there, was a saw pit where they used to cut timber for the town. It was kept by a man named Robert Westmore. Before Westmore came here he worked at Cockle Bay, and here he was known as 'Cockle Bay Bobby.' His wife used to help him saw, and at work in the pit he acted as top sawyer, his wife underneath. To prevent the sawdust getting into her eyes she wore a veil.
Coming along towards the railway there was only the old white house standing. I have no recollection of this getting built. These were the only three houses facing into this street in those days.
The large hole in Paget street between where Thomas Richardson lived for years and the double house just mentioned, is the result of brickmaking. Many a kiln of bricks were made there by Jack Short. Speaking of Jack Short reminds me we had at that time living in Richmond Jack Short, Jack Long, Jack Large, Jack Small. Jack Short was short, Jack Long was short, Jack Large was a big man, Jack Small a big man also.
In my earliest days no houses. Later on Charley Roberts kept a butcher's shop between March-street and the railway line for many years-His first house was close to the butcher's shop, but some time after he built another house lower down and facing into March-street. His wife died in the latter house, so also did old Charley.
The few other houses in this street have been built long enough since I first knew it.
We have now been round the town, a street at a time, and dealt mainly with it in the very early days.
A casual jaunt around it in more recent years will not be out of place before we leave it.
Where James Moulds now lives (the last house in Lennox-street going towards the Blacktown road) Ned Kidd kept a blacksmith's shop alongside it for many years. His wife died there.
the corner house where Tom Richardson lived Mr Willliam Mitchell lived for some time. It was on this spot Mr. Mitchell laid the foundation of what afterwards developed into the famous coachbuiiding, horseshoeing, general smithing and implement making business. When he first came to Richmond he worked, I think, for William Price. He then started on this own account on the corner I have just mentioned. His wife's brother, named Ross, who was a clever man, used to do woodwork and painting. Mr Mitchell was by no means a man of money then, but he was a great tradesman and a very hard worker. It was nothing unusual for him to work all hours of the night, and he got along by degrees.
I have just alluded to Ned Kidd's blacksmith's shop in Lennox street, and at one end of the shop Fred Thomson had his wheelwright's shop and carried on his work for some time. William Heath, 'the old taiior,' as he was often called, lived in the skillion a little this side of Kidd's blacksmith's shop. Years after two brick rooms and a verandah were put on the front of the skillion, and Tom Kewen lived there for years. Tom was a fetler on the line, Heath lived there for years and did his tailoring. I think it was from here Dan Carter married a grand-daughter of Heath's. I often met his son John in after years while I was droving. The last time I saw him was at Gunnedah where he was keeping a pub. Before he started pub keeping I often camped at his place at Middle Island.
In the house on the corner where Mr Mitchell first started in business — Mr Swinbourne, Mr Collins, and McCredie lived at different times. John Waldren, a blacksmith, lived in this corner house for a time also. When he left Richmond he went to Rouse's, at Guntawang. Tom Masters went up with him, having agreed with Mr George Rouse.- Tom was striking for Waldren up there. I shall never forget one little thing which happened to Mr Roland Ducker in this locality. He had been out to the 'three holes' to get their mare, "Busy," and could not catch her. He asked me to go and help him catch her, and we succeeded. Both of us mounted her bare back and came along alright till we got about where Mrs. Magick now lives-—plenty of trees and stumps there at that time — and I wanted to get off.
As I was getting off the mare started to buck and I fell off unhurt. Roland was thrown, and as he fell the mare kicked him on the forehead. He bled a good deal and was unconscious for about half an hour I called Eliza James and Mrs. Martin to come over, and with a jug of water they bathed him and brought him round. I have no doubt Mr Roland Ducker carries the scar today.
Close to the College avenue entrance stood the old pound. I remember Tom Pryke being poundkeeper there many years ago Harry Gunton kept it for a long time. He also kept the present pound many years.
Opposite to this old pound is the old house which has been there many years, but which I remember getting built. Mr Dean lived in it for a long time and had a tan yard. The old shed, which still stands, was built for Mr Dean, and in it many a score of hides I have seen hanging up to dry. George Dean, his son, was married from there. Both of his sons, Billy and George, were very venturesome boys with snakes. I have often seen them catch a snake by the tail and pull it out of a log and kill it. They would then cut the heads off and take the body home. These their mother boiled down for the oil, which was considered a cure for cer tain complaints in those days. Old Mrs Dean died in this old house. George was always a jolly chap and ready for a lark. He played a good one on Johnny Roberts one day. We had been out in the bush and had brought a good lump of a snake home, and after I left him he saw Roberts coming. He knew Roberts would have to go round Richardson's corner on his way home, so he laid the snake about a couple of yards round the corner across the footpath with the head part of the body in some rubbish against the fence. He called me over and told me what was in the wind. Roberts was coming along the Paget-street footpath so we waited and watched him turn the corner. He came on to the snake unexpectedly, and got a great fright. He pulled a rail out of the fence and started to settle the snake, when he found out it was dead. When he saw its head had been cut off no doubt he had his, suspicions as to who played the joke.
cannot pass this part of the town without mentioning a good old woman whom we knew as "Granny" Roberts. She was grandmother to Charley Roberts, of Clarendon, grandmother to the late Thomas Primrose, of Windsor, and several other well known and respected people in the district.
The house I am living in I remember getting built. About where my big gate is there was an old weatherboard place which was nearly down when I first recollect it. The bricks were made on the allotment by 'Tim, the brickmaker'. Mr William Sharpe, 'Daddy', as he was often called in after life, often told me he helped 'Tim' to make the bricks. The bricklayer was Henry White who lived in Silk's old bouse in Paget-street. He was a married man, but had no family. A man by the name of Clayton, a tailor, lived in Silks' house before White. The house was built for Mr Baines He previously lived in the Lodge at "Fairfield," Windsor. Baines died in this house, and Mrs Baines died there in June, 1867. Then their son, Johnny, lived there. Johnny, like his father, was a chair-maker, but didn't work much at it. It was the rush bottom chairs in those days.
If my old stable could only speak it could tell some very funny tales about the gaffing schools they carried on in it. It was here that ' Bricky ' Colley stayed with us, and not at the old pub, as I stated when speaking of my pub-keeping days. I shall never forget 'Bricky' giving me the tip about Sterling for the Metropolitan once. He told me, bar accidents, he was going to win. Sterling was a 10 to 1 chance, and I decided to go down and have £5 on him. But a day or two before the races I had to start up country, and as Tom Masters was keeping shop round the corner, I commissioned him with instructions what to do, as he intended going down. As I was going up country I met the mailman as asked if he had, heard what won the Metropolitan, and he told me Sterling. When I got up country there was a letter from home and I learned Tom had not gone to the races, so I was as far off as if 'Bricky' had never given me the tip.
Old Mr. and Mrs. Baines had two daughters and one son. Emma married William Crowley from here, and as tin kettling was all the fashion then they got a good one. Louisa married a Mr Wood, who was a brother to the late Mr John Wood, of the Grose River. Wood was a saddler and lived for years in Singleton. Mrs Baines was a dressmaker, and the present Mrs Henry Powell, senr., learned the art from her, Sam Freeman lived in Francis-street.
He could tell some stirring tales about the old rimes. I knew Sam very well and for many years. I remember when he was a boundary rider for Mr. A. Town for years at Bomera. He also worked at Lakeville for some time for Mr Town, who had the property rented. After leaving Bomera he came down over Bell's Line — known as Maddocks' line then — and got lost for two days. It was a cold "shop " to be lost in, and when Sam got out of it he was nearly done up. When he came to Richmond, after this adventure, he stayed with us for fully a month. Sam had seen a deal of the old convict days, and the treatment the men received. He was a jolly old fellow, and it didn't take much to start him going about the flogging days. And it was no secret about town how to start him, and when one felt inclined they only had to say to him, "Where is Dr. B -—?" The answer he would give you was, "Dr. B-— 's in hell." Then he would tell you about the brutal work, and the scant regard this doctor had for human life. Sam never forgot to tell you that Dr. B-— would say, "Men's no object to me. If there's 50 killed to-day, I can get 50 more to-morrow". Sam was a brother to Tom and George Freeman, who kept a Public house in Windsor. The Town family thought a lot of Sam, and other families were good and kind to him, while the boys found him interesting and amusing.
In Richmond we had another Sam Freeman, but in no way related to this one. He was a carpenter, and lived for some time in the weatherboard house where Robinson, the carpenter, lived, which stood on the ground where the two skillions stand next to where Jim Shields and his sisters live in Bosworth-street. His sons William and Jack were blacksmiths. William left Richmond and secured property on the Comleroy Road, and was living there when I was at the punt. He kept a public house there. Billy sold the property to Michael McMahon, now ' Garryowen.' He then went out somewhere about the Cockfighter to live. While out there he had the promise of a great crop of wheat one year, but the grain got blighted. He mowed it and made it into hay and I have heard that this was the first time he found out the value of wheaten hay. He later came to live on what we call the Grose Farm which lies between the Grose and Nepean rivers, now occupied by Mr Donald Clemson. I hear his father, Edward, owns it. Billy left there and went to live in the old house by the river, on a farm belonging to Mr George Williams. There he lived till he accidentally met his death. He reared a large family. The boys were a fine big lot of men, and the girls were good styles.
Among the family I knew Bob, William, Joe, Tom. George, Wellington and Annie, who married Mr W. Maughan and still lives in Richmond. Charlotte was another of the girls, she married Mr John Devlin, who is still living at Agnes Banks. George is still at Riverstone meatworks and liked by all who know him. Bob and Tom are dead William, Joe and Wellington are still living at Agnes Banks, the latter occupying the same house as his late father and mother.
Then not long ago there died an ex Richmondite who took great interest in town matters when he was here — David Cobcroft. He was for years an alderman in the Council, and the opposition side wished him out of it many a time. In those days party feeling in the Council was very strong, but the Onus side carried the sway. But for all that, Dave fought them, and, if he couldn't best them, often tormented them.
He lived in the two-storey house in March street which stands about half way between East and West Market streets. He was a good chemist and had his shop there. Before he took up chemistry he was in a bank. One time I was going up to Warrah and had a five pound note I wanted to change, so I went into a bank at Muswellbrook, and he was in charge of it. Before he came to live in the two storey house in March-street he lived in the old long house in Windsor-street which belonged to old Mr Long. He was married to a sister of William Benson, senr., who has been dead many years. The loss of two sons cut him up very much. One fine young fellow accidentally met his death at South Creek railway viaduct one encampment at Gosper's Groves. The other one died at home after a lingering illness. After Dave left Richmond he was in Sydney for years, and died somewhere in Forest Lodge.
R. B Hughes, "Bobby" Hughes as he was generally called, was a good chemist and as good as plenty of the doctors with some complaints. He often saved a poor person the expense of a doctor. I re member him coming to Richmond. At one time Richmond was lively on Saturday when German Charley, the doctor, used to visit it. He was a queer old sort in many ways, but could cure many things. He used to attend patients at my place, and I have seen as many as 18 vehicles in front — from Penrith, Kurrajong, Pitt Town. Wilberforce and Freeman's Reach.
Old 'Bob' Eggleton, the wheelwright, who was buried quite recently, was reared up Kurrajong, and when a lad of about 14 started to serve his apprenticeship with William Small who had a wheelwright's shop on the property Mr Bowman Douglass owns and occupies.
Johnny Madden served his apprenticeship to the wheelwrighting to the same man and at the same time as Eggleton. Bob lived at one time in the old house in Lennox-street where I lived and saw the ghost. He was there for a long while. Later on he bought the ground opposite, the Roman Catholic Church at the Windsor end of Richmond. Here he built, and carried on business as a wheelwright and blacksmith for years. He was a good tradesman. Bob was a good sportsman — a great pigeon shot, quail shooter, wild duck hunter and an ardent fisherman with both the rod and the net. The latter he could make and was considered a good hand at hanging them. He had an old gun — and good one it was — he kept for duck shooting which they called 'Long Sal.' He married a Miss Roberts who died some time back. They reared a family of fine big children. Among the boys I knew Jack, George, Bob, Ted ; and Kesiah, the girl. Jack was for years in charge of the Hawkesbury racecourse, and could do wheelwrighting as well. Bob was a great hand among horses. George is in the railway service.
I was at the punt when the railway was opened to Richmond. Among the station masters in Richmond I remember Mr. McKenzie, who is buried in the Church of England cemetery here. Mr Morris was here, but had to leave on account of ill-health. Mr Lackey was here for many years, and is now in charge of Burwood station, I think. The present station master's residence, at the corner of Bourke and March streets, was built for him. Then We had Mr. Gazzard for a while. Mr Stafford was a great bike rider, and used to take part in the bike races on the park, which were all the go here at that time. Then Mr. Chivers was here for years, and when he left took charge of Blacktown station where he is at present. Then came Mr. Cox, who stayed with us till he retired from the service, when he was given a hearty send-off by his fellow railway men only a month or two ago.
Tom Cavanough was here for some time and was head porter, and afterwards worked up to be stationmaster.
Among the men on the engines who have been in Richmond, a man named Frost was the first driver from Blacktown to Richmond, and lived in the old house in Lennox-street occupied by Tom Miles. Then there was old Mr Ritchie who spent many years among us and was well liked.
(To be continued).
Some Ups and Downs of an old Richmondite,
by Mr. Alfred Smith
Chronicled by Robert Farlow
Windsor and Richmond Gazette (NSW : 1888 - 1954)
Saturday 12 February 1910
Saturday 19 March 1910
Saturday 26 March 1910
Saturday 16 April 1910
Saturday 23 April 1910
Transcription, janilye, 2012
The following is a list of the persons to whom auctioneers' licenses have been granted
for the year 1857:—
Joel H. Asher,
Thomas W. Bowden,
William G. Burgis,
Ewen W. Wallace,
Henry D. Cockburn.
John G. Cohen,
William E. Day,
Octavius B. Ebsworth,
Henry A. Graves.
David B. Hughes,
William G. Lambert.
John H. Miller,
John C. Molloy,
Francis E. Rishworth,
Launcelot E. Threlkeld,
John G. Valentine,
Samuel J. Wooller,
Empire (Sydney, NSW : 1850 - 1875)
Friday 28 November 1856
Transcription, janilye 2013
Particulars for the contracts entered into for the conveyance of Post Office Mails, from 1st January 1861.
The + symbol signifies Per Week.
John Hilt, Parramatta, Baulkham Hills, Rouse Hill, and Windsor, six days per week, for £200.
James Connolly, Windsor, Pitt Town, Wiseman's Ferry, and St. Alban's, two days, +£90.
Edward Croft, Wiseman's Ferry, and Mangrove Creek, one day, + £16.
Thomas Crisford, Windsor and Richmond, six days, + for £55.
Charles Bowen, Windsor, Wilberforce, Sackville Reach, and Portland Head, via Ebenezer, three days, + for £70.
Thomas Crisford, Richmond, North Richmond, and Wheeny Creek (Lamrock's Inn), three days, + for £35.
H. J. Kirwan, Sackville Reach and Lower Portland,three days, + for £30.
Edward Crisford, Richmond and Camden, via Castlereagh, Penrith, Mulgoa, and Greendale, three days, + for £198.
William Crane and J. J. Roberts, Parramatta Railway Terminus, and Post Office and Penrith, twice a day; Penrith, Hartley, and Bathurst, six days; Bathurst and Sofala, three days; Hartley and Mudgee, six days; with branch Post from Kean's Swamp to Rylstone, three days, and Bathurst, Guyong, and Orange, six days, † for £3250.
John Beard, Sofala and Tambaroora, one day, + for £190.
James Falconer, Mudgee, Cobbora, and Mundooran, one day, + for £175.
Edward Duckett, Mundooran and Coonamble, one day, + for £200.
David McCullough, Coonamble and Merri Merri by Bimbleyom, Bundy, Ningey, and Coanbone, one day, + for £99.
George O'Shea, Mudgee, Merrindee, and Wellington, one day, + for £180.
Edwin J. Greenwood, Mudgee and Cassilis, one day,+ for £200.
John Smith, Mudgee and Long Creek via Avisford, Grattai, Louisa Creek, Windeyer, and Campbell's Creek, two days, + for £275.
Hugh Wright, Orange and Wellington via Stoney Creek, Ironbarks, Moombla Hill, and Black Rock, three days, +for £795.
Edward Nicholls, Orange and Molong, three days, +for £285.
Thomas O'Brien, Molong and Black Rock, three days, + for £200.
Joseph Morris, Molong and South Wangan, one day, + for £115.
John Gardner, Molong and Obley, one day, + for £49.
D. L. Dalziell, Obley und Algullah, one day, + for £100.
Alexander White, Wellington and Dubbo, two days, + for £150.
James McCubbin, Dubbo and Cobbora, one day, + for £99.
Edward Duckett, Dubbo, Drungalee and Cannonbah, one day, + for £200.
John Minehan, Bathurst and Carcoar, three days, + for £348.
Thomas Walsh, Carcoar and Canowindra via Cliefden and Cowra, three days, + for £420.
Thomas Walsh, Cowra, South Wangan, Bundaburra, and Condobolin, one day, + for £360.
Thomas Grace, Condobolin and Lang's Crossing-place, one day, + for £560.
James James, Bathurst, Lagoons, and Rockley, two days; Rockley and Tuena, one day; Rockley and Swatchfield, one day ; Bathurst, Caloola, and Long Swamp, one day; Bathurst and O'Connell, two days; and O'Connell and Fish River Creek, via Mutton's Falls, one day, + for £400.
William Crane and J. J. Roberts, Railway Terminus and Post Office, Campbelltown and Camden, via Narellan and Campbelltown and Goulburn, six days, + for £825.
W. B. Campbell, Campbelltown, Riversford, Douglass Park, and Picton, six days, + for £150.
Philip Reily, Camden and Oaks, via Brownlow Hill, and Lowe's Hill, six days; and Oaks and Burrogorang, three days, + for £145.
John Wallace, Berrima and Sutton Forest, six days, + for £70.
Charles Loseby, Berrima and Bong Bong, six days, + for £40.
James Waterworth, Bungonia and Marulan, three days, + for £50.
James Woods, Campbelltown, Appin, Woonona, Wollongong, and Dapto, six days, + for £600.
Edward Graham, Dapto and Shellharbour, two days, + for £30.
Joseph Howard, Dapto, Jamberoo, Kiama, Geringong and Shoalhaven, six days, † £500.
Christopher and William Murray, Shoalhaven, Sassafras, Nerriga, and Braidwood, one day, + for £230.
William Murray, Shoalhaven and Nowra, via Greenhills, three days, + £25.
John Allen, Shoalhaven, Nowra, and Ulladulla, via Greenhills, two days, + for £133 6s. 8d.
Philip Murray, Shoalhaven, Nowra, and Ulladulla, via Greenhills, one day, + for £66 13s. 4d.
Alfred Moult, Ulladulla and Bateman's Bay, two days, + for £120.
Mary Coffee, Bateman's Bay and Moruya, two days, + for £68.
Thomas Moran, Goulburn and Braidwood, via Boro, six days; Boro, Bungendore, and Queanbeyan, six
days; and Queanbeyan and Cooma, six days, + for £900.
David Wilson, Braidwood and Major's Creek, via Bell's Creek and Bell's Paddock, three days, + for
David Wilson, Braidwood and Little or Mongarlowe River, two days, +for £75.
Thomas Moran, Bungendore and Molonglo, three days, + for £84.
Thomas McGee, Nelligen (Clyde River), and Braid- wood, two days, + for £250.
John Doughty, Major's Creek, Oranmore and Stoney Creek, via Ballalaba, two days, + for £58.
P. Heffernan, Braidwood, Araluen, Mullenderree, and Moruya, via Reidsdale, two days, + for £225.
C. J. McGregor, Moruya, Bodalla, Bega, Merimbula, and Pambula, one day, + for £160.
John Otton, jun., Moruya, Bodalla, Bega, Merimbula, and Pambula, one day, + for £180.
J. J. Roberts, Goulburn, Collector, Gundaroo, Gin- ninderra, and Queanbeyan, two days, + for £220.
Thomas Moran, Queanbeyan and Lanyon, two days, + for £68 12s.
Thomas Moran, Cooma, Adaminiby, Russell's and Kiandra, one day, + for £228 11s. 6d.
J. J. Roberts, Cooma, Adaminiby, Russell's and Kiandra, two days, + for £600.
William McGregor, Adaminiby and Cathcart, one day, + for £300.
William Roohan, Cooma and Buckley's Crossing Place, via Woolway and Jejizrick, one day, + for £138.
David Delves, Cooma and Bombala, two days, + for £350.
Edward Jones, Bombala and Delegate, two days, + for £110.
Charles Robertson, Bombala, Cathcart, Pambula, and Eden, via Big Jack's, one day, + for £210.
Charles Robertson, Pambula and Eden, two days, + for £55.
J. M. Munoz, Goulburn and Kenny's Point, via Bangalore, one day, + for £69.
James Martin, Goulburn, Tarlo, and Taralga, via Chatsbury, one day, + for £58.
Isaac Pratton, Goulburn, Laggan, and Tuena, one day, + for £160.
George Evans, Goulburn and Binda, via Mummell, Pomeroy, Gullen, and Wheo, two days, + for £160.
George Webster, Binda and Tuena, two days, for £80.
W. Henry Smith, Binda and Bigga, one day, + for £37. 10s.
James Maloney, Wheo, Reid's Flat, and Cowra, one day, + for £126 6s. 4d.
William Crane and J. J. Roberts, Goulburn, Gunning, and Yass, daily, + £531 4s.
James Garry, Yass, Binalong, and Burrowa, two days, † for £240.
Patrick Forbes, Yass and Gundaroo, two days, + for £80.
Jacob Marks, Binalong, Murrumburrah, and Wagga Wagga, via Dacey's and the Levels, two days, + for £600.
Allan Hancock, Burrowa, and Reid's Flat, via Hovell's Creek and Phil's Creek, one day, for £60.
Daniel Crottay, Burrowa and Cowra, via Marengo, and Bumbaldrie, one day, + for £135.
Thomas West, Marengo and Morangarell, one day, + for £100.
John Sheehan and Laurence Garry, Yass and Albury, three days, + for £2,285 3s. 2d.
Robert Elliott, Yass and Albury, three days, + for £2,400.
Edward Doyle, Gundagai and Tumut, three days, + for £210.
Edward G. Brown, Tumut and Kiandra, one day, + for £480.
C. W. Crawley, Tumut and Adelong, three days, + for £100.
Frederick Abbott, Tarcutta and Adelong, three days, for £285.
Alexander Bruce, Adelong, Upper Adelong, Tumberumba, and Ten Mile Creek, with a branch post to and from Copabella, Jingillack, and Welaregane, one day, + for £350.
James Gormley, Tarcutta and Wagga Wagga, one day, + for £95.
James Gormley, Tarcutta and Wagga Wagga, two days; Wagga Wagga, Gillinbah, Lang's Crossing Place, and Balranald, one day, + for £852 12s. 8d
James Gormley, Wagga Wogga, Gillenbah, Lane's Crossing Place, and Balranald, one day, +for £685.
James Gormley, Wagga Wagga and Deniliquin, one day, + for £470.
James Gormley, Wagga Wagga and Deniliquin, one day, + for £487 1s. 2d.
James Clifford, Lang's Crossing Place and Deniliquin. one day, + for £228 11s. 6d.
Richard Bill, Lang's Crossing Place and Deniliquin, two days; and Deniliquin and Moama, three days, + for £925.
Ralph Powell, Albury and Deniliquin, one day, + for £220.
Bevan and Co,, Deniliquin and Moama, three days, + for £260.
William Burgess, Deniliquin, Moulamein, and Balranald, one day, +for £250.
Thomas Pain and Robert Driscoll, Wentworth and Mount Murchison, once a fortnight, for £600.
James Cole, Sydney, Lane Cove, and Gosford, via Peat's Ferry, one day, + for £129.
Peter Fagan, Sydney, Lane Cove, and Gosford, via Peat's Ferry, one day, + for £100.
Peter Fagan, Gosford and Kincumber, one day, + for £16.
Morris Magney, Newcastle Wharf, the Post-office, and Railway Terminus, twice or oftener daily, for £100.
Morris Magney, Newcastle Post-office, and Branch Office at Lake Macquarie Road and the Junction, twice or oftener, daily, for £48 11s. 6d.
Thomas Baker, Raymond Terrace and Stroud, four days, + for £178.
John Williams, Stroud and Tinonee, two days, + for £245.
Robert Summerville, Tinonee and Wingham, two days, + for £27.
G. M. Fitzpatrick, Tinonee and Redbank, two days, + for £32 10s.
Reuben Richards, Tinonee and Port Macquarie, two days, + for £210.
Thomas Carney, Port Macquarie and Huntingdon, one day, + for £28.
Henry McCabe, Tinonee, Taree, Candleton, and Jones' Island, two days, +for £35.
Christopher Felton, Port Macquarie, Rolland's Plains, and Kempsey, two days, + for £108.
Otho O. Dangar, Kempsey and Frederickton, one day, + for £36 11s. 6d.
Otho O. Dangar. Kempsey and Armidale, once a fortnight, for £73.
Robert Hyndes, Post Office and Railway Station, West Maitland, twice or oftener, daily, for £52.
Alexander McGilvray, West Maitland, East Maitland, and Morpeth, seven days, for £49.
Alexander McGilvray, Railway Station and Post Office, East Maitland, Morpeth, and Hinton, seven days, for £67.
Lawrence Arnold, Hinton, Seaham, Clarence Town, Brookfield, and Dungog, three days, + for £145.
Thomas Irwin, Dungog and Bandon Grove, three days, + for £28.
Robert Lloyd, East Maitland, Largs, and Paterson, seven days, for £125.
William Shearwood, Paterson and Gresford, three days, + for £35.
Francis Randall, Gresford and Eccleston, one day, + for £20.
Patrick McCloy, Gresford and Lostock, two days, + for £25.
Thomas Moore, East Maitland and Mount Vincent, one day, + for £24.
Thomas Moore, Maitland, Millfield, and Wollombi, three days. + for £180.
John Gill, Railway Terminus and Post Office, Lochinvar, and Singleton, seven days ; and Singleton and Murrurundi, four days. + for £1844 5s.
John Gill, Singleton and Murrurundi, two days; and Murrurundi Land Armidale, three days ; + for £3450.
Joseph Clark, Singleton and Fordwich, two days.+ for £85.
Thomas Howard, Singleton and Jerry's Plains, -via Cockfighter's Creek, and in time of flood via Thorley's, three days.+ for £77.
Patrick Ward, Muswellbrook, Merton, Merriwa, and Cassilis, three days.+ for £777.
William Acheson, Cassilis, Coolan, and Coonabarabran, one day.+ for £142.
James M'Cubbin, Coolah, Denison Town, and Cobbora, one day,+ for £90.
J. A. Johnstone, Coolah and Gulligal, one day. for £149.
Seymour Denman, Wallgett and Coonabarabran, via Kienlry, &c, one day.+ for £179.
John Gill, Murrurundi, Tamworth, Bendemeer, and Armidale, three days. + for £3980.
Joseph Taggart, Murrurundi and Oakey Creek, one day.+ for £120.
John Gill, Murrurundi, Breeza, and Gunnedah, one day, for £159.
John Gill, Murrurundi and Gunnedah, via Warra, Breeza, and Carroll, one day; and Gunnedah, Gulligal, and Wee Waa, one day. + for £550.
Abraham Johnstone, Gulligal and Warialda, one day.+ for £168.
William M'clelland, Goonoo Goonoo and Nundle, via Bowling Alley .Point, two days. + for £175.
A. S. Bourke, Goonoo Goonoo and Nundle, via Bowling Alley Point, one day, + for £71 8s. 7d.
John Gill, Armidale and Drayton, two days ; Tamworth, Warialda, and Calandoon, one day; Warialda and Wee Waa, one day ; Tamworth, Carroll, and Gulligal, one day: Wallgett. Caidmurra, and Callandoon, one day ; Wee Waa and Wallgett, one day; Warwick and Ipswich, via Cunningham's Gap. one day; Wallabadah and Quirindi, one day ; Uralla and Rocky River, three days ; + for £3900.
James Keating, Walgett and Fort Bourke, once a fortnight, for £350.
William Sly, Fort Bourke and Mount Murchison, travelling either side of the Darling, once a fortnight, for £275.
W. M. Stevenson and William Martin, Armidale and Grafton, and Bendemeer and Bundarra, one day, + for £390.
W. M. Stevenson, Armidale and Walcha, one day ; and Bendemeer and Walcha, two days, for £232.+
Gabriel Wardrope, Armidale, Byron, and Frazer's Creek, via Moredun, Paradise Creek, Newstead, Inverell, Buckalla, one day. for £150.
Edward M. Wright, Tenterfield and Frazer's Creek, one day, + for £144.
Charles Tuckwood, Tenterfield, Tabulan, and Grafton, one day, + for £288.
Ellen Thompson, Lawrence and Casino, one day ; Grafton and Casino, one day, + for £400.
Henry Sheldon, Lawrence Tabulam, and Tooloom, via Pretty Gully, one day + for £200.
James Duffy, Casino and Richmond River Heads, one day. + for £150.
John Brown, Casino and Brisbane, one day, for £265.
Peter Fagan. Sydney, St. Mark's, Waverley, and Watson's Bay, six days for £99.
G. H. Stevens, Sydney and St. Leonard's, twice a day, + for £40.
Robert Gannon, Sydney and St. Peter's, twice a day, for £12.
John Grice, Sydney and Randwick, twice a day, for £20.
Wednesday, January 17th, 1849, The barque John Woodhall, 380 tons, Hill, master, from London.
Mr George Greig, Mr Rowe (surgeon), Mrs Taylor and two children, Miss Powis
Mr F. W. Mitchell, Mr R. Kelly wife and daughter, Mr T. A. Coates, Mr R. Smythe, Mr Buckley, Mr J. M. Green, Mr Simpson wife and three children, Mr H. Haywood, Mr J. Cruik and wife.
C. Ladds, G. Sebo and wife, G. Crisp, C. Betteredge, J. Sharp, G. Cole and wife, R. Cole wife and four children, A. Hurst, J. Johnston, G. Bartlett and wife, J. Robotton, W. Lowe, W. Weedon wife and three children, J. O. Hitch and wife, W. Gudd, J. Porter and wife, G. Hudson, J. Bower, W. D, Grant, C. Kimbee, R. J. Hawes, W. Cole. R. Clagne and wife, T. Kneale, D. Farragher, Joseph Kelly, R. Kelly, John Cowley, H. Christian, W. Kelly, G. Robinson, T. Thomas, E. James, H. Jurman, John Moss, Matthew Moss, John Moss, Eliza Trail, Henry Wilson wife and seven children, H. F. Wilson wife and two children, R. Wilson, John Goodridge, W. C. Allom, James Storr wife and six children, W. Seuser wife and child, E. J. Evans, T. Grey and four children, T. Gale, S. Mudden and wife, John Ellis, W. Hichman, James Hollins wife and child, Amelia Horton and four children, T. Gengard, Elizabeth Hughes and two children, J. Brown and wife, John Turrent, S. Usher and wife, G. Partridge, J. W. Presant, S. Johnson, Wm. Jonson, J. Woofender, J. Sumper, J. Burgoyne wife and two children, Jane Lock, H. J. Watson and wife, F. Martin, Mrs Peters and two children, Henry Groves, John Greir, Margaret Wudmore and two children, J. M. K. Aitken wife and four children, John Cushman, Wm. Poynter wife and six children, Ellen Lee, Henry Hitchen, Robert Thompson, Thos. Tarrance, Robert Johnson, Ed. Prickering, John DeWit, Wm. Wilding.
Cargo of the John Woodhall— 11 cases drapery and clothing, S. Hart; 472 bars 196 bundles iron, Beck & Co; 1 case, Shadgett ; 2 cases, J. Small ; 10,600 bricks, 121 tons coals, 4 tons clay. 20 pipes lead, 2 boxes. 86 pkgs. castings, 8 crates, G. S. Walters ; 5 pkgr., Government ; 4 bales, A. L. Elder; 15 pkgs., Order; 8 cases, 3 casks, J. Roberts ; 1 ease. Rev. J. Long; 2 cases, Acraman & Co.; 1 case, J. Richmond; 2 bales, J. Gilbert; 1 case, T. Wilson; 110 cases, P. D. Valrent; 12 bales, 1 box, A. Scott; 1 box, Dutton ; 20 crates, 1 case, Montefiore & Co. Cargo of the Champion— I donkey, Lord Bishop of Ade laide; 7 pkgs. sundries, Mr Turner Augusta, W.A. ; 6 liqueur cases, Samson.
South Australian Register
(Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900)
Saturday 20 January 1849
Transcription, janilye, 2013
Wednesday, January 17th 1849 The barque Trafalgar, 718 tons, Richardson, master, from London and Plymouth.
Passengers;— Mr and Mrs S. G. Dorday and five children, and — Tweedale. Esq., Surgeon Superintendent in the cabin.
the following Government emigrants in the steerage :—
James Allen, Wm. Henry Brown wife and child, Sarah Babbs, Robert Babbs, Mary Ann Baker, Emma Bacon, Caroline Bacon, Sophia Bailey and infant (Mrs Bailey's husband died at sea on the 16th December, aged 26), John Tallant Bee wife and three children (one, a girl, born at sea 4th January), Wm. Beesley and wife, Henry Bevan, John Bullock and wife, H. W. Burrall, James Childs, Thomas Clarke, Henry J. Congreve, Wm. Congreve, Maria Connor, Robert Cook wife and six children, Joseph Cross, Simon Clark wife and five children, James Davidson, Ann Davis, Charlotte Dodd, Thomas Dyke wife and two children, Bennett Dunstan wife and five children, Richard Dunstan and wife, Thomas Davey wife and four children, John Dewey wife and six children, Eliz. Fitch, John Forby wife and three children. James Foster and wife, Robert Fox, Peter Fox wife and five children, Edward Frost wife and four children, George Frost wife and two children, Mary Ann Gibson, Caroline Goldring, Richard Greaves, Henry Green, Jacob Green, Mary S. Hall, John Harrison wife and three children, Jane Hunt, Emma Hyams, Elizabeth Hyams, John Jones wife and child, John Julian wife and four children (one, a daughter, died at sea 10th January), Ann Kelly, Jane Kitts, Wm. Lanyon, Jane Lock, Louisa Lord, Walter Long wife and child, James Lawson wife and two children, Robert Mactaggart wife and three children, Martha Mawditt, Wm Morton, Thomas May and wife, Samuel Olley and wife, Ann Peatfield, Hezekiah Painter, Mary Ann Pash and child, Mary Ann Payne, Thos. Peacock and four children, Robert Pilbeam, Wm Pointon and wife, James Pollard wife and eight children, Edward Poulton and wife, Wm. Prestidge, Thos. Penny wife and four children, Peter Perring wife and four children. Wm. Rowe wife and two children, Richard Roads wife and eight children, Sarah Shore, Catherine Shuttleworth, Augusta Shuttleworth, John Spencer wife and child, Wm. Spriggs and wife (their infant daughter died at sea on the 9th November), Emily Stapleford, Susannah Stone, Sarah Summers, Joseph Taylor wife and two children, Emma Thacker, Thos. Tucker, John Thompson, Wm.Thomas wife and two children, Wm. Vince wife and four children, Samuel Webb and wife, Maria Welch, Sarah Wheatley, Ann Whitfield, Catherine Whitfield, John Whittle wife and five children (one, a son, born at sea on the 23d of December), James Wigley wife and three children, Charles Winchester wife and four children, James Wright wife and six children, Elizabeth Walters, John Walters, Joseph White, Thomas Williams, Mary Woolf.
Cargo of the Trafalgar— 69 cases, Order; 40 packages, M. & S. Marks ; 1 bale, 7 cases, R. Miller & Co. ; 5 cases, M'Nicol & Young; 1 ditto, John Calder ; 3706 bars, 268 bundles, 451 deals, 30 hhds, 180 casks bottled beer, 20 cases wine, 39 hhds rum, 10 ditto brandy, 5 qr.-casks ditto 1 case, 20 barrels tar, 10 ditto pitch, C. & F. J. Beck ; 200 - packages luggage.
South Australian Register
Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900
Saturday 20 January 1849
Transcription, janilye 2012.
The FLORENTIA, barque. William H. Goodwyn, master. from London on the 6th. and from the Downs on the 18th. June and from the Cape of Good Hope on the 4th of September. Arrived in Sydney Harbour on the 26th. October 1841.
Carrying £17,000 in British Silver for the Commissariat Department, merchandise and passengers.
Mr. and Mrs. Adye, with 5 daughters; Miss Adye, Miss Maria Adye, Miss Susan Ayde, Miss Sarah Ellen Adye, Miss Eliza Adye,
Mr. J. F. Houston M.D. Surgeon, and Mrs. Houston, and 2 daughters, Miss Eugenia Houston, Miss Lousia Houston,
Mrs. Goodrich, Miss Margaret Goodrich, infant, and servant,
Mr. and Mrs. Graham,
Mr. and Mrs. Wade,
Messrs. Davidson, Martyr, White, M'Cabe, Marriot, Townshend/Townsend, Stone, Clark, Burke, Betts, Burgess, Rousley/Ronsley, Labatt,
There were two passengers in steerage; - R Wilson, groom and Mrs. Pappin
Transcription, janilye 2013
I have two passenger lists for the Florentia; both with differences and both almost impossible to read because of blurred and smudged ink. I can understand why there has been no previous transcription. There is no mention of Gravatt, although we do know she was on board. She may have been the servant to Mrs. and Miss Goodrich. Miss Margaret Goodrich 1836-1887. Mrs. Goodrich was Helena and the following year married John James Martyr (surveyor) 1820-1882, who is the passenger 'Martyr.' listed. Helena maiden name Green and born in Essex married Goodrich in India, died in 1899 in her 82nd. year. The infant onboard was a John George Goodrich 1839-1875 both children of the late William Bridger Goodrich 1813-1840. and both born in India. The servant's name is not listed. There may have been other servants onboard which were not mentioned, as these were all important and wealthy passengers. Also, where we have Mr. and Mrs. Graham and Wade! on another list the women are not refered to as Mrs. but as "and lady" These were all paying passengers. Deloitte & Co. were the agents, the vessel being anchored at Deloitte's wharf in Darling Harbour. If I do happen to find another list, (maybe Deloitte's) I will add to the above. LABATT is Hugh Labatt 1817-1887. I should mention the majority of these passengers settled in the Wollongong/Campbelltown/ Yass /Goulburn area. The first Miss Adye was Harriette who married the Captain, William H Goodwyn on 14th. December 1841. Mr. Wade is Henry Wade 1810-1854, he was one of six surveyors elected to come to the colony of New South Wales in 1841. In 1842 he proposed a plan for the town of Limestone (Ipswich) Queensland, and showed what he saw as 'Garden and Suburban Allotments' (Copy of this plan can be seen in the Local History Room of the Ipswich Library and Information Service). He would also draw plans of Brisbane and other areas of the colony.
LIST of Recipients of Transfers of Male Prisoners made during April and May, 1835 :—
Addair James, Paterson's River, one shoemaker
Allen John, Cornwallis, one ploughman.
Badgery Henry, Camden, one farm laborer
Brown Thomas, BelleVue, one stockinger, two farmer's boys, one carter,
one chimney sweep, three farm laborers, one shoemaker, and one groom
Bingle John, Hunter's River, one weaver and carter
Bourke Sir R., Sydney, 1 groom
Booth John, Windsor, 1 laborer
Bates Elizabeth, Prospect, 1 milker and reaper
Bloodsworth James, Sydney, 1 errand boy.
Clements Henry, John's Grove, 1 weaver and laborer.
Crampton Richard, Sydney, 1 waterman.
Chambers David, Sydney, 1 groom and servant.
Cooper Joseph, Liverpool, 1 groom and farm laborer.
Dangar Henry, Neotsfield, 1 laborer.
Davis I. M., Hunter' River, 1 jockey.
Dacey Patrick, Hunter-street, 1 tailor.
Daly Joseph, Maitland, 1 violin player.
Dutton H. P., Hunter's River, 1 coachmaker.
Dutton W. H, Yass, 1 waiter.
Erskine John, Maitland, 1 tap boy.
Ellis T. W., Sussex-street, 1 servant and groom.
Frost William, Maitland, 1 servant and groom.
Grace Patrick, Burrogorang, 1 farmer's man.
Gardener John, Argyle, 1 errand boy.
Gonaghty Patrick, Wollongong, 1 inn-door servant.
Gordon Lieutenant, 17th Regiment, 1 butler and cook.
Howe Robert, Sydney, 1 farm laborer, and 1 silk dyer.
Howe William, Glenlee, 1 baker's laborer, 1 farmservant, and 1 pedlar.
Hallen Edward, Sydney, 1 tailor.
Higgins Thomas, George-street, 1 coachman and groom.
Hayes Richard, Wilberforce, 1 errand boy.
Hilas George, Parramatta, 1 boatman.
Jones J Both, York-street, 1 seaman.
Kenny W. R., Smeaton, 1 confectioner.
Klensendoriffe W., Point Farm, 1 tailor.
Kelly Daniel Wilberforce, 1 waterman.
Kinghorne Alexander, Liverpool, 1 servant and groom.
King Richard, Hunter's River, 1 baker, 1 farmer, 3 farm servants, 1 shepherd,
1 farmer's man, 1 reaper, 1 wax chandler, 2 porters, 1 stockman and shepherd,
3 farm servants and shepherds, 1 ploughman, &c., 2 tailor's boys, 1 farmer's boy,
1 butcher's boy, 2 errand boys, 1 cottonweaver, 1 silk twister, 3 farm labourers,
1 tailor, 1 shoemaker, 1 soldier and calenderer, and 1 kitchen gardener.
Levien Solomon, Pulteney Hotel, 1 in-door servant and groom.
Livingstone John, Bathurst, 1 brickmaker and farmer.
Livan Edward, junior, Wollongong, 1 errand boy.
Lethbridge R. C., Werrington, 1 groom and ostler
Loder A., Hunter's River, 1 warehouseman and laborer.
Laidley James, Sydney, 1 farm servant and shepherd.
McQuoid Thomas, Sydney, 1 farming man and shepherd.
Mackie John, George-street, 1 farm laborer and cowherd.
Marshall Sampson, Sydney, 1 house carpenter.
2 farm servants, and 1 frame-work knitter.
Murray Robert, George-street, 1 stable boy and sweep.
Mowatt Francis, Narellan, 1 labourer
McQuade Michael, Sydney, 1 linen weaver
Moffatt Captain, Parramatta, 1 reaper, &c.
Myles Laurence, Hunter's River, 1 ploughman, &c.
Onions Samuel, Sydney, 1 bricklayer's laborer.
O'Brien Cornelius, Illawarra, 1 navigator.
Peat Clement, Sydney, 1 footman.
Pearcey Matthew, Patrick's Plains, 1 beat boy.
Poulton George, Maitland, 1 currier's boy.
Reid David, Inverary, 1 farm servant.
Ruse Thomas, Appin, 1 farm servant.
Richardson W., Windsor, 1 stone mason.
Richardson J., Richmond, 1 weaver.
Robins John, Wollongong, 1 file cutter.
Rutter R. C., Parramatta, 1 gardener's laborer
Roberts Robert, Argyle, 1 keeper, &c.
Ryan Thomas, Prince-street, 1 indoor servant and groom.
Stockfish Henry, Evan, 1 laborer.
Sparke A. B., Sydney, 1 servant.
Solomon John, Sydney, 1 stableman .
Staff John, Parramatta, 1 weaver.
Scott A W., Ash Island, 1 farm servant.
Stewart General, Bathurst, 1 laborer.
Tucker John, Albion Farm, 1 whitewasher's boy and 1 factory boy.
Therry Roger, Sydney, 1 indoor servant and groom
Thomas John, Newcastle, 1 laborer.
Thorn John, Parramatta, 1 bookbinder's apprentice.
Thorn Humphrey, Parramatta, 1 shoemaker's boy.
Unwin F. W., Pitt-street, 1 painter and glazier.
Wood John, Windsor, 1 brickfield boy.
White G.B., Patrick's Plains, 1 farrier and groom and 1 boatman.
Williams William, Sydney, 1 seaman Walker James, Sydney, 1 porter.
Wilton Reverend C., Newcastle, 1 file cutter and 1 weaver.
Wilson Sophia, Lane Cove, 1 shoemaker.
FRED A. HELY. Principal Superintendent of Convict's Office,
11th July, 1835.
The following list of Physicians and Surgeons, qualified to act in the colony of New South Wales, is extracted from a useful Pamphlet by Mr. Baker, Clerk to the New South Wales Medical Board, 4 November 1842:
Aaron Isaac, Kissing Point
A'Beckett, Arthur Martin, Elizabeth street, North, Sydney
Agnew, James Wilson
Aitken, John, George street South, Sydney
Alexander, A., Assistant-surgeon, 28th Regiment, (gone to the East Indies)
Allan Edward, Berrima
Anderson Colin, A. M. D.
Appleton Henry (gone to England)
Arbuckle Alexander, Clifton
Armstrong John, George-street
Auld Robert, Sydney
Ballow, D. K. Colonial Assistant; surgeon, Brisbane Town, Moreton Bay
Bamber Charles (gone to England)
Barker Edward, Port Phillip
Barnes George Frederick, Hinton
Baylie William Kingston, Port Phillip
Beardmore Frederick Joshua, Maitland
Bell William, Windsor Bell Thomas, R. N., Braidwood
Bennett George, Elizabeth-street, Hyde Park, Sydney
Birtwhistle John (gone to England)
Black Thomas. M. D., Penrith
Blake Isidore Maurice, Campbell Town
Bland William, Pitt-street North, Sydney.
Brooks George, Colonial Surgeon, New castle.
Brown William, M. D., Murrumbidgee
Brown William Spencer, M..D.
Brown William, East Maitland
Browne Joseph Browning, Cavin.
Buccanan Colin, M. D
Burby George, Colonial Assistant-surgeon, Bathurst.
Cadell James John, M. D. Raymond Terrace
Campbell Francis, M.D.
Campbell John, Surgeon 28th Regiment (gone to the East Indies)
Cannan Kearsey, Elizabeth-street, Sydney.
Cartwright Robert Marsden, Goulburn
Cates John, Sydney
Clarke George Thomas.
Clarke Jonathan, Port Phillip
Cluttebuck James Bennett, M. D.
Clayton Benjamin, County King
Cobb Law Blaxland (died at Sydney)
Cochrane James (died at Maitland)
Connell James Joseph, Bathurst
Cook Alexander, Castlereagh street Sydney
Cooper John Cowper Henry, Bungonia
Craigh Robert, Bathurst
Crichton John, Oven's River
Cullen Phibba White.
Cussen Patrick, M. D. Assistant Colonial Surgeon, Melbourne
Cuthill Alexander, Surgeon to the Benevolent Asylum, Parramatta-street, Sydney
Davis William, (gone to New Zealand)
Day Henry, Hunter-street, Sydney
De Lisle R., Assistant surgeon, 96th, Regiment.
Dobie John, R. N., Clarence River
Dorsey William M'Taggard, Limestone, Moreton Bay.
Dowe Joshua, M . D. Coroner, Windsor
Eckford James, M D., Assistant Colonial Surgeon, Liverpool.
Edye Alfred Oke, R. N., Maitland
Ellis James, R. N., Yass
Ellison Robert, surgeon, 50th Regiment (gone to the East Indies)
Enscoe John, Melbourne
Fayle Higginson, Parramatta
Felton Maurice (died at Sydney)
Foulis John. M. D., Parramatta.
Fullerton . George, M. D., Pitt-street Sydney.
Galbraith R., M. D.., Assistant-Surgeon, 99th Regiment, Sydney
Gammack Alex., Assistant-Colonial Surgeon, Liverpool
Gammie Patrick, Surgeon, 80th Regt., Auckland, New Zealand
Gerard. John, Illawarra
Gilbert Jordan, Market-street, Sydney
Gill John, Broules.
Gillespie. Robert (died at the Clarence River)
Glennie Henry, George-street, Sydney
Goodwin John; Invermein
Graham Henry, Colonial Assistant-surgeon, Norfolk Island
Grant John, M. D., Pitt-street south, Sydney.
Graydon Alexander, M. D., Assistant Surgeon. 50th. Regiment (gone to the East Indies)
Green Henry, Tumut.
Gwynne Gordon, Parramatta.
Haig Isaac, M. D., New England.
Harford James, Sydney.
Harriett Patrick, Colonial Surgeon, General Hospital, Sydney.
Harpur Frederick, King-street west, Sydney.
Hathorn Fergus, Wellington Valley
Havens Robert, Yass
Hayley William, Foxton
Hill Patrick, R. N. Colonial Surgeon, Parramatta.
Hobson Edmund Charles, Melbourne.
Hope Robert Cuthbertson, M. D , Campbell Town.
Hosking Peter Mann (gone to England )
Houston Hugh, Apothecary to the Sydney Dispensary.
Houston William, Pitt-street, Sydney
Howitt Godfrey, M. D.
Huffington Hugh Arthur.
Hunt Thomas, Parramatta.
Huntley Robert, County of Murray.
Inches John, R. N (died at Maitland).
Jay Richard Gardiner
Jenkins William Jacob.
Jenkins Richard Lewis, Jerry's Plains
Johnson John, M. D., Colonial Surgeon, Auckland, New Zealand
Johnson Alfed Scomberg
Jones Robert, Jamison-street, Sydney.
Kenney William B, Campbell Town ,
King William, M. D., Mudgee
Kingslake Charles Woodford.
Lee Michael William, M D., Colonial Assistant Surgeon, General Hospital, Sydney
Lee Thomas, M. D., Colonial Surgeon, Lunatic Asylum, Tarban Creek
Ledbetter George Samuel, Port Macquarie
Liddell William, (gone to England)
Linderman Henry John
Little, Robert, M. D., Hunter street Sydney.
Lloyd Humphrey Thomas
Lewis, Prince street, Sydney
Maberly Samuel, New Zealand
Mallon Patrick Walsh, Maitland
Mark Edward Robson Bridge-street Sydney.
M'Donald, M, D. Auckland, New, Zealand
Maxwell Edwin Stanford, (gone to England).
M'Cartney Michael; Gummum Plains
M'Crea Farquhar M. D,' Melbourne.
M'Curdy Samuel, Port Phillip
M'Donald Allan Ronald, M. D , Berrima.
M'Donald Donald, Sydney
M'Donnell A. S., Assistant-Surgeon, 28th. Regiment, gone to the East, Indies)
M'Evoy Francis, Yass
M'Ewin Donald Macintosh, M. D.
M'Farlane John, M. D., Pitt-street South, Sydney.
M'Hattie Richard, Bathurst
M'Intosh Robert, M. D., Asst. surgn. to the Australian Agricultural Company, Port Stephens
M'Keachie David, M . D.
M'Keller Charles Kinnard, George street, Sydney.
M'Kellar Frederick, M. D., Surgeon to the Sydney Disppensary.
M'Kenzie Kenneth, Wollongong
M'Kinlay Ellar M'Kellar, Clarence Town, William's River
M'Kirdy Robert, M. D., (gone to the East Indies)
M'Lenn Daniel, (late Colonial Surgeon, died at the Lunatic Asylum, Durban Creek)
M'Nish A. C, Assistant-surgeon, 80th Regiment, (gone, to the East Indies).
Mollison Patrick, ,M. D., (late Colonial Assistant-surgeon, died at Port Macquarie)
Moran Francis, M. D., (died at Sydney)
Morton Andrew ,
Murray Alexander W., 96th Regiment, (gone to England).
Nathan Charles, Elizabeth-street Sydney
Neilson John, Hunter-street, Sydney
Newton William. Parramatta
Nicholson Charles, M. D., Fort-street, Sydney
Nind Isaac Scott
Norris Thomas, (died at Campbelltown).
O'Brien Bartholomew, M. D, Wollongong, Illawarra
O'Hara Henry Lewis, Melbourne
O'Mullane Arthur, M. D., Melbourne.
Palmer James Frederick, Melbourne
Park Robert, Hunters River
Parsons Thomas, Liverpool.
Patterson John, R. N., Melbourne
Pearce Thomas, (died at Parramatta)
Perrott Thomas M.
Reedy Maurice O'Keefe, M. D., (gone to East Indies)
Reid James, Colonial Assistant Surgeon, Norfolk Island
Richardson William, Colonial Surgeon, Port Macquacie
Robertson John (gone to England)
Robertson Kinnear, Maneiro
Rodger Robert, Brisbane Water
Russell James Charles, Pitt-st., Sydney
Rutter Robert Champley, Parramatta
Rutter, John Yates, Sydney.
Savage Arthur, R. N., Health Officer, Castlereagh-street, Sydney
Scott Henry Charles (gone to England)
Scouler Arthur, Campbelltown.
Selkirk John, M'Donald River.
Shaw Forster, Geelong
Sherwin William, Mittagong.
Skinner Alexander, Patrick's Plains
Sloane David, Maitland.
Sparrow Thomas (gone to England)
Stacey John Edward, Port Macquarie
Stanford Charles John.
Stewart Bute, M. D., Parramattta.
Stewart Grigor, Surgeon, 96th Regt.
Stewart John, Elizabeth-street, Sydney
Stewart William Farquharson, Windsor
Stolworthy David, Patrick's Plains.
Street Francis Gall Snelling, Invermein
Stuart James (late Colonial Assistant Surgeon, (died at Port Marquarie)
Swaine Spillman R., Campbelltown.
Thomas David John, Port Phillip.
Tierney Daniel Joseph, M. D. Wollongong.
Traill Rowland John, M. D., Clarence River.
Tripe Henry Richard Gawen .
Turnbull Robert, Surgeon, 80th Regt., (died at Sydney)
Vallack Adoniah, Patrick's Plains.
Wallace Francis L. M. D., Druitt-st, Sydney.
Wakeman Thomas Henry
Wark David, M. D., Adelaide, South Australia
Warner Charles Avory, Penrith.
Watson Henry, Port Phillip
Waugh Robert, Goulburn
Welch Robert Porter, King and Castlereagh-street, Sydney
West John Boucher, Muswellbrook.
Whittaker Lewis Duncan, Richmond.
Whittell Henry Rawes, corner of Elizabeth and Liverpool-streets, Sydney.
Wilks Stephen Geary, M. D., Clarence street, Sydney.
Williamson William, Morpeth.
Wilmot William Bryan, M. D. Coroner, Melbourne.
Woods, Charles Bourne (died at Sydney)
Wilton William, Newcastle.
Yate Benjamin Howell.
And we do hereby further declare, that the several, persons, whose names are herein mentioned are entitled to be deemed "legally qualified Medical Practitioners," in terms of and according to the provisions of the said Act.
J. V, THOMPSON,
Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals,
FRANCIS L. WALLACE, M.D.
CHARLES NICHOLSON, M.D
17 April 1880
Those who have often partaken at public banquets of the menu provided by Compagnoni, will learn with regret that the excellent caterer's estate was placed in the Insolvency Court this morning.
5 August 1880
ONE of the largest, and best appointed cafés in the Australian colonies is that known as Compagnoni's situated in Pitt Street, Sydney, which has been wholly
reconstructed and furnished in a most comfortable and elegant manner, reminding the visitor of the more famous establishments which line the Parisian Boulevards, and form one of the leading attractions of the French capital. At the inaugural dinner, there were present a large number of mercantile gentlemen and several members of Parliament and city aldermen. The members of the board of directors-namely, Mr. John Woods (in the chair), Messrs. Gorman, R. Nott, W. Carey, and W. Clarke, also attended. The business, which was formerly carried on by Mr. Compagnoni, is under the immediate direction of Mr. Samuel Packham, as manager. Those familiar with the old establishment will not easily be enabled to recognise it in its new guise, in consequence of the extensive alterations which have been made in the premises, including the exten- sion and fitting up of a gentlemen's dining hall, and a handsomely decorated ladies' dining hall, the erection of a new kitchen, fitting up of lavatories, &c. The kitchen contains the latest and most approved steam cooking apparatus, and will be under the management of M. Marriette, as chef de cuisine, in which capacity he had extensive experience at the Union Club, Melbourne, and at Ballarat. Judging from the opinions expressed by visitors, we should say the new café has a bright and prosperous future before it. The specialité of the establishment is oysters, served up in every style.
1 October 1883
By the improvements made in Compagnoni's restaurant, Pitt-street, a decided want has been supplied to the public of this city, which has been behind some of the large towns of the sister colonies in respect to
accommodation such as Compagnoni's is intended to supply. The old restaurant was well known, but the alterations that have been made are so extensive that the appearance of the place has been entirely changed, and the accommodation for the public is more than doubled. Beginning with the refreshment rooms, it may be stated that these apartments have not only been very much enlarged by throwing back the dividing wall's a considerable distance at the rear of the building, but they have been completely transformed. As yon enter, the ladies' luncheon room is on the right hand and the gentlemen's on the left — there being communication between the two rooms by means of spacious doorways, so that with, other means of ven tilation the place will be pleasantly cool in the summer months. The roofs are arched and con structed so as to admit a flood of light, the general effect being pleasant and cheerful. The furniture is all that could be desired, and the lavatories in connection with these rooms are fitted up with the utmost care for cleanliness and comfort, there being a servant constantly in attendance in the lady's dressing-room. The culinary apparatus is most complete, and everything is kept wonderfully clean, notwithstanding the large amount of cooking and kitchen work generally in connection, with s0 large an establishment. At the rear of the premises is the bakery, where all the confectionery is turned out, and above this a store room, in which is kept the catering part, which is very extensive, as the company does a large catering trade. Also in this direction is a dry store. certain out-buildings and a poultry yard. Indeed it would scarcely be imagined from a front view of the restaurant in Pitt-street how extensive these premises really are. Returning to the main building by a passage at the side, we enter the luncheon bar, passing by the wine and dry goods stores on the way. The luncheon bar is not quite finished, but is being fitted up with every attention to comfort and convenience. It will not be a luncheon bar in the proper sense of the term, but more of a lounge. It may be stated that Mr. James, the manager, contemplates the excellent idea of establishing a grill or chop room in connection with this part of the restaurant, and there can be no doubt that if it were esta blished such an institution would be largely patron ised. In fact, it is a matter for wonder that a city like Sydney has not properly regulated chop rooms for the use of people engaged is the city. They are common in London and other large cities, and were successfully introduced in Auckland, N.Z., years ago. If Mr. James succeeds in carrying out his idea at Compagnoni's, there can be little doubt that it would meet with success. Upstairs there are the club rooms and other apartments : and, generally speaking, the institution as altered and improved is a credit to the city.
19 November 1884
Mr. Tollemache, the enterprising manager of the Compagnoni Catering Company in Pitt-street, has further provided for the comfort and pleasure of the public by adding music to the various other attractions of the popular catering establishment under his charge. Orchestral matinees will be held three times a week from three to five in the afternoon.
Selections from the latest and most popular comic operas, and all the newest and latest waltzes will be performed by a first-class, band, under the direction of Herr Gustav Kuster. There will not be any charge for admission. Ladies or gentlemen can sit and enjoy a cup of tea or an ice, and at the same time hear some good music. A preliminary performance took place yesterday afternoon in the presence of several gentlemen, who all expressed their appre ciation of the good music which was performed. The programme for each performance will be pub lished in the daily papers. The first matinee will be held on Friday afternoon next, from 3 to 5. A large number of ladies and gentlemen will no doubt take the opportunity of apending an enjoyable afternoon in one of the coolest cafes which can be found in the colony.
2 December 1885
Ernest Tollemache to Angelo Viney, Compagnoni Cafe
4 August 1886
from Angelo Viney, of Compagnoni's Hotel, Pitt-street, to Henry Adams
Thomas Compagnoni who started it all shot himself in his backyard
at Rosa St., Oatley on the 27 January 1911. | 126,171 | 746 |
963,291 | The Apocalypse, or Revelation to John, the last book of the Bible, is one of the most difficult to understand because it abounds in unfamiliar and extravagant symbolism, which at best appears unusual to the modern reader. Symbolic language, however, is one of the chief characteristics of apocalyptic literature, of which this book is an outstanding example. Such literature enjoyed wide popularity in both Jewish and Christian circles from ca. 200 B.C. to A.D. 200.
This book contains an account of visions in symbolic and allegorical language borrowed extensively from the Old Testament, especially Ezekiel, Zechariah, and Daniel. Whether or not these visions were real experiences of the author or simply literary conventions employed by him is an open question.
This much, however, is certain: symbolic descriptions are not to be taken as literal descriptions, nor is the symbolism meant to be pictured realistically. One would find it difficult and repulsive to visualize a lamb with seven horns and seven eyes; yet Jesus Christ is described in precisely such words (Rev 5:6). The author used these images to suggest Christ’s universal (seven) power (horns) and knowledge (eyes). A significant feature of apocalyptic writing is the use of symbolic colors, metals, garments (Rev 1:13–16; 3:18; 4:4; 6:1–8; 17:4; 19:8), and numbers (four signifies the world, six imperfection, seven totality or perfection, twelve Israel’s tribes or the apostles, one thousand immensity). Finally the vindictive language in the book (Rev 6:9–10; 18:1–19:4) is also to be understood symbolically and not literally. The cries for vengeance on the lips of Christian martyrs that sound so harsh are in fact literary devices the author employed to evoke in the reader and hearer a feeling of horror for apostasy and rebellion that will be severely punished by God.
The lurid descriptions of the punishment of Jezebel (Rev 2:22) and of the destruction of the great harlot, Babylon (Rev 16:9–19:2), are likewise literary devices. The metaphor of Babylon as harlot would be wrongly construed if interpreted literally. On the other hand, the stylized figure of the woman clothed with the sun (Rev 12:1–6), depicting the New Israel, may seem to be a negative stereotype. It is necessary to look beyond the literal meaning to see that these images mean to convey a sense of God’s wrath at sin in the former case and trust in God’s providential care over the church in the latter.
The Book of Revelation cannot be adequately understood except against the historical background that occasioned its writing. Like Daniel and other apocalypses, it was composed as resistance literature to meet a crisis. The book itself suggests that the crisis was ruthless persecution of the early church by the Roman authorities; the harlot Babylon symbolizes pagan Rome, the city on seven hills (17:9). The book is, then, an exhortation and admonition to Christians of the first century to stand firm in the faith and to avoid compromise with paganism, despite the threat of adversity and martyrdom; they are to await patiently the fulfillment of God’s mighty promises. The triumph of God in the world of men and women remains a mystery, to be accepted in faith and longed for in hope. It is a triumph that unfolded in the history of Jesus of Nazareth and continues to unfold in the history of the individual Christian who follows the way of the cross, even, if necessary, to a martyr’s death.
Though the perspective is eschatological—ultimate salvation and victory are said to take place at the end of the present age when Christ will come in glory at the parousia—the book presents the decisive struggle of Christ and his followers against Satan and his cohorts as already over. Christ’s overwhelming defeat of the kingdom of Satan ushered in the everlasting reign of God (Rev 11:15; 12:10). Even the forces of evil unwittingly carry out the divine plan (Rev 17:17), for God is the sovereign Lord of history.
The Book of Revelation had its origin in a time of crisis, but it remains valid and meaningful for Christians of all time. In the face of apparently insuperable evil, either from within or from without, all Christians are called to trust in Jesus’ promise, “Behold, I am with you always, until the end of the age” (Mt 28:20). Those who remain steadfast in their faith and confidence in the risen Lord need have no fear. Suffering, persecution, even death by martyrdom, though remaining impenetrable mysteries of evil, do not comprise an absurd dead end. No matter what adversity or sacrifice Christians may endure, they will in the end triumph over Satan and his forces because of their fidelity to Christ the victor. This is the enduring message of the book; it is a message of hope and consolation and challenge for all who dare to believe.
The author of the book calls himself John (Rev 1:1, 4, 9; 22:8), who because of his Christian faith has been exiled to the rocky island of Patmos, a Roman penal colony. Although he never claims to be John the apostle, whose name is attached to the fourth gospel, he was so identified by several of the early church Fathers, including Justin, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Cyprian, and Hippolytus. This identification, however, was denied by other Fathers, including Denis of Alexandria, Eusebius of Caesarea, Cyril of Jerusalem, Gregory Nazianzen, and John Chrysostom. Indeed, vocabulary, grammar, and style make it doubtful that the book could have been put into its present form by the same person(s) responsible for the fourth gospel. Nevertheless, there are definite linguistic and theological affinities between the two books. The tone of the letters to the seven churches (Rev 1:4–3:22) is indicative of the great authority the author enjoyed over the Christian communities in Asia. It is possible, therefore, that he was a disciple of John the apostle, who is traditionally associated with that part of the world. The date of the book in its present form is probably near the end of the reign of Domitian (A.D. 81–96), a fierce persecutor of the Christians.
The principal divisions of the Book of Revelation are the following:
1The revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave to him, to show his servants what must happen soon. He made it known by sending his angel to his servant John,a 2who gives witness to the word of God and to the testimony of Jesus Christ by reporting what he saw. 3Blessed is the one* who reads aloud and blessed are those who listen to this prophetic message and heed what is written in it, for the appointed time is near.b
Greeting.* 4John, to the seven churches in Asia:* grace to you and peace from him who is and who was and who is to come, and from the seven spirits before his throne,c 5and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, the firstborn of the dead and ruler of the kings of the earth. To him who loves us and has freed us* from our sins by his blood,d 6who has made us into a kingdom, priests for his God and Father, to him be glory and power forever [and ever]. Amen.e
7Behold, he is coming amid the clouds,
and every eye will see him,
even those who pierced him.
All the peoples of the earth will lament him.
8“I am the Alpha and the Omega,”* says the Lord God, “the one who is and who was and who is to come, the almighty.”g
The First Vision.* 9I, John, your brother, who share with you the distress, the kingdom, and the endurance we have in Jesus, found myself on the island called Patmos* because I proclaimed God’s word and gave testimony to Jesus. 10I was caught up in spirit on the Lord’s day* and heard behind me a voice as loud as a trumpet, 11which said, “Write on a scroll* what you see and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea.” 12* Then I turned to see whose voice it was that spoke to me, and when I turned, I saw seven gold lampstands 13and in the midst of the lampstands one like a son of man,* wearing an ankle-length robe, with a gold sash around his chest.h 14The hair of his head was as white as white wool or as snow,* and his eyes were like a fiery flame. 15His feet were like polished brass refined in a furnace,* and his voice was like the sound of rushing water. 16In his right hand he held seven stars.* A sharp two-edged sword came out of his mouth, and his face shone like the sun at its brightest.i
17When I caught sight of him, I fell down at his feet as though dead.* He touched me with his right hand and said, “Do not be afraid. I am the first and the last,j 18the one who lives. Once I was dead, but now I am alive forever and ever. I hold the keys to death and the netherworld.* 19Write down, therefore, what you have seen, and what is happening, and what will happen afterwards.* 20This is the secret meaning* of the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and of the seven gold lampstands: the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.
* [1:1–3] This prologue describes the source, contents, and audience of the book and forms an inclusion with the epilogue (Rev 22:6–21), with its similar themes and expressions.
* [1:3] Blessed is the one: this is the first of seven beatitudes in this book; the others are in Rev 14:13; 16:15; 19:9; 20:6; 22:7, 14. This prophetic message: literally, “the words of the prophecy”; so Rev 22:7, 10, 18, 19 by inclusion. The appointed time: when Jesus will return in glory; cf. Rev 1:7; 3:11; 22:7, 10, 12, 20.
* [1:4–8] Although Revelation begins and ends (Rev 22:21) with Christian epistolary formulae, there is nothing between Rev 4; 22 resembling a letter. The author here employs the standard word order for greetings in Greek letter writing: “N. to N., greetings…”; see note on Rom 1:1.
* [1:4] Seven churches in Asia: Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in western Asia Minor (modern Turkey); these representative churches are mentioned by name in Rev 1:11, and each is the recipient of a message (Rev 2:1–3:22). Seven is the biblical number suggesting fullness and completeness; thus the seer is writing for the whole church.
* [1:5] Freed us: the majority of Greek manuscripts and several early versions read “washed us”; but “freed us” is supported by the best manuscripts and fits well with Old Testament imagery, e.g., Is 40:2.
* [1:8] The Alpha and the Omega: the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. In Rev 22:13 the same words occur together with the expressions “the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End”; cf. Rev 1:17; 2:8; 21:6; Is 41:4; 44:6.
* [1:9–20] In this first vision, the seer is commanded to write what he sees to the seven churches (Rev 1:9–11). He sees Christ in glory, whom he depicts in stock apocalyptic imagery (Rev 1:12–16), and hears him describe himself in terms meant to encourage Christians by emphasizing his victory over death (Rev 1:17–20).
* [1:9] Island called Patmos: one of the Sporades islands in the Aegean Sea, some fifty miles south of Ephesus, used by the Romans as a penal colony. Because I proclaimed God’s word: literally, “on account of God’s word.”
* [1:10] The Lord’s day: Sunday. As loud as a trumpet: the imagery is derived from the theophany at Sinai (Ex 19:16, 19; cf. Heb 12:19 and the trumpet in other eschatological settings in Is 27:13; Jl 2:1; Mt 24:31; 1 Cor 15:52; 1 Thes 4:16).
* [1:11] Scroll: a papyrus roll.
* [1:12–16] A symbolic description of Christ in glory. The metaphorical language is not to be understood literally; cf. Introduction.
* [1:13] Son of man: see note on Mk 8:31. Ankle-length robe: Christ is priest; cf. Ex 28:4; 29:5; Wis 18:24; Zec 3:4. Gold sash: Christ is king; cf. Ex 28:4; 1 Mc 10:89; 11:58; Dn 10:5.
* [1:14] Hair…as white as white wool or as snow: Christ is eternal, clothed with the dignity that belonged to the “Ancient of Days”; cf. Rev 1:18; Dn 7:9. His eyes were like a fiery flame: Christ is portrayed as all-knowing; cf. Rev 2:23; Ps 7:10; Jer 17:10; and similar expressions in Rev 2:18; 19:12; cf. Dn 10:6.
* [1:15] His feet…furnace: Christ is depicted as unchangeable; cf. Ez 1:27; Dn 10:6. The Greek word translated “refined” is unconnected grammatically with any other word in the sentence. His voice…water: Christ speaks with divine authority; cf. Ez 1:24.
* [1:16] Seven stars: in the pagan world, Mithras and the Caesars were represented with seven stars in their right hand, symbolizing their universal dominion. A sharp two-edged sword: this refers to the word of God (cf. Eph 6:17; Heb 4:12) that will destroy unrepentant sinners; cf. Rev 2:16; 19:15; Wis 18:15; Is 11:4; 49:2. His face…brightest: this symbolizes the divine majesty of Christ; cf. Rev 10:1; 21:23; Jgs 5:31; Is 60:19; Mt 17:2.
* [1:17] It was an Old Testament belief that for sinful human beings to see God was to die; cf. Ex 19:21; 33:20; Jgs 6:22–23; Is 6:5.
* [1:18] Netherworld: Greek Hades, Hebrew Sheol, the abode of the dead; cf. Rev 20:13–14; Nm 16:33.
* [1:19] What you have seen, and what is happening, and what will happen afterwards: the three parts of the Book of Revelation, the vision (Rev 1:10–20), the situation in the seven churches (Rev 2–3), and the events of Rev 6–22.
* [1:20] Secret meaning: literally, “mystery.” Angels: these are the presiding spirits of the seven churches. Angels were thought to be in charge of the physical world (cf. Rev 7:1; 14:18; 16:5) and of nations (Dn 10:13; 12:1), communities (the seven churches), and individuals (Mt 18:10; Acts 12:15). Some have seen in the “angel” of each of the seven churches its pastor or a personification of the spirit of the congregation.
a. [1:1] 22:6–8, 20; Dn 2:28 / 19:10.
b. [1:3] 22:7 / Lk 11:28.
c. [1:4] 8; 4:8; 11:17; 16:5; Ex 3:14.
d. [1:5] 3:14; 1 Cor 15:20; Col 1:18 / Heb 9:14; 1 Pt 1:19; 1 Jn 1:7.
e. [1:6] Ex 19:6; 1 Pt 2:9.
f. [1:7] Dn 7:13 / Zec 12:10; Mt 24:30; Jn 19:37.
g. [1:8] 17; 21:6; 22:13; Is 41:4; 44:6; 48:12.
h. [1:13] Dn 7:13; 10:5.
i. [1:16] Heb 4:12.
j. [1:17] Dn 8:18 / 1:8.
To Ephesus. 1* “To the angel of the church* in Ephesus,* write this:
“‘The one who holds the seven stars in his right hand and walks in the midst of the seven gold lampstands says this: 2“I know your works, your labor, and your endurance, and that you cannot tolerate the wicked; you have tested those who call themselves apostles but are not, and discovered that they are impostors.* 3Moreover, you have endurance and have suffered for my name, and you have not grown weary. 4Yet I hold this against you: you have lost the love you had at first. 5Realize how far you have fallen. Repent, and do the works you did at first. Otherwise, I will come to you and remove your lampstand from its place, unless you repent. 6But you have this in your favor: you hate the works of the Nicolaitans,* which I also hate.
7“‘“Whoever has ears ought to hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the victor* I will give the right to eat from the tree of life that is in the garden of God.”’a
To Smyrna.* 8“To the angel of the church in Smyrna,* write this:
“‘The first and the last, who once died but came to life, says this: 9“I know your tribulation and poverty, but you are rich.* I know the slander of those who claim to be Jews and are not, but rather are members of the assembly of Satan.b 10Do not be afraid of anything that you are going to suffer. Indeed, the devil will throw some of you into prison, that you may be tested, and you will face an ordeal for ten days. Remain faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life.
11“‘“Whoever has ears ought to hear what the Spirit says to the churches.c The victor shall not be harmed by the second death.”’*
To Pergamum.* 12“To the angel of the church in Pergamum,* write this:
“‘The one with the sharp two-edged sword says this: 13“I know that you live where Satan’s throne* is, and yet you hold fast to my name and have not denied your faith in me, not even in the days of Antipas, my faithful witness, who was martyred among you, where Satan lives. 14* Yet I have a few things against you. You have some people there who hold to the teaching of Balaam, who instructed Balak to put a stumbling block before the Israelites: to eat food sacrificed to idols and to play the harlot.d 15Likewise, you also have some people who hold to the teaching of [the] Nicolaitans. 16Therefore, repent. Otherwise, I will come to you quickly and wage war against them with the sword of my mouth.
17“‘“Whoever has ears ought to hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the victor I shall give some of the hidden manna;* I shall also give a white amulet upon which is inscribed a new name, which no one knows except the one who receives it.”’e
To Thyatira.* 18“To the angel of the church in Thyatira,* write this:
“‘The Son of God, whose eyes are like a fiery flame and whose feet are like polished brass, says this: 19“I know your works, your love, faith, service, and endurance, and that your last works are greater than the first. 20Yet I hold this against you, that you tolerate the woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess, who teaches and misleads my servants to play the harlot and to eat food sacrificed to idols.* 21I have given her time to repent, but she refuses to repent of her harlotry. 22So I will cast her on a sickbed and plunge those who commit adultery with her into intense suffering unless they repent of her works. 23I will also put her children* to death. Thus shall all the churches come to know that I am the searcher of hearts and minds and that I will give each of you what your works deserve.f 24But I say to the rest of you in Thyatira, who do not uphold this teaching and know nothing of the so-called deep secrets of Satan:* on you I will place no further burden, 25except that you must hold fast to what you have until I come.
26“‘“To the victor,* who keeps to my ways* until the end,
I will give authority over the nations.g
27He will rule them with an iron rod.
Like clay vessels will they be smashed,
28just as I received authority from my Father. And to him I will give the morning star.
29“‘“Whoever has ears ought to hear what the Spirit says to the churches.”’
* [2:1–3:22] Each of the seven letters follows the same pattern: address; description of the exalted Christ; blame and/or praise for the church addressed; threat and/or admonition; final exhortation and promise to all Christians.
* [2:1–7] The letter to Ephesus praises the members of the church there for their works and virtues, including discerning false teachers (Rev 2:2–3), but admonishes them to repent and return to their former devotion (Rev 2:4–5). It concludes with a reference to the Nicolaitans (see note on Rev 2:6) and a promise that the victor will have access to eternal life (Rev 2:7).
* [2:1] Ephesus: this great ancient city had a population of ca. 250,000; it was the capital of the Roman province of Asia and the commercial, cultural, and religious center of Asia. The other six churches were located in the same province, situated roughly in a circle; they were selected for geographical reasons rather than for the size of their Christian communities. Walks in the midst of the seven gold lampstands: this signifies that Christ is always present in the church; see note on Rev 1:4.
* [2:2] Who call themselves…impostors: this refers to unauthorized and perverse missionaries; cf. Acts 20:29–30.
* [2:6] Nicolaitans: these are perhaps the impostors of Rev 2:2; see note on Rev 2:14–15. There is little evidence for connecting this group with Nicolaus, the proselyte from Antioch, mentioned in Acts 6:5.
* [2:7] Victor: referring to any Christian individual who holds fast to the faith and does God’s will in the face of persecution. The tree of life that is in the garden of God: this is a reference to the tree in the primeval paradise (Gn 2:9); cf. Rev 22:2, 14, 19. The decree excluding humanity from the tree of life has been revoked by Christ.
* [2:8–11] The letter to Smyrna encourages the Christians in this important commercial center by telling them that although they are impoverished, they are nevertheless rich, and calls those Jews who are slandering them members of the assembly of Satan (Rev 2:9). There is no admonition; rather, the Christians are told that they will suffer much, even death, but the time of tribulation will be short compared to their eternal reward (Rev 2:10), and they will thus escape final damnation (Rev 2:11).
* [2:8] Smyrna: modern Izmir, ca. thirty miles north of Ephesus, and the chief city of Lydia, with a temple to the goddess Roma. It was renowned for its loyalty to Rome, and it also had a large Jewish community very hostile toward Christians.
* [2:9–10] The church in Smyrna was materially poor but spiritually rich. Accusations made by Jewish brethren there occasioned the persecution of Christians; cf. Acts 14:2, 19; 17:5, 13.
* [2:11] The second death: this refers to the eternal death, when sinners will receive their final punishment; cf. Rev 20:6, 14–15; 21:8.
* [2:12–17] The letter to Pergamum praises the members of the church for persevering in their faith in Christ even in the midst of a pagan setting and in face of persecution and martyrdom (Rev 2:13). But it admonishes them about members who advocate an unprincipled morality (Rev 2:14; cf. 2 Pt 2:15; Jude 11) and others who follow the teaching of the Nicolaitans (Rev 2:15; see note there). It urges them to repent (Rev 2:16) and promises them the hidden manna and Christ’s amulet (Rev 2:17).
* [2:12] Pergamum: modern Bergama, ca. forty-five miles northeast of Smyrna, a center for various kinds of pagan worship. It also had an outstanding library (the word parchment is derived from its name).
* [2:13] Satan’s throne: the reference is to emperor worship and other pagan practices that flourished in Pergamum, perhaps specifically to the white marble altar erected and dedicated to Zeus by Eumenes II (197–160 B.C.).
* [2:14–15] Like Balaam, the biblical prototype of the religious compromiser (cf. Nm 25:1–3; 31:16; 2 Pt 2:15; Jude 11), the Nicolaitans in Pergamum and Ephesus (Rev 2:6) accommodated their Christian faith to paganism. They abused the principle of liberty enunciated by Paul (1 Cor 9:19–23).
* [2:17] The hidden manna: this is the food of life; cf. Ps 78:24–25. White amulet: literally, “white stone,” on which was written a magical name, whose power could be tapped by one who knew the secret name. It is used here as a symbol of victory and joy; cf. Rev 3:4–5. New name: this is a reference to the Christian’s rebirth in Christ; cf. Rev 3:12; 19:12; Is 62:2; 65:15.
* [2:18–29] The letter to Thyatira praises the progress in virtue of this small Christian community (Rev 2:19) but admonishes them for tolerating a false prophet who leads them astray (Rev 2:20). Her fate is sealed, but there is hope of repentance for her followers (Rev 2:21–22). Otherwise, they too shall die (Rev 2:23). They are warned against Satanic power or knowledge (Rev 2:24–25). Those who remain faithful will share in the messianic reign, having authority over nations (Rev 2:26–27), and will in fact possess Christ himself (Rev 2:8).
* [2:18] Thyatira: modern Akhisar, ca. forty miles southeast of Pergamum, a frontier town famous for its workers’ guilds (cf. Acts 16:14), membership in which may have involved festal meals in pagan temples.
* [2:20] The scheming and treacherous Jezebel of old (cf. 1 Kgs 19:1–2; 21:1–14; 2 Kgs 9:22, 30–34) introduced pagan customs into the religion of Israel; this new Jezebel was doing the same to Christianity.
* [2:23] Children: spiritual descendants.
* [2:24] The so-called deep secrets of Satan: literally, “the deep things of Satan,” a scathing reference to the perverse teaching of the Nicolaitans (Rev 2:15).
* [2:26–28] The Christian who perseveres in faith will share in Christ’s messianic authority (cf. Ps 2:8–9) and resurrection victory over death, symbolized by the morning star; cf. Rev 22:16.
* [2:26] Who keeps to my ways: literally, “who keeps my works.”
a. [2:7] 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 13:9; Mt 11:15.
b. [2:9] Jas 2:5.
c. [2:11] 20:6, 14; 21:8.
d. [2:14] Nm 22–24; 25:1–3; 31:16; 2 Pt 2:15; Jude 11.
e. [2:17] Is 62:2; 65:15.
f. [2:23] 1 Sm 16:7; Jer 11:20; 17:10.
g. [2:26] 12:5; Ps 2:8–9.
To Sardis.* 1“To the angel of the church in Sardis,* write this:
“‘The one who has the seven spirits of God and the seven stars says this: “I know your works, that you have the reputation of being alive, but you are dead. 2Be watchful and strengthen what is left, which is going to die, for I have not found your works complete in the sight of my God. 3Remember then how you accepted and heard; keep it, and repent. If you are not watchful, I will come like a thief, and you will never know at what hour I will come upon you.a 4However, you have a few people in Sardis who have not soiled their garments; they will walk with me dressed in white, because they are worthy.b
5“‘“The victor will thus be dressed in white,* and I will never erase his name from the book of life but will acknowledge his name in the presence of my Father and of his angels.c
6“‘“Whoever has ears ought to hear what the Spirit says to the churches.”’
To Philadelphia.* 7“To the angel of the church in Philadelphia,* write this:
“‘The holy one, the true,
who holds the key of David,
who opens and no one shall close,
who closes and no one shall open,d
8“‘“I know your works (behold, I have left an open door* before you, which no one can close). You have limited strength, and yet you have kept my word and have not denied my name. 9Behold, I will make those of the assembly of Satan who claim to be Jews and are not, but are lying, behold I will make them come and fall prostrate at your feet, and they will realize that I love you.e 10Because you have kept my message of endurance,* I will keep you safe in the time of trial that is going to come to the whole world to test the inhabitants of the earth. 11I am coming quickly. Hold fast to what you have, so that no one may take your crown.f
12“‘“The victor I will make into a pillar* in the temple of my God, and he will never leave it again. On him I will inscribe the name of my God and the name of the city of my God, the new Jerusalem, which comes down out of heaven from my God, as well as my new name.g
13“‘“Whoever has ears ought to hear what the Spirit says to the churches.”’
To Laodicea.* 14“To the angel of the church in Laodicea,* write this:
“‘The Amen, the faithful and true witness, the source of God’s creation, says this:h 15“I know your works; I know that you are neither cold nor hot.* I wish you were either cold or hot. 16* So, because you are lukewarm, neither hot nor cold, I will spit you out of my mouth. 17* i For you say, ‘I am rich and affluent and have no need of anything,’ and yet do not realize that you are wretched, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked. 18I advise you to buy from me gold refined by fire* so that you may be rich, and white garments to put on so that your shameful nakedness may not be exposed, and buy ointment to smear on your eyes so that you may see. 19Those whom I love, I reprove and chastise. Be earnest, therefore, and repent.j
20“‘“Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, [then] I will enter his house and dine with him, and he with me.* 21I will give the victor the right to sit with me on my throne, as I myself first won the victory and sit with my Father on his throne.k
22“‘“Whoever has ears ought to hear what the Spirit says to the churches.”’”
* [3:1–6] The letter to Sardis does not praise the community but admonishes its members to watchfulness, mutual support, and repentance (Rev 3:2–3). The few who have remained pure and faithful will share Christ’s victory and will be inscribed in the book of life (Rev 3:4–5).
* [3:1] Sardis: this city, located ca. thirty miles southeast of Thyatira, was once the capital of Lydia, known for its wealth at the time of Croesus (6th century B.C.). Its citadel, reputed to be unassailable, was captured by surprise, first by Cyrus and later by Antiochus. The church is therefore warned to be on guard.
* [3:5] In white: white is a sign of victory and joy as well as resurrection; see note on Rev 2:17. The book of life: the roll in which the names of the redeemed are kept; cf. Rev 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27; Phil 4:3; Dn 12:1. They will be acknowledged by Christ in heaven; cf. Mt 10:32.
* [3:7–13] The letter to Philadelphia praises the Christians there for remaining faithful even with their limited strength (Rev 3:8). Members of the assembly of Satan are again singled out (Rev 3:9; see Rev 2:9). There is no admonition; rather, the letter promises that they will be kept safe at the great trial (Rev 3:10–11) and that the victors will become pillars of the heavenly temple, upon which three names will be inscribed: God, Jerusalem, and Christ (Rev 3:12).
* [3:7] Philadelphia: modern Alasehir, ca. thirty miles southeast of Sardis, founded by Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum to be an “open door” (Rev 3:8) for Greek culture; it was destroyed by an earthquake in A.D. 17. Rebuilt by money from the Emperor Tiberius, the city was renamed Neo-Caesarea; this may explain the allusions to “name” in Rev 3:12. Key of David: to the heavenly city of David (cf. Is 22:22), “the new Jerusalem” (Rev 3:12), over which Christ has supreme authority.
* [3:8] An open door: opportunities for sharing and proclaiming the faith; cf. Acts 14:27; 1 Cor 16:9; 2 Cor 2:12.
* [3:10] My message of endurance: this does not refer to a saying of Jesus about patience but to the example of Christ’s patient endurance. The inhabitants of the earth: literally, “those who live on the earth.” This expression, which also occurs in Rev 6:10; 8:13; 11:10; 13:8, 12, 14; 17:2, 8, always refers to the pagan world.
* [3:12] Pillar: this may be an allusion to the rebuilding of the city; see note on v 7. New Jerusalem: it is described in Rev 21:10–22:5.
* [3:14–22] The letter to Laodicea reprimands the community for being lukewarm (Rev 3:15–16), but no particular faults are singled out. Their material prosperity is contrasted with their spiritual poverty, the violet tunics that were the source of their wealth with the white robe of baptism, and their famous eye ointment with true spiritual perception (Rev 3:17–18). But Christ’s chastisement is inspired by love and a desire to be allowed to share the messianic banquet with his followers in the heavenly kingdom (Rev 3:9–21).
* [3:14] Laodicea: ca. forty miles southeast of Philadelphia and ca. eighty miles east of Ephesus, a wealthy industrial and commercial center, with a renowned medical school. It exported fine woolen garments and was famous for its eye salves. It was so wealthy that it was proudly rebuilt without outside aid after the devastating earthquake of A.D. 60/61. The Amen: this is a divine title (cf. Hebrew text of Is 65:16) applied to Christ; cf. 2 Cor 1:20. Source of God’s creation: literally, “the beginning of God’s creation,” a concept found also in Jn 1:3; Col 1:16–17; Heb 1:2; cf. Prv 8:22–31; Wis 9:1–2.
* [3:15–16] Halfhearted commitment to the faith is nauseating to Christ; cf. Rom 12:11.
* [3:16] Spit: literally, “vomit.” The image is that of a beverage that should be either hot or cold. Perhaps there is an allusion to the hot springs of Hierapolis across the Lycus river from Laodicea, which would have been lukewarm by the time they reached Laodicea.
* [3:17] Economic prosperity occasioned spiritual bankruptcy.
* [3:18] Gold…fire: God’s grace. White garments: symbol of an upright life; the city was noted for its violet/purple cloth. Ointment…eyes: to remove spiritual blindness; one of the city’s exports was eye ointment (see note on Rev 3:14).
* [3:20] Christ invites all to the messianic banquet in heaven; cf. Is 25:6; Lk 14:15; 22:30.
a. [3:3] Mt 24:42–44; Mk 13:33; 1 Thes 5:2; 2 Pt 3:10.
b. [3:4] 7:13–14.
c. [3:5] Ps 69:29; Dn 12:1 / Mt 10:32.
d. [3:7] Is 22:22; Mt 16:19.
e. [3:9] 2:9 / Is 45:14; 60:14.
f. [3:11] 2:25; 22:7, 20.
g. [3:12] 21:2–3; Ez 48:35 / 19:13.
h. [3:14] 1:5.
i. [3:17] Prv 13:7; Lk 12:21.
j. [3:19] Prv 3:11–12; 1 Cor 11:32; Heb 12:5–11.
k. [3:21] Lk 22:28–30; Mt 19:28.
Vision of Heavenly Worship.* 1After this I had a vision of an open door* to heaven, and I heard the trumpetlike voice that had spoken to me before, saying, “Come up here and I will show you what must happen afterwards.” 2* At once I was caught up in spirit.a A throne was there in heaven, and on the throne sat 3one whose appearance sparkled like jasper and carnelian. Around the throne was a halo as brilliant as an emerald. 4Surrounding the throne I saw twenty-four other thrones on which twenty-four elders* sat, dressed in white garments and with gold crowns on their heads.b 5From the throne came flashes of lightning, rumblings, and peals of thunder.* Seven flaming torches burned in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God. 6c In front of the throne was something that resembled a sea of glass like crystal.*
In the center and around the throne, there were four living creatures covered with eyes in front and in back. 7The first creature resembled a lion, the second was like a calf, the third had a face like that of a human being, and the fourth looked like an eagle* in flight. 8The four living creatures, each of them with six wings,* were covered with eyes inside and out. Day and night they do not stop exclaiming:
“Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God almighty,
who was, and who is, and who is to come.”d
9Whenever the living creatures give glory and honor and thanks to the one who sits on the throne, who lives forever and ever,
10the twenty-four elders fall down before the one who sits on the throne and worship him, who lives forever and ever. They throw down their crowns before the throne, exclaiming:
11“Worthy are you, Lord our God,
to receive glory and honor and power,
for you created all things;
because of your will they came to be and were created.”e
* [4:1–11] The seer now describes a vision of the heavenly court in worship of God enthroned. He reverently avoids naming or describing God but pictures twenty-four elders in priestly and regal attire (Rev 4:4) and God’s throne and its surroundings made of precious gems and other symbols that traditionally express the majesty of God (Rev 4:5–6). Universal creation is represented by the four living creatures (Rev 4:6–7). Along with the twenty-four elders, they praise God unceasingly in humble adoration (Rev 4:8–11).
* [4:1] The ancients viewed heaven as a solid vault, entered by way of actual doors.
* [4:2–8] Much of the imagery here is taken from Ez 1:10.
* [4:4] Twenty-four elders: these represent the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles; cf. Rev 21:12–14.
* [4:5] Flashes of lightning, rumblings, and peals of thunder: as in other descriptions of God’s appearance or activity; cf. Rev 8:5; 11:19; 16:18; Ex 19:16; Ez 1:4, 13. The seven spirits of God: the seven “angels of the presence” as in Rev 8:2 and Tb 12:15.
* [4:6] A sea of glass like crystal: an image adapted from Ez 1:22–26. Four living creatures: these are symbols taken from Ez 1:5–21; they are identified as cherubim in Ez 10:20. Covered with eyes: these suggest God’s knowledge and concern.
* [4:7] Lion…calf…human being…eagle: these symbolize, respectively, what is noblest, strongest, wisest, and swiftest in creation. Calf: traditionally translated “ox,” the Greek word refers to a heifer or young bull. Since the second century, these four creatures have been used as symbols of the evangelists Mark, Luke, Matthew, and John, respectively.
* [4:8] Six wings: like the seraphim of Is 6:2.
a. [4:2–3] Is 6:1 / Ez 1:26–28.
b. [4:4] Is 24:23.
c. [4:6] Ex 24:10.
d. [4:8] Is 6:2–3 / 1:4, 8; 11:17; 16:5.
e. [4:11] Rom 4:17; 16:27.
The Scroll and the Lamb.* 1I saw a scroll* in the right hand of the one who sat on the throne. It had writing on both sides and was sealed with seven seals.a 2Then I saw a mighty angel who proclaimed in a loud voice, “Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?” 3But no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth was able to open the scroll or to examine it. 4I shed many tears because no one was found worthy to open the scroll or to examine it. 5One of the elders said to me, “Do not weep. The lion of the tribe of Judah, the root of David,* has triumphed, enabling him to open the scroll with its seven seals.”b
6Then I saw standing in the midst of the throne and the four living creatures and the elders, a Lamb* that seemed to have been slain. He had seven horns and seven eyes; these are the [seven] spirits of God sent out into the whole world.c 7He came and received the scroll from the right hand of the one who sat on the throne. 8When he took it, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb. Each of the elders held a harp and gold bowls filled with incense, which are the prayers of the holy ones. 9They sang a new hymn:
“Worthy are you to receive the scroll
and to break open its seals,
for you were slain and with your blood you purchased for God
those from every tribe and tongue, people and nation.
10You made them a kingdom and priests for our God,
and they will reign on earth.”d
11I looked again and heard the voices of many angels who surrounded the throne and the living creatures and the elders. They were countless* in number,e 12and they cried out in a loud voice:
“Worthy is the Lamb that was slain
to receive power and riches, wisdom and strength,
honor and glory and blessing.”
13Then I heard every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth and in the sea, everything in the universe, cry out:
“To the one who sits on the throne and to the Lamb
be blessing and honor, glory and might,
forever and ever.”
14The four living creatures answered, “Amen,” and the elders fell down and worshiped.
* [5:1–14] The seer now describes a papyrus roll in God’s right hand (Rev 5:1) with seven seals indicating the importance of the message. A mighty angel asks who is worthy to open the scroll, i.e., who can accomplish God’s salvific plan (Rev 5:2). There is despair at first when no one in creation can do it (Rev 5:3–4). But the seer is comforted by an elder who tells him that Christ, called the lion of the tribe of Judah, has won the right to open it (Rev 5:5). Christ then appears as a Lamb, coming to receive the scroll from God (Rev 5:6–7), for which he is acclaimed as at a coronation (Rev 5:8–10). This is followed by a doxology of the angels (Rev 5:11–12) and then finally by the heavenly church united with all of creation (Rev 5:13–14).
* [5:1] A scroll: a papyrus roll possibly containing a list of afflictions for sinners (cf. Ez 2:9–10) or God’s plan for the world. Sealed with seven seals: it is totally hidden from all but God. Only the Lamb (Rev 5:7–9) has the right to carry out the divine plan.
* [5:5] The lion of the tribe of Judah, the root of David: these are the messianic titles applied to Christ to symbolize his victory; cf. Rev 22:16; Gn 49:9; Is 11:1, 10; Mt 1:1.
* [5:6] Christ is the Paschal Lamb without blemish, whose blood saved the new Israel from sin and death; cf. Ex 12; Is 53:7; Jn 1:29, 36; Acts 8:32; 1 Pt 1:18–19. This is the main title for Christ in Revelation, used twenty-eight times. Seven horns and seven eyes: Christ has the fullness (see note on Rev 1:4) of power (horns) and knowledge (eyes); cf. Zec 4:7. [Seven] spirits: as in Rev 1:4; 3:1; 4:5.
* [5:11] Countless: literally, “100,000,000 plus 1,000,000,” used by the author to express infinity.
a. [5:1] Is 29:11.
b. [5:5] Is 11:1, 10; Rom 15:12.
c. [5:6] Jn 1:29.
d. [5:10] 1:6; Ex 19:6; Is 61:6.
e. [5:11] Dn 7:10; Jude 14–15.
The First Six Seals. 1* Then I watched while the Lamb broke open the first of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures cry out in a voice like thunder, “Come forward.” 2I looked, and there was a white horse, and its rider had a bow.* He was given a crown, and he rode forth victorious to further his victories.a
3When he broke open the second seal, I heard the second living creature cry out, “Come forward.” 4* b Another horse came out, a red one. Its rider was given power to take peace away from the earth, so that people would slaughter one another. And he was given a huge sword.
5When he broke open the third seal, I heard the third living creature cry out, “Come forward.” I looked, and there was a black horse,* and its rider held a scale in his hand. 6I heard what seemed to be a voice in the midst of the four living creatures. It said, “A ration of wheat costs a day’s pay,* and three rations of barley cost a day’s pay. But do not damage the olive oil or the wine.”c
7When he broke open the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature cry out, “Come forward.” 8I looked, and there was a pale green* horse. Its rider was named Death, and Hades accompanied him. They were given authority over a quarter of the earth, to kill with sword, famine, and plague, and by means of the beasts of the earth.d
9When he broke open the fifth seal, I saw underneath the altar* the souls of those who had been slaughtered because of the witness they bore to the word of God. 10They cried out in a loud voice, “How long will it be, holy and true master,* before you sit in judgment and avenge our blood on the inhabitants of the earth?” 11Each of them was given a white robe, and they were told to be patient a little while longer until the number was filled of their fellow servants and brothers who were going to be killed as they had been.
12* Then I watched while he broke open the sixth seal, and there was a great earthquake; the sun turned as black as dark sackcloth* and the whole moon became like blood.e 13The stars in the sky fell to the earth like unripe figs* shaken loose from the tree in a strong wind. 14Then the sky was divided* like a torn scroll curling up, and every mountain and island was moved from its place.f 15The kings of the earth, the nobles,* the military officers, the rich, the powerful, and every slave and free person hid themselves in caves and among mountain crags. 16They cried out to the mountains and the rocks, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb,g 17because the great day of their* wrath has come and who can withstand it?”
* [6:1–16:21] A series of seven disasters now begins as each seal is broken (Rev 6:1–8:1), followed by a similar series as seven trumpets sound (Rev 8:2–11:19) and as seven angels pour bowls on the earth causing plagues (Rev 15:1–16:21). These gloomy sequences are interrupted by longer or shorter scenes suggesting the triumph of God and his witnesses (e.g., Rev 7; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14).
* [6:1–17] This chapter provides a symbolic description of the contents of the sealed scroll. The breaking of the first four seals reveals four riders. The first rider (of a white horse) is a conquering power (Rev 6:1–2), the second (red horse) a symbol of bloody war (Rev 6:3–4), the third (black horse) a symbol of famine (Rev 6:5–6), the fourth (pale green horse) a symbol of Death himself, accompanied by Hades (the netherworld) as his page (Rev 6:7–8). Rev 6:8b summarizes the role of all four riders. The breaking of the fifth seal reveals Christian martyrs in an attitude of sacrifice as blood poured out at the foot of an altar begging God for vindication, which will come only when their quota is filled; but they are given a white robe symbolic of victory (Rev 6:9–11). The breaking of the sixth seal reveals typical apocalyptic signs in the sky and the sheer terror of all people at the imminent divine judgment (Rev 6:12–17).
* [6:1–8] The imagery is adapted from Zec 1:8–10; 6:1–8.
* [6:2] White horse…bow: this may perhaps allude specifically to the Parthians on the eastern border of the Roman empire. Expert in the use of the bow, they constantly harassed the Romans and won a major victory in A.D. 62; see note on Rev 9:13–21. But the Old Testament imagery typifies the history of oppression of God’s people at all times.
* [6:4] Huge sword: this is a symbol of war and violence; cf. Ez 21:14–17.
* [6:5] Black horse: this is a symbol of famine, the usual accompaniment of war in antiquity; cf. Lv 26:26; Ez 4:12–13. The scale is a symbol of shortage of food with a corresponding rise in price.
* [6:6] A day’s pay: literally, “a denarius,” a Roman silver coin that constitutes a day’s wage in Mt 20:2. Because of the famine, food was rationed and sold at an exorbitant price. A liter of flour was considered a day’s ration in the Greek historians Herodotus and Diogenes Laertius. Barley: food of the poor (Jn 6:9, 13; cf. 2 Kgs 7:1, 16, 18); it was also used to feed animals; cf. 1 Kgs 5:8. Do not damage: the olive and the vine are to be used more sparingly in time of famine.
* [6:8] Pale green: symbol of death and decay; cf. Ez 14:21.
* [6:9] The altar: this altar corresponds to the altar of holocausts in the temple in Jerusalem; see also Rev 11:1. Because of the witness…word of God: literally, “because of the word of God and the witness they had borne.”
* [6:10] Holy and true master: Old Testament usage as well as the context indicates that this is addressed to God rather than to Christ.
* [6:12–14] Symbolic rather than literal description of the cosmic upheavals attending the day of the Lord when the martyrs’ prayer for vindication (Rev 6:10) would be answered; cf. Am 8:8–9; Is 34:4; 50:3; Jl 2:10; 3:3–4; Mt 24:4–36; Mk 13:5–37; Lk 21:8–36.
* [6:12] Dark sackcloth: for mourning, sackcloth was made from the skin of a black goat.
* [6:13] Unripe figs: literally, “summer (or winter) fruit.”
* [6:14] Was divided: literally, “was split,” like a broken papyrus roll torn in two, each half then curling up to form a roll on either side.
* [6:15] Nobles: literally, “courtiers,” “grandees.” Military officers: literally, “commanders of 1,000 men,” used in Josephus and other Greek authors as the equivalent of the Roman tribunus militum. The listing of various ranks of society represents the universality of terror at the impending doom.
* [6:17] Their: this reading is attested in the best manuscripts, but the vast majority read “his” in reference to the wrath of the Lamb in the preceding verse.
a. [6:2] Zec 1:8–10; 6:1–3.
b. [6:4] Ez 21:14–16.
c. [6:6] Lv 26:26; Ez 4:16–17.
d. [6:8] Ez 14:21.
e. [6:12] Jl 3:4; Mt 24:29.
f. [6:14] Is 34:4 / 16:20.
g. [6:16] Is 2:19; Hos 10:8; Lk 23:30.
The 144,000 Sealed. 1After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth,* holding back the four winds of the earth so that no wind could blow on land or sea or against any tree.a 2Then I saw another angel come up from the East,* holding the seal of the living God. He cried out in a loud voice to the four angels who were given power to damage the land and the sea, 3“Do not damage the land or the sea or the trees until we put the seal on the foreheads of the servants of our God.”b 4I heard the number of those who had been marked with the seal, one hundred and forty-four thousand marked* from every tribe of the Israelites:c 5twelve thousand were marked from the tribe of Judah,* twelve thousand from the tribe of Reuben, twelve thousand from the tribe of Gad, 6twelve thousand from the tribe of Asher, twelve thousand from the tribe of Naphtali, twelve thousand from the tribe of Manasseh, 7twelve thousand from the tribe of Simeon, twelve thousand from the tribe of Levi, twelve thousand from the tribe of Issachar, 8twelve thousand from the tribe of Zebulun, twelve thousand from the tribe of Joseph, and twelve thousand were marked from the tribe of Benjamin.
Triumph of the Elect. 9After this I had a vision of a great multitude, which no one could count, from every nation, race, people, and tongue. They stood before the throne and before the Lamb, wearing white robes and holding palm branches* in their hands. 10They cried out in a loud voice:
“Salvation comes from* our God, who is seated on the throne,
and from the Lamb.”
11All the angels stood around the throne and around the elders and the four living creatures. They prostrated themselves before the throne, worshiped God, 12and exclaimed:
“Amen. Blessing and glory, wisdom and thanksgiving,
honor, power, and might
be to our God forever and ever. Amen.”
13Then one of the elders spoke up and said to me, “Who are these wearing white robes, and where did they come from?” 14I said to him, “My lord, you are the one who knows.” He said to me, “These are the ones who have survived the time of great distress;* they have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.d
15“For this reason they stand before God’s throne
and worship him day and night in his temple.
The one who sits on the throne will shelter them.
16They will not hunger or thirst anymore,
nor will the sun or any heat strike them.e
17For the Lamb who is in the center of the throne will shepherd them
and lead them to springs of life-giving water,*
and God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.”f
* [7:1–17] An interlude of two visions precedes the breaking of the seventh seal, just as two more will separate the sixth and seventh trumpets (Rev 10). In the first vision (Rev 7:1–8), the elect receive the seal of the living God as protection against the coming cataclysm; cf. Rev 14:1; Ez 9:4–6; 2 Cor 1:22; Eph 1:13; 4:30. The second vision (Rev 7:9–17) portrays the faithful Christians before God’s throne to encourage those on earth to persevere to the end, even to death.
* [7:1] The four corners of the earth: the earth is seen as a table or rectangular surface.
* [7:2] East: literally, “rising of the sun.” The east was considered the source of light and the place of paradise (Gn 2:8). Seal: whatever was marked by the impression of one’s signet ring belonged to that person and was under his protection.
* [7:4–9] One hundred and forty-four thousand: the square of twelve (the number of Israel’s tribes) multiplied by a thousand, symbolic of the new Israel (cf. Rev 14:1–5; Gal 6:16; Jas 1:1) that embraces people from every nation, race, people, and tongue (Rev 7:9).
* [7:5–8] Judah is placed first because of Christ; cf. “the Lion of the tribe of Judah” (Rev 5:5). Dan is omitted because of a later tradition that the antichrist would arise from it.
* [7:9] White robes…palm branches: symbols of joy and victory; see note on Rev 3:5.
* [7:10] Salvation comes from: literally, “(let) salvation (be ascribed) to.” A similar hymn of praise is found at the fall of the dragon (Rev 12:10) and of Babylon (Rev 19:1).
* [7:14] Time of great distress: fierce persecution by the Romans; cf. Introduction.
* [7:17] Life-giving water: literally, “the water of life,” God’s grace, which flows from Christ; cf. Rev 21:6; 22:1, 17; Jn 4:10, 14.
a. [7:1] Jer 49:36; Zec 6:5.
b. [7:3] Ex 12:7–14; Ez 9:4; 2 Cor 1:22; Eph 1:13; 4:30.
c. [7:4] 14:1.
d. [7:14] Mt 24:21.
e. [7:16] Is 49:10.
f. [7:17] 21:4; Is 25:8.
The Seven Trumpets. 1When he broke open the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven* for about half an hour.a 2And I saw that the seven angels who stood before God were given seven trumpets.b
The Gold Censer. 3Another angel came and stood at the altar,* holding a gold censer. He was given a great quantity of incense to offer, along with the prayers of all the holy ones, on the gold altar that was before the throne.c 4The smoke of the incense along with the prayers of the holy ones went up before God from the hand of the angel. 5Then the angel took the censer, filled it with burning coals from the altar, and hurled it down to the earth. There were peals of thunder, rumblings, flashes of lightning, and an earthquake.d
The First Four Trumpets. 6The seven angels who were holding the seven trumpets prepared to blow them.e
7When the first one blew his trumpet, there came hail and fire mixed with blood, which was hurled down to the earth. A third of the land was burned up, along with a third of the trees and all green grass.*
8* When the second angel blew his trumpet, something like a large burning mountain was hurled into the sea. A third of the sea turned to blood,f 9a third of the creatures living in the sea* died, and a third of the ships were wrecked.
10When the third angel blew his trumpet, a large star burning like a torch fell from the sky. It fell on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water.g 11The star was called “Wormwood,”* and a third of all the water turned to wormwood. Many people died from this water, because it was made bitter.h
12When the fourth angel blew his trumpet, a third of the sun, a third of the moon, and a third of the stars were struck, so that a third of them became dark. The day lost its light for a third of the time, as did the night.i
13Then I looked again and heard an eagle flying high overhead cry out in a loud voice, “Woe! Woe! Woe* to the inhabitants of the earth from the rest of the trumpet blasts that the three angels are about to blow!”
* [8:1–13] The breaking of the seventh seal produces at first silence and then seven symbolic disasters, each announced by a trumpet blast, of which the first four form a unit as did the first four seals. A minor liturgy (Rev 8:3–5) is enclosed by a vision of seven angels (Rev 8:2, 6). Then follow the first four trumpet blasts, each heralding catastrophes modeled on the plagues of Egypt affecting the traditional prophetic third (cf. Ez 5:12) of the earth, sea, fresh water, and stars (Rev 8:7–12). Finally, there is a vision of an eagle warning of the last three trumpet blasts (Rev 8:13).
* [8:1] Silence in heaven: as in Zep 1:7, a prelude to the eschatological woes that are to follow; cf. Introduction.
* [8:3] Altar: there seems to be only one altar in the heavenly temple, corresponding to the altar of holocausts in Rev 6:9, and here to the altar of incense in Jerusalem; cf. also Rev 9:13; 11:1; 14:18; 16:7.
* [8:7] This woe resembles the seventh plague of Egypt (Ex 9:23–24); cf. Jl 3:3.
* [8:8–11] The background of these two woes is the first plague of Egypt (Ex 7:20–21).
* [8:9] Creatures living in the sea: literally, “creatures in the sea that had souls.”
* [8:11] Wormwood: an extremely bitter and malignant plant symbolizing the punishment God inflicts on the ungodly; cf. Jer 9:12–14; 23:15.
* [8:13] Woe! Woe! Woe: each of the three woes pronounced by the angel represents a separate disaster; cf. Rev 9:12; 11:14. The final woe, released by the seventh trumpet blast, includes the plagues of Rev 16.
a. [8:1] Heb 2:20; Zep 1:7; Zec 2:17.
b. [8:2] 4:5; Tb 12:15.
c. [8:3] Ps 141:2; Tb 12:12.
d. [8:5] Ez 10:2; Ps 11:6 / 4:5; 11:19; 16:18.
e. [8:6] 16:1–21.
f. [8:8] Ex 7:20.
g. [8:10] Is 14:12.
h. [8:11] Jer 9:14.
i. [8:12] Ex 10:21–23.
The Fifth Trumpet.* 1Then the fifth angel blew his trumpet, and I saw a star* that had fallen from the sky to the earth. It was given the key for the passage to the abyss. 2It opened the passage to the abyss,a and smoke came up out of the passage like smoke from a huge furnace. The sun and the air were darkened by the smoke from the passage.b 3Locusts came out of the smoke onto the land, and they were given the same power as scorpions* of the earth.c 4They were told not to harm the grass of the earth or any plant or any tree, but only those people who did not have the seal of God on their foreheads. 5They were not allowed to kill them but only to torment them for five months;* the torment they inflicted was like that of a scorpion when it stings a person. 6During that time these people will seek death but will not find it, and they will long to die but death will escape them.d
7* The appearance of the locusts was like that of horses ready for battle. On their heads they wore what looked like crowns of gold; their faces were like human faces,e 8and they had hair like women’s hair. Their teeth were like lions’ teeth,f 9and they had chests like iron breastplates. The sound of their wings was like the sound of many horse-drawn chariots racing into battle. 10They had tails like scorpions, with stingers; with their tails they had power to harm people for five months. 11They had as their king the angel of the abyss, whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon* and in Greek Apollyon.
12The first woe has passed, but there are two more to come.
The Sixth Trumpet.* 13Then the sixth angel blew his trumpet, and I heard a voice coming from the [four]* horns of the gold altar before God,g 14telling the sixth angel who held the trumpet, “Release the four angels* who are bound at the banks of the great river Euphrates.” 15So the four angels were released, who were prepared for this hour, day, month, and year to kill a third of the human race. 16The number of cavalry troops was two hundred million; I heard their number. 17Now in my vision this is how I saw the horses and their riders. They wore red, blue, and yellow breastplates,* and the horses’ heads were like heads of lions, and out of their mouths came fire, smoke, and sulfur.h 18By these three plagues of fire, smoke, and sulfur that came out of their mouths a third of the human race was killed. 19For the power of the horses is in their mouths and in their tails; for their tails are like snakes, with heads that inflict harm.
20The rest of the human race, who were not killed by these plagues, did not repent of the works of their hands,* to give up the worship of demons and idols made from gold, silver, bronze, stone, and wood, which cannot see or hear or walk.i 21Nor did they repent of their murders, their magic potions, their unchastity, or their robberies.
* [9:1–12] The fifth trumpet heralds a woe containing elements from the eighth and ninth plagues of Egypt (Ex 10:12–15, 21–23) but specifically reminiscent of the invasion of locusts in Jl 1:4–2:10.
* [9:1] A star: late Judaism represented fallen powers as stars (Is 14:12–15; Lk 10:18; Jude 13), but a comparison with Rev 1:20 and Rev 20:1 suggests that here it means an angel. The passage to the abyss: referring to Sheol, the netherworld, where Satan and the fallen angels are kept for a thousand years, to be cast afterwards into the pool of fire; cf. Rev 20:7–10. The abyss was conceived of as a vast subterranean cavern full of fire. Its only link with the earth was a kind of passage or mine shaft, which was kept locked.
* [9:3] Scorpions: their poisonous sting was proverbial; Ez 2:6; Lk 11:12.
* [9:5] For five months: more or less corresponding to the life-span of locusts.
* [9:7–10] Eight characteristics are listed to show the eschatological and diabolical nature of these locusts.
* [9:11] Abaddon: Hebrew (more precisely, Aramaic) for destruction or ruin. Apollyon: Greek for the “Destroyer.”
* [9:13–21] The sixth trumpet heralds a woe representing another diabolical attack symbolized by an invasion by the Parthians living east of the Euphrates; see note on Rev 6:2. At the appointed time (Rev 9:15), the frightful horses act as God’s agents of judgment. The imaginative details are not to be taken literally; see Introduction and the note on Rev 6:12–14.
* [9:13] [Four]: many Greek manuscripts and versions omit the word. The horns were situated at the four corners of the altar (Ex 27:2; 30:2–3); see note on Rev 8:3.
* [9:14–15] The four angels: they are symbolic of the destructive activity that will be extended throughout the universe.
* [9:17] Blue: literally, “hyacinth-colored.” Yellow: literally, “sulfurous.”
* [9:20] The works of their hands: i.e., the gods their hands had made.
a. [9:2] 20:1.
b. [9:2] Gn 19:28.
c. [9:3] Ex 10:12–15; Wis 16:9.
d. [9:6] Jb 3:21.
e. [9:7] Jl 2:4.
f. [9:8] Jl 1:6.
g. [9:13] Ex 30:1–3.
h. [9:17] Jb 41:10–13.
i. [9:20] Ps 135:15–17; Is 17:8; Dn 5:4.
The Angel with the Small Scroll. 1* Then I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven wrapped in a cloud, with a halo around his head; his face was like the sun and his feet were like pillars of fire. 2In his hand he held a small scroll that had been opened. He placed his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land,* 3and then he cried out in a loud voice as a lion roars. When he cried out, the seven thunders* raised their voices, too.a 4When the seven thunders had spoken, I was about to write it down; but I heard a voice from heaven say, “Seal up what the seven thunders have spoken, but do not write it down.” 5Then the angel I saw standing on the sea and on the land raised his right hand to heaven 6and swore by the one who lives forever and ever, who created heaven and earth and sea* and all that is in them, “There shall be no more delay.b 7At the time when you hear the seventh angel blow his trumpet, the mysterious plan of God* shall be fulfilled, as he promised to his servants the prophets.”c
8Then the voice that I had heard from heaven spoke to me again and said, “Go, take the scroll that lies open in the hand of the angel who is standing on the sea and on the land.” 9So I went up to the angel and told him to give me the small scroll. He said to me, “Take and swallow it. It will turn your stomach sour, but in your mouth it will taste as sweet* as honey.” 10I took the small scroll from the angel’s hand and swallowed it. In my mouth it was like sweet honey, but when I had eaten it, my stomach turned sour.d 11Then someone said to me, “You must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings.”*
* [10:1–11:14] An interlude in two scenes (Rev 10:1–11 and Rev 11:1–14) precedes the sounding of the seventh trumpet; cf. Rev 7:1–17. The first vision describes an angel astride sea and land like a colossus, with a small scroll open, the contents of which indicate that the end is imminent (Rev 10). The second vision is of the measuring of the temple and of two witnesses, whose martyrdom means that the kingdom of God is about to be inaugurated.
* [10:2] He placed…on the land: this symbolizes the universality of the angel’s message, as does the figure of the small scroll open to be read.
* [10:3] The seven thunders: God’s voice announcing judgment and doom; cf. Ps 29:3–9, where thunder, as the voice of Yahweh, is praised seven times.
* [10:6] Heaven and earth and sea: the three parts of the universe. No more delay: cf. Dn 12:7; Heb 2:3.
* [10:7] The mysterious plan of God: literally, “the mystery of God,” the end of the present age when the forces of evil will be put down (Rev 17:1–19:4, 11–21; 20:7–10; cf. 2 Thes 2:6–12; Rom 16:25–26), and the establishment of the reign of God when all creation will be made new (Rev 21:1–22:5).
* [10:9–10] The small scroll was sweet because it predicted the final victory of God’s people; it was sour because it also announced their sufferings. Cf. Ez 3:1–3.
* [10:11] This further prophecy is contained in chaps. 12–22.
a. [10:3] Ps 29:3–9; Jer 25:30; Am 3:8.
b. [10:6] Dt 32:40; Dn 12:7 / Ez 12:28.
c. [10:7] Am 3:7.
d. [10:10] Ez 3:1–3.
The Two Witnesses. 1* a Then I was given a measuring rod like a staff and I was told, “Come and measure the temple of God and the altar, and count those who are worshiping in it. 2But exclude the outer court* of the temple; do not measure it, for it has been handed over to the Gentiles, who will trample the holy city for forty-two months. 3I will commission my two witnesses* to prophesy for those twelve hundred and sixty days, wearing sackcloth.” 4b These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands* that stand before the Lord of the earth. 5* If anyone wants to harm them, fire comes out of their mouths and devours their enemies. In this way, anyone wanting to harm them is sure to be slain. 6They have the power to close up the sky so that no rain can fall during the time of their prophesying. They also have power to turn water into blood and to afflict the earth with any plague as often as they wish.c
7When they have finished their testimony, the beast that comes up from the abyss* will wage war against them and conquer them and kill them.d 8Their corpses will lie in the main street of the great city,* which has the symbolic names “Sodom” and “Egypt,” where indeed their Lord was crucified. 9* Those from every people, tribe, tongue, and nation will gaze on their corpses for three and a half days, and they will not allow their corpses to be buried. 10The inhabitants of the earth will gloat over them and be glad and exchange gifts because these two prophets tormented the inhabitants of the earth. 11But after the three and a half days, a breath of life from God entered them. When they stood on their feet, great fear fell on those who saw them.e 12Then they heard a loud voice from heaven say to them, “Come up here.” So they went up to heaven in a cloud as their enemies looked on.f 13At that moment there was a great earthquake, and a tenth of the city fell in ruins. Seven thousand people* were killed during the earthquake; the rest were terrified and gave glory to the God of heaven.
14The second woe has passed, but the third is coming soon.
The Seventh Trumpet.* 15Then the seventh angel blew his trumpet. There were loud voices in heaven, saying, “The kingdom of the world now belongs to our Lord and to his Anointed, and he will reign forever and ever.” 16The twenty-four elders who sat on their thrones before God prostrated themselves and worshiped God 17and said:
“We give thanks to you, Lord God almighty,
who are and who were.
For you have assumed your great power
and have established your reign.
18The nations raged,
but your wrath has come,
and the time for the dead to be judged,
and to recompense your servants, the prophets,
and the holy ones and those who fear your name,
the small and the great alike,
and to destroy those who destroy the earth.”g
19Then God’s temple in heaven was opened, and the ark of his covenant could be seen in the temple. There were flashes of lightning, rumblings, and peals of thunder, an earthquake, and a violent hailstorm.
* [11:1] The temple and altar symbolize the new Israel; see note on Rev 7:4–9. The worshipers represent Christians. The measuring of the temple (cf. Ez 40:3–42:20; 47:1–12; Zec 2:5–6) suggests that God will preserve the faithful remnant (cf. Is 4:2–3) who remain true to Christ (Rev 14:1–5).
* [11:2] The outer court: the Court of the Gentiles. Trample…forty-two months: the duration of the vicious persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes (Dn 7:25; 12:7); this persecution of three and a half years (half of seven, counted as 1260 days in Rev 11:3; 12:6) became the prototype of periods of trial for God’s people; cf. Lk 4:25; Jas 5:17. The reference here is to the persecution by the Romans; cf. Introduction.
* [11:3] The two witnesses, wearing sackcloth symbolizing lamentation and repentance, cannot readily be identified. Do they represent Moses and Elijah, or the Law and the Prophets, or Peter and Paul? Most probably they refer to the universal church, especially the Christian martyrs, fulfilling the office of witness (two because of Dt 19:15; cf. Mk 6:7; Jn 8:17).
* [11:4] The two olive trees and the two lampstands: the martyrs who stand in the presence of the Lord; the imagery is taken from Zec 4:8–14, where the olive trees refer to Zerubbabel and Joshua.
* [11:5–6] These details are derived from stories of Moses, who turned water into blood (Ex 7:17–20), and of Elijah, who called down fire from heaven (1 Kgs 18:36–40; 2 Kgs 1:10) and closed up the sky for three years (1 Kgs 17:1; cf. 18:1).
* [11:7] The beast…from the abyss: the Roman emperor Nero, who symbolizes the forces of evil, or the antichrist (Rev 13:1, 8; 17:8); cf. Dn 7:2–8, 11–12, 19–22 and Introduction.
* [11:8] The great city: this expression is used constantly in Revelation for Babylon, i.e., Rome; cf. Rev 14:8; 16:19; 17:18; 18:2, 10, 21. “Sodom” and “Egypt”: symbols of immorality (cf. Is 1:10) and oppression of God’s people (cf. Ex 1:11–14). Where indeed their Lord was crucified: not the geographical but the symbolic Jerusalem that rejects God and his witnesses, i.e., Rome, called Babylon in Rev 16–18; see note on Rev 17:9 and Introduction.
* [11:9–12] Over the martyrdom (Rev 11:7) of the two witnesses, now called prophets, the ungodly rejoice for three and a half days, a symbolic period of time; see note on Rev 11:2. Afterwards they go in triumph to heaven, as did Elijah (2 Kgs 2:11).
* [11:13] Seven thousand people: a symbolic sum to represent all social classes (seven) and large numbers (thousands); cf. Introduction.
* [11:15–19] The seventh trumpet proclaims the coming of God’s reign after the victory over diabolical powers; see note on Rev 10:7.
a. [11:1] Ez 40:3–5 / Zec 2:5–9.
b. [11:4] Zec 4:3, 14.
c. [11:6] Ex 7:17.
d. [11:7] Dn 7:21.
e. [11:11] Ez 37:5, 10.
f. [11:12] 2 Kgs 2:11.
g. [11:18] Ps 2:1, 5 / Am 3:7.
The Woman and the Dragon. 1* A great sign appeared in the sky, a woman* clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars.a 2She was with child and wailed aloud in pain as she labored to give birth.* 3Then another sign appeared in the sky; it was a huge red dragon,* with seven heads and ten horns, and on its heads were seven diadems.b 4Its tail swept away a third of the stars in the sky and hurled them down to the earth. Then the dragon stood before the woman about to give birth, to devour her child when she gave birth.c 5She gave birth to a son, a male child, destined to rule all the nations with an iron rod.* Her child was caught up to God and his throne.d 6The woman herself fled into the desert where she had a place prepared by God, that there she might be taken care of for twelve hundred and sixty days.*
7* Then war broke out in heaven; Michael* and his angels battled against the dragon. The dragon and its angels fought back, 8but they did not prevail and there was no longer any place for them in heaven. 9The huge dragon, the ancient serpent,* who is called the Devil and Satan, who deceived the whole world, was thrown down to earth, and its angels were thrown down with it.e 10Then I heard a loud voice in heaven say:
“Now have salvation and power come,
and the kingdom of our God
and the authority of his Anointed.
For the accuser* of our brothers is cast out,
who accuses them before our God day and night.
11They conquered him by the blood of the Lamb
and by the word of their testimony;
love for life did not deter them from death.
12Therefore, rejoice, you heavens,
and you who dwell in them.
But woe to you, earth and sea,
for the Devil has come down to you in great fury,
for he knows he has but a short time.”
13When the dragon saw that it had been thrown down to the earth, it pursued the woman who had given birth to the male child.f 14But the woman was given the two wings of the great eagle,* so that she could fly to her place in the desert, where, far from the serpent, she was taken care of for a year, two years, and a half-year.g 15The serpent,* however, spewed a torrent of water out of his mouth after the woman to sweep her away with the current. 16But the earth helped the woman and opened its mouth and swallowed the flood that the dragon spewed out of its mouth. 17Then the dragon became angry with the woman and went off to wage war against the rest of her offspring, those who keep God’s commandments and bear witness to Jesus.* 18It took its position* on the sand of the sea.h
* [12:1–14:20] This central section of Revelation portrays the power of evil, represented by a dragon, in opposition to God and his people. First, the dragon pursues the woman about to give birth, but her son is saved and “caught up to God and his throne” (Rev 12:5). Then Michael and his angels cast the dragon and his angels out of heaven (Rev 12:7–9). After this, the dragon tries to attack the boy indirectly by attacking members of his church (Rev 12:13–17). A beast, symbolizing the Roman empire, then becomes the dragon’s agent, mortally wounded but restored to life and worshiped by all the world (Rev 13:1–10). A second beast arises from the land, symbolizing the antichrist, which leads people astray by its prodigies to idolize the first beast (Rev 13:11–18). This is followed by a vision of the Lamb and his faithful ones, and the proclamation of imminent judgment upon the world in terms of the wine of God’s wrath (Rev 14:1–20).
* [12:1] The woman adorned with the sun, the moon, and the stars (images taken from Gn 37:9–10) symbolizes God’s people in the Old and the New Testament. The Israel of old gave birth to the Messiah (Rev 12:5) and then became the new Israel, the church, which suffers persecution by the dragon (Rev 12:6, 13–17); cf. Is 50:1; 66:7; Jer 50:12. This corresponds to a widespread myth throughout the ancient world that a goddess pregnant with a savior was pursued by a horrible monster; by miraculous intervention, she bore a son who then killed the monster.
* [12:2] Because of Eve’s sin, the woman gives birth in distress and pain (Gn 3:16; cf. Is 66:7–14).
* [12:3] Huge red dragon: the Devil or Satan (cf. Rev 12:9; 20:2), symbol of the forces of evil, a mythical monster known also as Leviathan (Ps 74:13–14) or Rahab (Jb 26:12–13; Ps 89:11). Seven diadems: these are symbolic of the fullness of the dragon’s sovereignty over the kingdoms of this world; cf. Christ with many diadems (Rev 19:12).
* [12:5] Rule…iron rod: fulfilled in Rev 19:15; cf. Ps 2:9. Was caught up to God: reference to Christ’s ascension.
* [12:6] God protects the persecuted church in the desert, the traditional Old Testament place of refuge for the afflicted, according to the typology of the Exodus; see note on Rev 11:2.
* [12:7–12] Michael, mentioned only here in Revelation, wins a victory over the dragon. A hymn of praise follows.
* [12:7] Michael: the archangel, guardian and champion of Israel; cf. Dn 10:13, 21; 12:1; Jude 9. In Hebrew, the name Michael means “Who can compare with God?”; cf. Rev 13:4.
* [12:9] The ancient serpent: who seduced Eve (Gn 3:1–6), mother of the human race; cf. Rev 20:2; Eph 6:11–12. Was thrown down: allusion to the expulsion of Satan from heaven; cf. Lk 10:18.
* [12:10] The accuser: the meaning of the Hebrew word “Satan,” found in Rev 12:9; Jb 1–2; Zec 3:1; 1 Chr 21:1; he continues to accuse Christ’s disciples.
* [12:14] Great eagle: symbol of the power and swiftness of divine help; cf. Ex 19:4; Dt 32:11; Is 40:31.
* [12:15] The serpent is depicted as the sea monster; cf. Rev 13:1; Is 27:1; Ez 32:2; Ps 74:13–14.
* [12:17] Although the church is protected by God’s special providence (Rev 12:16), the individual Christian is to expect persecution and suffering.
* [12:17] It took its position: many later manuscripts and versions read “I took my position,” thus connecting the sentence to the following paragraph.
a. [12:1] Gn 37:9.
b. [12:3] Dn 7:7.
c. [12:4] Dn 8:10.
d. [12:5] Is 66:7 / Ps 2:9.
e. [12:9] Gn 3:1–4; Lk 10:18.
f. [12:13] Gn 3:15.
g. [12:14] Ex 19:4; Dn 7:25; 12:7.
h. [12:18] Gn 3:15.
The First Beast.* 1Then I saw a beast come out of the sea with ten horns and seven heads; on its horns were ten diadems, and on its heads blasphemous name[s].a 2The beast I saw was like a leopard, but it had feet like a bear’s, and its mouth was like the mouth of a lion.* b To it the dragon gave its own power and throne, along with great authority. 3I saw that one of its heads seemed to have been mortally wounded, but this mortal wound was healed.* Fascinated, the whole world followed after the beast. 4They worshiped the dragon because it gave its authority to the beast; they also worshiped the beast* and said, “Who can compare with the beast or who can fight against it?”
5* The beast was given a mouth uttering proud boasts and blasphemies,c and it was given authority to act for forty-two months.* 6It opened its mouth to utter blasphemies against God, blaspheming his name and his dwelling and those who dwell in heaven. 7It was also allowed to wage war against the holy ones and conquer them, and it was granted authority over every tribe, people, tongue, and nation.d 8All the inhabitants of the earth will worship it, all whose names were not written from the foundation of the world in the book of life, which belongs to the Lamb who was slain.e
9Whoever has ears ought to hear these words.f
10Anyone destined for captivity goes into captivity.
Anyone destined to be slain by the sword shall be slain by the sword.g
Such is the faithful endurance of the holy ones.
The Second Beast.* 11Then I saw another beast come up out of the earth; it had two horns like a lamb’s but spoke like a dragon. 12It wielded all the authority of the first beast in its sight and made the earth and its inhabitants worship the first beast, whose mortal wound had been healed. 13It performed great signs, even making fire come down from heaven to earth in the sight of everyone.h 14It deceived the inhabitants of the earth with the signs it was allowed to perform in the sight of the first beast, telling them to make an image for the beast who had been wounded by the sword and revived. 15It was then permitted to breathe life into the beast’s image, so that the beast’s image could speak and [could] have anyone who did not worship it put to death.i 16It forced all the people, small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to be given a stamped image on their right hands or their foreheads,j 17so that no one could buy or sell except one who had the stamped image of the beast’s name or the number that stood for its name.
18* k Wisdom is needed here; one who understands can calculate the number of the beast, for it is a number that stands for a person. His number is six hundred and sixty-six.
* [13:1–10] This wild beast, combining features of the four beasts in Dn 7:2–28, symbolizes the Roman empire; the seven heads represent the emperors; see notes on Rev 17:10 and Rev 17:12–14. The blasphemous names are the divine titles assumed by the emperors.
* [13:2] Satan (Rev 12:9), the prince of this world (Jn 12:31), commissioned the beast to persecute the church (Rev 13:5–7).
* [13:3] This may be a reference to the popular legend that Nero would come back to life and rule again after his death (which occurred in A.D. 68 from a self-inflicted stab wound in the throat); cf. Rev 13:14; Rev 17:8. Domitian (A.D. 81–96) embodied all the cruelty and impiety of Nero. Cf. Introduction.
* [13:4] Worshiped the beast: allusion to emperor worship, which Domitian insisted upon and ruthlessly enforced. Who can compare with the beast: perhaps a deliberate parody of the name Michael; see note on Rev 12:7.
* [13:5–6] Domitian, like Antiochus IV Epiphanes (Dn 7:8, 11, 25), demanded that he be called by divine titles such as “our lord and god” and “Jupiter.” See note on Rev 11:2.
* [13:5] Forty-two months: this is the same duration as the profanation of the holy city (Rev 11:2), the prophetic mission of the two witnesses (Rev 11:3), and the retreat of the woman into the desert (Rev 12:6, 14).
* [13:11–18] The second beast is described in terms of the false prophets (cf. Rev 16:13; 19:20; 20:10) who accompany the false messiahs (the first beast); cf. Mt 24:24; Mk 13:22; 2 Thes 2:9; cf. also Dt 13:2–4. Christians had either to worship the emperor and his image or to suffer martyrdom.
* [13:18] Each of the letters of the alphabet in Hebrew as well as in Greek has a numerical value. Many possible combinations of letters will add up to 666, and many candidates have been nominated for this infamous number. The most likely is the emperor Caesar Nero (see note on Rev 13:3), the Greek form of whose name in Hebrew letters gives the required sum. (The Latin form of this name equals 616, which is the reading of a few manuscripts.) Nero personifies the emperors who viciously persecuted the church. It has also been observed that “6” represents imperfection, falling short of the perfect number “7,” and is represented here in a triple or superlative form.
a. [13:1] 2 Thes 2:3–12.
b. [13:2] Dn 7:3–6.
c. [13:5] Dn 7:8, 11, 25; 8:14; 9:27; 11:36; 12:7.
d. [13:7] Dn 7:21.
e. [13:8] 3:5; 17:8; 20:12.
f. [13:9] Mt 13:9.
g. [13:10] Jer 15:2.
h. [13:13] Dt 13:2–4; Mt 24:24; 2 Thes 2:9–10.
i. [13:15] Dn 3:5–7, 15.
j. [13:16] 14:9; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4.
k. [13:18] 17:9.
The Lamb’s Companions.* 1Then I looked and there was the Lamb standing on Mount Zion,* and with him a hundred and forty-four thousand who had his name and his Father’s name written on their foreheads.a 2I heard a sound from heaven like the sound of rushing water or a loud peal of thunder. The sound I heard was like that of harpists playing their harps. 3They were singing [what seemed to be] a new hymn before the throne, before the four living creatures and the elders. No one could learn this hymn except the hundred and forty-four thousand who had been ransomed from the earth.b 4These are they who were not defiled with women; they are virgins* and these are the ones who follow the Lamb wherever he goes. They have been ransomed as the firstfruits of the human race for God and the Lamb.c 5On their lips no deceit* has been found; they are unblemished.d
The Three Angels.* 6Then I saw another angel flying high overhead, with everlasting good news* to announce to those who dwell on earth, to every nation, tribe, tongue, and people. 7He said in a loud voice, “Fear God and give him glory, for his time has come to sit in judgment. Worship him who made heaven and earth and sea and springs of water.”e 8A second angel followed, saying:
“Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great,f
that made all the nations drink
the wine of her licentious passion.”*
9A third angel followed them and said in a loud voice, “Anyone who worships the beast or its image, or accepts its mark on forehead or hand, 10will also drink the wine of God’s fury,* poured full strength into the cup of his wrath, and will be tormented in burning sulfur before the holy angels and before the Lamb. 11The smoke of the fire that torments them will rise forever and ever, and there will be no relief day or night for those who worship the beast or its image or accept the mark of its name.”g 12Here is what sustains the holy ones who keep God’s commandmentsh and their faith in Jesus.*
13i I heard a voice from heaven say, “Write this: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from now on.” “Yes,” said the Spirit, “let them find rest from their labors, for their works accompany them.”*
The Harvest of the Earth.* 14Then I looked and there was a white cloud, and sitting on the cloud one who looked like a son of man, with a gold crown on his head and a sharp sickle in his hand.j 15Another angel came out of the temple, crying out in a loud voice to the one sitting on the cloud, “Use your sickle and reap the harvest, for the time to reap has come, because the earth’s harvest is fully ripe.”k 16So the one who was sitting on the cloud swung his sickle over the earth, and the earth was harvested.
17Then another angel came out of the temple in heaven who also had a sharp sickle. 18Then another angel [came] from the altar,* [who] was in charge of the fire, and cried out in a loud voice to the one who had the sharp sickle, “Use your sharp sickle and cut the clusters from the earth’s vines, for its grapes are ripe.” 19So the angel swung his sickle over the earth and cut the earth’s vintage. He threw it into the great wine press of God’s fury.l 20The wine press was trodden outside the city and blood poured out of the wine press to the height of a horse’s bridle for two hundred miles.*
* [14:1–5] Now follows a tender and consoling vision of the Lamb and his companions.
* [14:1] Mount Zion: in Jerusalem, the traditional place where the true remnant, the Israel of faith, is to be gathered in the messianic reign; cf. 2 Kgs 19:30–31; Jl 3:5; Ob 17; Mi 4:6–8; Zep 3:12–20. A hundred and forty-four thousand: see note on Rev 7:4–9. His Father’s name…foreheads: in contrast to the pagans who were marked with the name or number of the beast (Rev 13:16–17).
* [14:4] Virgins: metaphorically, because they never indulged in any idolatrous practices, which are considered in the Old Testament to be adultery and fornication (Rev 2:14–15, 20–22; 17:1–6; cf. Ez 16:1–58; 23:1–49). The parallel passages (Rev 7:3; 22:4) indicate that the 144,000 whose foreheads are sealed represent all Christian people.
* [14:5] No deceit: because they did not deny Christ or do homage to the beast. Lying is characteristic of the opponents of Christ (Jn 8:44), but the Suffering Servant spoke no falsehood (Is 53:9; 1 Pt 2:22). Unblemished: a cultic term taken from the vocabulary of sacrificial ritual.
* [14:6–13] Three angels proclaim imminent judgment on the pagan world, calling all peoples to worship God the creator. Babylon (Rome) will fall, and its supporters will be tormented forever.
* [14:6] Everlasting good news: that God’s eternal reign is about to begin; see note on Rev 10:7.
* [14:8] This verse anticipates the lengthy dirge over Babylon (Rome) in Rev 18:1–19:4. The oracle of Is 21:9 to Babylon is applied here.
* [14:10–11] The wine of God’s fury: image taken from Is 51:17; Jer 25:15–16; 49:12; 51:7; Ez 23:31–34. Eternal punishment in the fiery pool of burning sulfur (or “fire and brimstone”; cf. Gn 19:24) is also reserved for the Devil, the beast, and the false prophet (Rev 19:20; 20:10; 21:8).
* [14:12] In addition to faith in Jesus, the seer insists upon the necessity and value of works, as in Rev 2:23; 20:12–13; 22:12; cf. Mt 16:27; Rom 2:6.
* [14:13] See note on Rev 1:3. According to Jewish thought, people’s actions followed them as witnesses before the court of God.
* [14:14–20] The reaping of the harvest symbolizes the gathering of the elect in the final judgment, while the reaping and treading of the grapes symbolizes the doom of the ungodly (cf. Jl 4:12–13; Is 63:1–6) that will come in Rev 19:11–21.
* [14:18] Altar: there was only one altar in the heavenly temple; see notes above on Rev 6:9; 8:3; 11:1.
* [14:20] Two hundred miles: literally sixteen hundred stades. The stadion, a Greek unit of measurement, was about 607 feet in length, approximately the length of a furlong.
a. [14:1] Jl 3:5; Ob 17; Acts 2:21.
b. [14:3] Ps 33:3; 96:1; 98:1; Is 42:10.
c. [14:4] Jer 2:2; Jas 1:18.
d. [14:5] Zep 3:13.
e. [14:7] 2:10; Mt 10:28.
f. [14:8] 18:2–3; Is 21:9; Jer 51:8 / Is 51:17; Jer 25:15–17.
g. [14:11] 19:3.
h. [14:12] 12:17.
i. [14:13] Mt 11:28–29; 2 Thes 1:7; Heb 4:10.
j. [14:14] 1:7; Dn 7:13.
k. [14:15] Jl 4:13; Mt 13:36–43.
l. [14:19] 19:15; Is 63:1–6.
The Seven Last Plagues. 1* Then I saw in heaven another sign,* great and awe-inspiring: seven angels with the seven last plagues, for through them God’s fury is accomplished.
2Then I saw something like a sea of glass mingled with fire.* On the sea of glass were standing those who had won the victory over the beast and its image and the number that signified its name. They were holding God’s harps,a 3and they sang the song of Moses,* the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb:
“Great and wonderful are your works,
Lord God almighty.
Just and true are your ways,
O king of the nations.b
4Who will not fear you, Lord,
or glorify your name?
For you alone are holy.
All the nations will come
and worship before you,
for your righteous acts have been revealed.”c
5* After this I had another vision. The temple that is the heavenly tent of testimony* opened, 6and the seven angels with the seven plagues came out of the temple. They were dressed in clean white linen, with a gold sash around their chests.d 7One of the four living creatures gave the seven angels seven gold bowls filled with the fury of God, who lives forever and ever. 8Then the temple became so filled with the smoke from God’s glory and might that no one could enter it until the seven plagues of the seven angels had been accomplished.e
* [15:1–16:21] The seven bowls, the third and last group of seven after the seven seals and the seven trumpets, foreshadow the final cataclysm. Again, the series is introduced by a heavenly prelude, in which the victors over the beast sing the canticle of Moses (Rev 15:2–4).
* [15:1–4] A vision of the victorious martyrs precedes the vision of woe in Rev 15:5–16:21; cf. Rev 7:9–12.
* [15:2] Mingled with fire: fire symbolizes the sanctity involved in facing God, reflected in the trials that have prepared the victorious Christians or in God’s wrath.
* [15:3] The song of Moses: the song that Moses and the Israelites sang after their escape from the oppression of Egypt (Ex 15:1–18). The martyrs have escaped from the oppression of the Devil. Nations: many other Greek manuscripts and versions read “ages.”
* [15:5–8] Seven angels receive the bowls of God’s wrath.
* [15:5] Tent of testimony: the name of the meeting tent in the Greek text of Ex 40. Cf. 2 Mc 2:4–7.
a. [15:2] 7:9, 14; 13:15–18.
b. [15:3] Ps 92:6; 98:1 / Dt 32:4; Ps 145:17.
c. [15:4] Ps 86:9–10; Jer 10:7.
d. [15:6] 19:8.
e. [15:8] 1 Kgs 8:10; Is 6:4.
The Seven Bowls.* 1I heard a loud voice speaking from the temple to the seven angels, “Go and pour out the seven bowls of God’s fury upon the earth.”
2The first angel went and poured out his bowl on the earth. Festering and ugly sores broke out on those who had the mark of the beast or worshiped its image.*
3* The second angel poured out his bowl on the sea. The sea turned to blood like that from a corpse; every creature living in the sea died.
4The third angel poured out his bowl on the rivers and springs of water. These also turned to blood.a 5Then I heard the angel in charge of the waters say:
“You are just, O Holy One,
who are and who were,
in passing this sentence.b
6For they have shed the blood of the holy ones and the prophets,
and you [have] given them blood to drink;
it is what they deserve.”c
7Then I heard the altar cry out,
“Yes, Lord God almighty,
your judgments are true and just.”d
8The fourth angel poured out his bowl on the sun. It was given the power to burn people with fire. 9People were burned by the scorching heat and blasphemed the name of God who had power over these plagues, but they did not repent or give him glory.e
10f The fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast.* Its kingdom was plunged into darkness, and people bit their tongues in pain 11and blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and sores. But they did not repent of their works.g
12The sixth angel emptied his bowl on the great river Euphrates. Its water was dried up to prepare the way for the kings of the East.* 13I saw three unclean spirits like frogs* come from the mouth of the dragon, from the mouth of the beast, and from the mouth of the false prophet.h 14These were demonic spirits who performed signs. They went out to the kings of the whole world to assemble them for the battle on the great day of God the almighty.i 15(“Behold, I am coming like a thief.”* Blessed is the one who watches and keeps his clothes ready, so that he may not go naked and people see him exposed.)j 16They then assembled the kings in the place that is named Armageddon* in Hebrew.
17The seventh angel poured out his bowl into the air. A loud voice came out of the temple from the throne, saying, “It is done.”k 18Then there were lightning flashes, rumblings, and peals of thunder, and a great earthquake. It was such a violent earthquake that there has never been one like it since the human race began on earth.l 19The great city* was split into three parts, and the gentile cities fell. But God remembered great Babylon, giving it the cup filled with the wine of his fury and wrath. 20* Every island fled, and mountains disappeared. 21Large hailstones like huge weights came down from the sky on people, and they blasphemed God for the plague of hail because this plague was so severe.m
* [16:1–21] These seven bowls, like the seven seals (Rev 6:1–17; 8:1) and the seven trumpets (Rev 8:2–9:21; 11:15–19), bring on a succession of disasters modeled in part on the plagues of Egypt (Ex 7–12). See note on Rev 6:12–14.
* [16:2] Like the sixth Egyptian plague (Ex 9:8–11).
* [16:3–4] Like the first Egyptian plague (Ex 7:20–21). The same woe followed the blowing of the second trumpet (Rev 8:8–9).
* [16:10] The throne of the beast: symbol of the forces of evil. Darkness: like the ninth Egyptian plague (Ex 10:21–23); cf. Rev 9:2.
* [16:12] The kings of the East: Parthians; see notes on Rev 6:2 and Rev 17:12–13. East: literally, “rising of the sun,” as in Rev 7:2.
* [16:13] Frogs: possibly an allusion to the second Egyptian plague (Ex 7:25–8:11). The false prophet: identified with the two-horned second beast (Rev 13:11–18 and the note there).
* [16:15] Like a thief: as in Rev 3:3 (cf. Mt 24:42–44; 1 Thes 5:2). Blessed: see note on Rev 1:3.
* [16:16] Armageddon: in Hebrew, this means “Mountain of Megiddo.” Since Megiddo was the scene of many decisive battles in antiquity (Jgs 5:19–20; 2 Kgs 9:27; 2 Chr 35:20–24), the town became the symbol of the final disastrous rout of the forces of evil.
* [16:19] The great city: Rome and the empire.
* [16:20–21] See note on Rev 6:12–14. Hailstones: as in the seventh Egyptian plague (Ex 9:23–24); cf. Rev 8:7. Like huge weights: literally, “weighing a talent,” about one hundred pounds.
a. [16:4] Ex 7:14–24.
b. [16:5] 1:4.
c. [16:6] Ez 35:6; Mt 23:34–35.
d. [16:7] Dn 3:27; Tb 3:2.
e. [16:9] Am 4:6.
f. [16:10] Ex 10:21–23.
g. [16:11] Ex 9:8–11 / Jer 5:3.
h. [16:13] Ex 8:2–3.
i. [16:14] 1 Cor 1:8.
j. [16:15] Mt 24:42–44 / 3:17.
k. [16:17] Is 66:6.
l. [16:18] Mk 13:19.
m. [16:21] Ex 9:22–26.
Babylon the Great. 1* Then one of the seven angels who were holding the seven bowls came and said to me, “Come here. I will show you the judgment on the great harlot* who lives near the many waters.a 2* The kings of the earth have had intercourse with her,b and the inhabitants of the earth became drunk on the wine of her harlotry.” 3Then he carried me away in spirit to a deserted place where I saw a woman seated on a scarlet beast* that was covered with blasphemous names, with seven heads and ten horns.c 4The woman was wearing purple and scarlet and adorned with gold, precious stones, and pearls.d She held in her hand a gold cup that was filled with the abominable and sordid deeds of her harlotry. 5On her forehead was written a name, which is a mystery, “Babylon the great, the mother of harlots and of the abominations of the earth.” 6* I saw that the woman was drunk on the blood of the holy ones and on the blood of the witnesses to Jesus.
Meaning of the Beast and Harlot.* When I saw her I was greatly amazed. 7The angel said to me, “Why are you amazed? I will explain to you the mystery of the woman and of the beast that carries her, the beast with the seven heads and the ten horns. 8* e The beast that you saw existed once but now exists no longer. It will come up from the abyss and is headed for destruction. The inhabitants of the earth whose names have not been written in the book of life from the foundation of the world shall be amazed when they see the beast, because it existed once but exists no longer, and yet it will come again. 9Here is a clue* for one who has wisdom. The seven heads represent seven hills upon which the woman sits. They also represent seven kings:f 10five have already fallen, one still lives, and the last has not yet come,* and when he comes he must remain only a short while. 11The beast* that existed once but exists no longer is an eighth king, but really belongs to the seven and is headed for destruction. 12The ten horns that you saw represent ten kings who have not yet been crowned;* they will receive royal authority along with the beast for one hour.g 13They are of one mind and will give their power and authority to the beast. 14They will fight with the Lamb, but the Lamb will conquer them, for he is Lord of lords and king of kings, and those with him are called, chosen, and faithful.”h
15Then he said to me, “The waters that you saw where the harlot lives represent large numbers of peoples, nations, and tongues. 16The ten horns* that you saw and the beast will hate the harlot; they will leave her desolate and naked; they will eat her flesh and consume her with fire.i 17For God has put it into their minds to carry out his purpose and to make them come to an agreement to give their kingdom to the beast until the words of God are accomplished. 18The woman whom you saw represents the great city that has sovereignty over the kings of the earth.”
* [17:1–19:10] The punishment of Babylon is now described as a past event and, metaphorically, under the image of the great harlot who leads people astray into idolatry.
* [17:1–6] Babylon, the symbolic name (Rev 17:5) of Rome, is graphically described as “the great harlot.”
* [17:2] Intercourse…harlotry: see note on Rev 14:4. The pagan kings subject to Rome adopted the cult of the emperor.
* [17:3] Scarlet beast: see note on Rev 13:1–10. Blasphemous names: divine titles assumed by the Roman emperors; see note on Rev 13:5–6.
* [17:6] Reference to the great wealth and idolatrous cults of Rome.
* [17:6b–18] An interpretation of the vision is here given.
* [17:8] Allusion to the belief that the dead Nero would return to power (Rev 17:11); see note on Rev 13:3.
* [17:9] Here is a clue: literally, “Here a mind that has wisdom.” Seven hills: of Rome.
* [17:10] There is little agreement as to the identity of the Roman emperors alluded to here. The number seven (Rev 17:9) suggests that all the emperors are meant; see note on Rev 1:4.
* [17:11] The beast: Nero; see note on Rev 17:8.
* [17:12–13] Ten kings who have not yet been crowned: perhaps Parthian satraps who are to accompany the revived Nero (the beast) in his march on Rome to regain power; see note on Rev 13:3. In Rev 19:11–21, the Lamb and his companions will conquer them.
* [17:16–18] The ten horns: the ten pagan kings (Rev 17:12) who unwittingly fulfill God’s will against harlot Rome, the great city; cf. Ez 16:37.
a. [17:1] Jer 50:38; 51:13.
b. [17:2] Jer 51:7.
c. [17:3] 13:1.
d. [17:4] 18:16.
e. [17:8] 13:3–4 / 3:5; 13:8; 20:12.
f. [17:9] 13:18.
g. [17:12] Dn 7:24.
h. [17:14] 19:11–21; 2 Mc 13:4; 1 Tm 6:15 / Rom 1:6; 1 Pt 2:9; Jude 1.
i. [17:16] Ez 16:37–41; 23:25–29.
The Fall of Babylon.* 1After this I saw another angel coming down from heaven, having great authority, and the earth became illumined by his splendor.a 2* He cried out in a mighty voice:
“Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great.b
She has become a haunt for demons.
She is a cage for every unclean spirit,
a cage for every unclean bird,
[a cage for every unclean] and disgusting [beast].
3For all the nations have drunk*
the wine of her licentious passion.
The kings of the earth had intercourse with her,
and the merchants of the earth grew rich from her drive for luxury.”c
4Then I heard another voice from heaven say:
“Depart from her,* my people,
so as not to take part in her sins
and receive a share in her plagues,d
5for her sins are piled up to the sky,
and God remembers her crimes.e
6Pay her back as she has paid others.
Pay her back double for her deeds.
Into her cup pour double what she poured.f
7To the measure of her boasting and wantonness
repay her in torment and grief;
for she said to herself,
‘I sit enthroned as queen;
I am no widow,
and I will never know grief.’g
8Therefore, her plagues will come in one day,
pestilence, grief, and famine;
she will be consumed by fire.
For mighty is the Lord God who judges her.”
9The kings of the earth who had intercourse with her in their wantonness will weep and mourn over her when they see the smoke of her pyre. 10They will keep their distance for fear of the torment inflicted on her, and they will say:
“Alas, alas, great city,
Babylon, mighty city.
In one hour your judgment has come.”
11The merchants of the earth will weep and mourn for her, because there will be no more markets* for their cargo: 12their cargo of gold, silver, precious stones, and pearls; fine linen, purple silk, and scarlet cloth; fragrant wood of every kind, all articles of ivory and all articles of the most expensive wood, bronze, iron, and marble; 13cinnamon, spice,* incense, myrrh, and frankincense; wine, olive oil, fine flour, and wheat; cattle and sheep, horses and chariots, and slaves, that is, human beings.
14“The fruit you craved
has left you.
All your luxury and splendor are gone,
never again will one find them.”h
15The merchants who deal in these goods, who grew rich from her, will keep their distance for fear of the torment inflicted on her. Weeping and mourning, 16they cry out:
“Alas, alas, great city,
wearing fine linen, purple and scarlet,
adorned [in] gold, precious stones, and pearls.i
17In one hour this great wealth has been ruined.” Every captain of a ship, every traveler at sea, sailors, and seafaring merchants stood at a distance
18and cried out when they saw the smoke of her pyre, “What city could compare with the great city?” 19j They threw dust on their heads and cried out, weeping and mourning:
“Alas, alas, great city,
in which all who had ships at sea
grew rich from her wealth.
In one hour she has been ruined.
20Rejoice over her, heaven,
you holy ones, apostles, and prophets.
For God has judged your case against her.”k
21A mighty angel picked up a stone like a huge millstone and threw it into the sea and said:
“With such force will Babylon the great city be thrown down,
and will never be found again.l
22No melodies of harpists and musicians,
flutists and trumpeters,
will ever be heard in you again.
No craftsmen in any trade
will ever be found in you again.
No sound of the millstone
will ever be heard in you again.m
23No light from a lamp
will ever be seen in you again.
No voices of bride and groom
will ever be heard in you again.
Because your merchants were the great ones of the world,
all nations were led astray by your magic potion.n
24In her was found the blood of prophets and holy ones
and all who have been slain on the earth.”o
* [18:1–19:4] A stirring dirge over the fall of Babylon-Rome. The perspective is prophetic, as if the fall of Rome had already taken place. The imagery here, as elsewhere in this book, is not to be taken literally. The vindictiveness of some of the language, borrowed from the scathing Old Testament prophecies against Babylon, Tyre, and Nineveh (Is 23; 24; 27; Jer 50–51; Ez 26–27), is meant to portray symbolically the inexorable demands of God’s holiness and justice; cf. Introduction. The section concludes with a joyous canticle on the future glory of heaven.
* [18:2] Many Greek manuscripts and versions omit a cage for every unclean…beast.
* [18:3–24] Rome is condemned for her immorality, symbol of idolatry (see note on Rev 14:4), and for persecuting the church; cf. Rev 19:2.
* [18:4] Depart from her: not evacuation of the city but separation from sinners, as always in apocalyptic literature.
* [18:11] Ironically, the merchants weep not so much for Babylon-Rome, but for their lost markets; cf. Ez 27:36.
* [18:13] Spice: an unidentified spice plant called in Greek amōmon.
a. [18:1] Ez 43:2.
b. [18:2] 14:8; Is 21:9; Jer 50:2–3; 51:8.
c. [18:3] 17:2; Jer 51:7.
d. [18:4] Is 48:20; Jer 50:8.
e. [18:5] Jer 51:9.
f. [18:6] Jer 50:15 / Jer 16:18.
g. [18:7] Is 47:8–9.
h. [18:14] Hos 10:5 / Am 6:7.
i. [18:16] 17:4.
j. [18:19] Ez 27:27–32.
k. [18:20] 19:1–2; Dt 32:43.
l. [18:21] Jer 51:63–64; Ez 26:21.
m. [18:22] Is 24:8; Ez 26:13.
n. [18:23] Jer 7:34; 16:9; 25:10.
o. [18:24] 16:6.
1After this I heard what sounded like the loud voice of a great multitude in heaven, saying:
Salvation, glory, and might belong to our God,
2for true and just are his judgments.
He has condemned the great harlot
who corrupted the earth with her harlotry.
He has avenged on her the blood of his servants.”a
3They said a second time:
“Alleluia! Smoke will rise from her forever and ever.”b
4The twenty-four elders and the four living creatures fell down and worshiped God who sat on the throne, saying, “Amen. Alleluia.”
The Victory Song.* 5A voice coming from the throne said:
“Praise our God, all you his servants,
[and] you who revere him, small and great.”c
6Then I heard something like the sound of a great multitude or the sound of rushing water or mighty peals of thunder, as they said:
The Lord has established his reign,
[our] God, the almighty.
7Let us rejoice and be glad
and give him glory.
For the wedding day of the Lamb* has come,
his bride has made herself ready.d
8She was allowed to wear
a bright, clean linen garment.”e
(The linen represents the righteous deeds of the holy ones.)*
9Then the angel said to me, “Write this: Blessed* are those who have been called to the wedding feast of the Lamb.” And he said to me, “These words are true; they come from God.”f 10I fell at his feet to worship him. But he said to me, “Don’t! I am a fellow servant of yours and of your brothers who bear witness to Jesus. Worship God.g Witness to Jesus is the spirit of prophecy.”*
The King of Kings. 11* Then I saw the heavens opened, and there was a white horse; its rider was [called] “Faithful and True.” He judges and wages war in righteousness.h 12His eyes were [like] a fiery flame, and on his head were many diadems. He had a name* inscribed that no one knows except himself.i 13He wore a cloak that had been dipped in* blood, and his name was called the Word of God.j 14The armies of heaven followed him, mounted on white horses and wearing clean white linen.k 15Out of his mouth came a sharp sword to strike the nations. He will rule them with an iron rod, and he himself will tread out in the wine press* the wine of the fury and wrath of God the almighty.l 16He has a name written on his cloak and on his thigh, “King of kings and Lord of lords.”m
17* Then I saw an angel standing on the sun. He cried out [in] a loud voice to all the birds flying high overhead, “Come here. Gather for God’s great feast, 18to eat the flesh of kings, the flesh of military officers, and the flesh of warriors, the flesh of horses and of their riders, and the flesh of all, free and slave, small and great.”n 19Then I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies gathered to fight against the one riding the horse and against his army. 20The beast was caught and with it the false prophet* who had performed in its sight the signs by which he led astray those who had accepted the mark of the beast and those who had worshiped its image. The two were thrown alive into the fiery pool burning with sulfur.o 21The rest were killed by the sword that came out of the mouth of the one riding the horse, and all the birds gorged themselves on their flesh.
* [19:1, 3, 4, 6] Alleluia: found only here in the New Testament, this frequent exclamation of praise in the Hebrew psalms was important in Jewish liturgy.
* [19:5–10] A victory song follows, sung by the entire church, celebrating the marriage of the Lamb, the union of the Messiah with the community of the elect.
* [19:7] The wedding day of the Lamb: symbol of God’s reign about to begin (Rev 21:1–22:5); see note on Rev 10:7. His bride: the church; cf. 2 Cor 11:2; Eph 5:22–27. Marriage is one of the biblical metaphors used to describe the covenant relationship between God and his people; cf. Hos 2:16–22; Is 54:5–6; 62:5; Ez 16:6–14. Hence, idolatry and apostasy are viewed as adultery and harlotry (Hos 2:4–13; Ez 16:15–63); see note on Rev 14:4.
* [19:8] See note on Rev 14:12.
* [19:9] Blessed: see note on Rev 1:3.
* [19:10] The spirit of prophecy: as the prophets were inspired to proclaim God’s word, so the Christian is called to give witness to the Word of God (Rev 19:13) made flesh; cf. Rev 1:2; 6:9; 12:17.
* [19:11–16] Symbolic description of the exalted Christ (cf. Rev 1:13–16) who together with the armies of heaven overcomes the beast and its followers; cf. Rev 17:14.
* [19:12] A name: in Semitic thought, the name conveyed the reality of the person; cf. Mt 11:27; Lk 10:22.
* [19:13] Had been dipped in: other Greek manuscripts and versions read “had been sprinkled with”; cf. Rev 19:15. The Word of God: Christ is the revelation of the Father; cf. Jn 1:1, 14; 1 Jn 2:14.
* [19:15] The treading of the wine press is a prophetic symbol used to describe the destruction of God’s enemies; cf. Is 63:1–6; Jl 4:13.
* [19:17–21] The certainty of Christ’s victory is proclaimed by an angel, followed by a reference to the mustering of enemy forces and a fearsome description of their annihilation. The gruesome imagery is borrowed from Ez 39:4, 17–20.
* [19:20] Beast…false prophet: see notes on Rev 13. The fiery pool…sulfur: symbol of God’s punishment (Rev 14:10; 20:10, 14–15), different from the abyss; see note on Rev 9:1.
a. [19:2] Dn 3:27 / Jer 51:48–49.
b. [19:3] 14:11; Is 34:10.
c. [19:5] 11:18; Ps 115:13.
d. [19:7] Mt 22:9; Eph 5:27.
e. [19:8] 15:6; Is 61:10; Mt 22:11–12.
f. [19:9] Mt 8:11; Lk 14:15.
g. [19:10] 22:8–9.
h. [19:11] Is 11:4.
i. [19:12] 1:14–16; 2:18 / Lk 10:22.
j. [19:13] Is 63:1 / Jn 1:1.
k. [19:14] 15:6; 19:8.
l. [19:15] 14:20; Is 63:3.
m. [19:16] 17:14; 2 Mc 13:4.
n. [19:18] Ez 39:17–20.
o. [19:20] 14:10.
The Thousand-year Reign. 1* Then I saw an angel come down from heaven, holding in his hand the key to the abyss* and a heavy chain.a 2He seized the dragon, the ancient serpent, which is the Devil or Satan,* and tied it up for a thousand yearsb 3and threw it into the abyss, which he locked over it and sealed, so that it could no longer lead the nations astray until the thousand years are completed. After this, it is to be released for a short time.
4Then I saw thrones; those who sat on them were entrusted with judgment. I also saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, and who had not worshiped the beast or its image nor had accepted its mark* on their foreheads or hands. They came to life and they reigned with Christ for a thousand years.c 5The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were over. This is the first resurrection. 6Blessed* and holy is the one who shares in the first resurrection. The second death has no power over these; they will be priests of God and of Christ, and they will reign with him for [the] thousand years.
7* When the thousand years are completed, Satan will be released from his prison. 8He will go out to deceive the nations at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog,* to gather them for battle; their number is like the sand of the sea.d 9They invaded the breadth of the earth* and surrounded the camp of the holy ones and the beloved city. But fire came down from heaven and consumed them.e 10The Devil who had led them astray was thrown into the pool of fire and sulfur, where the beast and the false prophet were. There they will be tormented day and night forever and ever.
The Large White Throne.* 11Next I saw a large white throne and the one who was sitting on it. The earth and the sky fled from his presence and there was no place for them.f 12I saw the dead, the great and the lowly, standing before the throne, and scrolls were opened. Then another scroll was opened, the book of life.* The dead were judged according to their deeds, by what was written in the scrolls.g 13The sea gave up its dead; then Death and Hades* gave up their dead. All the dead were judged according to their deeds. 14h Then Death and Hades were thrown into the pool of fire. (This pool of fire is the second death.*) 15Anyone whose name was not found written in the book of life was thrown into the pool of fire.
* [20:1–6] Like the other numerical values in this book, the thousand years are not to be taken literally; they symbolize the long period of time between the chaining up of Satan (a symbol for Christ’s resurrection-victory over death and the forces of evil) and the end of the world. During this time God’s people share in the glorious reign of God that is present to them by virtue of their baptismal victory over death and sin; cf. Rom 6:1–8; Jn 5:24–25; 16:33; 1 Jn 3:14; Eph 2:1.
* [20:1] Abyss: see note on Rev 9:1.
* [20:2] Dragon…serpent…Satan: see notes on Rev 12:3, 9, 10, 15.
* [20:4] Beast…mark: see Rev 13 and its notes.
* [20:6] Blessed: see note on Rev 1:3. Second death: see note on Rev 2:11. Priests: as in Rev 1:6; 5:10; cf. 1 Pt 2:9.
* [20:7–10] A description of the symbolic battle to take place when Satan is released at the end of time, when the thousand years are over; see note on Rev 20:1–6.
* [20:8] Gog and Magog: symbols of all pagan nations; the names are taken from Ez 38:1–39:20.
* [20:9] The breadth of the earth: Palestine. The beloved city: Jerusalem; see note on Rev 14:1.
* [20:11–15] A description of the final judgment. After the intermediate reign of Christ, all the dead are raised and judged, thus inaugurating the new age.
* [20:12] The book of life: see note on Rev 3:5. Judged…scrolls: see note on Rev 14:12.
* [20:13] Hades: the netherworld; see note on Rev 1:18.
* [20:14] Second death: see note on Rev 2:11.
a. [20:1] 9:1.
b. [20:2] Gn 3:1.
c. [20:4] Mt 19:28.
d. [20:8] Ez 38:2, 9, 16.
e. [20:9] Ez 38:22.
f. [20:11] 2 Pt 3:7, 10, 12.
g. [20:12] Rom 2:6.
h. [20:14] 1 Cor 15:26, 54–55.
The New Heaven and the New Earth. 1a Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth. The former heaven and the former earth had passed away, and the sea was no more.* 2I also saw the holy city, a new Jerusalem,* coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.b 3I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Behold, God’s dwelling is with the human race.c He will dwell with them and they will be his people* and God himself will always be with them [as their God].* 4He will wipe every tear from their eyes, and there shall be no more death or mourning, wailing or pain, [for] the old order has passed away.”d
5The one who sat on the throne* said, “Behold, I make all things new.” Then he said, “Write these words down, for they are trustworthy and true.”e 6He said to me, “They are accomplished.* I [am] the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end. To the thirsty I will give a gift from the spring of life-giving water.f 7The victor* will inherit these gifts, and I shall be his God, and he will be my son.g 8But as for cowards,* the unfaithful, the depraved, murderers, the unchaste, sorcerers, idol-worshipers, and deceivers of every sort, their lot is in the burning pool of fire and sulfur, which is the second death.”h
The New Jerusalem.* 9One of the seven angels who held the seven bowls filled with the seven last plagues came and said to me, “Come here. I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb.”* 10He took me in spirit to a great, high mountain and showed me the holy city Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God.i 11It gleamed with the splendor of God. Its radiance was like that of a precious stone, like jasper, clear as crystal.j 12It had a massive, high wall, with twelve gates where twelve angels were stationed and on which names were inscribed, [the names] of the twelve tribes of the Israelites. 13There were three gates facing east, three north, three south, and three west.k 14The wall of the city had twelve courses of stones as its foundation, on which were inscribed the twelve names of the twelve apostles* of the Lamb.l
15* The one who spoke to me held a gold measuring rod to measure the city, its gates, and its wall. 16The city was square, its length the same as [also] its width. He measured the city with the rod and found it fifteen hundred miles* in length and width and height. 17He also measured its wall: one hundred and forty-four cubits* according to the standard unit of measurement the angel used. 18* The wall was constructed of jasper, while the city was pure gold, clear as glass. 19The foundations of the city wall were decorated with every precious stone; the first course of stones was jasper, the second sapphire, the third chalcedony, the fourth emerald,m 20the fifth sardonyx, the sixth carnelian, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth chrysoprase, the eleventh hyacinth, and the twelfth amethyst. 21The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each of the gates made from a single pearl; and the street of the city was of pure gold, transparent as glass.
22* n I saw no temple in the city, for its temple is the Lord God almighty and the Lamb. 23* The city had no need of sun or moon to shine on it,o for the glory of God gave it light, and its lamp was the Lamb. 24The nations will walk by its light,* and to it the kings of the earth will bring their treasure.p 25During the day its gates will never be shut, and there will be no night there. 26The treasure and wealth of the nations will be brought there, 27but nothing unclean will enter it, nor any[one] who does abominable things or tells lies. Only those will enter whose names are written in the Lamb’s book of life.q
* [21:1–22:5] A description of God’s eternal kingdom in heaven under the symbols of a new heaven and a new earth; cf. Is 65:17–25; 66:22; Mt 19:28.
* [21:1] Sea…no more: because as home of the dragon it was doomed to disappear; cf. Jb 7:12.
* [21:2] New Jerusalem…bride: symbol of the church (Gal 4:26); see note on Rev 19:7.
* [21:3–4] Language taken from Ez 37:27; Is 25:8; 35:10; cf. Rev 7:17.
* [21:3] People: other ancient manuscripts read a plural, “peoples.”
* [21:5] The one…on the throne: God himself; cf. Rev 4:1–11.
* [21:6] They are accomplished: God’s reign has already begun; see note on Rev 20:1–6. Alpha…Omega: see note on Rev 1:8. Life-giving water: see note on Rev 7:17.
* [21:7] The victor: over the forces of evil; see the conclusions of the seven letters (Rev 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). He will be my son: the victorious Christian enjoys divine affiliation by adoption (Gal 4:4–7; Rom 8:14–17); see note on Rev 2:26–28.
* [21:8] Cowards: their conviction is so weak that they deny Christ in time of trial and become traitors. Second death: see note on Rev 2:11.
* [21:9–22:5] Symbolic descriptions of the new Jerusalem, the church. Most of the images are borrowed from Ez 40–48.
* [21:9] The bride, the wife of the Lamb: the church (Rev 21:2), the new Jerusalem (Rev 21:10); cf. 2 Cor 11:2.
* [21:14] Courses of stones…apostles: literally, “twelve foundations”; cf. Eph 2:19–20.
* [21:15–17] The city is shaped like a gigantic cube, a symbol of perfection (cf. 1 Kgs 6:19–20). The measurements of the city and its wall are multiples of the symbolic number twelve; see note on Rev 7:4–9.
* [21:16] Fifteen hundred miles: literally, twelve thousand stades, about 12,000 furlongs (see note on Rev 14:20); the number is symbolic: twelve (the apostles as leaders of the new Israel) multiplied by 1,000 (the immensity of Christians); cf. Introduction. In length and width and height: literally, “its length and width and height are the same.”
* [21:17] One hundred and forty-four cubits: the cubit was about eighteen inches in length. Standard unit of measurement the angel used: literally, “by a human measure, i.e., an angel’s.”
* [21:18–21] The gold and precious gems symbolize the beauty and excellence of the church; cf. Ex 28:15–21; Tb 13:16–17; Is 54:11–12.
* [21:22] Christ is present throughout the church; hence, no temple is needed as an earthly dwelling for God; cf. Mt 18:20; 28:20; Jn 4:21.
* [21:23] Lamp…Lamb: cf. Jn 8:12.
* [21:24–27] All men and women of good will are welcome in the church; cf. Is 60:1, 3, 5, 11. The…book of life: see note on Rev 3:5.
a. [21:1] Is 65:17; 66:22; Rom 8:19–23; 2 Pt 3:13.
b. [21:2] 19:7–9.
c. [21:3] Ez 37:27.
d. [21:4] 7:17; Is 25:8; 35:10.
e. [21:5] Is 43:19; 2 Cor 5:17.
f. [21:6] 22:17; Ps 36:8–9; Is 55:1.
g. [21:7] 2 Sm 7:14.
h. [21:8] 22:15; Rom 1:29–32.
i. [21:10] Ez 40:2.
j. [21:11] Heb 11:10.
k. [21:13] Ez 48:31–35.
l. [21:14] Eph 2:20.
m. [21:19] Is 54:11–12.
n. [21:22] Jn 2:19–20.
o. [21:23] Is 60:1–2, 19–20.
p. [21:24] Is 60:11.
q. [21:27] Is 35:8; 52:1; Zec 13:2 / 3:5; 20:12.
1Then the angel showed me the river of life-giving water,* sparkling like crystal, flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamba 2down the middle of its street. On either side of the river grew the tree of life* that produces fruit twelve times a year, once each month; the leaves of the trees serve as medicine for the nations. 3Nothing accursed will be found there anymore. The throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it, and his servants will worship him. 4They will look upon his face,* and his name will be on their foreheads. 5Night will be no more, nor will they need light from lamp or sun, for the Lord God shall give them light, and they shall reign forever and ever.b
6And he said to me, “These words are trustworthy and true, and the Lord, the God of prophetic spirits, sent his angel to show his servants what must happen soon.”c 7* “Behold, I am coming soon.”* Blessed is the one who keeps the prophetic message of this book.d
8It is I, John, who heard and saw these things, and when I heard and saw them I fell down to worship at the feet of the angel who showed them to me. 9But he said to me, “Don’t! I am a fellow servant of yours and of your brothers the prophets and of those who keep the message of this book. Worship God.”e
10Then he said to me, “Do not seal up the prophetic words of this book, for the appointed time* is near. 11Let the wicked still act wickedly, and the filthy still be filthy. The righteous must still do right, and the holy still be holy.”
12“Behold, I am coming soon. I bring with me the recompense I will give to each according to his deeds.f 13I am the Alpha and the Omega,g the first and the last, the beginning and the end.”*
14Blessed are they who wash their robes so as to have the right to the tree of life and enter the city* through its gates.h 15Outside are the dogs, the sorcerers, the unchaste, the murderers, the idol-worshipers, and all who love and practice deceit.i
16“I, Jesus, sent my angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the root and offspring of David,* the bright morning star.”j
17The Spirit and the bride* say, “Come.” Let the hearer say, “Come.” Let the one who thirsts come forward, and the one who wants it receive the gift of life-giving water.k
18I warn everyone who hears the prophetic words in this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, 19and if anyone takes away from the words in this prophetic book, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city described in this book.l
20* m The one who gives this testimony says, “Yes, I am coming soon.” Amen! Come, Lord Jesus!
21The grace of the Lord Jesus be with all.
* [22:1, 17] Life-giving water: see note on Rev 7:17.
* [22:2] The tree of life: cf. Rev 22:14; see note on Rev 2:7. Fruit…medicine: cf. Ez 47:12.
* [22:4] Look upon his face: cf. Mt 5:8; 1 Cor 13:12; 1 Jn 3:2.
* [22:6–21] The book ends with an epilogue consisting of a series of warnings and exhortations and forming an inclusion with the prologue by resuming its themes and expressions; see note on Rev 1:1–3.
* [22:7, 12, 20] I am coming soon: Christ is the speaker; see note on Rev 1:3.
* [22:7, 14] Blessed: see note on Rev 1:3.
* [22:10] The appointed time: see note on Rev 1:3.
* [22:13] Christ applies to himself words used by God in Rev 1:8.
* [22:14] The city: heavenly Jerusalem; see note on Rev 21:2.
* [22:16] The root…of David: see note on Rev 5:5. Morning star: see note on Rev 2:26–28.
* [22:17] Bride: the church; see note on Rev 21:2.
* [22:20] Come, Lord Jesus: a liturgical refrain, similar to the Aramaic expression Marana tha—“Our Lord, come!”—in 1 Cor 16:22; cf. note there. It was a prayer for the coming of Christ in glory at the parousia; see note on Rev 1:3.
a. [22:1] Ez 47:1–12.
b. [22:5] Is 60:20.
c. [22:6] 1:1.
d. [22:7] 12, 20 / 1:3.
e. [22:9] 19:10.
f. [22:12] 7, 20 / Ps 62:12; 2 Tm 4:14.
g. [22:13] 1:8; 21:6; Is 41:4; 44:6.
h. [22:14] 7:14–15; 22:2.
i. [22:15] 21:8; Rom 1:29–32.
j. [22:16] 1:1, 11–12; 22:6 / 2:28.
k. [22:17] 21:6; Is 55:1.
l. [22:19] Dt 4:2.
m. [22:20] 7, 12 / Acts 3:20–21; 1 Cor 15:23; 16:22. | 123,792 | 771 |
1,052,466 | Welcome to the DLW Database. The DLW genealogy
database contains over 224,000 names (last updated Jan. 23, 2002)
of individuals, mostly descended from 18th century Mennonites,
River Brethren (Brethren in Christ) and German Baptist Brethren
who settled in Lancaster, Lebanon and Franklin Counties, Pennsylvania,
in Ontario, Canada and in Washington Co. Maryland and Botetourt
Co. Virginia. In the 1800s a number of the families moved to Darke
Co. and Montgomery Co. Ohio and to Iowa, Indiana and Kansas. In
the early 1900s there was continued migration to Upland, Calif.
and Modesto, Calif.
The database was developed in conjunction with the compilation of the descendants and related families of Hans and Hannah Wenger. Three of their sons and Hannah immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1748 and 1749. Their descendants have spread across the country and the world. Many other families are also included in the database, including other Wenger lines, in particular many descendants of Christian Wenger, immigrant of 1727. There are over 100,000 names of individuals who are not connected to the Hans and Hannah Wenger family. These names were collected in order to assist in identifying possible other ancestors of Wenger descendants and possible other Wenger descendants.
These pages require Internet Explorer version 5.0 or higher. Other browsers will work on some features but not all features will be available.
This DLW Database and the book "Hans and Hannah Wenger, North American Descendants" (in Acrobat Reader © format with more extensive Swiss Wenger information and with photos) are available. See CD Information. The Wenger Family Reunion is also of interest to those interested in the Wenger family.
This database was compiled using many different
sources and the contributions of many people. The project would
not have been undertaken if it had not been for the efforts of
two Wenger researchers who spent so many years collecting the
information that formed the basis for this document. Norman Wenger
Nauman, G1132261 and Roger Daniel Winger, G1832655 are to be remembered
as the initial genealogists of the Hans and Hannah Wenger family.
Special acknowledgement needs to be given to others.
Susan Mae Wenger, 1951.6.3, G111213121, secretary of the Wenger Family Association, worked with Norman Wenger Nauman to bring his records together into a coherent form. Susan supplied to DLW (the compiler) her volumes of notes for inclusion in this document. Most of the information labeled NWN was consolidated by Susan and entered into her notebooks. Susan also made significant contributions to the format of the book. Her suggestions have resulted in a vastly improved presentation.
Mary Ann McClarnon Fokken, G181255543, a very active Wenger researcher, has worked closely with DLW in tracking down numerous families. This work has involved many, many census and library searches. Mary Ann's assistance has been extremely important.
Richard Lee Winger, G14546221 did extensivie research on the descendants of Abraham Wingert, G145. In the process he organized much of the information on the other descendants, particularly in Franklin County, PA and made that research available to DLW. Richard also made his genealogy library available to DLW.
Deloris June Hammermeister Burdick, G18125F94 contributed her large history of the descendants of Jacob Wingard, 1819.3.18 1900.8.24, G18125 and Susannah Zook, 1825.11.17 1883.12.31
Orpha Joan Heitman Oppertshauser, G322D338 contributed her exensive research on current Sider, Climenhaga and Canadian Winger families.
Special acknowledgement needs to be given to the many, many people who have contributed to this project. Contributions have ranged from published books that include Hans Wenger descendants, family records including thousands of individuals, short family genealogies and family information recorded on slips of paper. Each and every piece has been a part of the overall picture.
The goal of this project has been to identify the many descendants of Hans and Hannah Wenger whose three sons immigrated to America in 1748 and 1749. Hans, the father, is identified as Hans Wenger, G. His children are given the numbers G1, G2, G3, etc.
Recent and reasonable estimates of the birth dates of the children of Hans Wenger, G1 has led to the adoption of new G numbers for some of these offspring. Stephen, G11, Christian, G12, Judith, G13 and John, G14 have their original G numbers. Maria had the number G18 and now has the number G15. Henry had the number G15 and now has the number G16. Abraham had the number G16 and now has the number G17. Martin had the number G17 and now has the number G18. These new numbers are reflected on the monument that was placed in the Jonestown, PA Wenger Cemetery in August, 1994 to honor Hans Wenger, G1 and his children. This change of number of Hans Wenger, G1's children is referred to as new ordering.
The G numbers of the children of John Wenger, G14 have been redetermined on the basis of known information and some reasonable guesses. They differ from those used in "The Wenger Book". Christian Wenger, G144 is now G141, John Wenger, G145 is now G142, Martin Wenger, G146 is now G143, Jacob Wenger, G148 is now G140 and Abraham Wenger, G140 is now G145.
The individual is identified by name, birth date, death date, a possible descendant or G code and possible additional information. For example:
Martin Wenger, 1742.2.2 1815.8.28, G18, (i1748)
describes Martin Wenger who was born on February 2, 1742 and died on August 28, 1815. Martin immigrated to America in 1748. His G code is G18 new ordering (G17 old ordering). The G code is the standard York code where G represents Hans Wenger, the father of the three Wenger brothers who immigrated in 1748 and 1749. The offspring of Hans Wenger, G are assigned the codes G1, G2, G3 and G4 for the first, second, third and fourth born children. Martin Wenger, immigrant of 1748 is the eighth child of the first born child of Hans Wenger, G. Thus his code is G18.
For more than nine children, the tenth is assigned the code 0, the eleventh the code A, the twelfth the code B, etc.
If a descendant with a G code marries another descendant with a G code then there is the question as to which G code to use for their offspring. Their children would have two G codes, but to simplify the notation only one G code is kept. The rule followed here is that if the two parents, both descendants of Hans Wenger, G are of the same generation, then the G code of the father is used for the offspring. If the mother is an earlier generation than the father, then the mother's G code is used for the offspring.
If an individual is a descendant of Christian Wenger, C, the immigrant of 1727 and the subject of "The Wenger Book", then that fact is indicated by the notation C.
If an individual is a descendant of Hans Lehman, 1700~ 1771, H, (i1737.10.8) ^, then that fact is indicated by the notation LH (the L is used to differentiate between a Hans Wengert, 1720~, H, (i1751) ^ descendant. See below for a full list of family notations used.
If there is ( ) within the name then there are several possible meanings. The inclosed name may be an earlier version of the name or an alternate version of the name. The inclosed name may be a prior married name of the person. Some sources do not indicate if the maiden name or the married name is within the ( ) so in some cases there is ambiguity. If the maiden name is known then it is outside of the ( ) and the married name is within the ( ). If there are two prior marriages then both married names are include within the ( ) separated by a /. At times if the name has been given in two forms, both forms are offered with a / between them.
A date with ambiguity is indicated by a ? mark. A birth or death date of 1760~ would indicate that the date is approximate and could be off by a year or two or even ten or twenty years if the estimate was based upon several generations without more information. Some books use the notation circa or an abbreviation of that word. Others use abt.
If the date is given as 1872+ then the birth or death occurred after 1872. If the date is given as 1872- then the birth or death occurred prior to 1872. A date such as 1893.4.6~ would indicate that the date is April 6, but the year is in question. A date such as 1905.6 would indicate June, 1905 without a day specified. The date 1930..6 would indicate a date of the sixth day of some month in the year 1930. If the date is followed by a 'b' then that indicates that the date is of baptism. If the date is followed by a 'p' then that indicates a probate date.
The notation 0 in the additional portion indicates that the individual had no descendants. The notation * indicates that descendants for that individual are not known. The notation ^ indicates that there is no information on the parents of the individual. The character 'a' in the additional section indicates that the individual was a foster child or adopted or descended from an adopted individual.
When the first name of a husband or father is not known, the notation father is used. This does not imply that there were children.
Summary of Main Notations
~ means approximate (equivalent to the notation cir)
^ means no parent information
* means no descendant information
0 means no descendants
BIC Brethren in Christ
OGBB Old German Baptist Brethren Official name after the 1881 break
GB German Baptists Official name of the main body until name change in 1908 to Church of the Brethren (COB)
OGB Old German Baptist (no electricity, no automobiles) also refer to themselves as GB and Old Order
OOGB Old Order German Baptist used by petitioners of the 1920's split from the OGB
COB Church of the Brethren
OOMC Old Order Mennonite Congregation (Ontario, Canada)
OORB Old Order River Brethren (note: this may also refer to the book "History of the Old Order River Brethren"
Rev. Reverand, Minister, Preacher, etc. Here there may be cause for critizism as OGBB ministers are not called Reverand, Preachers were called preachers and not reverand, etc. The use of Rev. is a generic term to mean that the person played a role in the church as minister/leader/giver of spiritual guidance. In general the religious affiliation of a person is not given unless that person has played a role in the church, as Deacon, Rev. or Bishop, Elder etc.
KS, Ks. Kansas
CA, Ca. Calif. California
PA, Pa. Pennsylvania
NY New York
VA, Va. Virginia
IA, Ia. Iowa (Note that Ia. has been used in some 19th century sources to mean Indiana) The reader of this book must interprete carefully the meaning of Ia.
Family codes used are: (see TWB for more detail)
A Hans Wenger, 1660~, A, ^ father of
A1 Henry Wenger, 1680 1753, A1, (i1717) * (A in TWB notation)
A2 Christian Wenger, 1688 1749, A2, (i1718) (B in TWB notation)
The notation of John Fetzer is used for the A family and not that of TWB
C Christian Wenger, 1698.5.1 1772.2.9, C, (i1727) The family of "The Wenger Book"
D Lazarus Wenger, 1715.11.15 1796.12.16, D, (i1735.8.26)
E Hans Wenger, 1700~, E, (i1737.10.8) ^
F Johannes Wenger, 1700~, F, (i1747.10.20) ^
G Johannes (Hans) Wenger, 1680~ 1749.9.9-, G, ^ The family of this book
H Hans Wengert, 1720~, H, (i1751) ^
I Casper and Jacob Wenger, (i17xx and i1764)
J Joseph Wenger, (i1754)
K John Wenger, 1730~, K, (i) ^ Amish
L Henry Wenger
? John Adam Wingard,
1726,, (i1752) ) ^ Immigrant to Charleston, SC (not in NWN list
of Wenger immig.) MWE
His descendants live in the Dutch Fork area of SC and in Pike Co., Alabama. There is a town called Wingard, Ala. near Rural Home, off Hwy 29 south of Montgomery. A cem. there has the grave of William Wingard, 1799.12.10 1872.10.27 They were slave owners and some of their slaves took the name Wingard. There are today descendants of those slaves called Wingard.
LH Hans Lehman, 1700~ 1771, H, (i1737.10.8) ^
? Phillip Jacob Wenger, 1799.12.13 1863.7.18,,
(i ) ^ (not in NWN list of Wenger immig.) Immigration by Nov.
1825. Born France. Children born in Lebanon Co., PA. Died Butler
M Christian Wenger, 1800 1882, M, (i1835) ^
N John Wenger, (i1848)
O Christian Wenger Immigrant to Ohio
P Conrad Wenger Immigrant to Morton, Ill.
Q Christian Wenger, 1756 1824 son Frederick Wenger, 1805.1.24 immigrated
R John Wenger, 1802 Monroe, Wis.
S Jacob Wenger, 1827
T John Wenger, 1831
U Frederick Wenger, 1854 Immigrant to Dover, Ohio
V Christian Wenger Immigrant to Ohio? before 1858
W Gottfried Wenger, 1868 1940, (i1883) Immigrant to Missouri
Y Joseph Wenger, 1795 1846
Z John Wenger, 1803, Z, (i1884?) ^
AA Karl Michael Wenger's sons Joseph and Michael are G1817 and G1818
BB Noah Wenger Native of Minsk, Russia. His children assumed the name Wenger
CC John Hieronmius Wenger, (i1800~)
DD Beth Wingert
EE Gottlieb Wenger, (i1886)
AAA Audrey Anita Allen, 1934, G184117451 Audreyschr@aol.com
AAC "The Cober Genealogy of Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Canada", 1933, by Rev. Alvin Alonzo Cober, Ph., M., D.D.
AC Angela Chancellor email@example.com
AC2 Amy Virginia Miller, 1957.7.31, G181139634, * Destiny741@aol.com
ACB "The Descendants of Abraham Reiff Burkholder, 1830 1911", by Josephine Burkholder High provided to DLW by Alvin C. Burkholder
ACB2 Angela Brooks Champman, 1970, G1828231411 firstname.lastname@example.org
ACF Alice Coble, 1915, G14024437
ACW Ann Carol Wingert, 1947.8.21, G14275861 (Ann Osterman)
AHB Ann M. Harris, 1935~ wife of James Philip Brandt, 1933.12.18, G14044434.
AHB2 "Record of the Ancestors & Descendants of Jacob Sherk Brubaker and his brother Daniel Sherk Brubaker", Aden H. Brubacher
AHG "History of the Gerberich Family in America", 1925, A. H. Gerberich
AJC Arleigh J. Carpenter, 1940~, C28401111, * email@example.com
AJCW Aline Jeanette Clark firstname.lastname@example.org
AJF "A Breif History of John and Christian Fretz", 1890 by Rev. A. J. Fretz
AJW Andrew J. White article in PMH Oct. 1996
AJW2 Andrew (Andy) J. Weyer AJWEYER@aol.com
AKH "A Keller History, Descendants of Hans Jacob Keller and Elizabeth Keller of the Cocalico Valley" March, 1998 by Rachel Keller Spease
AKK Anita Kay Kuhns, 1968.7.13, G147171564, *
AKS "The Name and Family of Stauffer or Stouffer", by The Media Research Bureau, Amos K. Stauffer
AKS2 "A Little Bit of Denlinger Family Record", 1951 by Amos K. Stauffer via JEM
AL Alice Lenker
ALB "The Brechbill Family History" 1978 by Amos L. Brechbill, 1902.12.21 1990.2.10, G12323313 gives the descendants of Abraham Brechbill, 1811.11.16 1889.10.6 and Mary W. Huber, 1816.1.29 1892.10.19, G12323
ALB1 "The Brechbill Family History", part 1, 1972 by Rev. Earl D. Brechbill
ALB2 "The Brechbill Family History" 1981+ part 2 by Amos L. Brechbill
ALB3 "The Brechbill Family History" 1983+ part 3 by Amos L. Brechbill
ALB4 "The Brechbill Family History" part 4 by Amos L. Brechbill
ALS "The Mennonite Christian Brotherhood Congregations", Amos Lamar Strite, 1951.9.8, G1413173214
ALW "The Canadian Wingers' Ancestors and Descendants from 1700 to 1972". Alvin Leroy Winger, 1883.11.17, G175941, Bishop. This document provides about the descendants of Henry Winger, 1776.7.16 1867.7.2, G175
ALW2 Alton Leo Winger, 1924.9.23, G1831096
ALY "The Family and Descendants of Jacob Diehl", 1985, Abram L. Yost
AMB Barbara Hawbaker Burkholder, 1909.9.26 1993..8.8, G14719221, 0and Anna Mary Burkholder, 1921.3.9, G14719225, 0, "The Genealogy of Ulrich Burkholder"., Pleasant Hall, Pa. 1967. This source covers the descendants of Ulrich B. Burkholder, 1710 1786.1,, (i1732.8.11) º
AMF Alan Eugene Miller, 1959.1.29, G1321421611, Ames, Iowa supplied on the Lights in Iowa
AMM Amos Michael Martin, 1865.1.10 1924.5.19, C271616 book, provided by Maria Eby
AMTT "Alexander Mack The Tunker", by ??
AO Abigail Oldham (Abigail Frances Wingert, 1936.5.10, G14314364)
APL Alan Paul Leighton, 1954.10.30, G184A3622, 0 email@example.com
AR Albert Lee Rhone firstname.lastname@example.org
ASB "Family records mosty of three distinct groups and desscendants of Joseph, David and Henry Bauman who settled as pioneers in Waterloo County up to the year of 1825", 1940 by Angus S. Bauman
AW "Adam Wengert History" by Mary Edith Wengert, 1907.10.1, G1771018 completed in 1973
AWS "Abram W. Sollenberger Family", by Samuel Grove Sollenberger, 1901.8.2 1986.11.30, G1413B48 Published in 1968. Gives the descendants of Abraham W. Sollenberger, 1822.4.30 1912.4.7, G1413B, Deacon
AZ Avery Walter Zook, 1934.9.28, G13659522
AZH "A. Z. Hess Family Festival Notes", 1991 by Ray M. Zercher
BAFC "Biographical Annals of Franklin County Pennsylvania", Beers, 1905
BALanC "Biographical Annals of Lancaster County Pennsylvania", Beers
BALC "Biographical Annals of Lebanon County Pennsylvania", Beers, 1904
BAN Beverly Ann Nolt, 1959.11.14, G1314552421 Bjeshleman@aol.com
BB "Baker Book", 1996, Doris Oburn Johns
BBB "History and Genealogy of the Brubaker-Brubacher-Brewbaker Family in America", by Phares Brubaker Gibble. Phares Brubaker Gibble, 1888.6.8 1967.4.7, G221528, Rev.
BBF "The Oberholtzer Book", compiled by Barbara B. Ford, 1995 LCCN 94-74043
BBFG "Bauman/Bowman Family Genealogy", 1998 by William B. Bowman
BC Bernis (Bernie) Cassell, 1920~, G141144423
BC1 Betty Creath email@example.com
BC2 Betty Cooper
BCT Brenda Cathleen Thompson, 1951.1.29, G1832821145 firstname.lastname@example.org
BDC "Bridgewater-Daleville College, 1880 1930", a history of the two colleges. Information about those connected to Daleville College may be found in this volume.
BDQ B. Dawn Quest email@example.com www.familytreemaker.com/users/q/u/a/B-D-Quast
BE Boni Ehmann (Boni Lynn Wilson, 1967.8.14, G1721432012) firstname.lastname@example.org
BEH "Stover Genealogy, Biography and History", 1936 by Bertha E. Hughey
BER Beatrice Estella Rhoads, 1933.7.26
BF "Genealogy of the Brumbach Familes", 1913 Descendants of Johannes Henrich Brumbach by Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh
BFB "The B. F. Buckwalter Family", 1971 by Mary Buckwalter Roth
BFE Bechtel Family Encylopedia
BFF "The Ancestors and Descendants of Benjamin F. Funk and Fannie Myers Funk of Hamilton Twp. Franklin Co. Pa.", 1981 by Evelyn Funk Dice (Evelyn Louise Funk, 1916.6.17, G14522852)
BFG "The Beeghley Family", 1949, by Steve Rasor's paternal grandmother (found in the Brookville Hist. Society)
BFH "Bicksler-Bixler Family History 1728-1968", 1968 by David Ellsworth Lick, 1863.3.1 1938.1.29 and Elizabeth Amy Lick, 1896.12.11, G13234422 m. Daub
BH1 Brian Hershey email@example.com
BHA Beverly Haines, 1960.7.16, C41121812, * WeRBevo@aol.com
BHB "The Genealogy of Henrich Huber", Barbara Hawbaker Burkholder, 1909.9.26 1993.11~, G14719221, 0 and Anna Mary Burkholder, 1921.3.9, G14719225, 0 Pleasant Hall, Pa. 1967. This source covers the descendants of Maria Wenger, G123
BHS Brookville Historical Society, Inc. P. O. Box 82, Brookville, Ohio, 45309
BKK Barbara A. Kupp, 1948.8.14, G1132123531 JKerd10715@aol.com
BL Bonnie Lou Layman, 1939.4.7 firstname.lastname@example.org
BL "Bachman Lineage", by Olive S. Kreider (found in LCHS)
BLS Barry Lynn Sherry, 1955.7.5, G1412108113 email@example.com
BLW Betty Lou Wenger, 1946.12.10, G1889B2431
BM Bruce McCrea firstname.lastname@example.org
BM2 Barbara Jean Harlow, 1948.4.23, G1443151114 email@example.com
BMB Bonnie Mellinger Bingaman
BMR "The Wenger Family", by Brenda Mae Rife, 1953.10.24, G188916114 This book gives the descendants of Joseph Zook Wenger, 1835.9.21 1905.2.18, G18891 and also contains the story 'The Red Top Wagon', a description of the expedition from Indiana to Oregon.
BS Bob Sweetlove firstname.lastname@example.org
BSB Carolyn Beth Simpson, 1953.2.22, G1411475B11, *
BSMC "Biographical Sketches of Montgomery Co. Ohio"
BSO Biography of Stark County, Ohio
BSRT "Biographical Sketches of Randolph Twp., Montgomery Co. Ohio"
BSW "The Wenger (Winger) Family Record", Bechtel Smith Winger, 1915.2.12, G18326541 Published 1987. This book provides on the descendants of Martin Winger, 1791.8.5 1864.9.5, G1832
BW Bill Williams William38@aol.com
BZH Bonita (Bonnie) Rae Zuck, 1951.8.30, G131847932
CA Charles A. Andrews email@example.com
CAP Cynthia A. Pobst
CAT "Our Wenger Family", by Charles and Amanda Taylor 1986. Provided on many of the descendants of Wenger, 1813.1.12 1864.10.30, G14152 Charles is Charles William Taylor, 1913.7.7 1985, G141523222, 0 A copy of this document is in the genealogical library at the Garst Museum, Greenville, Darke Co., Ohio
CB Charles T. Burton. This came to DLW from JGK in the form of a booklette on the Kinzie family. Charles, a Botetourt Co. Va. historian passed away in 1998. See CTBN
CB2 Curtis Oliver Byer, 1930.11.6, G17427424
CC Carolyn Joy Bierer, 1958.7.3, G18125314212
CDS Carol Devers Sadler firstname.lastname@example.org
CDV Mrs Christian DeVisser
CEW Charles Earl Wingard, 1935.8.13, G18407331, D.M.D.- supplied much of the information on the descendants of Martin Wenger, G184 and John Bechtel Wingard, 1812.6.30 1875.8.25, G1840
CF Carolyn Frazee
CF2 Chris Fox C7504613
CFG Chad F. Gottschlich email@example.com
CG Chuck Garst firstname.lastname@example.org
CGV "Christian Gish of Virginia", 1989 by Josephine Costello Huffaker
CH Cy Hill email@example.com
CHB Clifford Hugh Bauman, 1917.3.9, G18262931 firstname.lastname@example.org
CHC "And Johannes Begat Christian", 1985, by Constance Hunsecker Cordell, (Constance Arlene Hunsecker, 1942.4.19 1990~, G147172421) The Descendants of Johannes and Christian Frey of Franklin Co. Pa.
CHD Corinne Hanna Diller Cdiller@juno.com
CHF Holdeman Descendants
CHH Clarence Heise History of 20 Ontario, Canada families found in MCA
CHPS Clarke H. P. Schneider, 1942.4.19, G141851251 of Chicago, provided on G136 descendants and G18 lines and on his family
CK "Christian Kinzie _ - 1774 Born near Thun, Switzerland", 1981 by Catherine E. Smith
CLW Cora Lee Wingert, 1918.6.29, G14512794, 0
CMK "Christian Myers Kuhns Family Book", June 1990
CMK2 "The C. M. Kuhns Family Record", by Harry R. Kuhns (Harry Raifsnider Kuhns, 1906.11.28 1985.10.27, G14717121)
CNC "Andrew Henry Wingert Descendants, A Genealogy", compiled by Cheryl N. Cook, Oct. 1991
CP Charlie Parks email@example.com
CPR Crystal Pauline Randel, 1902.12.30 1994.7+, G18345411 provided to RDW. She has also published articles on the Swiss Wengers and the document "Out Kith and Kin" in 1960
CR Carole Resh firstname.lastname@example.org
CRM Charles Raymond McCrae, 1936.1.30, G181317422 email@example.com
CSF "The History and Genealogical Records of the Strite and Allied Families", compiled by Carl E. Robinson and Amos Wishard Strite, 1896.4.20 1985.5.3, G14131731 Published 1963 giving the descendants of Christian Streit.
CSW Charles (Chuck) Stanley Wengert, 1927.5.16 1992, G17714121, 0 Information contained in the Robert Long (Robert Winfield Long, 1918.1.29 1992.7.17, G13352261, *) collection in the Hummelstown Area Historical Society. Also, Long information contained in that collection
CTBN Charles T. Burton notes
CW Clarence Eli Wingard, 1876.8.30 1961.5.12, G181186, 0 did extensive research on the descendants of John Wenger, G14 and Martin Wenger, G18 His complete papers have not been found.
CW2 "The Family of Elizabeth Roth 1842-1918 and Joseph Wenger 1837-1917" descendants of Christian Wenger, M
CWP Charles W. Peters
CWM Cyrene Alice Winger, 1910.9.5, D7281A2, a very active researcher of the Wengers/Wingers that came through Oil City, Pa. She is a descendant of Lazarus Winger, immigrant of 1735. Her research helped to resolve conflicts between the descendants of Larazrus Winger and Henry Wenger, G16
DAB "American Boyers", Donald Arthur Boyer, 1992 by the Association of American Boyers, Inc.
DAM "Ancestors and Descendants of Abraham N. Hoover and Annie R. Oberholtzer", 1992 by Doris A. Musselman
DAZ David A. Zavitz firstname.lastname@example.org
DB David Blocher Blocker@Televar.com
DB2 Don Bowman via Merle Rummel
DBF Doris June Beers, 1929.3.22
DBS "David & Barbara Sensenig Family Record - 1873 - 1997", 1997, compiled by Violet Jean Garman and Ezra B. Martin
DBW David B. Wingert, 1940~, E1871332, *
DC Dan Cooke email@example.com
DD Dick DeLauder Vet4u@aol.com
DEC2 David Elbert Climenhaga, 1919.6.14, G3314152, Bishop firstname.lastname@example.org
DEG Debrah E. Giambalvo
DEN "Descendants of Peter M. Newswanger and Lydia Burkhart", 1986 by Donald E. Newswanger
DENF Descendants of Michael Denlinger, ged file from Carolyn Frazee
DEW Doris Evelyn Wingert, 1925.8.9, G181312111
DF Don Ford DFord87@aol.com
DFH "The Deter Family History", a genealogy of Johann Georg Dieder, 1739 by Eunice Deter with Geraldine Deter and Theodore Deter
DFH2 "Dohner/Doner Family History"
DGC Dorothy Jean Griffiths, 1926.2.12, G141143521, * (Crabb )
DGJ David G. Johnston, 1955~, G17516211x
DGR Daniel Gensemer Reinhold email@example.com
DGW Doris Gail Wingert, 1928, G14313381
DH Don and Jeanine Harter FamilyHart@aol.com
DH2 Dee Howard firstname.lastname@example.org
DHE "Descendants of Henry Ebersole from 1823 to 1970" via IBS
DHG "The Descendants of Henry Gibbel", compiled by Ira W. Gibbel, 1995
DHV David Hiram Vannet, 1949.7.2, G18125D611, *
DISD Dori I. Steckbeck, Director, Brethren in Christ Historical Library and Archives, Grantham, PA email@example.com
DJ Dave Jenkinson firstname.lastname@example.org
DJB David Jacob Bachman, 1932.9.4, G132C1455, 0 David has contributed on the Bixler, Hostetter and other families
DJD "Descendants of John an Susanna (Ulrich) Deeter", 1998, Gale Edwin Spitler Honeyman, 1938.7.8, G1411346311, 0 and Linda Kay Stephens McDaniel
DJH Deloris June Hammermeister, 1932.6.2, G18115F94 has provided extensive information on the G18 line and was extremely helpful in finding errors in drafts of this document. She collaborated with MAF to provide over 2900 descendants of Jacob Wingard, 1819.3.18 1900.8.24, G18115 and Susanna Zook email@example.com
DJH2 "History, Ancestors & descendants of Jacob Wingard and Susannah Zook Wingard", 2000 by Mary Ann McClarnon Fokken and Deloris Hammermeister Burdick firstname.lastname@example.org
DJPD "Descendants of Johann Peter Wadel", 1999 by Lester M. Wadel, Marilyn S. Wadel and Doris Jean Wadel Sollenberger
DJS "Descendants of Joseph Shirk" 1998 by Sarah Elizabeth Shirk
DJU Doris Jean Ulrich, 1950.6.20, G1133112322
DJW Delbert Jesse Wingerd, 1926.7.25, G17421371
DJWS Doris Jean Wadel, 1931.11.28, C27188124
DK Deborah (Debbie) Ann Green Hamilton, 1952.1.9, G132468381 MommyNanasAngels@aol.com
DKN Daniel Kuhns Ness, 1938.7.3, G147171223
DL "The Descendants of Daniel Lehman", Daniel R. Lehman, 1983. This book provided many Wenger descendants in the Franklin Co., Pa. area. Daniel Lehman's dates are 1776 1847
DLC David L. Cocanower
DLD "A Dearing Family History", by D. Leona Dearing Sider
DLL Information contained in a 30 page compilation of descendants of John Lesher, by Daniel R. Lehman and based upon the research of Daniel D. Lesher, done in the early part of the century, provide to DLW
DLL2 David Lee Light email@example.com
DLM Darvin Lee Martin, 1971.1.10, C56430611, * and Regina Sue Christman, 1971.11.23, G1402164221, * , also RCM and RSLC firstname.lastname@example.org
DLW Daniel Lee Wenger, 1935.1.4, G141524412 private records and independent research DanielWenger@worldnet.att.net
DRJ Donald R Johnson DRJohnson37@worldnet.att.net from the "Bernharat Mann Genealogy" by John Tomson
DRL "Mennonites of the Washington County, Maryland and Franklin County, Pennsylvania Conference", Daniel R. Lehman, 1990
DRLP Private communication from Daniel Richard Lehman, 1951.3.13, C27189721 Daniel is the Daniel R. Lehman of DL, DLL and DRL
DRW Deborah (Debbie) Lee Rhodes, 1953.3.25, G113231763, * email@example.com
DRW2 Daniel Raymond Wagner, 1967.2.17, G1312761252
DSH "Hutchins-Hutchens, Descendants of Stangeman Hutchins", 1979 compiled by Rita Hineman townsend
DSK Diane Thwaite Solenberger, 1959.5.5, G1413611631, *
DSL "The David S. Lehman Family History and Genealogy", 1997, Titus Lynn Wadel, 1968.2.26, G1471732131, *
DSM "The Myers Family Here to Fore", 1979 by Della Strike Myers
DSR Donna Elizabeth Speer and David Earl Ristenbatt, 1949.1.19, G132421B332. Donna has her genealogy on the world wide web
DW Darryl Wayne Winger, 1968.6.5, G183587221 and PNM
DWB Darlene Wenger, 1939.7.20, G141148022
DWH Dorothy Anna Wenger, 1918.1.3, G13564531
DWM Diana Lee Wenger, 1946.8.27, G141187321
DWM2 Diane Wenger Monroe firstname.lastname@example.org
DY Darlene Yohe email@example.com
DYM "The Life and Genealogy of David Y. Miller", 1989 by Gene Edwin Miller
EA Elizabeth Schlung Alleman ESA2204@aol.com
EAB Edward Allen Barnhart, 1940.10.18, G183233811 BarnhartEd@aol.com
EAH "The Ulrich Rinehart Family and Descendants, 1704 1985", 1986, Elma A. Henning
EB Ed Barnhart BarnhartEd@aol.com
EB2 "Heritage History", 1992 by Everett Byer
EBE "My American Ancestors and Their Descendants", 1949, 1950 Edward Bowman Esbenshade
EBW Ethel Pauline Bomberger Wenger
EE Erica Joy Echternach, 1974.3.30, G131BA5B22 firstname.lastname@example.org
EEE "History of the Eby Family", by Ezra E. Eby published in 1889, republished in 1979
EEM "Descendants of Christian Eby and Susannah McDonald", 1951, by Effie Eugenia E. Minnich
EFD "Ancestors and Descendants of Jacob Brechbill Sollenberger and his wife Frances Meyers Sollenberger", Evelyn Funk Dice, 1993 Jacob is Jacob Brechbill Sollenberger, 1860.11.15 1945.3.16, G1231213 and Evelyn is Evelyn Louise Funk, 1916.6.17, G14522852 Also JBS
EFH Edna Faye Wingerd, 1932.10.13, 0, G17421394 provided the descendants of Simon Brechbill Wingerd, 1867.6.22 1941.4.11, G174213
EFH2 "Eberly Family History" 1974 by Paul C. Bennetch
EFH3 "David E. Eby-Leah Eby Family History", 1978 by Betty Lou eby Robbins
EGP "Henry Warner (Werner) Originally of Bedford Co., Pa.", 1946, by Mrs. Elgar Grant Pumphrey
EH2 Elinor Hoover, 1930~, G188041xx, * email@example.com
EHB Ezra Helman Benedict, 1943.12.10, G142823128 firstname.lastname@example.org
EHH "Family History and Genealogy of George B. Mc. Heberlig and Annie C. Stover Heberlig", 1992, compiled by Frank Shuman Heberlig, 1926.10.17 and Mildred Catherine Morrow, 19265.10, G1889A234
EJ Erik Jensen email@example.com
EKW Erma K. Wenger (Erma L. Klick, 1929.8.23,, * º)
ELB "Esra & Lydia Burkholder, Family Record", 1996 by the Violet and Ezra Martin
ELM "Family Record Abraham Martin and his Descendants", 1988 Compiled by Mrs. Noah V. Martin (Evelyn Lois Martin, 1918.9.20, C5614F31-) and her family, Hagerstown, MD This is a record of the descendants of Abraham H. Martin, 1828.8.26 1907.4.13, C5614 -and his two wifes Susanna Burkholder, 1828.11.8 1851.11.17- and Barbara S. Wenger, 1829.1.30 1906.2.22, C2539- The book is based upon the original research of John David Risser, 1882.12.4 1952.1.19, C561484, Rev. Mrs. Martin was kind to loan her copy of the book to DLW
ELP "Descendants of Michael Peters", 1993 by Edward L. Peters firstname.lastname@example.org
ELW "Mother's Whirring-Wheel Rug", A Lady Family Genealogy, Eunice Lady Wingert
ELW2 Eugene Lesher Wenger, 1927.6.4, G188A5131
EME2 Esther Mae Ebersole, 1923.11.6, G13576333, 0
EMH "Emanuel Martin History 1691 - 1984", 1984 by Naomi Heckman
EML "Five Frantz Families who lived in the Miami Valley", Elizabeth Miller Lane, 1988
EMP Elizabeth Irene Maurer, 1927.11.21, G141203124
EMZ "Zimmerman's Family History 1720-1988 A Branch of the Zimmerman Offspring of Glause Zimmerman in Europe and his children who came from Europe", 1988 compiled by Ezra and Maria Zimmerman
EP Edith Perry
ER Elaine Byer Reed, 1944, x2413, *
ERL Earl Richard Myers, 1940.7.9, G174251271
ERP1 "Emigrants, Refugees and Prisoners, Vol I", 1995 by Richard Warren Davis
ERP2 "Emigrants, Refugees and Prisoners, Vol II", 1997 by Richard Warren Davis
ERP3 "Emigrants, Refugees and Prisoners, Vol III", 1999 by Richard Warren Davis
ES Ellen Strasma Ellen.Strasma@walgreens.com
EV "Evangelical Visitor", bimonthly publication of the Brethren in Christ Church
EW Ezra Wenger, 1895.4.26 1978.6.1, G140820, 0 and his wife Ruth provided the descendants of his parents Edward, 1854.8.28 1943.6.4, G14082, Elder and Emma , 1859.1.11 1932.10.30, G141874. Martha Mabel Wenger, 1921.10.31, G1408291 sent the to DLW. "A Genealogy of Edward Meyer Wenger and his wife Emma Meyer Wenger".
EWS R. Evelyn West, 1913.12.13
FDB Fretz web site at www.multiboard.com/~bhurdle/fretz/fretz2.html by Brian Lloyd Hurdle, 1954.8.17, G175326521, *
FDCO "Families of Darke County, Ohio", 1994, by Darke County Genealogical Society, Greenville, Ohio
FF Funck?Fokken gedcom via Mary Ann Fokken
FFF "Flory Flora Fleury Family", 1948 by W. Q. Bunderman
FGS Fritz George Schnepf, 1931.5.8, G18406111 and Linda Annette Hinkle, 1934.5.6,, º
FHC "Family History of Samuel & Lydia Crouse", 1992 Richard Crouse, Judith Ziegler, Kean Dubble
FKP "Kings Family Tree", 1981 by Frances King Rapp of Covington, Ohio
FLH Faye Louise Hawbaker, 1949.11.24, G123351226
FM Floyd Mason email@example.com
FMS "Some Snoke Familes, A Collection of Snoke Memorabilia Consisting of Family Histories, Biographies, Letters, Genealogy and Trivia", based upon the original work of Martin Van Buren Snoke, compiled by Frank McElwain Snoke, June 1979
FMS2 "Supplement to Some Snoke Families", compiled by Harry William Snoke, 1910.12.25, G14731555, * in 1984
FRC Ferne Ruth Climenhaga, 1934.4.21, G3314196
FS Freddie Spradlin
FS2 Floyd Sollenberger, 1927~, G123122822, *
FTM Refers either to a particular Family Tree Maker family history file. or the Social Security Death Index, 1937-1995 For example, FTM2346 refers to the FTM file #2346. FTM alone refers to the death index
FW Felicia Grace Kinzie, 1924.8.26, G1820721, *
FZ Dr. Fred Zimmerman, Fot Myers, FL
GB Gordon Haggott Beckhart, 1923, G145132411
GBS "The Bucher Family", 1997, Glayds Bucher Sowers
GC "Shaking the Cordell Family Tree", 1977 by Glenn Robert Cordell, 1941.11.29, G181921631
GC2 "A Historical Sketch of the Brethren in Christ Church, Known as Tunkers in Canada", by George Cober, Gromley, Ontario (viewable on the web at http://www.easynet.on.ca/~johnb/tunkers/index.html thanks to Dana Brillinger)
GCW Gerald Cleon Wagoner, 1932.7.31, G131255244
GDN Glatha D. Neff DCSP44A@prodigy.com
GES "History of the Swope Family and their connections", 1896, Gilbert Ernest Swope
GESH Gale Edwin Spitler Honeyman, 1938.7.8, G1411346311, 0. Gale 's contributions to this project were great.. His research on the family of John Weaver Wenger, 1778.4.11 1851.5.12, G1411, Rev. was extensive and detailed. His vast library and memory and his enthusiastic support are greatly appreciated.
GF Garst family files
GFD "Garber Family Directory, January 2000" family of Raymond & Ruth Garber
GH "The Garber Historical and Genealogical Record", 1964, by Clark M. Garber
GH2 Gary Hopkins firstname.lastname@example.org
GH4 "The Garber Historical and Genealogical Record" Vol. III 1964 by Clarke M. Barber
GHK "The George H. Keener Family", 1984 by Mary Louise Diller
GHL George H. Liebgott, "Morris Cove Descendants". Found in Martinsburg, Pa. public library
GIC Gladys Irene Cool
GJW Gwendolyn Joyce Wenger, 1934.2.9, G188125A2S prepared a family history that was passed to SEW and on to DLW. Due to the fact that the title page had NWN as the source, information from that history is labeled NWN. Apologies to Gwendolyn. That history provided information on the descendants of John Myers Wenger, 1857 1930, G188125 and Fannie Sollenberger, 1856.8.20 1940.6.26, G147152
GK Gail Keller email@example.com
GKC "A Genealogical Record of the Crider-Kreider Family" from collected by A. Lincoln Crider, 1864 1925- and further elaboration by his niece Miss Nellie Catherine Brake, Chambersburg, Pa. Compiled by Amos Kreider Stauffer, Lancaster, Pa. July 4, 1934
GLB Georg Ludwig Braun GBraun5377@aol.com
GLC Guy L. Clippinger of Dallastown, Pa.
GLG Garold (Gary) Lynn Garber, 1948.5.30, G1312724241 GaryGarber@aol.com
GM Garry Cleveland Myers, 1945.4.22, G184711831GarryMyers@aol.com
GME Grace Marie Wagner, 1929.4.3, C3752441 firstname.lastname@example.org
GM2 Grant Lincoln Miller, 1949 email@example.com
GMW Weybright book
GNL "The Pennsylvania LeFevres", compiled by George Newton LeFevre, 1952
GR Gerald Rhoades GeraldWR@aol.com
GRHS "A Genealogical Record of the Descendants of Henry Stauffer and other Stauffer Pioneers" 1899 by Rev. A. J. Fretz
GRJ Glen Ralph Jordan, 1920.1.23, G18125F54 firstname.lastname@example.org
GP Gary Price email@example.com
GSY Virgina (Ginny) Kaye Swarr, 1963.3.30, C3824A441
GWM George William Marshall, 1923.12.8, G145113315, *
HAB Howard A. Book, 1913.1.15, G1374437
HAP "Houpt and Provard and other Related Families" by James and Mary Ellen Houpt and James and Jean Houpt
HB Hazel Marie Gehr, 1928.11.18, G181212131, typed by Lorraine S. Hatcher, 1936.5.8
HD "Hawbaker Descendants From 1737 - 1978", 1978 by Eliphalet H. Hawbaker and Goldie Hawbaker Clark
HD2 "The Doners in Canada, 1806-1974, Genealogical Record of the Descendants of John Doner & Anna Brechbill", by Harold Doner
HDZ "Zug/Zuck/Zouck/Zook Genealogy", Harry D. Zook, 1983 Lib. Congress Cat. 83-81537
HDZP Harry D. Zook personal communications
HEF "History of the Engle Family", 1927 by Morris M .Engle
HES "Family of Harry E. Sauder, 1870-1969", 1970 by R. Clair Weaver
HES2 "A History of the Harry and Ada (Hoke) Steele Families 1600-1983, 1983" by Harold E. Steele
HF "Hostetter Family", by Richard L. Hostetter and David J. Bachman, 1984, the descendants of Jacob Hostetter, immigrant of 1712 and Oswald Hostetter, immigrant of 1732.
HFG "The Heilman Family Genealogy", 1993 by Robert A. Heilman
HFH "Hershey Family History", 1929, compiled by Henry Hershey
HGPE "A History and Genealogy of Peter Eichenberg Family" 1955 by Charles S. Ikenberry and W. Louise Eikenberry
HH "A History of the Decendants of Jacob and Maria Eva Harshbarger of Switzerland", 1976 by The Harshbarger Association
HHB Henry Hess Baer, 1927.7.9, G1413112311
HHD "The Dohners and The Doners of America" by H. H. Dohner, 1900 1950
HHF "A History of the Hock/Hoke Family, 1405-1990", 1990 by Jesse W. Hoover
HHH "Haller-Hollar-Holler Genealogy", 1981 by Amelia Cleland Gilreath
HHI Homer H. Irwin of Elmurst, IL prepared a manuscript "Ancestors and Descendants of James T. Wingard", 1967. James Thomas Wingard, 1852.10.27 1916.9.10, G181159-
HJHF "History of the John High Family of Lancaster County Pennsylvania", 1996 by Levi High
HJW Hilda Virginia Jenkins, 1934.11.10,, º
HKS Harold Keith Sider, 1926.8.12, G3225A41
HL Harry Orville Learn, 1942.12.24, G3104D24 firstname.lastname@example.org
HLC "History of Little Cove, Franklin County Pennsylvania", 1967 by Harry E. Foreman
HM Helen Maiman email@example.com
HMB Helen May Brechbill, 1931.5.31, G1411A351
HMH "The Huber-Hoover Family History", 1928 by Harry M. Hoover, reprinted in 1992 by Amos B. Hoover
HNE "A Death Record Book From Lancaster County, PA 1858-1918" by Henry N. Eby, published in PMH Jan., March and April 2000
HRK "The Kurtz Family Sojourn, A Brief History and Genealogy of Pioneer Abraham Kurtz and His Descendants", 1999 by Harold R. Kurtz
HRL Hugh R. Lehman
HS "Shirk-Sherk, Family History and Genealogy", Hal Shirk
HSF "History of the Shuey Family in America, 1732-1919", D. B. Shuey, 1919
HSRS "Two Hundred Years with the Siders", Harold Keith Sider, 1926.8.12, G3225A41 & Ron Sider, 1986 A major book on the descendants of Maria Wenger, G32 covering many of the Canadian Wingers.
HUZ "A History of the United Zion Church, 1853-1980", 1981 by an editorial staff
HW Heidi White Mari383072@aol.com
HWD Hans Wenger GED found at www.paonline.com/schfam
IBS Ira Burkholder Sollenberger, 1932.3.25, G14737217
IEO I. E. Oberholtzer, Rev., via Shirley E. Kantner and Barbara B. Ford
IDL See IDL4 (Ira David Landis, 1899.1.12 1977.2.27, G13143113, Bishop)
IDL1 "The Landis Family Book", 1950, Ira D. Landis, Section I
IDL2 "The Landis Family Book", 1950, Ira D. Landis, Section II
IDL3 "The Landis Family Book", 1953, Ira D. Landis, Section III
IDL4 "The Landis Family Book", 1954, Ira D. Landis, Section IV
IJB Ira J. Buckwalter, provided at the 1990 Buckwalter family reunion
JAJ Judith Ann Jordan, 1943.12.29, G18125F551
JAR Judy Ann Russell, a Riegel researcher
JAW John Acker Wenger, 1868.2.18 1954.9.28, G1132123
JB Jonathan Hall Backenstose, 1962.12.10, G135282233
JBAK "Descendants of John Bachman and Anna Kreider", found in LCHS
JBD Jesse Beam Denlinger, 1950.11.1 firstname.lastname@example.org
JBF "Joel and Nannie Sink Booth Family"
JBS See EFD
JBW John Brechbill Wenger, 1885.7.2 1961.5.31, G1881343 recorded all inscriptions on stones in the Burkholder Cem., the Church Cem., the Siloam Cem and many other small cemeteries . These recordings allowed many relationships to be established. The recordings were done between 1959 and 1961
JCL James Clark Landis, 1961.4.16, G1317322233 provided information on the descendants of Barbara W. Funck, 1760.7.9 1849.3.12, G131
JCL Much information supplied by Raymond Clyde Lantz, 1951.11.20, G144262451 on the Detwiler family was mislabled JCL instead of RCL. Detwiler information labeled JCL came from Raymond Clyde Lantz, 1951.11.20, G144262451
JCN Jewell Calvin Niswander
JCS James Calvin Strickler, 1948.12.11, G188134211
JDF "The John Denlinger Family Tree, 1809 - 1958", 1958, by Elsie Denlinger McNelly, (Elsie Anna Denlinger, 1896.11.1, G13127271) Arcanum, Ohio, a history of the John Neff Denlinger, 1809.6.14 1885.6.6, G13127 and Sarah Miller, 1813.1.18 1876.4.30 family
JDG "Detwiler Genealogy", by D. Frank Bayer, 1989, New Enterprise, Pa. giving descendants of Jacob Detwiler, 1733 1804,, (i1754.9.29) who mostly located in Morrison Cove, Bedford and Blair Counties, Pa. Three of Jacob's children married Hans Wenger descendants.
JDW Janice Doreen Wenger, 1966.1.2, G1771A2126
JEB "Barnhart Family Record, The Family of Daniel Barnhart, c1765 1802 and Elizabeth Naff, c1767 1805", 1925 by Josephus Edward Barnhart, 1862 1937 reprinted by Carolyn Teach Denlinger (Carolyn Sue Denlinger, 1951.6.2 1995.6.10, G131273865)
JEE John Edward Engle, 1939.2.18, G13584761 email@example.com
JEF "The Men From Wengen and America's Agony, The Wenger-Winger-Wanger History including Christian Wenger, 1718", by John E. Fetzer, 1971
JEH "Family Record of Martin R. and Sus L. Eby Hershey", 1990 by J. Eby Hershey
JEM Joseph Eugene Miller, 1950.7.2, G1317221534, * Norristown, Pa.
JEP John Edward Peiffer, 1940.7.2, G181313541 firstname.lastname@example.org
JES John Edward Starr, 1939.7.12, G18251F11 email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org
JF Jill Fyffe email@example.com
JFM John F. Murray, Kouts, Ind.
JG "Jacob Grove and Elizabeth Lesher Family" by Samuel Grove Sollenberger and Grace Hege, 1973. Samuel Grove Sollenberger, 1901.8.2 1986.11.30, G1413B48
JG2 Joe Garst firstname.lastname@example.org
JG3 Jacquelyn (Jackie) Louise Grove, 1958.11.4, G181349502, * email@example.com
JG4 Joanne (Gatten) Shenck, 1938.8.5, G181349411
JGF J. G. Francis, Rev., "History and Genealogy of Early Pioneer Families of Lebanon County, Pennsylvania". 1990. This is a major history of the Light family of Lebanon, Pa. and provided many descendants of Judith Wenger, G13-
JGFK "History of Kreider Family from the Pen of Rev. J. G. Francis, Scholarly Discourse on one of the oldest and most prominent clans in county", published serially in the Lebanon Daily News, Lebanon, Pa. beginning on May 22, 1919. J. Lee Kreider of Dayton, Ohio transcribed the articles and produced a very nice representation of them.
JGK Joseph Graybill Kinzie, 1923.10.22, G18204323
JGS Jeffery G. Schism
JH James Houpt, private records. Mr. Houpt supplied to DLW about the Hawbaker ancestors and provided some recent additions to the G145 descendants. Much of the labeled JH is also found in HB.
JH2 Joseph Hoover Fafaragas@aol.com
JH3a Jan Hall firstname.lastname@example.org
JH3 Janet Kay Schrock, 1939.10.22, C28A36xx email@example.com
JHB John Howard Bricker, 1932.3.5, G1453527A
JHF "John Horst Family", 1940 by Hettie K. (Horst) Hess and Lydia Ruth Hess
JHH "Family Record of John Henry Hostetter Ancestors and Descendants", Anna Hege, 1995
JHJP James Eugene Hiatt, 1931.6.25, G14118762
JHL John Larkins firstname.lastname@example.org
JHS James Herman Shuman, 1939.3.4, G1411432141 email@example.com
JJ Jann Johnson firstname.lastname@example.org
JJW "Jacob J. and Catharine (Blough) Wingard", 1991 by Mary P. Graybill
JK Jacqueline Sue Steck, 1967.10.11, G1895733221, *
JKH Joanne Hoover (.Joanne Mae Koehler, 1928.7.29, G1412242231)
JKH2 Justin Kirk Houser at JKHouser84@aol.com
JKS James Kenneth Snyder, 1951.5.5, G18611116121, * provided his family information SKINNYDIPPER1@cs.com
JL Joyce Lemke email@example.com
JL2 John Light firstname.lastname@example.org
JLC "Roots of the Jacob L. Charles Family", 1885 by Harold Sider and Ardys Charles
JLM Landis genealogies by Jane Landis-Marin, Leola, Pa.
JLR Jay Lester Ranck, 1946.1.13, G1314254611, Rev. * published his ancestry in the "Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage", Vol. XIX, No. 4, Oct. 1996
JLS James Lester Strite, 1951.10.18, G147179121
JLW Jay Leon Wenger, 1937.2.12, G14120031
JM John Morris (Glowanda Rhodes) email@example.com
JMB "Descendants of John and Anna Myers Brubaker, 1750-1995", 1996 by Marwin E. Brubaker and Margaret Brubaker Ellis
JMD James Marlan Denlinger, 1929.8.16, G131255615 Jmding@aol.com
JME "David Reiff Family", 1992 by Jonas Elbert Eby, 1928.3.19, G14737281, Deacon and Pearl Marie Showalter, 1930.10.3, C7516512
JMEP Pearl Marie Showalter, C7516512
JMG Jay Michael Gospe, 1938.10.7, G14546142, M.D.
JMM "Family Record of Jacob M. Martin and his Descendants" complied 1947 by Adam R. Martin and Kenneth E. Martin
JMR Joanne Marie Rice, 1953.11.19, G145103252
JMS John M. Strickler, 1922.8.4,, º
JMS2 June Marie Shenk Yohn firstname.lastname@example.org
JMW John Mark Wingerd, 1927.5.27, G18162162, *
JO "My Climenhaga Search", Joan Oppertshauser, April 1994 Mennonite Familiy History (Orpha Joan Heitman, 1938.10.27, G322D338, *)
JOP Joan Oppertshauser (Orpha Joan Heitman, 1938.10.27, G322D338, *)
JP Jacob Peffley family gedcom received Jeff Scism ScismGenie@aol.com
JPK Jonathan Pearse Kreider, 1968.2.27, G135747112, *
JPW "Jacob P. Wingard and Elizabeth Yoder, 1854 to 1996", Alice E. (Schrock) Stewart, 1996. This book covers the K immigrant
JRH Jeffrey Robert Hapeman and Carolyn Renee Groff, 1971.8.5, G137A254x2, *
JRW "John Rudoph Waymire and the First Three Generations of his Descendants", 1925 William M. Reser, MD
JS Joan Hapeman, 1931.9.21, G32714231. email@example.com http://www.netcom.com/~jsomers/jsomers.htm
JS2 "Jost Schwab" volume 2
JS3 Jennifer Lisa Smith, 1964.10.28, G310117214, * JLSMITH@genetics.com
JS4 Jim Scofield firstname.lastname@example.org
JSC Jack Spencer Clopper, 1933.6.4, G142833151 JACKCLOPPE@aol.com
JSF "John Shank (Schenck) Family 1750-1979", 1979 by Amos Shank, Leonard Shank, Anna (Shank) Mowen and Jacob Grove
JSH Jeffrey (Jeff) Lee Holzfaster, 1958.2.28, G1411346371
JSH2 James Stauffer Herr, 1924.8.6, G13192372
JSM "The Meyers Family, John S. Meyers Descendants from 1818 to 1979", Ben Burroughs, published 1979. This book provided many of the Meyers members of the Wenger family
JSR Joanne Rae Smith, 1930~, G141150221
JT Jan Tompkins KTompk7744@aol.com
JVW Jay Vernon Wenger, 1944.6.13, G131847B6 Jay is president of the Wenger Family Association and has been a major supporter of the preparation of the descendants of Hans and Hannah Wenger. Jay was greatly involved in the preparation of the index of "The Wenger Book". He descends from Christian Wenger, C five different ways
JW James Allan Winger, G183267121
JW2 Jim Weygandt <weygandt@erols
JW3 John R. Winger, 1954~, G184A3321, * email@example.com
JW4 Judith (Judy) Ann Keener, 1939.8.26, C54225732 firstname.lastname@example.org
JW5 Joan Wendling email@example.com
JWH "The Descendants of Peter and Barbara Buckwalter Hershey", 1990, compiled by John W. Hershey
JWJ Jennifer Wescoatt Jensen firstname.lastname@example.org
JWW John Wildy Waymire, 1873, G1411553. Wildy Waymire prepared a family history showing descendants of John Weaver Wenger of Montgomery Co. Ohio. The history was very helpful and very interesting. A small comment to the effect that three Sollenberger brothers married three Wenger sisters helped to understand several relationships that had not been understood before. An excellent example of how a small note can help to unravel a family history.
JY Jerry Yohe email@example.com
JY2 Joan Young JYoung6180@aol.com
JYL Jane Lahey JLahey1134@aol.com
JZG unidentified source
KA Kerrie Alexander firstname.lastname@example.org
KAB Kenneth A. Beard. email@example.com
KAN "The Early Sollenbergers of America", Keith A. Nonemaker, Mennonite Family History, April 1989
KAN1 "Early Descendants of John Sollenberger of Cumberland Co. Pa.", Keith A. Nonemaker, Mennonite Family History, Oct. 1983
KAP Kathleen Anne Mexin, 1951.1.18, G184183532 firstname.lastname@example.org
KAW Karla Ann Wingert, 1939.4.29, G18896252
KC "A Genealogy and History of the Kauffman-Coffman Families", 1940 by Charles Fahs Kauffman
KCR Kenneth Harold Rasmussen, 1924.5.16 and Carol Jeanne Wright, 1930.2.12, G181221122
KD Karen Donoghue DeMoss KKD1224@aol.com
KEA Kerrie Edwards, 1950~,, ^ email@example.com
KEC Kenneth Edward Cullen, 1957, G31017134, * firstname.lastname@example.org
KEM Karl E. Moyer kmoyer@marauder
KEW Katherine Eileen Winger, 1915.9.26, G17214A42
KFH "Kready Family History"
KFT "The Kinzie Family Tree 1738-1961" 1960-61 by Lora E. Karn and others
KGM Kathryn G. Mason from her "Grisso Family History"
KH unknown Miller informant
KH2 Karen Henderson DOTY_CARSTENSEN@MSN.COM
KK "A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans", 1919, William E. Connelley
KLP Karen Lynn Detwiler, 1946.11.18, G186110011, * email@example.com
KM Keith McDonald, 1957.71, G131A3D532, * (much of this information may also be found in IDL4)
KM2 Kenneth Metz firstname.lastname@example.org
KM3 Katherine Melton email@example.com
KNS Karen Nan Sollenberger, 1951.7.4, G147125522, * KAREN_S_MCGRADY@nslc.fmso.navy.mil
KP Kathleen Anne Mexin, 1951.1.18, G184183532
KPB Karen Y. Poirier-Brode firstname.lastname@example.org
KPS "Genealogy and Family History- Sprankle, Peiffer and Sleighter Lines" by Karen Peiffer Smyth (Karen Susan Peiffer, 1958.7.19, G181213891)
KSM Kathleen Suzanna Win Mabry, 1942.8.30, G18125D541, *
KSS "Genealogical Memoranda, Stouffer 1579-1943" by Kate S. Snively giving descendants of Jacob Stouffer, 1773 1843
KZ Ken Zook ken_zook@SIL.ORG
LAD Lois Arline Deter, 1936.7.30, G12352882, 0 of Sterling, IL. provided information on the Deter family
LAG Louise Ann Gingrich, 1950.4.6, G1323646341
LB Lucille Marie Boone, 1950.2.25, G188122431 CJGH56B@prodigy.com
LBN "A Genealogy of American Nyes of German Origin", L. Bert Nye, Jr. 1984 Lib. Congress Cat. 84-61347
LBW "The Descendants of John Dayhoff Wingert and Frances Shank Wingert", by Levi Brechbill Wingert, 1976
LC Linda Jean Miller, 1949.10.31, G172154511 email@example.com
LCDF "The Lebanon County Daub Family" located in LCHS
LCHS Lebanon County Historical Society, Lebanon, PA
LCS Lois Cornelia Shank, 1926.12.15, G14283133, 0
LCW Larry Carl Wenger, 1952.12.19, G141861012 firstname.lastname@example.org
LD Lynn Caywood Detwiler, 1952.4.6, G144722111 email@example.com
LDN L. Delmar Neff, 1948.6.15, G1314414223
LDS Latter Day Saints, a reference to the large collection of genealogical data maintained by the Morman Church
LEM Leon Eugene Meyers, 1960.6.3, G1453A4411
LFE Lorraine Frantz Edwards, Lancaster, Calif.
LG Linda Grove firstname.lastname@example.org
LGF "Ancestors & Descendants of Reuben Showalter", 1980, by Lloyd G. Ferrell , ( in 1994) 17360 S.W.Glen Drive, Beaverton, OR 97007
LGW Louise Georgina Winger, 1931.8.4, G17543361
LH Leona Marie (Weida/Kores) Heston, 1928.8.6, G14245161
LH2 Laurell Hodges email@example.com
LHB Lowell Harvey Beachler
LHD Louis Harmol Dailey, 1942.5.21, G183291551 firstname.lastname@example.org
LJ Laurie Jenkins email@example.com
LJCM Hans Neff information from LJCM7@ao.com
LKS Louise Fern Keefer, 1924.11.5, G123331122
LLM Lois Marlene Lesher, 1938.6.6, G14719453 (Lois L. Meyers)
LMB "The Genealogy Beginning with Daniel Myers" by Mrs. Lela Myers Bert, Newburg, Pa. 1822 1962
LMC Linda Minor Coleman firstname.lastname@example.org
LMHS Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society, Lancaster, PA
LML Lola Mareta Lehman, 1941.2.18, G137A22111, 0
LMM Linda Miller, 1950~, G181135511
LMS Lorine McGinnis Schulze email@example.com
LMW Lester Wadel
LN Linda Nelson firstname.lastname@example.org
LPW Lyman Purser Winger, 1935.5.3, G18310655
LRH "John Lesher Family" 1939 by Lydia Ruth Hess
LRS "1732-Sherk-Shirk Freundschaft-1982" by Lyle Ronald Sherk 1982. This publication provided much about the descendants of Abraham Wenger, G1415-and Mary Wenger, G1413-
LSB Leon Sollenberger Burkholder, 1952.12.12, G147193413 email@example.com
LSM Linda Kay Stephens McDaniel
LTB "A Pedigree of the Siegrist's" 1972 by L. T. Brechbill
LW Larry Wells, 1957.6.16, G141205612 Visalia2@aol.com
LWS "Winger Family Record, Some Descendants of Martin and Elizabeth Frantz Winger of Grant County, Indiana", by Lawrence W. Shultz, 1890.10.24 1982.5.22,, Rev.
MAB Michael A. Barnhart
MAE Malcolm Aden Eby, 1940.8.13, G31012312, Rev. firstname.lastname@example.org
MAF Mary Ann McClarnon, 1943.2.5, G181155543, * has helped to provide the research for this book and in particular has supplied on descendants of Martin Wenger, G18-and many other Wenger descendants and has resolved a number of questions regarding conflicting data. Her critic of this history has been extremely helpful. A collaboration with her cousin Deloris June Hammermeister, 1932.6.2, G18115F94 on a five year search for the descendants of Jacob Wingard and Susanna Zook has produced over 2900 individuals. Her contributions to this history have been very important and her encouraging support to DLW is greatly appreciated.
MAH Michael Alan Hengst, 1958.9.26, G188C33611
MAH2 Mary Ann Hagen email@example.com rootsweb.com
MAJ Melissa Ann Jury, 1976.10.27, G174213D421 information BrandonLPedigo@worldnet.att.net See also MP2
MAL "Martin A. Lahman Family History", 1996 by Mildred Brunk Kraus and Harry L. Kraus
MDB The Martin Database developed by Darvin Lee Martin, 1971.1.10, C56430611, * and Regina Sue Christman, 1971.11.23, G1402164221, *
MAS Michale A. Smoke
MAW Mark A. Wenger, C3824C531 firstname.lastname@example.org
MB Mildred Brett Bryan. Estherville, Iowa
MBF "Brechbill-Brightbill-Brackbill Family" by Martha Brightbill Fulk, found at the Hummelstown Area Historical Society
MBK "Ancestry and Descendants of Joseph Blocher and Elizabeth Roberts", 1997, Marjorie Blocher Kinsey, C.G.
MCA From the archives of Messiah College, Grantham, Pa.
MDB The Martin database developed by Darvin Lee Martin, 1971.1.10, C56430611, * and Regina Sue Christman, 1971.11.23, G1402164221, *
MDH "The Descendants of Jacob Hostetter of Franklin County, Pennsylvania", Vol. I, Morris D. Hostetter, 1989, LCCN 89-85324
MDW Miriam D. Wenger, 1932.8.22, C7207283 (Heisey)
MDW2 Michael David Watkins, 1966.5.11, G18125D5711, * GeoPoet@rcn.com
MEL Mary Ellen Eby, 1936.5.22, G131912411
MEM Mary Elizabeth Myers, 1942.10.1, G1451411231
MFF "The Genealogy of the Matthias Frantz Family of Berks Co. Pennsylvania" by E. Harold Frantz, Reuben Frantz King and Laura Frantz Pfautz, 1972
MFH "Mennonite Family History"
MFT "The Morrow Family Tree", 1989, compiled by Mildred Catherine Morrow, 1926.5.10, G1889A234
MGG "Puterbaugh History" by Marie G. Good found in the Chambersburg, Pa. Public library
MGZ Miriam Grace Zook provided on the descendants of Jacob Martin Zook, 1875.3.23, G13655A, Upland California. Miriam Grace Frey, 1926.10.18
MH "Myers History, Some Descendants of Hans Meier of Pequea, Lancaster Co. Pa.", 1987, by Dorothy M. K. Adams
MHB "The Martin H. Bauman Family History" by Roy G. & Salome Bauman / LDS FHL US/CAN Film 1320912 Item 7
MHE "Family Record of Michael H. Eshleman and his Descendants", 1983 by Carolyn Sue Eshleman and Wanda Kay Strite
MHT "Descendants of Jacob Flory and Fracnes Peffly of Montgomery Co. Ohio" 1991, compiled by Megill/Hawk/Troop based
MIK "Margaret Wenger Snell, A brief history of her Ancestors and Descendants", Melva Irene Kirkpatrick Koepele
MJM Myrna Jean Wingert, 1929.9.29, G14312111
MK Martha Knaggs email@example.com
MKM Merikay Mestad firstname.lastname@example.org
MKR Marcia Kyle, 1941, G184112521 email@example.com
MKW Meta Karen Wingard, 1941.7.21, G181159311 firstname.lastname@example.org
MLB Michael Kevin Book and Lisa Lisa Marie Lawyer information
MLFH "The Michael Lesher Family History", 1979 by Amos L. Brechbill, 1902.12.21 1990.2.10, G12323313 and Alvin Henry Brechbill, 1906.3.26, G12323315
MLH "The Heisey Family in America", M. Luther Heisey, 1941
MLM Mary Elaine Law Miller email@example.com based on research of Marian Bonwell
MLN Margaret Lucille Nauman, 1953.4.26, G113226135
MLW "Wenger Memoirs and Autobiography of Martin Light Wenger -and his wife Christina Studebaker", by Christian M. Wenger,G141273 Press of C. B. Hubbard, South Bend, Ind. 1898. This source covers Martin Wenger, 1780.12.23 1860.8.23, G1412and his wife Maria Elizabeth Light, 1784.5.20 1823.10.13, G1312-and is based on the researches of Martin L. Wenger, G14127
MMA Margaret Marie Alexander, 1924
MMF Michele Anne Mosser, 1966.5.7, G222712211, * firstname.lastname@example.org
MMU Marilyn Mae Menzies, 1926, G188122221
MNL "Layman", 1983-84 by Mary Nash Layman Woodmansee, Doylestown, PA (found in the Roanoke Library, Virginia room)
MODB Mohler database at www.gendex.com/users/mohlerl/mohlerl/surnames.html?
MOR Michael O. Reck email@example.com
MP Mary Pangle. Mary provided to DLW from various books including the Brumbaugh and Royer book and from her own research. Her kind assisantance is greatly appreciated.
MP2 Melissa Ann Jury, 1976.10.27, G174213D421 brandonLpedigo@worldnet.att.net See also MAJ
MRS Marvin Roy Sauder, 1945.12.29, G137A2255
MRW Mark R. Wenger firstname.lastname@example.org
MTM Mary Todd Morgan
MW Matt T. Wingerd WINGERDM@bcbsil.com
MTW "The Families of Menno S. Brubaker and Anna Laura Root", 1997, Mildred T. Wilson
MTW2 Matthew Todd Wingerd, 1969.3.18, G174276821 email@example.com
MWE Marian Winifred Eppley, 1940.10.1, G32251522 firstname.lastname@example.org
MWH "Hoover Genealogy, 1763 1963", based on researches of Barbara H. Burkholder and Anna Mary Burkholder. This work gives the descendants of Martin Huber, 1799 1823, G1237 -and Annie Wenger, 1799.1.13 1862.8.8, G1453-
MWM Margaret Webb Megill (Margaret Webb, 1925.2.22, G141133281x, *)
NB Norma J. Bruce email@example.com
NBK "Kready Genealogy", 1976 by Norman B. Kready
ND Nathan Alan Davis, 1973.11.30, G140821821, *
NDB Neil de Boer firstname.lastname@example.org
NEB "The History of the Josiah E. Brubaker Family", by Naomi E. Brubaker
NJP Nancy J. Piper email@example.com
NKH "The Descendants of James Allen Brickey and Priscilla Ann Gish", 1983 by Nancy Keith Hough. passed to DLW via CGV (Nancy Geraldine Cardell, 1946.7.25, G1822512351)
NLB "The Family of Israel Denlinger and Mary Denlinger Hyre of Dayton, Montgomery Co. Ohio", 1965 by Nancy Landes Bauman, 1965 - Nancy Carol Landes, 1934.3.1, G1312552111
NLJ Nancy Catherine Leeg, 1936.11.10, G18221977
NLS Ned Lentz Solenberger, 1944.10.12, G1413612321 and Katherine
NN Neff Family Historical Society, P. O. Box 212, Princeton Junction, NJ 08550-0212, William A. Neff & J. F. Murray
NNS Niagara Notes, May, 1994, provided by Joan Somers. Notes from the bible of David Climenhaga, 1826.8.24 1913.8.5, G3314
NRB Nelson Roy Burkholder, 1953.10.30, G147192262 Nelson prepared an update to BHB (to be published 2000).
NRF "Naff and Related Families" 1979 by John W. Boitnott
NT Norris Taylor firstname.lastname@example.org
NWN Norman Wenger Nauman, 1897.1.5 1985.5.15, G1132261 was a major Wenger researcher. Much of the inspiration for this publication came from his efforts. Much of the information in this book is due to his years of research. His research records are stored at the Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society outside of Lancaster, Pa.
NZ Norman Zook, M.D. provided family
NZW "The Noah Zook Wenger and Emma Catherine Myers Wenger Family Tree", 1989 by Mildred Morrow Heberlig
OD "Ohio Directory of The Old German Baptist Brethren, 1998"
OML "The Descendants ofd Isaac Long, 17xx 1837", by Omer M. Long
OOMC "Familes of the Old Order Mennonite Church in Ontario", Jan. 1998 by Edwin and Lydia Weber
OORB "History of the Old Order River Brethren" 1972 by Laban T. Brechbill, 1892.2.27 1974.2.4, G1452771, 0 (note: this also may mean that the person is a member of the Old Order Riber Brethren)
PAH Phyllis Ann Hoover, 1946.8.24, G22271221 (Schaeffer) email@example.com
RAP "Record of Appointment of Postmasters, 1832 1971", Federal records microfilm
PA "Peter Angle 1754-1968", 1969 by Eula Ferguson Angle
PAB Polly Anna Brubaker, 1969.11.16, G1312716334
PB "A History and Genealogy of Peter Bert", Eldon F. Bert, Editor, 1987 LCCCN 87-050514
PB2 Patricia Bucher
PBP Asa Eli Bert, 1939.7.22, G1235112A3 and Grace Ellen Raser, 1940.9.20,, º
PC Paul Cockrell Paul20436@prodigy.net
PD See PHD
PEG "Peter Eichenberg Genealogy" see HGPE
PF Philip Fees firstname.lastname@example.org
PFH "Peiffer Family History", 1982 by Millie Peiffer
PG "Pennsylvania Genealogies Chiefly Scotch-Irish and German", William Henry Egle
PGH "Holsinger Family History", 1959 by Paul G. Holsinger
PGF "The Peter Good 1530-1995 Family Book" by Dale & Verlene Weber
PHD Pryse Henry Duerfeldt, 1935.2.2, G183231522, Dr. email@example.com
PK Patricia Louise Ford, 1953.3.24, G175811241
PKM Pamela Keever Melton, G1411231xxx DRMELT@aol.com
PL Pat Lanane firstname.lastname@example.org
PLA Paul L. Akers email@example.com
PM2 Patricia Morano
PMH "Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage", various issues
PMH2 Paul Michael Hoze firstname.lastname@example.org
PMW "Noah B. Weaver Family History, Year 2000", by Paul M. Weaver
PNM "Places near the Mountain", by Helen R. Prillaman. Gish and Nininger families in Va.
PNS "History of John G. Shirk, Ancestors and Descendants", 1979 by Peter N. Shirk
PPA Pamela (Cramer) Paddock, 1947.5.29, G188B5421 email@example.com
PPP "The Peffley--Peffly--Pefley Families In America, and Allied Families", 1938, May M. Frost and Earl C. Frost
PR Paul Robertson PaulLDS@aol.com
PW Paul G. (Pete) Winger firstname.lastname@example.org
PWG "History of the Wingert (Wenger) Family", Phyllis Wingert Gandy, 1960
PZM Patti Joy Zimmerman, 1950~, G18321273xx, * email@example.com
RADZ Ruth Arlene Dangler, 1936.1.13, G147151121
RAE "Eby Genealogy" 1975 by Richard A. Eby
RAG R. A. Gilmore RAGilmore@aol.com
RAH Ruth Elizabeth Aughinbaugh, 1923.1.12, G123331142 from Ralph Hoover, 1912~, G12333131, 0 of Big Run, Pa.
RB Robert Donald Bensing, 1952.6.28,, *
RB2 "History and Record of the Clan of Rudolph Bollinger from Switzerland", Noa Bollinger
RBW Ronald Benjamin Wingerd, 1950.7.20, G181335733 firstname.lastname@example.org
RC Roger Ralph Cramer, 1943.8.22, G132516222 RogerCubs@aol.com
RCG Richard C. Gethmann email@example.com
RCL Raymond Clyde Lantz, 1951.11.20, G144262451 Raymond supplied extensive information on the Detwiler line
RCM Regina Christman-Martin. Regina Sue Christman, 1971.11.23, G1402164221, * (some of which came from Ora Christman)
RCS Ralph and Cindy Siegrist firstname.lastname@example.org
RCW Richard R. & Carol Jean Weber email@example.com
RCW1 Ray Clayton Wenger, 1950.11.9, G188136324 firstname.lastname@example.org
RDB Rita Darlene Richardson, 1932.11.24
RDD Richard D. Dice Dices4@aol.com
RDH Robert D. Harter email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.org email@example.com
RDW Roger Daniel Winger, 1896.2.16 1990.2.21, G1832655, Rev. "Wenger Clan Notes" These Notes are publications of The Wenger Family Association, Lancaster Co. Pa. and were published in the 1950s. Much other came from the records that Roger compiled over many years of research. DLW had access to those records and spent five days with a copy machine in the garage of Jay Wenger. Those records are now with the Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society. The five day effort resulted in 30 lbs of copies that were then studied over the following years. It was the publication of the "Wenger Clan Notes" that first introduced DLW to the efforts of serious genealogists.
REB Robert E. Brady firstname.lastname@example.org
RED "The Denlinger Family", Ralph E. Denlinger, PMH Vol. III, No. 3, July 1980
REDP Ralph E. Denlinger communications
REG "Descendants of Jacob Good", 1987 by Rufus S. Good
REW Ralph Edgar McCulloh Winger, 1891.6.16 1981.1.24, G184A38, Ph.D. 0
RFH "The Risser Family, Our Heritage", 1985 by Commitee
RG See RFH
RG Ron Graham email@example.com
RH Rodney (Rod) Eugene Heberlig, 1958.5.14, G1889B1345
RHS "A Backward Glance" by R. Henry Samson
RHW "My Life and Times", by Roy Harper Wenger, a genealogy of Abraham Hoover Wenger, 1823.5.29 1899.2.23, G14523 Roy is Roy Harper Wenger, 1897.3.3, G188A521, Rev.
RHW "A Bit of Genealogy" by Roy Harper Wenger gives the descendants of Abraham Zook Wenger, 1846.10.2 1913.9.11, G188A5
RKN Rachel E. Kulp, 1929.1.30, G18951642. Rachel also updated the document SEM. Information labled SEM and associated with dates after 1972 is due to her.
RLE "Family Record of Preacher Benjamin Eby and his Descendants", 1978 by Ruth L. Eby (Ruth Leona Eby, 1921.1.8, G14737232, 0)
RLE2 Theresa Ann Spitler Eberly firstname.lastname@example.org
RLH Robert L. Higgins, 1934.2.20, G14521793 email@example.com
RLMA "The Rotz Family", Compiled by Richard L. Miller and Richard L. Arnold, 1989 Gateway Press, Inc. LCCCN 89-84633
RLO Richard Lee Oakes, 1944.3.4, G1411453231, *
RLW Richard Lee Winger, 1943.8.27, G14546221, 0, private records and independent research. The regarding the descendants of Abraham Wenger, G145 is based upon the personal researches of Richard Lee Winger, work carried out over the years since 1984. In the process of researching the descendants of Abraham, Richard Winger made a complete study of Hans' descendants in Franklin County, Pa. which included many of John Wenger's, G14 and Martin Wenger's, G18 descendants. These researches led to the identification of Abraham Wenger, G145 as a son of John Wenger, G14, an identification postulated first by Samuel S. Wenger in a conversation with Richard Winger. It should be mentioned that the above ordering of the children of Hans Wenger is the new ordering. Richard has served as the Historian for the Wenger Family Association for several years and we are all indebted to him for his careful and complete research. firstname.lastname@example.org
RM Ron McAdams email@example.com
RMB Rick M. Bender firstname.lastname@example.org
RMB2 Robert McKelvy Bird, 1937.12.1, G133542111, * email@example.com
RME Robert Miller Etter, 1932.7.13, G123121852 firstname.lastname@example.org
RMW Ronald Mentzer Wenger, 1941.6.6, G188136321 Couchpotato1@juno.com
RNU "John Burkhart Family History, 1747 1985", 1985 by Raymond N. Ulrich
ROB "Brovont Book" by Ray O. Brovont (see Eric Blocher Elbocher@aol.com)
ROR "The Ranks of The Rancks, A Ranck/Rank Family History and Genealogy", 1978 by J. Allan Ranck
RR Roger Rhoads Roger_Rhoads@montellna.com
RRA Ruth R. Acevedo
RRF "Three Centuries with the Rosenberger-Rosenberry Family 1698-1983", complied by Myra J. Fields, 1983
RRW "Jacob Stoner and the Seven Siblings" Richard R. Weber, PMH Jan. 1998
RRW "Stoner Brethren", 1993 by Richard R. Weber
RS Roger Sellers email@example.com
RS2 C. Robert Secrist, Galesburg, Michigan SecristBob@aol.com
RSL Richard Shull Lehman, 1924.10.24, G18832031
RSLC Regina Sue Christman, 1971.11.23, G1402164221, * cemetery listing
RSM Raymond Sauder Martin MartinRS@aol.com
RW Robert A. Wenger, C3824C53 Robert is a Christian Wenger, C line historian
RWG Ruth Darlene Weitzel, 1952.6.7, G1234161121
RWH Robert W. Hermsen firstname.lastname@example.org
RWR Raymond Wilbur Rife, 1941.12.26, G147114x4 email@example.com
RWW Ralph W. Wenger, 1924.7.8, G141145421
RXR Rex Lamar Russel Rex@midusa.net via MTW2
SAK Sarah A. Kerns
SB "The House of Spittler-Spitler, 1736-1976", 1977, by Gale E. S. Honeyman (Gale Edwin Spitler Honeyman, 1938.7.8, G1411346311, 0)
SB2 Sue Bowman (Mrs. Robert A .Bowman) QDAA18A@prodigy.com
SB3 "Family Records of the descendants of Pioneer Joseph Bauman, also some records of David and Henry Bauman", 1967 by Sarah Bauman / LDS Vault US/CAN Film 908671 Item 2
SBF "A Study of the Brandt family of Lebanon Co., PA"
SBH Sandra Boles Haugner firstname.lastname@example.org
SC Sandy Clippinger
SCFT see GC
SEM "Eby Family History", 1972 by Simeon E. Martin, printed by Earle K. Wenger, Battle Creek, Mich. passed to DLW by RKN. RKN updated this document. Information labeled SEM and associated with dates after 1972 is due to her.
SEW Samuel Esbenshade Wenger, 1938.4.20, G13798461 provided the on his ancestors and other Hans Wenger descendants. See "Descendants of Johann Daniel Espenshied and Elizabeth Lefever of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania", Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage, Vol. XVII, no. 4, Oct. 1994. Samuel is the son of Samuel S. Wenger, Editor in chief of "The Wenger Book". Samuel is a descendant of Christian Wenger, immigrant of 1727 as well as a descendant of Hans Wenger.
SF Scott Feldmaier email@example.com
SF "Small Family" unknown author, found in the Franklin County Historical Society
SFA1 "The Studebaker Family in America - 1736-1986", Volume I, Ralph Epler Studebaker & Emmert Studebaker
SFA2 "The Studebaker Family in America - 1736-1986", Volume II, Ralph Epler Studebaker & Emmert Studebaker, 1986 LCCN 86-61143
SFA3 "The Studebaker Family in America - 1736-1986", Volume III, Ralph Epler Studebaker & Emmert Studebaker
SFP "We Weren't Always Prisers", 1995, by Surle Franklin Priser
SFR Shantz Family Record #1 found in the archives of LMHS
SFT "The Shetter Family Tree", 1994, Lois Ann Mast
SK Sandy Kauffman SKauff5096@aol.com
SKB Sandy Kauffman Bates SBates1011@aol.com
SLC Shirley Louise Thomson, 1935~, G189226x3, a *
SLM Susie Lubberts Macdonald firstname.lastname@example.org
SM Shirley Stover Murray, G141248831. Her information on Elizabeth Wenger, G14124 descendants came from a book in the possession of Walter L. Rinehart of Vandalia, Ohio, 1973. See entry for Walter in regard to the day bed at the Garst museum. Murray480@aol.com
S_M Sandra Howry, 1955.11.20, G137356713, *
SMH Stanley M. Horst, 1925.6.9, G141316543
SMW Susan Mae Wenger, 1951.6.3, G111213121, *
SN Scott Leroy Nicodemus, 1951.6.10, G1412486261 email@example.com
SN2 Sherry Ann Taylor, 1950~, G1814143311, * firstname.lastname@example.org
SOR Stacie onionring@BLomand.Net
SPB Sophia Pearl Brubaker, 1941.10.18
SR Susan Reisinger
SRB "Genealogical Records of the Royer Family in America, Sabastian Royer's Family", by Rev. J. G. Francis, 1928
SRR Sherrie Renee Reinford, 1977.6.23, G137A222263, * email@example.com
SS Stephen Shirk, Ind.
SS2 Stephen Paul Shirk, 1967.5.5
SWC Susan Winters Cohen COHENSW@UCMAIL.UC.EDU
TAS "The Sherk Family", 1986 by Thomas A. Sherk
TDM "Family History and Descendants of Joseph W. Martin and Elizabeth W. Nolt, 1872 1999" by Timothy D. Martin
TFF "The Forney Family" 1926 by John K. Forney via David Forney firstname.lastname@example.org
TM Tracey Mitchell email@example.com
TMF "The Meyers Family" by Helen Brechbill Meyers and Helen Meyers Lehman
TMT Martha (Marti) Joan Stauffer, 1945.7.20, G131251631 firstname.lastname@example.org
TNC Thelma Catharine Neff, 1922.12.1, G131441423
TRL "A Tree in a Forrest", 1985 by Thomas R. Lehman
TTB "The Thuma Book, John Thuma/Thumma and Catharine Hollinger", by Sonnie Thuma Fissel SonnieF@aol.com
TW Terri Walker email@example.com
TWB "The Wenger Book", edited by Samuel S. Wenger, 1978. Published by the Pennsylvania German Heritage History, Inc., Lancaster, Pa. This is a major book on the descendants of Christian Wenger, C and Eve Graybill and of families married into those descendants. The on related families provides the basis for research on many of the large well known families of early Lancaster Co. Pa. The book provides some on the descendants of Hans Wenger, G, although there are significant errors in the on Hans' descendants. The claim that Abraham Wenger, G17 (new ordering) married an Indian squaw by the name of Anna Eroe is incorrect. He married Anna Groh. John Wingert, G121 in "The Wenger Book", is actually K1401, a descendant of another Wenger immigrant. Christian Wenger, G125 in TWB is actually K1404. Susanna Wenger, G142 of TWB is actually E19, a descendant of Hans Wenger, immigrant of 1737. Most importantly, Abraham Wenger, G140 of TWB is actually G1415 The descendants G1711 through G1719 of TWB are actually G181 through G189 (new ordering). Joseph Wenger, G173 of TWB is actually G183 (new ordering). His descendants should be renumbered to reflect this change. Abraham Wenger, G1777 of TWB is actually G188 (new ordering). His descendants should be renumbered to reflect this change. Martin Winger, G1721 of TWB is actually G1831 (new ordering). His descendants should be renumbered to reflect this change. The entry on page 1033 for AA1 has been identified as Joseph (Wingert) Wenger, 1808 1880.10.10, G1819
Vind. Vindicator, German Baptist Obituaries
VAG Veronica Anguiano firstname.lastname@example.org
VIN Vindicator, German Baptist Obituaries
VLW Vernon (Vern) Leroy Wingert, 1941.7.7, G18891015, Rev. Wingertv@aol.com
VLWB "Genealogical Report on Some Byers and Related Families from Franklin Co., PA", draft Aug. 1999 by Vernon (Vern) Leroy Wingert
VRS Vera R. Shonk, 1959/60
VS Vanessa Stern
VW Virinia Walters vewaltpp@Alaska.NET
WAH Wyn Achenbaum email@example.com
WAN "The Neff-Näf Family", A History of the Descendants of Henry Neff, 1991
WBE "Family Record of the Descendants of Jacob Eby, 1815 1896 and Mary (Polly) Bingeman, 1820 1915" 1992 by Wendell E. Eby
WES William Edward Sharp, 1940.2.6, G183228421
WC Wendy Chizek firstname.lastname@example.org
WCD Wanda Cornwell Donthnier email@example.com
WCD2 "2000 West Coast Directory, Old German Baptist Brethren", James & Doria Shuman
WDG William Douglas Galebach, 1943.12.3, G141886111, * firstname.lastname@example.org
WDW Wiley Donald Wenger, 1932.2.3, G141523542 email@example.com
WJL Wilbur J. Linder
WLL "The William and Lucinda Landes Family", April 1987 by Alva D. Landes, Covington, Ohio
WN William Neff
WNW William Noble Wingerd , E18A223
WO William Oberholtzer of Bethlehem, PA
WOH William O. Hykes. William is president of the Orrstown Historical Society and prepared an update of the book, "My Life and Times" by Roy Harper Wenger, 1897.3.3 1993.3.10, G188A521, Rev.
WRH William Roger Harris, 1930~, G172144111, * Roger has done extensive research on the descendants of Abraham Wenger, 1740 1808, G17, (i1748.9.16) firstname.lastname@example.org His help on the Canadian Wingers has been invaluable.
WS William Wenger Saylor, 1923.1.23, G11322515 and Mabel Wenger (Ristenbatt) Wenger, 1925.9.26, C7207751. Much of their information was entered into a genealogy program by David Earl Ristenbatt, 1949.1.19, G132421B332 and sent to DLW. It was William and Mabel's search for the Stefan Wenger, G11 cemetery that led to the discovery of the Wenger Farm Cemetery on Shumaker Road.
WW Wayne Watkins DLW spent a week with Wayne at the Brookville Historical Society, Brookville, Montgomery Co. Ohio where he offers assistance to researchers. Waynes help was invaluable in understanding the Montgomery Co. descendants. His assistance is greatly appreciated
W53 "Early History and Genealogy of the Anderson-McCullough-McCune Families and Related Lines of Franklin County, Pa.", 1953 by Elizabeth Brubaker Wolff
X31 Orpha Elizabeth Boyer, 1922.6.25, G14120471 via RW
X51 Anna Elizabeth Climenhaga, 1923.9.26 1993, G3314191, 0 via RW
X612 Carlin Lee Wenger, 1947.5.17, G141204912 via RW
YE Yolanda Edler email@example.com
ZFR "Ziegler Family Record", 1990 Floyd R. and Kathryn G. Mason
(Chart) From a family chart found among the papers of RDW giving much of the family of Abraham Wenger, 1740 1808, G17, (i1748.9.16) and in particular of Martin Wenger, 1812.1.3 1881.5.15, G1771. It is believed that the chart was prepared by Stanley Alleman Wengert, 1897.9.8 1995.5.8, G1771341 about 1935
There are many other sources of family that were helpful to this research and that have not been identified, mainly due to lack of knowledge of their names. I offer my apologies to the authors and wish to express the gratitude of the descendants for their efforts that have provided us with the information that might otherwise be lost forever.
Note: In 1941 the US Army acquired land in Letterkenny Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. to be used as a depot. Nine cemeteries were on that land and access to the cemeteries requires special permission from the Army. Several of those cemeteries contain G line descendants, in particular the Plesant Hill Brethren in Christ Cem., the Pleasant Hill Mennonite Cem., the Burkholder Cem. and the Strasburg Mennonite Cem.
Abbottsville Cemetery Located in Darke Co., Ohio on rt. 49 south of Greenville at Abbottsville.
Air Hill Brethren in Christ Church Cemetery. AHCC Located in Greene Twp. Franklin Co., Pa. three miles north of Chambersburg on Route 997 (the old Route 2). John B. Wenger listed all inscriptions in 1959. Early graves date from 1830. Originally called the Kreider Cemetery. Also called the Dunkard Church, Mt. Airy near Nyestown CHPS gives the location as 40º.59N 77º38.11W
Air Hill Cemetery located in Greene Twp., Franklin Co., PA
Antrim Mennonite Church Cemetery Antrim Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. located off of route 16 near Brown's Mill on the corner of Zarger Road and Antrim Church Road. RCM. Also called Brethren in Christ Cem. Greencastle, Pa.
Antrim Twp. Farm Cemetery located on the farm belonging to Mr. David Rudolph, and formerly belonging to Samuel Wingerd, E166. It is situated about 1/4 mile east of legislative route 887 and about 1/2 mile north of the village of Mason Dixon, Pa. The cemetery plot is surrounded by an iron pipe fence , but the iron wire fencing has long since rusted away. The plot has been covered over with a slab of concrete and all headstones are cemented in place. Some data has been covered with cement. The headstones are arranged in rows running north and south, all facing east. The cemetery plot is approximately 45 feet long and 22 feet wide and is located about 966 feet southwest of the barn. (Information from J. Pfluege, 1971)
Appanosse Cemetery located near Overbrook in Douglas Co., KS
Arlington Cemetery Montgomery Co., OH located on National Rd. just west of Arlington which is north of Brookville. There are two cemeteries there. Parish is on the south side of the road, Arlington Cem. is on the north side.
Athens Cemetery Jewell Co., KS
Back Creek Cemetery is now the Lithia Baptist Church Cem., Lithia, Botetourt Co. VA See Lithia Baptist Church
Bareville Union Cemetery - West Earl Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º54.6N76º10.16W Located west of Bareville to the north of SR23 (New Holland Pike) on the west side of Brethren Church Road. AHR Bareville Brethren Cemetery (CHPS)
Bear Creek Cemetery located on Rt. 35 in Madison Twp., Montgomery Co., OH
Bellegrove United Brethren (now United Methodist) Church Cemetery Bellegrove, Lebanon Co. Pa.
Belle Springs Cemetery located south of Navarre, Dickenson County, Kansas
Bertie Brethren in Christ Cemetery BBC located on Church Road just west of Stevensville, Ontario, Canada. Site of the original Tunker Church
Bethel Cemetery located in Randolph Twp., Montgomery Co., Ohio south of West Milton on the Phillipsburg,-Union Road between State Routes 48 and 49. The road is just north of Union. There are two cemeteries on this road.. Going west from State Route 48, the first cemetery is about 1 mile on the right and is called Minnich Cemetery. The second cemetery is a few miles further west and is much closer to Phillisburg, Ohio. This second cemetery, which is on the right, is Bethel Cememtery. (thanks to Lynn Applegate, firstname.lastname@example.org).
Bert-Hoover Cemetery located about two miles north of Newburg, Pa. on the Tree Square Hollow Road.
Bishop Hans Tschantz's Cemetery - West Lampeter Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 39º58.33N76º13.47W. Located south west of Strasburg on the west side of Pequea Lane south of Penn Grant Road In poor condition in 1982 AHR Musser Graveyard (CHPS)
Black Creek Pioneer Cemetery Located on College Road, in former Bertie Twp., Lot 14 Concession 10, now in the town of Fort Eric, Ontario. Also known as Bolden or Tunker or Winger Cemetery. The entrance is on the south side of College Road, approximately 1500 feet through the golf course between Winger Road and Sider Road. The entrance gate is ornamented with the name "Black Creek Pioneer Cemetery". The Black Creek is the natural limit on the south side. The cemetery is on a 200 acre piece of land bought in 1799 by John Winger the first Bishop of the Tunker Church of Canada, now Brethren in Christ. He came to Ontario and obtained land on Dec. 16, 1799, settling by Black Creek in a beautiful heavily wooded area on which land the present Black Creek Cemetery is located. His is buried there, having died in 1828. Names found in the graveyard are: Beam, Climenhaga, House, High, Sherk, Sider, Winger, Zimmerman, all relatives of the Wingers or members of the Tunker Church. The Bishops of Black Creek District were: (ALW)
John Hansley Winger, 1740 1828, G31, Bishop
(i1749.9.9) first Bishop of the Tunker Church of Canada
Peter Winger, 1796.8.22 1879.2.20, G310, Bishop
Abraham Winger, 1825.10.3 1904.10.6, G1758, Bishop
Jonas Winger, 1857.8.24 1922.2.2, G17586, Bishop
Bert Sherk, 1875.7.1 1959.6.1,, Bishop married Catherine M. Winger, 1876.5.2 1953.3.23, G31089
William Charlton, 1896.12.20 1974.11.3,, Bishop married Lillie (Lila) Mae Sider, 1900.2.2 1953, G326622 and Anna Pearl Winger, 1906.8.6, G3225112, 0
Brandt's Church Cemetery Located on Route 1 St. Thomas, Franklin Co. Pa. Road no. 28082 Three miles south west of St. Thomas, Pa.
Brackbill-Neff Cemetery - Strasburg Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 39º58.19N76º11.379W vic Located three fourths of a mile southwest of Strasburg on the south side of Twin Elm Road AHR (CHPS)
Brechbill Cemetery Hamilton Twp., Franklin Co., PA located on Route 3 between Portico School and Frey's Mill on the Ft. McCord Road, Chambersburg, Pa. located on the original Christian Brechbill farm.
Brown's Mill Church Cemetery Located near Greencastle, Pa. Old Order German Baptist?
Brinzer Cemetery see Siloam
Brown's Mill Church of the Brethren Cemetery located north of Greencastle at Marion, Antrim Twp. Franklin Co. Pa.
Burkholder Cemetery Located on the farm land of Abraham Wingert, G145 in Letterkenny Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. (later owned by his son Christian). The cemetery was formed about 1820-30 from a portion of his land and that of two neighbors. The land was purchased in 1941 by the US Army and is now located in the Letterkenny Ordinance Depot. It lies about 3/4 miles as the crow files north of Pleasant Hall, Pa. In 1959 John B. Wenger copied from all markers in the cemetery. Information from his listing is indicated with JBW. There were 113 readable stones. All but a few of the stones belong to descendants of Hans Wenger, G1
Burkholder United Church Cemetery located on Mohawk Road East, Hamilton Twp., Ontario, Canada
Cedar Grove Cemetery Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Pa.
Cedar Grove Cemetery Fredericksburg, Lebanon Co., Pa. north east of the town. 40º26.55N76º25.25W
Cedar Hill Cemetery Greencastle, Antrim Twp., Franklin Co., Pa. on route 16, one mile West of Greencastle.
Chambersburg Mennonite Church Cemetery, CMCC The first person to be buried here was Daniel Groff, 1795.11.24 1857.8.22 The second person was David W. Horst, 1820.9.8 1858.3.5, C5442, Rev. (DRL)
Christ Church Cemetery - Mastersonville, Rapho Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º11.44N76º29.07W Located on the east side of Colbrook Road at Mastersonville Road. AHR Mastersonville Brethren in Christ Cemetery (CHPS)
Church of God Cemetery located on Route 533 near Orrstown, Franklin Co. Pa.
Coble Cemetery St. Thomas Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. north of Lincoln Way West that runs from Chambersburg to Loudon
Criders Cemetery located 5 miles north west of Chambersburg, Pa. on the former Ross Meyers Farm on Route 4
Crider Cemetery located 2 miles west of Chambersburg, PA on the Gerald Peckman property on Peckman Drive.
Christ Church Cemetery located on Mastersonville Road in Mastersonville, Rapho Twp. Lancaster Co. Pa.
Daleville Cemetery Located on Rt. 220 at Daleville, Va.
Denlinger Cemetery - Lancaster, East Lampeter Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º1.12N76º13.18W vic Located about a mile east of the "Zook Greenhouse" along Gridely Road which is about a half mile south of the Dutch Wonderland Amusement Park on Route 30 east of Lancaster. It is situated on a knoll and is hidden from view by trees and undergrowth. In neglect. (CHPS)
Denton Cemetery See Tombstone Cemetery
Detwiler Cemetery From Altoona take Rt 36 South past Hollidaysburg. After Hollidaysburg, stay on Rt 36 south to Roaring Spring. At Roaring Spring take a left onto Rt 164 toward Martinsburg (about 6 miles ). In Martinsburg take a left onto Rt 866 (North). On Rt 866 there is a cemetery of unknown name on your right. Along this road is where many Wikes, Detwilers, Clappers, Rhodes lived. The Detwiler cemetery is on the left on some farmland now owned by the Smith family. There is a road to turn onto from Rt 866. The cemetery is on the left. (BW)
Dillers Mennonite Church Cemetery DMCC Located in West Pennsboro, Twp. Cumberland Co. Pa.
Donnelsville Cemetery North Hampton Co. Ohio
Ebenezer Cemetery (Ebenezer Greenwood) Located just north west of Lebanon, Pa. 40º21.31N76º27.35W
Eby Cemetery - Monterey Upper Leacock Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania 400410N0761041W Located at the Monterey Chapel. Also called the Monterey Chapel Cemetery. The Monterey Chapel was originally the Eby Meetinghouse of the German Baptists (Dunkards now Church of the Brethren) but the graveyard was there before the church. The land for the church was sold or donated by Henry Eby, 1812.3.11 1887.2.2, G13172 and Mary Resh, 1814.9.8 1893.1.16. The graves are about 75% Eby's. JEM Monterey Chapel Cemetery q.v. (CHPS)
Ehrstine Cemetery Madison Twp. Montgomery Co. Ohio
Fairview Cemetery Located in the SE corner of National Road (the old original National Trail) US 40 and Union Road in Englewood, Randolph Twp., Montgomery Co. OH RO
Fairview Cemetery Located in Martinsburg,, Blair Co., PA
Falling Spring Church Cemetery Located in Guilford Twp. Franklin Co. Pa.
Frantz Cemetery Located about eighty rods south of the National Road, three miles west of Springfield, Ohio
Fretz Cemetery Located on the original John Fretz property, Lots 2 and 3, Concession 15, 16 of Bertie Twp. Ontario. Cemetery found in 1971 as follows: Three miles south of the Brethren in Christ Church, Welland, Ont. about a mile off the old Garrison Rd. off the first sideroad which is west of Point Abino Rd.
Frey Cemetery Greene Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. on the original Frey farm of John and Anna (RCM)
Gibble Cemetery Rapho Twp. Lancaster Co. Pa.
Gish-Snider Cemetery Located on Spring Valley farm between Amsterdam and Trinity, Rt. 220 south of Fincastle, Va. Many unmarked graves
Gipe's Grove Cem. Franklin Co. Pa.
Grantville Cemetery Grantville, East Hanover Twp. Dauphin Co. Pa. See St. John United Methodist Cemetery (adjacent to East Hanover Twp. Lebanon Co. Pa. )
Green Hill Cemetery South Potomac Street (PA 316) Waynesboro, Pa.
Greenmound Cemetery New Madison, Darke Co. Ohio
Greenville Union Cemetery Located at the edge of town Greenville, Darke Co. Ohio. Union Cemetery is the older portion of the cemetery. It contains some re-internments from the Water Street Cemetery and the Briggs graveyard.
Grindstone Hill Cemetery Located along Pa. Route 316 between Waynesboro and Chambersburg, Pa.
Grove Mill Cemetery Lancaster Co. Pa.?
Hades Church Cemetery Hades Brethern Church Antrim Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. along Hades Church Road three miles north of Shady Grove and six miles southeast of Chambersburg. Land sold by Emmanuel Hade in 1869 to build a church building. RCM
Hanoverdale Brethren Cemetery Located on Hwy. 39 south of Hwy 22 Hershey Road South and Devonshire Heights Road at the Church of the Brethren, Dauphin Co. Pa.
Happy Corner Cemetery Located just east of Union Blvd, Montgomery Co. Ohio
Heisey Hill Cemetery Gormley, Ontario, Canada
Henry Small Farm Cemetery Located 1/2 way between New Franklin and Marion, Guilford Twp. Franklin Co. Pa.
Hernley Mennonite Cemetery - Rapho Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º10.48N76º24.17W Located at Hernley's Church northwest of Manheim near the intersection of East Hernly Road and SR 72 at about 285 East Hernly Road. (CHPS)
Hill Church Cemetery Located in Cleona, PA
Hillside Cemetery Sedgewick, Kansas
Hoch Cemetery Lurgan Twp., Franklin Co., PA. near Roxbury, PA. Also known as Shoemaker Cem. State Hwy 997 to Otterbein School Road. Turn east to the first farm house. The cem. is behind the barn
Holsinger Cemetery Bakers Summit, Woodbury Twp., Bedford Co., PA
Howry Cemetery - Strasburg Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 39º59.36N76º10.57W - Located 1/2 Mile north of Strasburg on the west side of SR896/Hartman Bridge Road AHR (CHPS)
John Miller Farm Family Cemetery Located on the farm of Willis Lesher in a patch of woods approximately 1/4 mile nortth of Legislative Route No. 28079 (Swamp Fox Road) in Guilford Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. (approx. 39°51.67N 77°39.4W)
Kieffer Cemetery Located on the eastern boundary of West Hanover Twp. on the farm owned by D. Kieffer across the line in Hanover Twp. Dauphin Co. Pa. about a mile north of the Hanoverdale Brethren Church. The 1875 Dauphin Co. Atlas shows the location.
Kreider Cemetery Located in Pequea Twp. Lancaster Co. Pa. beside the road leading from Highland Inn on the Willow St. turnpike (Fulton Highway) to New Danville, Pa. GCK
Kreider Cemetery Lebanon Co. Pa. Located on the line between the original two Kreider properties on Snitz Creek, Lebanon Co. Pa. today (1919) south of the fair grounds a quarter of a mile, on the line between the Lorenzo Laudermilch farm and the Uhrich farm. About 55 by 60 feet surrounded by rough wire. JGFK
Kreider Cemetery see Air Hill Cemetery
Landis Valley Cemetery - Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º54.3N76º16.25W - Located west of SR 272/Reading Road at Valley Road. AHR Landis Valley Mennonite Cemetery (CHPS)
Laymantown Cemetery located in Laymantown, Botetourt Co., VA
Light Cemetery (Light Burial Plot) Bethel Twp. Lebanon Co. Pa. 40°24'39''N76°24'43''W estimated. Located on the road from Lebanon to Fredericksburg, after passing Freeport Mills, turn right at the second farm house about one fourth of a mile. (believed to be Lightchurch Road) (JGF)
Lincoln Cemetery Chambersburg, Franklin Co. Pa.
Lithia Baptist Church Cemetery Lithia, Botetourt Co. VA (Back Creek Cem.) Founded 1848 The Church was a union church having Baptist, Brethern, Lutheran, and Methodist worshipping there. On Jan. 4, 1902 it became Baptist. DW
Little Cove Church Cemetery (Methodist Church) located south of Sylvan, Warren Twp., Franklin Co. Pa. on road no. 456 (APL) (DLW approximately 39º44.7N78º2W)
Longenecker's Reformed Mennonite Cemetery - West Lampeter Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º.16N76º13.07W 1 and 1\2 miles NE of Strasburg on the west side of Strasburg Pike, east of Pioneer Road Longeneckers Church (CHPS)
Lower Stillwater Church Cemetery Montgomery Co. Ohio German Baptist Brethren
Maple Lawn Cemetery located at Flora, Ind.
Maple Lawn Cemetery located just west of the village of Winger, Wainfleet Twp., Welland Co., Ontario
Maple Lawn Cemetery believed to be located near Gromley, Ontario
Marion Mennonite Church Cemetery located north of Marion, Franklin Co., PA
Mellinger's Cemetery - East Lampeter Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º2.00N76º14.59W Located east of Lancaster at 1901 Lincoln Highway East (SR 462) by the intersection with Greenfield Road Mellinger's Mennonite Church Cemetery (CHPS)
Mennonite Cemetery located on Bethlehem Steel land in Cornwall, Pa. (JHB2)
Mennonite Cemetery - Leacock Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º2.49N76º3.27W 3 miles east of Intercourse on Redwell Road /T778 east of North New Holland Road AHR Pequea Old Order Mennonite Cemetery (CHPS)
Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery - Strasburg, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 39º58.58N76º10.48W South side of west Main Street/SR741 AHR Wesley Methodist Cemetey (CHPS)
Meyer (homestead) Cemetery Bethel Twp. Lebanon Co. Pa. Located near Shirksville on a 150 acre farm which was Jacob Meyer's in 1750. The land came from a 500 acre piece that his father Johannes Meyer obtained. The 150 acre piece is now owned by Mrs. Helen Deaven. The cemetery is on a hill just north of the Shirksville Road and just west of the Fredericksburg Road. Access is via the farm house at the end of the long driveway off of Fredericksburg Road.. An isolated tree identifies the cemetery. About 40 stones, mostly unreadable. Some early Obetrholtzers, Meyers and Wengers.
Meyers Cemetery near Welsh Run, Pa.
Meyers Cemetery located along route 416 and Licking Creek near Mercersburg, Pa.
Miller-Gingrich Cemetery Noth Annville Twp., Lebanon Co., PA (in farmer's field)
Miller Cemetery (Palestine Old German Baptist Brethren Cemetery) located near Palestine, Darke Co. OH
Minnich Cemetery located on Phillipsburg-Union Rd., west of State Route 48 in Union Twp., Montgomery Co., OH. There are two cemeteries on this road.. Going west from State Route 48, the first cemetery is about 1 mile on the right and is called Minnich Cemetery. The second cemetery is a few miles further west and is much closer to Phillisburg, Ohio. This second cemetery, which is on the right, is Bethel Cememtery. (thanks to Lynn Applegate, email@example.com).
Mississinewa Cemetery Located in Wabash Co. Ind. 2 miles north of Somerset, Ind. on Ind. State Road 13 These graves were moved from the Old Vernon Cem. Just across the road from Somerset because of the building of the Mississinewa Dam Reservoir 1966-1968
Mt. Holly Springs Cemetery Mt. Holly Springs, Pa.
Mt. Rock Church Cemetery Located sourth of Shippensburg, Pa.
Monterey Chapel Cemetery - Monterey, Upper Leacock Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º4.10N76º10.41W Located south of Leola, west of Newport Road (SR 772) at approximately 17 West Eby Road Once the Eby Cemetery, it is currently affiliated with the Christian Brethren (formerly Plymouth Brethren) since 1976. From 1946-1975, the church was the Monterey Mennonite Church, which moved and became the Forest Hills Mennonite Church. Before that, from 1860-1946, it was the Eby Church of the Brethren. Most of the Ebys buried here were German Baptist Brethren. JEM (CHPS)
Moss Cemetery Located at Flora, Carroll County, Indiana
Mote Cemetery Located on Pitsburg-Laura Rd. in Monroe Twp., Darke Co., OH between Pitsburg and Laura.
Mudbrook Cemetery Located beside St. Jacob Lutheran Church, 8697 Mudbrook Road, NW near McDonaldsville, Stark Co., Ohio, 1.5 miles west of SR241
Myers Cemetery Located midway between Orrstown and Pleasant Hall, Pa. on Route 533 (old Route 1). This cemetery in on a portion of the original farm of John Myers, 1750 1824
New Enterprise Cemetery located in New Enterprise, Bedford Co., PA.
New Guilford Brethren in Christ Cemetery Guilford Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. Five miles south east of Chambersburg, Pa. On Mont Alto Road between Duffield and Mont Alto. Travel east on Route 30 from Chambersburg, turn right onto Mont Alto Road. Travel 3 miles and you will find the cemetery on the right at the corner of Fetterhoff Chapel Road. The cemetery is about 1.4 miles beyond the current New Guilford Church. Most buried here are G descendants.
New Harris Creek Cemetery Bradford, Newberry Twp. Miami Co. Ohio
Oak Grove Cemetery (Snoke Cemetery) located in North Webster, Indiana
Olive Grove Cemetery Located on Painter Road Extension in Los Nietas near Whittier, California Brethren. Also called New River Cem. Near New River Church.
Palestine Old German Baptist Brethren Cemetery (Miller Cemetery) located near Palestine, Darke Co. OH
Palmyra Cemetery Palmyra, Lebanon Co. Pa. Located on west Cherry St 40º18.19N79º35.41W
Parish Cemetery Arlington, Clay Twp., Montgomery Co., OH located on National Rd. just west of Arlington which is north of Brookville. There are two cemeteries there. Parish is on the south side of the road, Arlington Cem. is on the north side.
Parklawns Memorial Gardens located near Chambersburg, PA at the intersection of US Route 11 and 997
Penryn Cemetery Penryn, Penn Twp. Lancaster Co. Pa.
Pequea Brethren in Christ Cemetery - Pequea Township Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 39º57.27N76º18.47W Located west of SR324/Marticville Pike, south of Penn Grant Road on Church Road AHR Hess's Cemetery (CHPS)
Plesant Hall Cemetery Located in Lugan Twp., Franklin County, Pa.
Pleasant Hill Brethren in Christ Cemetery Letterkenny Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. Church of the River Brethren, 1 1/2 miles from Rocky Spring, now called Zooks Church (approx. 39°59.7N77°41.67W) Located east of Lake Letterkenny
Pleasant Hill Mennonite Cemetery located next to the Brethren in Christ Cem.
Pleasant Hill Cemetery Brookville, Ohio
Pleasant Hill Cemetery Pleasant Grove, Kansas. Also called the Flory Cemetery
Polk Grove Cemetery located next to Polk Grove Chruch on the old National Rd. Route 40 at Nashville-Frederick Rd. in Butler Twp., Mongomery Co., OH
Prices Brethren Church Cemetery Near Waynesboro, Pa.
Rebuck Cemetery Located near Otterbein about two miles from Roxbury in Lurgan Twp., Franklin Co., PA. The old directions are (possibly no longer useful), turn right at the farm building (once owned by Mrs. Morris Mentzer) and go down a long lane. The cemetery is located across the creek. The burial plot was bought from Samuel R. Hoover and Mary Rohrer Hoover. Rodney (Rod) Eugene Heberlig, 1958.5.14, G1889B1345 provides the following directions: From Roxbury, Pa. follow Route 641 east for three miles. Turn right onto Paxton Run Road. Immediately turn right onto Otterbein Church Road. One half mile back of Otterbein Church Road are farm buildings currently owned by an Amish family. After passing them, continue for another quarter mile until you see a lane on the right. There are currently trees on both sides of this lane. Walk back along the lane about 300 yards until you come to a stream. Don't cross the stream, but turn left and go about 100 yards. The cemetery is currently surrounded by a white board fence. The cemetery has not been well maintaned in recent years and has brush and small trees growing in and around it. Rod found this cemetery by chance while riding bikes as a boy. He was able to find it again after 25 years.
Reed's Cemetery Located 2 miles south & 1/2 miles west of Roann, Wabash Co., Ind.
Reiff's Mennonite Church Cemetery near Cearfoss, MD
Resh/Resch (Weavertown Beachy Amish Mennonite) Cemetery - Leacock Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º2.46N76º9.45W Located at Molasses Hill north east of Bird-in-Hand at Weavertown Mennonite Church on the original Henry Resh land. At 2943 Church Road where Orchard Road dead ends Solid stone wall around the original cemetery was built in 1839 CR Weavertown Cemetery (CHPS)
Rest Haven Cemetery Hagerstown, MD 1601 Pennsylvania Ave.
Ringgold Brethren in Christ Church Cemetery Ringgold, Wash. Co. Md.
Ringgold old Mennonite Cemetery located next to the Brethren in Christ Cemetery. Also many who became River Brethren (Brethren in Christ) DRL
Riverside Cemetery located in West Milton, OH
Rohrer's Cemetery South Bend, Ind. Located on a little hill on the former property of Fred Ullery, genealogist, in the backyard next to a busy street across the road from Erskine Golf Course off of Ireland Road. High street is nearby. There is no marking for the cemetery.
Rosebank Brethrin Christ Cemetery Romona, Kansas
Rowe Mennonite Cemetery Located near Chambersburg, Pa.
Resh/Resch (Weavertown Beachy Amish Mennonite) Cemetery Located at Molasses Hill, north east of Bird-in-Hand at Weavertown Mennonite Church, Leacock Twp. Lancaster Co. Pa. on the original Henry Resh land. Solid stone wall around the original cemetery was built in 1839 CR
Salem German Reformed Church Cemetery On Salem Chuch Road, off Marsh Road, 6 mi sw of Waynesboro. Also 1 1/2 mi north of both Leitersburg Road and Funk-Nichodemus Mansion Farm at "Big Spring" JSC
Salem Cemetery Hamilton Twp., Franklin Co., PA. This may be the above cemetery
Salem Cemetery Rt. #2, Chambersburg, Greene Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. Three separate churchs and cemeteries, United Brethren Radical (northern part), Church of the Brethren (eastern part), Liberal United Brethren (western part) JBW
Shank's Church of the Brethren Cemetery located at Greencastle, Antrim Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. south of Greencastle on Shank's Church Road, visible from the Williamsport Pike. RCM
Shank's Cemetery located south of Waynesboro, Franklin Co. Pa.
Sharpeye Cemetery West of Greenville, Darke Co., Ohio on rt. 502, just east of Sharpeye 40.01ºN84.75ºW
Shafer Family Cemetery located near Springwood, VA on the old Shafer property, now owned by Grace Gilliam (DW)
Sheldon Cemetery Sheldon, Ill.
Sherks Church Cemetery Lebanon Co. Pa. Located at Sherks Meeting House, RR2, Annville, Pa. four miles south of Grantville, Lebanon Co. Pa. (three miles east of Grantville?) 40º21.819N76º36.45W
Shoemaker/Hoch Cemetery See Hoch cemetery.
Shumacher Cemetery - Rapho Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º10.19N76º24.54W Located north west of Manheim at the intersection of Shumaker Road and Old Line Road on the east side of Shumaker Road. (CHPS)
Siloam Cem., Wenger Cem., Brinzer Cem., Branger Cem., Zook Cem., Lehman Cem. Franklin Co. Pa. This cemetery is located on part of the original Martin Wenger, G18 farm on Conochocheague Creek, about two miles north of the Memorial Square of Chambersburg, Pa. It may be reached as follows (directions from Rod Heberlig): from the center of Chambersburg travel north on Route 11 about 1.5 miles. Turn left onto Siloam Road. Go .3 (three tenths) mile and turn right onto Airport Road. Go about .1 to .2 miles and the cemetery is on the right between the houses located at 2894 and 2924 Airport Road. The house currently at 2924 Airport Road is on the land once owned by the church. Martin Wenger and his wives Ann Gingerich and Catherine Funk are buried here as well as Bishop Daniel Lehman. Abraham R. Wenger, son of Martin Wenger, inherited his father's farm and donated an area adjoining the cemetery to the Brinzer branch of the River Brethren Church for a meeting house. After that time the cemetery became known as the Brinzer Cemetery. When the congregation became small the Wenger Cemetery Association was given the right to dispose of the meeting house by the Franklin County Court. At one time the property was owned by the Joseph Zook, 1787.3.3 1852.7.16 family and it was then called the Zook Cemetery. The money received for the building was added to the endowment fund for the care of the cemetery. The oldest marker is 1793. The original home and barn of Martin Wenger, G18 are visible about 1/4 mile northeast from the cemetery when the leaves are off the trees. 145 graves. Families found in the cemetery are Wenger, Zook, Lehman, Detwiler, Hoffman, Horst, Lesher and Whisler along with others. The name Siloam is due to the small hamlet of Siloam which is nearby. A detailed history of the cemetery is given in "Conococheague Mennonist", published by Mennonite Historical Association of the Cumberland Valley, April 1997. The Association acquired the cemetery in 1996 and it is now cared for by a committee of three trustees, Titus Wadel, G1471732131 a Mennonite, Avery Zook, G13659522 a Brethren in Christ and Oliver Heisey, an Old Order River Brethren. Titus and Avery are both Hans Wenger descendants and Oliver married a Hans Wenger descendant
Slate Hill Mennonite Cemetery SHMC Lower Allen Twp., Cumberland Co., PA
Snider Cemetery Located along the boundary of the Letterkenny Army Depot, Franklin Co. Pa. just south of Gate #14 Stone wall. Not on the Army property and thus not in the care of the Army. Twenty four stones stood in 1933, four not readable. The stones were gone in 1993, vandalized and dispersed., two were found in the stream bed and taken to the Historical Museum in Chambersburg, Pa.
Sollenberger Farm Cemetery south of Scotland, Franklin Co. Pa.
Spring Hill Cemetery located at 114 North Morris Street in Shippensburg, Cumberland Co. Pa. It is the largest cemetery in the Shippensburg area.
St. John United Methodist Church Cemetery Grantville, East Hanover Twp. Dauphin Co. Pa. (adjacent to East Hanover Twp. Lebanon Co. Pa.) (Formerly United Brethren)
Stone Bridge Church of the Brethren Cemetery located just south of the Mason-Dixon Line in Washtington Co., MD at the new bridge over the Licking Creek along the continuation of the road which has the Pennsylvania No. 456. (APL) REW give s the following story. If you look east from the Church just across the line in Wash. Co. MD you will see some farm buildings with a large barn. Ephraim Winger, G184A1 was married in that barn in 1867. It happens that the Mason-Dixon line cuts through a corner of the barn and the house was on the Maryland side., nearly all the barn in Pennsylvania. At that time no marriage license was required in Pa., but was in MD. So the young couple avoided a long trip to Hagerstown for a license, and therefore the fee.. (DLW approximately 39º43.3N78º3.5W)
Stone Church Cemetery located in Little Cove, Warrant Twp., Franklin Co., Pa. German Reformed and Lutheran. (DLW approximately 39º48N77º59.9W)
Strasburg Cemetery - Strasburg Bourough Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 39º58.53N76º10.55W - Located on the south side of West Franklin Street Methodist (CHPS)
Strasburg Mennonite Church Cemetery Located along what is now Tennessee Ave. in Letterkenny Army Depot, Letterkenney Twp. Franklin Co. Pa.
Stoufferstown Cemetery Stouffer Ave. Chambersburg, Pa.
Stumptown Mennonite Cemetery - Upper Leacock Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º3.44N76º10.05W On Stumptown Road west of Newport Road (SR 772) and east of Monterey Road (CHPS)
Tombstone Cemetery (Old Tombstone Cemetery) Located on Plantation Road near Hollins in Roanoke Co. Va. (also called the Denton Cemetery, Benjamin Denton was the first owner of the land). Names found in the cemetery: Abshire, Bell, Bishop, Blane, Boothe, Burroughs, Chittum, Clanton, Collins, Coon, Cox, Danner, Day, Dent, Dillard, Dooley, Engle, Etter, Feller, Frantz, Garber, Gish, Harris, Hartman, Helm, Huff, Huffman, Jeter, Kesler, Kinzie, Lambert, Lavender, Locke, Mullins, Myers, Nelms, Newsome, Nininger, Obenshain, Old, Patterson, Petty, Quisenberry, Richardson, Rieley, Roberts, Robinson, Rucher, Sperry, Stoutamire, Trout, Walrond, Williams
Trinity Cemetery located on route 220 near Fincastle, Botetourt Co., VA
Troutville Cemetery located in Troutville, Botetourt Co., VA
Union Cemetery Lebanon Co. Pa. 40º25.37N76º23.43W and 40º25.38N76º234.5W
United Brethren Church Cemetery - Intercourse, Leacock Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º21.2N76º6.21W - Located on the east side of Queen Street. This also might be the Intercourse Uynited Methodis Church Cemetery Now called the Intercourse United Methodist Cemetey (CHPS)
United Zion Church Cemetery, Jonestown See Wenger Cemetery, Jonestown, Pa.
Warner Cemetery (two cemeteries) The older is on Sweet Potatoe Ridge Rd. west of State Route 48 at Union. Two miles further west is the active cemetery. Old Randolph Twp., Montgomery Co., OH
Warren Point Winger Cemetery Located near the Clempston Weller home at Warren Point, Warren Twp. Franklin Co. Pa. Called the Winger Plot. Associated with Martin J. (Winger) Wenger, 1769.8.10 1826.8.13, G184 (DLW approximately 39º43.5N78º4.8W
Weaverland Mennonite Cemetery - East Earl Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º7.44N76º2.35W Located north east of Blue Ball on SR 897 / Weaverland Valley Road near it's intersecton with Weaverland Road (CHPS)
Webster Cemetery Allen Twp. Darke Co. Ohio. About midway between Lightsville and Rossburg (northeast quarter of section 32) on the south side of the road. A note reads "erect a house of worship of M. E. Church and a reasonable portion of said lot may be used as a graveyard". The church no longer exists. The cem. is sometimes called the Dutch Cem.. There is a Dutch Church a bit to the west of the cem. 40º16.45N84º40.33W
Wenger Cemetery, Franklin Co. Pa. See Siloan Cemetery
Wenger Cemetery, Jonestown, Lebanon Co. Pa. The Wenger Cemetery is associated with the Wenger Meeting House (United Zion Church). The meeting house was built in 1871 and dedicated by Mathias Brinser who founded the United Zion Church. He was excommunicated from the River Brethren due to his having constructed a place for worship. The cemetery is just north and east of Jonestown on the original homestead of Hans Wenger, G1. The earliest stone is for Christian Wenger, 1756.12.23 1841.7.28, G141, Rev. His grandfather is believed to be buried in the grave yard as well as other earlier members of the family, but no stones exist.There is another larger and newer cemetery adjoining this cemetery which is Lutheran. John Adam Brandt, 1878.2.13 1963, G1366312, Rev. gives the following details (prepared about 1960): Jacob Wenger (Jacob W. Wenger, 1807.5.17 1881.4.10, G1405) gave a deed of trust to his brother Levi Wenger in 1859 for the then 75x80 foot grave yard. In 1871 the meeting house was built on the south side of the grave yard. Then in 1872 Levi Wenger deeded the grave yard back to Jacob Wenger. Later in the year of 1872 Jacob Wenger gave a deed of the land where the church was built, the yard in front of the church including the driveway leading to the then public road and the grave yard to the United Zions Church for five dollars. Christian Wenger, David Wenger and Henry Haldeman were the first trustees of the church (believed to be Christian Wenger, 1805.10.28 1876.12.4, G1404, Rev., David W. Wenger, 1829.6.27 1891.3.12, G14185, Rev.). The deed called for the grave yard to be used for the Wengers, Heiseys, Haldemans, Books, Lights & Longs and their relatives, or any body who wishes to bury there, but all that would bury there would have to share in paying for the upkeep of the fence around the grave yard. In 1889 land was bought from John L. Wenger, Jacob's son, to the west of the church for burial lots. In 1906 another addition to the cemetery was bought and also ground for a shed to shelter the horses and carriages during the times of services. In 1925 the cemetery was separated from the church proper and was chartered and was then a chartered cemetery operated separately from the church. However, until Aug. 24, 1953, the trustees for the church and cemetery were the same people, but elected separately. In 1955, the horse and carriage shed having been removed, additional land was acquired from Mr. Clayton H. Fortna for additional parking space. In 1977 the church property was up for sale and the cemetery association purchased the property. 40º25.06N76º28.28W
Wenger Farm Cemetery - Rapho Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - 40º10.646N76º25.898W This cememtery is located on the boundary between two of the properties of Stephen Wenger, G11. The stones are scattered along the edge of the field. There are two entrances to this cememtery, one via the farm on Old Line Road, believed to be the original Stephen Wenger property, last in the Wenger family as the farm of Martin Wenger, more recently owned by Larry Martin and currently by Curvin Hoover. The other entrance is via 1531 Shumaker Road, the entrance to the Victor Wenger farm. Information about the stones in this cemetery came from William Wenger Saylor, 1923.1.23, G11322515 and his wife Mabel Ristenbatt Saylor. (CHPS)
Wenger Cemetery, Butler Twp. Montgomery Co. Ohio Located just east of Little York (section 30) on the original farm of John Weaver Wenger, 1778.4.11 1851.5.12, G1411, Rev. The farm is located just northwest of the intersection of Frederick Pike and Meeker Road. The cemetery is accesible from the Pike or Meeker Road and is located on a small hill top. The original farm extended north and west from the farm house and was about 200 acres in size. The farm was owned by John Weaver Wenger, G14115 in 1869, by Rev. Ephraim Eby, 1835 1913 husband of Elizabeth Wenger, G141157 in 1895, by E. B. Lodge in 1940 , by the Chitwood family in 1988 and by the Lambert family in 1995 (8025 Meeker Road)
Wingard Farm Family Cemetery Antrim Twp., Franklin Co., PA located on farm off of Williamsport Pike about 1/2 mile north of Mason Dixon, MD. Stones are encased in one concrete slab. Names found are Wingard, Wengerd and Wingert with dates from 1849. This is the family of Joseph Wingerd, 1774.5.8 1848.9.22, E16. 45 feet by 22 feet. About 966 feet southwest of the barn on the property. DLW Approximate location is 39º44.14N77º45.22W
Wingard Cemetery, Delphi, Indiana Located north east of Delphi. The cemetery is reached from Delphi as follows: From Court House Square travel east on Main St. three blocks to its intersection with Wilson St. Turn left (north) at this intersection and follow Wilson St. out of town past the local cemetery to the first road turning off to the right, a distance of 1.4 miles. Turn right on this road and follow it for 2.2 miles. This is a gravel road, except for the first half mile, and has many turns. The cemetery is adjacent to the east side of the road in a wooded section. Nearly all of the approximately 50 people buried here can be identified as descendants of John Wingard, their spouses or relatives. A list of inscriptions was made by Mrs. Homer Irwin.
Wood Colony Cemetery Located on Dakota Ave. Modesto, Californa. Brethren
Worman Cemetery A family cemetery on road north of Old National Highway Route 40 on State Route 49, turning west on Wellbaum Rd. south of Phillipsburg, OH. All but destroyed by actions of the township officials. First settler of Clay Twp. Joseph and Mary Rohrer are buried here. (GESH)
Zion Cemetery Located west of Bringhurst, Ind., near Flora
unknown cemetery Located just off the Fort McCord Road west of Chambersburg, Pa. Turn right at the foot of the hill onto the Fort McCord Road off of Edenville Road.
Census Records | Vital Records | Family Trees & Communities | Immigration Records | Military Records Directories & Member Lists | Family & Local Histories | Newspapers & Periodicals | Court, Land & Probate | Finding Aids | 114,834 | 1,036 |
562,235 | 1:1 Adam, Sheth, Enosh,
1:2 Kenan, Mahalaleel, Jered,
1:3 Henoch, Methuselah, Lamech,
1:4 Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
1:5 Sons of Japheth: Gomer and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras.
1:6 And sons of Gomer: Ashchenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah.
1:7 And sons of Javan: Elisha, and Tarshishah, Kittim, and Dodanim.
1:8 Sons of Ham: Cush, and Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.
1:9 And sons of Cush: Seba and Havilah, and Sabta, and Raamah, and Sabtecka. And sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
1:10 And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the land.
1:11 And Mizraim begat the Ludim, and the Anamim, and the Lehabim, and the Naphtuhim,
1:12 and the Pathrusim, and the Casluhim (from whom came out the Philistim), and the Caphtorim.
1:13 And Canaan begat Zidon his first born, and Heth,
1:14 and the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgashite,
1:15 and the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite,
1:16 and the Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite.
1:17 Sons of Shem: Elam and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram, and Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Meshech.
1:18 And Arphaxad begat Shelah, and Shelah begat Eber.
1:19 And to Eber have been born two sons, the name of the one [is] Peleg, for in his days hath the land been divided, and the name of his brother is Joktan.
1:20 And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah,
1:21 and Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah,
1:22 and Ebal, and Abimael, and Sheba,
1:23 and Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab; all these [are] sons of Joktan.
1:24 Shem, Arphaxad, Shelah,
1:25 Eber, Peleg, Reu,
1:26 Serug, Nahor, Terah,
1:27 Abram -- he [is] Abraham.
1:28 Sons of Abraham: Isaac and Ishmael.
1:29 These [are] their generations: first-born of Ishmael, Nebaioth, and Kedar, and Adheel, and Mibsam,
1:30 Mishma, and Dumah, Massa, Hadad, and Tema,
1:31 Jetur, Naphish, and Kedema. These are sons of Ishmael.
1:32 And sons of Keturah, Abraham's concubine: she bare Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah. And sons of Jokshan: Sheba and Dedan.
1:33 And sons of Midian: Ephah and Epher, and Henoch, and Abida, and Eldaah; all these [are] sons of Keturah.
1:34 And Abraham begetteth Isaac. Sons of Isaac: Esau and Israel.
1:35 Sons of Esau: Eliphaz, Reuel, and Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah.
1:36 Sons of Eliphaz: Teman, and Omar, Zephi, and Gatam, Kenaz, and Timna, and Amalek.
1:37 Sons of Reuel: Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah.
1:38 And sons of Seir: Lotan, and Shobal, and Zibeon, and Anah, and Dishon, and Ezar, and Dishan.
1:39 And sons of Lotan: Hori and Homam, and sister of Lotan [is] Timna.
1:40 Sons of Shobal: Alian, and Manahath, and Ebal, Shephi, and Onam. And sons of Zideon: Aiah and Anah.
1:41 The sons of Anah: Dishon. and sons of Dishon: Amram, and Eshban, and Ithran, and Cheran.
1:42 Sons of Ezer: Bilhan, and Zavan, Jakan. Sons of Dishan: Uz and Aran.
1:43 And these [are] the kings who reigned in the land of Edom before the reigning of a king of the sons of Israel: Bela son of Beor, and the name of his city [is] Dinhabah.
1:44 And Bela dieth, and reign in his stead doth Jobab son of Zerah from Bozrali;
1:45 and Jobab dieth, and reign in his stead doth Husham from the land of the Temanite;
1:46 and Husham dieth, and reign in his stead doth Hadad, son of Bedad (who smiteth Midian in the field of Moab) and the name of his city [is] Avith;
1:47 and Hadad dieth, and reign in his stead doth Samlah from Masrekah;
1:48 and Samlah dieth, and reign in his stead doth Shaul from Rehoboth of the River;
1:49 and Shaul dieth, and reign in his stead doth Baal-Hanan son of Achbor;
1:50 and Baal-Hanan dieth, and reign in his stead doth Hadad, and the name of his city [is] Pai, and the name of his wife [is] Mehetabel daughter of Matred, daughter of Me-Zahab; Hadad also dieth.
1:51 And chiefs of Edom are: chief Timnah, chief Aliah, chief Jetheth,
1:52 chief Aholibamah, chief Elah, chief Pinon,
1:53 chief Kenaz, chief Teman, chief Mibzar,
1:54 chief Magdiel, chief Iram. These [are] chiefs of Edom.
2:1 These [are] sons of Israel: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun,
2:2 Dan, Joseph, and Benjamin, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher.
2:3 Sons of Judah: Er, and Onan, and Shelah, three have been born to him of a daughter of Shua the Canaanitess. And Er, first-born of Judah, is evil in the eyes of Jehovah, and He putteth him to death.
2:4 And Tamar his daughter-in-law hath borne to him Pharez and Zerah. All the sons of Judah [are] five.
2:5 Sons of Pharez: Hezron, and Hamul.
2:6 And sons of Zerah: Zimri, and Ethan, and Heman, and Calcol, and Dara; all of them five.
2:7 And sons of Carmi: Achar, troubler of Israel, who trespassed in the devoted thing.
2:8 And sons of Ethan: Azariah.
2:9 And sons of Hezron who were born to him; Jerahmeel, and Ram, and Chelubai.
2:10 And Ram begat Amminadab, and Amminadab begat Nahshon, prince of the sons of Judah;
2:11 and Nahshon begat Salma, and Salma begat Boaz,
2:12 and Boaz begat Obed, and Obed begat Jesse;
2:13 and Jesse begat his first-born Eliab, and Abinadab the second, and Shimea the third,
2:14 Nethaneel the fourth, Raddai the fifth,
2:15 Ozem the sixth, David the seventh,
2:16 and their sisters Zeruiah and Abigail. And sons of Zeruiah: Abishai, and Joab, and Asah-El -- three.
2:17 And Abigail hath borne Amasa, and the father of Amasa [is] Jether the Ishmeelite.
2:18 And Caleb son of Hezron hath begotten Azubah, Isshah, and Jerioth; and these [are] her sons: Jesher, and Shobab, and Ardon.
2:19 And Azubah dieth, and Caleb taketh to him Ephrath, and she beareth to him Hur.
2:20 And Hur begat Uri, and Uri begat Bezaleel.
2:21 And afterwards hath Hezron gone in unto a daughter of Machir father of Gilead, and he hath taken her, and he [is] a son of sixty years, and she beareth to him Segub.
2:22 And Segub begat Jair, and he hath twenty and three cities in the land of Gilead,
2:23 and he taketh Geshur and Aram, the small villages of Jair, from them, with Kenath and its small towns, sixty cities -- all these [belonged to] the sons of Machir father of Gilead.
2:24 And after the death of Hezron in Caleb-Ephratah, then the wife of Hezron, Abijah, even beareth to him Asshur, father of Tekoa.
2:25 And sons of Jerahmeel, first-born of Hezron, are: the first-born Ram, and Bunah, and Oren, and Ozem, Ahijah.
2:26 And Jerahmeel hath another wife, and her name [is] Atarah, she [is] mother of Onam.
2:27 And sons of Ram, first-born of Jerahmeel, are Maaz, and Jamin, and Eker.
2:28 And sons of Onam are Shammai and Jada. And sons of Shammai: Nadab and Abishur.
2:29 And the name of the wife of Abishur [is] Abihail, and she beareth to him Ahban and Molid.
2:30 And sons of Nadab: Seled, and Appaim; and Seled dieth without sons.
2:31 And sons of Appaim: Ishi. And sons of Ishi: Sheshan. And sons of Sheshan: Ahlai.
2:32 And sons of Jada, brother of Shammai: Jether, and Jonathan: and Jether dieth without sons.
2:33 And sons of Jonathan: Peleth, and Zaza. These were sons of Jerahmeel.
2:34 And Sheshan had no sons, but daughters, and Sheshan hath a servant, an Egyptian, and his name [is] Jarha,
2:35 and Sheshan giveth his daughter to Jarha his servant for a wife, and she beareth to him Attai;
2:36 and Attai begat Nathan, and Nathan begat Zabad,
2:37 and Zabad begat Ephlal, and Ephlal begat Obed,
2:38 and Obed begat Jehu,
2:39 and Jehu begat Azariah, and Azariah begat Helez, and Helez begat Eleasah,
2:40 and Eleasah begat Sismai, and Sismai begat Shallum,
2:41 and Shallum begat Jekamiah, and Jekamiah begat Elishama.
2:42 And sons of Caleb brother of Jerahmeel: Mesha his first-born, he [is] father of Ziph; and sons of Mareshah: Abi-Hebron.
2:43 And sons of Hebron: Korah, and Tappuah, and Rekem, and Shema.
2:44 And Shema begat Raham father of Jorkoam, and Rekem begat Shammai.
2:45 And a son of Shammai [is] Maon, and Maon [is] father of Beth-Zur.
2:46 And Ephah concubine of Caleb bare Haran, and Moza, and Gazez; and Haran begat Gazez.
2:47 And sons of Jahdai: Regem, and Jotham, and Geshem, and Pelet, and Ephah, and Shaaph.
2:48 The concubine of Caleb, Maachah, bare Sheber and Tirhanah;
2:49 and she beareth Shaaph father of Madmannah, Sheva father of Machbenah, and father of Gibea; and a daughter of Caleb [is] Achsa.
2:50 These were sons of Caleb son of Hur, first-born of Ephrathah: Shobal father of Kirjath-Jearim,
2:51 Salma father of Beth-Lehem, Hareph father of Beth-Gader.
2:52 And there are sons to Shobal father of Kirjath-Jearim: Haroeh, half of the Menuhothite;
2:53 and the families of Kirjath-Jearim: the Ithrite, and the Puhite, and the Shumathite, and the Mishraite: from these went out the Zareathite, and the Eshtaulite.
2:54 Sons of Salma: Beth-Lehem, and the Netophathite, Atroth, Beth-Joab, and half of the Menuhothite, the Zorite;
2:55 and the families of the scribes the inhabitants of Jabez: Tirathites, Shimeathites, Suchathites. They [are] the Kenites, those coming of Hammath father of the house of Rechab.
3:1 And these were sons of David, who were born to him in Hebron: the first-born Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; second Daniel, of Abigail the Carmelitess;
3:2 the third Absalom, son of Maachah daughter of Talmai king of Geshur; the fourth Adonijah, son of Haggith;
3:3 the fifth Shephatiah, of Abital; the sixth Ithream, of Eglah his wife.
3:4 Six have been borne to him in Hebron, and he reigneth there seven years and six months, and thirty and three years he hath reigned in Jerusalem.
3:5 And these were born to him in Jerusalem: Shimea, and Shobab, and Nathan, and Solomon -- four, of Bath-Sheba daughter of Ammiel:
3:6 also Ibhar, and Elishama, and Eliphelet,
3:7 and Nogah, and Nepheg, and Japhia,
3:8 and Elishama, and Eliada, and Eliphelet, nine.
3:9 All [are] sons of David, apart from sons of the concubines, and Tamar their sister.
3:10 And the son of Solomon [is] Rehoboam, Abijah his son, Asa his son, Jehoshaphat his son,
3:11 Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son,
3:12 Amaziah his son, Azariah his son, Jotham his son,
3:13 Ahaz his son, Hezekiah his son, Manasseh his son,
3:14 Amon his son, Josiah his son.
3:15 And sons of Josiah: the first-born Johanan, the second Jehoiakim, the third Zedekiah, the fourth Shallum.
3:16 And sons of Jehoiakim: Jeconiah his son, Zedekiah his son.
3:17 And sons of Jeconiah: Assir; Salathiel his son;
3:18 also Malchiram and Pedaiah, and Shenazzar, Jecamiah, Hoshama, and Nedabiah.
3:19 And sons of Pedaiah: Zerubbabel, and Shimei. And sons of Zerubbabel: Meshullam, and Hananiah, and Shelomith their sister,
3:20 and Hashubah, and Ohel, and Berechiah, and Hasadiah, Jushab-Hesed, five.
3:21 And sons of Hananiah: Pelatiah, and Jesaiah, sons of Rephaiah, sons of Arnan, sons of Obadiah, sons of Shechaniah.
3:22 And sons of Shechaniah: Shemaiah; and sons of Shemaiah: Hattush, and Igeal, and Bariah, and Neariah, and Shaphat, six.
3:23 And sons of Neariah: Elioenai, and Hezekiah, and Azrikam, three.
3:24 And sons of Elioenai: Hodaiah, and Eliashib, and Pelaiah, and Akkub, and Johanan, and Delaiah, and Anani, seven.
4:1 Sons of Judah: Pharez, Hezron, and Carmi, and Hur, and Shobal.
4:2 And Reaiah son of Shobal begat Jahath, and Jahath begat Ahumai and Lahad; these [are] families of the Zorathite.
4:3 And these [are] of the father of Etam: Jezreel, and Ishma, and Idbash; and the name of their sister [is] Hazzelelponi,
4:4 and Penuel [is] father of Gedor, and Ezer father of Hushah. These [are] sons of Hur, first-born of Ephratah, father of Beth-Lehem.
4:5 And to Ashhur father of Tekoa were two wives, Helah and Naarah;
4:6 and Naarah beareth to him Ahuzzam, and Hepher, and Temeni, and Haahashtari: these [are] sons of Naarah.
4:7 And sons of Helah: Zereth, and Zohar, and Ethnan.
4:8 And Coz begat Anub, and Zobebah, and the families of Aharhel son of Harum.
4:9 And Jabez is honoured above his brethren, and his mother called his name Jabez, saying, `Because I have brought forth with grief.'
4:10 And Jabez calleth to the God of Israel, saying, `If blessing Thou dost bless me, then Thou hast made great my border, and Thy hand hath been with me, and Thou hast kept [me] from evil -- not to grieve me;' and God bringeth in that which he asked.
4:11 And Chelub brother of Shuah begat Mehir; he [is] father of Eshton.
4:12 And Eshton begat Beth-Rapha, and Paseah, and Tehinnah father of Ir-Nahash; these [are] men of Rechah.
4:13 And sons of Kenaz: Othniel, and Seraiah; and sons of Othniel: Hathath.
4:14 And Meonothai begat Ophrah, and Seraiah begat Joab father of the valley of artificers, for they were artificers.
4:15 And sons of Caleb son of Jephunneh: Iru, Elah, and Naam; and sons of Elah, even Kenaz.
4:16 And sons of Jehaleleel: Ziph and Ziphah, Tiria, and Asareel.
4:17 And sons of Ezra [are] Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon: and she beareth Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah father of Eshtemoa.
4:18 And his wife Jehudijah bare Jered father of Gedor, and Heber father of Socho, and Jekuthiel father of Zanoah. And these [are] sons of Bithiah daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered took,
4:19 and sons of the wife of Hodiah sister of Nahom: Abi-Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maachathite.
4:20 And sons of Shimon [are] Amnon, and Rinnah, Ben-Hanon, and Tilon; and sons of Ishi: Zoheth, and Ben-Zoheth.
4:21 Sons of Shelah son of Judah: Er father of Lecah, and Laadah father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of the service of fine linen, of the house of Ashbea;
4:22 and Jokim, and the men of Chozeba, and Joash, and Saraph, who ruled over Moab and Jashubi-Lehem; and these things [are] ancient.
4:23 They [are] the potters and inhabitants of Netaim and Gedera; with the king in his work they dwelt there.
4:24 Sons of Simeon: Nemuel, and Jamin, Jarib, Zerah, Shaul;
4:25 Shallum his son, Mibsam his son, Mishma his son.
4:26 And sons of Mishma: Hammuel his son, Zacchur his son, Shimei his son.
4:27 And to Shimei [are] sixteen sons and six daughters, and to his brethren there are not many sons, and none of their families have multiplied as much as the sons of Judah.
4:28 And they dwell in Beer-Sheba, and Moladah, and Hazar-Shaul,
4:29 and in Bilhah, and in Ezem, and in Tolad,
4:30 and in Bethuel, and in Hormah, and in Ziklag,
4:31 and in Beth-Marcaboth, and in Hazar-Susim, and in Beth-Birei, and in Shaarim; these [are] their cities till the reigning of David.
4:32 And their villages [are] Etam, and Ain, Rimmon, and Tochen, and Ashan, five cities,
4:33 and all their villages that [are] round about these cities unto Baal; these [are] their dwellings, and they have their genealogy:
4:34 even Meshobab, and Jamlech, and Joshah son of Amaziah,
4:35 and Joel, and Jehu son of Josibiah, son of Seraiah, son of Asiel,
4:36 and Elioenai, and Jaakobah, and Jeshohaiah, and Asaiah, and Adiel, and Jesimiel, and Benaiah,
4:37 and Ziza son of Shiphi, son of Allon, son of Jedaiah, son of Shimri, son of Shemaiah.
4:38 These who are coming in by name [are] princes in their families, and the house of their fathers have broken forth into a multitude;
4:39 and they go to the entrance of Gedor, unto the east of the valley, to seek pasture for their flock,
4:40 and they find pasture, fat and good, and the land broad of sides, and quiet, and safe, for of Ham are those dwelling there before.
4:41 And these who are written by name come in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, and smite their tents, and the habitations that have been found there, and devote them to destruction unto this day, and dwell in their stead, because pasture for their flock [is] there.
4:42 And of them, of the sons of Simeon, there have gone to mount Seir, five hundred men, and Pelatiah, and Neariah, and Rephaiah, and Uzziel, sons of Ishi, at their head,
4:43 and they smite the remnant of those escaped of Amalek, and dwell there unto this day.
5:1 As to sons of Reuben, first-born of Israel -- for he [is] the first-born, and on account of his profaning the couch of his father hath his birthright been given to the sons of Joseph son of Israel, and [he is] not to be reckoned by genealogy for the birthright,
5:2 for Judah hath been mighty over his brother, and for leader above him, and the birthright [is] to Joseph.
5:3 Sons of Reuben, first-born of Israel: Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi.
5:4 Sons of Joel: Shemaiah his son, Gog his son, Shimei his son,
5:5 Micah his son, Reaiah his son, Baal his son,
5:6 Beerah his son, whom Tilgath-Pilneser king of Asshur removed; he [is] prince of the Reubenite.
5:7 And his brethren, by their families, in the genealogy of their generations, [are] heads: Jeiel, and Zechariah,
5:8 and Bela son of Azaz, son of Shema, son of Joel -- he is dwelling in Aroer, even unto Nebo and Baal-Meon;
5:9 and at the east he dwelt even unto the entering in of the wilderness, even from the river Phrat, for their cattle were multiplied in the land of Gilead.
5:10 And in the days of Saul they have made war with the Hagarites, who fall by their hand, and they dwell in their tents over all the face of the east of Gilead.
5:11 And the sons of Gad, over-against them have dwelt in the land of Bashan unto Salcah,
5:12 Joel the head, and Shapham the second, and Jaanai and Shaphat in Bashan;
5:13 and their brethren of the house of their fathers [are] Michael, and Meshullam, and Sheba, and Jorai, and Jachan, and Zia, and Heber, seven.
5:14 These [are] sons of Abihail son of Huri, son of Jaroah, son of Gilead, son of Michael, son of Jeshishai, son of Jahdo, son of Buz;
5:15 Ahi son of Abdiel, son of Guni, [is] head of the house of their fathers;
5:16 and they dwell in Gilead in Bashan, and in her small towns, and in all suburbs of Sharon, upon their outskirts;
5:17 all of them reckoned themselves by genealogy in the days of Jotham king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel.
5:18 Sons of Reuben, and the Gadite, and the half of the tribe of Manasseh, of sons of valour, men bearing shield and sword, and treading bow, and taught in battle, [are] forty and four thousand and seven hundred and sixty, going out to the host.
5:19 And they make war with the Hagarites, and Jetur, and Naphish, and Nodab,
5:20 and they are helped against them, and the Hagarites are given into their hand, and all who [are] with them, for they cried to God in battle, and He was entreated of them, because they trusted in Him.
5:21 And they take captive their cattle, of their camels fifty thousand, and of sheep two hundred and fifty thousand, and of asses two thousand, and of human beings a hundred thousand;
5:22 for many have fallen pierced, for of God [is] the battle; and they dwell in their stead till the removal.
5:23 And the sons of the half of the tribe of Manasseh dwelt in the land, from Bashan unto Baal-Hermon, and Senir, and mount Hermon, they have multiplied.
5:24 And these [are] heads of the house of their fathers, even Epher, and Ishi, and Eliel, and Azriel, and Jeremiah, and Hodaviah, and Jahdiel, men mighty in valour, men of name, heads to the house of their fathers.
5:25 And they trespass against the God of their fathers, and go a-whoring after the gods of the peoples of the land whom God destroyed from their presence;
5:26 and stir up doth the God of Israel the spirit of Pul king of Asshur, and the spirit of Tilgath-Pilneser king of Asshur, and he removeth them -- even the Reubenite, and the Gadite, and the half of the tribe of Manasseh -- and bringeth them in to Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and the river of Gozan unto this day.
6:1 Sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
6:2 And the sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel.
6:3 And sons of Amram: Aaron, and Moses, and Miriam. And sons of Aaron: Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.
6:4 Eleazar begat Phinehas, Phinehas begat Abishua,
6:5 and Abishua begat Bukki, and Bukki begat Uzzi,
6:6 and Uzzi begat Zerahiah, and Zerahiah begat Meraioth,
6:7 Meraioth begat Amariah, and Amariah begat Ahitub,
6:8 and Ahitub begat Zadok, and Zadok begat Ahimaaz,
6:9 and Ahimaaz begat Azariah, and Azariah begat Johanan,
6:10 and Johanan begat Azariah, him who acted as priest in the house that Solomon built in Jerusalem.
6:11 And Azariah begetteth Amariah, and Amariah begat Ahitub,
6:12 and Ahitub begat Zadok, and Zadok begat Shallum,
6:13 and Shallum begat Hilkiah, and Hilkiah begat Azariah,
6:14 and Azariah begat Seraiah, and Seraiah begat Jehozadak;
6:15 and Jehozadak hath gone in Jehovah's removing Judah and Jerusalem by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar.
6:16 Sons of Levi: Gershom, Kohath, and Merari.
6:17 And these [are] names of sons of Gershom: Libni and Shimei.
6:18 And sons of Kohath: Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel.
6:19 Sons of Merari; Mahli and Mushi. And these [are] families of the Levite according to their fathers;
6:20 of Gershom: Libni his son, Jahath his son, Zimmah his son,
6:21 Joah his son, Iddo his son, Zerah his son, Jeaterai his son.
6:22 Sons of Kohath: Amminadab his son, Korah his son, Assir his son,
6:23 Elkanah his son, and Ebiasaph his son, and Assir his son,
6:24 Tahath his son, Uriel his son, Uzziah his son, and Shaul his son.
6:25 And sons of Elkanah; Amasai and Ahimoth.
6:26 Elkanah; sons of Elkanah: Zophai his son, and Nahath his son,
6:27 Eliab his son, Jeroham his son, Elkanah his son.
6:28 And sons of Samuel: the first-born Vashni, and the second Abijah.
6:29 Sons of Merari: Mahli, Libni his son, Shimei his son, Uzzah his son,
6:30 Shimea his son, Haggiah his son, Asaiah his son.
6:31 And these [are] they whom David stationed over the parts of the song of the house of Jehovah, from the resting of the ark,
6:32 and they are ministering before the tabernacle of the tent of meeting, in song, till the building by Solomon of the house of Jehovah in Jerusalem; and they stand according to their ordinance over their service.
6:33 And these [are] those standing, and their sons: of the sons of the Kohathite: Heman the singer, son of Joel, son of Shemuel,
6:34 son of Elkanah, son of Jeroham, son of Eliel, son of Toah,
6:35 son of Zuph, son of Elkanah, son of Mahath, son of Amasai,
6:36 son of Elkanah, son of Joel, son of Azariah, son of Zephaniah,
6:37 son of Tahath, son of Assir, son of Ebiasaph, son of Korah,
6:38 son of Izhar, son of Kohath, son of Levi, son of Israel.
6:39 And his brother Asaph, who is standing on his right -- Asaph, son of Berachiah, son of Shimea,
6:40 son of Michael, son of Baaseiah, son of Malchiah,
6:41 son of Ethni, son of Zerah, son of Adaiah,
6:42 son of Ethan, son of Zimmah, son of Shimei,
6:43 son of Jahath, son of Gershom, son of Levi.
6:44 And sons of Merari, their brethren, [are] on the left. Ethan son of Kishi, son of Abdi, son of Malluch,
6:45 son of Hashabiah, son of Amaziah, son of Hilkiah,
6:46 son of Amzi, son of Bani, son of Shamer,
6:47 son of Mahli, son of Mushi, son of Merari, son of Levi.
6:48 And their brethren the Levites are put to all the service of the tabernacle of the house of God.
6:49 And Aaron and his sons are making perfume on the altar of the burnt-offering, and on the altar of the perfume, for all the work of the holy of holies, and to make atonement for Israel, according to all that Moses servant of God commanded.
6:50 And these [are] sons of Aaron: Eleazar his son, Phinehas his son, Abishua his son,
6:51 Bukki his son, Uzzi his son, Zerahiah his son,
6:52 Meraioth his son, Amariah his son, Ahitub his son,
6:53 Zadok his son, Ahimaaz his son.
6:54 And these [are] their dwellings, throughout their towers, in their borders, of the sons of Aaron, of the family of the Kohathite, for theirs was the lot;
6:55 and they give to them Hebron in the land of Judah and its suburbs round about it;
6:56 and the field of the city and its villages they gave to Caleb son of Jephunneh.
6:57 And to the sons of Aaron they gave the cities of refuge: Hebron, and Libnah and its suburbs, and Jattir, and Eshtemoa and its suburbs,
6:58 and Hilen and its suburbs, Debir and its suburbs,
6:59 and Ashan and its suburbs, and Beth-Shemesh and its suburbs.
6:60 And from the tribe of Benjamin, Geba and its suburbs, and Allemeth and its suburbs, and Anathoth and its suburbs. All their cities [are] thirteen cities, for their families.
6:61 And to the sons of Kohath, those left of the family of the tribe, from the half of the tribe, the half of Manasseh, by lot, [are] ten cities.
6:62 And to the sons of Gershom, for their families, from the tribe of Issachar, and from the tribe of Asher, and from the tribe of Naphtali, and from the tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen cities.
6:63 To the sons of Merari, for their families, from the tribe of Reuben, and from the tribe of Gad, and from the tribe of Zebulun, by lot, twelve cities.
6:64 And the sons of Israel give to the Levites the cities and their suburbs.
6:65 And they give by lot from the tribe of the sons of Judah, and from the tribe of the sons of Simeon, and from the tribe of the sons of Benjamin, these cities which they call by name;
6:66 and some of the families of the sons of Kohath have cities of their border from the tribe of Ephraim;
6:67 and they give to them the cities of refuge, Shechem and its suburbs in the hill-country of Ephraim, and Gezer and its suburbs,
6:68 and Jokmeam and its suburbs, and Beth-Horan and its suburbs,
6:69 and Aijalon and its suburbs, and Gath-Rimmon and its suburbs;
6:70 and from the half tribe of Manasseh, Aner and its suburbs, and Bileam and its suburbs, for the family of the sons of Kohath who are left.
6:71 To the sons of Gershom from the family of the half of the tribe of Manasseh [are] Golan in Bashan and its suburbs, and Ashtaroth and its suburbs;
6:72 and from the tribe of Issachar; Kedesh and its suburbs, Daberath and its suburbs,
6:73 and Ramoth and its suburbs, and Anem and its suburbs;
6:74 and from the tribe of Asher; Mashal and its suburbs, and Abdon and its suburbs,
6:75 and Hukok and its suburbs, and Rehob and its suburbs;
6:76 and from the tribe of Naphtali: Kedesh in Galilee and its suburbs, and Hammon and its suburbs, and Kirjathaim and its suburbs.
6:77 To the sons of Merari who are left, from the tribe of Zebulun, [are] Rimmon and its suburbs, Tabor and its suburbs;
6:78 and from beyond the Jordan by Jericho, at the east of the Jordan, from the tribe of Reuben, Bezer in the wilderness and its suburbs, and Jahzah and its suburbs,
6:79 and Kedemoth and its suburbs, and Mephaath and its suburbs;
6:80 and from the tribe of Gad: Ramoth in Gilead and its suburbs, and Mahanaim and its suburbs,
6:81 and Heshbon and its suburbs, and Jazer and its suburbs.
7:1 And sons of Issachar; Tola, and Puah, Jashub, and Shimron, four.
7:2 And sons of Tola: Uzzi, and Rephaiah, and Jeriel, and Jahmai, and Jibsam, and Shemuel, heads of the house of their fathers, [even] of Tola, mighty of valour in their generations: their number in the days of David [is] twenty and two thousand and six hundred.
7:3 And sons of Uzzi: Izrahiah; and sons of Izrahiah: Michael, and Obadiah, and Joel, Ishiah, Hamishah -- all of them heads.
7:4 And beside them, by their generations, of the house of their fathers, [are] troops of the host of battle, thirty and six thousand, for they multiplied wives and sons;
7:5 and their brethren of all the families of Issachar [are] mighty of valour, eighty and seven thousand, all have their genealogy.
7:6 Of Benjamin: Bela, and Becher, and Jediael, three.
7:7 And sons of Bela: Ezbon, and Uzzi, and Uzziel, and Jerimoth, and Iri, five; heads of a house of fathers, mighty of valour, with their genealogy, twenty and two thousand, and thirty and four.
7:8 And sons of Becher: Zemirah, and Joash, and Eliezar, and Elioenai, and Omri, and Jerimoth, and Abijah, and Anathoth, and Alameth. All these [are] sons of Becher,
7:9 with their genealogy, after their generations, heads of a house of their fathers, mighty of valour, twenty thousand and two hundred.
7:10 And sons of Jediael: Bilhan; and sons of Bilhan: Jeush, and Benjamin, and Ehud, and Chenaanah, and Zethan, and Tarshish, and Ahishahar.
7:11 All these [are] sons of Jediael, even heads of the fathers, mighty in valour, seventeen thousand and two hundred going out to the host for battle.
7:12 And Shuppim and Huppim [are] sons of Ir; Hushim son of Aher.
7:13 Sons of Naphtali: Jahziel, and Guni, and Jezer, and Shallum, sons of Bilhah.
7:14 Sons of Manasseh: Ashriel, whom Jaladah his Aramaean concubine bare, with Machir father of Gilead.
7:15 And Machir took wives for Huppim and for Shuppim, and the name of the one [is] Maachah, and the name of the second Zelophehad, and Zelophehad hath daughters.
7:16 And Maachah wife of Machir beareth a son and calleth his name Peresh, and the name of his brother [is] Sheresh, and his sons [are] Ulam and Rakem.
7:17 And son of Ulam: Bedan. These [are] sons of Gilead son of Machir, son of Manasseh.
7:18 And his sister Hammolecheth bare Ishhod, and Abiezer, and Mahalah.
7:19 And the sons of Shemida are Ahian, and Shechem, and Likhi, and Aniam.
7:20 And sons of Ephraim: Shuthelah, and Bered his son, and Tahath his son, and Eladah his son, and Tahath his son,
7:21 and Zabad his son, and Shuthelah his son, and Ezer, and Elead; and slain them have men of Gath who are born in the land, because they came down to take their cattle.
7:22 And Ephraim their father mourneth many days, and his brethren come in to comfort him,
7:23 and he goeth in unto his wife, and she conceiveth and beareth a son, and he calleth his name Beriah, because in evil had been his house, --
7:24 and his daughter [is] Sherah, and she buildeth Beth-Horon, the lower and the upper, and Uzzen-Sherah --
7:25 and Rephah [is] his son, and Resheph, and Telah his son, and Tahan his son,
7:26 Laadan his son, Ammihud his son, Elishama his son,
7:27 Non his son, Jehoshua his son.
7:28 And their possession and their dwellings [are] Beth-El and its small towns, and to the east Naaran, and to the west Gezer and its small towns, and Shechem and its small towns, unto Gaza and its small towns;
7:29 and by the parts of the sons of Manasseh, Beth-Shean and its small towns, Taanach and its small towns, Megiddo and its small towns, Dor and its small towns; in these dwelt the sons of Joseph son of Israel.
7:30 Son of Asher: Imnah, and Ishve, and Ishvi, and Beriah, and Serah their sister.
7:31 And sons of Beriah: Heber, and Malchiel -- he [is] father of Birzavith.
7:32 And Heber begat Japhlet, and Shomer, and Hotham, and Shua their sister.
7:33 And sons of Japhlet: Pasach, and Bimhal, and Ashvath; these [are] sons of Japhlet.
7:34 and sons of Shamer: Ahi, and Rohgah, Jehubbah, and Aram.
7:35 And son of Helem his brother: Zophah, and Imna, and Shelesh, and Amal.
7:36 Sons of Zophah: Suah, and Harnepher, and Shual, and Beri, and Imrah,
7:37 Bezer, and Hod, and Shamma, and Shilshah, and Ithran, and Beera.
7:38 And sons of Jether: Jephunneh, and Pispah, and Ara.
7:39 And sons of Ulla: Arah, and Hanniel, and Rezia.
7:40 All these [are] sons of Asher, heads of the house of the fathers, chosen ones, mighty in valour, heads of the princes, with their genealogy, for the host, for battle, their number [is] twenty and six thousand men.
8:1 And Benjamin begat Bela his first-born, Ashbel the second, and Aharah the third,
8:2 Nohah the fourth, and Rapha the fifth.
8:3 And there are sons to Bela: Addar, and Gera,
8:4 and Abihud, and Abishua, and Naaman, and Ahoah,
8:5 and Gera, and Shephuphan, and Huram.
8:6 And these [are] sons of Ehud: they are heads of fathers to the inhabitants of Geba, and they remove them unto Manahath;
8:7 and Naaman, and Ahiah, and Gera, he removed them, and begat Uzza and Ahihud.
8:8 And Shaharaim begat in the field of Moab, after his sending them away; Hushim and Baara [are] his wives.
8:9 And he begetteth of Hodesh his wife, Jobab, and Zibia, and Mesha, and Malcham,
8:10 and Jeuz, and Shachiah, and Mirmah. These [are] his sons, heads of fathers.
8:11 And of Hushim he begat Ahitub and Elpaal.
8:12 And sons of Elpaal: Eber, and Misheam, and Shamer, (he built Ono and Lod and its small towns),
8:13 and Beriah and Shema, (they [are] the heads of fathers to the inhabitants of Aijalon -- they caused to flee the inhabitants of Gath),
8:14 and Ahio, Shashak, and Jeremoth,
8:15 and Zebadiah, and Arad, and Ader,
8:16 and Michael, and Ispah, and Joha, sons of Beriah,
8:17 and Zebadiah, and Meshullam, and Hezeki, and Heber,
8:18 and Ishmerai, and Jezliah, and Jobab, sons of Elpaal;
8:19 And Jakim, and Zichri, and Zabdi,
8:20 and Elienai, and Zillethai, and Eliel,
8:21 and Adaiah, and Beraiah, and Shimrath, sons of Shimei;
8:22 And Ishpan, and Heber, and Eliel,
8:23 and Abdon, and Zichri, and Hanan,
8:24 and Hananiah, and Elam, and Antothijah,
8:25 and Iphedeiah, and Penuel, sons of Shashak;
8:26 And Shamsherai, and Shehariah, and Athaliah,
8:27 and Jaareshiah, and Eliah, and Zichri, sons of Jeroham.
8:28 These [are] heads of fathers, by their generations, heads; these dwelt in Jerusalem.
8:29 And in Gibeon hath the father of Gibeon dwelt, and the name of his wife [is] Maachah;
8:30 and his son, the first-born, [is] Abdon, and Zur, and Kish, and Baal, and Nadab,
8:31 and Gedor, and Ahio, and Zacher;
8:32 and Mikloth begat Shimeah. And they also over-against their brethren dwelt in Jerusalem with their brethren.
8:33 And Ner begat Kish, and Kish begat Saul, and Saul begat Jonathan, and Malchi-Shua, and Abinadab, and Esh-Baal.
8:34 And a son of Jonathan [is] Merib-Baal, and Merib-Baal begat Micah;
8:35 and sons of Micah: Pithon, and Melech, and Tarea, and Ahaz:
8:36 and Ahaz begat Jehoadah, and Jehoadah begat Alemeth, and Azmaveth, and Zimri; and Zimri begat Moza,
8:37 and Moza begat Binea, Raphah [is] his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son.
8:38 And to Azel [are] six sons, and these [are] their names: Azrikam, Bocheru, and Ishmael, and Sheariah, and Obadiah, and Hanan. All these [are] sons of Azel.
8:39 And sons of Eshek his brother: Ulam his first-born, Jehush the second, and Eliphelet the third.
8:40 And the sons of Ulam are men mighty in valour, treading bow, and multiplying sons and son's sons, a hundred and fifty. All these [are] of the sons of Benjamin.
9:1 And all Israel have reckoned themselves by genealogy, and lo, they are written on the book of the kings of Israel and Judah -- they were removed to Babylon for their trespass.
9:2 And the first inhabitants, who [are] in their possession, in their cities, of Israel, [are] the priests, the Levites, and the Nethinim.
9:3 And in Jerusalem dwelt of the sons of Judah, and of the sons of Benjamin, and of the sons of Ephraim and Manasseh:
9:4 Uthai son of Ammihud, son of Omri, son of Imri, son of Bani, of the sons of Pharez, son of Judah.
9:5 And of the Shilonite: Asaiah the first-born, and his sons.
9:6 And of the sons of Zerah: Jeuel, and their brethren, six hundred and ninety.
9:7 And of the sons of Benjamin: Sallu son of Meshullam, son of Hodaviah, son of Hassenuah,
9:8 and Ibneiah son of Jeroham, and Elah son of Uzzi, son of Michri, and Meshullam son of Shephatiah, son of Reuel, son of Ibnijah.
9:9 And their brethren, according to their generations, [are] nine hundred and fifty and six. All these [are] men, heads of fathers, according to the house of their fathers.
9:10 And of the priests: Jedaiah, and Jehoiarib, and Jachin,
9:11 and Azariah son of Hilkiah, son of Meshullam, son of Zadok, son of Meraioth, son of Ahitub, leader in the house of God;
9:12 and Adaiah son of Jeroham, son of Pashhur, son of Malchijah, and Maasai son of Adiel, son of Jahzerah, son of Meshullam, son of Meshillemith, son of Immer.
9:13 And their brethren, heads to the house of their fathers, a thousand and seven hundred and sixty, mighty in valour, [are] for the work of the service of the house of God.
9:14 And of the Levites: Shemaiah son of Hashshub, son of Azrikam, son of Hashabiah, of the sons of Merari;
9:15 and Bakbakkar, Heresh, and Galal, and Mattaniah son of Micah, son of Zichri, son of Asaph;
9:16 and Obadiah son of Shemariah, son of Galal, son of Jeduthun, and Berechiah, son of Asa, son of Elkanah, who is dwelling in the villages of the Netophathite.
9:17 And the gatekeepers [are] Shallum, and Akkub, and Talmon, and Ahiman, and their brethren -- Shallum [is] the head;
9:18 and hitherto they [are] at the gate of the king eastward; they [are] the gatekeepers for the companies of the sons of Levi.
9:19 And Shallum son of Kore, son of Ebiasaph, son of Korah, and his brethren, of the house of his father, the Korahites, [are] over the work of the service, keepers of the thresholds of the tent, and their fathers [are] over the camp of Jehovah, keepers of the entrance;
9:20 and Phinehas son of Eleazar hath been leader over them formerly; Jehovah [is] with him.
9:21 Zechariah son of Meshelemiah [is] gatekeeper at the opening of the tent of meeting.
9:22 All of those who are chosen for gatekeepers at the thresholds [are] two hundred and twelve; they [are] in their villages, by their genealogy; they whom David and Samuel the seer appointed in their office.
9:23 And they and their sons [are] over the gates of the house of Jehovah, even of the house of the tent, by watches.
9:24 At four sides are the gatekeepers, east, west, north, and south.
9:25 And their brethren in their villages [are] to come in for seven days from time to time with these.
9:26 For in office [are] the four chiefs of the gatekeepers, they are Levites, and they have been over the chambers, and over the treasuries of the house of God,
9:27 and round about the house of God they lodge, for on them [is] the watch, and they [are] over the opening, even morning by morning.
9:28 And [some] of them [are] over the vessels of service, for by number they bring them in, and by number they take them out.
9:29 And [some] of them are appointed over the vessels, even over all the vessels of the sanctuary, and over the fine flour, and the wine, and the oil, and the frankincense, and the spices.
9:30 And [some] of the sons of the priests are mixing the mixture for spices.
9:31 And Mattithiah, of the Levites (he [is] the first-born to Shallum the Korahite), [is] in office over the work of the pans.
9:32 And of the sons of the Kohathite, [some] of their brethren [are] over the bread of the arrangement, to prepare [it] sabbath by sabbath.
9:33 And these who sing, heads of fathers of the Levites, in the chambers, [are] free, for by day and by night [they are] over them in the work.
9:34 These heads of the fathers of the Levites throughout their generations [are] heads. These have dwelt in Jerusalem.
9:35 And in Gibeon dwelt hath the father of Gibeon, Jehiel, and the name of his wife [is] Maachah;
9:36 and his son, the first-born, [is] Abdon, and Zur, and Kish, and Baal, and Ner, and Nadab,
9:37 and Gedor, and Ahio, and Zechariah, and Mikloth.
9:38 And Mikloth begat Shimeam, and they also, over-against their brethren, have dwelt in Jerusalem with their brethren.
9:39 And Ner begat Kish, and Kish begat Saul, and Saul begat Jonathan, and Malchi-Shua, and Abinadab, and Esh-Baal.
9:40 And a son of Jonathan [is] Merib-Baal, and Merib-Baal begat Micah.
9:41 And sons of Micah: Pithon, and Melech, and Tahrea,
9:42 and Ahaz -- he begat Jaarah, and Jaarah begat Alemeth, and Azmaveth, and Zimri, and Zimri begat Moza,
9:43 and Moza begat Binea, and Rephaiah [is] his son. Eleasah his son, Azel his son.
9:44 And to Azel [are] six sons, and these their names: Azrikam, Bocheru, and Ishmael, and Sheariah, and Obadiah, and Hanan: these [are] sons of Azel.
10:1 And the Philistines have fought with Israel, and the men of Israel flee from the face of the Philistines, and fall wounded in mount Gilboa,
10:2 and the Philistines pursue after Saul, and after his sons, and the Philistines smite Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Malchi-Shua, sons of Saul.
10:3 And the battle [is] heavy on Saul, and those shooting with the bow find him, and he is wounded by those shooting,
10:4 and Saul saith unto the bearer of his weapons, `Draw thy sword, and pierce me with it, lest these uncircumcised come -- and have abused me.' And the bearer of his weapons hath not been willing, for he feareth exceedingly, and Saul taketh the sword, and falleth upon it;
10:5 and the bearer of his weapons seeth that Saul [is] dead, and falleth, he also, on the sword, and dieth;
10:6 and Saul dieth, and his three sons, and all his house -- together they died.
10:7 And all the men of Israel who [are] in the valley see that they have fled, and that Saul and his sons have died, and they forsake their cities and flee, and the Philistines come and dwell in them.
10:8 And it cometh to pass, on the morrow, that the Philistines come to strip the wounded, and find Saul and his sons fallen in mount Gilboa,
10:9 and strip him, and bear away his head, and his weapons, and send into the land of the Philistines round about to proclaim tidings [to] their idols and the people,
10:10 and put his weapons in the house of their gods, and his skull they have fixed in the house of Dagon.
10:11 And all Jabesh-Gilead hear of all that the Philistines have done to Saul,
10:12 and all the men of valour rise and bear away the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, and bring them in to Jabesh, and bury their bones under the oak in Jabesh, and fast seven days.
10:13 And Saul dieth because of his trespass that he trespassed against Jehovah, against the word of Jehovah that he kept not, and also for asking at a familiar spirit -- to inquire, --
10:14 and he inquired not at Jehovah, and He putteth him to death, and turneth round the kingdom to David son of Jesse.
11:1 And gathered are all Israel unto David to Hebron, saying, `Lo, thy bone and thy flesh [are] we;
11:2 even in time past, even in Saul's being king, it is thou who art taking out and bringing in Israel, and Jehovah thy God saith to thee: Thou dost feed My people Israel, and thou art leader over My people Israel.'
11:3 And all the elders of Israel come in unto the king to Hebron, and David maketh with them a covenant in Hebron before Jehovah, and they anoint David for king over Israel, according to the word of Jehovah by the hand of Samuel.
11:4 And David goeth, and all Israel, to Jerusalem -- it [is] Jebus -- and there the Jebusite, the inhabitants of the land.
11:5 And the inhabitants of Jebus say to David, `Thou dost not come in hither;' and David captureth the fortress of Zion -- it [is] the city of David.
11:6 And David saith, `Whoever smiteth the Jebusite first doth become head and prince;' and go up first doth Joab son of Zeruiah and becometh head.
11:7 And David dwelleth in the fortress, therefore they have called it, `City of David;'
11:8 and he buildeth the city round about, from Millo, and unto the circumference, and Joab restoreth the rest of the city.
11:9 And David goeth, going on and becoming great, and Jehovah of Hosts [is] with him.
11:10 And these [are] heads of the mighty ones whom David hath, who are strengthening themselves with him in his kingdom, with all Israel, to cause him to reign, according to the word of Jehovah, over Israel.
11:11 And this [is] an account of the mighty ones whom David hath: Jashobeam son of a Hachmonite [is] head of the thirty; he is lifting up his spear against three hundred -- wounded, at one time.
11:12 And after him [is] Eleazar son of Dodo the Ahohite, he [is] among the three mighty;
11:13 he hath been with David in Pas-Dammim, and the Philistines have been gathered there to battle, and a portion of the field is full of barley, and the people have fled from the face of the Philistines,
11:14 and they station themselves in the midst of the portion, and deliver it, and smite the Philistines, and Jehovah saveth -- a great salvation.
11:15 And three of the thirty heads go down on the rock unto David, unto the cave of Adullam, and the host of the Philistines is encamping in the valley of Rephaim,
11:16 and David [is] then in the fortress, and the station of the Philistines [is] then in Beth-Lehem,
11:17 and David longeth, and saith, `Who doth give me to drink water from the well of Beth-Lehem, that [is] at the gate!'
11:18 And the three break through the camp of the Philistines, and draw water from the well of Beth-Lehem, that [is] at the gate, and bear and bring in unto David, and David hath not been willing to drink it, and poureth it out to Jehovah,
11:19 and saith, `Far be it from me, by my God, to do this; the blood of these men do I drink with their lives? for with their lives they have brought it;' and he was not willing to drink it; these [things] did the three mighty ones.
11:20 And Abishai brother of Joab, he hath been head of the three: and he is lifting up his spear against three hundred -- wounded, and hath a name among three.
11:21 Of the three by the two he is honoured, and becometh their head; and unto the [first] three he hath not come.
11:22 Benaiah son of Jehoiada, son of a man of valour, of great deeds, from Kabzeel: he hath smitten the two lion-like Moabites, and he hath gone down and smitten the lion in the midst of the pit, in the day of snow.
11:23 And he hath smitten the man, the Egyptian -- a man of measure, five by the cubit -- and in the hand of the Egyptian [is] a spear like a beam of weavers, and he goeth down unto him with a rod, and taketh violently away the spear out of the hand of the Egyptian, and slayeth him with his own spear.
11:24 These [things] hath Benaiah son of Jehoiada done, and hath a name among the three mighty ones.
11:25 Of the thirty, lo, he [is] honoured, and unto the [first] three he hath not come, and David setteth him over his guard.
11:26 And the mighty ones of the forces [are] Asahel brother of Joab, Elhanan son of Dodo of Beth-Lehem,
11:27 Shammoth the Harorite, Helez the Pelonite,
11:28 Ira son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, Abi-Ezer the Annethothite,
11:29 Sibbecai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite,
11:30 Maharai the Netophathite, Heled son of Baanah the Netophathite,
11:31 Ithai son of Ribai of Gibeah, of the sons of Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite,
11:32 Hurai of the brooks of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite,
11:33 Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite,
11:34 the sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan son of Shage the Hararite,
11:35 Ahiam son of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal son of Ur,
11:36 Hepher the Mecherathite, Ahijah the Pelonite,
11:37 Hezor the Carmelite, Naarai son of Ezbai,
11:38 Joel brother of Nathan, Mibhar son of Haggeri,
11:39 Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, bearer of the weapons of Joab son of Zeruiah,
11:40 Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite,
11:41 Uriah the Hittite, Zabad son of Ahlai,
11:42 Adina son of Shiza the Reubenite, head of the Reubenites, and by him thirty,
11:43 Hanan son of Maachah, and Joshaphat the Mithnite,
11:44 Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jehiel sons of Hothan the Aroerite,
11:45 Jediael son of Shimri, and Joha his brother the Tizite,
11:46 Eliel the Mahavite, and Jeribai, and Joshaviah, sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite,
11:47 Eliel, and Obed, and Jaasiel the Mesobaite.
12:1 And these [are] those coming in unto David to Ziklag, while shut up because of Saul son of Kish, and they [are] among the mighty ones, helping the battle,
12:2 armed with bow, right and left handed, with stones, and with arrows, with bows, of the brethren of Saul, of Benjamin.
12:3 The head [is] Ahiezer, and Joash, sons of Shemaab the Gibeathite, and Jeziel, and Pelet, sons of Azmaveth, and Berachah, and Jehu the Antothite,
12:4 and Ishmaiah the Gibeonite, a mighty one among the thirty, and over the thirty, and Jeremiah, and Jahaziel, and Johanan, and Josabad the Gederathite.
12:5 Eluzai, and Jerimoth, and Bealiah, and Shemariah, and Shephatiah the Haruphite;
12:6 Elkanah, and Jesiah, and Azareel, and Joezer, and Jashobeam the Korhites,
12:7 and Joelah, and Zebadiah, sons of Jeroham of Gedor.
12:8 And of the Gadite there have been separated unto David, to the fortress, to the wilderness, mighty of valour, men of the host for battle, setting in array target and buckler, and their faces the face of the lion, and as roes on the mountains for speed:
12:9 Ezer the head, Obadiah the second, Eliab the third,
12:10 Mishmannah the fourth, Jeremiah the fifth,
12:11 Attai the sixth, Eliel the seventh,
12:12 Johanan the eighth, Elzabad the ninth,
12:13 Jeremiah the tenth, Machbannai the eleventh.
12:14 These [are] of the sons of Gad, heads of the host, one of a hundred [is] the least, and the greatest, of a thousand;
12:15 these [are] they who have passed over the Jordan in the first month, -- and it is full over all its banks -- and cause all [they of] the valley to flee to the east and to the west.
12:16 And there come of the sons of Benjamin and Judah unto the stronghold to David,
12:17 and David goeth out before them, and answereth and saith to them, `If for peace ye have come in unto me, to help me, I have a heart to unite with you; and if to betray me to mine adversaries -- without violence in my hands -- the God of our fathers doth see and reprove.'
12:18 And the Spirit hath clothed Amasai, head of the captains: `To thee, O David, and with thee, O son of Jesse -- peace! peace to thee, and peace to thy helper, for thy God hath helped thee;' and David receiveth them, and putteth them among the heads of the troop.
12:19 And of Manasseh there have fallen unto David in his coming with the Philistines against Israel to battle -- and they helped them not, for by counsel the princes of the Philistines sent him away, saying, `With our heads he doth fall unto his master Saul.' --
12:20 In his going unto Ziglag there have fallen unto him of Manasseh, Adnah, and Jozabad, and Jediael, and Michael, and Jozabad, and Elihu, and Zillthai, heads of the thousands that [are] of Manasseh;
12:21 and they have helped with David over the troop, for mighty of valour [are] all of them, and they are captains in the host,
12:22 for at that time, day by day, they come in unto David to help him, till it is a great camp, like a camp of God.
12:23 And these [are] the numbers of the head, of the armed men of the host; they have come in unto David to Hebron to turn round the kingdom of Saul unto him, according to the mouth of Jehovah.
12:24 The sons of Judah, bearing target and spear, [are] six thousand and eight hundred, armed ones of the host.
12:25 Of the sons of Simeon, mighty ones of valour for the host, [are] seven thousand and a hundred.
12:26 Of the sons of Levi [are] four thousand and six hundred;
12:27 and Jehoiada [is] the leader of the Aaronite, and with him [are] three thousand and seven hundred,
12:28 and Zadok, a young man, mighty of valour, and of the house of his father [are] twenty and two heads.
12:29 And of the sons of Benjamin, brethren of Saul, [are] three thousand, and hitherto their greater part are keeping the charge of the house of Saul.
12:30 And of the sons of Ephraim [are] twenty thousand and eight hundred, mighty of valour, men of name, according to the house of their fathers.
12:31 And of the half of the tribe of Manasseh [are] eighteen thousand, who have been defined by name, to come in to cause David to reign.
12:32 And of the sons of Issachar, having understanding for the times, to know what Israel should do; their heads [are] two hundred, and all their brethren [are] at their command.
12:33 Of Zebulun, going forth to the host, arranging battle with all instruments of battle, [are] fifty thousand, and keeping rank without a double heart.
12:34 And of Naphtali, a thousand heads, and with them, with target and spear, [are] thirty and seven thousand.
12:35 And of the Danite, arranging battle, [are] twenty and eight thousand and six hundred.
12:36 And of Asher, going forth to the host, to arrange battle, [are] forty thousand.
12:37 And from beyond the Jordan, of the Reubenite, and of the Gadite, and of the half of the tribe of Manasseh, with all instruments of the host for battle, [are] a hundred and twenty thousand.
12:38 All these [are] men of war, keeping rank -- with a perfect heart they have come to Hebron, to cause David to reign over all Israel, and also all the rest of Israel [are] of one heart, to cause David to reign,
12:39 and they are there, with David, three days, eating and drinking, for their brethren have prepared for them.
12:40 And also those near unto them, unto Issachar, and Zebulun, and Naphtali, are bringing in bread on asses, and on camels, and on mules, and on oxen -- food of fine flour, fig-cakes and grape-cakes, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep, in abundance, for joy [is] in Israel.
13:1 And David consulteth with the heads of the thousands, and of the hundreds, every leader,
13:2 and David saith to all the assembly of Israel, `If unto you it be good, and from Jehovah our God it hath broken forth -- we send unto our brethren, those left in all the lands of Israel, and with them the priests and the Levites, in the cities of their suburbs, and they are gathered unto us,
13:3 and we bring round the ark of our God unto us, for we sought Him not in the days of Saul.'
13:4 And all the assembly say to do so, for the thing is right in the eyes of all the people.
13:5 And David assembleth all Israel from Shihor of Egypt even unto the entering in of Hamath, to bring in the ark of God from Kirjath-Jearim,
13:6 and David goeth up, and all Israel, to Baalah, unto Kirjath-Jearim that [is] to Judah, to bring up thence the ark of God Jehovah, inhabiting the cherubs, where the Name is called on.
13:7 And they place the ark of God on a new cart, from the house of Abinadab, and Uzza and Ahio are leading the cart,
13:8 and David and all Israel are playing before God, with all strength, and with songs, and with harps, and with psalteries, and with timbrels, and with cymbals, and with trumpets.
13:9 And they come in unto the threshing-floor of Chidon, and Uzza putteth forth his hand to seize the ark, for the oxen were released,
13:10 and the anger of Jehovah is kindled against Uzza, and He smiteth him, because that he hath put forth his hand on the ark, and he dieth there before God.
13:11 And it is displeasing to David, because Jehovah hath made a breach upon Uzza, and one calleth that place `Breach of Uzza' unto this day.
13:12 And David feareth God on that day, saying, `How do I bring in unto me the ark of God?'
13:13 And David hath not turned aside the ark unto himself, unto the city of David, and turneth it aside unto the house of Obed-Edom the Gittite.
13:14 And the ark of God dwelleth with the household of Obed-Edom, in his house, three months, and Jehovah blesseth the house of Obed-Edom, and all that he hath.
14:1 And Huram king of Tyre sendeth messengers unto David, and cedar-wood, and artificers of walls, and artificers of wood, to build to him a house.
14:2 And David knoweth that Jehovah hath established him for king over Israel, because of the lifting up on high of his kingdom, for the sake of His people Israel.
14:3 And David taketh again wives in Jerusalem, and David begetteth again sons and daughters;
14:4 and these [are] the names of the children whom he hath in Jerusalem: Shammua, and Shobab, Nathan, and Solomon,
14:5 and Ibhar, and Elishua, and Elpalet,
14:6 and Nogah, and Nepheg, and Japhia,
14:7 and Elishama, and Beeliada, and Eliphalet.
14:8 And the Philistines hear that David hath been anointed for king over all Israel, and all the Philistines go up to seek David, and David heareth, and goeth out before them.
14:9 And the Philistines have come, and rush into the valley of Rephaim,
14:10 and David asketh of God, saying, `Do I go up against the Philistines -- and hast Thou given them into my hand?' And Jehovah saith to him, `Go up, and I have given them into thy hand.'
14:11 And they go up into Baal-Perazim, and David smiteth them there, and David saith, `God hath broken up mine enemies by my hand, like the breaking up of waters;' therefore they have called the name of that place Baal-Perazim.
14:12 And they leave there their gods, and David speaketh, and they are burnt with fire.
14:13 And the Philistines add again, and rush into the valley,
14:14 and David asketh again of God, and God saith to him, `Do not go up after them, turn round from them, and thou hast come to them from over-against the mulberries;
14:15 and it cometh to pass, when thou hearest the sound of the stepping at the heads of the mulberries, then thou goest out into battle, for God hath gone out before thee to smite the camp of the Philistines.'
14:16 And David doth as God commanded him, and they smite the camp of the Philistines from Gibeon even unto Gazer;
14:17 and the name of David goeth out into all the lands, and Jehovah hath put his fear on all the nations.
15:1 And he maketh for himself houses in the city of David, and prepareth a place for the ark of God, and stretcheth out for it a tent.
15:2 Then said David, `None [are] to carry the ark of God, except the Levites, for on them hath Jehovah fixed to carry the ark of God, and to serve Him -- unto the age.'
15:3 And David assembleth all Israel unto Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of Jehovah unto its place that he had prepared for it.
15:4 And David gathereth the sons of Aaron, and the Levites.
15:5 Of sons of Kohath: Uriel the chief, and his brethren, a hundred and twenty.
15:6 Of sons of Merari: Asaiah the chief, and his brethren, two hundred and twenty.
15:7 Of sons of Gershom: Joel the chief, and his brethren, a hundred and thirty.
15:8 Of sons of Elizaphan: Shemaiah the chief, and his brethren, two hundred.
15:9 Of sons of Hebron: Eliel the chief, and his brethren, eighty.
15:10 Of sons of Uzziel: Amminadab the chief, and his brethren, a hundred and twelve.
15:11 And David calleth to Zadok and to Abiathar the priests, and to the Levites, to Uriel, Asaiah, and Joel, Shemaiah, and Eliel, and Amminadab,
15:12 and saith to them, `Ye [are] heads of the fathers of the Levites; sanctify yourselves, ye and your brethren, and ye have brought up the ark of Jehovah, God of Israel, unto [the place] I have prepared for it;
15:13 because at the first [it was] not ye, Jehovah our God made a breach upon us, because we sought Him not according to the ordinance.'
15:14 And the priests and the Levites sanctify themselves, to bring up the ark of Jehovah, God of Israel;
15:15 and sons of the Levites bear the ark of God, as Moses commanded, according to the word of Jehovah, on their shoulder, with staves, above them.
15:16 And David saith to the heads of the Levites to appoint their brethren the singers, with instruments of song, psalteries, and harps, and cymbals, sounding, to lift up with the voice for joy.
15:17 And the Levites appoint Heman son of Joel, and of his brethren, Asaph son of Berechiah, and of the sons of Merari their brethren, Ethan son of Kushaiah;
15:18 and with them their brethren, the seconds [in rank], Zechariah, Ben, and Jaaziel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Unni, Eliab, and Benaiah, and Maaseiah, and Mattithiah, and Elipheleh, and Mikneiah; and Obed-Edom and Jeiel the gatekeepers;
15:19 and the singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan, with cymbals of brass to sound,
15:20 and Zechariah, and Aziel, and Shemiramoth, and Jeheil, and Unni, and Eliab, and Maaseiah, and Benaiah, with psalteries besides virgins,
15:21 and Mattithiah, and Elipheleh, and Mikneiah, and Obed-Edom, and Jeiel, and Azaziah, with harps, on the octave, to oversee.
15:22 And Chenaniah, head of the Levites, [is] over the burden; he instructeth about the burden, for he [is] intelligent.
15:23 And Berechiah and Elkanah [are] gatekeepers for the ark.
15:24 And Shebaniah, and Joshaphat, and Nethaneel, and Amasai, and Zechariah, and Benaiah, and Eliezer the priests, are blowing with trumpets before the ark of God; and Obed-Edom and Jehiah [are] gatekeepers for the ark.
15:25 And it is David, and the elders of Israel, and the heads of the thousands, who are going to bring up the ark of the covenant of Jehovah from the house of Obed-Edom with joy;
15:26 and it cometh to pass, in God's helping the Levites bearing the ark of the covenant of Jehovah, that they sacrifice seven bullocks and seven rams.
15:27 And David is wrapped in an upper robe of fine linen, and all the Levites who are bearing the ark, and the singers, and Chenaniah head of the burden of the singers; and on David [is] an Ephod of linen.
15:28 And all Israel are bringing up the ark of the covenant of Jehovah with shouting, and with the sound of a cornet, and with trumpets, and with cymbals, sounding with psalteries and harps,
15:29 and it cometh to pass, the ark of the covenant of Jehovah is entering in unto the city of David, and Michal daughter of Saul is looking through the window, and seeth king David dancing and playing, and despiseth him in her heart.
16:1 And they bring in the ark of God, and set it up in the midst of the tent that David hath stretched out for it, and they bring near burnt-offerings and peace-offerings before God;
16:2 and David ceaseth from offering the burnt-offering and the peace-offerings, and blesseth the people in the name of Jehovah,
16:3 and giveth a portion to every man of Israel, both man and woman: to each a cake of bread, and a measure of wine, and a grape-cake.
16:4 And he putteth before the ark of Jehovah, of the Levites, ministers, even to make mention of, and to thank, and to give praise to Jehovah, God of Israel,
16:5 Asaph the head, and his second Zechariah; Jeiel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Mattithiah, and Eliab, and Benaiah, and Obed-Edom, and Jeiel, with instruments of psalteries, and with harps; and Asaph with cymbals is sounding;
16:6 and Benaiah and Jahaziel the priests [are] with trumpets continually before the ark of the covenant of God.
16:7 On that day then hath David given at the beginning to give thanks to Jehovah by the hand of Asaph and his brethren: --
16:8 Give thanks to Jehovah, call in His name, Make known among the peoples His doings.
16:9 Sing ye to Him, sing psalms to Him, Meditate on all His wonders.
16:10 Boast yourselves in His holy name, Rejoice doth the heart of those seeking Jehovah.
16:11 Seek ye Jehovah and His strength, Seek His face continually.
16:12 Remember His wonders that He did, His signs, and the judgments of His mouth,
16:13 O seed of Israel, His servant, O sons of Jacob, His chosen ones!
16:14 He [is] Jehovah our God, In all the earth [are] His judgments.
16:15 Remember ye to the age His covenant, The word He commanded -- To a thousand generations,
16:16 Which He hath made with Abraham, And His oath -- to Isaac,
16:17 And He establisheth it to Jacob for a statute, To Israel -- a covenant age-during.
16:18 Saying: To thee I give the land of Canaan, The portion of your inheritance,
16:19 When ye are few of number, As a little thing, and sojourners in it.
16:20 And they go up and down, From nation unto nation, And from a kingdom unto another people.
16:21 He hath not suffered any to oppress them, And reproveth on their account kings:
16:22 Come not against Mine anointed ones, And against My prophets do not evil.
16:23 Sing to Jehovah, all the earth, Proclaim from day unto day His salvation.
16:24 Rehearse among nations His glory, Among all the peoples His wonders.
16:25 For great [is] Jehovah, and praised greatly, And fearful He [is] above all gods.
16:26 For all gods of the peoples [are] nought, And Jehovah the heavens hath made.
16:27 Honour and majesty [are] before Him, Strength and joy [are] in His place.
16:28 Ascribe to Jehovah, ye families of peoples, Ascribe to Jehovah honour and strength.
16:29 Ascribe to Jehovah the honour of His name, Lift up a present, and come before Him. Bow yourselves to Jehovah, In the beauty of holiness.
16:30 Be pained before Him, all the earth:
16:31 Also, established is the world, It is not moved! The heavens rejoice, and the earth is glad, And they say among nations: Jehovah hath reigned.
16:32 Roar doth the sea, and its fulness, Exult doth the field, and all that [is] in it,
16:33 Then sing do trees of the forest, From the presence of Jehovah, For He hath come to judge the earth!
16:34 Give thanks to Jehovah, for good, For to the age, [is] His kindness,
16:35 And say, Save us, O God of our salvation, And gather us, and deliver us from the nations, To give thanks to Thy holy name, To triumph in Thy praise.
16:36 Blessed [is] Jehovah, God of Israel, From the age and unto the age;' And all the people say, `Amen,' and have given praise to Jehovah.
16:37 And he leaveth there before the ark of the covenant of Jehovah, for Asaph and for his brethren, to minister before the ark continually, according to the matter of a day in its day,
16:38 both Obed-Edom and their brethren, sixty and eight, and Obed-Edom son of Jeduthun, and Hosah for gatekeepers,
16:39 and Zadok the priest, and his brethren the priests, before the tabernacle of Jehovah, in a high place that [is] in Gibeon,
16:40 to cause to ascend burnt-offerings to Jehovah, on the altar of burnt-offering continually, morning and evening, and for all that is written in the law of Jehovah, that He charged on Israel.
16:41 And with them [are] Heman and Jeduthun, and the rest of those chosen, who were defined by name, to give thanks to Jehovah, for to the age [is] His kindness,
16:42 and with them -- Heman and Jeduthun -- [are] trumpets and cymbals for those sounding, and instruments of the song of God, and the sons of Jeduthun [are] at the gate.
16:43 And all the people go, each to his house, and David turneth round to bless his house.
17:1 And it cometh to pass as David sat in his house, that David saith unto Nathan the prophet, `Lo, I am dwelling in a house of cedars, and the ark of the covenant of Jehovah [is] under curtains;'
17:2 and Nathan saith unto David, `All that [is] in thy heart do, for God [is] with thee.'
17:3 And it cometh to pass on that night that a word of God is unto Nathan, saying,
17:4 `Go, and thou hast said unto David My servant, Thus said Jehovah, Thou dost not build for Me the house to dwell in:
17:5 for I have not dwelt in a house from the day that I brought up Israel till this day, and I am from tent unto tent: and from the tabernacle,
17:6 whithersoever I have walked up and down among all Israel, a word spake I, with one of the judges of Israel, whom I commanded to feed My people, saying, Why have ye not built for Me a house of cedars?
17:7 `And now, thus dost thou say to My servant, to David, Thus said Jehovah of Hosts, I have taken thee from the habitation, from after the sheep, to be leader over My people Israel,
17:8 and I am with thee whithersoever thou hast walked, and I cut off all thine enemies from thy presence, and have made for thee a name like the name of the great ones who [are] in the earth.
17:9 `And I have prepared a place for My people Israel, and planted it, and it hath dwelt in its place, and is not troubled any more, and the sons of perverseness add not to wear it out as at first,
17:10 yea, even from the days that I appointed judges over My people Israel. `And I have humbled all thine enemies, and I declare to thee that a house doth Jehovah build for thee,
17:11 and it hath come to pass, when thy days have been fulfilled to go with thy fathers, that I have raised up thy seed after thee, who is of thy sons, and I have established his kingdom,
17:12 he doth build for Me a house, and I have established his throne unto the age;
17:13 I am to him for a father, and he is to Me for a son, and My kindness I turn not aside from him as I turned it aside from him who was before thee,
17:14 and I have established him in My house, and in My kingdom unto the age, and his throne is established unto the age.'
17:15 According to all these words, and according to all this vision, so spake Nathan unto David.
17:16 And David the king cometh in and sitteth before Jehovah, and saith, `Who [am] I, O Jehovah God, and what my house, that Thou hast brought me hitherto?
17:17 And this is small in Thine eyes, O God, and Thou speakest concerning the house of thy servant afar off, and hast seen me as a type of the man who is on high, O Jehovah God!
17:18 `What doth David add more unto Thee for the honour of Thy servant; and Thou Thy servant hast known.
17:19 O Jehovah, for Thy servant's sake, and according to Thine own heart Thou hast done all this greatness, to make known all these great things.
17:20 O Jehovah, there is none like Thee, and there is no god save Thee, according to all that we have heard with our ears.
17:21 `And who [is] as Thy people Israel, one nation in the earth whom God hath gone to ransom to Him for a people, to make for Thee a name great and fearful, to cast out from the presence of Thy people whom Thou hast ransomed out of Egypt -- nations?
17:22 Yea, Thou dost appoint Thy people Israel to Thee for a people unto the age, and Thou, O Jehovah, hast been to them for God.
17:23 `And now, O Jehovah, the word that Thou hast spoken concerning Thy servant, and concerning his house, let be stedfast unto the age, and do as Thou hast spoken;
17:24 and let it be stedfast, and Thy name is great unto the age, saying, Jehovah of Hosts, God of Israel, is God to Israel, and the house of Thy servant David is established before Thee;
17:25 for Thou, O my God, Thou hast uncovered the ear of Thy servant -- to build to him a house, therefore hath Thy servant found to pray before Thee.
17:26 `And now, Jehovah, Thou [art] God Himself, and Thou speakest concerning Thy servant this goodness;
17:27 and now, Thou hast been pleased to bless the house of Thy servant, to be to the age before Thee; for Thou, O Jehovah, hast blessed, and it is blessed to the age.'
18:1 And it cometh to pass after this, that David smiteth the Philistines, and humbleth them, and taketh Gath and its small towns out of the hand of the Philistines;
18:2 and he smiteth Moab, and the Moabites are servants to David, bringing a present.
18:3 And David smiteth Hadarezer king of Zobah, at Hamath, in his going to establish his power by the river Phrat,
18:4 and David captureth from him a thousand chariots, and seven thousand horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen, and David destroyeth utterly all the chariots, and leaveth of them a hundred chariots [only].
18:5 And Aram of Damascus cometh in to give help to Hadarezer king of Zobah, and David smiteth in Aram twenty and two thousand men,
18:6 and David putteth [garrisons] in Aram of Damascus, and the Aramaeans are to David for servants, bearing a present, and Jehovah giveth salvation to David whithersoever he hath gone.
18:7 And David taketh the shields of gold that have been on the servants of Hadarezer, and bringeth them in to Jerusalem;
18:8 and from Tibhath, and from Chun, cities of Hadarezer, hath David taken very much brass; with it hath Solomon made the brazen sea, and the pillars, and the vessels of brass.
18:9 And Tou king of Hamath heareth that David hath smitten the whole force of Hadarezer king of Zobah,
18:10 and he sendeth Hadoram his son unto king David, to ask of him of peace, and to bless him (because that he hath fought against Hadarezer, and smiteth him, for a man of wars with Tou had Hadarezer been,) and all kinds of vessels, of gold, and silver, and brass;
18:11 also them hath king David sanctified to Jehovah with the silver and the gold that he hath taken from all the nations, from Edom, and from Moab, and from the sons of Ammon, and from the Philistines, and from Amalek.
18:12 And Abishai son of Zeruiah hath smitten Edom in the valley of salt -- eighteen thousand,
18:13 and he putteth in Edom garrisons, and all the Edomites are servants to David; and Jehovah saveth David whithersoever he hath gone.
18:14 And David reigneth over all Israel, and he is doing judgment and righteousness to all his people,
18:15 and Joab son of Zeruiah [is] over the host, and Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud [is] remembrancer,
18:16 and Zadok son of Ahitub, and Abimelech son of Abiathar, [are] priests, and Shavsha [is] scribe,
18:17 and Benaiah son of Jehoiada [is] over the Cherethite and the Pelethite, and the elder sons of David [are] at the hand of the king.
19:1 And it cometh to pass after this, that Nahash king of the sons of Ammon dieth, and his son reigneth in his stead,
19:2 and David saith, `I do kindness with Hanun son of Nahash, for his father did with me kindness;' and David sendeth messengers to comfort him concerning his father. And the servants of David come in unto the land of the sons of Ammon, unto Hanun, to comfort him,
19:3 and the heads of the sons of Ammon say to Hanun, `Is David honouring thy father, in thine eyes, because he hath sent to thee comforters? in order to search, and to overthrow, and to spy out, the land, have not his servants come in unto thee?'
19:4 And Hanun taketh the servants of David, and shaveth them, and cutteth their long robes in the midst, unto the buttocks, and sendeth them away.
19:5 And [some] go, and declare to David concerning the men, and he sendeth to meet them -- for the men have been greatly ashamed -- and the king saith, `Dwell in Jericho till that your beard is grown, then ye have returned.'
19:6 And the sons of Ammon see that they have made themselves abhorred by David, and Hanun and the sons of Ammon send a thousand talents of silver, to hire to them, from Aram-Naharaim, and from Aram-Maachah, and from Zobah, chariots and horsemen;
19:7 and they hire to them two and thirty thousand chariots, and the king of Maachah and his people, and they come in and encamp before Medeba, and the sons of Ammon have been gathered out of their cities, and come in to the battle.
19:8 And David heareth, and sendeth Joab, and all the host of the mighty men,
19:9 and the sons of Ammon come out and set battle in array at the opening of the city, and the kings who have come [are] by themselves in the field.
19:10 And Joab seeth that the front of the battle hath been unto him, before and behind, and he chooseth out of all the choice in Israel, and setteth in array to meet Aram,
19:11 and the remnant of the people he hath given into the hand of Abishai his brother, and they set in array to meet the sons of Ammon.
19:12 And he saith, `If Aram be stronger than I, then thou hast been to me for salvation; and if the sons of Ammon be stronger than thou, then I have saved thee;
19:13 be strong, and we strengthen ourselves, for our people, and for the cities of our God, and Jehovah doth that which is good in His eyes.'
19:14 And Joab draweth nigh, and the people who [are] with him, before Aram to battle, and they flee from his face;
19:15 and the sons of Ammon have seen that Aram hath fled, and they flee -- they also -- from the face of Abishai his brother, and go in to the city. And Joab cometh in to Jerusalem.
19:16 And Aram seeth that they have been smitten before Israel, and send messengers, and bring out Aram that [is] beyond the River, and Shophach head of the host of Hadarezer [is] before them.
19:17 And it is declared to David, and he gathereth all Israel, and passeth over the Jordan, and cometh in unto them, and setteth in array against them; yea, David setteth in array the battle to meet Aram, and they fight with him;
19:18 and Aram fleeth from the face of Israel, and David slayeth of Aram seven thousand charioteers, and forty thousand footmen, and Shophach head of the host he hath put to death.
19:19 And the servants of Hadarezer see that they have been smitten before Israel, and they make peace with David and serve him, and Aram hath not been willing to help the sons of Ammon any more.
20:1 And it cometh to pass, at the time of the turn of the year -- at the time of the going out of the messengers -- that Joab leadeth out the force of the host, and destroyeth the land of the sons of Ammon, and cometh in and beseigeth Rabbah -- David is abiding in Jerusalem -- and Joab smiteth Rabbah, and breaketh it down.
20:2 And David taketh the crown of their king from off his head, and findeth it [in] weight a talent of gold, and in it a precious stone, and it is on the head of David: and spoil of the city he hath brought out very much,
20:3 and the people who [are] in it he hath brought out, and setteth to the saw, and to cutting instruments of iron, and to axes; and thus doth David to all cities of the sons of Ammon, and David turneth back, and all the people, to Jerusalem.
20:4 And it cometh to pass, after this, that there remaineth war in Gezer with the Philistines, then hath Sibbechai the Hushathite smitten Sippai, of the children of the giant, and they are humbled.
20:5 And there is again war with the Philistines, and Elhanan son of Jair smiteth Lahmi, brother of Goliath the Gittite, the wood of whose spear [is] like a beam of weavers.
20:6 And there is again war in Gath, and there is a man of measure, and his fingers and his toes [are] six and six, twenty and four, and also, he hath been born to the giant.
20:7 And he reproacheth Israel, and smite him doth Jonathan son of Shimea, brother of David.
20:8 These were born to the giant in Gath, and they fall by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants.
21:1 And there standeth up an adversary against Israel, and persuadeth David to number Israel,
21:2 And David saith unto Joab, and unto the heads of the people, `Go, number Israel from Beer-Sheba even unto Dan, and bring unto me, and I know their number.'
21:3 And Joab saith, `Jehovah doth add to His people as they are a hundred times; are they not, my lord, O king, all of them to my lord for servants? why doth my lord seek this? why is he for a cause of guilt to Israel?'
21:4 And the word of the king [is] severe against Joab, and Joab goeth out, and goeth up and down in all Israel, and cometh in to Jerusalem.
21:5 And Joab giveth the account of the numbering of the people unto David, and all Israel is a thousand thousand and a hundred thousand, each drawing sword, and Judah [is] four hundred and seventy thousand, each drawing sword.
21:6 And Levi and Benjamin he hath not numbered in their midst, for the word of the king was abominable with Joab.
21:7 And it is evil in the eyes of God concerning this thing, and He smiteth Israel,
21:8 and David saith unto God, `I have sinned exceedingly, in that I have done this thing; and now, cause to pass away, I pray Thee, the iniquity of Thy servant, for I have acted very foolishly.'
21:9 And Jehovah speaketh unto Gad, seer of David, saying:
21:10 `Go, and thou hast spoken unto David, saying, Thus said Jehovah, Three -- I am stretching out unto thee; choose for thee one of these, and I do [it] to thee.'
21:11 And Gad cometh in unto David, and saith to him, `Thus said Jehovah, Take for thee --
21:12 either for three years -- famine, or three months to be consumed from the face of thine adversaries, even the sword of thine enemies to overtake, or three days the sword of Jehovah, even pestilence in the land, and a messenger of Jehovah destroying in all the border of Israel; and now, see; what word do I return to Him who is sending me?'
21:13 And David saith unto Gad, `I am greatly distressed, let me fall, I pray thee, into the hand of Jehovah, for very many [are] His mercies, and into the hand of man let me not fall.'
21:14 And Jehovah giveth a pestilence in Israel, and there fall of Israel seventy thousand men,
21:15 and God sendeth a messenger to Jerusalem to destroy it, and as he is destroying Jehovah hath seen, and is comforted concerning the evil, and saith to the messenger who [is] destroying, `Enough, now, cease thy hand.' And the messenger of Jehovah is standing by the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite,
21:16 and David lifteth up his eyes, and seeth the messenger of Jehovah standing between the earth and the heavens, and his sword drawn in his hand, stretched out over Jerusalem, and David falleth, and the elders, covered with sackcloth, on their faces.
21:17 And David saith unto God, `Did not I -- I say to number the people? Yea, I it [is] who have sinned, and done great evil: and these, the flock, what did they? O Jehovah, my God, let, I pray Thee, Thy hand be on me, and on the house of my father, and not on Thy people -- to be plagued.'
21:18 And the messenger of Jehovah spake unto Gad, saying for David, `Surely David doth go up to raise an altar to Jehovah in the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite.'
21:19 And David goeth up by the word of Gad, that he spake in the name of Jehovah.
21:20 And Ornan turneth back, and seeth the messenger, and his four sons [are] with him, hiding themselves, and Ornan is threshing wheat.
21:21 And David cometh in unto Ornan, and Ornan looketh attentively, and seeth David, and goeth out from the threshing-floor, and boweth himself to David -- face to the earth.
21:22 And David saith unto Ornan, `Give to me the place of the threshing-floor, and I build in it an altar to Jehovah; for full silver give it to me, and the plague is restrained from the people.'
21:23 And Ornan saith unto David, `Take to thee -- and my lord the king doth that which is good in his eyes: see, I have given the oxen for burnt-offerings, and the threshing instruments for wood, and the wheat for a present; the whole I have given.'
21:24 And king David saith to Ornan, `Nay, for I surely buy for full silver; for I do not lift up that which is thine to Jehovah, so as to offer a burnt-offering without cost.'
21:25 And David giveth to Ornan for the place shekels of gold [in] weight six hundred;
21:26 and David buildeth there an altar to Jehovah, and offereth burnt-offerings and peace-offerings, and calleth unto Jehovah, and He answereth him with fire from the heavens on the altar of the burnt-offering.
21:27 And Jehovah saith to the messenger, and he turneth back his sword unto its sheath.
21:28 At that time when David seeth that Jehovah hath answered him in the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite, then he sacrificeth there;
21:29 and the tabernacle of Jehovah that Moses made in the wilderness, and the altar of the burnt-offering, [are] at that time in a high place, in Gibeon;
21:30 and David is not able to go before it to seek God, for he hath been afraid because of the sword of the messenger of Jehovah.
22:1 And David saith, `This is the house of Jehovah God, and this the altar for burnt-offering for Israel.'
22:2 And David saith to gather the sojourners who [are] in the land of Israel, and appointeth hewers to hew hewn-stones to build a house of God.
22:3 And iron in abundance for nails for leaves of the gates, and for couplings, hath David prepared, and brass in abundance -- there is no weighing.
22:4 And cedar-trees even without number, for the Zidonians and the Tyrians brought in cedar-trees in abundance to David.
22:5 And David saith, `Solomon my son [is] a youth and tender, and the house to be built to Jehovah [is] to be made exceedingly great, for name and for beauty to all the lands; let me prepare, I pray Thee, for it;' and David prepareth in abundance before his death.
22:6 And he calleth for Solomon his son, and chargeth him to build a house to Jehovah, God of Israel,
22:7 and David saith to Solomon his son, `As for me, it hath been with my heart to build a house to the name of Jehovah my God,
22:8 and the word of Jehovah [is] against me, saying, Blood in abundance thou hast shed, and great wars thou hast made: thou dost not build a house to My name, for much blood thou hast shed to the earth before Me.
22:9 `Lo, a son is born to thee; he is a man of rest, and I have given rest to him from all his enemies round about, for Solomon is his name, and peace and quietness I give unto Israel in his days;
22:10 he doth build a house to My name, and he is to Me for a son, and I [am] to him for a father, and I have established the throne of his kingdom over Israel unto the age.
22:11 `Now, my son, Jehovah is with thee, and thou hast prospered, and hast built the house of Jehovah thy God, as He spake concerning thee.
22:12 Only, Jehovah give to thee wisdom and understanding, and charge thee concerning Israel, even to keep the law of Jehovah thy God;
22:13 then thou dost prosper, if thou dost observe to do the statutes and the judgments that Jehovah charged Moses with concerning Israel; be strong and courageous; do not fear, nor be cast down.
22:14 `And lo, in mine affliction, I have prepared for the house of Jehovah of gold talents a hundred thousand, and of silver a thousand thousand talents; and of brass and of iron there is no weighing, for in abundance it hath been, and wood and stones I have prepared, and to them thou dost add.
22:15 `And with thee in abundance [are] workmen, hewers and artificers of stone and of wood, and every skilful man for every work.
22:16 To the gold, to the silver, and to the brass, and to the iron, there is no number; arise and do, and Jehovah is with thee.'
22:17 And David giveth charge to all heads of Israel to give help to Solomon his son,
22:18 `Is not Jehovah your God with you? yea, He hath given rest to you round about, for He hath given into my hand the inhabitants of the land, and subdued hath been the land before His people.
22:19 `Now, give your heart and your soul to seek to Jehovah your God, and rise and build the sanctuary of Jehovah God, to bring in the ark of the covenant of Jehovah, and the holy vessels of God, to the house that is built to the name of Jehovah.'
23:1 And David is old, and satisfied with days, and causeth his son Solomon to reign over Israel,
23:2 and gathereth all the heads of Israel, and the priests, and the Levites;
23:3 and the Levites are numbered from a son of thirty years and upward, and their number, by their polls, is of mighty men thirty and eight thousand.
23:4 Of these to preside over the work of the house of Jehovah [are] twenty and four thousand, and officers and judges six thousand,
23:5 and four thousand gatekeepers, and four thousand giving praise to Jehovah, `with instruments that I made for praising,' [saith David.]
23:6 And David distributeth them into courses: Of the sons of Levi: of Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
23:7 Of the Gershonite: Laadan and Shimei.
23:8 Sons of Laadan: the head [is] Jehiel, and Zetham, and Joel, three.
23:9 Sons of Shimei [are] Shelomith, and Haziel, and Haran, three; these [are] heads of the fathers of Laadan.
23:10 And sons of Shimei [are] Jahath, Zina, and Jeush, and Beriah; these [are] sons of Shimei, four.
23:11 And Jahath is the head, and Zizah the second, and Jeush and Beriah have not multiplied sons, and they become the house of a father by one numbering.
23:12 Sons of Kohath [are] Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel, four.
23:13 Sons of Amram: Aaron and Moses; and Aaron is separated for his sanctifying the holy of holies, he and his sons -- unto the age, to make perfume before Jehovah, to serve Him, and to bless in His name -- unto the age.
23:14 As to Moses, the man of God, his sons are called after the tribe of Levi.
23:15 Sons of Moses: Gershom and Eliezer.
23:16 Sons of Gershom: Shebuel the head.
23:17 And sons of Eliezer are Rehabiah the head, and Eliezer had no other sons, and the sons of Rehabiah have multiplied exceedingly.
23:18 Sons of Izhar: Shelomith the head.
23:19 Sons of Hebron: Jeriah the head, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth.
23:20 Sons of Uzziel: Micah the head, and Ishshiah, the second.
23:21 Sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi; sons of Mahli: Eleazar and Kish.
23:22 And Eleazar dieth, and he had no sons, but daughters, and sons of Kish their brethren take them.
23:23 Sons of Mushi: Mahli, and Eder, and Jerimoth, three.
23:24 These [are] sons of Levi, by the house of their fathers, heads of the fathers, by their appointments, in the number of names, by their polls, doing the work for the service of the house of Jehovah, from a son of twenty years and upward,
23:25 for David said, `Jehovah, God of Israel, hath given rest to His people, and He doth tabernacle in Jerusalem unto the age;'
23:26 and also of the Levites, `None [are] to bear the tabernacle and all its vessels for its service;'
23:27 for by the last words of David they [took] the number of the sons of Levi from a son of twenty years and upward,
23:28 for their station [is] at the side of the sons of Aaron, for the service of the house of Jehovah, over the courts, and over the chambers, and over the cleansing of every holy thing, and the work of the service of the house of God,
23:29 and for the bread of the arrangement, and for fine flour for present, and for the thin unleavened cakes, and for [the work of] the pan, and for that which is fried, and for all [liquid] measure and [solid] measure;
23:30 and to stand, morning by morning, to give thanks, and to give praise to Jehovah, and so at evening;
23:31 and for all the burnt-offerings -- burnt-offerings to Jehovah for sabbaths, for new moons, and for appointed seasons, by number, according to the ordinance upon them continually, before Jehovah.
23:32 And they have kept the charge of the tent of meeting, and the charge of the sanctuary, and the charge of the sons of Aaron, their brethren, for the service of the house of Jehovah.
24:1 And to the sons of Aaron [are] their courses: sons of Aaron [are] Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar,
24:2 and Nadab dieth, and Abihu, in the presence of their father, and they had no sons, and Eleazar and Ithamar act as priests.
24:3 And David distributeth them, and Zadok of the sons of Eleazar, and Ahimelech of the sons of Ithamar, according to their office in their service;
24:4 and there are found of the sons of Eleazar more for heads of the mighty men than of the sons of Ithamar; and they distribute them: Of the sons of Eleazar, heads for a house of fathers, sixteen; and of the sons of Ithamar, for a house of their fathers, eight.
24:5 And they distribute them, by lots, one with another, for princes of the sanctuary, and princes of God, have been of the sons of Eleazar, and of the sons of Ithamar.
24:6 And Shemaiah son of Nethaneel the scribe, of the Levites, writeth them before the king and the princes, and Zadok the priest, and Ahimelech son of Abiathar, and heads of the fathers, for priests and for Levites: one house of a father being taken possession of for Eleazar, and one being taken possession of for Ithamar.
24:7 And the first lot goeth out for Jehoiarib, for Jedaiah the second,
24:8 for Harim the third, for Seorim the fourth,
24:9 for Malchijah the fifth, for Mijamin the sixth,
24:10 for Hakkoz the seventh, for Abijah the eighth,
24:11 for Jeshuah the ninth, for Shecaniah the tenth,
24:12 for Eliashib the eleventh, for Jakim the twelfth,
24:13 for Huppah the thirteenth, for Jeshebeab the fourteenth,
24:14 for Bilgah the fifteenth, for Immer the sixteenth,
24:15 for Hezir the seventeenth, for Aphses the eighteenth,
24:16 for Pethahiah the nineteenth, for Jehezekel the twentieth,
24:17 for Jachin the one and twentieth, for Gamul the two and twentieth,
24:18 for Delaiah the three and twentieth, for Maaziah the four and twentieth.
24:19 These [are] their appointments for their service, to come in to the house of Jehovah, according to their ordinance by the hand of Aaron their father, as Jehovah God of Israel, commanded them.
24:20 And for the sons of Levi who are left: for sons of Amram, Shubael; for sons of Shubael: Jehdeiah.
24:21 For Rehabiah: for sons of Rehabiah, the head Ishshiah.
24:22 For the Izharite: Shelomoth; for sons of Shelomoth: Jahath.
24:23 And sons of Jeriah: Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, Jekameam the fourth.
24:24 Sons of Uzziel: Michah; for sons of Michah: Shamir.
24:25 A brother of Michah [is] Ishshiah; for sons of Ishshiah: Zechariah;
24:26 sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi; sons of Jaaziah: Beno;
24:27 sons of Merari: of Jaaziah: Beno, and Shoham, and Zaccur, and Ibri.
24:28 For Mahli: Eleazar, who had no sons;
24:29 for Kish: sons of Kish: Jerahmeel.
24:30 And sons of Mushi [are] Mahli, and Eder, and Jerimoth; these [are] sons of the Levites, for the house of their fathers,
24:31 and they cast, they also, lots over-against their brethren the sons of Aaron, before David the king, and Zadok, and Ahimelech, and heads of the fathers, for priests and for Levites; the chief father over-against his younger brother.
25:1 And David and the heads of the host separate for service, of the sons of Asaph, and Heman, and Jeduthun, who are prophesying with harps, with psalteries, and with cymbals, and the number of the workmen is according to their service.
25:2 Of sons of Asaph: Zaccur, and Joseph, and Nethaniah, and Asharelah, sons of Asaph, [are] by the side of Asaph, who is prophesying by the side of the king.
25:3 Of Jeduthun: sons of Jeduthun, Gedaliah, and Zeri, and Jeshaiah, Hashabiah, and Mattithiah, Shisshah, [are] by the side of their father Jeduthun; with a harp he is prophesying, for giving of thanks and of praise to Jehovah.
25:4 Of Heman: sons of Heman: Bukkiah, Mattaniah, Uzziel, Shebuel, and Jerimoth, Hananiah, Hanani, Eliathah, Giddalti, and Romamti-Ezer, Joshbekashah, Mallothi, Hothir, Mahazioth;
25:5 all these [are] sons of Heman -- seer of the king in the things of God -- to lift up a horn; and God giveth to Heman fourteen sons and three daughters.
25:6 All these [are] by the side of their father in the song of the house of Jehovah, with cymbals, psalteries, and harps, for the service of the house of God; by the side of the king [are] Asaph, and Jeduthun, and Heman.
25:7 And their number, with their brethren -- taught in the song of Jehovah, all who are intelligent -- is two hundred, eighty and eight.
25:8 And they cause to fall lots -- charge over-against [charge], as well the small as the great, the intelligent with the learner.
25:9 And the first lot goeth out for Asaph to Joseph; [to] Gedaliah the second; he, and his brethren and his sons, twelve;
25:10 the third [to] Zaccur, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:11 the fourth to Izri, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:12 the fifth [to] Nethaniah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:13 the sixth [to] Bukkiah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:14 the seventh [to] Jesharelah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:15 the eighth [to] Jeshaiah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:16 the ninth [to] Mattaniah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:17 the tenth [to] Shimei, his sons and his brethren, twelve:
25:18 eleventh [to] Azareel, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:19 the twelfth [to] Hashabiah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:20 at the thirteenth [to] Shubael, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:21 at the fourteenth [to] Mattithiah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:22 at the fifteenth [to] Jeremoth, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:23 at the sixteenth [to] Hananiah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:24 at the seventeenth [to] Joshbekashah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:25 at the eighteenth [to] Hanani, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:26 at the nineteenth [to] Mallothi, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:27 at the twentieth [to] Eliathah, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:28 at the one and twentieth [to] Hothir, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:29 at the two and twentieth [to] Giddalti, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:30 at the three and twentieth [to] Mahazioth, his sons and his brethren, twelve;
25:31 at the four and twentieth [to] Romamti-Ezer, his sons and his brethren, twelve.
26:1 For the courses of the gatekeepers: of the Korhites [is] Meshelemiah son of Kore, of the sons of Asaph;
26:2 and to Meshelemiah [are] sons, Zechariah the first-born, Jediael the second, Zebadiah the third, Jathniel the fourth,
26:3 Elam the fifth, Jehohanan the sixth, Elioenai the seventh.
26:4 And to Obed-Edom [are] sons, Shemaiah the first-born, Jehozabad the second, Joah the third, and Sacar the fourth, and Nethaneel the fifth,
26:5 Ammiel the sixth, Issachar the seventh, Peullethai the eighth, for God hath blessed him.
26:6 And to Shemaiah his son have sons been born, who are ruling throughout the house of their father, for they [are] mighty of valour.
26:7 Sons of Shemaiah [are] Othni, and Rephael, and Obed, Elzabad; his brethren [are] sons of valour, Elihu and Semachiah,
26:8 all these [are] of the sons of Obed-Edom; they, and their sons, and their brethren, men of valour with might for service, [are] sixty and two of Obed-Edom.
26:9 And to Meshelemiah [are] sons and brethren, sons of valour, eighteen;
26:10 and to Hosah, of the sons of Merari, [are] sons: Shimri the head (though he was not first-born, yet his father setteth him for head),
26:11 Hilkiah the second, Tebaliah the third, Zechariah the fourth; all the sons and brethren of Hosah [are] thirteen.
26:12 According to these [are] the courses of the gatekeepers; to the heads of the mighty ones [are] charges over-against their brethren, to minister in the house of Jehovah,
26:13 and they cause to fall lots, as well the small as the great, according to the house of their fathers, for gate and gate.
26:14 And the lot falleth eastward to Shelemiah; and [for] Zechariah his son -- a counsellor with understanding -- they cause to fall lots, and his lot goeth out northward:
26:15 to Obed-Edom southward, and to his sons, the house of the gatherings;
26:16 to Shuppim and to Hosah to the west, with the gate Shallecheth, in the highway, the ascent, charge over-against charge;
26:17 to the east the Levites [are] six; to the north daily four, to the south daily four, and to the gatherings two by two,
26:18 at Parbar, to the west, [are] four at the highway, two at Parbar.
26:19 These are the courses of the gatekeepers, of the sons of the Korhite, and of the sons of Merari.
26:20 And of the Levites, Ahijah [is] over the treasures of the house of God, even for the treasures of the holy things.
26:21 Sons of Laadan: sons of the Gershonite, of Laadan, heads of the fathers of Laadan the Gershonite: Jehieli.
26:22 Sons of Jehieli: Zetham, and Joel his brother, over the treasures of the house of Jehovah,
26:23 for the Amramite, for the Izharite, for the Hebronite, for the Uzzielite.
26:24 And Shebuel son of Gershom, son of Moses, [is] president over the treasures.
26:25 And his brethren, of Eliezer, [are] Rehabiah his son, and Jeshaiah his son, and Joram his son, and Zichri his son, and Shelomith his son.
26:26 This Shelomith and his brethren [are] over all the treasures of the holy things, that David the king, and heads of the fathers, even heads of thousands, and of hundreds, and heads of the host, sanctified;
26:27 from the battles, even from the spoil they sanctified to strengthen the house of Jehovah;
26:28 and all that Samuel the seer, and Saul son of Kish, and Abner son of Ner, and Joab son of Zeruiah sanctified, every one sanctifying [any thing -- it is] by the side of Shelomith and his brethren.
26:29 Of the Izharite, Chenaniah and his sons [are] for the outward work over Israel, for officers and for judges.
26:30 Of the Hebronite, Hashabiah and his brethren, sons of valour, a thousand and seven hundred, [are] over the inspection of Israel, beyond the Jordan westward, for all the work of Jehovah, and for the service of the king.
26:31 Of the Hebronite, Jerijah [is] the head, of the Hebronite, according to his generations, for the fathers -- in the fortieth year of the reign of David they have been sought out, and there are found among them mighty ones of valour, in Jazer of Gilead --
26:32 and his brethren, sons of valour, two thousand and seven hundred, [are] heads of the fathers, and king David appointeth them over the Reubenite, and the Gadite, and the half of the tribe of Manasseh, for every matter of God and matter of the king.
27:1 And the sons of Israel, after their number, heads of the fathers, and princes of the thousands and of the hundreds, and their officers, those serving the king in any matter of the courses, that are coming in and going out month by month, throughout all months of the year -- [are] in each course twenty and four thousand.
27:2 Over the first course, for the first month, [is] Jashobeam son of Zabdiel, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand;
27:3 of the sons of Perez [is] the head of all princes of the hosts for the first month.
27:4 And over the course of the second month [is] Dodai the Ahohite, and his course, and Mikloth [is] the president, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:5 Head of the third host, for the third month, [is] Benaiah son of Jehoiada, the head priest, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:6 This Benaiah [is] a mighty one of the thirty, and over the thirty, and [in] his course [is] Ammizabad his son.
27:7 The fourth, for the fourth month, [is] Asahel brother of Joab, and Zebadiah his son after him, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:8 The fifth, for the fifth month, [is] the prince Shamhuth the Izrahite, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:9 The sixth, for the sixth month, [is] Ira son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:10 The seventh, for the seventh month, [is] Helez the Pelonite, of the sons of Ephraim, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:11 The eighth, for the eighth month, [is] Sibbecai the Hushathite, of the Zarhite, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:12 The ninth, for the ninth month, [is] Abiezer the Antothite, of the Benjamite, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:13 The tenth, for the tenth month, [is] Maharai the Netophathite, of the Zarhite, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:14 Eleventh, for the eleventh month, [is] Benaiah the Pirathonite, of the sons of Ephraim, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:15 The twelfth, for the twelfth month, [is] Heldai the Netophathite, of Othniel, and on his course [are] twenty and four thousand.
27:16 And over the tribes of Israel: Of the Reubenite, a leader [is] Eliezer son of Zichri; of the Simeonite, Shephatiah son of Maachah;
27:17 of the Levite, Hashabiah son of Kemuel; of the Aaronite, Zadok;
27:18 of Judah, Elihu, of the brethren of David; of Issachar, Omri son of Michael;
27:19 of Zebulun, Ishmaiah son of Obadiah; of Naphtali, Jerimoth son of Azriel;
27:20 of the sons of Ephraim, Hoshea son of Azaziah; of the half of the tribe of Manasseh, Joel son of Pedaiah;
27:21 of the half of Manasseh in Gilead, Iddo son of Zechariah; of Benjamin, Jaasiel son of Abner; of Dan, Azareel son of Jeroham:
27:22 these [are] heads of the tribes of Israel.
27:23 And David hath not taken up their number from a son of twenty years and under, for Jehovah said to multiply Israel as the stars of the heavens.
27:24 Joab son of Zeruiah hath begun to number -- and hath not finished -- and there is for this wrath against Israel, and the number hath not gone up in the account of the Chronicles of king David.
27:25 And over the treasures of the king [is] Azmaveth son of Adiel; and over the treasures in the field, in the cities, and in the villages, and in the towers, [is] Jehonathan son of Uzziah;
27:26 and over workmen of the field for the service of the ground [is] Ezri son of Chelub;
27:27 and over the vineyards [is] Shimei the Ramathite; and over what [is] in the vineyards for the treasures of wine [is] Zabdi the Shiphmite;
27:28 and over the olives, and the sycamores, that [are] in the low country, [is] Baal-Hanan the Gederite; and over the treasures of oil [is] Joash;
27:29 and over the herds that are feeding in Sharon [is] Shitrai the Sharonite; and over the herds in the valleys [is] Shaphat son of Adlai;
27:30 and over the camels [is] Obil the Ishmeelite; and over the asses [is] Jehdeiah the Meronothite;
27:31 and over the flock [is] Jaziz the Hagerite; all these [are] heads of the substance that king David hath.
27:32 And Jonathan, uncle of David, [is] counsellor, a man of understanding, he is also a scribe; and Jehiel son of Hachmoni [is] with the sons of the king;
27:33 and Ahithophel [is] counsellor to the king; and Hushai the Archite [is] the friend of the king;
27:34 and after Ahithophel [is] Jehoiada son of Benaiah, and Abiathar; and the head of the host of the king [is] Joab.
28:1 And David assembleth all the heads of Israel, heads of the tribes, and heads of the courses who are serving the king, and heads of the thousands, and heads of the hundreds, and heads of all the substance and possessions of the king, and of his sons, with the officers and the mighty ones, even to every mighty one of valour -- unto Jerusalem.
28:2 And David the king riseth on his feet, and saith, `Hear me, my brethren and my people, I -- with my heart -- to build a house of rest for the ark of the covenant of Jehovah, and for the footstool of our God, and I prepared to build,
28:3 and God hath said to me, Thou dost not build a house to My name, for a man of wars thou [art], and blood thou hast shed.
28:4 `And Jehovah, God of Israel, doth fix on me out of all the house of my father to be for king over Israel to the age, for on Judah He hath fixed for a leader, and in the house of Judah, the house of my father, and among the sons of my father, on me, [me] He hath been pleased to make king over all Israel;
28:5 and out of all my sons -- for many sons hath Jehovah given to me -- He also fixeth on Solomon my son, to sit on the throne of the kingdom of Jehovah over Israel,
28:6 and saith to me, Solomon thy son, he doth build My house, and My courts, for I have fixed on him to Me for a son, and I -- I am to him for a father,
28:7 and I have established his kingdom to the age, if he is strong to do My commands, and My judgments, as at this day.
28:8 `And now, before the eyes of all Israel, the assembly of Jehovah, and in the ears of our God, keep and seek all the commands of Jehovah your God, so that ye possess this good land, and have caused your sons to inherit after you unto the age.
28:9 `And thou, Solomon, my son, know the God of thy father, and serve Him with a perfect heart, and with a willing mind, for all hearts is Jehovah seeking, and every imagination of the thoughts He is understanding; if thou dost seek Him, He is found of thee, and if thou dost forsake Him, He casteth thee off for ever.
28:10 See, now, for Jehovah hath fixed on thee to build a house for a sanctuary; be strong, and do.'
28:11 And David giveth to Solomon his son the pattern of the porch, and of its houses, and of its treasures, and of its upper chambers, and of its innermost chambers, and of the house of the atonement;
28:12 and the pattern of all that hath been by the Spirit with him, for the courts of the house of Jehovah, and for all the chambers round about, for the treasures of the house of God, and for the treasures of the things sacrificed;
28:13 and for the courses of the priests and of the Levites, and for all the work of the service of the house of Jehovah, and for all vessels of service of the house of Jehovah,
28:14 even gold by weight, for [things of] gold, for all instruments of service and service; for all instruments of silver by weight, for all instruments of service and service;
28:15 and [by] weight for the candlesticks of gold, and their lamps of gold, by weight [for] candlestick and candlestick, and its lamps; and for the candlesticks of silver, by weight for a candlestick and its lamps, according to the service of candlestick and candlestick;
28:16 and the gold [by] weight for tables of the arrangement, for table and table, and silver for the tables of silver;
28:17 and the forks, and the bowls, and the cups of pure gold, and for the basins of gold, by weight for basin and basin, and for the basins of silver, by weight for basin and basin,
28:18 and for the altar of perfume refined gold by weight, and for the pattern of the chariot of the cherubs of gold -- spreading and covering over the ark of the covenant of Jehovah.
28:19 The whole [is] in writing from the hand of Jehovah, `He caused me to understand all the work of the pattern,' [said David.]
28:20 And David saith to Solomon his son, `Be strong, and courageous, and do; do not fear nor be affrighted, for Jehovah God, my God, [is] with thee; He doth not fail thee, nor forsake thee, unto the completion of all the work of the service of the house of Jehovah.
28:21 `And lo, courses of the priests and of the Levites [are] for all the service of the house of God; and with thee in all work [is] every willing one with wisdom, for every service; and the heads and all the people [are] according to all thy words.'
29:1 And David the king saith to all the assembly, `Solomon my son -- the one on whom God hath fixed -- [is] young and tender, and the work [is] great, for not for man is the palace, but for Jehovah God;
29:2 and with all my power I have prepared for the house of my God, the gold for [things of] gold, and the silver for [those of] silver, and the brass for [those of] brass, the iron for [those of] iron, and the wood for [those of] wood, shoham stones, and settings, and stones of painting and of diverse colours, and all [kinds of] precious stone, and stones of white marble, in abundance.
29:3 `And again, because of my delighting in the house of my God, the substance I have -- a peculiar treasure of gold and silver -- I have given for the house of my God, even over and above all I have prepared for the house of the sanctuary:
29:4 three thousand talents of gold, of the gold of Ophir, and seven thousand talents of refined silver, to overlay the walls of the houses,
29:5 even gold for [things of] gold, and silver for [those of] silver, and for all the work by the hand of artificers; and who [is] he that is offering willingly to consecrate his hand to-day to Jehovah?'
29:6 And the heads of the fathers, and the heads of the tribes of Israel, and the heads of the thousands, and of the hundreds, even to the heads of the work of the king, offer willingly.
29:7 And they give for the service of the house of God, of gold -- talents five thousand, and drams a myriad; and of silver -- talents ten thousand, and of brass -- a myriad and eight thousand talents; and of iron -- a hundred thousand talents;
29:8 and he with whom stones are found hath given to the treasury of the house of Jehovah, by the hand of Jehiel the Gershonite.
29:9 And the people rejoice because of their offering willingly, for with a perfect heart they have offered willingly to Jehovah; and also David the king hath rejoiced -- great joy.
29:10 And David blesseth Jehovah before the eyes of all the assembly, and David saith, `Blessed [art] Thou, Jehovah, God of Israel our father, from age even unto age.
29:11 To Thee, O Jehovah, [is] the greatness, and the might, and the beauty, and the victory, and the honour, because of all in the heavens and in the earth; to Thee, O Jehovah, [is] the kingdom, and he who is lifting up himself over all for head;
29:12 and the riches, and the honour [are] from before Thee, and Thou art ruling over all, and in Thy hand [is] power and might, and in Thy hand, to make great, and to give strength to all.
29:13 `And now, our God, we are giving thanks to Thee, and giving praise to Thy beauteous name;
29:14 yea, because, who [am] I, and who [are] my people, that we retain power to offer thus willingly? but of Thee [is] the whole, and out of Thy hand we have given to Thee;
29:15 for sojourners we [are] before Thee, and settlers, like all our fathers; as a shadow [are] our days on the land, and there is none abiding.
29:16 `O Jehovah our God, all this store that we have prepared to build to Thee a house, for Thy holy name, [is] out of Thy hand, and of Thee [is] the whole.
29:17 `And I have known, my God, that Thou art trying the heart, and uprightness dost desire; I, in the uprightness of my heart, have willingly offered all these: and now, Thy people who are found here I have seen with joy to offer willingly to Thee.
29:18 `O Jehovah, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, our fathers, keep this to the age for the imagination of the thoughts of the heart of Thy people, and prepare their heart unto Thee;
29:19 and to Solomon my son give a perfect heart, to keep Thy commands, Thy testimonies, and Thy statutes, and to do the whole, even to build the palace [for] which I have prepared.'
29:20 And David saith to all the assembly, `Bless, I pray you, Jehovah your God;' and all the assembly bless Jehovah, God of their fathers, and bow and do obeisance to Jehovah, and to the king.
29:21 And they sacrifice to Jehovah sacrifices, and cause to ascend burnt-offerings to Jehovah on the morrow of that day, bullocks a thousand, rams a thousand, lambs a thousand, and their oblations, even sacrifices in abundance, for all Israel.
29:22 And they eat and drink before Jehovah on that day with great joy, and cause Solomon son of David to reign a second time, and anoint [him] before Jehovah for leader, and Zadok for priest.
29:23 And Solomon sitteth on the throne of Jehovah for king instead of David his father, and prospereth, and all Israel hearken unto him,
29:24 and all the heads, and the mighty men, and also all the sons of king David have given a hand under Solomon the king;
29:25 and Jehovah maketh Solomon exceedingly great before the eyes of all Israel, and putteth upon him the honour of the kingdom that hath not been on any king over Israel before him.
29:26 And David son of Jesse hath reigned over all Israel,
29:27 and the days that he hath reigned over Israel [are] forty years; in Hebron he reigned seven years, and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three;
29:28 and he dieth in a good old age, satisfied with days, riches, and honour, and reign doth Solomon his son in his stead.
29:29 And the matters of David the king, the first and the last, lo, they are written beside the matters of Samuel the seer, and beside the matters of Nathan the prophet, and beside the matters of Gad the seer,
29:30 with all his reign, and his might, and the times that went over him, and over Israel, and over all kingdoms of the lands. | 113,760 | 941 |
8,019 | By indicating, some 1,400 years ago, various signs that will be manifested in the present day, our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), has told us of a time when people will turn their backs on the moral values of the Qur'an, when there will be terrible, worldwide corruption, strife, disorder and degeneration. He has also revealed that in the wake of this, Allah will use a holy servant, bearing the title of the "Mahdi," to bring Qur'anic moral values to prevail across the world, and to replace the existing spiritual degeneration with virtue, peace, security, happiness and well-being. Our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) has also described how during this time the Prophet Jesus (pbuh), who had previously been raised into the presence of Allah, will once again return to earth. By the will of Allah, the system of the antichrist (dajjal) will be brought to a spiritual end and totally neutralized by the Prophet Jesus (pbuh) and Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) during this holy age.
The great majority of the signs discussed in this web site have already taken place, and by the will of Allah this age we are living in will be one of great well-being, in which the system of the antichrist is defeated, and in which believers and the moral virtues of the true faith prevail across the world. Our Lord reveals how He will impose the moral virtues of the true faith through the light of faith:
They desire to extinguish Allah's light with their mouths. But Allah refuses to do other than perfect His light, even though the unbelievers detest it. It is He Who sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of Truth to exalt it over every other religion, even though the associaters detest it. (Surat at-Tawba, 32-33)
This promise of Allah's will very definitely be made good within the destiny appointed by Him. Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will fulfill all the services promised by our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) and will, by the will of Allah, impose the moral values of the Qur'an across the world. An age which, because of its abundance and plenty, the comforts of all kinds it will bestow on mankind and its general atmosphere of peace, will be one that all Muslims will wish to live to see, is a most sublime blessing for the faithful in the life of this world.
Our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) has revealed the glad tidings of the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) in the words "Hear the glad tidings of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh). He is one of the Qureysh and is of my line." (Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 13.), and he has revealed how believers must follow this worthy personage sent by Allah:
... He (Hazrat Mahdi [pbuh]) will possess land and will fill the earth, which before him was full of oppression and cruelty, with justice. Whoever lives to see him after you, let him join him even if he has to crawl over the snow. Let him join him, because he is Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh). (Hadiths from Jalaluddin al-Suyuti's Classification: Signs of the Mahdi of the End Times p. 14.)
Signs of the Coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and the
Dominion of Islamic Moral Values, According to the Qur'an
Signs in the Qur'an of the Coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) has been described in the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) in considerable detail, with his name, attributes, helpers, the features of his time and his activities. So clear and detailed are our Prophet's (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) descriptions of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) that anyone seeing him in person will immediately be able to recognize him.
It is related in a Qur'anic verse that the People of the Book will recognize our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) "as they recognize their own sons":
Those We have given the Book recognize him as they recognize their own sons. Yet a group of them knowingly conceal the truth. (Surat al-Baqara, 146)
Metaphorically, this verse also refers to the recognition of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh). When he appears, people will recognize him, in the light of our Prophet's (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) descriptions, as they do their own sons. And Allah knows the truth.
One of the verses in the Qur'an pointing to the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) refers to "a messenger who will appear after the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace)."
Through this verse, Allah tells us that He has made a covenant with the Prophets that they would believe in and help a messenger who will come after them:
Remember when Allah made a covenant with the Prophets: "Now that We have given you a share of the Book and Wisdom, and then a messenger comes to you confirming what is with you, you must believe in him and help him." He asked, "Do you agree and undertake my commission on that condition?" They replied, "We agree." He said, "Bear witness, then. I am with you as one of the witnesses." (Surah Al 'Imran, 81)
The names of the Prophets referred to in this verse, those reported to have made that covenant, are revealed in another verse:
When We made a covenant with all the Prophets-with you and with Noah and Abraham and Moses and Jesus son of Maryam-We made a binding covenant with them. (Surat al-Ahzab, 7)
It is revealed in the verse that a covenant has been made with Prophets "Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus" (peace be upon them) and with "the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace)," as the term "with you" implies.
This revelation in the verse shows that "this messenger whose coming is described is not the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), but is a messenger who will come after our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace)." And Allah knows the truth. This messenger, whom Allah reveals will come after the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), may well be "Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)," the glad tidings of whose coming are related also in the sayings of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). And Allah knows the truth.
The way that the messenger whose coming has been promised has also received a promise of assistance from the Prophet Jesus (pbuh), as reported in verse 7 of Surat al-Ahzab, further reinforces this view. That is because as we know, the Prophet Jesus (pbuh) is reported in the hadith of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) as returning to earth in the End Times and following and supporting Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh):
And when Jesus son of Maryam said, "Tribe of Israel, I am the Messenger of Allah to you, confirming the Torah which came before me and giving you the good news of a messenger after me whose name is Ahmad." When he brought them the clear signs, they said, "This is downright magic." (Surat as-Saff, 6)
The Prophet Jesus (pbuh) imparts the tidings that this messenger who will come after him will be called "Ahmad." Examination of the Qur'an as a whole shows that those verses referring to the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) either use the name "Muhammad" or else just the term "Prophet." Nowhere in the Qur'an is the name "Ahmad" used for our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). The name appears only once in the Qur'an, in a verse revealing the glad tidings of a messenger. This supports the idea that the name "Ahmad" may well refer to Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) who will come in the End Times, as well as our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). And Allah knows the truth. In addition, as in the previous verse, the fact that it is the Prophet Jesus (pbuh) who imparts the name of the messenger is another piece of evidence reinforcing this interpretation.
In his hadiths our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) also provides the following information about the name of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh):
... He has made Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), whose name is AHMAD, and whose father's name is Abdullah, a ruler over you. Follow him. (al-Qawl al-mukhtasar fi alamat al-mahdi al-muntazar, p. 31.)
... Follow him, he is Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh). And his name is AHMAD bin Abdullah... (Alamat al-Qiyama, Madina Allama Muhammad bin Rasul al-Hussain al-Barzanji, Pamuk Publishing, 8th ed., p. 165.)
Ibn Masood (ra) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said, "His name will be similar to my name and his father's name to my father's name." (Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi)
Some Verses Indicating the Coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and the Global Dominion of Islamic Moral Values
And other things you love: support from Allah and imminent victory. Give good news to the believers! (Surat as-Saff, 13)
We wrote down in the Psalms, after the Reminder came: "It is My servants who are righteous who will inherit the earth." (Surat al-Anbiya', 105)
Allah has promised those of you who believe and do right actions that He will make them successors in the land as He made those before them successors, and willfirmly establish for them their religion with which He is pleased and give them, in place of their fear, security... (Surat an-Nur, 55)
Our Word was given before to Our servants, the messengers, that they would certainly be helped. It is Our army which will be victorious. (Surat as-Saffat, 171-173)
Allah has written, "I will be victorious, I and My messengers." Allah is Most Strong, Almighty. (Surat al-Mujadala, 21)
Do not imagine that Allah will break His promise to His messengers. Allah is Almighty, Exactor of Revenge. (Surah Ibrahim, 47)
It is He Who sent His Messenger with guidance and the Religion of Truth to exalt it over every other religion, though the idolaters hate it. (Surat as-Saff, 9)
It is He Who sent His Messenger with the Guidance and the Religion of Truth to exalt it over every other religion and Allah suffices as a witness. (Surat al-Fath, 28)
It is He Who sent His Messenger with guidance and the Religion of Truth to exalt it over every other religion, even though the idolaters detest it. (Surat at-Tawba, 33)
"We will leave you the land to live in after them. That is the reward of those who fear My station and fear My threat." They asked for Allah's victory, and every obdurate tyrant failed. (Surah Ibrahim, 14-15)
When Allah's help and victory have arrived and you have seen people entering Allah's religion in droves, then glorify your Lord's praise and ask His forgiveness. He is the Ever-Returning. (Surat an-Nasr, 1-3)
Truly We have granted you a clear victory, so that Allah may forgive you your earlier errors and any later ones and complete His blessing upon you, and guide you on aStraight Path and so that Allah may help you with a mighty help. (Surat al-Fath, 1-3)
... He knew what you did not know and ordained, in place of this, an imminent victory. (Surat al-Fath, 27)
... The unbelievers will soon know who has the Ultimate Abode. (Surat ar-Ra'd, 42)
... Except those who believe and do right actions and remember Allah repeatedly and defend themselves after they have been wronged? Those who do wrong will soon know the kind of reversal they will receive! (Surat ash-Shu'ara', 227)
Then We will rescue Our messengers and those who believe as well. It is incumbent upon Us to rescue the believers. (Surah Yunus, 103)
Say: "Truth has come and falsehood has vanished. Falsehood is always bound to vanish." (Surat al-Isra', 81)
Then We appointed you after them to be successors on the earth... (Surah Yunus, 14)
And We bequeathed to the people who had been oppressed the easternmost part of the land We had blessed, and its westernmost part as well... (Surat al-A'raf, 137)
They desire to extinguish Allah's Light with their mouths. But Allah refuses to do other than perfect His Light, even though the unbelievers detest it. (Surat at-Tawba, 32)
They desire to extinguish Allah's Light with their mouths but Allah will perfect His Light, though the unbelievers hate it. (Surat as-Saff, 8)
He bequeathed their land, their houses and their wealth to you, and another land you had not yet trodden on. Allah has power over all things. (Surat al-Ahzab, 27)
Say: "Everyone is waiting expectantly so wait expectantly. You will soon know who are the Companions of the Right Path and who is guided." (Surah Ta Ha, 135)
Allah will give security those who had piety in their victorious Safe Haven. No evil will touch them and they will know no sorrow. (Surat az-Zumar, 61)
Rather We hurl the truth against falsehood and it cuts right through it and it vanishes clean away! Woe without end for you for what you portray! (Surat al-Anbiya', 18)
Allah confirms the Truth by His words, even though the evildoers hate it. (Surah Yunus, 82)
Those who, if We establish them firmly on the earth, will perform the prayer and give the alms, and command what is right and forbid what is wrong. The end result of all affairs is with Allah. (Surat al Hajj, 41)
Do not give up and do not be downhearted. You shall be uppermost if you are believers. (Surah Al 'Imran, 139)
The Coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and His Rule, According to the Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah Bless Him and Grant Him Peace)
The hadiths of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) contain very detailed information and signs regarding the End Times, which will take place close to the Judgment Day. According to this information, the End Times will be made up of two parts. The beginning of this holy time will be one of corruption, degeneration, disasters, conflict, wars and famine. But the second part will see the return to earth of the Prophet Jesus (pbuh) and the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), and will be a time of beauty when peace, security and freedom dominate the world-a period of plenty and abundance, when people will be happy in every regard.
The hadiths contain hundreds of portents that reveal when and what form the End Times will begin. The way that the portents revealed by our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) 1,400 years ago are taking place one after the other in our own day shows that the first portion of the End Times has already begun. With the fulfilment of these signs, the Islamic world has begun a hopeful and joyous expectation of the second coming of the Prophet Jesus (pbuh) and the emergence of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), putting an end to the corruption of the antichrist (dajjal) so that Islamic moral values will rule the world.
Earlier books in this series have described, in the light of the authentic (tawatur) hadiths of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), and this holy personage's characteristics, physical appearance, and moral and intellectual superiority, his intellectual struggle, and the period of peace and security he will usher in. [For detailed information, see The Prophet Jesus (pbuh) and Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will Come in this Century, Portents and Features of the Mahdi's (pbuh) Coming, The End of Times and the Mahdi (pbuh), The Golden Age by Harun Yahya.] For that reason, this web site deals only with certain specific portents out of the hundreds of hadiths which reveal that Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) has already appeared or else is about to do so.
Some of the hadiths of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) concerning the End Times and related by great Islamic scholars are listed below:
1. Successive fulfilment of portents of Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) appearance:
... These [the portents of the appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)] will follow upon one another like the beads of a rosary. (Ali ibn Husamaddin al-Muttaki, Hadiths from Jalaluddin al-Suyuti's Classification: Signs of the Mahdi of the End Times, Kahraman Publications, p. 34.)
The signs of the Last Day will follow one another. Like beads strung out one behind the other. (Ramuz al-Ahadith, 277/6; Al-Jami' al-Sagir, 3/167.)
The portents of the End Times revealed in the hadiths are far too clear and definitive to leave any room for doubt. The most important point, however, is that they have taken place and are still occurring, in our own day and age. Some of these signs, of course, might have been observed at any time during Islam's 1,400-year history, anywhere in the world and in a specific environment. But that does not mean that those were the End Times, because in order for an age to qualify as the End Times revealed by Allah, all the portents-which we shall describe in some detail-must occur at the same time, one after the other.
2. The Iran-Iraq war:
There will be tumult in Shawwal, talks of war in Dhu al-Qa'dah, and the outbreak of war in Dhu al-Hijja. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li-Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 166.)
* Shawwal, Dhu al-Qa'dah, Dhu al-Hijja: First, second and third months of pilgrimage according to the Islamic calendar.
The months of Shawwal, Dhu al-Qa'dah and Dhu al-Hijja mention in the hadith correspond to the stages of development of the Iran-Iraq War:
"Tumult in Shawwal..."
The first uprising against the Shah took place on 5 Shawwal 1398 (8 September 1976), as indicated by the hadith:
"Talks of war in Dhu al-Qa'dah, and the outbreak of war in Dhu al-Hijja..."
A full-blown war broke out between Iran and Iraq in Dhu al-Hijjah 1400 (October 1980).
Another hadith describes the details of this war:
A nation will come from the Farsi direction, saying: "You Arabs! You have been too zealous! If you don't give them their due rights, nobody will have an alliance with you... It must be given to them one day and to you the following day, and mutual promises must be kept... "They will be going up Mutekh; Muslims will be coming down to the plain... Mushrikun [associaters] will be standing over there on the bank of a black river [Rakabeh] on the other side. There will be a war between them. Allah will deprive both armies of a victory... (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 179.)
* Farsi: Iran, Iranian
** Mutekh: Name of a mountain in the region
*** Yazi: The Plain of Iraq
**** Rakabeh: A region where the oil wells are concentrated
"You Arabs! You have indulged yourselves to bigotry! Unless you grant due rights to them, no one will agree with you on a plan of action."
This part of the hadith states that a dispute will arise between the two sides, stemming from extreme nationalism. Because of that dispute, they will descend to Yazi (the Plain of Iraq), and war will begin.
"Allah will not give victory to any one of the armies..."
Further, as noted by the hadith, the Iran-Iraq war lasted for eight years. Despite the many thousands of casualties, neither side could claim victory or a decisive superiority.
3. A great battle between the Tigris and the Euphrates:
There will be a city called Zawra [Baghdad] between the Tigris and the Euphrates. There will be a great battle there. Women will be taken prisoner, and men will have their throats cut like sheep. (Muntakhab Kanz al-'Ummal, vol. 5, p. 38.)
Quite likely, this hadith calls attention to the Iran-Iraq war, which saw many great clashes between these two Muslim countries. Heavy bombardments reduced villages, towns, and cities to rubble. Women, elderly people, and children lost their lives. After the war, the mass graves uncovered that the casualties were far higher than anticipated. The fact that conflict, disorder and anarchy are still going on in the region is in complete agreement with the hadith.
4. Stopping the flow of the Euphrates:
One of the portents of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) is: The stopping of the River Euphrates. (Small Book of Portents of the Mahdi of the End Times, p. 39.)
Allah's Messenger (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: "The Hour will not come to pass before the river Euphrates dries up to unveil the mountain of gold, for which people will fight. Ninety-nine out of one hundred will die [in the fighting], and every man among them will say: 'Perhaps I may be the only one to remain alive.'" (Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim)
The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: "The Euphrates reveals the treasures within itself. Whoever sees it should not take anything from it." (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 28.)
Soon the river Euphrates will disclose the treasure [the mountain] of gold. So, whoever will be present at that time should not take anything of it. (Sahih Bukhari)
(1) ... the River Euphrates dries up...
As-Suyuti mentions this hadith as "the stopping of water." The Keban Dam, built in 1975, has accomplished this.
(2) ... unveils the mountain of gold...
The surrounding land has become as valuable as gold for various reasons, for the Keban Dam has enabled electricity production and higher soil fertility through irrigation and transport facilities.
The Keban and other dams lining the Euphrates resemble a concrete mountain, and wealth as valuable as gold comes out of it. Therefore, these dams take on the properties of "the golden mountain." (Allah knows the truth.)
(3) There will be conflict over this wealth, leading to many deaths
Because of the widespread anarchy and disorder that still persist in the region, those who buy land there may suffer losses. As the hadith puts it, they will either die or be killed.
5. Lunar and solar eclipses during Ramadan:
There are two signs for Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)... The first one is the lunar eclipse in the first night of Ramadan, and the second is the solar eclipse in the middle of this month. (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 47.)
The solar eclipse in the middle of the Ramadan, and the lunar eclipse at the end... (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 37.)
During his [Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh)] reign, on the fourteenth of the Ramadan, a solar eclipse will occur. On the first of that month, the Moon will darken... (Imam Rabbani, Letters of Rabbani, p. 380; Letters of Rabbani, vol. 2, p. 1163.)
A lunar eclipse will occur in the first night of the Ramadan. In the middle of the Ramadan, a solar eclipse will occur. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li-Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 199.)
The most striking points here are that a solar eclipse will take place in the middle of the month, and two solar and two lunar eclipses will take place within one month (Ramadan).
In line with these calculations, there was a lunar eclipse in 1981 (Hijri 1401) on Ramadan 15 and a solar eclipse on Ramadan 29. There was a "second" lunar eclipse in 1982 (Hijri 1402) on Ramadan 14, and a solar eclipse on Ramadan 28.
These incidents occurring during the same period coinciding with the signs of Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) emergence, and their miraculous recurrence for two consecutive years at the onset of the fifteenth Islamic century (1401-02), indicates that they might be the signs foretold by the hadiths.
Moreover, an astoundingly similar series of eclipses occurred in the years 2002 and 2003.
DATES AND TYPES OF ECLIPSES
||November 20, 2002
Hijri 1423 (in the middle of Ramadan)
||December 4, 2002
Hijri 1423 (at the end of Ramadan)
||November 9, 2003
Hijri 1424 (in the middle of Ramadan)
||November 23, 2003
Hijri 1424 (at the end of Ramadan)
6. The occupation of Afghanistan:
Pity poor Taliqan [a region in Afghanistan]. At that place are treasures of Allah, but these are not of gold and silver but consist of people who have recognized Allah as they should have. They are Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) servants. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-l-Zaman, p. 59.)
The hadith may well refer to Afghanistan's being invaded in the time of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh). In fact, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan took place in 1979, or 1400 Hijri or at the beginning of Hijri 14th century. The hadiths tell us that Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear at the beginning of that century. The fact that many other portents regarding Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) have taken place in 1400 Hijri and at the beginning of the 1400s shows that these dates have a particular significance in terms of the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh).
7. Sighting a flare in the east:
A big flame will occur in the east for three or seven days in a row, followed by darkness in the sky and a brand-new redness unlike the usual color of red spreading over the sky. A proclamation will be heard in a language earth can understand. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li-Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 166.)
This is a hadith narrated by Abu Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Ali (ra): "When you see a flame rise in the east for three or seven days, then wait for the emergence of Al-i Muhammad; Allah will proclaim from the sky uttering the name of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and everybody, whether in the east or the west, will hear that voice." (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 32.)
"I swear that a flame will engulf you. That flame is presently in an extinguished state at the valley called Berehut. That flame swallows up people with terrible pain inside it, burns down and destroys people and property, and spreads all over the world by flying like a cloud with the assistance of winds. Its heat at night is much higher than its daytime temperature. By going as deep as the center of earth from above the heads of people, that flame becomes a terrible noise, just like the lightning between the ground and the sky," he narrated. (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 461.)
Some people wait for this flame as a sign that comes suddenly and for no particular reason, that never goes out, and that everyone in the world can see. Since the test in this world continues during the occurrence of these signs, just because people will see them does not mean that they will understand them. Thus, people will make their decisions by using their intellects, minds, consciences, and will. The portents concerning the flame must be evaluated in this manner.
The first part of the hadith says that the flame "is presently in an extinguished state." Given that the flame results from burning a flammable substance, what waits "in an extinguished state" is not the flame itself, but rather the material to be burned. In this context, this may mean underground oil. "Berehut" is the name of a well. This can be considered as an oil well. When the time comes, oil extracted from these wells will become a fire ready to be burned.
"That flame swallows up people with terrible pain inside it."
That flame is not merely a burning flare that makes people miserable and sorrowful, but also deprives them of their lives and possessions, and contaminates the surrounding environment.
"That flame... burns down and destroys people and property."
It causes the death of certain people and in addition, burns down property, causing material damage and, by polluting the surrounding environment, destroys what people need in order to live.
"... spreads all over the world by flying like a cloud with the assistance of winds."
This particular element is the smoke that the flame it produces. Thus, this hadith indicates that the smoke will reach as high as the clouds and be spread by the wind in all directions.
"Its heat at night is much higher than its daytime temperature."
In other words, the flame will burn around the clock.
"By going as deep as the center of earth from above the heads of people, that flame makes a terrible noise, just like the thunder between the ground and the sky."
The flame will climb very high into the air and cause very strong explosions resembling a thunder.
"... a brand-new redness unlike the usual color of red spreading over the sky..."
This part of the hadith points out that the incident will occur at night, with the flames of a large explosion leading to a very strong illumination. The reddish illumination caused by such flames is very different from the reddishness of "dawn with which people are familiar. Such an illumination at night, very similar to daylight, is an extraordinary phenomenon.
In July 1991, after Iraq invaded Kuwait, fires spread throughout Kuwait and the Persian Gulf as the Iraqis fired Kuwait's oil wells. This is how the media described these fires:
The burning oil in Kuwait led to the deaths of people and animals. According to experts, half a million tons of oil went up into the atmosphere as smoke. Every day, more than 10,000 tons of soot, sulfur, carbon dioxide and large quantities of hydrocarbons with their carcinogenic properties hang suspended over the Gulf. It is not just the Gulf but, on its behalf, the world is burning.1
Two wells that were set alight produced as much oil as Turkey does in one day, and the smoke from them were even seen from Saudi Arabia, 55 kilometers (34 miles) away.2
An endless reports of disasters in the Gulf: Hundreds of oil wells set alight in Kuwait are still burning fiercely. Experts say it will be "exceedingly difficult to put those fires out," and it is said that the fires may affect a wide area from Turkey to India for the next 10 years.3
8. The rise of a comet:
A star with a luminous tail will rise from the east before Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) emerges. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 200.)
Before he [Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)] arrives, a comet will appear in the east, giving out an illumination. (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 53.)
The rise of that star will occur after the eclipse of the Sun and the Moon. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 32.)
Throughout history, comets have heralded times of very important developments for Muslims, some of which became milestones in Islamic history. The Companions of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) also narrated some of these occurrences, as follows:
- The people in the time the Prophet Noah (pbuh) drowned.
- The Prophet Abraham (pbuh) was cast into the fire.
- Pharaoh and his people were perished.
- The Prophet John (pbuh) was killed.
- The Prophet Jesus (pbuh) was born.
- Our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) was honored with prophecy.
- The Ottoman state first entered the world stage.
- Constantinople was captured by Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror.
Some interesting statistics regarding Halley's comet:
Particularly striking is the way that multiplies of 19 keep occurring in the appearances of this comet:
* Halleys comet passes by once every 76 years (76=19 x 4)
* The comet was last seen in Hijri 1406 (1406 = 19 x 74)
Another interesting aspect of this is that the year Hijri 1406, when Halley's comet last passed by, is also an exact multiple of 19 (74 x 19). The number 74 is also that of Surat al-Muddaththir, in which the miracle of the number 19 is set out. (For detailed information about the miracle of the number 19, see Allah's Miracles in the Quran, Harun Yahya)
In verse 30 of Surat al-Muddaththir (the 74th sura), the number 19 is revealed as a great blessing for believers, but a vehicle for strife for unbelievers.
This miraculous link between Halley's comet and the number 19 may indicate strife for unbelievers and a blessing for believers.
In verses 1 and 2 of Surat al-Muddaththir, the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) is told: "You who are enveloped in your cloak! Arise and warn." This is the outward meaning of the verses. However, the verses may also contain a second, secret sign: The word "enveloped" may refer to Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), who will be descended from our Prophet (May Allah bless him and grant him peace). And one of the portents of his appearance will take place in Hijri 1406 (the year of the appearance of the comet).
Surat al-Muddaththir (sura 74)
1) ... You who are enveloped in your cloak!
2) ... Arise and warn
(The word muddaththir means that which is covered up or concealed.)
Another great sign and miracle is that the appearance of Halley's comet in 1986 (Hijri 1406) is the 19th such passage since 607 AD, when the blessed Muhammad (May Allah bless him and grant him peace) was honored with prophecy.
9. Storming the Ka'bah and the subsequent bloodshed:
The year in which he [Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)] will emerge, people will perform pilgrimage together and gather without an imam. The pilgrims will be looted, and there will be a battle at Mina in which many will be slain, and blood will flow until it runs over the Jamra al-'Aqaba. [Jamra: one of the stone pillars representing satan that are stoned during the pilgrimage.] (Narrated by 'Amr ibn Shu'ayb, al-Hakim and Nu'aym ibn Hammad.)
People make pilgrimage without an imam leading them. Big wars break out when they come down to Mina, and they are entwined just the way dogs entwine, and tribes attack each other. This strife is so widespread that legs are buried in lakes of blood. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 35.)
In the month of Dhu al-Qa'dah, the nations will wage war, pilgrims will be kidnapped, and there will be bloody wars. Great sins will be committed beside the Ka'bah. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 34.)
The phrase "the year in which he [Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)] will emerge" draws attention to a massacre that will occur on the date of Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) emergence. In 1979, a massacre very like this one occurred during the Ka'bah raid, which took place during the pilgrimage month at the very beginning of the period during which the signs of Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) advent appeared-the first day of the Islamic year 1400 (21 November 1979).
The hadiths also mention bloodshed. The killing of 30 people during the clashes between Saudi soldiers and militants during the raid fulfill the rest of this hadith.
Seven years later, an even bloodier incident happened during the pilgrimage. In this incident, 402 demonstrating pilgrims were killed. Both the Saudi soldiers and the Iranian pilgrims committed great sins by killing one another. These bloody incidents have strong parallels to the incidents described in the hadiths.
There will be cries of war in Shawwal, act of war and carnage (battle, fight) in Dhu al-Hijja. Again in [the month of] Dhu al-Hijja, pilgrims will be despoiled and their streets will be full of blood and prohibitions are broken. Great sins will be commited in Bayt al-Muaddham. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 37.)
"... Great sins will be committed in Bayt al-Muaddham."
This hadith draws attention to the incidents that will occur not in Bayt al-Muaddham (Ka'bah) but close to it. The incidents during the month of Dhul al-Hijja (pilgrimage season) of the Hijri year 1407 actually took place near the Ka'bah, and not inside it, unlike the event of 1400 (Hijri year). The first incident that we narrated at the beginning occurred on Muharram 1,1400 in Bayt al-Muaddham (Ka'bah) itself. Both incidents happened just as the hadiths indicated that they would.
It is no mere coincidence that two such major events as bloodshed in the Ka'bah and the killing of pilgrims, as reported in the hadiths, are taking place one after the other in the period when all portents regarding Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) are coming true.
"[There will be] act of war and carnage in [the month of] Dhu al-Hijja."
The fact that this war and conflict is discussed together with the killing of pilgrims shows that these events will take place in the same period of time. During that same period, the Iran-Iraq war broke out, and the world saw the worst fighting and disorder in the Middle East.
10.A sign out of the sun:
He [Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)] will not come unless a sign emerges out of the Sun. (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 49.)
Another sign of the Judgment Day is extraordinary solar flares. During the twentieth century, a great solar explosion took place and had a great impact upon the world. The sign referred to in the hadith may well be this great explosion.
11. A solar eclipse:
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not emerge unless the Sun rises as a sign. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 33.)
Along with the solar explosion mentioned above, the "sign" to appear on the Sun may well be the great solar eclipse on August 11, 1999-the last total solar eclipse of the twentieth century, and the first time that so many people had been able to watch and study an eclipse for so long.
12. The appearance of dusty, smoky fitnah:
... There will be a dusty and smoky fitnah like patches of dark night... (Sunan Abu Dawud)
The word fitnah (tribulation) implies war, incitement, disorder, and conflict-anything that turns peoples' reason and hearts away from the true path.4 The fitnah mentioned in this hadith will leave behind smoke and dust.
This hadith could well refer to 9/11, one of the world's worst terrorist attacks, when New York City and Washington DC, were attacked. As television screens and newspapers depicted, a huge thick cloud of dust and smoke swallowed up the immediate surroundings in lower Manhattan.
This incident, one of the most serious acts of terror in history, occurred along with other signs and bears characteristics similar to ones described in the hadith. Therefore, this act may well be the "fitnah (tribulation) like patches of dark night" foretold as the sign of Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) emergence. (Allah knows the truth.)
13. A change of systems:
A man called Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will come at a time when time is interrupted... (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 14.)
In this hadith, our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) foretold that Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) would come when "time is interrupted." Many scholars interpret this expression as a "differentiation of time" when a "change of systems" takes place. This "change of systems" may be the collapse of communism, the governing ideology of many nations, toward the end of the twentieth century.
14. Killing of the rulers of Damascus and Egypt:
Before he comes, the inhabitants of Egypt and Sham will kill their rulers and their commanders... (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 49.)
In 1981, Anwar al-Sadat (President of Egypt since 1970) was assassinated during a military review. Other Egyptian leaders who have been killed include the prime ministers Boutros Ghali (1910), Prime Minister Ahmed Maher Pasha (1945), and Mahmoud Nukrashy Pasha (1948).
The word Sham is not used only for Damascus, for it also means "left" and has long been used to refer to those countries to the west of the Hijaz (where the cities of Mecca and Madina lie).5 Many leaders have been killed in the region, among them;
Former Syrian prime ministers Salah al-Din Bitar (1920),
Droubi Pasha (1921),
Muhsin al-Barazi (1949),
King Abdullah of Jordan (1951), and the Lebanese Phalange leader Bashir Gemayel (1982). 6
15. The killing of Abdullah, former King of Jordan:
Another portent of Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) coming is the killing of a senior member of the Hashemites. (Risalat al-Khuruj al-Mahdi, p. 12.)
Jordan, known as the Hashemite Kingdom, was detached from the Ottoman Empire and came under British control for a period of time. Great Britain recognized Jordanian independence in 1946, as part of the Treaty of London. The monarchy was given to Abdullah, head of the principality of Jordan. King Abdullah was later killed in 1951. Thus the incident foretold in the hadith came to pass.
16. The loss of an army:
There are five portents of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh): ... the sinking of an army in Bayda... (Narrated by Nu'aym ibn Hammad)
An army will be sent to him. This army will be leveled while it is somewhere in the desert. (Sahih Muslim)
An army comes to fight. Once they enter the desert, the one in the front and the back disappear, and the ones in the middle cannot save themselves. (Tirmidhi, Sunan Ibn Majah, Sunan Abu Dawud)
The almost sudden disappearance of a large part of the Iraqi army was one of the most striking features of the 2003 American-led war against Iraq. Many newspapers and television channels reported that a 60,000-man army from the Republican Guard, along with some 15,000 Iraqi militiamen from the Fedayeen, got "lost." This account indicates that "the loss of an army," a portent of Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) coming, and hence of the Prophet Jesus' (pbuh) second coming, may already have taken place. (Allah knows the truth.) In fact, the discovery of some war planes buried under the desert sands reinforces the possibility that the "leveling of an army" refers to the Iraqi army.
17. No money will be left to the Iraqis:
The Iraqis will be left with no weighing equipment, and no money will be left to them with which to buy and sell. (Muntakhab Kanz al-'Ummaal, vol. 5, p. 45.)
This hadith may indicate two situations. One is Iraq's economic collapse after the Iran-Iraq and the Gulf wars. The Iraqi economy, faced with such crises, could not recover in the postwar period due to the embargos imposed by the USA and the UN. The Iraqi people grew even poorer, and famine became a major problem.
Or it might also refer to abolishing the dinar, the Iraqi unit of currency in the postwar era. During 2003, the rapid loss of the Iraqi currency's value and the possibility of its being withdrawn from circulation appeared in the newspapers.
18. Flames destroy homes in Baghdad:
Baghdad is destroyed by fire in the End Times... (Risalat al-Khuruj al-Mahdi, vol. 3, p. 177.)
From the very first day of the Second Gulf War in 2003, Baghdad was the target of very intensive bombing. Under heavy bombardment, the city burned, just as the hadith said it would. Images of Baghdad, appearing on TV and in newspapers, conveyed this reality to the world-a clear indication that we are living in the End Times.
19. An embargo against Iraq and Damascus:
"It may happen that the people of Iraq may not send their qafiz [their measures of food-stuff] and dirhams [their money]." We said: "Who would be responsible for it?" He said:"The non-Arabs would prevent them." He again: "There is the possibility that the people of Syria may not send their dinar and mudd." We said: "Who would be responsible for it?" He said: "This prevention would be made by the Romans." (Sahih Muslim)
The embargos imposed upon Iraq and Damascus are signs of the End Times. For more than a decade, Iraq had endured embargos. Meanwhile, there exists the possibility of placing an embargo upon Syria.
20. The restructuring of Iraq:
The Judgment Day will not come until Iraq is attacked. Innocent people in Iraq will seek shelter in Sham. Sham will be rebuilt, and Iraq will be rebuilt. (Muntakhab Kanz al'Ummal, vol. 5, p. 254.)
The hadith draws attention to the reconstruction of Iraq, many of whose cities were reduced to rubble during the Iran-Iraq war, and then again during the two Gulf wars of 1991 and 2003. After this latest war, Iraq's rebuilding became a necessity because so much of it had been ruined. Looting also contributed to this situation, as was widely discussed in the press.
21. Iraqis flee to Damascus and the north:
The innocent and clean people of Iraq will flee to Sham. (Risalat al-Khuruj al-Mahdi, p. 210.)
Innocent people in Iraq will seek shelter towards Sham... (Kanzul Ummal, Kitab al-Qiyamah, qism al-af'al, vol. 5, p. 254, al-Muttaki)
Immediately before the outbreak of the latest Gulf war, tens of thousands of Iraqis sought to migrate to other countries, especially Syria. This bears great similarity to the event described in the hadith. News and pictures about this attempted migration appeared in the media.
22. Fitna in Damascus:
The fitnah in Sham will calm down on the one hand and flare up again on another. This corruption will not end until an Angel from the sky calls: "Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) is your leader. Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) is your successor." (Risalat al-Khuruj al-Mahdi, p. 63.)
This hadith very probably refers to the disorder that took place in Syria. However, the Sham region is not limited to Damascus, the Syrian capital, alone. As mentioned earlier, Sham means "the left" and refers to those countries to the west of the Hijaz (which includes the cities of Mecca and Medina).
During the early years of the twentieth century, civil wars, rebellions, conflict and great wars were already raging in this region. These conflicts triggered one another and greatly impacted all the people living there. The statement that "this fitnah (tribulation)... will calm down on the one hand and flare up again on another" is noteworthy in that over the last fifty years, several major conflicts occurred in this region, among them the Suez War, the Six-Day War, the Yom Kippur War, the Lebanese Civil War, and the ongoing tension in Palestine.
23. Disorder in Damascus, Iraq, and Arabian Peninsula:
Our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: "There will be such troubles and calamities that nobody will be able to find a place of shelter. These woes will move around Sham, fall upon Iraq, and tie the hands and feet of the Arabian Peninsula. The community of Islam will fight against troubles in the steppes. Nobody will feel any sympathy for them or even say: "Alas!" As they try to remedy their woes on the one hand, they will emerge again on the other." (Muntakhab Kanz al-'Ummal, vol. 5, pp. 38-39.)
The expression, "the woes will move around Sham, fall upon Iraq" may well indicate the Second Gulf War in 2003. Before and during this war, there was always the possibility of the conflict extending into Syria, however the war remained limited to Iraq.
24. The division of Iraq into three parts:
According to our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), the people of Iraq will be divided into three groups. One part will join the looters. One group will flee, leaving their families behind. And one group will fight and kill. Prepare yourselves for the Judgment Day when you see this. (Fera Idu Fevaidi'l Fiqr Fi'l Imam al-Mahdi al-Muntadhar)
As the hadith relates, some Iraqis will join the "looters." Indeed, at the end of the war, some Iraqis took advantage of the loss of authority and engaged in looting. In fact, some of these people stole and pillaged, acts that can be defined as looting.
The hadith informs us that some people would be so eager to escape that they would not even think about the families they left behind. The hadith also tells that some people would fight and be killed. During this latest Gulf War, some Iraqis fought and died.
"The division of Iraq into three," as is related in the hadith's first section, also came true after the first Gulf War in 1991, when the country was divided into three regions: between the 32th and 36th parallels, south of the 32th parallel, and north of the 36th parallel.
25. War in the streets:
"Between the Tigris and the Euphrates, a city will be built where the children of Abbas will reign. It is called Zawra [Baghdad]... " "O Rasul al-Akram, the leader of believers, why is it called Zawra?" "It is called Zawra because the war surrounds it, expanding to the borders." (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 426, no. 776.)
You do not see for I am seeing the places of turmoil between your houses as the places of rainfall. (Sahih Muslim, the Judgment Day: Portents & Prophecies, p. 84.)
In the twentieth century, guerilla warfare became widespread. The ensuing conflicts often take place in streets and between houses. The most recent example occurred in Baghdad in 2003. Indeed, the first hadith above relates that a war will expand to all the corners of Baghdad. The events of the latest Gulf War and the related news reported by the media confirm the news foretold in the hadiths. (Allah knows the truth.)
26. The occurrence of great and astonishing events:
So many appalling incidents will occur in his [Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh)] time. (Imam Rabbani, Letters of Rabbani, vol. 2, p. 258.)
The signs of his [Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh)] emergence resemble those preparatory signs that earlier gave an indication of our Rasulullah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). (Imam Rabbani, Letters of Rabbani, vol. 2, p. 258.)
Great and extraordinary events preceded the birth of our Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). For example, a new star rose on that night, 14 towers of the Iranian Emperor's Palace collapsed, the fire of the fire-worshipping Magians' in Iran that had burned for 1,000 years went out, the Semavi Valley was flooded, and the Save Lake dried up.
As indicated in the above hadiths, Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) appearance will resemble that of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). Great and miraculous phenomena will also take place when he emerges.
Some of the remarkable phenomena that took place during the last century are as follows:
- The Ka'bah was raided, and many Muslims were killed.
- The 2,500-year Iranian monarchy collapsed.
- A gas leak in a Bombay factory killed 20,000 people.
- War broke out between two Muslim nations: Iran and Iraq.
- The Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan.
- On September 19, 1985, Mexico City was devastated by an earthquake.
- The Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupted, wiping the town of Armero off the map and killing 25,000 people.
- Floods in Bangladesh killed 25,000 people.
- Rome, the heart of the Catholic Church, was flooded.
- The worst forest fire in history broke out in China.
- Indian Prime Minister Gandhi, President Anwar al-Sadat of Egypt, and Swedish Prime Minister Olaf Palme were assassinated.
- Pope John Paul II was shot.
- The AIDS virus, identified in 1980, has so far killed more than 25 million people and is known as a "today's plague."7
- The Challenger space shuttle exploded after take-off in 1986.
- The worst nuclear accident in history occurred when the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in the Soviet Union exploded on 26 April 1986, and the released radiation affected many European countries.
- A hole was discovered in the ozone layer.
- The Soviet Union collapsed, thanks to Gorbachev, and the newly independent states of Central Asia emerged.
- The Gulf War broke out, Iraq annexed and then fled Kuwait, and was finally occupied by America and Britain in 2003.
- An earthquake in Armenia reduced cities to rubble, causing 500,000 people to leave their homes and more than 40,000 dead.
- The Chinese government sent its tanks into Tienanmen Square during 1989 to crush a student movement demanding greater freedom; 2,000 students died.
- The Berlin Wall, which for 28 years had symbolized the Cold War, was torn down.
- More than 1,400 pilgrims were killed in a stampede at a tunnel in the Ka'bah in 1990.
- Approximately 139,000 people died from flooding in Bangladesh in 1991, and ten million were left homeless.
- Hundreds of thousands of Muslims were killed in the atrocities in Bosnia and Kosovo, and hundreds of thousands more were exiled.
- The Ebola virus led to the deaths of a few hundreds.
- The climate pattern known as El Nino, causing changes in sea temperature and air pressure, has inflicted huge disasters on all the countries of the world.
- The London Stock Exchange collapsed on October 19, 1987, and the ensuing panic resulted in a value loss of 50 billion British pounds.
- 168 people were killed in a bomb attack on a federal building in Oklahoma City on 19 April 1995.
-In 1997, the Hale-Bopp Comet passed so close to Earth that it could be seen with the naked eye.
- 5,000 people died in an earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale in Afghanistan on February 1998.
- The biggest-ever terrorist attack on America took place on September 11, 2001. Within 18 minutes of each other, two passenger airplanes crushed into the World Trade Center in New York City. Another plane crashed into the Pentagon. Over 5,000 people died.
- An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale struck India, killing thousands of people.
- Many European countries have experienced heat waves that have killed many people.
- The 13-year research known as the Human Genome Project was completed in April, 2003. The approximately 30,000 genes in human DNA were thus identified and the human genome map produced.
- Mars was closer to Earth in August 2003 than at any other time in the past 60,000 years.
- The deadly SARS virus spread in 2003, killing 775 people.
- Twelve lost their lives as floods hit Mecca, one of the most arid regions in the world.
- 86,000 lives lost in the Iranian earthquake on 27 December 2003. The city of Bam was completely devastated.
- A total of 263 people have so far lost their lives as a result of bird flu, first observed in birds in Asia.
- An earthquake in the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, measuring 9.1 to 9.3 on the Richter scale and the following 30-meter (98.5 feet)?tsunami lead to the deaths of some 300,000 people in 11 countries, particularly Indonesia. More than 1 million people were left homeless. This earthquake, the second most severe ever recorded, has been described as the deadliest in history.
- On 23 August 2005, Hurricane Katrina, one of the deadliest hurricanes in history, causes the deaths of around 2,000 people and economic damage of $100 billion, the highest figure ever. Many settled areas, particularly the city of New Orleans, had to be evacuated.
- 75,000 lives lost in an earthquake in Kashmir on 8 October 2005, with more than 100,000 injured.
- Because of the collapse of a hotel in Mecca on January 5, 2006, 76 Muslim pilgrims who were there to fulfill their religious obligations lost their lives. One week later, on the last day of the Hajj, 362 pilgrims died in a stampede during the stoning of the devil in Mina.
- More than 6,000 people died in a 6.3-magnitude earthquake in Java, Indonesia, on May 27, 2006, while another 36,000 were injured and 1.5 million were left homeless.
- In August 2007 the financial markets in the United States of America started to collapse and the economic crisis continued to intensify, beginning to spread across the whole world.
- More than 3,000 people died due to Cyclone Sidr that struck Bangladesh on November 16, 2007. The Bangladeshi Red Crescent announced that 7 million people were in need of aid.
- On March 19, 2008, NASA's Swift X-ray telescope recorded a cosmic explosion which occurred 7.5 billion years ago.
- More than 13,000 people died in Cyclone Nargis that struck Burma (Myanmar) on May 3, 2008 .
- More than 70,000 people died and millions were left homeless in a 7.9-magnitude earthquake in China on May 12, 2008 .
- The Icelandic government and banking system went bankrupt on January 26, 2009, and the country collapsed.
- The H1N1 epidemic that broke out on June 11, 2009, under the name of swine flu, was regarded as a threat to the whole world.
- The comet Lulin approached closest to the Earth on February 24, 2009. This comet, which was very bright and emitted a green light, possesses features not found in any other heavenly body, being double tailed and travelling, unlike them, from east to west.
- Some 100,000 people lost their lives and more than 3 million were affected in the 7.0-magnitude earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12, 2010.
27. The loss of hope of the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh):
Allah Almighty will send Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) after despair has reached the point that people will say: "There is no Mahdi." (Narrated by Nu'aym ibn Hammad)
The above hadith reveals that another of the portents of the End Times is people's increasing abandonment of belief in Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) coming. This state of mind can frequently be observed in the present day. Despite the existence of countless hadiths about Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) coming, the Prophet Jesus' (pbuh) return, and the Golden Age characterized by great blessings, many people doubt that such a period will ever come. This assumption is also a sign of the End Times. In a time of despair, people will enjoy the benefits of the prevailing Qur'anic morality, thanks to Allah's mercy.
28. Pervasive corruption:
Islamic literature defines fitnah as severe trial terms where life conditions are hardened and people's faith are attempted to be weakened and destroyed through denial of Allah and religion by various methods.
One hadith reveals that the believers' faith will weaken in the End Times and also provides information about the developments that will lead to this:
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), one of my children, comes into being, by the blessing of Allah, upon the approach of the Day of Judgment; the weakening of the believers' hearts because of death, hunger, fitnah and the disappearance of the Sunnah; and the emergence of innovations and the loss of means by which to enjoin the right and forbid the wrong. His justice and prosperity will ease the believers' hearts, and friendship and love will settle between the non-Arab and the Arab nations. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 66.)
Briefly, the following events will take place before the End Times and Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) appearance:
1- Death: As a consequence of anarchy and mass murder, people will not be safe and will be greatly concerned about dying.
2- Hunger: The struggle to make a living will become harder because the cost of living will rise. Natural disasters and catastrophes will lead to starvation and hunger.
3- Fitnah: Such troubles will spread and encourage unlawful and immoral acts among all people, both in public and in private.
4- Innovation (bid'at): Adoption of some rituals or innovations on the grounds that they are essential components of Islam, although they violate the teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah.
5- Disappearance of the communication of moral values of Islam: Believers will be hindered from enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, and a spiritual decline will occur as a result.
Such fitnah (tribulation) will lead to a stronger faith, an increase in patience and rewards in the Hereafter for the believers' having a solid faith, while weakening further the faith of those with weak faith.The latter group might even lose their faith completely.
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear when such fitnah is prevalent.
Other hadiths and Islamic scholars state that Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear when a particular type of fitnah has become worldwide.
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will come when fitnahs (tribulation) appear. (Imam Rabbani, Letters of Rabbani, vol. 2, p. 258.)
Disorder, fitnah, and fear will emerge in the west... Corruption will proliferate. (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 440.)
Fitnahs will follow one another in the near future. Then, there will be other fitnahs and even more following them. (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 374, no. 684.)
There will emerge widespread fitnah that seems impossible to ever end... (Al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar, p. 55.)
29. The emergence of widespread slaughter:
Before Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) there will be widespread slaughter and terrible fitnah. (The Book of Portents of the Mahdi of the End Times, p. 37.)
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will only appear at a time when people are experiencing great fear and are afflicted by disturbances, civil war, and other disasters. (Narrated by Abu Ja''far Muhammad ibn 'Ali)
Most painful situations and grievous sights will be seen. Strife will go on and on... It will kill mothers, fathers, daughters, men, and everyone... Among these will be strife, violence, destruction, and looting. People will ask when it will end, but it will still go on. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 36.)
... Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear when the inhabitants of the earth and sky can no longer bear the slaughter... (The Book of Portents of the Mahdi of the End Times, p. 37.)
... will make bloodshed lawful and be the enemy of Al-i-Muhammad... (Ali ibn Husamaddin al-Muttaki, Hadiths from Jalaluddin al-Suyuti's Classification: Signs of the Mahdi of the End Times, Kahraman Publications, p. 37.)
... The shedding of blood... is one of the signs of the Last Day. (Alamat al-Qiyama, p. 142.)
The hadiths forecast massacres that will occur all over the world.
During the twentieth century's two World Wars, an estimated 150 million people were killed. The number of civilians slaughtered for political reasons during the same century is estimated to be well over 200 million. This is an extraordinarily high figure when compared with those of previous centuries. Wars and conflicts are still going on all over the world in the 21st century. Their common feature is, as stated in the above hadith, all these wars have entailed the mass slaughter of civilians.
30. Pervasiveness of global disorder and conflict:
The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: "Fitnah (tribulation) will spread after me. Terror and war will rage. Then, there will be greater fitnahs. When people will say that the fitnah has ended, new rebellions will appear. Until someone from my lineage [Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)] emerges, there will be no home in Arabia into which fitnah will not enter and a Muslim to whom fitnah will not reach." (Fera Idu Fevaidi'l Fiqr Fi'l Imam al-Mahdi al-Muntadhar, p. 147.)
At a time when the world will be in harj [utter confusion and disorder], fitnah will appear, people will be attacked, the old will not have mercy on the young, and the young will not show respect to the old, Allah will send someone to eradicate hostility and conquer the castles of perversion, uphold faith in the End Times just as I upheld it formerly, someone who will fill this earth with justice where violence prevailed before. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 12.)
As these hadiths reveal, such disorder will spread around the world. Indeed, many countries have been ruined, either wholly or in part, by disorder, war, murder, and terrorism. Every day, hundreds are exiled or murdered for no reason. (For further information, see Harun Yahya's Signs of the Last Day [Global Publishing: 2003].)
31. Days of anarchy and disorder:
The Hour will come when violence, bloodshed, and anarchy become common. (Muntakhab Kanz al-'Ummal)
... [At that time,] fitnah (tribulation), disorder and rebellion will be many, and people will kill one another... (Death, The Last Day, The Hereafter and Signs of the End Times, p. 482, no. 901; Kitab an-Nihaya, Ibn Kathir, 1/131.)
This much is certain, there will be some people in the near future who cause constant dispute and division. (Death, The Last Day, The Hereafter and Signs of the End Times, p. 376, no. 685.)
Anarchy and conflict were among the most obvious features of the twentieth century. In countless wars, rebellions, and conflicts, great numbers of people died, and security and peace became one of the survivors' greatest longings. The seemingly unending civil wars in some African countries, rebellions in many countries (especially in Central and South America), wars and clashes throughout Asia, and conflict in the Middle East are only the most obvious examples of this disorder.
32. The killing of women, children and the innocent:
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not appear until seven out of nine [people] are killed. The killing of the innocent will be among them. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 35.)
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not emerge until innocent people are massacred, and he will appear when those on earth and up in the sky can no longer put up with such massacres... (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 37.)
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not emerge until innocent people are killed. When those who are without sin are killed, the people of earth and sky [will] detest the killers. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 35.)
While the hadiths about Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) emergence mention such massacres as becoming common, they also emphasize that such massacres will target innocent people. In addition, acts of terror, particularly in recent years, have resulted in the mass annihilation of people. Since terror seeks to spread fear and horror, the very group that such attacks often target are innocent civilians.
Many continue to lose their lives in different countries as a result of terrorists targeting shopping malls, restaurants, and schools frequented by defenseless women, youths, and children.
33. The enslavement of the Egyptians:
The people of Sham will take prisoner the communities of Egypt... (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 49.)
As stated earlier, Sham (Damascus) is the region located on the western part of Hijaz, where Mecca and Medina are located. Today, Israel is one of the countries located in this region. Consequently, this hadith may well hint at Israel's war with Egypt and her occupation of Egyptian lands. On October 26, 1956, Israel, with British and French support, attacked Egypt and began to occupy the Sinai Peninsula. The fighting ended shortly afterwards, following intervention by the United States and the United Nations, and a UN peacekeeping force was stationed on the Israeli border.
Another conflict between Israel and Egypt was the Six-Day War in 1967, during Israeli troops took prisoner a large number of Egyptians, and a large number of Egyptians were killed.
34. The destruction of great cities:
Great cities will be ruined, and it will be as if they had not existed the day before. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 38.)
When developed places are ruined, then the Judgment Day is no further away than the distance between your two fingers. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 143.)
The ruin of great cities spoken of in these hadiths brings to mind the destruction that now arises from war and natural disasters. In addition, recently developed nuclear weapons, aircraft, bombs, missiles, and other weapons have caused untold destruction, bringing about a level of devastation heretofore unknown. Indeed, the great cities targeted are most affected by this destruction.
35. Rebuilding of ruined places:
The rebuilding of the ruined places in the world, and the ruination of constructed places, are signs and portents of the Judgment Day. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 138.)
The reconstruction of these ruins is a further sign of the End Times. As stated in the previous section, many cities were reduced to rubble during the twentieth century and thus had to be rebuilt, among them Berlin, Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), and Dresden.
A similar example is Kobe, a Japanese city devastated by a powerful earthquake in January 1995. The region around Kobe and Osaka is one of Japan's most prominent industrial and commercial centers. Thus, the Kobe earthquake's total economic impact was immense, amounting to billions of dollars. Yet, despite this loss, Japan reconstructed Kobe.
36. One type of fitnah will spread everywhere:
One kind of fitnah (tribulation) will surface, from which no party will be able to protect itself, and spread immediately in all directions. This situation will persist until someone comes and says: "O people, from now on your leader is Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)." (Ibn Hajar Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 23.)
The hadiths speak of a tribulation that will touch everybody and spread quickly. This tribulation will be known to everybody, oppose religion and Allah, and target the people's faith. Today, materialist philosophy is the largest and most comprehensive trend produced to deny Allah's existence and Creation. Its underlying philosophy, the theory of evolution, provides it with a self-proclaimed "scientific" basis. Even though it is not based on any scientific and logical evidence, certain materialist circles continue to work for its acceptance via constant propaganda, deceit, and even fraud.
As our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) noted in one of his hadiths, global pervasiveness and rapid spread of this tribulation can materialize only when current technological means (that is, the press, publications, broadcasting, the Internet, and satellite communication) are available. As the relevant technology did not exist in the past, tribulation could not spread throughout the world so quickly. As a result, no other worldwide trend was seen that declared war on Allah's existence, Creation, and the morality of religion (Allah is beyond this). All of these are among the important signs that the second coming of the Prophet Jesus (pbuh) and Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) advent coincide with the present time.
37. Religious prohibitions gain acceptance:
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not emerge until unbelief invades everywhere and is openly committed in public. What rules in such times is the invasion by unbelief... That is its power. (Imam Rabbani, Letters of Rabbani, vol. 2, 259.)
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will emerge following the occurrence of such vile fitnah, whereby all of the prohibitions are regarded as lawful. (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 23.)
Such unlawful acts as prostitution, alcohol, and bribery are widespread in the world today. The Western media praises and encourages those who commit these unlawful acts, while criticizing those who do not. Statistics reveal that the number of people engaged in such activities is steadily increasing.
38. Openly denying Allah (Allah is beyond this):
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not come until Allah is not said on the earth. (Al-Burhan fi Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman p.27.)
Atheism has been around for a long time, but started to spread on a heretofore unknown scale by the end of the nineteenth century. The number of people deluded by the spread of materialism and Darwinism, atheism's philosophical and so-called "scientific" bases, increased markedly in the twentieth century, atheism will be defeated by Allah's will, thanks to the ideological struggle of sincere believers.
39. The spread of materialist philosophy:
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear when the letters of the Bismillah lose their importance. (Risalat al-Khuruj al-Mahdi, p. 29.)
"The letters of the Bismillah" may mean the people's stance toward Islamic morality and the condition of their faith. Indeed, in a period when the people's faith weakens, Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear and eliminate those ideological movements. Considered from this viewpoint, this hadith may indicate materialism's and Darwinism's amazing influence on people.
Another hadith describes how atheism and lack of belief will rise during the End Times:
Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not appear until denial is manifest everywhere in the community. What will be seen then... is the invasion of denial, and its power. (Letters of Imam Rabbani, 2-259.)
40. Fitnah alienates people from the Qur'an:
Before the Last Hour, there will be fitnah (commotions) like pieces of a dark night in which a man will be a believer in the morning and an infidel in the evening, or a believer in the evening and infidel in the morning. (Sunan Abu Dawud)
Surat al-An'am, 26 speaks of those who keep others away from the Qur'an.
They keep others from it and avoid it themselves. They are only destroying themselves but they are not aware of it. (Surat al-An'am, 26)
The hadiths also indicate that corrupt patterns of thought will be prevalent before the Judgment Day comes, and that systems far removed from truth and justice will come into being. These developments will cause great discord and draw people away from the ways of Allah.
Other hadiths reveal that this fitnah (commotions) will be disseminated by various propaganda and indoctrination techniques:
"At that time, inviters will call the people to the gates of Hell. Whoever heeds that call, they will cast him into Hell. "O Messenger of Allah, tell us of the nature of those inviters!" they said. "Very well," he replied, "they will be from our nation and speak in our tongue." (Death, The Last Day, The Hereafter and The Signs of the End Times, p. 382, no. 698.)
In the near future, there will be some terrible fitnah that makes people blind, deaf and mute and conceals the truth, that makes people deaf to the truth, and mute, unable to speak the truth... In a state of tumult because of fitnah, the engagement of the tongue in fitnah and propaganda will enable it to spread like a stroke from a sword. (Death, The Last Day, The Hereafter and The Signs of the End Times, p. 390, no. 720.)
The deafening silence imposed by this fitnah reminds one of the authoritarian regimes in power in many countries. These regimes suppress intellectual freedom of thought and prevent people from expressing themselves and their beliefs as they wish. Muslims cannot freely express their thoughts and are persecuted because of their beliefs, particularly in some Arab and African countries-one instance of this state of affairs.
41. The destruction of masjids and mosques:
The Sufyani will emerge from a dry valley... He will destroy madrassas (religious schools) and mosques, and punish everyone bowing [ruqu'] and prostrating [sajda] themselves in prayer. (Ali ibn Husamaddin al-Muttaki, Hadiths from Jalaluddin al-Suyuti's Classification: Signs of the Mahdi of the End Times, Kahraman Publications, p. 35.)
42. The appearance of false Prophets:
The Hour will not be established until about thirty dajjals [liars] appear, and each one of them will claim that he is Allah's messenger... (Sahih Bukhari)
The appearance of 60 liars, each of whom claims that Allah, the One God, has sent them as a Prophet. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 36.)
43. People who exploit religion for their personal interests:
When scholars learn knowledge solely in order to make money... when they sell religion for worldly things... when they sell the judgment... the Last Day will be close at hand. (Death, The Last Day and Resurrection, p. 480.)
There will be people in the End Times who will sell their religion in return for worldly gain. (Tirmidhi, Zuhd, 60.)
Whoever reads the Qur'an, let him seek [his reward] from Allah. In fact, in the End Times, there will be some who read the Qur'an but seek [gain] from others. (Hadith Concerning the End Times, p. 9.)
44. The number of true believers being very few:
There will come a time for my people when... mosques will be full of people, but they will be empty of right guidance. (al-Hakim)
A time will come when people will... adopt the views of people who make innovations [bid'at-those who seek to impose things that do not belong to the religion as if they actually do] and unknowingly fall into idolatry, when they study knowledge for profit, and when they use their religion as a tool to obtain worldly goods. (Daylami; Hadiths Concerning the End Times, p. 68.)
45. The oppression on true believers:
I swear that this community will suffer such [fierce] tribulations that people will be unable to find anywhere to escape cruelty and oppression. At such a troubled time, Almighty Allah will send one [Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)] from my own line. (Death, The Last Day, The Hereafter and the Signs of the End Times, p. 437.)
He will punish all those who prostrate themselves to pray... He will be the enemy of Al-i Muhammad... (Ali ibn Husamaddin al-Muttaki, Hadiths from Jalaluddin al-Suyuti's Classification: Signs of the Mahdi of the End Times, Kahraman Publications, p. 37.)
Here, one third of Muslims will be killed... (Al-Burhan fi Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman, p. 73.)
Another of the portents of the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) revealed in the hadiths is that at that time, Muslims will be subjected to great oppression and difficulty. The situation in the Islamic world today is proof that this portent is coming about. From Indonesia to Palestine and from Chad to East Turkestan, Muslims are being persecuted. Some of the details regarding these difficulties are set out in the hadiths:
- Despotic rulers:
Woe to this community, because of the cruel, murdering rulers. These oppressors will terrify even those who remain silent, excepting only those who obey them... (from Abu Nuaym; al-Suyuti, vol. II, p. 64.)
Leaders oppressing the people is one of the signs of the Last Day. (Alamat al-Qiyama, p. 143.)
These hadiths indicate the rise of irreligious, despotic and ruthless rulers in certain Muslim countries prior to the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh).
- The spread of atheist ideologies:
[One sign of the Last Day is] the raising of the voices of the wicked inside mosques and the victory and rule of sinners over true believers who abide by the commands of the religion. (Death, The Last Day, The Hereafter and the Signs of the End Times, p. 450.)
- Believers forced to hide their faith:
In another hadith, our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) states that in the End Times, all this persecution will constrain true believers to conceal their faith and to worship in secret:
A time will come when believers will seek to maintain their faith in secret among other people, much as the hypocrites live in concealment among you today. (Ibn al-Sunni, Hadiths Concerning the End Times, p. 12.)
46. The degeneration of politicians:
One important feature of this time is the emergence of ruthless, cruel leaders who lead their peoples to disaster. The twentieth century was full of such people-individuals who adopted ideologies far removed from the moral values of religion. They became notorious for the cruelties they inflicted and for the sufferings they caused due to war and other conflicts. Mao had thousands of citizens killed solely for opposing him, and was responsible for the deaths of millions during his regime. Under the influence of fascist ideology, Mussolini led his people to disaster by dragging his country into World War II. Mobutu has gone down in history as one of Africa's most ruthless dictators.
In the End Times, there will be cruel rulers, wicked ministers, treacherous judges, and lying hodjas. If anyone goes to them, let him not be allied to them, help them, or show them the way. (Risalat al-Khuruj al-Mahdi, p. 182.)
Soon there will appear some chiefs who will confiscate your food and soothe you with lies. They will work, yet what they do will be evil. Their worst attribute is that they will not be pleased with you until you consider their evil as good and confirm their lies. (al-Tabarani)
One by one, the principles of Islam will be violated and some statesmen will misguide people... (al-Hakim, Mustadrak)
47. The concepts of virtue and vice change places:
The proliferation of the wicked and liars being believed is one of the signs of the Last Day. (Bayhaqi, Ibn Najjar; Hadiths Concerning the End Times, p. 107.)
The confirmation of falsehood and the rejection of the truth is one of the signs of the Last Day. (Alamat al-Qiyama, p.137.)
The liar will be believed, and he who tells the truth denied. The traitor will be trusted, and the trustworthy treated like a traitor... Falsehood will spread in those times. (Fera Idu Fevaidi'l Fiqr Fi'l Imam al-Mahdi al-Muntadhar; The Awaited Mahdi, 3rd edition, pp. 146-147.)
48. Fighting among Muslims:
The Judgment Day will not come until the two great Islamic armies war with one another... (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 454, no. 831.)
Muslims who fail to get along well with one another in those days cannot avoid being the target of the dajjal (antichrist). (al-Hakim, Mustadrak, vol. 4, pp. 529-30.)
Abu Huraira reported that Allah's Messenger (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) narrated: "The Last Hour will not come until the two [Muslim] parties confront each other, and there is a large-scale massacre amongst them and the chain of both of them is the same." (Sahih Muslim)
In these hadiths, our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) called attention to some events that would take in our day. Indeed, as these hadiths reveal, at the beginning of the year 1400 of the Islamic era, Iraq and Iran were fighting each other, and Iraq would later invade Kuwait in 1999.
49. The cutting of trade and roads:
When trade and roads are cut and fitnah (tribulation) multiplies... (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 52.)
Before Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) appears, trade and roads between nations will be cut and fitnah among people will grow. (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 39.)
Despite the commercial and economic cooperation between countries in our day, security concerns sometimes hinder many commercial activities. You can see this in the difficulties faced by those who want to transport the Caspian region's underground riches to other regions. Disputes and tensions elsewhere hinder similar economic cooperation and thereby limit commercial opportunities.
50. An increase in the number of earthquakes:
The Hour [Last Day] will not be established until... earthquakes become very frequent. (Sahih Bukhari)
There are two great events before the Day of Judgment... and then years of earthquakes. (Ramuz al-Ahadith, p. 187, no. 2.)
The days when you can find no homes to shelter you, or animals to carry you, have come close. Earthquakes will demolish your houses, lightnings will burn your herds, turning them into coals. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 146.)
There will be disagreements and frequent earthquakes. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li-Ashrat al-Sa'ah, p. 166.)
According to U.S. Geological Survey reports, the number of earthquakes with a magnitude of 5.0 or greater on the Richter scale that took place during the 400 years between 1556-1975 was only 110; between 1980-2009, the number of earthquakes with a magnitude of 6.0 or greater on the Richter scale was 4,176.8 These figures reveal that the number of earthquakes had increased by the beginning of the year Hijri 1400.
During the three years just before the dajjal (antichrist) comes, there will be one year when the sky will withhold one third of its rain and the earth one-third of its fruits. In the second year, the sky will withhold two-thirds of its rain, and the earth two-thirds of its fruits. In the third year, all of its fruits and all the animals will die. (Ibn Ahmad Hanbal)
Drought that is to occur in the End Times for a certain period of time is also a very important sign that will happen right before the descent of the Prophet Jesus (pbuh) and the appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh).
52. Winds and tornadoes:
The Judgment Day will not happen until ten portents are seen. The tenth is a tornado that will hurl people into the sea... (Muhammad ibn 'Abd ar-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 288.)
These are the most important disasters arising from climatic changes that have occurred in recent years:
On October 1987, the largest storm since 1703 hit southeast England. Around 15 million trees were felled, a great part of the forests disappeared, 16 people died, buildings were damaged, and ships were driven onto the shore.
On March 20, 1998, 12 people died during the tornado in Georgia.
On 27 March 1997, 27 people died in a tornado that hit Texas.
Storms in Bangladesh on 13 May 1996, were estimated to have killed between 500 and 1,000 people. The same storms also led to 30,000 people being injured and 100,000 left homeless.
The damage caused in the Gulf of Mexico alone by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 was around $500 million, and approximately $250 million in the Bahamas. And 2 million people in the eastern USA were forced to leave their homes.
Floods in central and eastern parts of Europe in August 2002 caused 114 deaths. The most violent storms in South Korea for 40 years, on 21 September, 2003, led to around 200 fatalities over the course of two days.
In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated eight towns and cities in Mississippi, destroying 80% of New Orleans and causing the deaths of 2,000 people. It is regarded as the second-worst storm in American history, with damage costs totalling around $81.2 billion. With the collapse of the barriers constructed to protect the city against flooding almost all the city was inundated. This may correspond to the description of "a storm that will cast people into the sea" given in the hadith.
Hurricane Sidr, which struck Bangladesh with wind speeds of up to 250 km/hour (155 miles/hour) in 2007, ended in the loss of 3,200 lives and wreaked terrible destruction. Waves up to 6 meters (19,6 feet) high destroyed thousands of homes and led to the deaths of some 1,000 people. The hurricane affected around 5 million people and is regarded as one of the worst disasters of the century.
53. Violent rain:
The Hour will not come until there has been rain which destroy all dwellings. (Ibn Ahmad Hanbal)
An increase in rain and a reduction in grass... occur because the Judgment Day is near. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd ar-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 137.)
The Hour does not come until all mud-brick buildings, except for the stone ones, collapse. (Ibn Ahmad Hanbal, Musnad, vol. 13, p. 291, no. 7554.)
Heavy rains and the subsequent floods are among the great natural disasters that cause many casualties. In recent years especially, such events have caused serious material damage and killed many people throughout the world. The floods that affected Europe in recent years are an example. Heavy downpours hit almost all of Europe, causing floods and submerging portions of many large cities.
The seasonal monsoon rains that struck India, Nepal, and Bangladesh in 2002 left behind 900 dead. In China, mudslides caused by heavy summer rains killed 1,000 people in August 2002. Following the flooding in Europe in 2002, further floods in 2006 affected many European countries, especially Hungary, but also Romania, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2007, thousands were left homeless in flooding in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, while strong rain in July that year led to flooding that affected some 1 million people in Great Britain.
54. An increased amount of lightning:
Thunderbolts will increase so much as the Hour approaches that when a man comes to a group of people, he will ask, "Who amongst you was struck by a thunderbolt this morning?" and they will say, "So and so and so and so was struck." (Ibn Ahmad Hanbal)
Earthquakes will destroy your homes, lightning will burn your herds, turning them into coals. (Nu'aym ibn Hammad)
The hadiths relate that the increased amount of lightning is a sign of the Judgment Day. As weather statistics indicate, the loss of possessions and the increased number of deaths due to lightning have become far more frequent in recent years. In 1998, for example, 11 soccer players were killed in Congo when lightning struck their field. Similarly in 2001, lightning hit a football field in Mexico and killed six people. Aside from these incidents, lightning kills many people and animals each year.
Data from China show that each year, lightning strikes are increasing in frequency at a specific rate. The numbers rose from 7,625 in 2003 to 8,892 in 2004, 11,026 in 2005 and 19,982 in 2006. In 2006, lightning strikes killed 717 people in China alone.
55. Earth's collapse:
The first sign of the Hour is earth's collapse. (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 518.)
When the latter generations of these people insult the former ones, expect red winds, earth's collapse, or the raining of stones from the heavens. (Tirmidhi)
At the End Times, when entertainment and dancers pervade and drinking is considered permissible, earth will collapse, stones will pour [from the sky], and people will strip off their humane qualities. (Ahmad Diya'al-Din al-Kamushkhanawi, Ramuz al-Ahadith, vol. 2, p. 302, No. 8.)
56. Conversion of homes into graves:
He asked: "What becomes of you when death meets people and homes become graves?" (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 392, no. 726)
Epidemics such as plague, that is, the disease that hits sheep; it will seize you... (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 417, no. 761.)
Two fatal diseases will spread among you, such as the Ikasu'l-Ganem [a fatal and epidemic animal disease]. (Jami' al-Ushul, vol. 10, p. 412.)
This aside, in our day, new and unknown epidemics appear. Within the last 20 to 30 years, we have had to deal with AIDS, SARS, Ebola, Mad Cow disease, bird and swine flus all of which have become grave threats.
58. People fleeing one another:
O Messenger of Allah, what is the fitnah of Akhlas?" He said: "Fleeing-that is, the fleeing of people from one another due to mistrust and the looting of people's possessions." (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 386, no. 714.)
The hadith states that people will flee from one another due to mistrust and fear. This might refer to those who are forced to flee their homelands. Indeed, the number of refugees and exiles had increased greatly by the beginning of the twentieth century.
Especially during the last 20 to 30 years, this increase has reached significant totals. By 2001, the number of refugees reached 23 million while the number of people who had abandoned their homes was about 30 million.
59. Abandoning "enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong" as an act of worship:
The Hour will approach... when good is abandoned and nobody enjoins it, and evil is committed and no one forbids it. (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 480.)
The Hour draws near, and the good deeds diminish. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 264.)
60. Poverty and hunger:
The poor will grow in number. (Amal al-Din al-Qazwini, Mufid al-'Uulum wa Mubid al-Humum)
Gains will be shared out only among the rich, with no benefit to the poor. (Tirmidhi)
Three years before the appearance of the dajjal (antichrist), there will be exceedingly stressful days and hunger will rule. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd ar-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 220.)
Today, many people all over the world live without sufficient food and water, as well as in unhealthy conditions. While most of them are located in Africa, Asia, and South America, they are also quite numerous in rich countries such as in America and western Europe. As only a small portion of people live in great prosperity, nearly 2 billion live below the poverty line.
United Nations reports show that, in 1960, the 20% of the people in the richest countries had 30 times the income of the poorest 20; by 1995 it was 82 times.9 As an example of the collapse of social justice, the wealth of the world's 225 richest individuals is equal to the annual income of the poorest 47%!10
61. Abandoning almsgiving:
When they regard giving alms as a punishment [i.e., as a burden instead of a religious observance]... (Tirmidhi)
When that time comes, alms will be taken by force as a punishment and extortion as loot. (Fera Idu Fevaidi'l Fiqr Fi'l Imam al-Mahdi al-Muntadhar, pp. 146-47.)
62. An increase in murders:
The Hour [Last Day] will not be established until murders increase. (Sahih Bukhari)
The Judgment Day will not come until your leaders kill and the wicked inherit your world. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd ar-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 141.)
... The appearance of fitnahs (tribulation), terrifying situations, and murders. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 39.)
The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: "When the time would draw close to the Last Hour, the Harj will increase." They said: "What is al-Harj?"Thereupon he said: "It is bloodshed and slaughter." (Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim and Sunan Abu Dawud)
"... The shedding of blood... is one of the portents of the Judgment Day." (Muhammad ibn 'Abd ar-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 142.)
He [our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace)] said: "Before the Hour comes, there will be a lot of harj." I asked: "O Allah's Messenger, what is harj?" He replied: "It is murder, that is, murders... killing one another, to such an extent that it is killing one's neighbor, nephew, or close relative." (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 385, no. 711)
63. Increase in suicides:
People kill themselves, and mischief prevails all over the world. (Ibn Kathir, An-Nihaya, vol. 1, p. 131.)
64. Moral degeneration:
The Hour will not come... until there will be prevalence of open illegal sexual intercourse. (Sahih Bukhari)
... [One day] the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) asked: "What will become of you when your young people fall into wrongdoing?" (Al-Kutub as-Sitta, hadith no. 4752; recorded by al-Haithami in Majma' az-Zawaid [7, 281].)
The time will come when people's faces will be human faces. But their hearts will be the hearts of satan. They will be bloodthirsty and will not avoid evil deeds. If you obey them, they will look after you. If you trust them, they will betray you. Their children will be immoral, and their young people unrestrained. Their elderly will command no goodness, and forbid no evil. (al-Hatib, The History of the Future 1, p. 23.)
65. Spread of adultery:
The Hour will come when adultery becomes widespread. (Sahih Bukhari)
The Last Hour will not be established until they [wicked people] commit adultery on the roads [public ways]. (Ibn Hibban and al-Bazzar)
Children of adultery will grow in number. Many people will commit adultery with women in the middle of the street. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd ar-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 140.)
A time will come when adultery with women will be committed in the middle of the road. Nobody will object to this. (Muhammad ibn 'Abd ar-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li -Ashrat as-Sa'ah, p. 142.)
66. Economic problems and social inequalities:
People will prosper until the ninety-fifth year, that is, their business will prosper. In the ninety-seventh and the ninety-ninth year, their possessions will go to waste... (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 54.)
It is highly probable that "ninety-fifth year" refers to the year 1995, when people had a relatively better life and its conditions had not become so difficult. Indeed, as described in the hadith, during that year people had enough income to earn a living and had some possessions. However, during 1997 to 99, the economy deteriorated, poverty spread, and possessions lost their value. Such an event can happen very quickly, as exemplified by Argentina's recent economic crisis.
One economic issue reported in the End Times is a decrease in earnings:
Everyone complains of low earnings... The rich are respected because of their wealth... (Alamat al-Qiyama, p. 146.)
Stagnation in the markets and falls in profits... (Alamat al-Qiyama, p. 148.)
According to these hadiths, the End Times will see social injustices as well as economic crises, and national wealth will not be distributed equally:
Allah's Messenger (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said, "When my people do fifteen things trial will alight on them." He enumerated these things as follows:
"When the booty is taken as personal commodity [circulating only through the hands of the rich and powerful, never being touched by the poor]..." (Tirmidhi, Fitan: 39, )
This state of affairs, described by our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) as one of the signs of the Judgment Day, is currently taking place at an intense rate in the world as a whole. The richest in the world control a very large part of its wealth, while billions live in poverty and starvation. The poverty and hunger suffered by millions of people on the African continent alone are apparent for all the world to see.
67. Social deterioration:
When people suffer strife and social upheaval... (Ahmad Diya'al-Din al-Kamushkhanawi, Ramuz al-Ahadith, vol. 7, p. 7.)
One striking mark of social decline is the huge increase in crime, which has now reached substantial proportions. The report Universal Crime and Justice prepared by the United Nations' International Crime Prevention Center, contains a general appraisal of crime throughout the world:
Basically, as in the 1980s, the crime rate continued to rise in the 1990s.
Everywhere in the world, in a five-year period, two-thirds of the people living in large cities have been the target at least once of a criminal action.
All over the world, the odds of being the target of a serious crime (robbery, sexual crimes, assault) are one in five.
Regardless of the area, crimes against property, and crimes of violence committed by youth, have both had economic ramifications.
The number of types of illicit drugs has increased, and their nature has diversified in recent years.11
68. Increased life expectancy:
At that time... life spans will grow longer. (Ibn Hajar Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 43.)
Records clearly show that the average life expectancy is now the highest in history. There was already a great difference between the beginning and the end of the twentieth century. For example, a person born in 1995 can expect to live more than 35 years longer than a person born in 1900.12
69. The greening of the deserts:
The Day of Judgment will not come until there are rivers and gardens in Arabia. (Ibn Ahmad Hanbal, Musnad, vol. 17, p. 22, no. 8819.)
The Day of Judgment will not come until there are rivers and streams in Arabia. (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 471.)
To green the deserts, sufficient amounts of water and land must be obtained. One relevant technology now being developed is computer-controlled irrigation. This enables water to be sent directly to the plant's roots so that not a single drop is wasted. Given that purified water is a crucial element of desert agriculture, flood and sea water provide the basis of agricultural technology. In this way, vast water resources will be obtained, a development that also will be a major support of countries' economies.
Our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) also indicated the very productive use of water:
Both the ummah's good and wicked members will be blessed with a blessing, the like of which they have never seen before. Despite the abundance of rain, not a drop will go to waste. The land will grow fruitful and fertile, without demanding a single seed... (Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, p. 23.)
70. The speaking of voices by means of a "whip":
The Last Hour will not come before the end of a man's whip speaks to him. (Tirmidhi)
In ancient times, the whip was widely used while riding saddle beasts, especially camels and horses. In this hadith, the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) is making a comparison. Thus, "What speaking object can we compare to the handle of a whip?" The most likely answer would be a cell phone or similar communication devices. Such wireless communication devices are very recent developments, and are more indications that the Judgment Day is drawing near.
There will be no Judgment... until a person's own voice speaks to him. (Mukhtasar Tazkirah al-Qurtubi, p. 471.)
The message here is quite clear: A person's hearing his own voice is a characteristic of the End Times. For this to become a reality, one's voice must first be recorded. Such recording and reproduction technology was developed during the twentieth century. This turning point in the advancement of science enabled the birth of the communications and media industries. Voice recording has now reached its apogee via the latest developments in computer and laser technology.
In short, such electronic devices as microphones and speakers have made it possible for people to record and listen to their own voices, and thus fulfill the above hadith.
71. Bird and swine flus:
Fourteen hundred years ago, our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) revealed that two epidemics would spread during the End Times. In addition, the detailed information provided by our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) about these diseases makes it possible to identify them very easily. The diseases in question are bird and swine flu, both fatal epidemics, that emerged one after the other during the years in which the signs of the End Times are taking place on an intensive basis. (Allah knows the truth.) Some hadith on the subject read:
"Six things will happen before the Judgment Day... Then many people will die. Two deadly sickness will spread among you, that kill in a moment and drip from the noses of sheep." (Sahih Bukhari, vol. 2/278 Fath al-Bari)
"Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not appear until people are terrified. Earthquakes and fitnahs (tribulation) will afflict people first, and plagues will be seen... Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear at that time. Glad tidings for those who will live to see him and be his helpers. Woe to those who oppose him (Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)) and reject his commands." (Fara Idu Fawaidi al-Fiqr, Imam al-Mahdi al-Muntadhar)
The A/H1N1 swine flu and A/H5N1 bird flu viruses settle in the cell receptors in animals' respiratory passages. The fact that birds and pigs are the cause of these epidemics, as revealed by our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) and despite their having been in existence for millions of years, is further evidence that we are living in the End Times. This state of affairs has spread just as Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) has appeared by Allah's command.
72. The economic crisis that began in 2007:
One of the portents of the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) revealed by our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) is a rise in economic problems and economic stagnation. The Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) has revealed that in the End Times, trade will stagnate, everyone will complain of reduced earnings, prices will rise and, in short, there will be major economic troubles. The great economic crisis that began in 2007 and made itself evident in all spheres in 2008 was revealed as one of the signs of the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) by our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) 1,400 years ago.
Stagnation in the markets is one of the signs of the Judgment Day. I asked, "What does stagnation in the markets mean?" This: "Everyone complaining of reduced earnings..." (From Ibn Marduwayh Abu Huraira (ra), Portents of the Judgment Day, Pamuk Press, p. 146.)
Stagnation in the markets and reduced earnings [will be one of the signs before the appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)]. (Portents of the Judgment Day, p. 148.)
Everyone complaining of low earnings... the rich respected for their money... (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li-ashrat al-sa'ah, p. 146.)
Business being slack. Everyone will complain, "I cannot sell, buy or earn money." (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rasul Barzanji, Al-Isha'ah li-ashrat al-sa'ah, p. 152.)
Before the appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), the trade and the roads are cut and fitnah (tribulation) increases. (Al-Burhan fi 'Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman, p. 52.)
73. The appearance of the double-tailed comet Lulin:
Based on the hadith of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), Imam Rabbani cites the passage near the Earth of a "bright, double-tailed comet":
You repeatedly ask about a bright pillar born from the east.
According to his Companions, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said:
"When Abbasi Malik arrives at Khorasan, one of the signs of the coming of the promised Mahdi (pbuh), a double-toothed (1) light shedding (2) horn (3) will appear in the east."
According to the account, that pillar had two heads.
The first birth of this pillar was at the time of the destruction of the people of Noah (pbuh). The same thing was born when they cast Abraham (pbuh) into the fire. It was born again in the time of Pharaoh and his people.
It was born again at the time of the martyring of the Prophet John (pbuh).
Let whoever sees it seek shelter in Allah from the evil of fitnah (tribulation).
That whiteness emerging from the east was formerly in the shape of a radiant pillar. A curvature then came to it, and it took the form of a horn.
It is probable, therefore:
- It is described as double-headed probably because both sides will be thin and resemble a tooth, and it will have a head at both ends. Indeed, if a blade has a cutting edge on two sides,
- They use the term double-headed.
My brother Sheikh Muhammad Takhir Badahshi came from Confor. He says:
- There are two heads on the upper part of that pillar. They resemble two teeth. There is a short space between them.
This was recognized at the desert.
The same report was also given by another community.
But this birth is not that which will appear at the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh). That is because his appearance will be at the beginning of the century. Eighteen years have currently gone by since the beginning of the century.
The hadith says this about the portents of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh):
"A tailed star (comet) will be born in the east and shed its light."
That comet has been born. But is it that one, or another similar one?
That this star is called a comet, is probably based on the following:
-The course of the constant is from west to east (4)...
The situation of this star follows this course. In other words, its head faces east and its tail faces west. The long white part is in its rear. Therefore:
-It is appropriate for it to be described as having a tail.
Its daily passage, on the other hand, is from east to west. (5) [Allah knows the truth.] (Imam Rabbani, Maktubat, Letter 381, p. 1184)
The expression "a double-toothed, light-shedding horn will appear," described by our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) in the hadith as a portent of the coming of the awaited Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) in the End Times and described in detail by Imam Rabbani refers to the comet Lulin, which came closest to the Earth on 24 February, 2009. The way that the terms in the hadith completely fit the characteristics of the comet Lulin is a great miracle and glad tidings for believers awaiting the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh).
(1) ... double-toothed... :
The fact that the tail of the comet Lulin is forked completely matches the term double-toothed in the hadith.
(2) ... light-shedding... :
The term light-shedding in the hadith refers to the brightness of the comet Lulin, which exceeded that of six stars as it approached the Earth.
(3) ... a horn... :
The main distinguishing feature between Lulin and other comets is that as well as the comet having a tail in the rear of its body, it also has a tail in the front. Examination of photographs of Lulin and its two tails immediately put one in mind of a horn.
(4) The course of the constant is from west to east... :
The hadith goes on to say that "The course of the constant is from west to east..." This refers to the movement of heavenly bodies, which information is in full agreement with the astronomical findings of the 20th century. Indeed, all heavenly bodies travel from west to east.
(5) Its daily passage, on the other hand, is from east to west... :
Here the expression "its daily passage, on the other hand..." indicates that the comet Lulin, as opposed to all other heavenly bodies, travel from east to west.
The fact that this characteristic, seen in no other heavenly body, applies to the comet Lulin and that this was described 1,400 years ago by our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) as a portent of the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) is a great miracle.
74. An image shaped like a hand will appear in space:
... Asma bint Umays says: "The portent of that day [the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) is a hand extending from the sky and people turning to look at it." (Hadith Collected by Jalaluddin As-Suyuti, Portents of the Mahdi of the End Times, Ali Ibn Hasamaddin Al Muttaki, p. 69.)
Conflict and disputes will persist until a hand appears from the sky and a voice cries; "Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) is your amir." The sign of that day: A hand will extend from the sky and people will look at and see it. (Ahmad Ibn Hajar al-Makki (Haytami), Portents of the Anticipated Mahdi, Al-Qawl Al-Mukhtasar Fi alamat Al-Mahdi Al-Muntazar, p. 53.)
... At that time [of the appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)] a hand will be seen revealing itself from the sky... (Hadith Collected by Jalaluddin As-Suyuti, Portents of the Mahdi of the End Times, Ali Ibn Hasamaddin Al Muttaki, p. 51.)
These hadith transmitted from our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) speak of a "hand" being seen in the sky, and say that this is a portent of the coming of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh). It appears that disputes will continue until that time and that Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will constantly be a matter of discussion, i.e. through means of communication such as radio, television and the Internet.
A picture of space taken by NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory shows a mass of neutron stars shaped like a hand appearing to close round another star mass. The reference to a hand in the hadith may be suggestive of this image in the indicated meaning, described by NASA as the "hand of God," giving rise to a celestial phenomenon. (Allah knows the truth.)
The shape of a hand formed by the stellar mass is in complete agreement with the description of its extension as given in the hadith. The photograph taken by NASA shows a hand stretching out somewhere. In addition, the way that people were able to see and observe this celestial phenomenon by means of telescopes thanks to the advanced space and astronomical technology in the time of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) is also in complete agreement with the expressions employed in the hadith.
1. Kurtlar Sofrasinda Ortadogu (The Middle East at the Wolves' Supper), M. Necati Ozfatura, p. 175.
2. Hurriyet, January 23, 1991.
3. Kurtlar Sofrasinda Ortadogu (The Middle East at the Wolves' Supper), M. Necati Ozfatura, p. 171.
4. Ottoman-Turkish Dictionary, Istanbul: 2000, p. 274.
5. Ottoman-Turkish Dictionary, Istanbul: 2000, p. 896.
6. "Individual Murders and Assassinations inside Syria and Abroad," Syrian Human Rights Committee. Online at: www.shrc.org/books/hr.20year/hr6.htm
7. Worldwide HIV&AIDS Statistics. http://www.avert.org/worldstats.htm
8. US Geological Survey. Online at: http://neic.cr.usgs.gov:1711/neis/eqlists/
9. Human Development Report 1998, New York: United Nations Development Program, September 1998. Online at www.oneworld.org/ni/issue310/facts.htm.
10. Manufacturing Dissent, "World Statistics - The Rich and the Poor", 1999, http://www.reagan.com/HotTopics.main/HotMike/document-8.13.1999.6.htm
11. Global Report on Crime and Justice, United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention: 1999. Online at: www.uncjin.org/Special/GlobalReport.html.
12. "Aging," M. Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. | 110,690 | 601 |
847,069 | US 7338760 B2
The present invention relates to an apparatus comprising a substrate having at least one assay station. The at least one assay station has at least a first assay station channel and at least a second assay station channel and the first and second assay station channels each separately being in communication with the at least one assay station. The apparatus has an arrangement of at least first and second multipurpose channels in communication with the first and second assay station channels, respectively. The first multipurpose channel and first assay station channel have internal surface characteristics conducive to conduction of a sample solution therethrough. There is at least one sample fluid inlet in communication with the at least first multipurpose channel, and at least one isolation-medium inlet in communication with the at least first and second multipurpose channels. The at least one second multipurpose channel has an internal surface portion non-conducive to conduction of said sample solution.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a substrate having a least one assay station;
an arrangement of at least one first multipurpose channel and at least one second multipurpose channel wherein said at least one assay station being situated in a position intermediate between said first and second multipurpose channels and in fluid communication therewith, wherein said first multipurpose channel has at least one surface characteristic conducive to conduction of a sample fluid therethrough and into said at least one assay station;
at least one sample fluid inlet in communication with said at least first multipurpose channel;
at least one isolation-medium inlet in communication with said at least first and second multipurpose channels to enable isolation medium to flow along said at least first and second multipurpose channels to isolate said at least one assay station after conduction of the sample fluid into said at least one assay station, said at least one second multipurpose channel having at least one surface characteristic non-conducive to conduction of said sample fluid; and
at least one isolation medium outlet in communication with each of said first and second multipurpose channels, thereby allowing the isolation medium to flow in to said first and second multipurpose channels by purging the sample fluid in said first multipurpose channel and air in said second multipurpose channel through respective said outlets.
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obtaining a sample fluid;
introducing a sample fluid to the at least one sample inlet;
filling said at least one assay station via said at least one multipurpose channel with said sample fluid;
allowing isolation medium from said at least one isolation medium inlet to flow into at least said first multipurpose channel; and
running at least one reaction at said at least one assay station, said reaction providing at least one of qualitative or quantitative data relating to said sample fluid.
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This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/335,875, entitled “Sample Preparation Integrated Chip (SPI Chip) and Analyzer”, filed Oct. 26, 2001 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to an apparatus and assay systems which can be employed, for example, for detecting and diagnosing diseases and/or detecting amplified nucleic acid products and/or for pharmacogenetic determinations. The apparatus comprises a substrate with one or more assay stations or wells and channels arranged in a manner to facilitate the flow of fluids through the apparatus and designed to provide for isolation-medium sealing of the assay stations.
Biochemical testing is becoming an increasingly important tool for various assays including, for example for detecting and monitoring the presence or absence of diseases. While tests have long been known for obtaining basic medical information such as blood type and transplant compatibility, for example, advances in understanding the biochemistry underlying many diseases have vastly expanded the number of tests which can be performed. Thus, many tests have become available for various analytical purposes, such as detecting pathogens, diagnosing and monitoring disease, detecting and monitoring changes in health, and monitoring drug therapy. Genomic data in conjunction with the ability to prepare combinatorial libraries of chemical components has facilitated the discovery of new drugs.
There has long been a need for “complete systems” allowing various stages of nucleic acid, e.g., DNA, analysis to be performed on a single device, such as a microchip. Fully integrated, high throughput systems are needed which rapidly and simultaneously perform DNA analyses such as DNA separation and PCR and thereby permit disease diagnosis or detection. Sanders, et al. (2000) Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 19(6): 364-378. Systems where up to four samples can be amplified and analyzed on the same chip have been previously disclosed. L. C. Waters, et al. (1998) Anal. Chem., 70: 5172. In addition, small, disposable mass-produced devices for conducting PCR have been reported; see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,392. For example, Yuen, et al. (2001) Genome Research 11:405-412, provides a plexiglass-based microchip module designed and constructed for the integration of blood sample preparation and nucleic acid amplification reactions. The microchip module comprises a micro heater-cooler and a series of microchannels for transporting human whole blood and reagents. The white blood cells are first isolated from a small volume of whole blood in integrated cell isolation-PCR containing gate-like microstructures which retain white blood cells, albeit at a very low concentration and efficiency (i.e. 3-5%). Red blood cells pass through the micro-filters but tend to clog up the filters over time causing inefficiencies in white blood cell isolation. The Yuen, et al. microchip employs a microtemperature sensor, making the Yuen, et al. chip expensive to fabricate.
DNA microarray devices are also currently employed for DNA analysis. Two types of DNA microarray technologies are known, cDNA microarray and oligo microarray. Both technologies examine the mRNA expression in a sample based on hybridization reactions. The microarray-based assays are cumbersome, taking about a day to complete and requiring standalone equipment to conduct sequential batch analyses. Rapid diagnoses are precluded and current microarray devices do not permit sample preparation to be integrated onto the chip.
Additional disadvantages of the current on-chip DNA analysis systems have recently been reported. Such disadvantages include lack of sample injection ability, poor DNA isolation and inability to conduct multiple PCR analyses. Yuen, et al. Page 4005, right column.
Nucleic acids play a direct role in cellular processes, including those resulting in disease states by functioning in the control and regulation of gene expression. Hybridization techniques have been developed to conduct various types of nucleic acid analyses to better understand how genetic information functions in diverse types of biological processes. Hybridization methods generally employ the binding of certain target nucleic acids by nucleic acid probes under controlled conditions thereby enabling hybridization to occur only between complementary sequences. Using hybridization techniques, it is possible to conduct gene expression studies as well as a variety of other types of analysis. For example, gene expression studies are important because differential expression of genes has been shown to be associated with disease states. Many disease states have been characterized by differences in the expression of various genes either through change in copy number of the genetic DNA or through alterations in levels of transcription. In certain diseases, infection by a particular virus is characterized by elevated expression of genes.
Chips to which nucleic acid probes are attached can be used to conduct nucleic acid analyses. Probes can be attached at specific sites on the chip, such as assay stations. Assay stations are situated in areas intermediate between first and second multi-purpose channels, wherein assay reactions are run, as detailed below. In some applications, the chip may include assay stations arranged in the form of an array. Genetic methods utilizing arrays on chips are advantageous because such chips allow for simultaneous, parallel processing that can increase the rate at which analyses can be conducted as compared to conventional methods which often require labor intensive sample preparations and electrophoretic separations. Current nucleic acid methods using chips typically require complex off-chip sample DNA isolation, integrated micro-heaters and micro-temperature sensors for PCR thus making current chips and associated methods of using same very expensive and non-disposable.
It is an object of this invention to provide disposable microchips permitting multiples of assay stations for carrying out various biochemical assays in real-time.
The present invention is directed to a microchip apparatus and assay systems useful, for example, for detecting and diagnosing the presence of absence of diseases in a subject and/or for detecting amplified nucleic acid products or for pharmacogenetic determinations. The apparatus comprises a substrate with one or assay stations and channels which are designed and arranged in a manner which facilitates the introduction and flow of sample fluid and isolation-medium. The apparatus can also include an integral sample preparation portion and the invention provides an improved result detection system.
The present invention relates to a microchip apparatus on which numerous types of assays can be performed. Use of the term “assay” herein is meant to describe any qualitative or quantitative analysis of a substance that is examined by trial or experiment, including reactions that indicate the absence of a particular substance, such as, but not limited to, a protein, antibody, nucleic acid fragment as well as any indicator or marker typically utilized in the art for particular assays. The instant microchips generally comprise at least one assay station wherein each assay station may communicate with a first and second assay station channel. Also provided are multi-purpose channels in communication with the assay station through which sample solution and/or isolation medium can be introduced and conducted through the microchip.
An embodiment of the present invention is directed to an apparatus for detecting a disease comprising a substrate, the substrate having embedded in the substrate: a sample preparation chamber which may be configured for filtering white blood cells; a sample introduction inlet fluidically coupled to said sample preparation chamber; a buffer introduction inlet fluidically coupled to the sample preparation chamber; a flow-promoting fluid chamber, a storage chamber for storing flow-promoting fluid, the storage chamber fluidically coupled to the flow-promoting fluid chamber; and the sample preparation chamber fluidically coupled to the flow-promoting fluid chamber. The present invention can further comprise an isolation device for isolating and permitting flow of a fluid from the sample preparation chamber to the flow-promoting fluid chamber; a first multi purpose distribution channel fluidically coupled to the flow-promoting fluid chamber; at least one assay station; the first multi purpose channel fluidically coupled to the assay station; and an isolation device for isolating and permitting flow of a fluid from the flow-promoting fluid chamber to the assay station/plurality of assay stations. Further there may be provided at least one buffer introduction inlet, the buffer introduction inlet fluidically coupled to the first multi purpose channel; second multi-purpose channel, the second multi-purpose channel fluidically coupled to the assay station; and an inlet which may provide venting, with the inlet fluidically coupled to the second multi-purpose channel. The sample preparation chamber, the storage chamber, the flow-promoting fluid chamber, the assay station, and the channels, may be embedded within the substrate and can be, if desirable, sealed from the environment.
In another aspect of the invention, the flow-promoting fluid chamber, and associated channels, and the storage chamber are omitted and the functions performed in those chambers are instead performed in the sample preparation chamber.
The foregoing apparatus can be employed to carry out the method of the present invention of detecting a presence or absence of a disease state. An exemplary method is directed to detecting a presence or absence of a disease state, in a test sample from a subject such as, for example, an organism such as, but not limited to, animals, plants and other living organisms. The method comprises the steps of: (a) with the isolating device in the isolating position, depositing a specific DNA fragment in the assay station and drying the assay station; (b) applying a sealing layer to the assay station; (c) injecting into the sample introduction inlet a biological blood sample; (d) injecting a washing buffer into the buffer introduction inlet to form a mixture of the sample of blood and the washing buffer in the sample preparation chamber; (e) causing red cells to separate from white blood cells, therein leaving said white blood cells in the sample preparation chamber; (f) injecting a lysing buffer into the buffer introduction inlet to lyse the white blood cells containing DNA fragments into solution in the lysing buffer; (g) injecting a gas into the sample preparation chamber, thereby pushing the lysing buffer into the flow-promoting fluid chamber; (h) diffusing a chemical from the chemical storage chamber into the flow-promoting fluid chamber; (i) causing the isolation device to permit flow of the lysing buffer containing DNA fragments into the first multi purpose channel to the assay station; (j) detecting when the assay station is filled with the lysing buffer containing the DNA fragments; (k) amplifying the DNA fragments; and (l) detecting the amplified DNA fragments.
FIGS. 7A-1-7A-4 show an exemplary sequence of filling a plurality of assay stations with sample fluid;
FIGS. 7B-1-7B-4 show the displacement of sample fluid by an isolation medium and sealing on one side of a plurality of assay stations;
FIGS. 7C-1-7C-4 show the sealing of another side of a plurality of assay stations by an isolation medium;
FIGS. 7D-1-2 shows another exemplary sequence of filling and sealing a plurality of assay stations;
The present invention relates to an apparatus comprising a substrate having at least one assay station in which the at least one assay station has at least a first assay station channel and in particular embodiments may have at least a second assay station channel. As utilized herein, the term assay station describes the area at which a particular assay takes place. In particular embodiments, an assay station comprises an area bounded by isolation medium, for example. The said first and second assay station channels each separately are in communication with said at least one assay station. An arrangement of at least first and second multi-purpose channels are provided which are in fluid communication with said assay station. The first multi-purpose channel and first assay station channel have internal surface characteristics conducive to conduction of a sample solution therethrough. For example, if an aqueous fluid sample is provided, the channels may be either hydrophilic or are treated so as to be hydrophilic. In particular embodiments, the shape of particular channels (geometric characteristic) provides particular conducive or non-conducive characteristics to particular channels, particularly when channels having different relative geometric characteristics are in communication.
At least one sample fluid inlet is in communication with the at least first multi-purpose channel, and at least one isolation-medium inlet is in communication with the at least first and second multi-purpose channels. The at least one second multi-purpose channel has at least an internal surface portion non-conducive to conduction of said sample solution. For example, if the sample fluid is aqueous, the second multipurpose channel inner surface would be hydrophobic or would be treated so as to be hydrophobic.
The apparatus can further comprise a sealing layer which seals at least one assay station. If desired the sealing layer can seal only the at least one assay stations or can seal portions of the apparatus substrate up to and including the entire substrate surface.
In one embodiment, the internal surface of said first multi-purpose channel permits flowthrough of at least one of a sample fluid, air and an isolation-medium and the internal surface of said second multi-purpose channel permits the flowthrough of at least one of air or an isolation-medium but is not conducive to flowthrough the sample fluid.
In another embodiment of the invention, the internal surface of the multi-purpose channel and/or a surface of the second assay station channel immediately adjacent to the intersection of the second assay station channel and the second multi-purpose channel are both non-conducive to conduction of said sample fluid. This embodiment further assists in the localization of sample fluid to the assay station as well as the sealing and isolation of the assay station.
The substrate can be configured such that at least first and second multi-purpose channels are in communication with a plurality of assay stations via the first and second assay station channels, respectively, of said plurality of assay stations. The plurality of assay stations are arranged to provide at least one of simultaneous or sequential filling of the plurality of assay stations with the sample fluid solution conducted thereto via the at least first multi-purpose channels and the first assay station channels. Additionally, the plurality of assay stations can be arranged to provide at least one of simultaneous or sequential filling of the first and second multi-purpose channels with the isolation medium to seal the plurality of assay stations.
The assay stations can have disposed therein at least one reaction assay component. For example, if PCR is contemplated, the reaction assay component can be one or more primers and/or a probe.
A sample fluid inlet can be in communication with a sample fluid preparation area and the substrate can include at least one of a sample preparation chamber which may or may not have a lid. At least one element for controlling fluid flow in at least one of said channels can be incorporated into the apparatus or substrate.
The flow of sample fluid in the channels on the substrate can be facilitated by the introduction of a flow-promoting fluid in to the sample fluid via a chamber for introduction of flow-promoting fluid.
The chamber can be in communication with a chamber for mixing said flow-promoting fluid with the sample solution.
The present invention further comprise a method for conducting reactions on the substrates of this invention.
An exemplary method includes introducing a sample fluid to at least one sample inlet; filling the at least one assay station and the second assay station channel via the at least one multi-purpose channel; allowing isolation-medium from the at least one isolation medium inlet to flow into at least the first multi-purpose channel; and running at least one reaction at said at least one assay station. The reaction in the assay station provides at least one of qualitative or quantitative data, for example, a colormetric result. The at least one of qualitative or quantitative data can be obtained utilizing fluorecence which can be provided by at least one of intercalation of a flurophore or fluorecently labeled probe. When fluorescence is employed, the assay stations in the substrate can be irradicated with at least one excitation frequency. The probe can be labeled by at least one of a flurophore, an enzyme or component of a binding complex. The result of this method provides at least one of qualitative or quantitative data relating to the sample fluid being assayed. Exemplary qualitative or quantitative may be exemplarily provided by florescence resonance energy transfer, luminescence or colorimetric change, for example.
If desired, the reactions conducted on the substrate can be conducted under temperature control, for example, thermocycling conditions. The test sample can be provided to the apparatus by initially subjecting the test sample to at least one preparative operation. The preparative operation can be performed separately from said substrate or can be performed at at least one preparative station which is upon or within the substrate.
The at least one preparative operation can, for example, provide nucleic acids susceptible for use in the reactions to be conducted in the assay stations on the substrate.
Additionally, at least one assay reaction component can be disposed or placed into the at least one assay stations. The reactions may provide for the detection of a variation in nucleic acid sequence that is associated with virulence, disease, a particular phenotype or interindividual or interspecific variations or differences. Such variations in nucleic acid sequences include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), tandem repeats and insertions and/or deletions.
The at least one reaction which can be conducted includes a nucleic acid amplification step, and the assay reaction component might in that case include a primer or primers.
The method of the invention provides for sealing or isolation of the assays stations by displacement of sample fluid in the multi-purpose channels by an isolation-medium. The isolation-medium can be introduced sequentially into the at least first and second multi-purpose channels or isolation medium can be first introduced into the at least first multipurpose channel followed by introduction into the at least second multipurpose channel. The isolation-medium is typically a material which is of an opposite nature as compared to the sample fluid, that is, substantially immiscible with the sample fluid.
The introduction of isolation medium provides the purging of air from said at least second multipurpose channel and the purging of said sample fluid from said at least first multipurpose channel, resulting in the isolation of said at least one assay station containing said sample isolation. In the case where the isolation medium is solidifiable, the instant method includes a step of at least one of solidifying, curing and polymerizing said isolation medium.
A particular but not limiting embodiment of the present invention is directed to sample-preparation integrated, disposable, microfluidic devices and methods of using such devices. The devices and methods of the present invention facilitate analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. DNA, to rapidly detect and/or assess the risk of diseases in biological samples. The devices of the present invention can also be used for detecting amplified nucleic acid products for e.g. pharmacogenetic determinations such as for genetic fingerprinting. As used herein the term “detect” or “detection” or “detecting” means to diagnose or indicate that a subject test sample contains at least one disease-associated nucleic acid. By “device” is meant a chip which incorporates elements necessary to transport nucleic acids and perform nucleic acid amplification, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The device can optionally incorporate elements necessary for on-chip isolation of nucleic acids, such as a micro-filter, sized to trap white blood cells from a human blood sample, for example. In accordance with the present invention, DNA molecules can be rapidly analyzed from a test sample, e.g. a biological sample. In one embodiment, once applied to the device, the test sample is assayed to determine the presence or absence of a disease or assess the risk for developing a disease. A “test sample” employed by the present invention includes animal tissue and blood. The test sample is preferably whole blood. In one embodiment, a tissue homogenate or blood sample from a subject is tested in the assay system of the invention. Where a tissue sample is to be assayed by the device and methods of the present invention, the tissue sample is conventionally homogenized, digested and filtered to remove solid debris and obtain DNA in a solution which can be applied to the device of the invention.
For example, the presence of infectious pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, microbial organisms or the like) or cancerous tumors can be detected by providing a virus-specific primer or cDNA or fragment, pre-labeled with a fluorescent molecule such as fluorescein. The test sample DNA is conducted through the device to the primer where a fluorescent signal will be produced if the test sample contains the disease-causing virus, following PCR.
Biological test samples in accordance with the present invention are derived from subjects using well-known techniques such as venipuncture or tissue biopsy. Where the biological test sample is derived from non-human animals, such as livestock, blood and tissue samples are generally obtainable from livestock processing plants. Depending upon the particular embodiment being practiced, the test compounds are provided, e.g. injected, or optionally free in solution. Animals contemplated by the present invention include, for example, humans, reptiles, livestock, avian species, and domesticated pets such as dogs and cats. A preferred animal is a human being.
According to the present invention, the device is a lab-on-a-chip which can have various channel dimensions (i.e. lengths, widths, heights, diameters). For example, the multipurpose channels may have lengths of about 1 mm to about 500 mm in length, from about 2 mm to about 10 mm in width, from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm in thickness. The assay station channels may have similar dimensions and have exemplary lengths of about 0.01 mm to about 50 mm. A sample preparation area may be about 5 to about 100 mm in length and width and about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm in height. The device can contain one or more sample introduction inlets, one or more chambers, one or more interconnected channels (sized to accommodate fluid flow) with surface of entire channels or a part of channels being selectively either inherently hydrophobic or hydrophilic or can be treated with hydrophobic or hydrophilic materials, and one or more assay stations for nucleic acid (e.g., DNA and RNA) amplification. The device also preferably contains at least one nucleic acid-adsorbant surface, such as a silica-derivitized surface. The device may alternatively contain at least one membrane filter for separating white blood cells from a test sample. In one embodiment, the methods of the present invention are carried out on the device following extraction of a biological test sample for substantially immediate detection results. By “substantially immediate” is meant results can be obtained in about 5 minutes to 2 about hours. In another embodiment, the present invention also contemplates sample pre-processing off-chip and storage of the test sample, if processing is desired at a later time. Pre-processing is generally employed when the test sample is obtained from flow cell sorting devices or centrifugation devices, and the like. Sample preparation protocols for DNA or RNA can be found in Sambrook et. al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition. and/or be accomplished with kits from Qiagen, Whatman, etc., which utilize columns/membrane to bind DNA.
For pre-processing, non-nucleic acid molecules that may inhibit subsequent amplification or interfere with the fluorescent analysis of products are removed. Pre-processing is conventionally performed in a device which can be modular and separate from the device of the present invention. The pre-processing module contemplated to mate with and/or fluidically attach to the device of the present invention is a stand alone module. The stand alone module is linked by a liquid delivery tube which can connect to sample inlet 2 of the device of the present invention.
Preferably, pre-processing is performed on-chip. In accordance with the present invention, for pre-processing of a test sample, DNA and/or RNA is separated from other biological macromolecules and small molecules in crude samples such as body fluids (including blood, feces, sputum, aspirates, swabs), homogenized tissues samples (hair, mouth swabs, biopsies, aspirates, whole organisms), environmental samples (surface swabs, food, water/liquids) and the like. These samples can also be enriched and semi-purified. For example, the present invention contemplates enriched or semi-purified populations of: white cells after buffy coat centrifugation separation; cells cultured in vitro and cells obtained after flow sorting. Preprocessing is performed off-chip to disintegrate large pieces by the standard procedure of aspirating the solid sample through a fine-bore needle such as a 21G-28G sized needle, for example. The sample can be stored in standard chemicals, such as guanidium isothiocyanate, for example, to inhibit the degradation of DNA or RNA if sample processing cannot take place immediately.
In accordance with aspects of the present invention, DNA and/or RNA is isolated from a test sample. The DNA and/or RNA is adsorbed onto a derivitized silica surface immobilized on the microdevice in the presence of appropriate buffers such as guanidium isothiocyanate and NH4Cl dissolved in water and Tris-HCl adjusted to pH 7.2, for example. The nucleic acids adhere to the surface due to electrostatic charges. The adsorbent surfaces contemplated by the present invention include: particle beads (glass beads) held in chambers with filters; paramagnetic particles immobilized in chambers by magnetic fields; and membranes or filters allowing liquids to pass through based on ionic charge properties.
Immobilized or trapped nucleic acids are conventionally washed to remove unwanted cellular debris and macromolecules. The DNA/RNA is then eluted by changing the charge of surface and/or nucleic acid using buffer of neutral pH (including water), either by forward-flow or by back-flushing. The fluidics of sample introduction, washing and elution are carried out using passive or active valves and pumps, negative pressure suction or positive pressure. Preferably, test samples are introduced into the device using one or more pumps, such as syringe pumps, manual syringes, peristaltic pumps or vacuum pumps.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, nucleic acids are amplified at assay stations. A digital camera having a sensing element and suitable optics for acquiring images can be employed to detect light of specific wavelengths emitted from the samples in the wells. Nucleic acids are selectively amplified to sufficient quantities for direct and simultaneous detection without or with minimal post-amplification steps.
Amplification reactions contemplated by the present invention include, for example, polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction or isothermal amplification reactions. In one embodiment, a reverse-transcription step (employing enzymes capable of reverse transcription) for amplifying RNA targets is conducted before the main amplification step. In another embodiment a reverse transcription step is combined with the DNA amplification step.
In accordance with the present invention, nucleic acids are introduced into the assay stations together with conventional reagents for the amplification reaction such as enzymes, primers, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates dNTPs, fluorescent dyes, detergents, salts and buffers. In an alternative embodiment, some of the reagents (particularly primers and/or probes) may be pre-applied to the assay station and dried; these reagents will be solubilized on contact with the incoming sample/reagent liquid mix. A second liquid in characteristic, immiscible phase such as Mineral oil, wax, and the like, can be added to the chip through one or more channels after the sample/reagent mixture. The immiscible liquid will “seal off” fluidic access to the assay stations and act as a physical barrier to prevent the unwanted mixing of the contents of the assay station with that of adjacent assay stations.
The assay stations on the device of the present invention can be arrayed in high density, either in two-dimensions or in three-dimensions, with each having an exemplary volume ranging from about 1 pico liter to about 50 micro liters. The present invention has the capacity to simultaneously amplify and detect nucleic acids present in about 10 to about 50,000 assay stations. The present invention also contemplates the inclusion of individualized thermal controls for each assay stations. In a preferred embodiment, the assay stations are subjected to common thermal parameters. Common thermal parameters permit the reactions in each assay station to be optimized to a single set of thermal conditions by varying the design of the amplification reaction, or the concentrations of the reagents. For example, the amplification reaction may take place either by cycling through a set of predetermined temperatures for example, 95° C. for denaturation, 50-60° C. for primer annealing, with or without a 72° C. extension step. Preferably, the amplification reaction is conducted isothermally at a constant temperature (e.g. 60° C.).
In accordance with the present invention, the products of DNA amplification are detected in situ homogeneously by detecting fluorescence emitted specifically in the presence of amplified DNA product. Detection is achieved using a fluorophore that specifically fluoresces on binding with double-strand DNA such as ethidium bromide or SYBR Green I, for example. Alternatively, a specific DNA sequence can be detected using one or two fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotide probes using transfer of fluorescent resonance energy. In one embodiment, the detection step can be performed after the complete amplification process. In another embodiment, the detection step can be performed after individual thermal cycles. In still another embodiment, the detection step can be performed during intermediate points of an isothermal reaction. The detection of amplified nucleic acids is performed with a digital camera using excitation from an off-chip source of incident UW or other appropriate wavelength light, and off-chip detectors for the emitted wavelength. The results of detecting amplified DNA products are used in comparison against a pre-amplification baseline which is experimentally determined by the fluorescent emission reading within the experiment obtained at amplification cycle zero. Alternatively, the pre-amplification baseline is determined with respect to different fluorescent probes at the same assay station, or with probes from the reactions of different assay stations.
It is preferred that all methods of the present invention are carried out on the device. The lab-on-a-chip device contains all the integrated elements required for detecting the presence of e.g., viral or bacterial DNA in a biological sample and assessing the risk of disease. The present invention thus contemplates that both quantitative and qualitative measurements of DNA can be used to assess the subject's risk of having a disease or condition. For example, the presence of a Bacillus anthracis DNA in a test sample indicates the subject has been exposed to the bacterium which causes anthrax and may be at risk for having the disease associated therewith. Conversely, the absence of Bacillus anthracis DNA in a test sample indicates that the subject does not have the disease associated therewith.
Any number of infectious bacterial or viral diseases now known or later-identified can be rapidly detected in a test sample in accordance with the present invention. Such diseases detectable in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to: anthrax, small pox, Legionnaire's disease, AIDS, Hepatitis A, B, and C, tuberculosis plague, and malaria. In another aspect, the present invention permits the detection of cancer, leukemia, thalassemia, asthma, allergies, strep or sore throat, food poisoning, near-sightedness in children and adults, Nipah and sexually transmitted diseases.
The present invention also permits the detection of pharmaceuticals in a test sample. This aspect of the present invention can be used for e.g. rapid drug screening or for determining the presence of a drug in a particular tissue, for drug efficacy assessments, for example. Still another aspect of the present invention provides for the detection of genetically-modified food and for genetic fingerprinting. For example, in applications pertaining to genetically modified food, the chip will detect the artificially introduced genes in the food by PCR. For applications pertaining to the genetic fingerprinting, the chip will analyze DNA sequence variation between individual (human, plants, and animals) by PCR.
The chip apparatus and fluidic network can be manufactured at the micro scale level by existing microfabrication techniques such as glass etching, plastic hot embossing, plastic injection molding, resin casting, laser ablation, stereolithography photolithography, LIGA processes, CNC machining photocuring or metal forming techniques to form a chip with open structures such as open channels and assay stations. The open channels and assay stations can then sealed and closed with cover film or plate.
The dimensions of the channels can range typically from 1 micro meter to 10 mm. Therefore, microfabrication is only an option, not the exclusive means by which to produce the chip 100. Other more common technologies such as computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining, metal forming, plastic injection molding, or hot embossing can also be used for fabrication.
In particular embodiments, the sealing layer 40 may also be comprised of a selfhealing/sealing type of material such as rubbers, elastomers, gels and/or a valve/lid which may be opened via mechanical, and/or electrical, and/or magnetic, and/or chemical means that would allow for introduction of a syringe, for example, into covered assay station 26, to provide for the application of a particular assay reaction component, for example, into assay station 26. Upon removal of the syringe, the sealing layer will self seal. In particular embodiments however, a self-healing/sealing type of material may not be utilized.
Fabrication of the assay stations or portions thereof and the various channels need not be restricted to only one of either substrate 36 or sealing layer 40. For example, a portion of assay station structures can be formed on the substrate 36 or sealing layer 40, and a portion of channel structure can be made on the sealing layer or substrate. Following bonding of sealing layer 40 and the substrate 36, the particular portions of various elements provided upon/in the substrate 36 and sealing layer 40 are brought together in proper alignment to provide the complete channel or other structure.
Embodiments of the apparatus 100 may include at least one flow controlling element. Flow controlling elements include various valves, gates and restrictions that may be provided at virtually any part of the apparatus, including channels as well as points of communication, for example, according to a user's desire or need for regulating/controlling fluid flow.
Assay station 26 may comprise at least one component of any number or type/class of assay reaction, the at least one component including, but not limited to, nucleic acids, probes, primers, antibodies, cells, assaying salts, catalysts, reporters, quenchers, enzymes, proteins, peptides, drugs, small molecules and fluorophores, for example. Additional examples include a synthetic molecule(s) from a combinatorial library of molecules, a peptide library a nucleic acid library or aptamer library. The at least one component of the assay reaction may be disposed into at least one assay station 26 via a carrier. A short list of carriers includes, but is not limited to, aqueous solutions, solvents and gels. Air and/or a gas may also be considered as a carrier for the deposition of at least one component into said at least one assay station 26 (spray or ink jet deposition, for example). The particular carrier or carriers so utilized may be adapted to be driven off by evaporation, for example. Other methods to drive off a carrier, such as ovens, lamps, lasers, force air, etc., are well known to those in the art. The at least one component, such as probes and/or cells for example, may be bound to the internal surface of assay station 26 by covalent bonds and/or absorption.
In the instance that an amplification reaction, such as PCR, is to be run in the assay stations 26, before bonding of the sealing layer 40, a nucleic acid fragment to be amplified and/or primer or primers may be deposited into each assay station 26 on the substrate 36 manually or by a liquid dispensing robot. The assay station 26 is then dried to drive off the carrier of the reaction component before adding the sealing layer 40. In particular embodiments, the sealing layer may be added before the drying of assay station 26 and in some embodiments the station may not need to be dry. Other embodiments may have the sealing layer 40 added during the running of the assay. In the case where a self-healing/sealing layer is utilized, the probes/primers may be added after assay station 26 is filled with sample fluid 56.
The nucleic acid fragment to be amplified includes, but is not limited to DNA or RNA fragments, cDNA, nucleic acid primers and/or probes conventionally obtained by the skilled artisan using standard methods. For example, a DNA fragment useful in accordance with the invention can be pre-fabricated in a commercial DNA synthesizer. The assay stations may be air dried in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Drying may be carried out at room temperature at ambient atmospheric pressure. Depending upon the number of assay stations, drying may take from about 10 minutes to about 5 hours. Preferably, the assay stations are dried in about two hours.
Preferably, both the substrate 36 and the sealing layer 40 have hydrophilic surfaces to enhance the liquid flow by capillary force. A typical hydrophilic substrate 36 is glass. A normally hydrophobic substance such as a plastic can be treated to transform the substance into a hydrophilic substance by treating the plastic with diluted hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid. Another way to alter the surface properties of a hydrophobic substance, contemplated by the invention, is by adding a hydrophilic polymer solution, or by adding a surfactant to the hydrophobic substance, e.g., plastic.
For example, those of skill in the art are familiar with many various methods for treating/modifying surfaces, particularly surfaces that are to be utilized for microfluidic applications, such as plasma treatments or coatings, for example. As an example, glass, which is typically characterized as having hydrophilic surfaces, may be treated so that the surface or portions of its surface has instead hydrophobic characteristics. Such treatments may be utilized to provide apparatus and/or portions of the apparatus 100 having particular characteristics (such as wetting characteristics, for example) in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, in order to provide an apparatus configured according to a particular user's preference. The surfaces of the various channels and stations, for example, may have various portions (i.e. substrate, sealing layer) having either wholly, differentially or in any combination, treated surfaces in order to provide a desired arrangement of surface characteristics.
Channels such as 22, 20 and 30 in
In an exemplary method to obtain hydrophilic surface on plastic substrates, for example, poly(methyl methyacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate, polyimide, polypropylene, polyethylene etc, hydrophilic materials can be used to treat the plastic surfaces. The hydrophilic materials include poly(ethylene imine) (PEI), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyacrylate etc as known in the art. By coating or brushing a PEI solution, for example, and then drying in an oven for 0.5 to 1 hour, the previously hydrophobic plastic substrates are now provided with hydrophilic surfaces
To obtain hydrophobic surface in channel 22 and a part of channel 24, the following steps are used.
Once treated, clean slides are stored in deionized water until ready for use. Before using, they are typically dried in an oven at about 100° C. at atmosphere pressure for about 1-2 hrs. If and when some precursor chemicals are used, the dried and cleansed material surfaces are further radiated by UV-O3 oxidation for about 1 hr to remove the last traces of contaminants and improve self assembled monolayers (SAMs) quality. Precursor molecules (such as long alkyl trichlorosilanes, such as octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), for example) are prepared freshly at the ratio of about 10% concentration in a suitable solvent, e.g. Hexane, Hexadecane etc. These are then brushed or sprayed into the certain assigned regions for curing for about 15-20 min at room temperature, for example. When using fluorochemical acrylate polymer, such as EGC-1700 made by 3M, the coating solution is prepared freshly with about a 1.5% acetic acid and it is necessary for the finishing coated slides to be cured at an oven at about 80 to about 100° C. for about 30 min. Thus patterned hydrophilic (glass) and hydrophobic surfaces (treated glass) are provided. This is only one of many exemplary methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art for altering surface characteristics of a substrate.
Test sample inlet 2 for test sample (e.g. whole blood) is connected typically perpendicular to the upper surface of substrate 36 such that test sample inlet 2 is fluidically coupled to sample preparation chamber 6 through channel 5. Buffer inlet 4 is also connected typically perpendicular to the upper surface of substrate 36, and such that buffer inlet 4 is fluidically coupled to sample preparation chamber 6 through channel 7. Sample preparation chamber 6 is sealed at least partially on its lower surface by sintered glass block 31, to which absorbent 5 and/or a vacuum suction means such as a vacuum pump is applied to extract a mixture of e.g. whole blood sample, lysing buffer and washing buffer through the sintered glass block 31.
The block of sintered glass powder 31, which is inserted into sample preparation chamber 6, is also called porous glass. The typical size of a pore ranges from about 1 micro meter to about 500 micro meter. The sintered glass block 31 occupies the lower portion of the sample preparation chamber 6 and typically is rigidly fixed inside the chamber 6 by a slight size difference; that is, the size of the glass block 31 is slightly larger than the size of the sample preparation chamber 6. An adhesive substance can also be used to fix the glass block 31 inside the sample preparation chamber 6.
A vacuum, or liquid absorption by the absorbent 5, is created underneath the glass block 31 thereby extracting the sample, washing buffer and lysing buffer through the glass block 31. Elution buffer is injected into sample preparation chamber 6. Elution buffer penetrates into the glass block 31 and releases the DNA molecules from the surface of the glass block 31. Then, the DNA molecules diffuse (or by flow circulation) into the elution buffer contained in sample preparation chamber 6. So, therefore, the elution buffer contains DNA molecules at this time. Also, other chemicals required to perform the subsequent PCR reaction and fluorescent detection of the PCR product can be added to the elution buffer at this time.
In another embodiment, there is no need for the use of or addition of a lysing buffer to lyse cells. Instead, the cells are lysed utilizing heat. The cells may be heated to a lysing temperature either when still in sample preparation chamber 6 or may be conducted into the assay stations and lysed there. In a particular embodiment, a miniature heater and temperature sensor may be embedded into each assay station 26 in order to perform individual thermal cycling at each assay chamber 26. Furthermore, heat may be also utilized to evaporate an amount of elution buffer in order to increase the concentration of a solute, for example DNA, in a sample fluid. This evaporative step may be conducted at the sample preparation area 78 or at individual assay stations 26, for example, wherein the sealing layer 40, may be gas permeable but not liquid permeable, for example.
In another embodiment, various electrochemical sensors and electrical and electronic sensors may be embedded into each assay station 26. Utilizing this embodiment, a user is provided electrochemical-based detection/data as a result of assays run within said assay station. The data may be in the form of changes of electrical conductance, resistance and other indicators typical to experiments utilizing electrochemical detection, as known to those in the art.
The apparatus and methods provided by the present invention are useful for a number of various assays/reactions. For example, all of the required enzymes, fluorescent dye, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates dNTPs, detergents, and other chemicals and buffers can be added into sample preparation chamber 6 through buffer inlet 4. If required to enhance the elution efficiency, vibrating actuator 34 can be applied to oscillate, typically vertically, to press diaphragm 48, thereby agitating the elution buffer in the sample preparation chamber 6 to allow more DNA molecules to leave the glass block 31 and enter the elution buffer which occupies sample preparation chamber 6.
A fluid, for example a gas or an oil, may be injected into sample preparation chamber 6 through either through test sample inlet 2 exclusively with buffer inlet 4 closed, or alternatively through test sample inlet 2 with buffer inlet 4 remaining open to act as vent until it is filled with elution buffer. The fluid purges the elution buffer containing the released DNA molecules, and causes exemplary flow controlling element, hydrophobic valve 8, to open, permitting elution buffer to enter into initially empty chamber for mixing sample solution and flow promoting fluid, where the elution buffer fills chamber 12. The valve 8 can also be a valve type that is operated by various other means such as mechanical, electrical, pneumatic or magnetic. At this time, the elution buffer is prevented from exiting the chamber 12 by hydrophobic valve 18 that is located at the entrance to main liquid distribution channel 20. Providing fluid can be achieved again through conventional techniques such as pressurization.
Before the buffer in chamber 12 flows out to assay stations, chamber 12 can also be used for the following purposes: (1) to meter the buffer flowing out of chamber 12 (that is, to control the volume of buffer flowing out of chamber 12 by proper choice of volume of chamber 12); (2) to retain buffer for period of time to let the DNA distribution homogenize before the buffer flows out of chamber 12; and (3) to increase DNA concentration, as mentioned previously, in the chamber 12 by evaporating a portion of the water in buffer. The resulting higher concentration of DNA in buffer flowing to assay stations 26 increases the DNA detection sensitivity and specificity.
In one embodiment, chamber 16 is provided for the introduction of flow promoting fluid (FPF), released through diffusion channels 14 to chamber 12. Suitable flow promoting chemicals include, but are not limited to, heparin, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethyl bromide (CTAB), Triton-X, Tween 20, NP-40 and any other surfactant that does not inhibit subsequent DNA amplification and detection chemistry, and does not fluoresce under detection light excitation. Upon diffusion of FPF into chamber 12, a concentration gradient of may be established in chamber 12.
In particular embodiments, one or more main sample fluid channel 20 is fluidically coupled to at least one first multi-purpose channel 30 which is in communication with at least one first assay station channel 28, and at least one assay station 26. As the chemical concentration of FPF in the DNA containing sample fluid reaches a critical level, liquid wetting of the sample fluid over the surface of hydrophobic valve 18 becomes large enough to cause the buffer to flow through the valve 18 from chamber 12 into main sample fluid channel and further flow into first multi-purpose channel 30, first assay station channel 28, and assay stations 26. In this embodiment, the flow is caused by capillary pressure generated by surface tension which moves the liquid forward. Such surface tension is generated at the contact region between the sample fluid and the solid surface of the chip (that is, the surface of channels 20, 30, 28, and assay stations 26). With the addition of the FPF, the surface tension is lowered enough to cause the sample fluid to flow through valve 18 and move further into all other channels and assay stations.
During this capillary pressure flow, the air volumes in channels 20, 30, 28 and assay stations 26 are at least purged by sample fluid through at least one second assay channel 24, which are fluidically coupled to the assay stations 26 and second multi-purpose channels 22, so that channels 20, 30, 28 and assay stations 26 become filled with the sample fluid. To ensure that all of the assay stations 26 become filled with the sample fluid, the volume capacity of chamber 12 is designed to be at least equal to or greater than the combined volume of the channels 20, 30, 28 and assay stations 26.
To prevent the sample fluid from flowing into second multi-purpose channel 22, the following measures can be used: (1) Valves can be installed inside the second assay channel 24. Such valves can be actuated by actuating means such as mechanical, pneumatic or electromagnetic; (2) a porous material can be installed inside at least one second assay channel 24 to block the flow of sample fluid but allow air to vent into second multi-purpose channel 22; (3) a layer of hydrophobic material may coat at least a portion of the second assay channel 24 to block the flow of sample fluid but allow air to vent into second multi-purpose channel 22; the hydrophobic material typically can include, but is not limited to, poly (styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), poly(methyl methyacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate, polyimide, polypropylene, OTS, fluorochemical acrylate polymer (such as EGC-1700 made by 3M) or epoxy resin. For example, SBS can be dissolved in an organic solvent to form a solution, which can be cast onto a glass or plastic surface to obtain a very thin film by drying. Epoxy resin can be directly dropped onto glass or plastic surfaces to form a thin film by ultra-violet (UV) curing or heating; (4) The hydrophobic material coats at least one second multi-purpose channel 22 so that the sample fluid can occupy second assay channel 24 but cannot enter into second multi-purpose channel 22 while air can be purged into second multi-purpose channel 22.
In particular embodiments, in order to stop sample fluid 56 flow from entering second multipurpose channel 22, the width/diameter of second multipurpose channel 22 is provided to be larger that the width/diameter of second assay channel 24 as depicted in exemplary
When using octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), itis preferably prepared freshly at the ratio of about 10% concentration in a suitable solvent, e.g. Hexane, Hexadecane etc. Following this, the solution is then brushed or sprayed into the certain assigned regions for curing for about 15-20 min at room temperature, for example. In this way, hydrophobic surfaces are obtained. When using fluorochemical acrylate polymer such as EGC-1700 made by 3M, the coating solution is prepared freshly with about 1.5% acetic acid and the finished coated slides are preferably cured in an oven, for example, at about 80 to about 100° C. for about 30 min.
Digital camera 32 detects when all the assay stations 26 are filled by sample fluid. The digital camera may be a camera with a charge-coupled device (CCD) sensing element and all possible types of suitable optics for acquiring images. An optical filter is positioned in front of the sensing element of the camera, so that only light of specific wavelengths emitted from the liquid in assay stations 26 is allowed to pass through the filter and reach the sensing element (to be detected by the camera).
At the time that all the assay stations 26 are filled, isolation medium 54 may be introduced through selected combinations of inlets 42, 44, 46, and 21, for example, which are fluidically coupled to first and second multi-purpose channel 30 and 22 respectively, for example, by any of the following non-comprehensive list of means: electro-osmosis pumping, positive pressurization (such as injection with a syringe), capillary flow, electrowetting, thermocapillary flow and/or vacuum suction. In embodiments where a sealing layer 40 is not provided over the multipurpose channels, isolation medium may be deposited by casting and/or robotic dispensing, for example, which would purge sample fluid 56 from the first multipurpose channel 30. Filling channels 30 and 22 with isolation medium can be executed sequentially or simultaneously, and is typically performed by the introduction of isolation medium through inlets that first purge sample fluid from the first multi-purpose channel and then subsequently isolation medium is introduced into the second multi-purpose channel to purge air therefrom.
Therefore, the isolation medium 54 fully fills first and second multi-purpose channels 30 and 22. The isolation medium 54 is selected so as to be impermeable to the elution buffer, i.e. the buffer cannot diffuse into medium 54. The isolation medium 54 typically can be wax, heat cured wax, oil, phase-changing plastics, thermally curable polymer liquid, cyanoacrylate and its derivatives, two-part epoxies or ultra-violet (UV) or visible light curable polymer liquid and hot-melt materials (such as those typically utilized in glue guns, for example). Further exemplary isolation mediums 54 include, but are not limited to, thermally cured polymer, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, as well as other silicone elastomer and liquid silicone precursors. Curing activation temperatures may be higher than about 40 degrees C.
Exemplary ultra-violet (UV) curable isolation medium 54 such as polyacrylate and its derivatives, polyurethane precursors and its derivatives may also be utilized. The UV or other appropriate radiation sources include a UV lamp that is focused onto multipurpose channel 22 and/or 30, for example, by a lens or lenses, a UV lamp illuminating onto multipurpose channel 22 and/or 30 areas that remain exposed after application of a mask having appropriate cut-out portions which provide multipurpose channel 22 and/or 30 areas exposed to UV, for example. Additionally, a localized irradiation source that may be directed onto isolation-medium 54 containing multipurpose channels 22 and/or 30 may also include a localized UV source such as fiber optics.
Additional exemplary isolation medium 54 may also comprise any adhesive which solidifies as a result of solvent evaporation, for example. When utilizing such isolation medium 54, provisions, such as appropriate venting holes and/or slots, in sealing layer 40 and/or substrate may be provided. The venting holes and/or slots may be provided in sealing layer 40 areas that cover the multipurpose channels, for example.
Isolation medium 54 is preferably, substantially immiscible with water and/or aqueous fluid, including with water and/or aqueous fluid containing a surfactant. Isolation medium 54 may be non-transparent and/or fluoresce (not at a wavelength or intensity that may interfere with the assay) and have low viscosity.
In embodiments wherein isolation medium 54 remains in liquid form after introduction and filling of the multipurpose channels 22/30, for example, a solidifiable sealant 67 (for example, wax, hot melt adhesive liquid, polymer liquid, elastomers) are to be deposited to and seal all of the interfaces between the ambient atmosphere and fluids (such as sample fluid 56 and/or isolation medium 54) in multipurpose channels 22 and 30. Other sealing structures, such as caps, lids and valves, can also be utilized to seal off air-liquid interfaces and it is preferable that solidifiable sealant 67 and the caps, lids, and valves can endure temperatures up to and around 100° C. The sealant 67 and/or the other sealing structures form a fixed volume of liquid/fluid in the assay stations and suppresses the generation of vapor and during PCR, for example, and any other ration that takes place at elevated temperatures. The solidifiable sealant 67 may be deposited via robotic, manual and other dispensing means, as known in the microfluidic arts.
In still other embodiments, the multipurpose channels may have, instead of oil/wax-like-type isolation medium 54, ambient air or saturated humid air, or any other humidity saturated vapor, introduced and disposed therein after conduction of sample fluid 56 into the assay stations, to minimize evaporation from assay stations. Ambient air or saturated humid air, or any other humidity saturated vapor may be utilized to purge sample fluid 56 from first multipurpose channel 30.
Additionally and in further embodiments, the chip 100 may be subjected to pressure above atmospheric pressure when placed inside an enclosure 514, such as a molecular analyzer, during analysis such that the evaporative temperature of sample fluid 56 is raised in order to minimize sample fluid evaporation from assays stations.
In this embodiment the DNA or other chemicals in the sample fluid contained in each assay station 26 are isolated within the domain of the assay stations 26 and the first assay station channel 28 and second assay channel 24 so that the DNA or other chemicals do not diffuse to an adjacent assay station in the assay station array. The isolation property of the isolation medium 54 is sustained at temperatures up to and around 100° C. Since the highest temperature for the PCR process is 95° C., no cross contamination occurs in the subsequent DNA amplification step. The injection of the isolation medium 54 can be achieved through conventional techniques such as electro-osmosis, positive pressurization by injection, capillary flow electrowetting, thermocapillary flow or vacuum suction.
Additionally, a washing step may be added in order to wash away at least one undesired component of a reaction, such as non-specific binding of a labeled probe or other unwanted reaction components, for example, in assay stations 26. This may be utilized in embodiments wherein a probe/marker molecules are utilized which are strongly bound to the internal surface of assay station 26, for example, and also bind to the particular molecule (DNA, for example) that is of interest. Upon the completion of the assay reaction, a washing step, comprised of introducing a washing buffer (via vacuum or pressure, for example) into the multipurpose channels and assay station and channels, is provided in order to wash away nonspecific components of the assay reaction. The markers/probes that are bound to assay chamber 26 surfaces remain behind and are then assayed for the presence or absence of the molecule of interest bound to the marker/probe.
Each assay station 26 may contain a fluorescent dye. Digital camera 32 captures both white light and/or the fluorescent emission images from fluorescent dye. In the case where the chambers, channels, and assay stations, i.e., fluid compartments and channels, are not embedded underneath the surface of the substrate 36, and are otherwise exposed to the environment, a sealing layer 40 may be applied to the upper surfaces of all of the fluid compartments and channels 20, 30, 28 and assay stations 26. The sealing layer 40 should be bonded to the substrate 36 preferably before the test sample is added to the sample preparation chamber 6. The sealing layer 40 may not applied to sample preparation chamber 6, and the mouths of the inlets 2, 4 and 21, 42, 44, 46. The sealing layer 40 can be omitted from the upper surface of channels 24 and/or 22 depending upon the particular assay protocol utilized and the temperatures associated therewith. Sealing layer 40 may in particular embodiments seal off the channels and assay stations from the environment, enhance the capillary flow, and enable the liquid flow by injection or vacuum. The sealing layer 40 is normally a plastic film that seals the channels and assay stations, except sample preparation chamber 6 and all the introduction inlets, by a bonding process including, but limited to, thermal bonding, electrostatic bonding, mechanical jointing and adhesive bonding. The sealing layer can also be comprised of at least one of a glass plate, a plastic plate, a thermoplastic, an elastomer, a plastic film and a thermally activated adhesive. Additionally, sealing layer may be comprised of the same material as the substrate. Preferably, sealing layer 40 and substrate 36 are transparent to UV and other wavelengths, including those in the visible spectrum, and do not generate fluorescence that will interfere with experimental measurements/results.
In additional embodiments, sealing layer 40 may also be provided with holes/vents that are located at a variety of locations. For example, at least one hole in the sealing layer may be provided at a location, or locations in the case of a plurality of holes, over the various areas, such as channels or waste reservoir 45, for example. Furthermore, it is also contemplated that sealing layer 40 may be comprised of a material that is gas permeable. This would allow venting fluids to escape, for example, while providing a barrier to the loss of a liquid fluid from the apparatus 100, for example. If such a sealing layer is provided, venting holes may not be required to allow fluids and various mediums to flow through the various channels.
The channels 20, 30, 28, 24 and 22 can range in width typically from about 1 micro meter to about 5 mm, while the channels can range in depth typically from about 1 micro meter to about 1 mm. The assay stations 26 can range in width or diameter typically from about 1 micro meter to about 10 mm, and typically from about 1 micro meter to about 1 mm in depth. The surface wetting properties and dimensions of each type of channel 20, 30, 28, 24 and 22 can vary from the other types of channels. All of the structures can be manufactured using such processes as micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining, laser machining, electrical discharge machining (EDM), chemical etching, injection molding, hot embossing, or stamping.
Each assay station 26 may subject to a thermal condition required for DNA amplification as previously discussed. Such thermal conditions include thermal cycling required for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Moreover, in an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the FPF can also be added through test sample inlet 2 or buffer inlet 4 to elution buffer in sample preparation chamber 6 to actuate the flow into the assay stations 26. In this case, there is no need for chamber 12, channels 14 and chamber 16. This chip design is shown in
Also, if the chip surface (surface of all the channels and all the assay stations) is hydrophilic, there is no need to use a FPF at all at any stage of chip operation. In this case, since the sample fluid is aqueous, it can flow into all the channels and assay stations by itself when valve 8 is opened. Both valve 8 and valve 18 can be operated by any means, for example mechanical, electrical, magnetic, chemical or pneumatic.
In particular embodiments, the apparatus may not be provided with a sample preparation area wherein preparation of sample fluid is conducted “off-chip”. Exemplary configurations such as those depicted in
In some embodiments, first assay channel 28 has a smaller cross-sectional area than the second assay channel 24, as shown in
While first assay station channel 28 is depicted exemplarily herein as having a circular cross-sectional shape/profile, this channel may have any shape that provides flow restriction to minimize sample fluid 56 flow out into first multipurpose channel 30.
In the embodiments depicted in
In order to seal assay station 26, isolation medium 54 is allowed to flow into first multipurpose conduit 30. Isolation medium 54 may be introduced via various methods and in accordance with various embodiments of the instant invention. For example, isolation medium 54 may be introduced into first multipurpose channel 30 via isolation medium inlet 21. In particular embodiments, for example in
The displacement described so far results in the flow of sample fluid 56 out of first multipurpose channel 30. However, additional displacement may also take place by the application of isolation fluid 54 into the second multipurpose channel 22, wherein the isolation fluid 54 displaces not sample fluid 56, but air. Recall that in this embodiment the surface of second multi-purpose channel 22 may be inherently or treated to be hydrophobic, for example, and thus acts to halt the flow of sample fluid at area 50. Upon introduction of isolation medium 54 into the second multipurpose channels, the air therein is displaced and thus assay station 26, or pluralities thereof, are sealed by said isolation fluid 54. This addresses the concern of evaporation and cross contamination of the contents of one assay station with others.
There are a number of methods by which isolation medium 54 may be introduced to exemplary second multipurpose channel 22. According to the embodiment depicted in
Alternative embodiments may provide for the introduction of multiple sample fluids 56 into the chip. An exemplary configuration is depicted in
In embodiments where a non-solidifiable isolation medium 54 is utilized, and isolation medium 54 does not solidify, a solidifiable sealant 67 may be deposited all around isolation medium platform 60 and into all outlets and inlets 21, for example, in order to seal off and isolate all the fluidic paths (channels and inlets) from the atmosphere, as depicted in a side view in
FIGS. 7A1-7C4 depict an exemplary sequence of filling events. In these examples, first multipurpose channel 30, first and second assay channel, 28 and 24, as well as assay station 26, have hydrophilic surface characteristics, while second multipurpose channel 22 has a hydrophobic surface. In particular embodiments, at least a portion of sealing layer 40 located above multipurpose channel 22 has a hydrophobic surface.
In FIG. 7C1 to 7C4, isolation medium 54, having been introduced to second multipurpose channel 22, flows therethrough and displaces the air within. The flow of isolation medium 54 through second multipurpose channel 22 completes the sealing of the plurality of assay stations. As mentioned previously, isolation medium 54 and sample fluid 56 are substantially immiscible with one another, thus providing a seal at points where they meet, such as shown in
While FIGS. 7A1-7C-4 depict an exemplary sequence wherein a plurality of assay stations and assay station channels are first filled with sample fluid 56 and subsequently sealed with isolation medium, this is not the only sequence by which the at least one assay station 26 may be filled. In FIG. 7D1-2, the filling of a plurality of assay stations may be accomplished wherein particular assay stations (and assay channels) are sealed while still other assay stations (and assay channels) are at various stages of filling and sealing. For example, in FIG. 7D2, the left-most assay station 26 and assay channels are already filled with sample solution 56 and sealed, while the adjacent assay station and assay channels are filled but only partially sealed by isolation medium 54. These various exemplary sequences are typically achieved by the timing of the introduction of isolation medium 54 into the first and second multipurpose channels. Additionally, differential application of differing types of isolation medium 54, having different flow characteristics, into the first and second multipurpose channels 22 and 30, respectively, may also be utilized to control flow rates through multipurpose channels. Furthermore, differential surface treatments that alter surface energies and interactions with the isolation medium 54 may be utilized to control flow speed, for example.
In addition to the filling and sealing sequences described above, reversed filling of the isolation medium 54 into the multipurpose channels may also be utilized. In this example, sample fluid 56 is introduced, as above, and fills assay station 26, or a plurality thereof. Subsequently, isolation medium 54 is introduced into one of the multipurpose channels and is subsequently cured and/or polymerized and/or solidified, thus providing assay stations having one of their sides sealed by a solidified isolation medium, for example. Subsequently, isolation medium 54 (having the same or different composition than the first introduced isolation medium 54) is then conducted into the opposing multipurpose channel and may be subsequently cured and/or polymerized/solidified. This sequence of sample fluid 56 and isolation medium 54 filling provides for the use of very viscous isolation mediums. Since assay stations and channels are already filled with sample fluid 54 and bounded on one side with a substantially sealed and solid multipurpose channel, the introduction of the second isolation medium 54 into the second multipurpose channel may be accomplished utilizing greater force or pressure upon isolation medium 54 applied secondarily, as the sample fluid will remain in assay station 26 and assay channels 24, 28 and thus not subject to displacement. This provides for the use of very viscous isolation mediums that may require pressurization to be applied in order for them to flow.
Now turning to
When the chip 100 is illuminated by the light source 500, camera 32 detects the fluorescent emission images 520 from all or a subset of the assay stations 26 at camera lens 522. Before the image light 520 reaches the camera lens 522, it passes through filter 510 that filters out all other light and only allows a narrow spectrum of light emitted from the fluorescent dye to pass through and reach the camera lens 522. Camera 32 can be located either above or below the chip 100, although the camera 32 is shown in
In the embodiments of
Furthermore, air pumping of washing buffer and elution buffer may be injected by “fish pump” controlled by valves also.
Typically, sample preparation may be comprised of the following exemplary steps for the embodiment shown in
In order to elute nucleic acids from nucleic acid isolation component 79, a prescribed amount of elution buffer is introduced into sample preparation chamber 6 with plunger valve 80 and 81 closed and chip inlet 86 open to vent air. Air may be pumped into sample preparation chamber 6 to push all the eluent through nucleic acid isolation component 79 and into channel 88. A PCR reaction mixture (comprising for example, dNTPs, buffer and polymerase) may then be added to elution solution via chip inlet 86 and allowed to mix with the elution solution, now containing nucleic acids, thus providing a sample fluid. In a final step, oil may be added into sample preparation chamber 6 and/or inlet 86 and plunger valve 80 closed and plunger valve 81 open to conduct sample fluid having nucleic acid eluted and PCR mix to assay stations via sample fluid channel 20. The sample fluid may also flow to at least one assay station via capillary force, for example and not require the addition of air or liquid pressure.
The assay stations that may be utilized with the instant invention may have a variety of configurations. In
The method of detecting disease or assessing the risk of disease of the present invention comprises the following exemplary steps. A test sample of whole blood, for example, from an animal is obtained from a subject. Before the analysis, each assay station on the chip device 100 may have deposited at least one of a specific probe and primer(s), and each assay station is dried. So there is at least one DNA probe and/or primer in all of the assay stations 26 on chip 100. Each assay station 26 contains at least one probe or primer (some assays, for example, FRET, requires two primers and 1 or 2 fluorescent dye-labeled probes).
A quantity of the test sample whole blood obtained from the subject is provided onto the device by e.g. injection. The quantity of blood sample applied to the device can be determined by the skilled artisan based on the number of assay stations to be filled. But in general, the amount of blood applied will be sufficient to completely fill the assay stations provided on the chip. Typically, about 0.01 ul to about 10 ml of sample will be sufficient to carry out the methods of the present invention. By “application” or “applied” is meant that the sample is provided to the device by conventional means including injection, electro-osmosis, pressurization, or vacuum means.
A gas and/or fluid is injected into sample preparation chamber 6 via test sample inlet 2 exclusively with buffer inlet 4 closed, or else with buffer inlet 4 initially open until buffer inlet 4 is filled, after which it is closed, to purge the elution buffer containing released DNA molecules and push the buffer into an empty chamber 12 and completely fill chamber 12. Examples of gases and/or fluids suitable for the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, or a purging liquid like oil. A flow promoting fluid (FPF) in chamber 16 is then released into chamber 12 through diffusion channels 14. DNA contained in buffer (now sample fluid) will flow into channel 20 and further flow into first multi-purpose channel 30, first assay station channel 28 and assay station 26.
The digital camera 32 detects the time when all the assay stations 26 are filled by buffer. Isolation medium 54 is injected through at least one of ports 44, 46 into channels 30 and 22 to fully fill the multipurpose channels. Again, the isolation medium 54 typically can be wax, oil, phase-changing plastics, thermally curable polymer liquid, or ultra-violet (UV) curable polymer liquid. The isolation medium remains at an elevated temperature above about 100° C. via preheating and/or the chip 100 is in an environment of an elevated temperature. Typically, when the isolation medium is wax, the wax is pre-heated to a particular temperature, since a medium like wax does not flow in its solid phase. However, other materials like thermal curable and UV curable resin are in liquid state at a room temperature and therefore these materials do not require pre-heating. All assay stations are placed in a thermal cycler and subjected to PCR according to known methods. See e.g. Ausubel et al. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995, incorporated herein by reference. Following DNA amplification, at least a portion of the device is illuminated by an excitation light source having a wavelength spectrum required to excite the fluorescent dye, e.g. fluorescein, contained in each assay station 26. When the illumination is performed, camera 32 detects the fluorescent emission images from each assay station 26. The fluorescent emission images are analyzed for: fluorescent emission intensity at the location of each assay station 26, shape and location of the fluorescent image and the emission intensity of the image in each assay station.
The main components of the analyzer are the fluorescent emission detection camera and the related optics which are available commercially, for example, from Hamamatsu, 325-6, Sunayama-cho, Hamamatsu City, Shizhoka Pref., 430-8587, Japan. The camera and the optics system are installed in an enclosure together with a liquid handling system for liquid/sample injection. The analyzer also includes a temperature control system to perform thermal cycling required for PCR amplification of DNA molecules.
An exemplary method of preparing the sample and extracting DNA from the test sample is illustrated in the following example, exemplarily illustrated in
Step 1. Injecting the sample:
Sample, for example, a test sample (e.g. whole blood), is injected into sample preparation chamber 6 via test sample inlet 2. The injection in this step can be achieved by means such as pressurization, capillary pumping, or vacuum suction (a vacuum is conventionally generated below glass block 31).
Step 2. Lysing of cells and binding of DNA on porous glass block 31
Cell lysing buffer is injected into sample preparation chamber 6 via inlet 4. Cell lysing buffer lyses both red cells and white cells in sample and DNA molecules are released from the white cells, and become suspended in the lysing buffer contained in sample preparation chamber 6.
One example of the cell lysing buffer contemplated by the present invention is:
The above buffers “A” and “B” can be added together or in sequence “A” before “B” or “B” before “A”.
Another lysing buffer contemplated by the present invention is:
1 part of 10% Triton X-100, dilute to 10 parts using 6M GuHCl (guadinine hydrochloride) (in 10 mM TE, pH 6.7).
Sample can also be mixed with lysing buffer before being injected into sample preparation chamber 6. The lysed whole blood sample (together with the lysing buffer) in sample preparation chamber 6 is sucked through the glass block 31 due to the absorption by the absorbent 5 or by vacuum. When the lysed sample passes through the glass block 31, DNA molecules in the lysed sample are bound to the surface of the glass block 31, since the glass block 31 has the ability to attract DNA contained in sample.
In addition to the absorption and the vacuum means described above to pass the lysed sample and lysing buffer through the glass block 31, the following means can also be applied: positive pressurization, such as that generated by a syringe pump, to pump the sample and lysing buffer through the block 31 or electro-osmosis pumping.
The glass block 31 can also be replaced by other filter media including: glass fiber mat or floss, glass powders, non-glass media such as cellulose fiber mat, or magnetic particles with treated surfaces to attract DNA molecules, etc. The glass block 31 can also be made of a combination of filter media. The DNA attraction mechanism on the filter media can be in the form of, for example, electrostatic attraction or attraction of DNA to other molecules pre-immobilized onto the filter media.
Step 3. Washing the chamber 2 and glass block 31
Washing buffer is injected to sample preparation chamber 6 via buffer inlet 4, and washing buffer is pulled through the glass block 31 due to the absorption by the absorbent 5 or by vacuum. Under the flow of the washing buffer, the DNA molecules bound to the glass block 31 still remain, while all other substances including cell debris or proteins in sample preparation chamber 6 and glass block 31 flow through to a waste drain, which can be the absorbent 5 itself, underneath the glass block 31. At the end of this washing step, only isolated DNA molecules are collected for subsequent use.
One example of washing buffer contemplated by the present invention is
200 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM EDTA, adjust pH of mixture to 7.5. Dilute mixture with 95% ethanol in the volumetric ratio of 1:1.4 (eg: add 40 ml ethanol to 100 ml buffer). Another washing buffer contemplated by the present invention is 80% isopropanol.
In addition to the absorption and the vacuum means described above to pass the washing buffer through the glass block 31, the following means can also be applied: positive pressurization such as that generated by a syringe pump to pump the washing buffer through the block 31 or electro-osmosis pumping.
Step 4. Eluting DNA from glass block 31
After the glass block 31 is dried, the elution buffer is injected into sample preparation chamber 6 via buffer inlet 4 to fully occupy sample preparation chamber 6. The drying is performed by methods such as natural drying or by elevating the ambient temperature or by hot air blowing. The drying duration typically ranges from a few seconds to a few minutes. Injection of the elution buffer can also be performed by injecting the buffer into the sample preparation chamber 6 through the glass block 31 (“bottom up”, i.e., injected in the upward direction through the glass block 31).
The elution buffer is capable of releasing attracted DNA molecules from glass block 31, and the DNA molecules released become suspended in the elution buffer contained in sample preparation chamber 6 above the glass block 31. One example of the elution buffer is autoclaved water. Another example of the elution buffer is 10 mM TE at pH 8.4.
To enhance the elution efficiency, a vibrating actuator 34 presses diaphragm 48 to agitate the elution buffer in the sample preparation chamber 6 and glass block 31 to allow more DNA molecules to leave the glass block 31 and enter the elution buffer.
The present invention also contemplates soaking the glass block 31 in elution buffer for about five minutes.
The elution buffer can contain, or be added with other chemicals for subsequent analysis, (such additional chemicals can be added by premixing such chemicals with the elution buffer, then by adding the mixture to sample preparation chamber 6 subsequently via test sample inlet 2 and/or buffer inlet 4). Additional chemicals contemplated include the enzymes for DNA amplification, fluorescent dye for fluorescent detection of DNA molecules based on principle of fluorescence energy resonance transfer (FRET), TaqMan® (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Somerville, N.J.), SYBR Green® (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, Oreg.), and Molecular Beacon, and any other chemicals required to perform DNA amplifications and fluorescent detection. The injection in this step may be achieved through pressurization, capillary pumping, vacuum suction, etc.
The amount of elution buffer should fully occupy the sample preparation chamber 6 so that the elution buffer can reach the inlet of the channel 10, as shown in
All efforts should be made to prevent the elution buffer from moving outside the domain of the chamber 6, since this would cause the loss of DNA molecules for subsequent analysis. (In particular, inadvertent application of the absorbent 5 should be avoided).
To enhance the spread rate of DNA molecules into the entire volume of the elution buffer and to enhance the uniform distribution of the DNA molecules in buffer, the following methods can be used in the alternative: agitating buffer by actuator 34 acting on diaphragm 48, as described above; applying a vibrator to shake the entire substrate 36 (chip) at one or more than one vibration frequencies, especially at a resonant frequency of (1) the entire chip, and (2) the mass of the elution buffer contained in sample preparation chamber 6; heating the buffer contained in sample preparation chamber 6 non-uniformly to generate a thermal-gradient induced flow, or forced convection flow, of the buffer inside sample preparation chamber 6; adding surfactant to the buffer contained in sample preparation chamber 6 to help to release the DNA molecules from the glass block 31; or adding magnetic beads or fibers into buffer and using an electromagnetic actuator to agitate the buffer to help to release the DNA from the glass block 31.
In all of the above steps, test sample inlet 2 and buffer inlet 4 can be used interchangeably, or a single port (i.e. test sample inlet 2 or buffer inlet 4) can be employed to conduct the methods of the present invention.
While the description has been generally directed to PCR and other amplification assays, the invention is by no means so limited. The apparatus and methods of the present invention may also be utilized to conduct a plethora of various assays, including homogeneous assays. Homogeneous assays which may be performed on the chip can be divided into 3 general categories: DNA/RNA/Aptamers (nucleic acid based), Protein/antibody based and cell based assays. Exemplary assays and components are provided below.
In DNA/RNA/Aptamers (nucleic acid based) embodiments, primers and probes in 0.1×TE buffer, for example, were spotted/placed into the assay stations 26 and then lyophilized. Immobilization of at least one reaction component within at least one assay station may also comprise, for example, immobilization onto beads, gels or membranes. Sample fluid preparation releases DNA or RNA into a PCR reaction mixture (minus primers and probes) and the whole mixture flows into the assay stations via first multi purpose channel 30 or channels. Upon rehydration the primers and probes participate in the PCR or if specified, RT-PCR reaction. Detection of products may be conducted by, and not limited to, utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), molecular beacon detection, or normal non-FRET SybrGreen, EtBr detection or other intercalators (PicoGreen, the TOTO dye family e.g. Toto-1, POPO-1, BOBO-1) for example. Real-time data of DNA or RNA amplification is collected during each cycle and then subtracted from a baseline.
In exemplary DNA based assays, amplification and detection methodologies may comprise PCR, isothermal amplification methods e.g. nucleic acid strand-based amplification (NASBA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), etc, as well as ligase chain reaction (LCR), rolling circle amplification and ligation, etc., using FRET, molecular beacon, etc. as described above.
All of the following assays that may be conducted in accordance with the teachings of the present invention are meant to be exemplary and non-limiting.
DNA Based Assays
PCR mix: 1 ul of 10×Pt Taq polymerae buffer, 0.8 ul of 25 mM MgCl2, 1 ul each of 10 uM stock Trytophan hydroxylase, Forward primer (5′-TGT GTT AGC CAT TAT GAT TA 3′) and reverse primer (5′-CTG GAA TAC AAG CTT TAT GCA G-3′), 1 ul of 2 mM dNTPs, 1 ul of long/ul human genomic DNA, 0.5 ul of 10%BSA, 0.5 ul of 60×SybrGreen, 1 ul of 5u/ul Platinum Taq Polymerase and 2.2 ul water. In the control, the above components are the same except there is no Taq polymerase.
PCR conditions: hot start 96° C.—1 min, 30 cycles of 95° C.—30 sec, 55° C.—30 sec. and 72° C.—30 sec, 72° C.—5 min, 12° C.—forever. PCR was done in a MJ PCR thermocycler (PTC-200) with an in-situ PCR alpha module. After PCR, the chip 100 was observed under a Leica fluorescent microscope using the same exposure time for each image, hooked up to a computer for digital image capture. The results showed positive amplification of human Tryptophan hydroxylase gene fragment as compared to control reactions.
PCR-FRET detection of the 23S RNA gene from Plesiomonas shigelloides, a Gram-negative bacteria that causes human gastroenteritis. Reference: J. P. Loh and Eric P. H. Yap, Rapid cycle Real-Time PCR, Methods and Applications, Microbiology and Food analysis, U. Reischl et. al. (Eds.), Springer, pp 161-171.
PCR mix: 1 ul of 10×Platinum Taq buffer, 1 ul of 2 mM dNTPs, 0.3 ul each of 10 uM stock forward primer (5′-AGC GCC TCG GAC GAA CAC CTA-3′) and reverse primer (5′-GTG TCT CCC GGA TAG CAC-3′), 1 ul of a 20 uM stock fluorescent probe (5′-LCRed640-GGT AGA GCA CTG TTA AGG CTA GGG GGT CAT C-3′-Phosphate), 1 ul of 5 ug/ul BSA, 1.6 ul of 25 mM Mgcl2, 1 ul of 10×Sybrgrecn, 0.1 ul of 5u/ul Platinum taq, 1.2 ul of water and 1,5 ul of sample containing P. shigelloides DNA.
PCR conditions Hot start: 95° C.—1 min, 70 cycles of 90° C.—0 sec, 70° C.—4 sec , 72° C.—5 sec.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) detection: Allele-specific PCR, dye-labeled oligonucleotide ligation (DOL), PCR-OLA-FRET (oligonucleotide ligation assay), LCR-OLAFRET, allele specific Taqman assay, etc.
Dye-labeled oligonucleotide ligation (DOL) assay is an assay that uses PCR to amplify the DNA sequence and then post-PCR SNP detection using OLA or oligonucleotide ligation assay with FRET (PCR-OLA-FRET). The OLA assay uses 3 probes to detect a SNP, one common donor probe is labeled with FAM (5-carboxy-fluorescein), and the other allele-specific acceptor probe labeled with either ROX (6-carboxy-X-rhodamine) or TAMRA (NNN8,N8-tetramethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine). Thermostable ligase was used to discriminate between a match or mismatch nucleotide at the 5′-of the acceptor probe. Reference: X. Chen, et.al., Genome Res. May 1998;8(5):549-56.
DOL assay for detecting codon 39 C/T mutation in the beta-globin gene responsible for beta-o-thalassemia. The primers and probes were lyophilized in the assay stations and the DNA from sample prep portion was infused into the assay stations via the various channels described above.
PCR-ligation mix: 2 ul of 100 mM Tris Ph 8.0, 2 ul of 65 mM MgCl2, 2 ul of 0.5M KCl, 2 ul of 10 mM NAD, 2 ul of 2.5 mM dNTPs, 1 ul of each 50 uM stock PCR forward primer (5′-CAT GTG GAG ACA GAG AAG ACT CTT GGG-3′) and reverse primer (5′-GCA GCT CAC TCA GTG TGG CAA AGG-3′), 1 ul of 4 uM FAM-labeled donor probe (5′-FAM-TCT ACC CTT GGA CC-3′), 1 ul of 4 uM Rox-labeled acceptor probe (5′-phosphate-CAG AGG TTC TTT GAG T-3′-ROX), 1 ul of 5 uM TAMRA-labeled acceptor probe (5′-phosphate-TAG AGG TTC TTT GAG TC-3′-TAMRA), 30 ng of human genomic DNA, 0.5 unit of AmpliTaq-FS polymerase, 1.5 unit of Ampligase DNA ligase and water to 20 ul.
PCR-ligation conditions: Denaturation 95° C.—2 min, 10 cycles of 95° C.—15 sec, ramping slowly to 65° C. over 1.5 min, 65° C.—30 sec, followed by 30 cycles of 95° C.—15 sec, 65° C.—30 sec, and ligation using 25 cycles at 95° C.—15 sec, 45° C.—1.5 min.
RNA Based Assays
Amplification and detection: RT-PCR-FRET detection of Dengue virus type II. Reference: B. H. Tan, E. See, Elizabeth Lim and Eric P. H. Yap, Rapid cycle Real-Time PCR, Methods and Applications, Microbiology and Food analysis, U. Reischl et. al. (Eds.), Springer, pp 241-251.
RT-PCR mix: 2 ul of 5×RT-PCR buffer, 1 ul of 3 mM dNTPs, 1 ul of 5 ug/ul BSA, 1 ul of 25 mM MnOAc, 0.5 ul each of 9 uM stock forward primer (5′-CCT AGA CAT AAT CGG G-3′) and reverse primer (5′-GTG GTC TTG GTC ATA G-3′) and 0.5 ul of 4 uM stock probe (5′-LCRed640-AGA AAA AAT AAA ACA AGA GC-3′-Phosphate), 0.5 ul of 20× SybrGreen, 0.5 ul of 5 ul/ul Tth polymerase, 1.5 ul water and viral RNA added to 10 ul final volume.
RT-PCR conditions: RT—15 min at 50° C., denaturation 95° C.—5 min, 8 cycles of 95° C.—0 sec and 55° C.—7 sec, 50 cycles of 87° C.—0 sec, 55° C.—7 sec.
Aptamer Based Assays:
Aptamers are synthetic DNA, RNA or peptide sequences which may be normal and modified (e.g. peptide nucleic acid (PNA), thiophophorylated DNA, etc) that interact with a target protein, ligand (lipid, carbohydrate, metabolite, etc). Aptamers labeled with a dye, e.g. TAMRA for example, may be synthesized and spotted into assay chamber 26 or chambers and lyophilized. A target protein/antigen may then be introduced into the assay stations utilizing methods as described above. Fluorescent polarization may then be utilized to screen for aptamer/protein binding if one of the binding pair is labeled with the fluorescent dye.
Protein/Antibody Based Assay
Protein/Antibody assays, such as ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) may be utilized according to the teachings of the present invention to detect pathogens (e.g., open sandwich ELISA), protein-rich interactions and drug screenings.
In these exemplary embodiments, the antibodies or proteins can be labeled with pairs of FRET dyes, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) protein, fluorescent dye-quencher dye combinations, beta gal complementation assays protein fragments, and dissolved in 1×PBS, spotted and lyophilized in the assay stations. Sample fluid preparation releases proteins or other antigens into PBS or TBS buffer with or without detergent (e.g. Tw-20 or Triton-X 100) of various concentration (e.g. 0.05% Tw-20 and 1%Triton-X-100), and these flow into the assay stations via channels as described above. Upon re-hydration the antibodies or protein pairs may participate in FRET, BRET, fluorescence quenching or beta-gal complementation to generate fluorescence, colorimetric or enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) signals.
Antibody-antigen fluorescence quenching assay: An antibody was labeled with OG-514 (Oregon green 514 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl esters) and the antigen (peptide, protein, whole cells, carbohydrate, aptamers, etc.) was labeled with QSY-7 (QSY-7 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl esters). Fluorescence quenching prevented or suppressed the detection of OG-514 fluorescence. The labeled antibody-antigen complex was lyophilized in the assay stations. Sample fluid preparation releases proteins or other antigens into PBS or TBS buffer with or without detergent (e.g. Tw-20 or Triton-X 100) of various concentration (e.g. 0.05% Tw-20 and 1%Triton-X-100), and flow into the assay station(s) via channels. Upon re-hydration in the assay station, the labeled antibody-antigen complex participates in competitive reaction with the unlabeled antigen. Competition with unlabeled antigen releases the OG-514 labeled antibody whose fluorescence is detected at about 528-530 nm.
Two monoclonal antibodies directed against 2 non-competitive epitopes of the CD8-alpha chain were utilized. One of the monoclonals was labeled with the dye phycoerythrin (PE) and the other allophycocyanin (APC).
FRET was observed when excitation light was directed to PE but the efficiency was only 10%. Reference: Batard P., et.al., Cytometry Jun. 1, 2002;48(2):97-105. The efficiency of FRET may be improved by using near Infra-red FRET dye pairs such as the squaraine dyes (Sq635 and Sq660). Reference: Oswald B. et. al., Analytical Biochemistry 280, 272-277 (2000).
Re-association of recombinant antibody light and heavy chain directed by a bridging antigen (open sandwich assay).
Recombinant antibody anti-HEL (Hen egg lysozyme) fragment heavy chain (VH) and light chain (VL) were labeled with succinimide esters of fluorescein and rhodamine-X, respectively. The weak affinity of VH and VL towards each other prevent association and FRET, but at low temperature e.g. about 4C and in the presence of antigen, the VH and VL interactions stabilized and hence FRET occurred. When excited at 490 nm, significant decrease in the fluorescence at 520 nm and its increase at 605 nm were observed when an increasing amount of HEL (antigen) was added to the mixture in the concentration range of 1-100 micrograms/ml. Reference: Ueda H et. al., Biotechniques Oct. 1999;27(4):738-42.
A modification of the above method may be utilized as follows. Instead of labeling with fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein and rhodamine, chimeric protein of VH—Rluc (Renilla luciferase) and VL-EYFP (Enhance Yellow fluorescence Protein) is constructed. In the presence of Rluc's substrate coelenterazine, chemilumiscence with emission of light (475 nm) is observed, but no BRET (Bioluminescence fluorescent energy transfer) is observed. However, at low temperature e.g. about 4° C. and in the presence of antigen (HEL), the VH and VL interactions was stabilized, hence BRET occurred and fluorescence of EYFP is detected at 525 nm. Reference: Arai R, et. al., Anal Biochem. Feb. 1, 2001;289(1):77-81.
Yet another modification of the first method is as follows. Instead of labeling with fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein and rhodamine, thioredoxin (Trx) fusion protein protein, Trx-VH-EBFP (enhance blue fluorescent protein) and Trx-VL-EGFP (enhance green fluorescence protein) is constructed. Trx increased the solubility of the expressed proteins. FRET occurred in the presence of the antigen HEL. Reference: Arai R., et. al., Protein Eng. May 2000;13(5):369-76.
The apparatus and methods of the present invention may also be utilized to conduct proteomic studies/assays. Protein-protein interactions are important mechanisms for regulating cellular process, e.g., regulation of transcription by the dimeraztion of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, dimerization of Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor upon ligand binding to generate cellular signaling, for example.
Utilizing the apparatus, candidate proteins or ‘Preys’ expressed as fusion proteins with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), for example, may either be lyophilized in assay staions or embedded into hydrogels in the assay stations. The target or ‘bait’ expressed as fusion protein with enhanced blue fluorescent protein (EBFP) is introduced into the assay stations through the channels as described above. Protein-protein interaction activates FRET activity, for example or other detection methods, as known in the art.
The present invention may also be utilized in drug screening and toxicological assay applications. Numerous methods for drug screening based on FRET, and other detection methods may be utilized as known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
For example, toxological assays may be conducted according to the teachings of the present invention. Synthetic small molecules from combinatorial chemical, or peptide library, aptamer library, etc, are pre-loaded into the assay stations. The assay stations have conducted thereto particular cell type of interest, which may have been recovered from a sample preparation portion of the chip (if so provided), or from tissue culture, growth media. A fluorescent vital dye may also be provided. After a few days observation with microscopy will reveal if cells exposed to the provided pre-loaded components undergo cell death remain alive or are otherwise affected by the pre-loaded assay components that had been provided in the assay stations.
For drug screening, cells can be engineered to express the drug target to be tested e.g. multi-subunit receptor, heterodimerizing or homodimerizing protein partner, fused with different fluorescent protein (e.g. EGFP, EYFP). Association or cross linking of receptors or proteins with themselves or to their subunits triggered by synthetic ligand binding, small molecule or antibody, brings the fluorescent protein pair together such that FRET can take place or beta-gal complementation could occur, for example. Conversely, disruption of homodimerized or heterodimerized or multi-subunit protein complex by synthetic ligands, small molecule, aptamer, etc, could trigger a decrease in FRET signal.
The small molecules may diffuse into cells depending on the chemical structure. Hence, target protein does not need to be a surface proteins, but can be an intracellular protein or receptor, such as glucocorticoid receptor, that homodimerize in the presence of glucocorticoid, for example.
The small molecules, ligand, aptamer, etc. may be derived from a combi-chem library, peptide synthesizer, phage library, etc. and are first spotted into the assay station and then lyophilized. Cells engineered with a drug target protein fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) pairs are then introduced into the assay station(s) 26 via channels, as described above, in cell culture media. Incubation of the cells with the potential drug at about 37C, for example, may trigger protein-protein interaction resulting in FRET, or disruption of protein interaction would decrease FRET.
Drug screening applications according to the invention may utilize cell based and/or protein assays. Such screening applications may utilize the introduction of at least one of a population of wild-type cells and a population of cells expressing a recombinant molecule, for example, into said at least one assay station, in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Besides FRET assays which utilized two fluorescent probes for PCR, PCR-Taqman assays make use of fluorescent quenching whereby a probe is labeled with both quencher and donor. The probe, when hybridized to amplified DNA fragments, is digested by the 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase extending downstream from the primer. Upon digestion of the probe, separation of donor from quencher leads to a detectable increase in fluorescence signal from the donor dye. Colorimetric detection can potentially be used in conjunction with beta-gal complementation assays in isothermal amplification assays. Another exemplary assay methodology that may be utilized includes fluorescence polarization, wherein small fluorescent dNTPs are incorporated into PCR product, for example, and as a result tumble less and decrease their effect on the depolarization of light applied to the assay station 26 having the PCR mixture and potential product therein and subsequently detected.
The invention has now been explained with reference to specific embodiments. Other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the foregoing description. It is not intended that this invention be limited except as indicated by the appended claims and their full scope equivalents.
Citations de brevets
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1,1 significantly larger than for any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology. In particular, owing to their extraordinary thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as additives to various structural materials. For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarily carbon fiber) baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts.2
Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene. These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete ("chiral") angles, and the combination of the rolling angle and radius decides the nanotube properties; for example, whether the individual nanotube shell is a metal or semiconductor. Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). Individual nanotubes naturally align themselves into "ropes" held together by van der Waals forces, more specifically, pi-stacking.
Applied quantum chemistry, specifically, orbital hybridization best describes chemical bonding in nanotubes. The chemical bonding of nanotubes is composed entirely of sp2 bonds, similar to those of graphite. These bonds, which are stronger than the sp3 bonds found in alkanes and diamond, provide nanotubes with their unique strength.
- 1 Types of carbon nanotubes and related structures
- 2 Properties
- 3 Synthesis
- 4 Current applications
- 5 Potential applications
- 5.1 Structural
- 5.2 Electrical circuits
- 5.3 Electrical cables and wires
- 5.4 Actuators
- 5.5 Paper batteries
- 5.6 Solar cells
- 5.7 Hydrogen storage
- 5.8 Ultracapacitors
- 5.9 Radar absorption
- 5.10 Medical
- 5.11 Textile
- 5.12 Optical power detectors
- 5.13 Loud speaker and earphone
- 5.14 Other applications
- 6 Discovery
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
There is no consensus on some terms describing carbon nanotubes in scientific literature: both "-wall" and "-walled" are being used in combination with "single", "double", "triple" or "multi", and the letter C is often omitted in the abbreviation; for example, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT).
Most single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) have a diameter of close to 1 nanometer, with a tube length that can be many millions of times longer. The structure of a SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene into a seamless cylinder. The way the graphene sheet is wrapped is represented by a pair of indices (n,m). The integers n and m denote the number of unit vectors along two directions in the honeycomb crystal lattice of graphene. If m = 0, the nanotubes are called zigzag nanotubes, and if n = m, the nanotubes are called armchair nanotubes. Otherwise, they are called chiral. The diameter of an ideal nanotube can be calculated from its (n,m) indices as follows
where a = 0.246 nm.
SWNTs are an important variety of carbon nanotube because most of their properties change significantly with the (n,m) values, and this dependence is non-monotonic (see Kataura plot). In particular, their band gap can vary from zero to about 2 eV and their electrical conductivity can show metallic or semiconducting behavior. Single-walled nanotubes are likely candidates for miniaturizing electronics. The most basic building block of these systems is the electric wire, and SWNTs with diameters of an order of a nanometer can be excellent conductors.34 One useful application of SWNTs is in the development of the first intermolecular field-effect transistors (FET). The first intermolecular logic gate using SWCNT FETs was made in 2001.5 A logic gate requires both a p-FET and an n-FET. Because SWNTs are p-FETs when exposed to oxygen and n-FETs otherwise, it is possible to protect half of an SWNT from oxygen exposure, while exposing the other half to oxygen. This results in a single SWNT that acts as a NOT logic gate with both p and n-type FETs within the same molecule.
Single-walled nanotubes are dropping precipitously in price, from around $1500 per gram as of 2000 to retail prices of around $50 per gram of as-produced 40–60% by weight SWNTs as of March 2010.citation needed
Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) consist of multiple rolled layers (concentric tubes) of graphene. There are two models that can be used to describe the structures of multi-walled nanotubes. In the Russian Doll model, sheets of graphite are arranged in concentric cylinders, e.g., a (0,8) single-walled nanotube (SWNT) within a larger (0,17) single-walled nanotube. In the Parchment model, a single sheet of graphite is rolled in around itself, resembling a scroll of parchment or a rolled newspaper. The interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite, approximately 3.4 Å. The Russian Doll structure is observed more commonly. Its individual shells can be described as SWNTs, which can be metallic or semiconducting. Because of statistical probability and restrictions on the relative diameters of the individual tubes, one of the shells, and thus the whole MWNT, is usually a zero-gap metal.
Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNT) form a special class of nanotubes because their morphology and properties are similar to those of SWNT but their resistance to chemicals is significantly improved. This is especially important when functionalization is required (this means grafting of chemical functions at the surface of the nanotubes) to add new properties to the CNT. In the case of SWNT, covalent functionalization will break some C=C double bonds, leaving "holes" in the structure on the nanotube and, thus, modifying both its mechanical and electrical properties. In the case of DWNT, only the outer wall is modified. DWNT synthesis on the gram-scale was first proposed in 20036 by the CCVD technique, from the selective reduction of oxide solutions in methane and hydrogen.
The telescopic motion ability of inner shells7 and their unique mechanical properties8 will permit the use of multi-walled nanotubes as main movable arms in coming nanomechanical devices. Retraction force that occurs to telescopic motion caused by the Lennard-Jones interaction between shells and its value is about 1.5 nN.9
In theory, a nanotorus is a carbon nanotube bent into a torus (doughnut shape). Nanotori are predicted to have many unique properties, such as magnetic moments 1000 times larger than previously expected for certain specific radii.10 Properties such as magnetic moment, thermal stability, etc. vary widely depending on radius of the torus and radius of the tube.1011
Carbon nanobuds are a newly created material combining two previously discovered allotropes of carbon: carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. In this new material, fullerene-like "buds" are covalently bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. In particular, they have been found to be exceptionally good field emitters. In composite materials, the attached fullerene molecules may function as molecular anchors preventing slipping of the nanotubes, thus improving the composite’s mechanical properties.
Graphenated CNTs are a relatively new hybrid that combines graphitic foliates grown along the sidewalls of multiwalled or bamboo style CNTs. Yu et al.12 reported on "chemically bonded graphene leaves" growing along the sidewalls of CNTs. Stoner et al.13 described these structures as "graphenated CNTs" and reported in their use for enhanced supercapacitor performance. Hsu et al. further reported on similar structures formed on carbon fiber paper, also for use in supercapacitor applications.14 The foliate density can vary as a function of deposition conditions (e.g. temperature and time) with their structure ranging from few layers of graphene (< 10) to thicker, more graphite-like.15
The fundamental advantage of an integrated graphene-CNT structure is the high surface area three-dimensional framework of the CNTs coupled with the high edge density of graphene. Graphene edges provide significantly higher charge density and reactivity than the basal plane, but they are difficult to arrange in a three-dimensional, high volume-density geometry. CNTs are readily aligned in a high density geometry (i.e., a vertically aligned forest)16 but lack high charge density surfaces—the sidewalls of the CNTs are similar to the basal plane of graphene and exhibit low charge density except where edge defects exist. Depositing a high density of graphene foliates along the length of aligned CNTs can significantly increase the total charge capacity per unit of nominal area as compared to other carbon nanostructures.17
Nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNT's), can be produced through 5 main methods, Chemical Vapor Deposition,1819 high-temperature and high-pressure reactions, gas-solid reaction of amorphous carbon with NH3 at high temperature,20 solid reaction,21 and solvothermal synthesis.22
N-CNTs can also be prepared by a CVD method of pyrolysizing melamine under Ar at elevated temperatures of 800oC - 980oC. However synthesis via CVD and melamine results in the formation of bamboo structured CNTs. XPS spectra of grown N-CNT's reveals nitrogen in five main components, pyridinic nitrogen, pyrrolic nitrogen, quaternary nitrogen, and nitrogen oxides. Furthermore synthesis temperature affects the type of nitrogen configuration.23
Nitrogen doping plays a pivotal role in Lithium storage. N-doping provides defects in the walls of CNT's allowing for Li ions to diffuse into interwall space. It also increases capacity by providing more favorable bind of N-doped sites. N-CNT's are also much more reactive to metal oxide nanoparticle deposition which can further enhance storage capacity, especially in anode materials for Li-ion batteries.24 However Boron doped nanotubes have been shown to make batteries with triple capacity.25
A Carbon peapod2627 is a novel hybrid carbon material which traps fullerene inside a carbon nanotube. It can possess interesting magnetic properties with heating and irradiating. It can also be applied as an oscillator during theoretical investigations and predictions.2829
Cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) differ from other quasi-1D carbon structures, which normally behave as quasi-metallic conductors of electrons. CSCNTs exhibit semiconducting behaviors due to the stacking microstructure of graphene layers.30
The observation of the longest carbon nanotubes (18.5 cm long) was reported in 2009. These nanotubes were grown on Si substrates using an improved chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and represent electrically uniform arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes.1
The thinnest carbon nanotube is armchair (2,2) CNT with a diameter of 3 Å. This nanotube was grown inside a multi-walled carbon nanotube. Assigning of carbon nanotube type was done by combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.33
The thinnest freestanding single-walled carbon nanotube is about 4.3 Å in diameter. Researchers suggested that it can be either (5,1) or (4,2) SWCNT, but exact type of carbon nanotube remains questionable.34 (3,3), (4,3) and (5,1) carbon nanotubes (all about 4 Å in diameter) were unambiguously identified using aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy inside double-walled CNTs.35
The highest density of CNTs was achieved in 2013, grown on a conductive titanium-coated copper surface that was coated with co-catalysts cobalt and molybdenum at lower than typical temperatures of 450 °C. The tubes averaged a height of 0.38 μm and a mass density of 1.6 g cm−3. The material showed ohmic conductivity (lowest resistance ∼22 kΩ).3637
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. This strength results from the covalent sp2 bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (GPa).38 (For illustration, this translates into the ability to endure tension of a weight equivalent to 6422 kg (14,158 lbs) on a cable with cross-section of 1 mm2.) Further studies, such as one conducted in 2008, revealed that individual CNT shells have strengths of up to ~100 GPa, which is in agreement with quantum/atomistic models.39 Since carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3 to 1.4 g/cm3,40 its specific strength of up to 48,000 kN·m·kg−1 is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steel's 154 kN·m·kg−1.
Under excessive tensile strain, the tubes will undergo plastic deformation, which means the deformation is permanent. This deformation begins at strains of approximately 5% and can increase the maximum strain the tubes undergo before fracture by releasing strain energy.
Although the strength of individual CNT shells is extremely high, weak shear interactions between adjacent shells and tubes leads to significant reductions in the effective strength of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube bundles down to only a few GPa’s.41 This limitation has been recently addressed by applying high-energy electron irradiation, which crosslinks inner shells and tubes, and effectively increases the strength of these materials to ~60 GPa for multi-walled carbon nanotubes39 and ~17 GPa for double-walled carbon nanotube bundles.41
|Material||Young's modulus (TPa)||Tensile strength (GPa)||Elongation at break (%)|
|SWNTE||~1 (from 1 to 5)||13–53||16|
EExperimental observation; TTheoretical prediction
The above discussion referred to axial properties of the nanotube, whereas simple geometrical considerations suggest that carbon nanotubes should be much softer in the radial direction than along the tube axis. Indeed, TEM observation of radial elasticity suggested that even the van der Waals forces can deform two adjacent nanotubes.51 Nanoindentation experiments, performed by several groups on multiwalled carbon nanotubes5253 and tapping/contact mode atomic force microscope measurement performed on single-walled carbon nanotube,54 indicated Young's modulus of the order of several GPa confirming that CNTs are indeed rather soft in the radial direction.
Standard single-walled carbon nanotubes can withstand a pressure up to 25 GPa without deformation. They then undergo a transformation to superhard phase nanotubes. Maximum pressures measured using current experimental techniques are around 55 GPa. However, these new superhard phase nanotubes collapse at an even higher, albeit unknown, pressure.
Multi-walled nanotubes are multiple concentric nanotubes precisely nested within one another. These exhibit a striking telescoping property whereby an inner nanotube core may slide, almost without friction, within its outer nanotube shell, thus creating an atomically perfect linear or rotational bearing. This is one of the first true examples of molecular nanotechnology, the precise positioning of atoms to create useful machines. Already, this property has been utilized to create the world's smallest rotational motor.56 Future applications such as a gigahertz mechanical oscillator are also envisioned.
Because of the symmetry and unique electronic structure of graphene, the structure of a nanotube strongly affects its electrical properties. For a given (n,m) nanotube, if n = m, the nanotube is metallic; if n − m is a multiple of 3, then the nanotube is semiconducting with a very small band gap, otherwise the nanotube is a moderate semiconductor. Thus all armchair (n = m) nanotubes are metallic, and nanotubes (6,4), (9,1), etc. are semiconducting.57
However, this rule has exceptions, because curvature effects in small diameter carbon nanotubes can strongly influence electrical properties. Thus, a (5,0) SWCNT that should be semiconducting in fact is metallic according to the calculations. Likewise, vice versa—zigzag and chiral SWCNTs with small diameters that should be metallic have finite gap (armchair nanotubes remain metallic).57 In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electric current density of 4 × 109 A/cm2, which is more than 1,000 times greater than those of metals such as copper,58 where for copper interconnects current densities are limited by electromigration.
Because of their nanoscale cross-section, electrons propagate only along the tube's axis and electron transport involves quantum effects. As a result, carbon nanotubes are frequently referred to as one-dimensional conductors. The maximum electrical conductance of a single-walled carbon nanotube is 2G0, where G0 = 2e2/h is the conductance of a single ballistic quantum channel.59
There have been reports of intrinsic superconductivity in carbon nanotubes.606162 Many other experiments, however, found no evidence of superconductivity, and the validity of these claims of intrinsic superconductivity remains a subject of debate.63
All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal conductors along the tube, exhibiting a property known as "ballistic conduction", but good insulators laterally to the tube axis. Measurements show that a SWNT has a room-temperature thermal conductivity along its axis of about 3500 W·m−1·K−1;64 compare this to copper, a metal well known for its good thermal conductivity, which transmits 385 W·m−1·K−1. A SWNT has a room-temperature thermal conductivity across its axis (in the radial direction) of about 1.52 W·m−1·K−1,65 which is about as thermally conductive as soil. The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 °C in vacuum and about 750 °C in air.66
As with any material, the existence of a crystallographic defect affects the material properties. Defects can occur in the form of atomic vacancies. High levels of such defects can lower the tensile strength by up to 85%. An important example is the Stone Wales defect, which creates a pentagon and heptagon pair by rearrangement of the bonds. Because of the very small structure of CNTs, the tensile strength of the tube is dependent on its weakest segment in a similar manner to a chain, where the strength of the weakest link becomes the maximum strength of the chain.
Crystallographic defects also affect the tube's electrical properties. A common result is lowered conductivity through the defective region of the tube. A defect in armchair-type tubes (which can conduct electricity) can cause the surrounding region to become semiconducting, and single monatomic vacancies induce magnetic properties.67
Crystallographic defects strongly affect the tube's thermal properties. Such defects lead to phonon scattering, which in turn increases the relaxation rate of the phonons. This reduces the mean free path and reduces the thermal conductivity of nanotube structures. Phonon transport simulations indicate that substitutional defects such as nitrogen or boron will primarily lead to scattering of high-frequency optical phonons. However, larger-scale defects such as Stone Wales defects cause phonon scattering over a wide range of frequencies, leading to a greater reduction in thermal conductivity.68
The toxicity of carbon nanotubes has been an important question in nanotechnology. As of 2007, such research has just begun. The data are still fragmentary and subject to criticism. Preliminary results highlight the difficulties in evaluating the toxicity of this heterogeneous material. Parameters such as structure, size distribution, surface area, surface chemistry, surface charge, and agglomeration state as well as purity of the samples, have considerable impact on the reactivity of carbon nanotubes. However, available data clearly show that, under some conditions, nanotubes can cross membrane barriers, which suggests that, if raw materials reach the organs, they can induce harmful effects such as inflammatory and fibrotic reactions.69
Results of rodent studies collectively show that regardless of the process by which CNTs were synthesized and the types and amounts of metals they contained, CNTs were capable of producing inflammation, epithelioid granulomas (microscopic nodules), fibrosis, and biochemical/toxicological changes in the lungs.71 Comparative toxicity studies in which mice were given equal weights of test materials showed that SWCNTs were more toxic than quartz, which is considered a serious occupational health hazard when chronically inhaled. As a control, ultrafine carbon black was shown to produce minimal lung responses.72
Carbon nano tubes deposit in the alveolar ducts by aligning length wise with the airways; the nano tubes will often combine with metals. 73 The needle-like fiber shape of CNTs is similar to asbestos fibers. This raises the idea that widespread use of carbon nanotubes may lead to pleural mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining of the lungs or peritoneal mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining of the abdomen (both caused by exposure to asbestos). A recently published pilot study supports this prediction.74 Scientists exposed the mesothelial lining of the body cavity of mice to long multiwalled carbon nanotubes and observed asbestos-like, length-dependent, pathogenic behavior that included inflammation and formation of lesions known as granulomas. Authors of the study conclude:
This is of considerable importance, because research and business communities continue to invest heavily in carbon nanotubes for a wide range of products under the assumption that they are no more hazardous than graphite. Our results suggest the need for further research and great caution before introducing such products into the market if long-term harm is to be avoided.74
Although further research is required, the available data suggests that under certain conditions, especially those involving chronic exposure, carbon nanotubes can pose a serious risk to human health.69707274
Techniques have been developed to produce nanotubes in sizable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, high-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Most of these processes take place in vacuum or with process gases. CVD growth of CNTs can occur in vacuum or at atmospheric pressure. Large quantities of nanotubes can be synthesized by these methods; advances in catalysis and continuous growth are making CNTs more commercially viable.
Nanotubes were observed in 1991 in the carbon soot of graphite electrodes during an arc discharge, by using a current of 100 amps, that was intended to produce fullerenes.75 However the first macroscopic production of carbon nanotubes was made in 1992 by two researchers at NEC's Fundamental Research Laboratory.76 The method used was the same as in 1991. During this process, the carbon contained in the negative electrode sublimates because of the high-discharge temperatures. Because nanotubes were initially discovered using this technique, it has been the most widely used method of nanotube synthesis.
The yield for this method is up to 30% by weight and it produces both single- and multi-walled nanotubes with lengths of up to 50 micrometers with few structural defects.40
In laser ablation, a pulsed laser vaporizes a graphite target in a high-temperature reactor while an inert gas is bled into the chamber. Nanotubes develop on the cooler surfaces of the reactor as the vaporized carbon condenses. A water-cooled surface may be included in the system to collect the nanotubes.
This process was developed by Dr. Richard Smalley and co-workers at Rice University, who at the time of the discovery of carbon nanotubes, were blasting metals with a laser to produce various metal molecules. When they heard of the existence of nanotubes they replaced the metals with graphite to create multi-walled carbon nanotubes.77 Later that year the team used a composite of graphite and metal catalyst particles (the best yield was from a cobalt and nickel mixture) to synthesize single-walled carbon nanotubes.78
The laser ablation method yields around 70% and produces primarily single-walled carbon nanotubes with a controllable diameter determined by the reaction temperature. However, it is more expensive than either arc discharge or chemical vapor deposition.40
Single-walled carbon nanotubes can be synthesized by the induction thermal plasma method, discovered in 2005 by groups from the University of Sherbrooke and the National Research Council of Canada.79 The method is similar to arc-discharge in that both use ionized gas to reach the high temperature necessary to vaporize carbon-containing substances and the metal catalysts necessary for the ensuing nanotube growth. The thermal plasma is induced by high frequency oscillating currents in a coil, and is maintained in flowing inert gas. Typically, a feedstock of carbon black and metal catalyst particles is fed into the plasma, and then cooled down to form single-walled carbon nanotubes. Different single-wall carbon nanotube diameter distributions can be synthesized.
The induction thermal plasma method can produce up to 2 grams of nanotube material per minute, which is higher than the arc-discharge or the laser ablation methods.
The catalytic vapor phase deposition of carbon was reported in 195280 and 1959,81 but it was not until 199382 that carbon nanotubes were formed by this process. In 2007, researchers at the University of Cincinnati (UC) developed a process to grow aligned carbon nanotube arrays of 18 mm length on a FirstNano ET3000 carbon nanotube growth system.83
During CVD, a substrate is prepared with a layer of metal catalyst particles, most commonly nickel, cobalt,84 iron, or a combination.85 The metal nanoparticles can also be produced by other ways, including reduction of oxides or oxides solid solutions. The diameters of the nanotubes that are to be grown are related to the size of the metal particles. This can be controlled by patterned (or masked) deposition of the metal, annealing, or by plasma etching of a metal layer. The substrate is heated to approximately 700°C. To initiate the growth of nanotubes, two gases are bled into the reactor: a process gas (such as ammonia, nitrogen or hydrogen) and a carbon-containing gas (such as acetylene, ethylene, ethanol or methane). Nanotubes grow at the sites of the metal catalyst; the carbon-containing gas is broken apart at the surface of the catalyst particle, and the carbon is transported to the edges of the particle, where it forms the nanotubes. This mechanism is still being studied.86 The catalyst particles can stay at the tips of the growing nanotube during growth, or remain at the nanotube base, depending on the adhesion between the catalyst particle and the substrate.87 Thermal catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon has become an active area of research and can be a promising route for the bulk production of CNTs. Fluidised bed reactor is the most widely used reactor for CNT preparation. Scale-up of the reactor is the major challenge.8889
CVD is a common method for the commercial production of carbon nanotubes. For this purpose, the metal nanoparticles are mixed with a catalyst support such as MgO or Al2O3 to increase the surface area for higher yield of the catalytic reaction of the carbon feedstock with the metal particles. One issue in this synthesis route is the removal of the catalyst support via an acid treatment, which sometimes could destroy the original structure of the carbon nanotubes. However, alternative catalyst supports that are soluble in water have proven effective for nanotube growth.90
If a plasma is generated by the application of a strong electric field during growth (plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition), then the nanotube growth will follow the direction of the electric field.91 By adjusting the geometry of the reactor it is possible to synthesize vertically aligned carbon nanotubes92 (i.e., perpendicular to the substrate), a morphology that has been of interest to researchers interested in the electron emission from nanotubes. Without the plasma, the resulting nanotubes are often randomly oriented. Under certain reaction conditions, even in the absence of a plasma, closely spaced nanotubes will maintain a vertical growth direction resulting in a dense array of tubes resembling a carpet or forest.
Of the various means for nanotube synthesis, CVD shows the most promise for industrial-scale deposition, because of its price/unit ratio, and because CVD is capable of growing nanotubes directly on a desired substrate, whereas the nanotubes must be collected in the other growth techniques. The growth sites are controllable by careful deposition of the catalyst.93 In 2007, a team from Meijo University demonstrated a high-efficiency CVD technique for growing carbon nanotubes from camphor.94 Researchers at Rice University, until recently led by the late Richard Smalley, have concentrated upon finding methods to produce large, pure amounts of particular types of nanotubes. Their approach grows long fibers from many small seeds cut from a single nanotube; all of the resulting fibers were found to be of the same diameter as the original nanotube and are expected to be of the same type as the original nanotube.95
Super-growth CVD (water-assisted chemical vapor deposition) was developed by Kenji Hata, Sumio Iijima and co-workers at AIST, Japan.96 In this process, the activity and lifetime of the catalyst are enhanced by addition of water into the CVD reactor. Dense millimeter-tall nanotube "forests", aligned normal to the substrate, were produced. The forests growth rate could be expressed, as
In this equation, β is the initial growth rate and is the characteristic catalyst lifetime.97
Their specific surface exceeds 1,000 m2/g (capped) or 2,200 m2/g (uncapped),98 surpassing the value of 400–1,000 m2/g for HiPco samples. The synthesis efficiency is about 100 times higher than for the laser ablation method. The time required to make SWNT forests of the height of 2.5 mm by this method was 10 minutes in 2004. Those SWNT forests can be easily separated from the catalyst, yielding clean SWNT material (purity >99.98%) without further purification. For comparison, the as-grown HiPco CNTs contain about 5–35%99 of metal impurities; it is therefore purified through dispersion and centrifugation that damages the nanotubes. Super-growth avoids this problem. Patterned highly organized single-walled nanotube structures were successfully fabricated using the super-growth technique.
The mass density of super-growth CNTs is about 0.037 g/cm3.100101 It is much lower than that of conventional CNT powders (~1.34 g/cm3), probably because the latter contain metals and amorphous carbon.
The super-growth method is basically a variation of CVD. Therefore, it is possible to grow material containing SWNT, DWNTs and MWNTs, and to alter their ratios by tuning the growth conditions.102 Their ratios change by the thinness of the catalyst. Many MWNTs are included so that the diameter of the tube is wide.101
The vertically aligned nanotube forests originate from a "zipping effect" when they are immersed in a solvent and dried. The zipping effect is caused by the surface tension of the solvent and the van der Waals forces between the carbon nanotubes. It aligns the nanotubes into a dense material, which can be formed in various shapes, such as sheets and bars, by applying weak compression during the process. Densification increases the Vickers hardness by about 70 times and density is 0.55 g/cm3. The packed carbon nanotubes are more than 1 mm long and have a carbon purity of 99.9% or higher; they also retain the desirable alignment properties of the nanotubes forest.103
Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are not necessarily products of high-tech laboratories; they are commonly formed in such mundane places as ordinary flames,104 produced by burning methane,105 ethylene,106 and benzene,107 and they have been found in soot from both indoor and outdoor air.108 However, these naturally occurring varieties can be highly irregular in size and quality because the environment in which they are produced is often highly uncontrolled. Thus, although they can be used in some applications, they can lack in the high degree of uniformity necessary to satisfy the many needs of both research and industry. Recent efforts have focused on producing more uniform carbon nanotubes in controlled flame environments.109110111112 Such methods have promise for large-scale, low-cost nanotube synthesis based on theoretical models,113 though they must compete with rapidly developing large scale CVD production.
Nanoscale metal catalysts are important ingredients for fixed- and fluidized-bed CVD synthesis of CNTs. They allow increasing the growth efficiency of CNTs and may give control over their structure and chirality.114 During synthesis, catalysts can convert carbon precursors into tubular carbon structures but can also form encapsulating carbon overcoats. Together with metal oxide supports they may therefore attach to or become incorporated into the CNT product.115 The presence of metal impurities can be problematic for many applications. Especially catalyst metals like nickel, cobalt or yttrium may be of toxicological concern.116 While un-encapsulated catalyst metals may be readily removable by acid washing, encapsulated ones require oxidative treatment for opening their carbon shell.117 The effective removal of catalysts, especially of encapsulated ones, while preserving the CNT structure is a challenge and has been addressed in many studies.118119 A new approach to break carbonaceaous catalyst encapsulations is based on rapid thermal annealing.120
Many electronic applications of carbon nanotubes crucially rely on techniques of selectively producing either semiconducting or metallic CNTs, preferably of a certain chirality. Several methods of separating semiconducting and metallic CNTs are known, but most of them are not yet suitable for large-scale technological processes. The most efficient method relies on density-gradient ultracentrifugation, which separates surfactant-wrapped nanotubes by the minute difference in their density. This density difference often translates into difference in the nanotube diameter and (semi)conducting properties.121 Another method of separation uses a sequence of freezing, thawing, and compression of SWNTs embedded in agarose gel. This process results in a solution containing 70% metallic SWNTs and leaves a gel containing 95% semiconducting SWNTs. The diluted solutions separated by this method show various colors.122123 The separated carbon nanotubes using this method have been applied to electrodes, e.g. electric double-layer capacitor. 124 Moreover, SWNTs can be separated by the column chromatography method. Yield is 95% in semiconductor type SWNT and 90% in metallic type SWNT.125
In addition to separation of semiconducting and metallic SWNTs, it is possible to sort SWNTs by length, diameter, and chirality. The highest resolution length sorting, with length variation of <10%, has thus far been achieved by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of DNA-dispersed carbon nanotubes (DNA-SWNT).126 SWNT diameter separation has been achieved by density-gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU)127 using surfactant-dispersed SWNTs and by ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) for DNA-SWNT.128 Purification of individual chiralities has also been demonstrated with IEC of DNA-SWNT: specific short DNA oligomers can be used to isolate individual SWNT chiralities. Thus far, 12 chiralities have been isolated at purities ranging from 70% for (8,3) and (9,5) SWNTs to 90% for (6,5), (7,5) and (10,5)SWNTs.129 There have been successful efforts to integrate these purified nanotubes into devices, e. g. FETs.130
An alternative to separation is development of a selective growth of semiconducting or metallic CNTs. Recently, a new CVD recipe that involves a combination of ethanol and methanol gases and quartz substrates resulting in horizontally aligned arrays of 95–98% semiconducting nanotubes was announced.131
Nanotubes are usually grown on nanoparticles of magnetic metal (Fe, Co), which facilitates production of electronic (spintronic) devices. In particular, control of current through a field-effect transistor by magnetic field has been demonstrated in such a single-tube nanostructure.132
Current use and application of nanotubes has mostly been limited to the use of bulk nanotubes, which is a mass of rather unorganized fragments of nanotubes. Bulk nanotube materials may never achieve a tensile strength similar to that of individual tubes, but such composites may, nevertheless, yield strengths sufficient for many applications. Bulk carbon nanotubes have already been used as composite fibers in polymers to improve the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the bulk product.
- Easton-Bell Sports, Inc. have been in partnership with Zyvex Performance Materials, using CNT technology in a number of their bicycle components—including flat and riser handlebars, cranks, forks, seatposts, stems and aero bars.
- Zyvex Technologies has also built a 54' maritime vessel, the Piranha Unmanned Surface Vessel, as a technology demonstrator for what is possible using CNT technology. CNTs help improve the structural performance of the vessel, resulting in a lightweight 8,000 lb boat that can carry a payload of 15,000 lb over a range of 2,500 miles.133
- Amroy Europe Oy manufactures Hybtonite carbon nanoepoxy resins where carbon nanotubes have been chemically activated to bond to epoxy, resulting in a composite material that is 20% to 30% stronger than other composite materials. It has been used for wind turbines, marine paints and variety of sports gear such as skis, ice hockey sticks, baseball bats, hunting arrows, and surfboards.134
Other current applications include:
- tips for atomic force microscope probes135
- in tissue engineering, carbon nanotubes can act as scaffolding for bone growth136
The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests they will have an important role in nanotechnology engineering. The highest tensile strength of an individual multi-walled carbon nanotube has been tested to be is 63 GPa.38 Carbon nanotubes were found in Damascus steel from the 17th century, possibly helping to account for the legendary strength of the swords made of it.137138
Because of the carbon nanotube's superior mechanical properties, many structures have been proposed ranging from everyday items like clothes and sports gear to combat jackets and space elevators.139 However, the space elevator will require further efforts in refining carbon nanotube technology, as the practical tensile strength of carbon nanotubes can still be greatly improved.40
For perspective, outstanding breakthroughs have already been made. Pioneering work led by Ray H. Baughman at the NanoTech Institute has shown that single and multi-walled nanotubes can produce materials with toughness unmatched in the man-made and natural worlds.140141
Carbon nanotubes are also a promising material as building blocks in bio-mimetic hierarchical composite materials given their exceptional mechanical properties (~1 TPa in modulus, and ~100 GPa in strength). Initial attempts to incorporate CNTs into hierarchical structures led to mechanical properties that were significantly lower than these achievable limits. Windle et al. have used an in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) spinning method to produce continuous CNT yarns from CVD grown CNT aerogels.142143 With this technology, they fabricated CNT yarns with strengths as high as ~9 GPa at small gage lengths of ~1 mm, however, defects resulted in a reduction of specific strength to ~1 GPa at 20 mm gage length.144145 Espinosa et al. developed high performance DWNT-polymer composite yarns by twisting and stretching ribbons of randomly oriented bundles of DWNTs thinly coated with polymeric organic compounds. These DWNT-polymer yarns exhibited unusually high energy to failure of ~100 J·g−1 (comparable to one of the toughest natural materials – spider silk146), and strength as high as ~1.4 GPa.147 Effort is ongoing to produce CNT composites that incorporate tougher matrix materials, such as Kevlar, to further improve on the mechanical properties toward those of individual CNTs.
Because of the high mechanical strength of carbon nanotubes, research is being made into weaving them into clothes to create stab-proof and bulletproof clothing. The nanotubes would effectively stop the bullet from penetrating the body, although the bullet's kinetic energy would likely cause broken bones and internal bleeding.148
Nanotube-based transistors, also known as carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs), have been made that operate at room temperature and that are capable of digital switching using a single electron.149 However, one major obstacle to realization of nanotubes has been the lack of technology for mass production. In 2001 IBM researchers demonstrated how metallic nanotubes can be destroyed, leaving semiconducting ones behind for use as transistors. Their process is called "constructive destruction," which includes the automatic destruction of defective nanotubes on the wafer.150 This process, however, only gives control over the electrical properties on a statistical scale.
The potential of carbon nanotubes was demonstrated in 2003 when room-temperature ballistic transistors with ohmic metal contacts and high-k gate dielectric were reported, showing 20–30x higher ON current than state-of-the-art Si MOSFETs. This presented an important advance in the field as CNT was shown to potentially outperform Si. At the time, a major challenge was ohmic metal contact formation. In this regard, palladium, which is a high-work function metal was shown to exhibit Schottky barrier-free contacts to semiconducting nanotubes with diameters >1.7 nm.151152
The first nanotube integrated memory circuit was made in 2004. One of the main challenges has been regulating the conductivity of nanotubes. Depending on subtle surface features a nanotube may act as a plain conductor or as a semiconductor. A fully automated method has however been developed to remove non-semiconductor tubes.153
Another way to make carbon nanotube transistors has been to use random networks of them. By doing so one averages all of their electrical differences and one can produce devices in large scale at the wafer level.154 This approach was first patented by Nanomix Inc.155 (date of original application June 2002156). It was first published in the academic literature by the United States Naval Research Laboratory in 2003 through independent research work. This approach also enabled Nanomix to make the first transistor on a flexible and transparent substrate.157158
Large structures of carbon nanotubes can be used for thermal management of electronic circuits. An approximately 1 mm–thick carbon nanotube layer was used as a special material to fabricate coolers, this material has very low density, ~20 times lower weight than a similar copper structure, while the cooling properties are similar for the two materials.159
In 2013, researchers demonstrated a Turing-complete prototype micrometer-scale computer.160161162 Carbon nanotube transistors as logic-gate circuits with densities comparable to modern CMOS technology has not yet been demonstrated.
Wires for carrying electrical current may be fabricated from pure nanotubes and nanotube-polymer composites. Recently small wires have been fabricated with specific conductivity exceeding copper and aluminum;163164 these cables are the highest conductivity carbon nanotube and also highest conductivity non-metal cables.
The exceptional electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes have made them alternatives to the traditional electrical actuators for both microscopic and macroscopic applications. Carbon nanotubes are very good conductors of both electricity and heat, and they are also very strong and elastic molecules in certain directions.165
A paper battery is a battery engineered to use a paper-thin sheet of cellulose (which is the major constituent of regular paper, among other things) infused with aligned carbon nanotubes.166 The nanotubes act as electrodes; allowing the storage devices to conduct electricity. The battery, which functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor, can provide a long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitor’s quick burst of high power—and while a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.citation needed
One of the promising applications of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is their use in solar panels, due to their strong UV/Vis-NIR absorption characteristics. Research has shown that they can provide a sizeable increase in efficiency, even at their current unoptimized state. Solar cells developed at the New Jersey Institute of Technology use a carbon nanotube complex, formed by a mixture of carbon nanotubes and carbon buckyballs (known as fullerenes) to form snake-like structures. Buckyballs trap electrons, but they can't make electrons flow. Add sunlight to excite the polymers, and the buckyballs will grab the electrons. Nanotubes, behaving like copper wires, will then be able to make the electrons or current flow.167
Additional research has been conducted on creating SWNT hybrid solar panels to increase the efficiency further. These hybrids are created by combining SWNT's with photexcitable electron donors to increase the number of electrons generated. It has been found that the interaction between the photoexcited porphrin and SWNT generates electro-hole pairs at the SWNT surfaces. This phenomenon has been observed experimentally, and contributes practically to an increase in efficiency up to 8.5%.168
In addition to being able to store electrical energy, there has been some research in using carbon nanotubes to store hydrogen to be used as a fuel source. By taking advantage of the capillary effects of the small carbon nanotubes, it is possible to condense gases in high density inside single-walled nanotubes. This allows for gases, most notably hydrogen (H2), to be stored at high densities without being condensed into a liquid. Potentially, this storage method could be used on vehicles in place of gas fuel tanks for a hydrogen-powered car. A current issue regarding hydrogen-powered vehicles is the onboard storage of the fuel. Current storage methods involve cooling and condensing the H2 gas to a liquid state for storage which causes a loss of potential energy (25–45%) when compared to the energy associated with the gaseous state. Storage using SWNTs would allow one to keep the H2 in its gaseous state, thereby increasing the storage effciency. This method allows for a volume to energy ratio slightly smaller to that of current gas powered vehicles, allowing for a slightly lower but comparable range.169
An area of controversy and frequent experimentation regarding the storage of hydrogen by adsorption in carbon nanotubes is the efficiency by which this process occurs. The effectiveness of hydrogen storage is integral to its use as a primary fuel source since hydrogen only contains about one fourth the energy per unit volume as gasoline.
One experiment170 sought to determine the amount of hydrogen stored in CNTs by utilizing elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). CNTs (primarily SWNTs) were synthesized via chemical vapor disposition (CVD) and subjected to a two-stage purification process including air oxidation and acid treatment, then formed into flat, uniform discs and exposed to pure, pressurized hydrogen at various temperatures. When the data was analyzed, it was found that the ability of CNTs to store hydrogen decreased as temperature increased. Moreover, the highest hydrogen concentration measured was ~0.18%; significantly lower than commercially viable hydrogen storage needs to be.
In another experiment,171 CNTs were synthesized via CVD and their structure was characterized using Raman spectroscopy. Utilizing microwave digestion, the samples were exposed to different acid concentrations and different temperatures for various amounts of time in an attempt to find the optimum purification method for SWNTs of the diameter determined earlier. The purified samples were then exposed to hydrogen gas at various high pressures, and their adsorption by weight percent was plotted. The data showed that hydrogen adsorption levels of up to 3.7% are possible with a very pure sample and under the proper conditions. It is thought that microwave digestion helps improve the hydrogen adsorption capacity of the CNTs by opening up the ends, allowing access to the inner cavities of the nanotubes.
The biggest obstacle to efficient hydrogen storage using CNTs is the purity of the nanotubes. To achieve maximum hydrogen adsorption, there must be minimum graphene, amorphous carbon, and metallic deposits in the nanotube sample. Current methods of CNT synthesis require a purification step. However, even with pure nanotubes, the adsorption capacity is only maximized under high pressures, which are undesirable in commercial fuel tanks.
MIT Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems uses nanotubes to improve ultracapacitors. The activated charcoal used in conventional ultracapacitors has many small hollow spaces of various size, which create together a large surface to store electric charge. But as charge is quantized into elementary charges, i.e. electrons, and each such elementary charge needs a minimum space, a significant fraction of the electrode surface is not available for storage because the hollow spaces are not compatible with the charge's requirements. With a nanotube electrode the spaces may be tailored to size—few too large or too small—and consequently the capacity should be increased considerably.172
Radars work in the microwave frequency range, which can be absorbed by MWNTs. Applying the MWNTs to the aircraft would cause the radar to be absorbed and therefore seem to have a smaller signature. One such application could be to paint the nanotubes onto the plane. Recently there has been some work done at the University of Michigan regarding carbon nanotubes usefulness as stealth technology on aircraft. It has been found that in addition to the radar absorbing properties, the nanotubes neither reflect nor scatter visible light, making it essentially invisible at night, much like painting current stealth aircraft black except much more effective. Current limitations in manufacturing, however, mean that current production of nanotube-coated aircraft is not possible. One theory to overcome these current limitations is to cover small particles with the nanotubes and suspend the nanotube-covered particles in a medium such as paint, which can then be applied to a surface, like a stealth aircraft.173
In the Kanzius cancer therapy, single-walled carbon nanotubes are inserted around cancerous cells, then excited with radio waves, which causes them to heat up and kill the surrounding cells.
Researchers at Rice University, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and University of California, Riverside have shown that carbon nanotubes and their polymer nanocomposites are suitable scaffold materials for bone cell proliferation136174 and bone formation.175176
The previous studies on the use of CNTs for textile functionalization were focused on fiber spinning for improving physical and mechanical properties.177178179 Recently a great deal of attention has been focused on coating CNTs on textile fabrics. Various methods have been employed for modifying fabrics using CNTs. Shim et al. produced intelligent e-textiles for Human Biomonitoring using a polyelectrolyte-based coating with CNTs.180 Additionally, Panhuis et al. dyed textile material by immersion in either a poly (2-methoxy aniline-5-sulfonic acid) PMAS polymer solution or PMAS-SWNT dispersion with enhanced conductivity and capacitance with a durable behavior.181 In another study, Hu and coworkers coated single-walled carbon nanotubes with a simple “dipping and drying” process for wearable electronics and energy storage applications.182 CNTs have an aligned nanotube structure and a negative surface charge. Therefore, they have similar structures to direct dyes, so the exhaustion method is applied for coating and absorbing CNTs on the fiber surface for preparing multifunctional fabric including antibacterial, electric conductive, flame retardant and electromagnetic absorbance properties.183184185
A spray-on mixture of carbon nanotubes and ceramic demonstrates unprecedented ability to resist damage while absorbing laser light. Such coatings that absorb as the energy of high-powered lasers without breaking down are essential for optical power detectors that measure the output of such lasers. These are used, for example, in military equipment for defusing unexploded mines. The composite consists of multiwall carbon nanotubes and a ceramic made of silicon, carbon and nitrogen. Including boron boosts the breakdown temperature. The nanotubes and graphene-like carbon transmit heat well, while the oxidation-resistant ceramic boosts damage resistance. Creating the coating involves dispersing he nanotubes in toluene, to which a clear liquid polymer containing boron was added. The mixture was heated to 1,100 °C (2,010 °F). The result is crushed into a fine powder, dispersed again in toluene and sprayed in a thin coat on a copper surface. The coating absorbed 97.5 percent of the light from a far-infrared laser and tolerated 15 kilowatts per square centimeter for 10 seconds. Damage tolerance is about 50 percent higher than for similar coatings, e.g., nanotubes alone and carbon paint.186187
Carbon nanotubes have also been applied in the acoustics(such as loudspeaker and earphone). In 2008 it was shown that a sheet of nanotubes can operate as a loudspeaker if an alternating current is applied. The sound is not produced through vibration but thermoacoustically.188189 In 2013, a carbon nanotube (CNT) thin yarn thermoacoustic earphone together with CNT thin yarn thermoacoustic chip was demonstrated by a research group of Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center in Tsinghua University, 190 using a Si-based semi-conducting technology compatible fabrication process.
Carbon nanotubes have been implemented in nanoelectromechanical systems, including mechanical memory elements (NRAM being developed by Nantero Inc.) and nanoscale electric motors (see Nanomotor or Nanotube nanomotor).
In May 2005, Nanomix Inc. placed on the market a hydrogen sensor that integrated carbon nanotubes on a silicon platform. Since then, Nanomix has been patenting many such sensor applications, such as in the field of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, glucose, DNA detection, etc.
Eikos Inc of Franklin, Massachusetts and Unidym Inc. of Silicon Valley, California are developing transparent, electrically conductive films of carbon nanotubes to replace indium tin oxide (ITO). Carbon nanotube films are substantially more mechanically robust than ITO films, making them ideal for high-reliability touchscreens and flexible displays. Printable water-based inks of carbon nanotubes are desired to enable the production of these films to replace ITO.191 Nanotube films show promise for use in displays for computers, cell phones, PDAs, and ATMs.
A nanoradio, a radio receiver consisting of a single nanotube, was demonstrated in 2007.
A flywheel made of carbon nanotubes could be spun at extremely high velocity on a floating magnetic axis in a vacuum, and potentially store energy at a density approaching that of conventional fossil fuels. Since energy can be added to and removed from flywheels very efficiently in the form of electricity, this might offer a way of storing electricity, making the electrical grid more efficient and variable power suppliers (like wind turbines) more useful in meeting energy needs. The practicality of this depends heavily upon the cost of making massive, unbroken nanotube structures, and their failure rate under stress.
Carbon nanotube springs have the potential to indefinitely store elastic potential energy at ten times the density of lithium-ion batteries with flexible charge and discharge rates and extremely high cycling durability.
Ultra-short SWNTs (US-tubes) have been used as nanoscaled capsules for delivering MRI contrast agents in vivo.192
Carbon nanotubes provide a certain potential for metal-free catalysis of inorganic and organic reactions. For instance, oxygen groups attached to the surface of carbon nanotubes have the potential to catalyze oxidative dehydrogenations193 or selective oxidations.194 Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes may replace platinum catalysts used to reduce oxygen in fuel cells. A forest of vertically aligned nanotubes can reduce oxygen in alkaline solution more effectively than platinum, which has been used in such applications since the 1960s. Here, the nanotubes have the added benefit of not being subject to carbon monoxide poisoning.195
Wake Forest University engineers are using multiwalled carbon nanotubes to enhance the brightness of field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology, potentially offering a step forward in the search for safe, pleasing, high-efficiency lighting. In this technology, moldable polymer matrix emits light when exposed to an electrical current. It could eventually yield high-efficiency lights without the mercury vapor of compact fluorescent lamps or the bluish tint of some fluorescents and LEDs, which has been linked with circadian rhythm disruption. 196
A 2006 editorial written by Marc Monthioux and Vladimir Kuznetsov in the journal Carbon described the interesting and often-misstated origin of the carbon nanotube. A large percentage of academic and popular literature attributes the discovery of hollow, nanometer-size tubes composed of graphitic carbon to Sumio Iijima of NEC in 1991.197
In 1952 L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich published clear images of 50 nanometer diameter tubes made of carbon in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry.80 This discovery was largely unnoticed, as the article was published in the Russian language, and Western scientists' access to Soviet press was limited during the Cold War. It is likely that carbon nanotubes were produced before this date, but the invention of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) allowed direct visualization of these structures.
Carbon nanotubes have been produced and observed under a variety of conditions prior to 1991. A paper by Oberlin, Endo, and Koyama published in 1976 clearly showed hollow carbon fibers with nanometer-scale diameters using a vapor-growth technique.198 Additionally, the authors show a TEM image of a nanotube consisting of a single wall of graphene. Later, Endo has referred to this image as a single-walled nanotube.199
In 1979, John Abrahamson presented evidence of carbon nanotubes at the 14th Biennial Conference of Carbon at Pennsylvania State University. The conference paper described carbon nanotubes as carbon fibers that were produced on carbon anodes during arc discharge. A characterization of these fibers was given as well as hypotheses for their growth in a nitrogen atmosphere at low pressures.200
In 1981, a group of Soviet scientists published the results of chemical and structural characterization of carbon nanoparticles produced by a thermocatalytical disproportionation of carbon monoxide. Using TEM images and XRD patterns, the authors suggested that their “carbon multi-layer tubular crystals” were formed by rolling graphene layers into cylinders. They speculated that by rolling graphene layers into a cylinder, many different arrangements of graphene hexagonal nets are possible. They suggested two possibilities of such arrangements: circular arrangement (armchair nanotube) and a spiral, helical arrangement (chiral tube).201
In 1987, Howard G. Tennett of Hyperion Catalysis was issued a U.S. patent for the production of "cylindrical discrete carbon fibrils" with a "constant diameter between about 3.5 and about 70 nanometers..., length 102 times the diameter, and an outer region of multiple essentially continuous layers of ordered carbon atoms and a distinct inner core...."202
Iijima's discovery of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the insoluble material of arc-burned graphite rods in 1991203 and Mintmire, Dunlap, and White's independent prediction that if single-walled carbon nanotubes could be made, then they would exhibit remarkable conducting properties204 helped create the initial buzz that is now associated with carbon nanotubes. Nanotube research accelerated greatly following the independent discoveries205206 by Bethune at IBM207 and Iijima at NEC of single-walled carbon nanotubes and methods to specifically produce them by adding transition-metal catalysts to the carbon in an arc discharge. The arc discharge technique was well-known to produce the famed Buckminster fullerene on a preparative scale,208 and these results appeared to extend the run of accidental discoveries relating to fullerenes. The original observation of fullerenes in mass spectrometry was not anticipated,209 and the first mass-production technique by Krätschmer and Huffman was used for several years before realizing that it produced fullerenes.208
The discovery of nanotubes remains a contentious issue. Many believe that Iijima's report in 1991 is of particular importance because it brought carbon nanotubes into the awareness of the scientific community as a whole.197
- Boron nitride nanotube
- Carbide-derived carbon
- Carbon nanocone
- Carbon nanofibers
- Carbon nanoparticles
- Carbon nanotube chemistry
- Colossal carbon tube
- Filamentous carbon
- Graphene oxide paper
- List of software for nanostructures modeling
- Molecular modelling
- Ninithi (nanotube modelling software)
- Organic semiconductor
- Selective chemistry of single-walled nanotubes
- Silicon nanotubes
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- Shim, B. S.; W. Chen, C. Doty, C. Xu, N. A. Kotov (2008). "Smart Electronic Yarns and Wearable Fabrics for Human Biomonitoring made by Carbon Nanotube Coating with Polyelectrolytes". Nano Letters 8: 4151–4157. Bibcode:2008NanoL...8.4151S. doi:10.1021/nl801495p.
- Panhuis, M.; J. Wu, S.A. Ashraf, G.G. Wallace (2007). "Conducting textiles from single-walled carbon nanotubes". Synthetic Metals 157: 358–362.
- Hu, L.; M. Pasta, F. La Mantia, L.F. Cui, S. Jeong, H.D. Deshazer, J.W. Choi, S.M. Han, Y. Cui (2010). "Porous, and Conductive Energy Textiles". Nano Letter 10: 708–714.
- F. Alimohammadi, M. Parvinzadeh, A. shamei, Carbon Nanotube Embedded Textiles, US-Patent 2011, 0171413.
- Alimohammadi, Farbod; Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti, Ali Shamei. "Functional cellulose fibers via polycarboxylic acid/carbon nanotube composite coating". , Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. doi:10.1007/s11998-012-9429-3.
- Alimohammadi, Farbod; M. Parvinzadeh Gashti, A. Shamei (2012). "A novel method for coating of carbon nanotube on cellulose fiber using 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid as a cross-linking agent". Progress in Organic Coatings 74: 470– 478.
- "Super-nanotubes: ‘remarkable’ spray-on coating combines carbon nanotubes with ceramic". KurzweilAI. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
- Bhandavat, R.; Feldman, A.; Cromer, C.; Lehman, J.; Singh, G. (2013). "Very High Laser-Damage Threshold of Polymer-derived Si(B)CN- Carbon Nanotube Composite Coatings". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 5 (7): 2354. doi:10.1021/am302755x.
- Lin Xiao; Zhuo Chen, Chen Feng, Liang Liu, Zai-Qiao Bai, Yang Wang, Li Qian, Yuying Zhang, Qunqing Li, Kaili Jiang and Shoushan Fan (2008). "Flexible, Stretchable, Transparent Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Loudspeakers". Nano Letters 8 (12): 4539–4545. doi:10.1021/nl802750z.
- Hot nanotube sheets produce music on demand, New Scientists News, 31 October 2008
- Yang Wei; Xiaoyang Lin, Kaili Jiang, Peng Liu, Qunqing Li, and Shoushan Fan (2013). "Thermoacoustic Chips with Carbon Nanotube Thin Yarn Arrays". Nano Letters. doi:10.1021/nl402408j.
- Simmons, Trevor; Hashim, D; Vajtai, R; Ajayan, PM (2007). "Large Area-Aligned Arrays from Direct Deposition of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (33): 10088–10089. doi:10.1021/ja073745e. PMID 17663555.
- Matson, Michael L; Wilson, Lon J (2010). "Nanotechnology and MRI contrast enhancement". Future Medicinal Chemistry 2 (3): 491–502. doi:10.4155/fmc.10.3. PMID 21426177.
- Zhang, J.; Liu, X.; Blume, R.; Zhang, A.; Schlögl, R.; Su, D. S. (2008). "Surface-Modified Carbon Nanotubes Catalyze Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n-Butane". Science 322 (5898): 73–77. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...73Z. doi:10.1126/science.1161916. PMID 18832641.
- Frank, B.; Blume, R.; Rinaldi, A.; Trunschke, A.; Schlögl, R. (2011). "Oxygen Insertion Catalysis by sp2 Carbon". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 (43): 10226–10230. doi:10.1002/anie.201103340.
- Halford, Bethany (9 February 2009). "Nanotube Catalysts". Chemical & Engineering News 87 (6): 7. doi:10.1021/cen-v087n006.p007a.
- Dooley, Erin E. (2013-02). "The Beat, A New Lighting Alternative?". Environmental Health Perspectives (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)) 121 (2): A47. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
- Monthioux, Marc; Kuznetsov, V (2006). "Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?" (PDF). Carbon 44 (9): 1621. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.019.
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- Endo, Morinobu; Dresselhaus, M. S. (October 26, 2002). "Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanotubes (Interview, Nagano, Japan)" (PDF).
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- Iijima, Sumio (7 November 1991). "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon". Nature 354 (6348): 56–58. Bibcode:1991Natur.354...56I. doi:10.1038/354056a0.
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- Bethune, D. S.; Klang, C. H.; De Vries, M. S.; Gorman, G.; Savoy, R.; Vazquez, J.; Beyers, R. (1993). "Cobalt-catalyzed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls". Nature 363 (6430): 605–607. Bibcode:1993Natur.363..605B. doi:10.1038/363605a0.
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|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carbon nanotube.|
- Nanohedron.com image gallery with carbon nanotubes
- The stuff of dreams, CNET
- The Nanotube site. Last updated 2009.05.03
- EU Marie Curie Network CARBIO: Multifunctional carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications
- Carbon nanotube on arxiv.org
- C60 and Carbon Nanotubes a short video explaining how nanotubes can be made from modified graphite sheets and the three different types of nanotubes that are formed
- Carbon Nanotubes & Buckyballs.
- The Wondrous World of Carbon Nanotubes
- Learning module for Bandstructure of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons
- Durability of carbon nanotubes and their potential to cause inflammation by Dr Megan Osmond and others. (SafeWork Australia, May 2011). This was a collaboration between the Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh University and CSIRO in Australia.
- NT06 Seventh International Conference on the Science and Application of Nanotubes
- NT05 Sixth International Conference on the Science and Application of Nanotubes
- Selection of free-download articles on carbon nanotubes
- First computer made of carbon nanotubes is unveiled (BBC News) 2013-09-25 | 107,317 | 385 |
1,091,775 | |100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller How many of your New Year resolutions still remain unbroken?
P. G. Whidden was a recent caller.
Lottie McBride, who teaches near Chicago spent her holiday vacation with her parents.
Theodore Swan who has been suffering from a severe attack of rheumatism is once more able to be out again. Dr. Grover was in attendance.
Mrs. John Rouse, Sr., is quite ill with pneumonia. Mr. Galloway, of Libertyville, is in attendance. On account of of the illness of Mrs. Rouse no Xmas exercises were held at her home as in former years.
|Ivanhoe Mrs. Frank Dolph is very ill again.
Adam Titus has begu the sinking of a new well on the Dean farm, occupied by John Orgaard.
Miss Emma Grabbe is at the home of her aunt, Mrs. Fred Grabbe, of Libertyville, who has been seriously ill.
The teachers enjoying a two weeks vacation from school duties are:
Willie Decker, Rosa Simpson, Rena Decker, Pearl Smith, Harriet Brainerd and Alice E. Smith.
|100 Years Ago|
|Ivanhoe Miss Agnes Payne has been visiting her brother at Fort Hill.
Henry Kuebker, of Waukegan, visited his parents and took in the banquet.
According to state law the school districts in each county have been re-numbered, no two in any county having the same number. Our number is 77.
|Ivanhoe We now have an enrollment of 31.
The latest enrollments are Rudolph Dorfler, Lizzie Wagner and Willie Kuebker. The two former fourth-grades and the latter eighth.
Six pupils were neither absent or tardy during the first three months of school and have received certificates of award from the county Superintendent. This is the largest number ever have received during any one term. During the same term last year, there were none entitled to certificates. Those receiving certificates were:
Harry Fosket, Roy Chamberlain, Bertie Chamberlain, Bertha Kuebker, Raymond Price and Mortie Fosket.
|Diamond Lake Arthur Karnes is again able to be out, after a severe attack of pneumonia.
Paul Ray intends to begin taking music lessons of Miss Ritzenthaler next Saturday on their new piano.
Quite a number from here attended the funeral at Antioch Saturday, of Mr. E.J. Sabin, who died at Washington. He was our former school teacher, having taught here for three terms and had many friends.
While dipping water from the lake last Monday, Mr. Staats had a narrow escape, the water having washed the ice thin from in under and when he stepped near the edge of the thin ice gave way and he fell in. His cries for help were heard and he was pulled out none the worse for his ducking but very cold.
|100 Years Ago|
|Front Page Old Resident Dead
Wm. T. Combs, an old resident of Lake county, died Monday morning at 5:30 a.m. at his home in Fort Hill, after an illness of about a year.
He was seventy years of age and had lived in Lake county about forty years.
Besides his wife, he leaves three children, Abe, William and Bond.
Funeral was held Thursday from Fort Hill church, Rev. W. E. Toll, of Waukegan, officiating.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. G. A. Nicholas, of Eastervile Iowa, is the guest of her sister Mrs. J. E. Holcomb.
Miss Laura Bartlett, of Evanston, visited with her cousin Miss Anna May Cronkhite over Sunday.
Fred Hapke, of Wauconda, has opened a barber shop at the Central Hotel. Lets all get a shave.
A large number of people from this place attended the funeral of John Meikle at Ivanhoe on Monday.
Mr. and Mrs. Lyman Varney, of Minneapolis, visited at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Chas Lusk a few days last week.
Our public school held a special session last Saturday and then took a vacation on Monday on account of Mr. Meikle's funeral.
A gentle fall of snow Monday evening broke a long continued spell of the most beautiful winter weather ever experienced in this latitude.
|Ivanhoe With the passing away of John Meikle on last Thursday afternoon, one of the bravest men that ever faced death passed to his final resting place. We are wont to think of heroes on the battle field, in the storm or in the railroad wreck but here was a hero on the sick bed. For months he lay suffering the most excruciating pain, yet seldom complaining. Always cheerful to friends who called, even jovial, at times, thinking more of others than of himself. He was hopeful that he would recover from his fearful disease until near the last, this no doubt preserved him for many months. Straight-forward, honest, upright, public spirited, sympathetic and progressive, he was an ideal public citizen and loving husband. "None knew him but to love him." His friends were limited only by the number with whom he came in touch. The entire community mourns his death.
The funeral which occured at the house on Monday morning at 9 o'clock was an unusually large one. Rev. R. F. Morley officiated. A large number of grief stricken relatives and friends followed the remains to Rose Hill cemetery where they were interred. The many beautiful floral tributes which were received testify to the high esteem in which the deceased was held.
Card of Thanks
Mrs. John Meikle and Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Meikle desire to express their heartfelt thanks to the many friends and relatives, also the societies that so kindly took part in the burial of their loved one. Especially do they wish to thank Rev. Morley, the choir of the Ivanhoe church and the pall bearers, and to express their gratitude for the many beautiful floral offerings.
|Fort Hill Mr. Gleason called on friends at Avon Friday evening.
Miss Grayce Mullen and lady friend, of Wauconda, are spending a few days with Fort Hill relatives.
John Cleveland called on a lady friend at Fort Hill Wednesday evening.
Rollo and Delmer Townsend are sick with chicken pox at present writing.
Miss Alta Converse and Grayce Mullen were were Chicago visitors today.
Alta V. Converse and Miss Maybelle Mullen spent Sunday at Slocum Lake.
Mary Huson entertained the Jolly Rebels at her home Saturday afternoon. Those from a distance were Jennie Walton and Riese Huson. They all report a pleasant time.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Many wells that never have failed before have recently gone dry, in this vicinity.
Mrs. Redker, of Chicago, was the guest of her sister, Mrs. Mike Wirtz over Sunday.
Miss Luella Hershberger who teaches in the school at Rollins was unable to return to her work this week on account of a severe sore throat.
Miss Mary McArthur who spent the holiday season with her sister, Mrs. Rich of this place is now visiting another sister at Appleton, Wis., for the remainder of the winter.
Smallpox is prevalent in several near by towns. Persons who have not been successfully vaccinated within the past few years should attend to that matter now not only for their own protection but for the public good as well.
Rockefeller School Notes
The attendance is increasing. The cold wave did not have any effect on anyone.
Preparations are being made for a spelling match in the near future.
|Diamond Lake Hired help is very scarce around here.
Mr. C. Tattler's hotel and saloon is nearly finished.
Henry Stelling is going to work the old Fred Smith farm now occupied by E. Wilcox.
Mrs. E. J. Weiskopf is the recipient of a fine present, in the shape of a new Baldwin piano.
Mrs. H. E. Feuerstein and daughter, of Chicago, is visiting at H. Feuerstein's and E. J. Weiskopf's.
|Ivanhoe L. H. Bryant has a hard cold.
Ivanhoe School Notes
Those neither absent nor tardy the past month were:
Ada Kuebker, Raymond Payne, Bertie Chamberlain, Emma Kuebker, Dora Dorfler, Roy Chamberlain and Etta Grabbe.
Not absent but tardy:
Daisy Van Plew and Mortie Fosket.
Two weeks ago the Success Club divided into parties and held a spirited election. There were three parties, the two principal ones being the Success and Improvement parties. The candidates of the Success party were victorious and last Friday the successful candidates were inaugurated. The new offers are:
Pres., Willie Kuebker; Vice Pres., Harry Fosker; Sec'y. Etta Grabbe; Treas., Ada Kuebker.
The president delivered a very interesting and inspiring inaugural address. The other officers also told what they would like to see done during the administration.
|100 Years Ago|
|Front Page The Spellin' Skewl
The Rockefeller school will present a "great take-off on the country school of ye olden times," entitled "The Spellin Skewl" Friday evening, Feb. 7, and there will be laughs to spare for those who take it in. Here is the cast:
|Ebenizer Farrel, Teacher as it were||Theodore Swan|
|Patsy Bolivar, A bad boy||Otto King|
|Groany Muggins, The best speller in school||Philip Ames|
|Sleepy Jim, The boy who forgets||Bernard Swan|
|Bub Jones, Sis' little brother||John Rouse|
|Pinkey Smith, The best boy in school||Paul Ray|
|Barney Dacey, An Irish laddy||Frank Vickery|
|Kittie Clover, An admirer of Patsy||Madge Proctor|
|Toot Smith, The adventuress||Mabel Butterfield|
|Sally Water, Who know things||Eva Rouse|
|Mary Malong, A deep thinker||Anna Bader|
|Samantha Brown, Idol of the hour||Emma Meyer|
|Sis Jones, Bub's protector||Cora Thomas|
|Rockefeller S. A. Cramer has sold his residence on the east side to R.C. Coudery.
Mrs. Grace Shaddle, nee Norton, of Iowa, is visiting her sister, Mrs. Irving Payne, and old friends in this vicinity.
When the electric railroad is finished to Libertyville, it will be but a short time until it will be extended to the twin cities of Rockefeller and Ivanhoe.
Principal Hodge and assistant, Miss Ray and Miss Eliza McBride and several others from here attended the McIlrath lecture at Libertyvlle Friday night. All speak in highest terms of the lecture.
Considerable excitement was manifested here Sunday morning when it became known that during the night burglars had entered the depot and blown open the safe in the ticket office. The vandals gained but little for their troubles, as nothing of value was missed. The safe and window glass were a total wreck, however.
|Ivanhoe Mrs. Nemery is here taking care of her son who is sick with pneumonia.
Mr. Henry Grabbe is on the sick list and at present writing is threatened with pneumonia.
The telephone which has recently been installed in Mrs. Bensinger's store is a great addition to the town and is receiving a great amount of patronage as is proven by the fact that is requires attention nearly all of the time.
A letter received from Byron Smith, Augusta, Oklahoma, says his nine year old son Lester died on January 24.
A great many of the men are now observing the annual wood sawing time and Mr. Asa Joice is kept busy most of the time.
Mrs. John Meikle has put in an application for the post-office which she has so efficiently handled since the death of her husband.
Mr. L. F. Jeanmene is quite sick with pneumonia. His mother came out from Waukegan to care for him and Dr. Taylor is the attending physician. The anxiety manifested last Sunday as to his condition shows the high esteem in which he is held in this place.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller C. M. Fosket unloaded a car of coal at this station last week, to be used in his Ivanhoe creamery.
Mrs. Geo. Harden, of the Harden Hotel, who has been quite sick for the past two weeks, is now slowly recovering.
Ira Doolittle has resumed his studies at a business college in Chicago.
W. R. Benedict, of Ogema, Wis., land agent of Wisconsin Central Railroad, was the guest of Station Agent W. L. Rich and family two days last week.
|Ivanhoe We are glad to report L. F. Jeanmene on the road to recovery.
Mrs. Joice has been suffering with an attack of Quinsy for the past few days.
Mr. Henry Van Plew and brother John, of Kansas, started for this county last Tuesday.
Mr. Clayton Dean, who for the past two years has been prospecting in the gold regions of Alaska, returned home last Friday.
We have just been informed of the death of Miss Edith Wagner who died last Monday at one o'clock a.m. of that dreaded disease, 'consumption.' She has been sick for about a year but was not considered in a critical condition until a few weeks ago. This is the third time this family has been called to mourn the loss of a child within a very few years. We extend to the family our deepest sympathy in this dark hour of sorrow.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Tax Collector Meredith will be at Rockefeller Wednesday of next week, where taxes may be paid.
Miss Anna May Cronkhite visited her brother Frank and other friends at Beloit, Wis., over Sunday.
Mr. and Mrs. John Rhoder, of Chicago, visited with Mrs. Rhoder's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Knigge, over Sunday.
Mrs. Emma Herschberger, of Chicago, visited at the home of her brother, Will Knigge, Monday.
Eddie Brodhead, of Pullman, was the guest of Mr. and Mrs. Benj. Brodhead last Sunday.
|Ivanhoe Mrs. Duddles is recovering from an attack of pleurisy.
A number of young people has a good time celebrating Raymond Payne's eleventh birthday on Wednesday afternoon.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. Jessie Lill came from Chicago Monday to visit her parents, Mr. and Mrs. John Rouse, at the old homestead.
John Albrecht is at the Baptist hospital in Chicago, where he has undergone quite a serious operation. His many friends here hope for his speedy recovery.
One of the most enjoyable social events of the season was the party held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. F. O. Knigge Monday evening, in honor of their fifth anniversary of their marriage. About forty of their friends and neighbors were present, and a jollier or happier crowd is seldom seen. With games and music, jokes and laughter, the time slipped away all to fast. A bountiful luncheon was served, to which all present did ample justice. Among the 'flowers' displayed, the 'pansy' and 'tulip' caused the greatest enjoyment. Messrs. Rouse and Cramer were champions in the potato race, and Mr. Cronkhite came out ahead on doughnuts. At a late hour the guests repaired to their homes, all feeling that they had passed a most enjoyable evening, the one universal regret being that Messrs. and Mesdames Cramer and Knigge are so soon to go from our midst to their new homes in Wisconsin.
Mr. and Mrs. Glass are in a very poor state of health as they are confined to the bed more or less of the time.
Mr. Ted Boyce and fmaily have moved from Wadsworth to their new home on what is known as the Eber Smith farm one mile west of town.
|Ivanhoe School Notes Robbie Fosket and Lola Smith are compelled to remain out of school on account of sickness.
School re-opened Monday. Everyone was refreshed, enthusiastic and ready for work after the three week's vacation.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Fred Hapke has moved his barber shop into the Knigge building.
Fred Myers moved his family to a farm near Barrington one day last week.
Chris Hapke and family have moved from the Central Hotel into the rooms vacated by Fred Myers.
Mr. and Mrs. Newton, formerly of Waukegan, are moving into the Beasley house on Maple Ave., where they will reside in the future.
Ira Doolittle and Aruthru Berghorn came up from Chicago to spend Sunday at home.
|Rockefeller School Notes People who say that the Illinois Pupil's Reading Circle books are trashy novels and fairy tales simply don't know what they are talking about. You can't expect a child to become interested in some heavy book too dry for grown people even to read. A glance at the titles, remembering who selected them is enough arguement in answer to "trashy novels." Take the "Making of Illinois" and "Sidelights on American History;" here are splendid books to help them in their history work in school.
|Ivanhoe Miss Anna Dagee who has been in the employ of Mrs. Meikle for the past few months returned to her home in Arlington Heights last Saturday.
Charlie Smith, eldest son of Mr. Bryon Smith formerly of this place and latterly of Oklahoma arrived here last Thursday where he intends to spend the coming summer.
At last the drought has been broked and nearly everyone has plenty of water once more.
Mr. Henry Van Plew returned home from England last Thursday. During their passage across the Atlantic ocean their steamer encountered a severe storm and for awhile all on board expected to sink to the bottom of the sea. Mr. Van Plwe says that the United States is good enought for him.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller B. Thomas, telegraph operator at Junction City, Wis., spent Sunday with his people here.
Mrs. Weenink and youngest daughter of Diamond Lake came home from Chicago on Monday.
Benjamin Broadhead, Jr., and wife of Pullman visited over Sunday with Mr. and Mrs. Benjiman Broadhead, Sr., of this place.
Mr. and Mrs. Ed Payne were called to Grayslake last Friday to attend the funeral of Mrs. Payne's mother, Mrs. Buttrick.
L. H. Knigge, of McHenry, and his sister, Mrs. Heideman, of Elmhurst, visisted at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Will Knigge one day last week.
Mr. and Mrs. Irving Payne came from Chicago last Friday to attend the funeral of Mr. Payne's grandmother at Grayslake. They stopped here over Sunday.
|Ivanhoe Mr. Ed Connelly a former resident of this place was here last Sunday shaking hands with old friends.
Mrs. Van Plew who was mentioned last week as on the sick list has undergone a very critical operation, but we are glad to report her on the road to recovery.
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Ritta and Mrs. Joice were Chicago visitors Monday of last week.
|Fremont Centre Ed Bowman has moved on to the old Payne place.
Mrs. Geo. Trant and daughter spent last Saturday in Libertyville.
Mrs. Matthew Lang spent a couple of days last week with her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick. Mrs. Jacob Frederick went to the city last Saturday to spend a few days with her daughter Mrs. Matthew Lang.
Leo Deindelion returned home from the city last Monday after spending a few weeks with his sister Mrs. Mathew Faetz.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Edgar J. Hodge, of Sinclairville, N.Y., is here visiting his brother John Hodge, principal of the Rockefeller school.
Mrs. Stone, of Chicago, visited her sister Mrs. Anna Lathrop over Sunday.
Mrs. Anderson, of Glen View, mother of Rev. F. R. Anderson who has been very sick at the parsonage here for the past few weeks is now slowly recovering.
Mr. and Mrs. Bert Wilcox started Monday night for Spokane, Washington, where they will make their home in the future. These young people leave many friends in this vicinity who regret to see them go.
Mr. James VanPlew, of Wheaton and Mr. John VanPlew, of Kansas, who in company with their brother Mr. Henry VanPlew, of Ivanhoe, have recently returned from a winter's visit to England, were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. W. D. Porteious the fore part of this week.
The extreme high wind and cold wave that swept over this part of the country last Sunday and Sunday night made the bright spring days of the past two weeks seem like an "iridescent dream."
|Ivanhoe Clifford Payne, formerly of this place and now of Glidden, Iowa, has just successfully undergone a surgical operation.
We notice no one in our little burg wore the emblem of St. Patrick's day last Monday. We presume 'twas due to the fact that we are naturally 'green' and didn't desire to make ourselves conspicuous to strangers.
The township caucus passed off comparatively very quiet as there was not a great deal of opposition. The following are the nominees for office:
Supervisor - H. C. W. Meyer
Clerk - F. S. Dolph
Assessor - G. M. Trant
Collector - Frank Dietz
Commissioner of Highwasy - Fred Voelker
School Trustee - Chas. Beckwith
School Trustee - Ira Smith
Constable - Herbert Davis
|Ivanhoe School Notes The neither absent or tardy list of the month ending March 7th is:
Ada Kuebker, Raymond Payne, Mortie Fosket, Bertha Kuebker, Emma Kuebker, Roy Chamberlain.
Ruth Wells has been absent from school the past two weeks on account of illness. She has improved so as to be out of doors again. Daisy VanPlew is out of school because of the sickness of her mother. It is to be hoped that they will soon be in school again as they form the chief strength of the musical element of the school.
The Success Party "won out" at the Success Club election of Friday March 7th electing the following officers:
Pres. - Harry Fosket
Vice Pres. - Carl Dorfler
Sec. - Ada Kuebker
Treas. - Etta Grabbe
The Improvement Party candidates were:
Pres. - Dean Wells
Vice Pres. - Roy Chamberlain
Sec. - Daisy VanPlew
Treas. - Opal Smith
The ratio of the vote was about 2 to 1. Party lines were closely adhered to. The new officers were inaugrated at the "union" meeting on last Friday.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Geo. H. Royce, of Chicago, was the guest of his uncle, Mr. Newton, over Sunday.
Messrs. Cramer and Knigge are loading their car today (Wednesday), preparatory to their moving to Wisconsin in the near future.
Little Violet Porteious had the misforturne to fall and severly sprain her wrist. It will doubtless be a long lasting and painful injury.
Mr. George Nichols, who was a visitor at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Holcomb over Sunday, returned to his home at Esterville, Iowa on Monday. He was accompanied by Mrs. Nichols, who has been here and in Chicago for the past three months striving to regain her health. Mrs. Holcomb's mother, Mrs. Carson, of Wisconsin, is also a visitor at the Holcomb residence.
Special Easter service at the church next Sunday morning.
'The Message of the Easter Bells'
|Song - 'The Mighty Victor'||by Nine Girls|
|Recitation - 'Easter Bells'||Ida Cushman|
|Exercise||by Seven Girls|
'Beautiful Story of Easter'
|Agnes and Edna Broadhead|
|Exercise||by Nine Girls|
|Song - 'Praise Him'||by Nine Girls|
'Brightness and Gladness'
|Recitation - 'Easter Lilies'||Nina Rouse|
|Ivanhoe Mrs. Brainerd and son George spent last Saturday in Chicago.
Miss Susie Payne spent a few days visiting friends in Waukegan and Lake Forest last week.
Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Lusk formerly of this place and latterly of Rockefeller have purchased a residence at Diamond Lake and will move there immediately.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller F. D. Shaddle and wife, of Ford River, Mich., are at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Cronkhite for a visit.
Mrs. Bock's mother and sister have moved into the Berghorn building where they will reside in the future.
Mrs. W. L. Rich and Master Donald were at Waupaca, Wis., visiting relatives and friends for a few days last week.
Mrs. VanPlew, of Wheaton, is visiting her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Snyder and her sister, Mrs. Porteious a few days this week.
Mrs. Joe Feise and child, of South Chicago, are at the home of her father-in-law in this village, where they expect to spend the summer months.
Mrs. Wm. Vickery is at a hospital in Chicago where she has undergone a very serious and painful operation. Her many friends here will be pleased to know that she is doing as well as could be expected under the circumstances.
Mr. Henry Burdick has brought the Beasely place on Maple Ave., and will occupy it as a residence at once. This neccessitates Mr. and Mrs. Newton who have occupied the property for a short time moving again. We understand they will go to Libertyville to live.
Miss Florence Lathrop who in company with several other children was taking a ride on a farm wagon last Saturday in some way lost her balance and fell to the ground, the wheel of an empty wagon that was hitched behind passing directly over her head, producing a somewhat serious and painful contusion. It is thought, however, that no lasting results will follow the injury.
Messrs. Cramer and Knigge started with their cars on Thursday for Central Wisconsin, where they have purchased farms, their families following them on last Monday. These people leave a host of warm friends and neighbors behind them who wish them every success in their new homes.
|Ivanhoe Mr. Ernest Beckk who has been attending school at Wheaton is enjoying a few days vacation.
Mrs. Eunice Munson nee Ames, formerly of this place and latterly of Brazil, Indiana, is spending a few days with her folks.
Mrs. S. E. Payne, of Grand Haven, Mich., is here visiting with her grand-daughters, Mrs. A. L. Ritta and Miss Minnie Snyder.
Ivanhoe School Notes
At last Friday's business meeting of the Success Club each grade elected officers as follows:
Eighth (class of 1902), Pres., Ada Kuebker.
Seventh (class of 1903), Pres., Carl Dorfler;
Sec., Ruth Wells
Fifth (class of 1905), Pres., Mortie Fosket;
Sec., Bertha Knebker
Fourth (class of 1906), Pres., Lizzie Kuebker;
Sec., Lizzie Wagner
Third (class of 1907), Pres., Charley Dolph,
Secy., Bertie Chamberlain
Second (class of 1908), Pres., Emma Chamberlain,
Secy., Mamie Wirtz
First (class of 1909), Pres., Mikey Wirtz;
Sec., Dwight Dolph
Raymond Payne, the newly elected treasurer delivered his inaugral address and delegates were selected to visit the Grayslake Success Club.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mr. and Mrs. Newton moved to Libertyville last Saturday.
Mrs. Bock, who has been quite sick for the past few weeks, is now slowly improving.
M. D. Strong, of Jamestown, N.Y., is visiting his friend John Hodge, our genial school principal.
The funeral services of old Mr. Zersen were held at the German Lutheran church in Fairfield on Tuesday. We understand the obsequies were delayed for one day to await the arrival of a son, Rev. Zersen from South Dakota.
Mr. and Mrs. James Wilson who recently returned from Hot Springs, Ark., where they went for Mrs. Wilson's health, after visiting a week with her parents at Hotel Harden returned to their home in Austin on Monday. Mrs. Wilson's many friends in this vicinity will be glad to hear that she was much benefitted by her trip west.
|Diamond Lake Mrs. H. E. Blows, of Anamosa, Ia. is expected to visit with Mrs. H. Blows soon.
Mrs. Geo. Ost has returned to the city, where she is staying with her daughter.
Several of the Eastern Stars from here attended the funeral of Mrs. F. P. Dymond at Libertyville on Tuesday.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mr. Elsworth Wilcox started for Seattle Washington on Wednesday of last week.
Dr. Orie M. Grover has opened an office in the Butler building at Libertyville where she may be consulted from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. She will be at her home in Rockefeller the remainder of the time.
Mrs. J. E. Holcomb returned from a visit to her old home at Boscobel Wis., last Saturday.
Mr. and Mrs. Shaddel are visiting at his old home at Palatine this week.
Several mild cases of scarlet fever have broken out here during the past week. Among the victims was little Jesse Anderson which prevented his father Rev. F. R. Anderson from filling his pulpit again last Sunday.
|Ivanhoe Charlie Dolph and Bertie Chamberlain of the third grade have been promoted to fourth grade in reading.
Mata Wismer was out of school a number of days last week on account of a bad cold. Dwight Dolph is still out for the same reason.
These pupils were neither absent nor tardy during a period of three months, and received certificates of award from the county superintendent:
> Ada Kuebker, Roy Chamberlain, Raymond Payne, Lizzie Kuebker and Emma Kuebker.
These certificates are very neat and well worth striving for. Some that have been secured in the district have been highly enough prized by their recipients to have them framed.
|Fort Hill Fred Deithorn visited at Fox Lake Sunday.
Lena Dutzler was visiting at Wauconda last Saturday.
|Fremont Centre Mrs. Geo. Trunt and son Mike spent a couple of days last week in the city.
Miss Gertrude Sullivan returned from Waukegan last Sunday after spending two weeks with her paretns there.
Last Tuesday occurred the marriage of Miss Cora Wagner to Mr. Frank Nicholas Galster at the Fremont Centre Catholic church.
Albert Grohse moved from Libertyville, on the Adam Behm place one day last week.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Police Justice Paul MacGuffin, of Libertyville, was seen on our streets last Sunday morning.
The town board of the town of Fremont held a special meeting last Thursday at the office of Dr. D. R. Grover and steps were taked to place a quarantine on those places where scarlet fever prevailed. Dr. Grover was appointed health officer for the township.
J. J. Rouse was re-elected as member of the school board without a dissenting vote.
|The first forty-seven pages of Gardiner's Form of Prose Literature were discussed at the teachers' meeting which was held at the school building last Saturday. The author believes that to be able to interest other people in ones own thoughts and feelings, actual works of literature are the models and examples to keep in mind. Rules in English composition are necessary but one must study literature. The following teachers were present: Misses, Ray, Maxham, Flath, Mary Decker, Smith, Coudrey, Simson, Rena Decker, Michell; Messrs. Hodge, Jeanmene and Will Decker.
The next meeting will be held at Grayslake Saturday, May 10.
|Ivanhoe Will Putnam's little boy has been quite sick.
Geo. Brainerd has severed his engagement with the measels.
Miss Mary McConoty is home from Chicago where she has been receiving medical treatment.
Rev. Alexander preaches his last sermon next Sunday evening, before leaving for a four months sojourn at his old home in Canada.
Harry Fosket has purchased a fine new bicycle.
At the school election on last Saturday night, Carl Dorfler was re-elected school director. Mr. Dorfler has served the Ivanhoe school long and faithfully, having been in his present office for about twenty-three years. We wonder if there is any other director in Lake County who has served for so long a period.
|Diamond Lake The next meeting of the Diamond Lake Cemetery Association will be held with Mrs. W. D. Griffith, Thursday, May 1st at two o'clock.
School meeting was held in the school house last Saturday night. C. L. Hokemeyer was elected director to succeed Geo. A. Ost, whose term expired.
|Fremont Centre Ed. Luby, of Bonfield, Ill., is visiting with his brother Mike Luby.
Miss M. J. Traut who has been visiting with her mother for the past week returned to the city last Friday.
Daniel Fitzgerald, of Chicago, who has been visiting with relatives here the past week returned to the city last Monday.
Miss Gertrude Shober is home for few weeks vacation.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. H. C. W. Myers is rapidly recovering from an attack of inflammatory rheumatism.
Mrs. J. A. Nelson came from Chicago on Wednesday to visit her brother, Dr. D.R. Grover and family.
Mr. John Knigge and family are once more residents of Rockefeller having moved here from River View one day last week.
But three weeks remain in which to act in forwarding money to the McKinley monument fund.
The members of the school board met and organized last Friday night, choosing W. H. Skinner elected in 1901, president, and J.J. Rouse elected in 1902, secretary.
Master Edward Fisher, Miss Sarah Cameron and Ethel West, of Chicago, are the guests of their young friends John an dDorothy Holcomb this week.
The following program was rendered Arbor Day Friday afternoon April 25, after which four trees were planted and named William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Afred Bayliss and W. M. Marvin:
|Song - "The Old School Book||School|
|Reading of the Governor's Proclamation||Miss Ray|
|Scripture Reading||Mr. Hodge|
|Song - "We Love the Trees"||School|
|Reading - "A Day in June"||Eva Rouse|
|Recitation - "The Kingship of the Trees"||Seven Girls|
|Song - "America"||School|
|Recitation - "Plant Fruit Trees"||Leroy Knigge|
|Recitation - "The Brave Old Oak"||Minnie Rouse|
|Recitation - "We Thank Thee"||Ida Bilinski|
|Quotations||Glenn Knigge, Arthur Hapke, Ruth Cushman|
|Recitation - "On Grandpa's Farm"||Emma Voelker|
|Song - "Happy Greeting to All"||School|
|Ivanhoe Mr. Meikle, of Champaign, was Mrs. Meikle's guest several days this week.
Mrs. Meikle is entertaining her sister Miss Gildameister and Miss Ballows, of Chicago.
Last Thursday was Bert Lusk's birthday. Bert stayed at his post, however, just as though it was an ordinary day.
At the Republican primaries of last Friday, E. G. Payne, M. C. Wirtz, Geo. Traut, Wm. Skinner and H. C. W. Meyer were selected as delegates to the county convention.
|Diamond Lake Mrs. H. Woltman is spending a few days with relatives at Gilmer.
Miss Annie Whitney has left the employ of Mrs. H. C. Ost. Miss Minnie Tonny takes her place.
The March dividend of our factory was for butter only, as the directors ordered no cheese made.
Geo. W. Mitchell and Mrs. Geo. Ost, Sr., went to Palatine Thursday to attend the funeral of Mrs. Stroker.
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Rouse and Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Mitchell will attend a Chicago theatre this evening.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller While R. F. Rouse and his clerk Mr. Thomas were engaged in removing ice from the ice house during one of the recent thunder storms the lightning struck a near by tree causing a shock of sufficient force to knock both men to the ground. While the shock was severe for an instant neither of the gentlemen seem any the worse for the undesirable experience but both declare they do not care to try it over again. Altogether it was a very fortunate escape.
The primary grades include the first and second years. Those who will enter the intermediate division next term are Arthur Hapke, Glenn Knigge, Dorothy Holcomb and Ethel McBride.
At the commencement exercises to be held Saturday evening June 7th, those who received eighth grade diplomas last year (which came too late for exercises then) will take part. This makes a class of fourteen members. As a two years high school course is attempted a diploma will be granted those whose work, deportment and attendance have been of such a nature as to warrant the giving of a diploma in 1903. The granting of this diploma rests with the teachers and board.
|Ivanhoe Mrs. Arthur Payne is much improved in health.
Rev. Alexander filled the pulpit last Sunday for the last time before his return to his Canadian home.
Roy Chamberlain was the winner in the recent "photograph" contest, inaugerated to see who could bring in the most photographs for the school album.
The following pupils were neither absent nor tardy during the month ending May 5th:
Ada Kuebker, Raymond Payne, Bertie Chamberlain, Dora Dorfler, Emma Chamberlain, Lilzzie Kuebker, Bertha Kuebker, Mortie Fosket and Emma Kuebker.
This is one of the best lists of the year. But we are going to try to better it next month.
At the "Former Pupil" program last Friday afternoon a number of letters were read from former pupils and teachers. These were very interesting and inspiring. Miss Cronkhite of Rockefeller favored us with several piano solos which were greatly appreciated. Mis Theo. Smith read a tribute to the memory of the late Mr. E. J. Sabin who did such noble, upbuilding work as a teacher here. Otis Smith made a short talk. A number of letters have been received since Friday, these will be read Friday, May 16th.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Wm. Broxam, of Kansas, is thte guest of his friends the Rouse families, of Rockefeller.
F. B. Shaddle left Tuesday for a trip to St. Paul, Minneapolis, and perhaps further west.
Mr. John Hodge, principal of the Rockefeller school, received a telegram from his home near Jamestown, N.Y., on last Monday, telling him of the serious illness of his mother who was said to be dying there. Mr. Hodge closed the school Tuesday morning for one week and took the noon train for the east. He carries with him the sympathy of his many friends and pupils here and it is hoped he will find things more favorable on his arrival at home than he expects.
|Ivanhoe Miss Sarah McConoty is quite low.
Henry Luebbe was sick with a bad cold several days last week.
Byron Smith, formerly of this place, but who has been in Oklahoma for several years, has returned to Lake County and is living in Waukegan.
At the recent election of Sunday school officers, the following were elected:
Supt., Mrs. H. D. Wells; Asst. Supt., Richard Duddles; Secretary, Pearl Smith; Treas., Roy Hecketsweiler; Librarian, Daisy Van Plew; Organist, Annie Van Plew.
The school work for the year is being rounded up. Final examination and other interesting events in sight.
|Diamond Lake Mrs. H. P. Bartlett has summer boarders.
Geo. A. Ost has purchased a fine span of Shetland ponies.
Miss Jennie Coon, who has been spending a few days at home, has returned to Elgin.
Our blacksmith, Wm. Einsman, who was hurt while shoeing a horse, received $15 accident insurance from the Woodmen Accident Insurance Company of Lincoln, Neb.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller W. E. Vanpatten, of Antioch has opened a barber shop in the Knigge building. Get a hair cut!
Mrs. Emma Hershberger came up from Chicago on Saturday last to visit with friends and relatives for a few days.
Mrs. Handag came from Libertyville one day last week where she had been engaged in the capacity of nurse for the past four weeks.
Principal John Hodge returned from New York last Friday where he went to attend the funeral of his mother, who died on the 19th inst. School is in session again as usual.
While Dr. Grover was unloading a trunk from his buggy at the depot Tuesday evening, his horse became frightened and ran away, leading a merry chase through the various streets and finally bringing up at home in a trot, not however until he had drawn the buggy the full length of a neighbor's garden and back again, which is the part of the affair the doctor most regrets, otherwise no damage was done. Moral, get a dray to move your trunks.
|Diamond Lake Mrs. Jennie Solinar is visiting with Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Ost.
Last Tuesday evening Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Ost were tendered a surprise party in honor of their sixth wedding anniversary. About forty were present and it is needless to say a general good time was enjoyed.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Many of our people attended the Memorial Day exercises at Ivanhoe last Friday.
Mrs. Munn and Mrs. Farnsworth, of Chicago, are the guests of the latter's sister Mrs. Chamberlain this week.
Miss Lotta McBride came from Chicago Heights where she is engaged in teaching to visit with her people here.
J. H. Cronkhite started on a business and pleasure trip to Colorado on Wednesday last. He expects to visit his brother there and spend several weeks in that state before his return. Bon voyage.
That broad and beaming smile you see on the face of Rev. F. R. Anderson these days is not because of a rise in the price of garlic but because a bouncing new baby boy came to his home last Tuesday morning. All are doing well.
Annual school picnic is Well's grove June 19. Two games of base ball have been arranged.
|Ivanhoe Born to Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Wisner, a son.
Miss Alice Payne is home for the summer. She has finished her school work in Boswell, Ind., and next year will have a position in Gas City, Ind.
Miss Ada Kuebker ahs been placed in nomination by our Success Club, for the office of national school secretary of the league of Success Clubs. A campaign committee has been appointed and everything will be done to secure her election.
The following pupils led in their respective grades in the semi-annual examination held in March:
Eighth, C. Dean Wells
Seventh, Carl Dorfler
Fifth, Lola Smith
Fourth, Lizzie Kuebker
Third, Bertie Chamberlain
Second, Emma Kuebker
First, Bennie Wagner
We have delayed sendning in this list. The final examinations are now on, and the pupils are quite interested as to who will be the leaders this time. These will be announced in a week or two. Keep this list and compare.
|Fremont Centre Andrew Wagner and wife visited at Rollins last Sunday.
Adam Titus is putting down a tubular well for jacob Frederick.
Joseph Bhear, of Chicago, is spending a few days with his sister, Mrs. John Frederick.
Mr. Valentine Trant, of Grant County, Wis., is spending a few weeks with his mother and brother Mr. G. M. Trant.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. Grace Shaddle has charge of her father's books and office during his absence in Colorado.
Mr. and Mrs. Reed, of Glenview, came up Monday to visit their daughter, Mrs. F. R. Anderson and to see their new grandson.
At the last meeting of the school board Mr. John Hodge as principal and Miss Wisner, of Libertyville, as assistant were hired for the next year.
A new name has been adopted for the school which hereafter will be known as the Rockefeller Union School.
The date of the school picnic has been changed to Friday, June 20. Two base ball games have been arranged. In the forenoon the junior team will play the Grayslakes and in the afternoon the annual game between the school team and residents of Rockefeller. Last year the town team won by a score of 9 to 13. The line up follows:
|School Team||Position||Res'd'ts Rockefeller|
|Ralph Rouse||ss||Theodore Swan|
|Frank Vickery||c||A. J. King|
|Otto King||p||Wm. Vickery|
|Bernard Swan||rf||Frank Thomas|
|Philip Ames||cf||Harry Bader|
|Park Allanson||lf||Harry Winfield|
|Paul Ray||1b||Ray Wells|
|Paul Allanson||2b||Chris Hapke|
|Will Ray||3b||Will Knigge|
|Ivanhoe Frank Dorfler is very low at present.
Reports in the Chicago papers on Monday of this week, would indicate that the electric road will not pass through Ivanhoe. This, if true, will be a keen disappointment to those who have been expecting it.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. W. D. Porteious and her mother, Mrs. Snyder visited friends at Wheaton a few days the past week.
Miss Jessie Reed, of Glenview, is visiting her sister Mrs. F. R. Anderson and incidently acting the part of nurse.
This is commencement week at our public school and much interest is manifested in the exercises and picnic which will take place on Thursday and Friday. Rev. F. R. Anderson will deliver the baccalaureate sermon at 10:30 Sunday morning.
A cloud of gloom and sorrow was cast over this entire community last Sunday when the news of the accidental drowning of Jacob Bader near Libertyville reached here. "Jake" as he was familiarly called by everyone was raised in this vicinity from childhood, and was well known and highly esteemed by all his associates. He is spoken of by those for whom he has worked as a sober, industrious young man who was not afraid of an honest day's work. The funeral was held at the Congregational church on Monday afternoon, Ref. F. R. Anderson officiating and was attended by a large concourse of people and he was laid at rest in the beautiful little cemetery at Ivanhoe. The widowed mother and the brothers and sister who are left to mourn have the earnest sympathy of the entire community in the great affliction that has fallen upon them.
|Ivanhoe Mrs. John Snyder continues seriously low.
Mrs. Osgood, of Sturgeon Bay, Wis., and a former resident of Ivanhoe is visiting friends here.
Miss Lillian Payne who has been teaching during the past year near Sterling returns home on Monday.
On last Thursday occurred the death of Frank Dorfler. Mr. Dorfler had been ill for months, being afflicted with the dread disease consumption. He was very popular and highly esteemed young man and the sympathy of all goes out to the bereaved family and sorrowing friends. The funeral services were held in the Fremont Centeer Catholic church Saturday forenoon at 10 o'clock.
School picnic today at Druces Lake.
Mr. F. N. Gaggin, former teacher here is announced candidate for the Republican nomination for county superintendent of schools.
Dwight Dolph had a 100% paper in the final examiniation in first grade arithmetic. The second perfect examination paper this year.
Roy Chamberlain, Raymond Payne, Mortie Fosket, Bertha Kuebker, Bertie Chamberlain, Emma Kuebker and Dora Dorfler composed the perfect punctuality and attendance list for the month ending June 4th.
|West Fremont We are glad to report Mrs. Ernest Lohman rapidly gaining. Miss Emma Welsh is finishing teaching the Murray school, as Mr. Torrance has resigned his position as teacher.
|Diamond Lake Children's Day services at the church next Sunday.
Blanche Mitchell, of Half Day, is visiting her cousin, Carl Ray.
Mrs. Maxham and daughter, Stella, have gone to Vermont for a two week visit.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. Frank Thomas went to Junction City, Wis., last Monday to visit her son L. B. Thomas who is telegraph operator at that place.
A new enterprise has been established here in the form of a cigar factory. Fitzgerald & Cameron have moved their factory No. 1209 of the fist district of Illinois from Chicago and have located in the Knigge building. They bring with them fifteen people who are at work now and it is said this force will be largely augmented in the near future until not less than fifty people shall be employed. The securing of this factory is a great victory for those enterprsing business men who have taken hold with a will and given of their means to secure this enterprise for Rockefeller, which means a large per cent of increase in our population and a much wider business relation with the outside world than the town has hitherto enjoyed. Mr. Cameron is quite well known to our people as an enterprising reliable citizen while Mr. Fitzgerald comes highly recommended as a thoroughly practical business man. Our citizens will give these people a cordial welcome and now that we have started to grow let the neighboring towns look to their laurels if they do not want to be outgrown.
Last week was "school week" in this village in very earnest, beginning with the closing exercises on Thursday afternoon in the Chapel, the younger pupils nearly all taking part and all doing well. The interest of the event culminated on the evening of that day when the church was packed to the doors to listen to the program carrie dout by the graduating class. All the participants acquited themselves in an able manner showing the careful discipline of mind and matter they had received during the years of the course. The musical features of the evening were well received. The Fisk Quartette was present and rendered several selection in a way to be repeatedly called back by the audience. Miss Anna Cronkhite presided at the piano and Miss Cora Thomas rendered two solos that were well received. The duet sung by Agnes and Edna Broadhead two of the younger pupils was heartily applauded. Mr. John Hodge, principal, presided while Miss Ruth Ray, assistant, occupied a seat on the rostrum. These teachers could but feel a sense of pride and satisfaction in the excellent work accomplished by them. Diplomas were awarded to the following pupils:
|Paul Ray||Chas. Proctor|
|Frank Vickery||Hester Bilinski|
|Ralph Rouse||John Rouse|
|Harry Decker||Otto King|
|Bernard Swan||Will Ray|
|Emma Meyers||Philip Ames|
|Cora Thomas||Edwin Cook|
|Principal Hodge Marries A happy event in social circles this week was the marriage of Miss Ruth Ray, eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. G. M. Ray, of Diamond Lake, to Mr. John Hodge, of St. Clairville, New York, which occurred at the home of the bride's parents on Wednesday at 2:30 o'clock, Rev. F. R. Anderson officiating. Mr. Hodge has been principal of our school for two years past and the esteem in which he is held in the community is evidenced by the fact that he had been engaged by the school board to fill the same position for another year. He is a young man of marked ability in his chosen calling and commands the confidence and respect of all our people.
Miss Ray has always resided in this community and has a wide circle of relatives and friends. She is a young lady of many accomplishments. For the past year she has successfully filled the position of assistant principal of Rockefeller School and has made a very satisfactory record as a teacher. Thus the marriage of these two young people becomes a happy climax to the school events of the past week, as chronicled above.
We understand the happy couple will soon go to the home of the groom in New York and other eastern points where they will spend their honeymoon, returning at the end of summer vacation in time for Mr. Hodge to resume his school work early in September. Hearty congratulations are extended to them by all their many friends.
|West Fremont Chris Hapke's new house is receiving a coat of paint.
James Brown visited relatives in at East Fox Lake Sunday.
Chas. Thomas, Henry Kern and wife of Libertyville, visited relatives here Monday.
The West Fremont creamery looks very much improved on the inside, as it has a new coat of whitewash.
|Fremont Center Joe Dorfler was a Fremont caller last Sunday evening.
Miss Rose Frederick attended the dance at Grayslake last Saturday evening June 14.
Mrs. Mike Luby went to Milwaukee last Tuesday to spend a few weeks with her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Raasch.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Master Lane Thomas is spending a part of his vacation with his grandmother at Waukegan.
Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Grover, of Chicago, are spending the fourth of July with their parents the Doctors Grover.
Mrs. Sabrina Kublank accompanied by Gertie and Ray Hapka and Emma Gossel, her grandchildren, visited friend at Kensington over Sunday.
Born, June 30, 1902, to Mr. and Mrs. Chris Hapka, a son. Mother and child are doing well and Chris is happy. He has probably engaged the entire output of the cigar factory for the next ten days.
|Diamond Lake Mrs. Frank Ray, of Terra Haute, Ind., is spending a few weeks with relatives here.
Mr. and Mrs. John Hodge departed for Sinclairville, New York, Saturday morning.
There will be a dance at Diamond Lake Park, Friday night, July 4th. Music by Chicago orchestra. Remember that there is a fine large floor at the lake and all who come are sure to have a good time. Refreshments served on the grounds.
|A. J. King||Rockefeller|
|C. Tattler||Diamond Lake|
|Park Bartlett||Diamond Lake|
|George Zimmer||Long Grove|
|West Fremont Jacob Frederick contemplates building a new house this summer.
Alvin Smith is in this vicinity tuning and cleaning organs and pianos. Alvin is a first class hand at such work.
One of the young ladies of these parts received a precious stone last Sunday afternoon, and after keeping her eyes on it all the afternoon and evening, tucked it away for the night. But Monday it was found that it had mysteriously disappeared. Now she wishes she had tied it to her apron strings.
|100 Years Ago|
Clayton Wheaton, of Chicago, is visiting his cousin, Eddie Cook, this week.
Mr. and Mrs. McNaughton, of Ford River, Mich., are visiting Mrs. Grace Shaddle this week.
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Apple and children, of Chicago, visited the Berghorn residence on Saturday last.
Mr. and Mrs. H. Stone and young son drove up from Ravenswood last Thursday to spend the Fourth and stay over Sunday with Mrs. Stone's sister, Mrs. Anna Lathrop, and family.
Captain William Stuckle died in Chicago last Wednesday. When his son Fred arrived there Wednesday evening he found that his father had died at 10 o'clock that day. The remains were brought here Thursday evening and the funeral was held at the family residence Friday afternoon, Rev. F. R. Anderson officiating. Interment was at Ivanhoe. Mr. Stuckel was well known here in past years as a machinist and electrician. Lately he has been engaged in Chicago as a magnetic healer.
|Ivanhoe Joe Wizmer has a new double surrey.
Mrs. E. M. Averill, of Sparta, Mich., is visiting her mother, Mrs. E. A. Dean.
Adopted by Ivanhoe Camp No. 1253 M.W. of A.
WHEREAS, Our Heavenly Father has seen fit to remove by death from our Woodman Forest another beloved, respected and worthy member of our camp, Frank C. Dorfler, therefore it is
RESOLVED, That by his death our camp has lost a most worthy and valuable member whose upright and manly life has won our lasting esteem and admiration,
RESOLVED, That the heartfelt sympathy of the members of the camp be conveyed to the sorrowing family of our deceased Neighbor committing them in this hour of their sorrow and bereavement to "Him who doeth all things well,"
RESOLVED, That a copy of these resolutions suitably engrossed and signed by the committee be conveyed to the family of our late beloved and highly respected Neighbor and that these resolutions be published in the county papers and also entered inthe records of Ivanhoe camp.
E. G. Payne, J. H. Aynsly, Henry Luebby, Committee
|West Fremont Mr. Kinpfel's folks are entertaining Chicago visitors.
Mat Lange and wife were the guests of Jacob Frederick's last week.
Louie Heller and brother, from River View, made a short visit at E.G. Meyer's, their uncle, last Sunday.
|100 Years Ago|
|Front Page Poison Her Means of Death
Mrs. Mary Gosswiller, of Rockefeller, Suffering Under Delusion Ends it All
When Fred Gosswiller, of Rockefeller, returned to his home from work at 6 o'clock Tuesday evening he found his wife reclining on a couch apparently sleeping. Receiving no response to his greeting he stepped to her side and what was his horror to find her dead. She was lying on her back, her left hand extended and the right hand over her heart, grasping a handkerchief. Dr. Grover found her thus when he arrived, in a perfectly natural position. He was of the opinion she had been dead two or three hours. No trace of poison could be found and is is impossible to determine absolutely, but is believed she took morphine.
A note was found in which Mrs. Gosswiller attributed her action to her belief that certain individuals were saying unkind things of her which were wholly unjustified. It was evident she had brooded over the matter for some time as evidenced by her husband's testimony before the Coroner's jury. He said:
"I last saw my wife alive at noon Tuesday. She seemed to be well at that time and had not complained of feeling ill of late. I have known my wife to be despondent. She has thought there were stories told about her, and this bothered her. I often found her crying when I came home. She wanted me to go from house to house to find out where these stories started. I always tried to pacify her, but she would seem indignant because I would not do as she requested, and would often say she wished she was dead. I never had any idea she would take her life. About a week ago was the last she mentioned her troubles. I never noticed that her mind was in any way effected. If there is or was poison in the house I know nothing of it."
Other witnesses simply told of being called in when the body was found, or having seen Mrs. Gosswiller about her place during the day. All testified that she appeared happy when last seen alive.
Despite every effort no poison of any kind or trace of it could be found. A small tumbler of jelly in which were some bread crumbs was on a table and Coroner Taylor took possession of it for analysis. Had it not been for the note left death would have been attributed to natural causes, as the end was to all appearances peaceful and without a struggle.
The Coroner's jury consisting of F. R. Anderson, foreman; J. H. Cronkhite, W. L. Berghorn, Chas. Tattler, F. S. Kern and E. Wilcox brought in the following verdict: "Death resulted from taking some drug, the nature of which is of which is unknown to the jury, with suicidal intent, apparently while suffering from temporary mental aberration.
Deceased was the daughter of the late Thomas Cooper, of Rockefeller, and related to a large number of highly respected and estimable people in central Lake County. No breath of suspicion was entertained against her character and the sad delusion under which she labored was one of those unexplainable mental peculiarities which induce exagerated imagination and in this instance caused untold mental suffering.
Mrs. Gosswiller was 33 years of age. There were no children. Funeral services were held Thursday. Interment in Diamond Lake cemetery.
|Rockefeller Mrs. Housebower and son, of Maywood, are visiting her uncle, Peter Lichfield and family.
David Herbison, of DeKalb, as a visitor at the home of John McBride this week.
Mr. Chas. Cullen, of Antioch, called on his friend and army chum Sergeant Henry Burdick on Tuesday of this week.
Mr. and Mrs. Thomson and their young son and Mrs. Egeberg, of Chicago, are at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Holcomb for the summer.
Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Cronkhite and daughters, Mrs. Grace Shaddle and Miss Anna went to DesPlaines on Wednesday and will occupy their cottage on the camp ground during the camp meeting season. Mr. Cronkhite will divide his time between business at home and the camp ground.
|Fort Hill Joe Gest spent Sunday eve at Grayslake.
F. A. Deithorn visited at Gilmer Sunday.
F. Dutzler spent Sunday with Joe Dorfler.
Barbara Deithorn visited at home last Sunday.
|West Fremont C. V Thomas who has been working at Long Grove for the past four months returned home last Friday.
The precious stone which so mysteriously disappeared a week or so ago put in an appearance again last week.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. Wm. Skinner has gone to Washington D.C. to visit her sister.
Mrs. Dan Radke and children, of Chicago, are visiting her relatives and friends in this vicinity.
Farmers in this vicinity are unable to make their hay on account of the almost incessant downpour of rain.
Mr. and Mrs. Bert E. Terpening are visiting at the home of Mrs. Terpening's parents, Mr. and Mrs. John Rouse, Sr.
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Rudolph a bride and groom, of River View, were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. John Knigge over Sunday.
Mrs. Synder, mother of Mrs. W. D. Porteous, returned home from Wheaton on Saturday where she has been visiting another daughter for several weeks.
|Ivanhoe Robert Stubbens is clerking at Meikle's.
Miss Pearl Smith is visiting relatives in Wisconsin.
Lulu and Jesse Simpson, of Wauconda, were guests at Ivanhoe Wednesday and Thursday of last week.
Miss Ruby Simpson, of Nunda, who has been visiting relatives here, started for Montana the first of the week.
|West Fremont Carpenters are completing Chris Hapke's new house.
Henry Kern, of Libertyville, visited relatives in this vicinity Monday.
Gus Baty and Miss Edith Thomas visited friends and relatives at Lake Zurich recently.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Ira Doolittle came up from Chicago to spend Sunday at home.
Miss VanPlew, of Wheaton, is the guest of her aunt, Mrs. W.D. Porteous.
Mrs. G. G. Perrott and daughter came from Iowa Tuesday to visit her sister, Mrs. Wm. Vickery.
Master Glenn Knigge has been on the sick list this week on account of a severe case of chicken pox.
Miss Mary Reise and her neice, Elsie Hockener, came from Chicago Sunday for a few days' visit at their home here.
Miss Mary McArthur came down from Waupaca, Wis., on Monday to spend a few weeks with her sister, Mrs. W. L. Rich.
We are creditably informed that our former fellow townsmen, S. A. Cramer and Frank Knigge, and their families who went to Wisconsin last spring, will return here this fall and build homes for themselves. They are cordially welcome.
|Fort Hill Miss Sarah Fox spent Saturday with her aunt, Mrs. Sid Russell, of Volo.
Miss Sarah Fox is spending a week with her aunt, Mrs. E. Blanchard, at Delevan, Wis.
Standord Bros., were called to Chicago Thursday afternoon by the serious illness of their mother.
Wm. Thomson, of Denver Colo., is spending a few days with relatives at Grayslake and Fort Hill.
After spending a few weeks with her aunt, Mrs. Bert Paddock, Miss Glenn Haggert returned to her home in Joliet Saturday morning.
The last of a heavy wind storm which visited a portion of the southeast part of the county struck the grain stacks of Mrs. Cora Diethorn on the Stratton farm and leveled them to the ground.
|Fremont Center Mr. and Mrs. Groshe are the happy parents of a baby girl born Monday July 21.
Miss Tillie Wagner, of Fon du Lac, Wis., is visiting her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Wagner.
Mrs. Mary Faetz and son Leo, of Chicago, are visiting her parents, Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Deindelion.
The barn on the Doolittle farm was struck by lightning last Saturday and set on fire but was saved by the efforts of the men who were threshing there at the time. John Traut and Andrew Smith were in the barn when it was struck but received no serious shock.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Miss Hattie Giles, of Chicago, is the guest of her friend Miss Emma Kingge at the Knigge hotel.
Dr. Lydia C. Scholes and her son Frank are visiting at the home of the Drs. Grover this week.
Fred Gossweller had an auction sale of his household goods Thursday afternoon. Henry Appley, of Libertyville, cried the sale.
|Ivanhoe George Radke had a barn raising last Thursday.
Mrs. Farnsworth, of Mayfair, is visiting relatives here.
Tuesday evening a number of friends met and gave Anna Van Plew a very successful surprise. The evening passed in a very enjoyable manner.
George Saneway, of Evanston, is visiting his cousin, Wm. Decker.
Leaflets are out announcing the book, "Confession of Jases Stuart, Deserter, or Untold Secrets of the Civil War," by Robert Dudley, a citizen of Ivanhoe. The book will be out in September, published by the Abbey Press, of New York City.
|Fort Hill C. L. Thompson has purchased the old homestead of his father.
Bess Rogers, of Waukegan, called on her sister, Mrs. C. L. Thompson, Monday morning.
Mrs. Albert Paddock is entertaining her neices from Waukegan, Helen Sells and Bessie Mutaw.
The Fort Hill Cemetery Society met with Mrs. C. E. Coombs, July 31st, and a very pleasant afternoon was enjoyed by all. The proceeds of the supper was three dollars. Our thanks to Mrs. Nina Rote, nee McMillan, of Winona, Minn., for one dollar, making the total four dollars, to be placed in the treasury. Visitors present were: Mrs. Parker, Mrs. Alma Walton, Mrs. E. L. Huson, Mrs. C. Raught, Mrs. J. Converse, of Volo; Mrs. C. Morrill and daughter, Mrs. Sadie Mead, Mrs. J. Vogt, Mrs. A. Hanson, Mrs. J. Graves, Frrieda Riner, Amanda Wait. Our next meeting will be with Mrs. R. Paddock, August 21st. We want to see more of the members out. Visitors welcome.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Miss Mabel Smith, of Oak Park, is the guest of her former classmate and friend Miss Lotta McBride.
Miss Sarah Snow, of Chicago, and Mrs. Hattie Vreeland, of Topeka, Kan., are visiting their cousin, Mrs. Anna Lathrop.
Mrs. Emma Herschberger and her daughters Cora and Luella were up from Chicago visiting their relatives here over Sunday.
Every cottage, hotel, farm house and stopping place of any sort around Diamond Lake is full and running over with city people and many applications for board and rooms are turned away every week for the want of adequate accommodations for the crowds that want to come. Where is the man with a few thousand dollars who wants to improve Diamond Lake and reap a handsom profit on his investment?
|Ivanhoe The young people are preparing for an entertainment to be given in the Ivanhoe church on Thursday evening August 21st. The special features of the program will be a drill of the young patriots, by twelve girls in costume; greeting song by six girls; vocal music by Mr. A.G. spafford, of Millburn; instrumental music by a cornet soloist, and a missionary exercise by Geo. B. Elderkin, entitled "God's Call to America," by fourtenn young people representing forreign countries with flags of the country impersonated. Plan to attend!
|Fort Hill Mrs. Josie Paddock spent Sunday with her parents at Gurnee.
Miss Carrie Burnett, of Waukegan, is visiting her aunt, Mrs. C. E. Coombs.
Harold Cleveland, of Arlington Heights, visited his uncle George, at A. W. Fox's.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. L. Specht visited relatives at Palatine over Sunday.
Born, on Saturday last, August 16th to Mr. and Mrs. John Rouse, Jr., a baby daughter.
Mrs. Jessie Lill, of Ravenswood, is visiting her mother, Mrs. John Rouse, Sr., who is on the sick list this week.
|Fort Hill Smith Latta, of Oak Park, is visiting his uncle, Ira Smith and family.
Miss Mary Stanford, of Chicago, is spending a few days with her brothers at Cloverdale.
Wm. Thomson has returned to Denver, called there by the serious illness of his son Charles.
Mrs. C. E. Coombs and son, A. B., attended the funeral of Charles Granger, held at his late home in McHenry on Sunday last.
|Fremont Center Mrs. Frank Heronimus is staying with her daughter.
Frank Henkle and son Francis, of Waukegan, were Fremont callers Sunday.
There will be a grand basket and ice cream sociable at the Fremont Center Catholic school Tuesday evening Aug. 26th. Everybody is cordially invited to attend.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Miss Charlotte Harden, of Chicago, visited friends at Ivanhoe and Rockefeller over Sunday.
Mrs. Grace Shaddle and children are at Palatine visiting Mr. Shaddle's people for a week or two.
Lila Mae and Master Harden, children of Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Rouse are just recovering from a severe attack of scarlet fever.
Miss Lottie McBride is in Chicago this week attending teachers institute preparatory to resuming her duties as teacher at Chicago Heights next week.
|Fort Hill Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Converse are entertaining relatives from Dakota.
Born, Sunday morning August 24th, to Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Thomson, a son.
The pleasant home of Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Rich in Hainesville was the scene of a pretty home wedding on the afternoon of August 20th, it being the marriage of their only daughter, Miss Louise to John F. Morse, of Grayslake. Mr. and Mrs. Morse have a host of friends throughout the county who join in wishing them a happy and prosperous life.
Mr. and Mrs. Robert McLane, of Nebraska, were pleasant callers on Mrs. C. E. Coombs Saturday afternoon.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Joe Reise, wife and child are out from South Chicago, visiting Mr. Reise's father and family here.
Mr. and Mrs. Schwartz, of Chicago, were the guests of Mrs. Schwartz's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Rosen over Sunday.
Clem Small, A. L. Wilbur and Dr. D. R. Grover all have creditable exhibits of thoroughbred poultry at the fair this week.
S. A. Cramer and family are here from Ogama, Wisconsin, where they moved from here last spring. Mr. Cramer says Rockefeller is good enough for him and he will build a house and make his home here in the future.
|West Fremont Eddie Jones has his new engine which weighs fifteen tons.
Mr. Knipfel's folks are entertaining relatives from Milwaukee, Wis.
Mrs. Mat Lang is visiting her parents, Mr. and Mrs. J. Frederick.
The Fremont Cremery started to make cheese Sept. 1, which we hope will be a success.
The basket social at Fremont Catholic school was a success as there was $117 taken in.
|Ivanhoe A. L. Ritty is building an addition to his barn.
Miss Alice Payne entertained a friend from Boswell, Ind., this last week.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Born, to Mr. and Mrs. Frank Bock, a baby boy on Sunday Sept. 7th.
Mrs. J. E. Holcomb is at Boscobell, Wis., visiting her many friends and relatives there.
Mrs. J. D. King of Waupaca, Wis., is visiting her husband's people Mr. and Mrs. Tony King of this place.
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Shaddle and children went to Palatine Saturday for a few weeks visit with Mr. Shaddle's people there.
We are informed that Mrs. R. F. Rouse, her girl Miss Baker, Mrs. Geo. Harden, of Hotel Harden and Geo. Critenden are among those who have been on the sick list the past week.
Rev. Mr. Patch a student from Chicago University occupied the pulpit of the Congregational church in this place last Sunday morning and evening. His services were very acceptable to the people.
S. A. Cramer has the lumber on the ground and is putting in the foundation for a new dwelling home for his son-in-law, Frank Knigge. He will push the building to completion before cold weather sets in.
The public school opened for the fall term last Monday with John Hodge as principal and Miss Wisner, of Libertyville assistant. There is a slightly increased enrollment at the first and it is expected that as the fall work is finished up there will more come in so that the attendance will soon be greater than any previous year.
|West Fremont Born, to Mr. and Mrs. John Fredericks, a boy.
Mr. Stoffel's baby, who has been sick with lung fever, is recovering slowly.
Miss Aggie Geary returned to Wauconda Sunday, where she started school Monday.
Miss Nellie Brown returned to Grayslake Thursday, where she will stay with here sister, Mrs. Will Pester.
|Ivanhoe Miss Marion Payne left on Tuesday for a years work at Knox College, Galesburg.
Mrs. Wm. Bartlett, of Antioch, attended church here last Sunday with her sister Mrs. A. E. Smith.
Miss Rena Decker began school at Diamond Lake and Miss Rosa Simpson at Leithton school Monday morning.
Miss Ada Kuebker will attend the Waukegan High School the coming year. She will leave for school this week.
|Fort Hill George Davis is attending school at Grayslake.
Miss Myrtle Payne is teaching school in the Vasey district, Miss Avis Payne at Fort Hill, Miss Vera Gary in Grant.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mr. and Mrs. Frank Thomas visited relatives in Waukegan over Sunday.
Mrs. Specht visited her sister, Mrs. Emma Herschberger and other friends in Chicago a few days last week.
William Dressen, of Waupaca, Wis., visited his parents, Mr. and Mrs. C. Dressen of this place over Sunday.
Mrs. E. G. Payne returned from Chicago Monday where she had been visiting her daughter-in-law, Mrs. mary Payne who has been quite sick for a few days.
Mr. and Mrs. Will Knigge, Master Glen and Mrs. Specht drove over to Everett last Sunday to visit Miss Luella Herschberger who is teaching in the Vernon school at that place.
Mrs. Fred Knigge returned Tuesday from a week's visit to her son and family at Wheeling. She found a new grandson there to greet her, of whom all concerned feel very proud.
On account of the tobacco trust shutting up the Chicago market against all competitors, Fitzgerald & Cameron have closed their cigar factory here for the present and moved the stock and fixtures back to Chicago. We understand taht the factory will open again under new auspices. We all hope it will.
|Ivanhoe Miss Pearl Smith is teaching at Gilmer this year, she began her work a week ago.
Bert Lusk is at his old stand as clerk in Mrs. Meikle's store for a short time while she is on a visit to Champaign, Ill.
On last Friday evening the girls of our village assembled at Mrs. Decker's home for an "Old Maids" party to which none of the boys had a bid. There was a council of war held across the street, though the results of this council will be apparant to the public later.
|Diamond Lake Willie Ray is working for Geo. Ost, our merchant, this fall.
School has commenced with Rena Decker, of Ivanhoe, as teacher. This is her second year here.
Among those from here that went to the ball game at Lake Zurich Sunday were:
Mr. and Mrs. Einsmann, Willie Lempke, Jno. Barbaras, Lyle Andrews, Emmett Bilinski and Geo. Whitney. Score 18 to 2 in favor of Americans.
|West Fremont Christie Thomas called on friends at Long Grove Sunday.
Miss Genevieve Roney has returned to Kenosha, Wis., where she will start in High school.
Mrs. Minnie Boyce, who was visiting with her mother, Mrs. Stone, a few days last week returned to her home at Grayslake Monday.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller J. H. Cronkhite visited with his sister at Evanston over night on last Tuesday.
We regret to chronicle that Mrs. Geo. Harden of Hotel Harden was taken to a hospital in Chicago this week wehre she will undergo a serious operation for mastoid abcess, a very painful and dangerous trouble. Mrs. Harden has been afflicted for some time and notwithstanding everything possible has been and is being done for her comfort and welfare she has suffered greatly. She has the sympathy of the entire community and her many friends will watch eagerly the outcome of the operation and everyone hopes for her speedy recovery.
The Rockefeller Cigar Company has been formed and the cigar factory here put upon a stronger and better foundation than ever. The factory was opened on Tuesday last under the new auspices and several cigar makers are at work. Mr. Fineberg and Mr. Lobovitz are at the head of this new enterprise and being men of experience in cigar making will put upon the market as good a grade of cigars as can be produced any where for the same money. We understand this is the only cigar factory in Lake county and we hope those dealers who believe in encouraging home industry will patronize this institution. Success to the Rockefeller Cigar Co.
|West Fremont Mrs. Joe Hertel is sick with typhoid fever.
Born, to Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Meyers, a baby boy.
George Simpson is very sick with maleria fever. Dr. Dawson and a nurse from Chicago are caring for him.
Miss Emma Nordmeyer has gone to Lake Zurich to stay a few weeks with her sister, Mrs. Will Lohman.
Miss Kate Tekampe who was working at Wauconda is home to stay.
|Ivanhoe Miss Mary Decker, who is at present at Evanston visited her mother, Mrs. Laura Decker last Sunday afternoon.
C. M. Fosket is putting in a new boiler in his factory this week. Geo. Ray, of Diamond Lake, is doing the mason work.
It is reported that Robert Stubbins has cancelled his engagement with the Ottawa, Kan., school and will return and clerk for Mrs. Meikle.
Mrs. A. A. Payne and son Raymond started Wednesday for an extended visit to Montana. Mrs. Payne has a sister and brother residing there.
Miss Rena Decker took a number of her Diamond Lake pupils to Chicago last Saturday sightseeing. They visited a number of the most interesting and instructive places in the city.
|Diamond Lake There will be a meeting of the Diamond Lake Cemetery Association at the home of of Mrs. E. Wilcox Thursday, Oct. 2 at ten o'clock. Members and friends invited to come and have a good time.
Word reached relatives Wednesday of the death of Mrs. Theodore Mills, formerly of Diamond Lake, at Greely, Colo., wehre she went with her husband a year ago in hopes of recovering her health. But meager details are obtainable at this time. The remains are expected to arrive at Diamond Lake Friday, where they will be buried. Mrs. Mills is widely known in Lake County, a woman of sterling qualities, beloved by all who enjoyed her acquaintance.
|Fremont Center Mrs. Cora annd Lizzie Taylor, of Gurnee, were Fremont callers last Thursday.
Miss Gertrude Sullivan, of Wauconda, spent last Saturday and Sunday calling on old friends in this vicinity.
Valentine Traut has returned to his home in Hurricane, Wis., after a four month's visit with friends and relatives here.
Mrs. Joseph Hertel, who has been confined to her bed for the past two weeks with lung fever, is slowly recovering.
There was a class of 90 confirmed at the Fremont Catholic church last Wednesday. A Bishop from Chicago was present and gave his blessing to the occasion. It is the first confirmation in nine years.
|Fort Hill Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Benwell are entertaining relatives from the city.
Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Benjamin, of Chicago, are visiting with their brother A. Benwell and family.
Mrs. Albert Paddock, Master Leslie, Owen and Phyllis visited from Friday until Sunday evening with relatives in Joliet.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. Frank Hulburd, of Chicago, is visiting her cousin, Mrs. R. R. Doolittle and family.
Prof. and Mrs. John Hodge will make their home for the winter with Mrs. Hodge's grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. John Rouse Sr.
Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Cronkhite and daughter Dora and Mr. Hubbel, of Greeley, Colo., and Mr. and Mrs. C. T. Bartlett, of Evanston, and their daughter, Mrs. Wilcoxson were visitors at the Cronkhite home. They were here on account of the death of Mrs. Mills in Colorado and who was brought here for burial.
Death of Mrs. Harden
The sad news was telephoned here last Tuesday morning that Mrs. Geo. Harden had died at St. Lukes hospital, Chicago, where she had been taken last week to be operated on for mastoid abcess. It was almost a hopeless case from the beginning and grave fears were entertained by her friends that her life could not be saved, even Mrs. Harden herself feeling that she would never return to her home alive. Yet the news of her death came as a heavy blow to her many friends and cast a shadow of gloom over the entire community. Mrs. Harden's life was nearly all in this vicinity and she was a woman universally looked up to and respected for her many superior qualities.
She will be grealy missed, not only here, but by the travelling public who had learned to appreciate her many little acts of kindness in ministering to their wants and comfor when they were guests of the hotel over which she presided for so long as land-lady. But the force of the sad blow falls especially heavy upon her husband Geo. Harden, her aged parents, Mr. and Mrs. Putnam, who resided with her and her two daughters, Mrs. Wilson, of Oak Park, and Mrs. R. F. Rouse of this place. The family have the earnest sympathy of the entire community in their great affliction. The body was brought home on the 3 p.m. train Tuesday. Funeral was held Thursday.
|Ivanhoe Raymond Payne is on a three months visit in Montana.
Etta Grabbe will attend school at Wheaton. She starts next Saturday.
School opened with an enrollment of 24 which has since increased to 25. This is a larger attendance than last year at this time.
Dean Wells of last years graduating class is attending Oberlin Academy and is enjoying the work there. Ada Kuebker is enrolled as a member of the Waukegan High School and good reports have already reached us as to her work there.
|Fort Hill Born, to Mr. and Mrs. Simon A. Davis, Tuesday morning September 30th, a daughter.
Died, at Colorado Springs, recently, Mrs. Elizabeth Thomson Burr, formerly of Fort Hill.
Miss Alta Converse and Miss Sarah Fox are attending the St. Mary's Parochial school near Rondout.
Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Graves returned from a several weeks visit with relatives in the southern part of the state. They are keeping house for Stanford Bros.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. John Whitney has been quite sick for the past two weeks at her home near Diamond Lake.
Mrs. Anna Lathrop attended the celebration of the 90th birthday of an aunt in Chicago Saturday last.
Mr. and Mrs. James Wilson returned to their home in Austin on Wednesday after spedning a week with Mrs. Wilson's father, Mr. Geo. Harden.
Born, to Mr. and Mrs. Harry Fineberg, Oct 1, 1902, a baby boy. On the eighth day he was duly christened after the form of the Jewish church by a Rabbi, who came out from the city for that purpose.
Philip Ames has received appointment from Dr. John W. Cook to attend the Northern Illinois State Normal school.
On account of the bad weather of the past month retarding work on the new electric railroad it is doubtful whether the road will be completed to this place this fall, but we are informed by those who are in a position to konw that work will be resumed early next spring and that the road will be built to Rockefeller and beyond as speedily as possible.
|Ivanhoe Every pupil in the sixth and seventh grades received certificates of award this month.
The first school month ended Tuesday. The pupils who were neither absent nor tardy:
Ruth Wells, Harry Fosket, Roy Chamberlain, LeRoy Ames, Opal Smith, Lola Smith, Morie Fosket, Bertha Kuebker, Bertie Chamberlain, Lizzie Kuebker, Emma Kuebker, Emma Chamberlain, Dora Dorfler, Lily Snyder.
This is the largest number we have had any month during the past three years.
|Fort Hill Miss Amanda Wait is attending school at Grayslake.
D. V. Wait, of Chicago, spent a few days at home with his family last week.
Mrs. E. Benwell, of Morton Park, is spending a few weeks with her son George, and family.
After successfully undergoing a critical operation in Chicago, John Brundage has returned to his home at Miller, South Dakota.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller R. F. Rouse and family are moving into Hotel Harden this week, where they will reside in future.
The first frost of the season came in the form of a killing freeze Monday night that made vegetagion look like thirty cents.
Justice Ed Payne went to Ogema, Wis., Monday to get his usual supply of evergreens ready for the holiday trade in Chicago.
|Ivanhoe Carl Dorfler has enrolled for eighth grade work.
John H. VanPlew, president of the Alumni, will graduage from Beloit college this year.
We failed to publish the names of those who had the highest averages in the different grades last spring and do so now. The leaders were:
|Second||Emma Kuebker and Emma Chamberlain|
|The next regular general examination will be held in February. There are evidences that there is a good natured but spirited contest on for first place in the upper grades.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Mrs. W. L. Rich and Master Donald went to Waupaca, Wis., today (Friday) for a weeks visit with relatives at that place.
A bouncing baby boy came to gladden the home of Mr. and Mrs. Herman Knigge on Wednesday of this week.
Mrs. Mary Moore, of Glendale, Wis., who has been visiting relatives here for the past ten days returned to Chicago Thursday morning.
Oscar Houri who works for Frank Dolph around the threshing machine had the misfortune to loose a part of the index finger of his right hand one day last week. Doctors Grover and Taylor amputated the finger and it is doing as well as possible at this time.
Some persons for reasons best known to themselves have seemed to find great delight in circulating a rumor to the effect that the Doctors Grover were about to remove from this place. Therefore the doctors desire to state that said rumor is absolutely false, they have no intention of leaving this town and will say to their friends and patrons and the public in general that they will doubtless be found here practicing medicine and surgery for many moons to come.
|Ivanhoe Dr. Willaim Payne, of Beloit, Wis., spent last Saturday at his home.
Prof. Leo Jeanmene spent Saturday and Sunday in Waukegan visiting relatives.
Those who attended the county Sunday School Convention at Grayslake last Friday were:
Mesdames H. D. Wells and W. H. Stubbins, Messrs. John Van Plew, Assa Joice, and Misses Mary Payne and Sarah Joice.
Ruth Wells is absent from school on account of illness.
Opal Smith is proving to be one of the very best presidents the Success Club has ever had. The energy with which she has taken hold of the work of the club, and kept it under motion is showing itself in many ways. This is the first time the sixth grade has had a club president and they may well fell proud of their present representative.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller We regret to learn that Mrs. Frank Hubbard, who has often visited relatives here died suddenly at her home in Chicago.
If Libertyville does get away with our railroad we had better put a paddock on Diamond Lake. We must keep that over here at all hazards.
Mr. and Mrs. R. R. Doolittle and daughter Laura, were called to Chicago last Saturday to attend the funeral of Mrs. Frank Hubbard.
Harry Finebert, foreman of the Cigar factory, has moved his family into the rooms over the grocery and market recently vacated by R.F. Rouse and family.
If you hear a tick-tack on your door or see the grinning visage of a jack-O-lantern at your window pane tonight, don't get excited. It is only Hallowe'en and the lads and lasses are abroad for a little fun.
|Ivanhoe Unique invitations have been issued for a Halloween party. The traditional ghosts and goblins have been ordered for the occasion and a carload of pumpkins has arrived.
Mrs. Frank Dolph continues to improve. Last Wednesday she had ten teeth extracted and now being under the care of Miss Nellie Hanley, a trained nurse from Chicago, her friends hope and expect to soon see her up and around.
School Notes : Mr. and Mrs. James Davis, of Chicago, are the latest additions to the alumni membership.
|Fort Hill A. B. Combs spend Sunday in Chicago with friends from White Tigeon, Mich.
Ira Smith has sold his farm in Wauconda township to parties in Chicago.
J. B. Converse has exchanged his property on the bank of Wooster Lake from C. Marble's farm near Long Lake.
Mrs. Annie Steele and sons and Harry James, all of Lake Forest, were guests of the former's brother, S.A. Davis the past week.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Hugh Davison, of Webaux, Mont., visited friends here the past week.
Harry Rouse is the owner of a new 12 horse power "Olds" gasoline engine which is being used to run a corn shredder.
The election passed off very quietly in Fremont township. About the usual off year vote was polled, with the normal republican majority.
Harry Winfield and his brother-in-law, Adam Renddler, recently purchased of T. J. McBride a Buffalo Pitts 18 horse power steam engine which is said to be one of the largest and best machines of the kind ever brought into Lake County. It will be used by them to operate a grain thresher and corn shredder.
Our fellow townsman, Mr. Harry Rouse met with a very serious and painful accident one day last week. While driving into Chicago with a single horse and sulky when near Niles and about twenty miles from home he met a gasoline auto-cycle at which his horse became so frightened as to render him unmanageable and he ran through the barbed wire fence by the roadside with such violence as to totally demolish the cart, break takes place several of Mr. Rouses' ribs and causing what came very near being a broken neck. So badly was his neck injured the sufferer was unable to hold his head in its normal upright position. Mr. Rouse was picked up by a passing team and brought back to Wheeling where he hired a team to bring him home. His injuries were attended to by the family physician, Dr. Galloway, and we understand he is doing as well as could be exspected, but it will be some time before complete recovery.
The horse was rendered nearly helpless and taken altogether it was a narrow escape from instant death for Mr. Rouse. His many friends hope for his recovery.
|Ivanhoe L. H. Bryant, wife and daughter spend Sunday with Ivanhoe friends.
Fred Beach who has been spending a few weeks in Iowa visiting relatives has returned home.
School notes : George Wagner has enrolled.
The home of Miss Rena Decker was the scene of a most enjoyable and curious gathering last Friday evening. The young men as they arrived were held prisoners on the porch while inside they could hear "weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth." One at a time they were admitted into the room, dimly lighted by the grinning faces of artisstically carved pumpkins. At the entrance you were seized by a large and powerful ghost, which led you trembling to a black throne and there you were shown the bones of those who preceeded you. On all sides one beheld white robed ghosts and witches clothed in black, which answered all questions with dignified and awful silence. Terror reigned and just as you were ready to think of your sins and other sublime thoughts you were clutched firmly by the forelock, lifted gently into the air and planted down like a tack in soft butter before a fortune teller, whose face was her misfortune and seemed a composite picture of past, present and future hideousness. Excitment whirled you onward at a merry pace and you were hardly aware that the goblins and spirits dispersed when young ladies of your acquaintance put in an appearance. Games appropriate to Hallowe'en were played, doughnuts, cookies, pop corn and apples went the rounds many times. Everyone now admits and stoutly maintains that you can't beat our Ivanhoe girls as hostesses.
The committees which have been appointed to arrange for and conduct this year's alumni banquet are as follows:
Invitation committee, Alice Payne, Mrs. Beach, Orville Smith and Emma Grabbe
Reception committe, Alice Smith, H. D. Wells, Mrs. Brainerd, Harriet Brainerd and Leo Jeanmene
Supper committe, Orville Smith chairman, he to choose his assistants
Program committee, Leo F. Jeanmene, Theodore Decker, Ben H. Miller and Mrs. H. D. Wells
Decoration committee, Harriet Brainer, chairman, she to choose the other members of the committe
Table committee, Lillian Payne, Rena Decker, Susie Payne and others to be chosen by the committee.
The program committee meets Friday evening, the invitation committee soon has a meeting, and in a short time active preparations for the annual event will be well under way. The officers of the association are:
Pres., John H. VanPleew; Vice Pres., Harriet Brainerd; Rec. Secy, Pearly Smith; Cor. Secy, Orville Smith; Treas. Alice Payne.
|Fort Hill Fred Converse did jury duty in Waukegan this week.
H. C. Payne and daughters were at Ivanhoe Friday evening.
Mr. and Mrs. George Benwell are rejoicing over the birth of a son.
Miss Mary Payne, of Ivanhoe, visited her brother H.C. part of last week.
T. Brigham has purchased a farm in Virginia and expects to move there this month. He has bought a car of horses to take with him.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller E. A. Grover, of Wisconsin, was the guest of his brother, Dr. D.R. Grover and family for a few days this week.
Mrs. Charley Labovitts was called to Chicago one day week before last by the sudden and unexpected death of a sister.
Several passengers from here on the Wisconsin Central train witnessed the wreck on the Northwestern road at the DesPlaines crossing last Tuesday evening.
|Ivanhoe Susie Payne, class of 1901, began teaching the Fremont Center school Monday.
The infant son of Mr. and Mrs. Decker, of Grayslake, was buried at the Ivanhoe cemetery Sunday morning.
Dean Wells is highly delighted with Oberlin Academy and is doing good work.
The second month closed with the following pupils neither absent or tardy:
Bertha Kuebker, Opal Smith, Lola Smith, Emma Kuebker, Dora Dorfler, Lizzie Kuebker, Dwight Dolph, Robbie Fosket, Lily Snyder, Roy Chamberlain, Bertie Chamberlain, LeRoy Amos, Mortie Fosket.
This does not quite comeup to last month's record.
Raymond Payne is in the ranks again after a six weeks furlough which he spent visiting in Montana. He delivered a thirty second speech during Monday morning's opening exercises.
|Fort Hill J. Lenzen is getting along finely with his new gasoline engine.
D. V. Wait, of Chicago, was home with his family from Friday until Sunday.
Mr. and Mrs. Bert Paddock and their family Sundayed with relatives at Gurnee.
|Fremont Center Albert Groshe has moved his family from here to the Benson farm.
John Hertle Jr., purchased a new Crown piano of Maiman & Son last week.
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Diebold Jr., of Chicago, are visiting with the former's parents here.
Miss Gertrude Sullivan, of Waukegan, visited old friends here last Saturday and Sunday. How about it Mike?
Mrs. C. J. Vogell, of Chicago, who has been visiting with her mother, Mrs. C. A. Traut for the past few days returned home last Sunday evening.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller John Albright is on the sick list with a severe case of parotitis (mumps).
Mrs. T. H. Thatcher, of Guelth, N.D., is visiting her sister, Mrs. R. D. Cook and family this week.
W. C. VanPatten has moved his barber shop from here to Antioch where he will follow his trade in the future.
Mrs. Dr. Heideman, of Elmhurst, visited her relatives here a few days the past week. They will soon go to Arizona and California for the winter on account of the doctor's poor health.
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Knigge arrived here the latter part of last week from Ogema, Wis., and will soon be domiciled in thier new house. Their many friends are glad to welcome them back to Rockefeller.
By some oversight we forgot to mention in the items last week the very enjoyable surprise party given Mr. and Mrs. John Wells on Saturday evening, Nov. 8, it being the twenty-sixty [sic] anniversary of their marriage. The invited guests began to assemble at an early hour and it was evident the "surprise" featrue of this occasion had been better planned and executed than is usually the case. Mr. and Mrs. Wells however were soon masters of the situation and proved themselves to be royal entertainers. Games, social chat and a general good time were indulged in until a late hour, when the guests returned to their homes leaving behind them many best wishes for future happy returns of the anniversary to thier host and hostess.
|Ivanhoe Joe Dorfler has quit farming and is now thinking of going on the stage.
O. E. Smith while engaged in carpenter work at Antioch fell and injured his back. He is now confined to his home but it is hoped he may soon be able to be about.
There will be a dime social at the parsonage on Thanksgiving evening, given under the auspices of the C.E. society. Light refreshments will be served. Everybody invited, old and young.
|Fort Hill Lenzen Bros. were at Spring Grove Monday.
Mrs. Mary Bauer and daughter Edith, were in Libertyville on Friday last.
The baby daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Horton is quite sick. Dr. Shaffer was called Monday.
School is progressing finely under the management of Miss Avis M. Payne. Scholoars that were neither absent nor tardy last month were:
Earl Paddock, Leslie Paddock, Forrest Thomson, Owen Paddock, Ralph Davis, Gladys Payne, and Phyllis Paddock.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller B. Broadhead and daughter Edna went to Chicago to spend Thanksgiving with friends there.
Miss Bertha Leibovitz, of Chicago, visited her sister, Mrs. Fineberg the past week.
The Misses Emma and Clara Knigge and their brother Clarence visited friends at Wheeling over Sunday last.
Mrs. Anna Lathrop and children went to Chicago on Wednesday to eat Thanksgiving turkey with relatives there.
Miss Mary MacArthur, of Waupaca, Wis., while on her way to Vicksburg, Mich., stopped over for one day's visit with her sister, Mrs. W. L. Rich.
Mr. and Mrs. James Mann, of Waukegan, visited at the home of Mrs. Mann's parents, Mr. and Mrs. John Rouse, Sr., on Tuesday of this week.
Mrs. J. E. Holcomb, Miss Dorothy and Master John Holcomb visited at the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Cameran, of Chicago, over Thanksgiving.
The Rockefeller Cigar Co., is rapidly coming to the front these days. Nearly all the dealers in Lake county are now well stocked up with their goods and as fast as one order is secured a duplicate order is sure to follow. This of course is very satisfactory to the management as well as to their enterprising traveling salesman, Mr. Lester Burdick, and speaks well for quality of the cigars they make.
|Ivanhoe Peter Meyer, living three miles southeast of town died last Friday morning. Interment took place Monday morning at Wauconda. Mr. Meyer was 86 years of age and one of the first settlers in this vicinity, being widely known and highly respected.
School Notes: Dean Wells received 100% in his first examination in algebra at Oberlin. His other marks were all excellent. What is the matter with the class of 1902?
The Eighth Grade has organized by electing the following officers:
Pres., Carl Dorfler; Sec., Andrew Decker.
A committee has been appointed to select class colors and motto.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Chas. Leibovets and family visited friends in Chicago over last Sunday.
Mrs. R. Wells, of Lake Forest, visited her son, John Wells and family over Thanksgiving.
Mrs. May Majors, of Pullman, is visiting her parents, Mr. and Mrs. B. Brodhead this week.
The first real snow storm of the season broke over this vicinity last Tuesday night and it was a stern winter while it lasted.
A. E. Smith who fell from a building on which he was working several weeks ago is still confined to the house by the injury he received.
Master Walter Whitney, son of Mr. and Mrs. John Whitney near Diamond Lake had the misfortune to fracture both bones of his right leg below the knee last Sunday morning. While at play in the field the little fellow was caught by a rolling log. It is a bad break and will doubtless keep him in bed for some time. On Thanksgiving morning Miss May, second daughter of the same people fell from a buggy and broke her collar bone. Mr. and Mrs. Whitney think that troubles never come single.
The surprise party in honor of Clarence Knigge on the occassion of his 14th birthday held Monday evening and attended by his schoolmates and friends, was indeed a surprise to Clarence. His first intimation was the chorus of "Happy birthday" greetings when he entered his home about 7 o'clock. Games were played until the hour of refreshments, when our little gentlemen escorted the little ladies to a prettily decorated table, in pink and white. Lights were then extinguished and all waited in suspence until Clarence lighted the 14 pink and white candles covering the birthday cake. Not until the tapers were nearly burned down did the little folks return to their games, after which prizes were awarded successful contestants. The happy crowd dispersed wishing their young host many and happy returns of the day. Those present were:
Misses Eva and Nina Rouse,
Agnes and Edna Broadhead,
Bessie and Ethel McBride,
Masters Harry Cramer,
Lovdall and Horace King,
The little gifts of remembrance were numerous and useful.
|Ivanhoe Mrs. Clinton, of Chicago, is visiting her sister, Mrs. Frank Dolph.
Mrs. Carl Dorfler and son Joe spent Thanksgiving here, returning Sunday.
Miss Harriet Brainerd who teaches school near Aurora came home Wednesday evening returning Sunday morning.
Miss Etta Grabbe, who is attending Wheaton College, returned to Wheaton Monday morning after a four days visit at home. Miss Lizzie Wirtz who is going to school at the same place is reported much improved, having quite a severe attack of lung fever.
Harry Fosket won a prize last week in the Globe Trotters contest which is carried on by the Little Chronicle.
Robert Fosket spent his Thanksgiving vacation in Elgin. Roy, Emma and Bertie Chamberlain were in Chicago.
|Fort Hill Joe Davis is attending school in Grayslake.
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Huson have gone to Chicago to live.
D. V. Wait, of Chicago, spent the past week at home with his family.
C. L. Thomson and family ate Thanksgiving with brother Albert, at Grayslake.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Bert Swan went to Fondulac, Wis., the last of last week to take a situation with the Wisconsin Central railroad as fireman.
We would call attention to the ad of Mrs. Ida Leibovitz elsewhere in this paper. Mrs. Leibovitz is prepared to do dressmaking in a manner she guarantees will be satisfactory to her customers and she solicits the patronage of the ladies of Rockefeller.
Our genial friend and neighbor Clem Small is wearing a happy smile these days over the safe return of his eldest daughter from a somewhat prolonged visit to her grand parents and other relatives in England. She was accompanied by her young cousin, an orphan boy, whose home will be with Mr. and Mrs. Small in the future.
The chief social event of the week was the party held at the pleasant home of Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Rouse on Monday evening. It was planned by Mrs. Rouse as a surprise to her husband and so well was that feature carried out that Mr. Rouse was comfortable seated, coat off and newspaper in hand, for the evening, when the guests began to arrive. About fifty people were present and everyone, from the youngest to the oldest, enjoyed a very pleasant evening. Light refreshments were served, various kinds of games were played, music and general social chat filled in the happy hours and the time to go came all too quickly for the guests. Mr. and Mrs. Rouse proved themselves to be royal entertainers.
|Ivanhoe John and Henry Norgarrd arrived Monday evening from Denmark and are stopping with John Orgaard.
Joseph C. Dorfler a prominent member and also president of the local Clerk's Union has accepted a position in Mrs. Bensinger's general store.
Thermometers in different parts of town varied from zero to 10 degrees below but all consented with one accord that it was somewhat chilly.
School Notes: The Liberal Party of the Success Club held its convention Monday evening and named the following ticket:
Pres., Mortie Fosket;
Vice Pres., Ruth Wells;
Sec., Carl Dorfler;
Treas., Lizzie Kuebker.
The Conservatives met on Tuesday evening and named for their candidates:
Pres., Harry Fosket;
Vice Pres., Lola Smith;
Sec., Andrew Decker;
Treas., Raymond Payne.
Each has adopted a platform and will conduct an interesting campaign. The election will occur Dec. 19.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller August Gedke has sold his house and lot in this village to Ellsworth Wilcox.
Mrs. James May, of Grayslake, was the guest of her aunt, Mrs. E. G. Payne the last of last week.
What sweet and mellow sound is that one hears eery time he passes by our cigar factory? It sounds like distant wedding chimes.
We are glad to note that Lester Burdick, traveling salesman for the Rockefeller Cigar Co., who has been quite sick for several weeks at his home in Wauconda, is again on the road.
|Ivanhoe Lily Snyder and Robbie Fosket are at home with bad colds.
Every day brings forth additional interest in the banquet. The fact that Orville Smith is again chairman of the supper committee insures antoher splendid spread. Did we say 200? Well we say it again. Daily indications point to that many. We are to have another original poem this year, President VanPlew will arrive home from Beloit just in time to take part in the round-up of preparation, Marion Payne will be there with Knox colors, H. D. Wells will be on hand with a new collection of drummer's joke, the smily, happy face and hearty handshake of C.A. Partridge will probably be seen and felt, Toastmaster Gaggin's ready wit will sparkle forth at every opportune moment, Harriet Brainerd will bid her pupils good-bye and hurry home to tell us about "Ivanhoe in the College World," Horace Partridge will be there in spirit, Ada Kuebker, Dean Wells and Etta Grabbe will be present and mingle tales of Waukegan, Oberlin and Wheaton with reminiscences of their early Ivanhoe school days. Henry Kuebker will lock the safe, leave the careworn look behind, and join in the good time, Alice E. Smith will almost forget the "Heathen" in the joy of the occassion, Thomas Ranyard, of Chicago, will be "on deck" with an old fashioned spelling book tucked under one arm, James VanPlew will not "pass by" this year, B. J. Farnsworth will come if his rheumatism "lets up" in time, Papa Davis is coming, Dr. Payne, of Beloit, will be present to look after those who partake too freely of supper.
|Fort Hill Mrs. Sarah Fox is on the sick list. Dr. Shaffer was called Monday.
Mrs. C. L. Thomson and baby Harold spent Friday with Mrs. C. E. Combs.
Levi Wait, of Waukegan, spent a few days of last week at his farm. He reports his brother George is recovering from his recent illness.
|West Fremont Mr. Donley, of Chicago, is spending a few days with his father, W. Donley.
C. Thomas who has beenworking on the Round Lake ice house is around calling on old acquaintances.
Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Meyer have a christening party to their relatives and friends Sunday evening. They all enjoyed themselves dancing and playing cards. At midnight all parted feeling very happy.
|Leithton Albert Lamadeline was in Chicago Wednesday.
Earnest Butterfield and Howard WIlcox are reported on the sick list.
T. Mills has returned from colorado to spent the winter with his son Henry.
On last Thursday evening Walter and Willie Lempker were the victims of a complete surprise by about fifty of their friends. The evening was spent in playing games, cards and dancing. Several of the young folks tripped the light fantastic to the inspiring music furnished by Prof. Ralph Darby. Refreshments were served at eleven o'clock. In the wee hours of the morning the guests departed for their homes, all declaring that Mr. and Mrs. Lempker were royal entertainers.
|100 Years Ago|
|Rockefeller Miss Cora Thomas is on a visit to her brother, B. J. Thomas at Junction City, Wis.
W. D. Porteous, C. L. Small, I. L. Wilbur and Dr. D. R. Grover are among those who are attending a poultry show at Antioch this week.
The death of Mrs. Wm. Williams on Saturday last cast a shadow of sadness over this community where she has many friends and acquaintances who held her in high esteem. The funeral was held on Tuesday and was attended by a large concourse of people. Will Knigge was employed as director. Mr. and Mrs. Williams lived on the R. P. Wilcox farm south of Diamond Lake.
Michigan prohibitionists have dug up an old law that forbids a saloon within eighty rods of a graveyard. It is difficult to see just what harm a saloon can do to a graveyard or its inhabitants. If they could keep the saloon eighty miles from where any body is alive it might be of some use.
|Ivanhoe Ada Kuebker, of Waukegan High School is enjoying a vacation at home.
Mrs. M. Meikle was in Chicago Saturday to attend the funeral of an old acquaintance.
Mr. and Mrs. W.A. Stubbins and son Clinton arrived Wednesday evening to spend the Xmas holidays with Rev. W.H. Stubbins and wife.
|West Fremont Mr. Stope is on the sick list.
A. D. Loomis is making up over 6000 lbs of milk daily. The average price paid per hundred for the month of November was $1.37 1/2.
|Fort Hill George Benwell was at Morton Park Sunday to see his sister Jessie who is very sick.
After spending three weeks with A. B. Combs, Mr. McGaffey returned to his home in White Pigeon, Mich., Monday.
Miss Avis M. Payne is having a vacation. Scholars neither absent or tardy last month were:
Phyllis Paddock and Forrest Thomson.
The remains of a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Wilson, of Chicago, were brought to Grant cemetery Tuesday evening for burial. Mrs. Wilson is a sister of Mrs. Geo. Benwell. | 104,911 | 828 |
869,851 | The origin of sauropod dinosaurs is one of the major landmarks of dinosaur evolution but is still poorly understood. This drastic transformation involved major skeletal modifications, including a shift from the small and gracile condition of primitive sauropodomorphs to the gigantic and quadrupedal condition of sauropods. Recent findings in the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic of Gondwana provide critical evidence to understand the origin and early evolution of sauropods.
A new sauropodomorph dinosaur, Leonerasaurus taquetrensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Las Leoneras Formation of Central Patagonia (Argentina). The new taxon is diagnosed by the presence of anterior unserrated teeth with a low spoon-shaped crown, amphicoelous and acamerate vertebral centra, four sacral vertebrae, and humeral deltopectoral crest low and medially deflected along its distal half. The phylogenetic analysis depicts Leonerasaurus as one of the closest outgroups of Sauropoda, being the sister taxon of a clade of large bodied taxa composed of Melanorosaurus and Sauropoda.
The dental and postcranial anatomy of Leonerasaurus supports its close affinities with basal sauropods. Despite the small size and plesiomorphic skeletal anatomy of Leonerasaurus, the four vertebrae that compose its sacrum resemble that of the large-bodied primitive sauropods. This shows that the appearance of the sauropod-type of sacrum predated the marked increase in body size that characterizes the origins of sauropods, rejecting a causal explanation and evolutionary linkage between this sacral configuration and body size. Alternative phylogenetic placements of Leonerasaurus as a basal anchisaurian imply a convergent acquisition of the sauropod-type sacrum in the new small-bodied taxon, also rejecting an evolutionary dependence of sacral configuration and body size in sauropodomorphs. This and other recent discoveries are showing that the characteristic sauropod body plan evolved gradually, with a step-wise pattern of character appearance.
Citation: Pol D, Garrido A, Cerda IA (2011) A New Sauropodomorph Dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia and the Origin and Evolution of the Sauropod-type Sacrum. PLoS ONE 6(1): e14572. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572
Editor: Andrew Allen Farke, Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, United States of America
Received: March 18, 2010; Accepted: December 6, 2010; Published: January 26, 2011
Copyright: © 2011 Pol et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Fieldwork was funded by the Fundación Egidio Feruglio and the Paleontological Exploration of Patagonia, Fundación Antorchas, and University of Louisville to Guillermo Rougier. Research was funded by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción de Ciencia y Técnica, PICT 1756 and DFGRA1012/9-1. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Sauropods are one of the most recognizable groups of dinosaurs, characterized by their gigantic size, quadrupedal stance, and extremely long cervical and caudal regions of the vertebral column. These are among the most noticeable features of the sauropod body plan, which was maintained relatively unchanged during their success as the dominant herbivores of the Jurassic and Cretaceous –. It has long been recognized that sauropods evolved from the much smaller, gracile, and bipedal primitive sauropodomorphs, a paraphyletic assemblage of taxa previously known as ‘prosauropods’ , –. However, the evolutionary origins of sauropods are still poorly understood and, until recently, a major morphological gap separated the characteristic sauropods from the assemblage of basal sauropodomorphs.
A series of recently described forms from the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic of Gondwana have been interpreted either as sauropod outgroups or basal sauropods –. These have partially filled this gap and contributed to understanding the evolutionary origins of sauropods.
Recent work in the Las Leoneras Formation in Central Patagonia resulted in the discovery of partially articulated remains of a new sauropodomorph dinosaur, Leonerasaurus taquetrensis gen. et sp. nov., that fill an important gap in the evolutionary history of Sauropodomorpha. Although numerous characters indicate Leonerasaurus is a small non-sauropod sauropodomorph, details of its dental and pelvic anatomy suggest this taxon is more derived than most ‘prosauropods’ and is one of the closest outgroups of Sauropoda.
In the present contribution we describe this specimen, its geological provenance, analyze its phylogenetic relationships, and discuss the implications of its anatomy for understanding the evolutionary origin of Sauropoda, with particular emphasis on the pattern of character acquisition in the evolution of the sacrum and body size in Sauropodomorpha.
Taxonomic nomenclature and comparisons.
The comparisons made with basal sauropodomorphs and sauropods in the text are based on the examination of specimens of different taxa and relevant literature detailed in Table 1. Unless noted explicitly, all references to other taxa are based on those sources of data listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Source of comparative data used in this study.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.t001
Several clades names are mentioned throughout the text and their usage follows the recent literature: Sauropodomorpha , Anchisauria , Massopoda , Sauropoda , and Eusauropoda . The definition of Sauropoda is the only one that has varied in recent years and for which there is no general consensus. Two recent definitions given by Sereno and Yates are the ones that most closely match the traditional taxonomic content of Sauropoda in phylogenetic hypotheses depicting ‘prosauropods’ as paraphyletic. We follow Yates , given that in his definition Melanorosaurus is depicted as an external specifier of Sauropoda, which is consistent with the traditional exclusion of this taxon from Sauropoda.
The electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that Code from the electronic edition. Therefore, a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies, and those copies were simultaneously obtainable (from the publication date noted on the first page of this article) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record, in accordance with Article 8.1 of the Code. The separate print-only edition is available on request from PLoS by sending a request to PLoS ONE, 185 Berry Street, Suite 3100, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA along with a check for $10 (to cover printing and postage) payable to “Public Library of Science”.
In addition, this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the proposed online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix “http://zoobank.org/”. The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:05E09F91-864D-4C77-8164-97FEE113375A
The phylogenetic analysis aims to test the phylogenetic affinities of the new sauropodomorph described here. The dataset includes sauropodomorph outgroups (including theropods, ornithischians, and dinosauriforms), a large sample of basal sauropodormorphs, and basal sauropods. Additionally, some derived members of Eusauropoda were also included to represent the ingroup relationships of this clade. The broad scope of the taxon-sampling regime used here conforms to the general lack of consensus on the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs in recent phylogenetic analyses (see below and Appendix S1 for further data on the phylogenetic analysis).
The phylogenetic analysis was conducted using equally weighted parsimony in TNT v. 1.0 –. A heuristic tree search strategy was conducted performing 1000 replicates of Wagner trees (using random addition sequences) followed by TBR branch swapping (holding 10 trees per replicate). The best trees obtained at the end of the replicates were subjected to a final round of TBR branch swapping. Zero-length branches were collapsed if they lack support under any of the most parsimonious reconstructions (i.e., rule 1 of Coddington and Scharff ). Branch support of clades was evaluated by examining the most parsimonious trees in which the monophyly of a given group is rejected and using both standard absolute frequencies and GC frequencies in one thousand replicates of bootstrap and jackknife analysis (see Appendix S1 for further information). Some alternative phylogenetic hypotheses (placing the new taxon in alternative positions among Sauropodomorpha) have been tested through the use of monophyly constraints in TNT and the Templeton test .
Unstable taxa and the causes of instability were identified using the IterPCR procedure over the entire set of most parsimonious trees (MPTs). The unstable taxa Camelotia, Blikanasaurus, Jingshanosaurus, and Ferganasaurus were pruned from the MPTs (a posteriori of the heuristic tree searches) to construct a reduced strict consensus, provide diagnosis of some relevant clades collapsed in the complete strict consensus, and evaluate nodal support (given that the alternative positions of the unstable taxa creates a minimal bound for the support of several tree nodes; see ). The exclusion of these taxa therefore allows a comparison of differences in branch support irrespective of their alternative positions within Sauropodomorpha.
The dinosaur remains were recovered from the uppermost part of the Las Leoneras Formation (Figure 1), a sequence of continental deposits of presumed Lower Jurassic age briefly described by Nakayama . This unit was deposited onto the paleorelief of granitic rocks of the Mamil Choique Formation (Lower Ordovician), and is unconformably covered by andesite and volcaniclastic deposits of the Lonco Trapial Formation (Middle Jurassic; –).
Figure 1. Geological map of the locality where Leonerasaurus taquetrensis was found (indicated by asterisk and silhouette).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g001
Three members are here recognized for the Las Leoneras Formation (Figure 2) in the stratigraphic section taken at the type locality. The total measured thickness for this unit is 179.5 m. The Lower Member is represented by 59 m of white, medium and coarse-grained, poorly to moderately sorted sandstones; with thin and scattered intercalations of purple, massive, sandy mudstones. The sandstone levels are dominated by poorly rounded clasts of quartz, plagioclase, and biotite, showing an identical composition to the underlying rocks of the Mamil Choique Formation. The Lower Member is characterized by amalgamated channelized bodies, with a predominance of planar cross-stratification and horizontal stratification. Lag deposits, intraclasts, and fine conglomeratic lenses are common in the base of the paleochannels. The sedimentological characteristics of these beds suggest that these fluvial deposits were generated by gravel-sandy braided systems , .
Figure 2. Geological section of Las Leoneras Formation.
A detailed section of the three members recognized here for the Las Leoneras Formation is given, starting from the base (left of the figure) to the top of the unit (right of the figure).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g002
The Middle Member comprises a 63 m thick succession of purple, massive, sandy mudstone with thin intercalations of white, coarse to medium-grained sandstone. The sandstone beds usually comprise individual tabular bodies less than 20 cm thick, characterized by the presence of horizontal stratification. Some of these sandstone bodies occasionally reach 1 m thick, with development of tabular cross-stratification and low angle cross-stratification. This sequence is interpreted as flood-plain deposits associated with sheet-flood and ephemeral channel deposits .
The Upper Member is composed of a 57.5 m thick succession of greenish gray, massive to laminated, bioturbated, slightly tuffaceous claystones. Tuff and limestone beds, 20 to 60 cm thick, are interbedded in the lower part of the Upper Member. The tuffaceous beds dominate the top of the section, with occasional conglomerates of volcanic clasts and tuffaceous matrix. This sequence is interpreted as lacustrine deposits (cf. ), associated with pyroclastic (ash fall) and debris flow deposits. Dinosaur remains were recovered from this member, situated 137 m from the base of the formation.
Dinosauria Owen, 1842
Saurischia Seeley, 1887
Sauropodomorpha Huene, 1932
Leonerasaurus taquetrensis gen. et sp. nov.
MPEF-PV 1663 (Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Argentina); Anterior region of right dentary and isolated teeth, articulated series of cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae, partially articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae, and articulated sacrum (preserved in natural contact with both ilia), right scapula and humerus, left and right ilia, right ischium, partially preserved femur, articulated metatarsal I and II, and pedal ungual. All vertebrae, the scapula, humerus, and pelvis were found in natural position, as a partially articulated specimen. The dentary, teeth, femur, and pedal remains were found within a radius of one meter from the center of the articulated specimen. No other remains were found at this site and therefore we interpret all these elements as belonging to a single individual.
Leoneras, in reference to the lithostratigraphic unit where this taxon was found; saurus, lizard (Latinized Greek). The species name taquetrensis refers to the Sierras de Taquetrén, where Las Leoneras Formation crops out in Central Patagonia.
Locality and Age.
Cañadón Las Leoneras, south of Cañadón del Zaino (both of which are affluent of the left margin of the Chubut river), southeast of Sierra de Taquetrén, Chubut Province, Central Patagonia, Argentina (Figure 1). Precise locality information is deposited at the MPEF collection and can also be obtained from the first author upon request.
The specimen was found approximately 42 m below the top of the Leoneras Formation , a unit considered as Lower Jurassic in age by Nakayama , and more specifically referred to the Pliensbachian–Toarcian or Upper Sinemurian–Toarcian , although no direct datings of these sediments are available. The age of the Las Leoneras Formation is certainly constrained by the Middle Jurassic dating of the volcanic facies of the overlying Lonco Trapial Formation , , . Furthermore, the base of the Lonco Trapial Formation in this region contains sedimentary facies with a well preserved taphoflora that was originally regarded as Middle Jurassic in age –, although new evidence suggests this taphoflora is Early Jurassic in age , based on comparisons with the flora from the Early Jurassic of northwestern Patagonia and the Antarctic peninsula.
Figari and Curtade interpreted the sequence of Las Leoneras Formation as initial rifting deposits, linked to the genesis of the Cañadón Asfalto Basin. It must be noted that similar rifting deposits of other regions of Patagonia have been linked to the initial break-up of southeastern Gondwana, in which small and narrow depocenters were formed by continental extension and strike-slip movements during the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic –. Therefore, the geological context of the area and the stratigraphic relationship with the Lonco Trapial Formation are consistent with a Lower Jurassic age for the Las Leoneras Formation. However, an Upper Triassic age cannot be completely ruled out at the moment, as there is not a well-defined lower constraint for the age of this unit.
Leonerasaurus is a small basal sauropodomorph diagnosed by a unique combination of characters including the following autapomorphies: anterior teeth with low, spoon-shaped crowns (SI = 1.3); dorsosacral rib attached to preacetabular process of ilium (paralleled in Lufengosaurus); neural arches of primordial sacrals positioned on the anterior half of the centrum; caudosacral rib directed anterolaterally; humeral deltopectoral crest low and medially deflected along its distal half; flattened ischial shafts (paralleled in Anchisaurus). Leonerasaurus differs from most basal sauropodomorphs in the presence of the following characters: straight anterior region of the dentary; slightly procumbent teeth without marginal denticles and with convex labial surface and concave lingual surface; four sacral vertebrae, with two primordial sacrals bounded by a dorsosacral and a caudosacral; preacetabular process of ilium exceeding pubic peduncle and dorsoventrally low (except for Anchisaurus and Mussaurus). Finally, several plesiomorphic features distinguish Leonerasaurus from basal sauropods: teeth lacking labial or lingual grooves; posterior teeth with large denticles oriented at 45 degrees from tooth's margin and slightly developed wrinkling pattern; vertebral centra amphicoelous and acamerate; cervical vertebrae low and moderately elongated, without postzygodiapophyseal lamina, with elongated prezygapophyses; dorsal vertebrae with low neural arches and neural spines elliptical in cross section; absence of spinoprezygapophyseal laminae in all dorsals and of prezygodiapophyseal lamina in mid-dorsals; posterior dorsals with dorsoventrally low hyposphene-hypantrum; proximal metatarsal II hour-glass shaped in proximal view.
Dentary and teeth.
The anterior region of the right dentary is the only craniomandibular element preserved in MPEF-PV 1663 (Figure 3). This element is poorly preserved but some details of its anatomy can be observed. The anterior (symphyseal) region is straight and only gently arched medially, as in non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs, contrasting with the medially broadly arched symphyseal region and anterior portion of the tooth row of basal eusauropods . Although the ventral edge of the dentary has not been perfectly preserved, it does not appear to be ventrally deflected at the symphysis as in some basal sauropodomorphs (e.g., Plateosaurus engelhardti; ). The lateral surface of the dentary is flat and pierced by several neurovascular foramina (Figure 3). The longitudinal ridge that characterizes some basal sauropodomorphs (e.g., Massospondylus carinatus, Coloradisaurus brevis, Plateosaurus engelhardti; ) is absent from the lateral surface of the dentary, although this structure is located towards the posterior end of the tooth row and may have not been preserved in MPEF-PV 1663. The Meckelian groove is exposed on the medial surface of the dentary (close to its ventral margin), as the splenial has not been preserved in this specimen. Although the labial alveolar edge seems to be slightly more dorsally located than the lingual edge, Leonerasaurus does not seem to have the well-developed lateral plate that covers the labial base of the tooth crowns in eusauropods and its closest relatives .
Figure 3. Dentary of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
A-B, lateral view. C–D, medial view. Scale bar represents 5 mm. Abbreviations: de, dentary; mg, meckelian groove; nv, neurovascular foramina.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g003
There are 13 teeth (or tooth fragments) and two empty alveoli preserved in the dentary of MPEF-PV 1663, yielding a tooth-count of 15 teeth for Leonerasaurus (a minimum bound given that the posterior end is broken and some alveoli may have not been preserved). Additionally, three isolated teeth of this taxon have been found in the matrix surrounding the mandibular remains (Figure 4). The teeth are slightly procumbent, forming an angle of 60 degrees with the longitudinal axis of the dentary (Figure 3), a condition found in eusauropods and in the juvenile specimens of Mussaurus patagonicus . The crowns of dentary teeth of Leonerasaurus are lanceolate and separated from the root by a marked constriction. As in all basal sauropodomorphs (except for Yunnanosaurus huangi; ), the crowns of adjacent teeth are in contact and overlap each other, with the distal margin covering labially the mesial edge of the following element. Overlapping facets, however, are not present in the isolated teeth. The tooth crowns decrease in size posteriorly, with the anterior crowns higher and mesiodistally wider than the posterior ones. Based on this trend the two isolated teeth are interpreted as belonging to the anterior portion of the tooth row, as their maximum mesiodistal width is similar to that of the fourth and fifth dentary teeth (ranging between 4.5–4.9 mm).
Figure 4. Teeth of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
A–D, SEM image of anterior tooth in A, labial; B, lingual; and C, mesial views. D, detail of unserrated apical region of mesial margin. E, posterior replacement tooth with denticles in lingual view. Scale bars represent 500 µm (A–C, E) and100 µm (D).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g004
The mesial and distal margins are asymmetrical in all preserved teeth. The mesial edge is more convex and reaches its widest point at the mid-height of the crown, whereas the convexity of the distal edge is much more gently developed and is more prominent close to the base of the crown (Figure 4). All anterior teeth lack denticles on the margins of the crown, in contrast to most non-neosauropod sauropodomorphs. Although parts of these margins are broken, one of the isolated teeth shows that the mesial and distal edges are smooth (Figure 4). The presence of small serrations at the crown's apex cannot be ruled out, as this portion is damaged in most teeth. However, if present, the denticles would be restricted to the apical tip of the crown, as in Mussaurus patagonicus , Yunnanosaurus huangi , and Lamplughsaura dharmaramensis but in contrast with the more extensive denticulation of other non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs. The margins of most posterior teeth are damaged, but an unerupted element in the dentary bears large denticles oriented at approximately 45 degrees from the tooth's margin, resembling those of most basal sauropodomorphs (Figure 4). This pattern of anterior teeth with smooth margins and posterior teeth with lower crowns with well-developed denticles resembles the condition of the juvenile specimens of Mussaurus patagonicus , Melanorosaurus readi , and Lamplughsaura dharmaramensis among non-sauropod sauropodomorphs. The crown's margins of Leonerasaurus lack the high-angled wear facets that characterize eusauropod teeth .
The labial surface of the tooth crowns is markedly convex both apicobasally and mesiodistally, whereas the lingual surface is concave in the anteriormost elements, resulting in a spoon-shaped crown (Figure 4). The concave lingual surface of some teeth in Leonerasaurus is not as developed as in Eusauropoda, although an incipient condition has also been noted for some basal sauropods (e.g., Chinshakiangosaurus chunghoensis , Tazoudasaurus naimi ) and Lamplughsaura dharmaramensis . The crowns of Leonerasaurus, however, lack distinct grooves in their labial or lingual surfaces, which occur in eusauropods and some basal sauropods . The enamel outer surface has been damaged in some teeth, but in at least some posterior teeth the base of the crown bears regions of wrinkled enamel (Figure 4). This texture is much more faintly developed than the coarse wrinkling synapomorphic of Eusauropoda , as in other basal sauropods and other sauropodomorph taxa (e.g., Anchisaurus polyzelus, Mussaurus patagonicus, Melanorosaurus readi, and Lamplughsaura dharmaramensis).
Nine cervical vertebrae are preserved in MPEF-PV 1633, including the axis and the eight subsequent elements preserved in two sections of articulated vertebrae (Figures 5, 6). Although the atlas has not been preserved, Leonerasaurus would have ten cervical vertebrae with this missing element, as in other non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs. The axis is poorly preserved, but the centrum is relatively short with respect to its dorsoventral height (as in Melanorosaurus readi ; see Table S1 for measurements). The postzygapophyses project marginally beyond the posterior end of the axial centrum.
Figure 5. Cervical vertebrae 3–5 of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
A–B, lateral view. C–D, dorsal views. Scale bars represent 10 mm. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and dotted pattern represents sediment. Abbreviations: c3-c5, cervical vertebrae 3 through 5; di, diapophysis; pa, parapophysis; pri, prezygapophyseal ridge; epi, epipophysis; psf, postspinal fossa; sk, sagittal keel.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g005
Figure 6. Cervical vertebrae 6–8 of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
A–B, lateral view. C–D, dorsal views. Scale bars represent 10 mm. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and dotted pattern represents sediment. Abbreviations: c6-c8, cervical vertebrae 6 through 8; di, diapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; psf, postspinal fossa.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g006
The anterior cervical vertebrae of Leonerasaurus are low and moderately elongated (see Table S1 for measurements) as in most basal sauropodomorphs, with the height of the neural arch less than that of the centrum (Figure 5). Basal sauropods (including Lessemsaurus and Tazoudasaurus ), instead, have much higher cervical neural arches with depressions on their anterior and posterior surfaces , , . The neural arches of these anterior cervicals are fused to the centra, and the neurocentral suture is completely closed, suggesting MPEF-PV 1663 is not a juvenile individual (see below). The neural spines of most cervicals are damaged, except for the spine of the fifth vertebra. This neural spine is not slanted anteriorly and is approximately as long as high, resembling the condition of sauropods and closely related taxa (e.g., Melanorosaurus ), but unlike the extremely long and low spines of more basal sauropodomorphs.
The parapophyses are small ridge-like projections located close to the anterior margin of the anterior cervicals (C3–C5). The parapophyses of more posterior cervicals have not been preserved, as the preserved centra of these vertebrae have been severely damaged. The diapophyses gradually increase their lateral projection along the cervical series, are located well below the postzygapophysis and lack a postzygodiapophyseal lamina. The latter lamina is absent in most basal sauropodomorphs (including basal sauropods such as Lessemsaurus; ) and is only present in Tazoudasaurus and eusauropods . The diapophyseal laminae are poorly developed in all cervicals, although the posterior cervicals have a moderate development of the posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina and the prezygodiapophyseal laminae, as in most non-sauropod sauropodomorphs. The development of these laminae, however, does not reach the degree of development present in cervicals of Tazoudasaurus and more derived sauropodomorphs.
The prezygapophyses are elongated, being approximately 50% the entire length of the neural arch. The prezygapophyses of the anterior cervicals extend horizontally, whereas those of more posterior cervicals are slightly upturned. The lateral surface of all cervical prezygapophyes bears a longitudinal ridge that extends close to their anterior edge (Figures 5, 6). This ridge can be interpreted as an incipient lamina, given that it is continuous with the prezygodiapophyseal lamina in posterior cervicals. In anterior vertebrae (C3–C5) a well-developed lamina is absent but the ridge is nonetheless present.
The cervical postzygapophyses bear on their dorsal surface epipophyses, although most of them were damaged during preservation. Along the cervical series, the postzygapophyses gradually increase in size and change their orientation. The most anterior postzygapophyses are directed posterodorsally, with their major axis forming an angle of approximately 30 degrees with the horizontal. These postzygapophyses are relatively small and lack well developed spinopostzygapophyseal laminae and postspinal fossae between them. The postzygapophyses of the last cervicals, instead, are directed sub-parallel to the horizontal axis and are much larger with respect to the anteroposterior length of the neural arch. In these posterior elements, the postzygapophyses bear well developed spinopostzygapophyseal laminae that bound a deep postspinal fossa (Figure 6).
All the preserved cervical centra are acamerate and amphicoelous, as in all sauropodomorphs more basal than Tazoudasaurus and Eusauropoda , . The articular surfaces of the centra are subequal in height and width, as in all basal sauropodomorphs. The length/height ratio of the best preserved cervical centra of Leonerasaurus (C3–C5) is approximately 3.2, resembling the condition of most basal sauropodomorphs, except for the long-necked massospondylids (Massospondylus, Coloradisaurus, Lufengosaurus) and some derived groups of eusauropods (e.g., Omeisaurus , Mamenchisaurus). The anterior cervical centra are only slightly constricted at their midpoint but are markedly constricted at the cervicodorsal transition, the centra having a minimum width that is 62% of the width of the posterior articular surface. All cervical vertebrae bear a noticeable sagittal keel running on the ventral surface of the centra.
The dorsal series is represented by articulated elements of the anterior and mid dorsal vertebrae. The most complete elements include the first five dorsals that have been preserved in articulation with the cervicals, a probable sixth dorsal, and a group of three articulated mid-dorsals (Figure 7). Fragments of more posterior dorsal vertebrae were scattered in the matrix, together with dorsal ribs.
Figure 7. Dorsal vertebrae of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663) in lateral view.
A–B, first four dorsals. C–D, mid-posterior dorsals. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and dotted pattern represents sediment. Abbreviations: cpr, centroprezygapophyseal ridge; di, diapophysis; hyp, hyposphene; pa, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; ppdl, parapodiapophyseal lamina; prdl, prezygoodiapophyseal lamina; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g007
All of the preserved dorsals have their neural arches fused to the centra, and the neurocentral suture is completely closed, although its trace can be distinguished in some of the mid-dorsal vertebrae. This condition also suggests MPEF-PV 1663 is not a juvenile individual (see below). The neural arches of dorsal vertebrae are relatively anteroposteriorly long and dorsoventrally low (see Table S1 for measurements), with their height ranging between 70% and 90% of the centrum height, as in non-sauropod sauropodomorphs. In Lessemsaurus, Antetonitrus, and more derived sauropodomorphs, the neural arches are higher than the centrum height. Given the low height of the neural arch pedicles, the neural canal of the dorsal vertebrae of the new taxon is subcircular rather than dorsoventrally elongated. The neural arches of Leonerasaurus are also plesiomorphic in having a narrow anterior surface occupied by the centroprezygapophyseal ridge, instead of having the broad concave surface present in most eusauropods and in posterior dorsals of Lessemsaurus . The neural spines of mid to posterior dorsals of Leonerasaurus are low and anteroposteriorly elongated (its dorsoventral height is two thirds the length at its base), in contrast to the dorsally elongated spine of Melanorosaurus and sauropods . In the most anterior dorsals, however, the spines are relatively higher, being 150% of the anteroposterior length of their bases. The dorsal neural spines are mediolaterally narrow and elliptical in cross section and lack spinodiapophyseal laminae, sharing the plesiomorphic condition of most basal sauropodormorphs.
The parapophyses of the most anterior dorsals are located close to the anterior edge of the vertebrae at the neurocentral suture (Figure 7), unlike the more posteriorly positioned parapophyses of Lessemsaurus and more derived sauropods . Along the dorsal series, the parapophyses gradually shift their position posterodorsally, with the third dorsal vertebra as the first element that has the parapophysis completely located on the base of the neural arch. The parapophyses only reach the dorsoventral midpoint of the neural arch pedicles in the mid-dorsals. None of the dorsal vertebrae of Leonerasaurus has the anterior centroparapophyseal lamina or the prezygoparapophyseal lamina present in Tazoudasaurus and more derived sauropods . The diapophyses (and transverse processes of posterior elements) are also plesiomorphic in being directed horizontally, as in all non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs. The dorsal diapophyses of Leonerasaurus are connected with the parapophyses through the anterior diapoparapophyseal laminae and with the centrum through the posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae, as in all saurischian dinosaurs. The prezygodiapophyseal lamina is present in anterior dorsals and forms the dorsal roof of a deep anterior depression. This lamina, however, is absent in the mid-dorsals, resembling the generalized condition of basal sauropodomorphs. Eusauropods and closely related taxa (e.g., Tazoudasaurus ) differ from the plesiomorphic condition by having this lamina present throughout the dorsal series.
The prezygapophyses are long and projected cranially in anterior dorsals, but become shorter and anterodorsally projected in mid-dorsals. None of the preserved dorsals of Leonerasaurus have the spinoprezygapophyseal laminae present in sauropods (including the incipiently developed laminae of posterior dorsals in basal forms such as Antetonitrus and Lessemsaurus). The postzygapophyses have broad and subcircular articular facets in all preserved dorsals. The dorsal surface of the postzygapophyses bears a moderately developed spinopostzygapophyseal lamina that bounds a deep postspinal fossa (as in posterior cervicals). The spinopostzygapophyseal laminae of Leonerasaurus are less developed than in the basal sauropods Lessemsaurus and Antetonitrus, and much less than in Tazoudasaurus and eusauropods. The hyposphene-hypantrum articulations are either poorly preserved or not exposed in all but the most posterior of the preserved dorsal vertebra. The dorsoventral extension of this hyposphene is approximately 70% the height of the neural canal, the generalized condition of basal sauropodomorphs. Melanorosaurus and more derived forms (i.e., sauropods), instead, have dorsoventrally deeper hyposphenes .
The centra of all preserved dorsals are amphicoelous and acamerate. Along the dorsal series the centra become proportionately shorter and higher, although all vertebrae have an elongation index above 1.0, as do all non-eusauropods . The lateral surface of the dorsal centra is only slightly depressed, lacking the discrete excavaction or fossa present in basal sauropods (e.g., Lessemsaurus; ) or the pleurocoels that characterize eusauropods .
Four sacral vertebrae were found in natural articulation with both ilia (Figure 8). All centra have subcircular articular facets (see Table S1 for measurements), and their ventral surface is smooth and lacks either a keel or a shallow groove. All sacral ribs contact the ilium, but these are not fused to the ilium and are not distally fused among them, forming a sacricostal yoke (Figure 8E). The internal two sacral vertebrae are identified as the primordial sacrals and the anteriormost and posteriormost vertebrae are therefore identified as a dorsosacral and a caudosacral elements. The identification of the primordial sacral is based on the following criteria: fusion of sacral centra, morphology of the transverse processes and sacral ribs, and area of attachment to the ilium. The central sacral elements are the only sacrals that have fused their centra through their articular facets. This is consistent with the pattern of sacral fusion noted for sauropods, in which the two first elements that fuse together have been interpreted as the primordial sacrals . The morphology of the transverse processes and sacral ribs also indicates that the internal sacral elements are the primordial sacrals. As in most basal sauropodomorphs, the first primordial sacral of Leonerasaurus has a particular morphology of the rib, with concave anterior and posterior surfaces that are roofed by the anteroposteriorly expanded transverse process. Similarly, the second primordial sacral has an L-shaped sacral rib, with an anterior concavity roofed by the transverse process (Figure 8F). This morphology is absent in the transverse process and sacral rib of the anteriormost and posteriormost sacral vertebrae. Furthermore, the sacral rib of the most anterior element of the sacrum resembles the dorsosacral vertebrae of other basal sauropodomorphs in being anteroposteriorly long, obliquely oriented, and attaching to the preacetabular region of the ilium (e.g., Lufengosaurus).
Figure 8. Sacral vertebrae of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
A–B, dorsal view. C–D, ventral view. E–F, lateral view (inverted right side). Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and dotted pattern represents sediment. Gray areas represent the iliac attachment surface of the sacral ribs. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Abbreviations: cs, caudosacral; csr, caudosacral rib; ds, dorsosacral; dsr, dorsosacral rib; il, ilium; ip, ischial peduncle; s1, first primordial sacral; s1r, first primordial sacral rib; s2r, second primordial sacral rib; s2r, second primordial sacral rib; pap, preacetabular process; pop, postacetabular process; pp, pubic peduncle.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g008
The most anterior sacral vertebra (dorsosacral) is located between the anterior end of the preacetabular process and the pubic peduncle of the ilium. Its neural arch is low, and most of its dorsal surface is damaged. The centrum is well constricted at its midpoint. The transverse process is fused to the sacral rib, forming a single complex that extensively contacts the ilium. The origin of the transverse process on the lateral surface of the centrum is long and occupies approximately 47% of the anteroposterior length of the centrum (Figure 8C). The sacral rib markedly expands towards the ilium as a flat lamina that extends obliquely in an anterodorsal-posteroventral direction. The elongated and obliquely oriented articular surface of the dorsosacral rib resembles that of some basal sauropodomorphs (e.g., Riojasaurus, Lufengosaurus, Melanorosaurus) but is unlike the rounded iliac articulation of the dorsosacral rib of other taxa (e.g., Anchisaurus YPM 208, Massospondylus). The anterodorsal area of attachment occupies the medial surface of the preacetabular process, as in Lufengosaurus huenei. Other sauropodomorphs, however, have the anterior area of attachment of the dorsosacral rib located more ventrally, on the pubic peduncle (e.g., Melanorosaurus readi). The posterodorsal surface of the laminar dorsosacral rib is flat and the anteroventral surface bears a slight concavity bounded ventrally by a thick ventral margin of the rib.
The subsequent sacral vertebra (first primordial sacral) is located at the level of the anteroposterior center of the acetabulum. The centrum is more constricted at its midpoint than in the other sacral centra, and its neural arch is anteroposteriorly shorter than those of the other sacrals. The pedicles of the neural arch are shifted anteriorly, extending only along the anterior half of the centra (Figure 8E), as in the first primordial sacral of Yunnanosaurus huangi. This neural arch has preserved the base of a mediolaterally narrow neural spine that extends along the entire dorsal surface of the neural arch. The transverse process originates on the neural arch as an anteroposteriorly broad horizontal lamina, which tapers rapidly along its lateral projection and ends in a narrow tip (Figure 8A), as in the primordial sacral of most basal sauropodomorphs (Thecodontosaurus YPM 2192, Efraasia SMNS 14881, Plateosaurus, Riojasaurus, Melanorosaurus). The transverse process and the sacral rib are fused to each other, but we interpret this constriction as the lateral end of the transverse process. The sacral rib is L-shaped and is formed by a high vertical lamina with a thin dorsal edge and a more robust horizontal lamina that projects posteriorly and is located ventrally, at the level of acetabular roof (Figure 8E). Thus, the sacral rib has a deep concavity that faces posteriorly and is partially roofed by the anteroposteriorly broad transverse process. Given its anteroposterior breadth, the transverse process also extends anteriorly from the vertical lamina of the rib, creating a slightly concave anterior surface of the transverse process-sacral rib complex. This particular morphology of the rib with an anterior and posterior concavity roofed by the transverse process is also present in the first primordial sacral of most sauropodomorphs (Riojasaurus, Melanorosaurus). However, in some of the most basal taxa of this clade the transverse process does not anteriorly overhang the sacral rib, and therefore the anterior concavity is not present (Saturnalia , Thecodontosaurus YPM 2192, Efraasia SMNS 14881, Plateosaurus). In ventral view, the medial area of attachment of the complex is anteroposteriorly broad and occupies the anterior half of the centrum. The lateral contact with the ilium is only moderately expanded anteroposteriorly (Figure 8C).
The third vertebra of the sacrum (second primordial sacral) is located at the level of the ischial peduncles of the ilium. The centrum is broader and less constricted at its midpoint than other sacral centra. Its neural arch is relatively long and also placed anteriorly on the centrum (Figure 8E). The neural spine is narrow and anteroposteriorly extensive and occupies the entire dorsal surface of the neural arch. The spine projects anteriorly together with the prezygapophyses, exceeding the anterior margin of the pedicles of the neural arch and the vertebral centrum. The transverse process originates from the anterior half of the vertebra and projects posterolaterally. The anteroposterior extension of the dorsal surface of the transverse process tapers only mildly along its medial half, and then it maintains a constant breadth. As in the previous vertebra, the sacral rib is L-shaped, with a thin vertical lamina that extends from the posterior margin of the transverse process to a horizontal process that is ventrally located and dorsoventrally thick (Figure 8E). In this vertebra, however, the horizontal process extends anteriorly, creating a deep cranially facing concavity roofed by the relatively broad transverse process. Such morphology closely resembles the second primordial sacral of basal sauropodomorphs (Saturnalia , Thecodontosaurus YPM 2192, Efraasia SMNS 14881, Plateosaurus, Riojasaurus), although in some taxa the roof of the transverse process is highly reduced (Yunnanosaurus, Melanorosaurus NM QR1551). The area of attachment of the rib with the centrum is more extensive than in other vertebrae and occupies up to 60% of the ventral surface of the centrum (Figure 8C). In ventral view, the rib is hour-glass shaped, with a central constriction and a lateral marked expansion towards the contact with the ilium.
Finally, the most posterior element of the sacrum (caudosacral) is only partially preserved. Most of the centrum is missing, except for the area of attachment of the left sacral rib. The base of the neural spine of this vertebra is approximately twice as broad as those of the preceding elements and is united to the prezygapophyses by an incipiently developed spinoprezygapophyseal lamina. As in the previous vertebrae, the dorsal surface of the transverse process is anteroposteriorly broad and tapers laterally. On the ventral surface, the sacral rib has an anteroposteriorly short attachment to the vertebral centrum. The rib projects anterolaterally from the anterior edge of the centrum, gradually broadening towards the postacetabular process of the ilium (Figure 8C). This expansion is partially roofed by the horizontal lamina of the transverse process, forming an anteriorly facing concavity. The contact of this rib with the ilium has not been preserved because the postacetabular process is not complete, but the broad lateral end of this process indicates this vertebra was firmly sutured to the ilium. The presence of a caudosacral vertebra is an uncommon feature among basal sauropodomorphs (see Discussion). The caudosacral rib of Leonerasaurus is rather different from the caudosacral of Plateosaurus that is directed posterolaterally and greatly expanded towards its lateral ends –.
The right scapula is the only preserved element of the pectoral girdle. The scapula of Leonerasaurus has the generalized morphology of basal sauropodomorphs. The dorsal blade is poorly expanded (Figure 9), with an anteroposterior extension that comprises 22% of the total length of the scapula (as preserved; see Table S1 for measurements). Although the dorsal margin of the scapular dorsal blade is poorly preserved, it is unlikely that Leonerasaurus had the abrupt and marked expansion present in some sauropodomorphs. The scapular shaft has almost straight edges and is elongated and narrow, as its minimum anteroposterior width is approximately 15% the total scapular dorsoventral length. This falls within the range of most basal sauropodomorphs. This ratio could actually be smaller in Leonerasaurus, because the ventral end is incomplete. Basal sauropods (Lessemsaurus, Antetonitrus, Vulcanodon) and the closely related Melanorosaurus (NM QR1551) have a much broader scapula, a condition that was subsequently reverted in eusauropods , . The ventral end of the scapula is not complete, although it can be determined that the acromial process formed an angle of approximately 45 degrees with the dorsoventral axis of the scapula, as in non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs (with the exception of Saturnalia tupiniquim, Coloradisaurus brevis, Lufengosaurus huenei, Massospondylus carinatus). Although the anteroposterior extension of the acromion process cannot be determined for Leonerasaurus, it is likely that this process was relatively short as in non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs. Posterior to the acromial process, the lateral surface of the scapula has a shallow and poorly delimited concavity.
Figure 9. Right scapula of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663) in lateral view.
A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces. Abbreviations: ap, acromion process.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g009
The right humerus is the only element of the forelimb preserved in the holotype of Leonerasaurus (see Table S1 for measurements). The humerus is gracile and is more expanded distally than proximally (Figure 10). The lateromedial expansion of the proximal end is moderately well developed (approximately 28% the total humeral length as preserved) and probably resembled the condition of other non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs (except for massospondylids). The proximal articular surface has not been preserved, but the proximomedial region is expanded, marking the origin of the internal tuberosity. The incompleteness of this region, however, precludes determining if the internal tuberosity of Leonerasaurus was as developed as in Massospondylus (and related forms), or moderately developed as in other basal sauropodormophs (e.g., Saturnalia, Melanorosaurus ).
Figure 10. Right humerus of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
A–B, anterior view. C–D, posterior view. E–F, lateral view. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces. Abbreviations: cf, cuboid fossa; dc, deltopectoral crest; it, internal tuberosity.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g010
The deltopectoral crest rises gradually from the proximolateral edge of the humerus and extends distally for approximately 50% of the humeral length (Figure 10). This is the generalized condition of adult non-sauropod sauropodomorphs (including Melanorosaurus; ), whereas in sauropods the crest usually has a more restricted extension (even in basal forms such as Antetonitrus, Lessemsaurus, Vulcanodon). The deltopectoral crest, however, is low and has a rounded profile in lateral view (Figure 10E). This contrasts with the condition of most basal sauropodomorphs (Saturnalia, Plateosaurus, Massospondylus, Coloradisaurus) in which the crest is high, sharp-edged, and has a straight (vertically-oriented) profile in lateral view. The low deltopectoral crest of Leonerasaurus resembles that of basal sauropods (e.g., Lessemsaurus) and the closely related Melanorosaurus . However, as in these taxa, the crest of Leonerasaurus is not as low and reduced as in eusauropods. In anterior view, the deltopectoral crest of Leonerasaurus runs parallel to the proximodistal axis of the humerus along its proximal half, being perpendicular to the transverse axis of the distal humeral condyles. Its distal half, however, deflects medially, forming an angle of approximately 75 degrees with the transverse axis (Figure 10A).
The humeral diaphysis is relatively long and occupies over 30% of the humeral length, giving the humerus a gracile aspect. The shaft is ovoid-shaped in cross section, with its major axis oriented mediolaterally. At the distal end, the humerus expands markedly along the lateromedial axis but is only moderately expanded in anteroposterior direction. The lateromedial expansion is approximately 35% of the total humeral length, as in most basal sauropodomorphs except for Coloradisaurus and Yunnanosaurus, which have a more expanded distal end. Eusauropods (and Anchisaurus) have a different condition, with only a moderately developed distal humeral expansion of less than 30% the humeral length. The anterior surface of the distal end bears a deep and well-defined and circular cuboid fossa (Figure 10A), as in the humerus of most non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs (Plateosaurus engelhardti MB skelett 25; Massospondylus carinatus SAM-PK-K391; Lessemsaurus sauropoides). The olecranon fossa of the posterior surface of the distal humerus is extremely shallow.
The type specimen of Leonerasaurus includes the ilia, left ischium, and the distal part of the left pubic blade (see Table S1 for measurements). The left and right ilia were preserved in natural articulation with (but not fused to) the sacrum. The ilium of Leonerasaurus shares multiple features with basal sauropodomorphs that distinguish this element from the characteristic morphology of the ilium in Eusauropoda. The preacetabular process is triangular and dorsoventrally low with respect to the iliac blade above the acetabulum (Figure 11), as in most non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs. This process is remarkably extended anteriorly, slightly exceeding the cranial margin of the pubic peduncle and being slightly more than twice as long as deep. A similarly long, low, and extensive preacetabular process is only present in Anchisaurus polyzelus (YPM 208) and one of the specimens referred to Melanorosaurus readi (NM QR 3314) among sauropodomorphs. Kotasaurus and eusauropods (e.g., Shunosaurus, Barapasaurus, Patagosaurus) also have anteriorly extensive preacetabular processes , , although these taxa have more extensive dorsoventral development of this process. Much of the dorsal blades of the ilia are not preserved, but the blade of the left ilium is relatively low at the level of the ischial peduncle as in basal sauropodomorphs. The acetabulum is mediolaterally narrow and lacks a medial wall as in all sauropodomorphs, except for the most basal forms (e.g., Saturnalia, Thecodontosaurus , , . The pubic peduncle is long and subtriangular in cross section, with an acute lateral margin formed by an anteriorly located supracetabular crest (Figure 11), resembling the condition in other basal sauropodomorphs. The ischial peduncle is subequal in length but much more robust than the pubic peduncle, as in non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs. This peduncle also lacks the posterior heel present in several basal sauropodomorphs (e.g., Plateosaurus, Riojasaurus, Coloradisaurus). Much of the postacetabular process has not been preserved, but based on the extension of the caudosacral rib, the development of this process probably was well developed as in non-eusauropod sauropodomorphs.
Figure 11. Right ilium of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663) in lateral view.
A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces. Abbreviations: ip, ischial peduncle; pap, preacetabular process; pop, postacetabular process; pp, pubic peduncle; sac, supracetabular crest.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g011
The left ischium has the characteristic broad proximal obturator plate and narrow ischial shaft of Dinosauria (Figure 12). At the proximal plate, the robust area that articulates with the ilium is preserved, but most of the anterior extension that contacts the pubis is incomplete. The ischial shaft is not complete and lacks the distal end. The preserved portion of the shaft is a flattened lamina, teardrop shaped in cross section, with a broader external margin and a thin internal symphyseal edge (Figure 12C). In most sauropodomorphs, the ischial shaft is more robust and subcircular or subtriangular in cross section, but a flattened ischial shaft has been described for Anchisaurus, Saturnalia, and Thecodontosaurus among basal sauropodomorphs. The plane of the laminar shaft is twisted with respect to the plane of expansion of the proximal ischium (Figure 12), forming an angle of approximately 40 degrees. Therefore, the flat surface of the ischial shaft must have faced ventrolaterally, differing from the coplanar ischial shaft of Anchisaurus . A shallow groove runs along the dorsal margin of the entire ischial shaft, as in most sauropodomorphs. The distal end of the ischium is not present, but the distalmost preserved region is more robust and less flattened than the proximal half of the ischial shaft.
Figure 12. Right ischium of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
A–B, lateral view. C–D, posterodorsal view. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces. Abbreviations: ig, ischial groove; is, ischial shaft; op, obturator process.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g012
The distal region of the pubic apron preserved in MPEF-PV 1663 shows that the pubes were flat and mediolaterally broad, as in basal sauropodomorphs. The lateral margin, however, is straight rather than concave, as in massospondylids and eusauropods. The distal end of the pubis has a slightly developed boot that is almost twice the anteroposterior thickness of the flat pubic apron.
Only the diaphysis of the femur, metatarsals I and II, and a pedal ungual have been preserved of the hindlimb. The only anatomical information that can be gathered from the fragments of the femur is that the shaft was subcircular in cross section, as in sauropodomorphs more basal than Melanorosaurus .
The first metatarsal is completely preserved and is more than twice as long as wide (Figure 13; see Table S1 for measurements), resembling the condition of most basal non-sauropod sauropodomorphs. In sauropods and closely related taxa (e.g., Melanorosaurus, Aardonyx), metatarsal I is more robust, being the widest element of the metatarsus and usually having a length/width ratio smaller than 1.5 . Similarly, the proximal surface of metatarsal I is ovoid and relatively small in comparison with that of metatarsal II, as in basal sauropodomorphs.
Figure 13. Pedal remains of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
A–D, metatarsal I and II in A–B, dorsal; C–D, plantar; and E–F proximal views. G–L, pedal phalanx in G–H, lateral; I–J, dorsal; and K–L, plantar views. Scale bars represent 10 mm. Hatched pattern represents broken surfaces and dotted pattern represents sediment. Abbreviations: mtt I-II, metatarsal I-II; ft, flexor tubercle; lp, ligament pit; vlf, ventrolateral flange; vmf, ventromedial flange.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g013
The proximal articular surface of the first metatarsal is also plesiomorphic in being perpendicular to the proximodistal axis of this bone, instead of having the obliquely oriented articular facet of eusauropods . Although the proximal articular regions of metatarsal I and II are in tight contact, the shaft of metatarsal I is well separated from that of metatarsal II (Figure 13), as in all sauropodomorphs more derived than Saturnalia, Pantydraco, and Efraasia . The distal articular region of metatarsal I is asymmetrical, with a thick and rounded lateral articular surface and a flattened medial region. The robust lateral articular facet projects more distally than the medial surface, producing an angled distal articulation, as in most sauropodomorphs more derived than Saturnalia . Both the lateral and medial surfaces of the distal region bear a shallow ligament pit, with the medial pit delimited by a more developed sharp rim.
Only the proximal half of the second metatarsal has been preserved, and this element is still in articulation with metatarsal I. The proximal articular surface of metatarsal II has an hourglass shape in proximal view; the lateral and medial margins for the articulation of metatarsals I and III are strongly concave (Figure 13E), as in all sauropodomorphs more basal than Vulcanodon and eusauropods . The ventrolateral flange of the proximal articular surface is small and less developed than the ventromedial flange, in contrast to the condition of most massospondylids and basal sauropods (Antetonitrus, Lessemsaurus, Tazoudasaurus), but similar to Melanorosaurus and other basal sauropodomorphs . Similarly, the second metatarsal of Leonerasaurus is distinguished from that of massospondylids by the absence of a well-developed facet for articulation with the medial distal tarsal on the proximolateral corner of its plantar surface .
The only preserved pedal ungual has the characteristic shape of sauropodomorphs more basal than Vulcanodon and Tazoudasaurus. The ungual of Leonerasaurus is straight, pointed, moderately recurved, and has a broad flat ventral surface that is separated from the lateral and medial surfaces by a sharp ridge (Figure 13). The lateral and medial surfaces bear a deep groove that bifurcates proximally. The proximal articular surface is subtriangular in shape and is composed of two shallow and concave articular facets with a broad ventral base. The proximoventral surface of the ungual bears a small flexor tubercle. Many of these ungual characters of Leonerasaurus also show the plesiomorphic condition with respect to the unguals of the basal sauropods Lessemsaurus and Antetonitrus.
The phylogenetic affinities of Leonerasaurus were tested through a cladistic analysis within the context of basal Sauropodomorpha, including basal representatives of this clade (i.e., ‘prosauropods’) as well as basal sauropods and eusauropods. The data matrix included 50 taxa scored across 277 characters (see Appendix S1 and Appendix S2). The initial heuristic tree search resulted in 2360 most parsimonious trees of 619 steps (CI = 0.519, RI = 0.795), found in 939 out of the 1000 replicates. TBR branch swapping of these 2360 trees resulted in a total of 7452 most parsimonious trees (MPTs) of the same tree length.
The strict consensus tree has a large polytomy involving basal sauropods and anchisaurian sauropodomorphs (see Appendix S1). However, this is only due to the highly unstable behavior of Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis and the fragmentary taxa Camelotia borealis and Blikanasaurus cromptoni. The instability of the former taxon is due to a mixture of missing data and character conflict, whereas the instability of Camelotia and Blikanasaurus are exclusively caused by the lack of information (i.e., missing data) and not by character conflict , . A reduced consensus tree (see Methods) shows a high degree of resolution along the ‘prosauropod’-sauropod transition, and therefore it is used here to summarize the results of the analysis (Figure 14).
Figure 14. Reduced strict consensus of the phylogenetic analysis.
Four unstable taxa (Jingshanosaurus, Blikanasaurus, Camelotia, and Ferganasaurus) were excluded from the consensus a posteriori of the heuristic tree searches. Only sauropodomorph taxa are shown (for a complete consensus tree including all outgroup taxa see Appendix S1). Numbers at the nodes represent Bremer support values.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g014
This topology depicts ‘prosauropods’ as a paraphyletic assemblage with respect to Sauropoda, as in most recent phylogenetic analyses of basal sauropodomorphs –, , . The paraphyly of Prosauropoda and the Late Triassic age of many taxa along the ‘prosauropod’-sauropod transition implies the existence of a large radiation of basal sauropodomorph lineages during the Late Triassic (occurring at least by the Norian). Leonerasaurus is interpreted to be an Early Jurassic survivor of this radiation, resembling the case of many other basal sauropodomorphs of Early Jurassic age recorded in other continents (e.g., Massospondylus, Anchisaurus, Lufengosaurus, Yunnanosaurus, and Jingshanosaurus).
All MPTs depict Leonerasaurus as the sister taxon of the clade composed of Melanorosaurus readi and Sauropoda (Figure 14). This position is supported by three synapomorphies: sacrum incorporating a caudosacral element (character 150.1), lingual surface of crowns mesiodistally concave (character 104.1), and a low deltopectoral crest in the humerus (character 174.1). The last feature is an unambiguous synapomorphy only in some of the MPTs, given the absence of information in outgroups of this node (e.g., Aardonyx).
Leonerasaurus is positioned outside the clade of Melanorosaurus+Sauropoda (Figure 14), a group recently interpreted as the obligatory “quadrupedal clade” because of the modifications of their hindlimbs and forelimbs . Some of these features are unknown in Leonerasaurus and therefore are currently optimized as ambiguous synapomorphies of this clade (e.g., large humerus/femur ratio, presence of deep radial fossa in the ulna). This clade is, however, diagnosed by three unambiguous synapomorphic characters (of which Leonerasaurus has the plesiomorphic condition): absence of ventral keels on cranial cervical centra (character 129.1), dorsoventrally deep hyposphenes in dorsal vertebrae (character 145.1), and broad scapular shaft (character 166.1). Additionally, in some of the MPTs, the Melanorosaurus+Sauropoda clade is also diagnosed by three other unambiguous synapomorphies of the appendicular skeleton that are absent in Leonerasaurus: humeral distal width less than 33% of the humeral length (175.0), absence of well-defined semicircular fossa on the distal flexor surface of the humerus (character 176.1), and cross section of the femoral shaft moderately elongated transversely (character 238.1).
Leonerasarus and the recently described transitional sauropodomorph Aardonyx are depicted as closer to Sauropoda than Anchisaurus (Figure 14), given the presence of six synapomorphic features (see Appendix S1), although only two of them are currently known for Leonerasaurus: caudal end of epipophysis in anterior cervicals lacking a free pointed tip (character 122.1) and, pedicles of dorsal neural arches anteroposteriorly long (character 133.1).
Phylogenetic robustness and the affinities of Leonerasaurus.
The phylogenetic position of Leonerasaurus has important implications for understanding the origin of Sauropoda (see below). Therefore a thorough evaluation of the robustness of its phylogenetic affinities among Sauropodomorpha is needed to assess the robustness of the inferences made on the MPTs.
Support values are low for most nodes in the reduced consensus (Figure 14), even ignoring the alternative positions of the unstable taxa Jingshanosaurus, Camelotia, and Blikanasaurus. As shown, most nodes of basal sauropodomorphs have Bremer support values of 1 or 2, and only a few nodes have frequency values above 50% in the bootstrap and jackknife analyses (see Appendix S1).
Despite the general low support values, the phylogenetic placement of Leonerasaurus is robustly supported within the basal nodes of Anchisauria. Trees depicting Leonerasaurus as a non-anchisaurian sauropodomorph require at least 6 extra steps (Templeton p-value = 0.0578), and trees placing the new taxon within Sauropoda require at least 13 extra steps (Templeton p-value = 0.0008). Therefore, the available data strongly indicate that Leonerasaurus can be interpreted as a non-sauropod anchisaurian. Furthermore, placing Leonerasaurus in a slightly more derived position than in the MPTs (i.e., within the basal nodes of the Melanorosaurus+Sauropoda clade) implies between three and six additional steps (depending on the position of other taxa such as Blikanasaurus and Camelotia; Templeton p-values ranging between 0.0339 and 0.1025). Therefore, the support for placing Leonerasaurus as more basal than Melanorosaurus is also moderately high.
However, when Leonerasaurus is placed more basally within Anchisauria the resultant topologies are only moderately suboptimal, implying two extra steps when it is depicted as more basal than Aardonyx or Anchisaurus, or as the sister group of either of these taxa (Templeton p-values ranging between 0.1573 and 0.4531). Among these alternative (suboptimal) positions, the possible sister group relationship between Leonerasaurus and Anchisaurus deserves special attention. The new taxon has two derived features that were up to now unique to Anchisaurus: short anteroposterior extension of the medial region of the transverse process of the dorsosacral vertebra (character 154.1 ) and preacetabular process of the ilium longer than twice its depth (character 209.1 ). Although we must endorse the current most parsimonious placement of Leonerasaurus obtained here, future studies and further remains of these taxa are needed to test more thoroughly the putative affinities of Anchisaurus and Leonerasaurus.
Body size and ontogenetic stage of MPEF-PV 1663
The ontogenetic stage of the holotype specimen of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis is of particular interest due to its small size and its phylogenetic position as a close relative of the large bodied sauropods. Several osteological and histological features suggest that MPEF-PV 1663 is not a juvenile but instead a subadult specimen and that Leonerasaurus was, like other basal sauropodomorphs, much smaller than basal sauropods.
Among the osteological features, the most noticeable feature is the complete closure of the suture between the centra and neural arches in most presacral vertebrae. All of the complete cervical vertebrae (axis, c3-c5) have a completely closed neurocentral suture. The posterior cervicals are broken and the neural arches are broken above the level of the neurocentral suture, so it is not possible to assess if these elements had a completely closed neurocentral suture. However, the anterior dorsals have, as the anterior cervicals, completely closed neurocentral sutures. Only a fragment of a posterior dorsal vertebra has a visible trace of the neurocentral suture, but the centrum of this element is nonetheless tightly sutured to the neural arch along an interdigitated suture. The sacral vertebrae also have completely closed neurocentral sutures. Although some regions are broken, there are no evident sutural marks between the transverse processes and the sacral ribs. Finally, the two central sacral elements are fused to each other through their articular surfaces. These osteological features suggest that MPEF-PV 1663 is not a juvenile specimen, although the presence of a visible suture in the posterior dorsal suggests that it may not have reached full skeletal maturity , . The lack of fusion of the dorsosacral and caudosacral to the central elements of the sacrum have been interpreted as a sign of skeletal immaturity in sauropods , but the caudosacral or dorsosacral elements remain unfused to the primordial sacrals in adult specimens of most basal sauropodomorphs (e.g., Plateosaurus, Massospondylus, Lufengosaurus).
Histological information was obtained from thin sections of the shaft of the femur and a dorsal rib of MPEF-PV 1663 (Figure 15). The transverse sections of the femur show a narrow cortex surrounding a very large medullary cavity. The femur of MPEF-PV 1663 unfortunately suffered poor histological preservation through intensive diagenesis. Although the sample is badly preserved, a distinct cortex composed of primary fibrolamellar bone tissue can be discerned. The fibrolamellar bone is generally highly vascularized and dominated by laminar or irregularly arranged vascular canals. This pattern is observed through the whole cortex, including the outermost cortex. None of the studied sections show evidence of an external fundamental system (EFS), which is a histological proxy for skeletal maturity . The transverse sections of the ribs are better preserved and display a thick cortex surrounding an almost hollow medullary cavity. The perimedullary region exhibits large resorption cavities lined with endosteal lamellar bone tissue. The cortical bone is zonal and contains wide zones separated by annuli and lines of arrested growth (LAGs). The wide zones are composed of primary fibrolamellar bone with mainly longitudinally oriented vascular canals. Six annuli span from the perimedullary region to the outermost cortex. Since annuli and LAGs are assumed to correspond to annual cycles , the bone histology of the holotype of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis suggest that this individual was at least six years old. This is necessarily a minimum age estimate, because medullary expansion would have removed any additional growth marks originally deposited internal to those observed. The histological analysis thus suggests that MPEF-PV 1663 specimen is neither a young juvenile nor a fully-grown adult.
Figure 15. Histological section from a dorsal rib of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
A, cortical bone composed of fibrolamellar bone tissue with distinct zones and annuli (arrows). Secondarily enlarged erosion cavities are visible in the perimedullar region. B, Close up of the cortex as indicated in white rectangle in (A) showing the fine structure of zones and annuli. Some secondary osteons are scattered in the inner cortex. Scale bars represent 0.5 (A) and 0.2 mm (B). Abbreviations: an, annulus; so, secondary osteon; zo, zone.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g015
The preserved axial elements of MPEF-PV 1663 allow an estimate of a total body length of approximately 2.5 meters for this specimen (assuming the presence of 10 cervicals and 15 dorsals as in other basal sauropodomorphs , and a caudal region as long as the presacral series). This estimate lies in the lower third of the body length range for basal sauropodomorphs, similar to Anchisaurus, Yunnanosaurus, and Coloradisaurus, but smaller than other basal sauropodomorphs (e.g., Riojasaurus, Plateosaurus, Lufengosaurus). Even accepting that fully grown specimens of Leonerasaurus may have reached twice the size of the subadult type specimen, such a body length would still be approximately half the length of basal sauropods (e.g., Lessemsaurus, Antetonitrus, Vulcanodon; with estimated body lengths around or above 10 meters long). Furthermore, the body length difference between Leonerasaurus and basal sauropods could be even larger, given that the basalmost sauropods are also known from subadult individuals (i.e., all presacral vertebrae of Lessemsaurus and Antetonitrus specimens have open neurocentral sutures).
Other estimates of body size, such as the mediolateral width of the femoral shaft (FML), which has a linear correlation with body mass , also indicate that Leonerasaurus was a small bodied taxon in comparison with basal sauropods. The FML of MPEF-PV 1663 (4 cm) is similar or smaller than those of other basal sauropodomorphs (e.g., Anchisaurus, Yunannosaurus, Coloradisaurus) but is approximately 50% the FML of Melanorosaurus and 30% the FML basal sauropods (see Figure 16 and Appendix S1).
Figure 16. Evolutionary history of the acquisition of sacral vertebrae (above) and body size (below) in basal Sauropodomorpha.
Colored boxes and lines on the terminal taxa and branches represent the optimization of the type of sacrum among basal sauropodomorphs. Autapomorphic additions of sacral elements are marked with asterisks (see text for explanation). The curves plotted below the cladogram represent the range of estimated body size (y-axis) in sauropodomorph nodes leading to eusauropods (x-axis). Ancestral reconstructions of body mass are based on femoral lateromedial width (FML; see and Appendix S1 for further data and methods). The terminal ‘Eusauropods’ represents forms more derived than the basal eusauropod Shunosaurus, some of which have further increased the sacral count , .doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014572.g016
In sum, body size estimates for MPEF-PV 1663 place this specimen in the lower third of the body size variation of basal sauropodomorphs. As the available osteological and histological data suggest that MPEF-PV 1663 is a subadult specimen that has not reached cessation of growth, it is likely that Leonerasaurus did not differ markedly in body size from other basal sauropodomorphs. This is consistent with the body size optimized at the ancestral node of Leonerasaurus (see below and Figure 16). Therefore, despite the subadult condition of the holotype we postulate that the body size difference between Leonerasaurus and basal sauropods was at least as large as those noted between other basal sauropodomorphs and sauropods (, ; see below).
Evolutionary Origins of the Sauropod-type Sacrum
The increase of sacral vertebrae is a common evolutionary trend present in the three major groups of Dinosauria (Ornithischia, Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha) . Within Sauropodomorpha, the number of sacral vertebrae has long been recognized to increase along the evolutionary history of the group, and one of the features that traditionally diagnosed the large-bodied Sauropoda was the presence of four sacral vertebrae (see , , ).
However, the precise pattern of sacral evolution in the early evolution of Sauropodomorpha has been debated in recent years. Most of this debate has been focused on the homology of different sacral vertebrae in basal sauropodomorphs, discussed at length in recent contributions , , , , –. Although some disagreements still exist over the homology of the sacral vertebrae of some taxa (e.g., Anchisaurus; see below), most of the authors mentioned above currently agree in the homology of the sacral elements of basal sauropodomorphs.
Despite the uncertainties and low support values noted above for the phylogenetic results, the most parsimonious hypotheses retrieved in this analysis recognize three major stages (Figure 16) in the early evolutionary history of the sauropodomorph sacrum: 1) the plesiomorphic condition for Sauropodomorpha in which the sacrum is almost exclusively composed of the two primordial sacrals (S1+S2); 2) the condition present in most basal sauropodomorphs (‘prosauropods’) characterized by the incorporation of a third element identified as a dorsosacral (DS+S1+S2); 3) the condition of the large-bodied Sauropoda that is characterized by the presence of four sacrals (or more in derived taxa), in which one caudosacral element is incorporated (DS+S1+S2+CS) , .
Recently described specimens of the near-sauropod Melanorosaurus readi , have shown that the four-sacral condition is not diagnostic of Sauropoda, but instead of the more inclusive clade of Melanorosaurus+Sauropoda . In fact, the presence of four sacrals (as well as other characters such as the development of an eccentric femoral shaft) has been regarded as possible a adaptation to support increasing gut volumes and body masses in this clade of large-bodied sauropodomorphs .
The presence of four sacrals (DS+S1+S2+CS) in Leonerasaurus, coupled with its smaller body size and its position as the sister group of the large bodied clade of Melanorosaurus+Sauropoda, is highly significant for understanding the origin of the sauropod-type sacrum. The optimization of sacral configuration along the evolutionary history of basal Sauropodomorpha (Figure 16) shows that the four sacrals that previously diagnosed Sauropoda (or the clade of large bodied taxa composed by Melanorosaurus+Sauropoda) actually appeared earlier in the evolutionary history of the group, being diagnostic of a more inclusive clade. Furthermore, the four-sacral condition of Leonerasaurus not only reveals an earlier phylogenetic origin of this feature but also shows that the appearance of the sauropod-type of sacrum predated the body size increase that characterizes the origin of Sauropoda (Figure 16).
Thus, the new information provided by Leonerasaurus (and other recently described forms) allows a more complete understanding of the evolutionary history of Sauropodomorpha. The early evolution of this group (and the origins of Sauropoda) is certainly characterized by a trend of increasing both body size and sacral count. However, the decoupled evolution of these two features seems to go against an adaptive argument to explain the appearance of an increase in the number of sacral vertebrae as a response to the body size increase in Sauropoda (and closely related forms).
Considering the alternative (suboptimal) phylogenetic positions for Leonerasaurus within Anchisauria (see above), the presence of four sacrals in this species would also be significant. If Leonerasaurus is indeed a more basal anchisaurian sauropodomorph (e.g., the sister group of Anchisaurus), its sacral configuration must be explained as an evolutionary convergence between the new taxon and sauropods (paralleling the addition of a fourth sacral element). Such a convergent pattern would be unique among basal sauropodomorphs and would also indicate an increase in sacral number decoupled from an increase in body size along the lineage of Leonerasaurus.
Homoplasy and Conflictive Homology.
The gradual acquisition of sacral vertebrae along the evolutionary history of Sauropodomorpha is, however, not free of homoplasy. Several instances of convergences and reversals need to be postulated in order to explain the sacral configuration of some basal sauropodomorphs in the most parsimonious trees (as well as in any of the previously published phylogenies of basal sauropodomorphs; see below).
The clearest case is present in Plateosaurus, which has a unique sacral configuration among basal sauropodomorphs , , composed by the two primordial sacrals plus a caudosacral (S1+S2+CS; Figure 16). Given that Plateosaurus is nested within sauropodomorphs with a DS+S1+S2 sacral configuration, the incorporation of a caudosacral and the deletion of a dorsosacral must be interpreted as autapomorphic transformations of the Plateosaurus lineage (an event explained as a possible homeotic frame-shift ).
Three other cases of possible homoplastic transformations can be mentioned, although the extent of these homoplasies actually depends on the debated interpretation of some incomplete or poorly preserved sacra.
First, the three sacrals of Anchisaurus have been interpreted either as DS+S1+S2 , or as S1+S2+CS , . The former interpretation is congruent with the position of Anchisaurus in the analysis presented here (as well as in other phylogenetic studies , , ), given that this taxon is bracketed by forms with a DS+S1+S2 configuration. The second interpretation, however, would imply that (as in the case of Plateosaurus) a caudosacral element was incorporated and a dorsosacral was eliminated from the sacrum along the terminal branch leading to Anchisaurus. As noted above, if Leonerasaurus is indeed closer to Anchisaurus than to sauropods, even more sacral modifications would characterize this clade of small sauropodomorphs.
Second, one of the specimens referred to the near-sauropod Melanorosaurus readi (NM QR1551) has preserved four sacral vertebrae that were originally interpreted as DS+S2+S1+CS , but have been recently reinterpreted as two dorsosacrals followed by the two primordial sacrals (A. Yates, pers. com.). Another specimen referred to Melanorosaurus readi (NM QR3314) has preserved, instead, five sacral elements. Comparisons between the two specimens suggest that the complete sacral configuration of Melanosaurus readi includes two dorsosacrals, followed by the two primordial sacrals, and a single caudosacral (A. Yates, pers. com.). This condition must be interpreted as autapomorphic, given the presence of four sacrals in basal sauropods (and Leonerasaurus). The disparity among referred specimens of Melanorosaurus readi is likely due to the incompleteness of the specimen NM QR1551, but further studies on these specimens are needed to clarify this problem.
Third, the basalmost sauropodomorph taxa Saturnalia and Thecodontosaurus clearly have two major sacral elements that are extensively attached to the iliac blade. However, a marginal participation of a caudosacral may be present in these forms , . The lateral contact of this putative accessory caudosacral has not been preserved in any of the specimens, and these inferences are mostly based on rugose surfaces that might represent areas of attachment of a caudosacral element. The presence of a caudosacral in these basal taxa needs to be confirmed with more complete remains.
The evolution of the sacrum in basal sauropodomorphs, therefore, shows a complex pattern of character evolution, and the long recognized trend of increase in sacral count might have occurred convergently in several lineages of Sauropodomorpha since their earliest evolutionary history. Such a complex pattern of sacral evolution (e.g., acquisition of CS in Plateosaurus or an autapomorphic fifth sacral in Melanorosaurus) is not only implied by the results of the present phylogenetic analysis. These instances of homoplasy are similarly implied by the topologies of all phylogenetic analyses of basal sauropodomorphs published in recent years –, –, , , , , .
Irrespective of these parallel trends and the phylogenetic uncertainties, our results show that the trunk lineage leading to Sauropoda seems to have gradually increased the number of sacral vertebrae, with sauropods inheriting a sacrum with four vertebrae from their more primitive relatives. The large number of recent discoveries and phylogenetic studies of basal sauropodomorphs offer a wealth of new information about their early evolution, providing critical evidence to understand the pattern and processes acting in one of the major evolutionary transformations of Dinosauria, the origins of Sauropoda. In this sense, the findings reported here support a gradual acquisition of sacral characters along the phylogenetic line leading to Sauropoda. This pattern is paralleled by recent studies that showed gradual acquisition of characters in the forelimb of this lineage , suggesting that many of the numerous features that previously distinguished Sauropoda from other dinosaurs appeared gradually in the evolutionary history of Sauropodomorpha.
Supplementary phylogenetic information, including character list, data matrix, strict consensus trees, complete list of synapomorphies of the nodes present in the strict consensus and reduced strict consensus, and further data on support measures. Additionally, supplementary information, data, and methods relevant to Figure 16 are provided.
(0.88 MB DOC)
Nexus file of the data matrix used in the phylogenetic study.
(0.02 MB TXT)
Selected measurements of Leonerasaurus taquetrensis (MPEF-PV 1663).
(0.07 MB DOC)
We thank Mariano Caffa who conducted the preparation of the specimen and the histological thin sections. Additional preparation was completed by Leandro Canessa. These people, along with Pablo Puerta, Santiago Reuil, Magalí Cardenas, Juliana Sterli, and Guillermo Rougier are thanked for help during fieldwork. D. Schwarz-Wings is thanked for providing femoral measurements of Ruehleia specimens. I. Escapa and J. Sterli are thanked for help with the artwork and providing critical comments. A. Farke, J. Wilson, and A. Yates also provided critical comments that greatly enhanced the quality of this manuscript. Line drawings of anatomical figures were conducted by J. Gonzalez. SEM images were possible thanks to Aluar Aluminio Argentino SAIC and the valuable help of J. Groizard. Thanks are also extensive to the Subsecretaría de Cultura de la Provincia del Chubut for providing the collecting permits (L.3559) and to Mr. Shanagan, landowner of the farm where this specimen was found, for allowing access to the site. This contribution used TNT ver 1.1, a program made freely available thanks to a subsidy by the Willi Hennig Society.
Wrote the paper: DP AG IAC. Conducted anatomical and phylogenetic study: DP. Conducted geological study: AG. Conducted histological study: IAC.
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478,432 | Kansas Historical Quarterly - A Hoosier in Kansas, 1
The Diary of Hiram H. Young, 1886-1895, Pioneer of Cloud County
Part One, 1886-1889
Edited by POWELL MOORE
May 1946 (Vol. 14 No. 2), pages 166 to 212.
Transcribed by lhn;
digitized with permission of the Kansas Historical Society.
The author was born near Wolf Lake, Noble county, Ind., in 1842. He was a student at Hillsdale College in Michigan when the Civil War began, and enlisted in the Union army early in the second year of the conflict. He fought at Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and was with Sherman on the "March to the Sea." At the close of the war he was mustered out as a first lieutenant in the 88th Indiana regiment. He returned to Indiana, married, and worked his father's farm near Wolf Lake until 1873. In that year he moved with his family to Kansas where he purchased a homestead of 160 acres in Cloud county about eight miles southeast of Concordia. To this farm he later added 40 acres of "school land."
Young was intensely interested in public affairs and was soon a prominent figure in local politics. A Democrat in the early years, he later became an enthusiastic member of the Farmer's Alliance and of the Populist party. He served as justice of the peace, treasurer of his school district, trustee of Nelson township, and was elected probate judge of Cloud county in 1894, and re-elected in 1896. When the Populist party collapsed he returned to the Democratic fold. He was also active in fraternal affairs and was a mason in the Concordia lodge and a member of the Knights of Pythias in
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 167
Aurora, Cloud county. At various times he subscribed for Topeka, Chicago, New York and Louisville, Ky., newspapers.
There were seven children in his family, four sons and three daughters, and by 1899 five of them had married and left home. It was then that he decided to sell his farm and return to Indiana. So he went back to Wolf Lake, purchased his father's farm and lived there until his death in 1919.
THIS diary covers the period from August, 1886, to January, 1895. The editor believes it presents a good picture of the conditions in Kansas that had much to do with the strength of the Farmer's Alliance and the Populist party there. Hiram H. Young was one of the many veterans of the Civil War who sought better opportunities in the West after that conflict, and it is reasonable to presume that his experiences and problems were similar to those of other farmers in Kansas at that time. His social life, complaints about the weather, prices received for farm products, and political activities are particularly significant. The diary refutes the popular impression that farmers in that portion of the West lived isolated lives.
25 A. C. Goble mowed.
26 Mowed one-half day
26 Stacked half day
27 Stacked hay all day. John Scott helped 1½ days Paid him Cash $1.40
28 Went to town Bought flour sugar and Tobacco. Borrowed Cash of John Elliot $25.00 on thirty days time. Went to Democrat Smiths from town.
29 This is Sunday Cool and pleasant, Stiff wind N. E. Singing school at Slutmans this afternoon.
30 Cloudy & cool George fearful sick last night. Cholera Morbus. Paid Dr. Big[e]low Cash $1.00 for medicine. George better this morning But very weak and dull from last nights Siege. Charley Halled Hay for J. T. Henderson I am under the weather this morning. That is to Say kind of on the lift.
31 Rained a little Went to town afternoon. Staid all night with Bill Skeels.
1 Went to Clay center to attend the Democratic congressional convention Nominated Joe Low [Joseph G. Lowe of Washington county] on first ballot. everything Harmonious. Arrived in Concordia 6.30 P. Heard Colonel Jessie Harper [of Manhattan] speak in favor of John A. Anderson [congressman], and in favor of the K. L.
2 Attended Sunday School picnic on Oak creek from their [sic] home 4.30 p.m.
168 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
3 Big Rain last night. Every thing fresh and pleasant this morning. Sold 2 loads Oats Bus 101.08.
4 Sold 2 loads Oats 104.12 Total 205.20 20¢ = 41.10. Dug 4 Bus potatoes.
5 Paid A. D. Goble Cash for mowing 3.00. This Sunday cool & Pleasant. Ella Morgan Died yesterday buried today. Mrs. Lillybridge [Lillibridge?] died, will be buried to morrow. Charley went to town to commence School in the morning. Paid cash 5.00 Paid Bill Short 6 Bus Oats and 1 Bus Potatoes. Oats 1.20 Potatoes 40 =1.60.
9 Big rain last night Attended H. Titteringtons Sale of stock. Went to town from Titteringtons. Paid Ben. Lake Cash $4.50 for 3 months tuition at High School in Concordia
10 Fine day. Plowed and pulled Beans. Pleasant, Weaned the colts.
11 Cloudy and cool Rained after noon. Rained a good Shower in the evening.
12 Clear and cool. This is Sunday. This Beautiful Sunday morning I am distressed in my hip and leg. Terrible pain in my boddy. No man can tell unless he is afflicted in the same way. Rheumatism is a dreaded disease. No peace on earth for those who are thus afflicted. This is a beautiful day. Nature is clothed in grandeur this morning. This beautiful Sunday morning every thing Seams to enjoy the beauties of nature. The birds, bees and The Brute creations all take in and enjoy the beauties and fresheness of the pure air this lovely Sunday morning. Went to Rice in evening.
13 Clear and cool Paid Monty and Hebert Cash on threshing $8.00 Paid John Scott Cash for 1 day Haying $1.00. Mr. Goble mowed 1 day today. Candy Pulling this evening at Dr. Bigelow['s] for the young people. Suffered very bad this forenoon with the Rheumatism. Halled in one load of hay in the mow. Thundering and lightning this eve. Threatens rain.
14 Paid Switze Goble Cash for halling hay 1.00 Paid Dave Scott Cash for halling hay $1.00
15 Hig[h] wind South. Went to town after noon. Paid Bill T. Short 10 Bushels Oats = $2.00 Thundering and lightning as tho it would rain. Awful dark. Wind N. W.
16 Cloudy and disagreeable all day. Rained a little Went to Rice after noon. Cleaned beans in the evening. Cant feel good this ev[e].
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 169
18 Went to town Renewed my Subscription to the Democrat 1.00. Paid Democrat 1.00 for Democrat for my Father. From Sept. 18, 1886 Paid Goble $2.00 for mowing in full for all demands to date.
19 Sunday, at home till noon. Afternoon went to Stoners. From there went to Dave Skeels. Suffering terrible with Rheumatism. In my right hip, leg, and foot. No man can tell how I suffer with this terrible complaint.
20 Nice fine day. Dident do any thing today, only suffer with rheumatic pain. Went to Stillingers in after noon to help him Thresh but the machine failed to come. I suffered just the Same. Wife and baby went to Slutmans to stay all night with Mrs Slutmann. Children gone to dutch meeting by Mabel and my self. Still I suffer. 8 O'clock P. M.
21 Helped John Stillinger Thresh. This job finishes my threshing for this year. Fine day wind S. W.
22 Fine nice day. Went to town and back in 5 Hours. Bought a barrel salt. Attended democratic [meeting] after noon and the following proceedings were had. Isaac Reeves Chairman, H. H. Young Sec. On motion H. H. Young and Isaac Reeves were elected delegates to the democratic next Saturday.
23 Went to Rice in fore noon. Corn worth today 23¢ Still suffer with Rheumatism
This is 24 Times in September. Wife and children all gone to town today. I'm at home by my self. Suffer just the Same with rheumatism. High wind, South and cloudy. Dusty and disagreeable. Rained a little. W. B. Brisbine called on us today and took dinner with me and had a good visit. Wife and children will have their pictures taken today.
25 Rained good Shower this morning. Very gloomy bad on my rheumatism. Democratic convention in Concordia today. The following ticket was nominated. For Probate Judge J. J. McFarnlan [McFarland] of Clyde. For Co. Attorney L. J. Crans. For Co. Supt. W. J. Shrader. H. H. Young elected committeman from Nelson.
26 Visited with Democrat Smith. Hank Slutman and his Mother came home. Also Ed. Matthews and wife. The Neighbors and
170 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
friends to the number of 54. They took the old lady and Hank completely by surprise.
27 Sold my corn for 23¢ Per Bus Halled 4 loads today. 109.30 Bus Cloudy and cold high Wind North.
28 Halled corn to Rice 11.11 Bu. Brother Thomas came to our place.
29 Halled corn Enough to make out 271.50 $57.80. Went to town After noon. Bought 1 pair pants and overalls. Home in eve ning 7 P. M. Paid J. C. Elliott cash $25.00 in full for all demands to date.
30 Fine day. Attended Banlys Sale. Bought Table and Box Irons $2.45 Suffered terrible today
I Went to Clyde with Brother Thomas
2 Went Hunting Visited Sulphur springs.
3 Sunday. Fine day.
4 Fine day Wife and Babies went to Stoner's visiting. Made fence around Straw & Hay stack and made feed rack.
5 Brother Thomas started home. Took him to Concordia this morning. Allie Bigelow was kicked in the head and had her leg broke by a horse. Ben Matthews came into the neighborhood
6 Fine day at home all day. Washed [Page missing from diary].
10 Went to Kellenbargers. to Rice in evening Paid Charley cash $4.00 to pay board bill, at W. T. Shorts.
11 Ed Matthews and Wife started for their home in Indiana.
12 Sold 1 load corn 30.10 $6.00 Went to town after noon.
13 Good rain after noon. Commenced to husk corn for the first.
14 Went to town and heard John A. Anderson speak. Staid all night with Democrat Smith.
15 Heard John P. St. John [former governor] speak good speech.
16 Fine day. At home. Boys Husked corn. Borrowed 33 Pounds Hog meat, Hind quarter. Suffered worse . . . with rheumatism. Fearful bad.
17 Sunday beautiful day. Cattle got out last night. My rheumatism is at home today and I suffer worse than a dog ought to.
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 171
18 High wind terrible Husked corn.
20 Went to Rice.
21 Cloudy and cool.
22 Fine rain cool this morning Thundered and Lightning hard. A dollar that once went into the pocket of a republican office holder was gone for ever, and as the eagle passed out of sight in his long pocket I had good reason to scream forth: Farewell Vain World of Sin I am goin[g] home. When did Mahone, Longstreet, Mosby, Chalmers, Ex P. M. Key, Ackerman and Riddlebarger, come with penitential tears to express their repentance for being in the reble army. The republican temple had a pool of Siloam which washed away all past political sins of rebels with the vote they carried in their hand Disagreeable day. 8 P. M. Thundering and Lightning and threatens storm Wind South East. Looks discouraging this evening. Warm and disagreeable. A little better of rheumatism than usual.
23 Went to town
24 Sunday was unfortunate today run Barb pointed calf muzzle into my thumb.
25 Cold and disagreeable. Baker Berton and Bill Mosher were here today
26 Big frost I went to Rice and River, Bought Lime & Coal.
27 Big frost fine day J. E. Stillinger was here this for the purpose of asking my influence in a friendly arbitration between himself and Henry Aumsbaugh over the waste of corn by Aums baugh's hogs; Made Settlement. I appeared for Stillinger and old Gentleman Spargur for Aumsbaugh. Gave Stillinger 7 Bushels corn for damage, which was paid and good feelings restored. Amount= $1.26 Went to Frank Butts and John Allens after noon. Washed.
28 Killed a hog and White washed. Paid F. P. Allen, $1.00 for white-washing Went to Clyde in the evening to hear General Blair s[p]eak.
29 Went to town in fore noon with Slutman home for dinner. After noon Went to town to interview the Union Grain company. Highered to them for 50 dollars per month, To buy grain.
30 Went to Caucus at Nelson [post office]. Largest Caucus ever held in township. I received the nomination for Trustee. Went to town in the evening to hear Colonel Moonlight speak.
31 Went to Rice in the morning Went to Catholic church on elm creek to hear Colonel Moonlight [Democratic nominee for gov.
172 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
ernor] and Jo Lowe speak. Moonlight and Lowe Both stop[pled at our place a few minits. I trust they will both be successful.
1 Fine windy day terrible High wind. [No other entries for November, 1886.]
3 Went to Stoners Met J. E. Bean and Kinsley Morgan there. Signed J. E. Beans over seer Bond and approved it. Signed C. C. Stoners Bond for Justice. Went with J. E. Bean and Kinsley Morgan to view line fence between Serie and N. Broe Found all spite work on the part of Serie. Cold bad day. Took Dinner with D. A. Skeels. H. D. Cleveland and wife were there Mrs. Skeels able to be up first time in many weeks. J. E. Bean and Kinsley Morgan were qualified for their respective offices that of Town Clerk and Town Treasure[r].
4 Went to town after noon. Bought 2 Caps 4.00 2 pair Boots 4.00 Stockings 2.50 2 Pair over shoes 2.90 1 Pair Drawers 1.25 Coffee 1.00 Sugar 1.00 Tea 60¢ Candy 5¢ Butter print .35 clout nails 5. Paid John Scott cash for Husking corn, $8.75 in full for demands to date. Highered Dave Scott to work 1 month or more. No wages mentioned but guess at 17 or 15 dollars per month.
5 Sunday at home. Sick today bad day for me. Bright and clear, fine winter day. [No more entries until January 19, 1887.]
19 Paid Julius Ward Cash $10.00 Bought 2 bunches Shingles. Drove Kitt and Dick to Rice. The first time Kitt had the harness on. She drove well considering, G. Huscher called on me yesterday in regard to R. R. matter.
21 Went to Rice Bought 2 bunches shingles Settled in full with Howell Bros. Lumber Co. at Rice = 19.37 Settled in with Breeds. Received Cash from them $36.60 [?] Sold them 180 Bushels co[r]n 21¢. Due them for 1 sack awful poor flour $1.15 Paid [No more entries for January, 1887].
5 Sold 2 hogs, we [i] ght 760 Price 4¢ = 30.40 Settled in full with Dave Scott for Husking corn and by the month for all demands to date. Cash $6.50 Snowing bad day
7 Sold Hundred Bushels corn at 23¢ Went to town
8 Halled 1 load corn for Secrist
9 Halled 2 loads for my self. Helped Hank Slutman Kill and skin a beef.
10 Halled 1 load corn
11 Halled 1 load corn Bought sack flour 2 Pair Hinges. 2 cigars Saw Alex Hadley
17 Fearful High Wind till about 4 P. M. It commenced to storm Snowing and blowing fearful Rained a little after dinner. This is the worst Bliz[z]ard this year. The Dr. was here this after noon This is the 3rd time Paid him cash $5.00 Storming dre[a]dful 7 P. M. turned my calves and pigs out. This is a fearful storm. [No more entries for February, 1887.]
12 Went to town Paid Dr. Else cash $5.00 in full for all demands Terrible high wind this after noon, fearful dusty. Sold the old white cow for $20.00 to be delivered next week.
15 Clug came and took the old cow.
17 Sowed oats fine Bright day. Sowed 20 Bushels oats.
18 High wind and cold. Mrs Kellenbarger came this morning on a little visit. L. D. Parch past this morning going east. Received cash from Klug $10.00 on Beef cow. Due me from Klug, cash $10.00 Went to town Signed Bill Blairs Bond for $30,000 as president of 1st National Bank of Russell, Kansas, Russell county.
19 Went to town after noon. High wind & very disagreeable. Paid L. A. Bartlett cash for a saddle $7.00 Bought said saddle March 7th Price 19.
20 Worst day of season fearful high wind
21 Sold 2 loads corn at 23¢ per Bush [el] 23 At noon got word that Charley was sick at Democrat Smiths. Went to Smiths after noon. Then went to town after the Dr. then back to Smiths. Found Charley better then home Arrived at home 7 p. m.
24 Fearful high wind N. very dusty. Cold Went to Rice then to Concordia then to Smith. Charley no better. After noon wife and Henry Matthews came to Smiths. I came home. Wife staid there. Frank Ellison arrived here from Topeka.
25 Cloudy and dusty Charley no better. I had a bad night of it last night. Awful pain in my hip back and leg. With neuralgia in my nose and jaws. Awful bad day of it pain in my mouth and nose as well as in my back and leg. I dont Know
174 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
what I will do if it dont let up. Received P. C. from wife Charley no better.
26 Cloudy and coald. F. W. Ellison started for Washington this morning his native home. I am much better today than yester day. Fearful cold Wife came home with Slutman's Charley Better. Commenced to storm in the evening.
27 Big Storm this morning Kansas at home about 4 inches of Snow Bad stormy day the worst day for a long time. I'm suffering fearful today pain in my hip and leg.
29 Went to town Received Cash from Klug $7.00 Due me from Klug cash $3.00
2 Went to town Received Cash from Klug $3.00 In full for all demands to date.
3 Sunday fearful high wind and dusty, bad day.
8 Went to town after fruit trees Paid cash $11.65 Fearful day fearful dust.
15 Took my assessment to town to County Clerk, was obliged to go over a part of my work, staid all night with Democrat Smith.
16 Highered Dr. Brownell to help me on my assessment Worked all day. Rained all day. Still all night Still raining. Got home Sunday noon.
18 Went to town. Drew my money for my assessment, Cash $90.00 Paid Dr. Brownell Cash $3.00 Paid Democrat Smith Cash $5.00 Paid Klug Cash $1.25 Paid Martin Bro. $1.00 Paid Henry Matthews Cash $15.00 for first months work.
21 Big rain last night Paid John W. Campbell Cas[h] $11.00 for Horse service for 2 mares. All paid.
23 Went to town Brought Calf home that I bought of Mrs W. T. Short Paid cash $10.00 Paid J. C. Zimmerman Cash $8.00 for interest on note due April 10th.
24 Sunday. Little Freddie met with a dre[a]dful accident this after noon. He drew from the top of the table a cup full of boiling milk, which went into his mouth on his chin. Poor little Boy is burnt in a shocking manner. Dr. Bigelow called 2 time [s] on Sunday and again on Monday morning. Dr. T. C. McCas[e]y called and examined Jesses foot and found he had run a nail in his foot. He c[h]arged and I paid him Cash $1.00 Paid Mrs Carpenter Cash $7.00 in full for Music lessons for Alba.
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 175
25 Freddie is a little better I think. Dr. Bigelow Called this morning. Thus I write this midnight Paid Squire Stoner Cash $1.00 for work on assessment roll, all paid for all demands to date.
26 Freddie resting pretty well considering. Mrs. Democrat Smith came and Staid all night. Freddie better Dr. Bigelow Called this morning.
30 Town Board meeting. Board full. The following proceedings were had. The Bill from Howell Bro was allowed also the Bill of M. W. Pierce. The Board examined the bridge on elm creek Known as the Longtin Bridge and pronounced it safe. I was allowed 2.00 for my service today. This is the last day of April. High wind and dusty. Commenced to plant corn by listing.
2 Planted corn with planter
3 Bought white corn of Sam Magaw for seed.
9 Took my cattle to Lrayons Pasture. 2 yearling steers 3 yearling Heifers and one cow. 1 Heifer all red. 1 all white . . . cut tips of ears and nose. Steers white and speckled Red necks and ears. Cow all or nearly all white Cow with calf. Fearful warm and dry. School commenced this morning. A thing unprecedented] in the history of district No. 76. The School board to higher a teacher without Calling a meeting for that purpose. Autocratic authority. Simply an infamous outrage.
12 Glorious Grand Good Rain. The back bone of drouth broke this after noon. Ground well Soaked.
16 Good rain
18 Finished planting corn. Went to Democrat Smiths in after noon. With Georg[e] John Billy Slutman and Henry Matthews fishing The boys caught one little fish.
19 Arrived home 11 A. M. plowed corn after dinner
2 finished Building three Bridges in Nelson Township. The three Bridges cost Two hundred and seventy Dollars Gave order for said amount To the Contractor George D. Biggs. Order No 7, $270.00
12 Been raining for 3 days.
13 Paid Henry Matthews Cash ten dollars $10.00 Put in a terrible bad night last night, vomited, burning in my stomach Terrible pain in my back hip and leg. I am certain this pain is wearing me out.
176 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
27 J. E. Stillinger mowed my clover
28 J. E. Stillinger mowed 6 acres of weeds. Total 12 acres Paid Him Cash $2.50 Halled in 3 loads clover Hay, fearful Hot and Dry. Plenty chinch bugs in corn.
29 Finished Halling clover Hay, went to town and home till noon. Hot & dry Bought 6 Ga[l]lons coal oil for $1.60 5 Gal[l]on can for $1.65
19 William Henry Matthews time out Paid him cash $47.50 Fearful hot and dry Halled a load of Sand from the river for the chickens. Received Cash from H. B. Parvin $117.67 for 10 Hogs weight 2615 lbs. 4.50 per hund.
26 Settled with Dr. Bigelow in full for all demands to date. Paid cash $10.45 Fearful dry and Dusty. Corn just about Dried up. Very discouraging The bluest time in Kansas. No oats No corn Fearful times in store for us.
27 Went to town with Dave Skeels. Fearful dry and dusty Bought a pair [of] shoes $3.00.
28 Hot and dry.
29 Cool in morning wind south fearful dry Corn about played out. Fearful Hot and dusty. Nothing to do discouraging 30 Rained a little last night Enough to lay the dust. Corn nearly all dried up. For the life of me I dont see how the farmers will winter. No oats, No corn, No fruit, No grass, No nothing. Went to town today, I never Saw as many farmers as discouraged as they are at this time Nothing for their stock or their families, besides Tax Money.
31 Settled with Henry Slutman for Harvesting oats charged me nothing. This Sunday in July warm and dry, no appearance of rain. Mother and the children went to Rice after Charley.
3 Glorious good rain wet down about 2 inches. Corn past redemption. Rain came too late.
4 Rained a good Shower.
5 Rained a good Shower last night. Cloudy and today. Scraped dirt in Horse stable and some in road at the crossing.
6 Nice fine day. Went to town and had my buggy spring straightened 50¢ and ordered a new seat made. Bought Sugar coffee & Tobacco. Saw Mike Savoi [e] Promised to send him no-
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 177
tice when the town Caucus was to be held. His address is St. Peters. Had a pleasant visit with Alex Hadley Fred Thompson and old Gentleman Sawdy. Sent Postal not[e] to American Rural Home for 81¢ with orders to stop the paper.
7 Sunday. Fine day Charley at Home.
8 High wind South awful warm after noon. Sowed turnip seed in evening. Institute commenced today. This was a hard day on our little corn Just about all dried up. Hard winter in store for us this winter.
9 Clear and Hot. Cut corn and plowed. Corn drying up.
11 Cloudy and Threatened rain. Thundered in the eve. Hot cut corn.
12 Cloudy & hot. Thundered this morning. Some appearance of rain. Mother George Alba Mabel and Freddie went to John A. Jackman visiting. Warm.
13 Went to town Bought sugar and flour. Flour blacker will return it to Martin Bro.
14 Cloudy and pleasant, at home all day. Caught 2 skunks last night in steel traps.
15 Fine day Walter Barsman called today. Republican candidate for Co. clerk. Wife Johnny and Freddie went to Jake Matthews for Grapes. Cut corn.
16 Grand Glorious Good rain this morning
17 Commenced to plow. Ground wet down about 4 inches
18 Tremendous Heavy dew last night Fog[g]y this morning Johnny plowing. This is wash day. Very cloudy &warm. Cut corn today Rained a little in Forenoon. Top[p]ed out my oats Stacks with corn fodder. Went to Rice afternoon. Bought 1 Barell Salt $2.25 Sugar 50¢, soda 20¢.
19 Johnny took plow to Rice to get sharpened. A[w]ful warm today Cut 4 shocks corn fodder. Went to town.
21 Nice little rain this morning. Cool and pleasant. Wrote and mailed a letter to Day Light this morning. Boys went to Rice after Charley. Charley dident come. Went to Dave Skeels after noon.
22 Killed a hog Loaned J. T. Henderson 32 Pounds Hind quarter. Loaned Slutman 20 Pounds Fore quarter. Nice cool day wind north.
24 Went to town Dr. McCasey said Mell had the Erysipelas for which I paid him for medicine Cash $1.50. Went to Rice afternoon Received one package of books from State Board of Horti-
178 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
culture Bought 2½ bushels Rye Paid 90¢ per Bus. Rained nearly all day. Went down about one half inch. Quite cool for the season.
25 Still raining at noon. Rained all night. Ground well Soaked with water. Best rain of the Season. This will soak the chinch bugs in good shape. Turnips coming fine. Sowed the Seed about
10 days ago. Commenced to rain again in the evening. Still raining at bed time May it rain all night and Soak the ground full of water. Weaned the colts. The old mares are making a terrible fuss for their colts.
26 Sowed Rye for hog pasture. Plowed oats stub[b]le, and did various things during the Day. A. Snyder Candidate for Sheriff Called at our place today.
27 Cloudy and cool. Wife Alba Mabel Freddie and the Boys went to town to take in the Show. The old man at home alone. Duller than thunder.
28 Went to Democrat Smiths. Wife Mabel and Mrs. Slutman went along. Subscribed for the Concordia Blade paid the Blade man Cash $1.00
29 Grand Glorious Good rain. Best rain in 2 month[s] Good rain. Cut corn till it commenced to rain. Ground well soaked.
31 First day of the Fair. Attended the fair. Saw the races. Bought coat and vest Paid cash $9.75 Two Christian Bretheren came to stay all night. Alba and Johnny went to church in evening.
1 Went to the fair. Good time. Rained quite hard about three oclock. Arrived home in eve. about 7 P. M.
2 Got up at 4 A. M. this morning. . . . Rained during last night and still raining this morning. Rained this morning hard Went to the fair, Wife Baby and George. Staid all night with Democrat Smith.
3 Charley Alba and myself went to the fair. Best day during the fair, home 8 p.m.
4 Went to town to see the soldiers. There were 4 companies of the 7 Cavalry U. S. A. in Camp in the fair grounds They maneuvered around Some. Mounted guard. The band played nice.
5 Sowed 5 bushels of Rye.
6 Finished harrowing in Rye. Cut corn awful warm. Sen George to Rice this evening. Wind changed to north west about P. M Blowed quite hard for some time. George came home 8½ M. Rained a little.
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 179
7 Bright and clear. Republican Caucus this after noon. Cut 30 Shocks corn. Cool.
8 Mowed. Goble did. Owe him $1.50 for it.
9 Stacked Hay. Commenced to rain about noon. Cool wind North east.
10 Rained all night Last night. Rained nearly all day today went to town afternoon.
11 Cloudy and cool This is Sunday.
13 Went to town. This is the first day of the reunion
14 Went to town and spent the day at the reunion.
15 Went to town and spent the day at the reunion. Gov Martin mad[e] a speech. Colonel Cloud spoke Colone[l] G. T. Anthony spoke. Staid all night with W. B. Smith.
16 Attende[d] the reunion Mr. King of Lincoln of Nebr. spoke. All the speaking was in favor of the republican party President was immensely abused. All in the name of God and the republican party.
17 Went to town to attend the Democratic central committee. Convention called for October 1st Caucus Sept. 27
18 Cloudy and cold. Paid A. D. Goble for mowing 1.80. Paid 14. Paid Switz Goble 15. for ½ day haying 50¢ Charley and Slutmans went to town.
19 Cloudy and warm. Went to Morgan's and J. E. Bean to interview them in relation to town road tax. Mother and Freddie went to town, with Slutman. Mother went to get her teeth pulled.
20 Bright and clear. Warm and pleasant. Dug potatoes after noon. Boy cut corn. The above was written with a turkey quill for a pen. Does Bully. Mother Sick this afternoon. Alice Sow piged September 17 had 4 pigs.
21 Cloudy and warm
22 Dug potatoes Boy cut corn. Warm. Thursday night put in fearful night. Dre[a]dful pain in my hip. Slep[t] but little during the night.
23 This the worst day for me [Half page missing from diary].
24 Slept pretty good last night. Pain all settled in my back this morning. Back weak and wont bear my weight. Daughter Nellie came yesterday. But we was all glad to see her. Cloudy & Cool.
25 Rained good yesterday. Uncle Henry & Aunt Rye was here for dinner. [Half page missing from diary.]
180 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
Clear and pleasant This morning Pain all in my back
27 Cloudy & cool Dr Bigelow left 5 Quinine powders. Feel dull.
28 Cloudy & cold. . . . Wife Nellie Alba Mabel and baby went to Parvins visiting Heard today that G. B. Vanlandingham's wife was dead. This I regret very much. [One line from diary torn out.]
29 Cool fine day Democratic Caucus today, big[g]est turnout we ever had. Mother Mabel Nellie and Freddie went to Kellenbargers visiting.
30 Fine day Warm and pleasant William Lillybridge [Lillibridge] mowed. Nellie went to town after dinner
1 Saturday. Democratic Convention in Concordia, [Hiram H.] Young chairman credentials. Nominated C. Guilbert for Treasure [r] A. T. Sidwell for Clerk G. B. Vanlandingham for sheriff F. W. Fraisus [Fraisus] for Register R. S. McCrary Surveyor Jimmy Flynn for Coroner, Baker Borton for Commissioner 1st district. A good ticket all but Commission [One line from diary torn out.]
2 Fearful high wind North. This is Sunday. Charley at home. Will go to town today.
3 Went to town. Sold 15 Turkeys 5¢ per lb. Weight 121 lbs = $6.05. Stacked hay.
4 Fine day. . . . [One line from diary torn out.]
6 Finished Stacking Hay. Went to town. Paid Hen. Snavely Cash for Haying $2.50
7 Went to town with Hogs 5 Head. Weight 1440 33/4 per Hundred=$54.00 Fearful dusty High wind.
8 Went to Clyde rained all day, got home 8 P. M.
9 Sunday H. B. Parvin and family called, C. C. Stoner and family called Also the school teacher
10 Paid William Lillybridge cash $4.50 for 2¼ days mowing. Ordered 8 Plank[s] for bridge on elm creek South [of Nelson] P. O. 2 plank[s] on Said bridge myself. Dug potatoes. Boy, started to school this morning.
11 Brought my cattle [from] the pasture paid cash $10.0 Rishtines were here. Wife and Nellie went to town.
12 Went to town
13 Went to Dave Skeels
14 Went to town Paid Charley Cash $6.00 Nellie Start home Charley came home this eve.
15 Finished dig[g]ing potatoes nice day Charley at home. 16 Settled with John Secrist paid him cash $1.00
19 Went to town Paid Editor Day Light Cash $3.00 for 2 copies of Day Light. Went to town with Hen. Snavely
20 G. B. Vanlandingham and Joe Fuller staid all night with me.
21 Went with the above to Millers Heberts & St. Pierre.
22 Went to town. Was elected Treasure[r] of Democratic executive committee received Cash $9.50
24 Went to coal bank for coal. Brought home 1600 lbs coal paid cash $2.25.
27 I was nominated for Trustee by a big majority 53 to 33 J. J. Ward and W. A. Pierce were my competitors. Beat them bad. Was nominated this evening for Township Trustee by the voters of Nelson Township. The biggest Caucus ever held in Nelson township. I had 23 majority over both candidates for which I am obliged and hold the voters of Nelson township in high esteem. [This is the first entry in book two of the diary.]
28 Went to town Uncle Henrys file horse was sick.
31 Fine nice day. Warm Went to town. Had my buggy pole repaired, cost 75¢ which I consider infamous. Got my bill trees, 50 grapevines and 1 apricot=: $2.25. Thomas Russell Died Age 66 years 10 months 13 days
1 Fine day Attended funeral of Thomas Russell Buried in Campbells Cemetery. G. B. Vanlandingham and A. T. Sidwell called today in my absence. But reported everything in good shape. Awful fine day. Sent John to J. S. Lillybridges to notify him of town board meeting tomorrow. Big turnout of people at funeral today. Freddie quite unwell today
2 Annual Township Board meeting. Settled with Road over seers, settled with Treasure[r] and Clerk Balanced the treasure[r]s books and made Treasure[r]s report. Fine nice warm day. Board meeting at J. E. Beans Mrs. Fannie McCasey and Miss Hagaman made us a visit today.
3 Fine nice day. Went to Rice in forenoon. Met J. E. Bean. Also J. M. Ijames of Shirley Township. Johnny went to Rice in the evening after wife but no wife. Wife I recon is played out. Goodbye wife.
4 Went to town after noon. Home 5.30. Went to fair view to
182 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
hear speech. G. B. Varilandingham A. T. Sidwell Sam Demers Dr. Jeannotte A. N. Lafaron and H. H. Young made speeches.
5 At home, finished pulling corn on west side. I think I have about 65 bushels on 27 acres. Alba went to town yester and was to return today but failed to come.
6 Sunday. At home High wind. Johnny and Mabel went to Rice after Alba but the cars dont run on Sunday so she failed to come. Alba came home this evening with Dr. McCasey. Uncle and Rye called this evening, had a pleasant visit.
7 A. T. Sidwell and wife Called on us this morning, and took brexfast with us. Went with Sidwell and called on Dr. Bigelow, P. Miller, C. C. Stoner and Dave Skeels Also Jo Dugas and A. D. Goble. Home at noon. Churned and Herded the Cattle after noon. Fine nice warm day. Boys at School. Some Damed Scoundrel has started a little lie about me, Stating that I said I would not vote for any republican. All done to down me for Trustee.
|Tax on 40 acre||$6.00|
|Tax on Homestead||$28.92|
|Tax on Personal Property||$8.02|
|Total Tax||$42.94 For 1887|
8 Election day. This was the cussedest election I ever Saw. The new law of drawing the line 50 feet. Some men havent a damed bit of Sense. . . . Now I will remember them. They blame me for the law. Showing at once the[y] are ignoramuses. Good rain Today. Got home at 9 P. M. Dark as tar ground wet and muddy. Was Elected Trustee without opposition
9 Fine nice day, went to town with Stoner. Entire Republican ticket elected. Sh[e]riff by only 60 majority Clerk by 300. Staid all night with Democrat Smith. N. Y. Democratic.
10 Came home to Dinner
11 Fine nice day. Sold 4 Hogs weight 1100 3.80 Per Hundred = $41.80 Lost my wagon tire and had trouble to get it on. Had Ayers to put in 2 Fellows and set tire 80¢ Herded Cattle after Dinner. This is the day the Chicago Anarchists were hung by the neck until dead. Treason must be made Odious Treason is a crime.
12 Fine nice day. Snap[p]ed corn. Wife Alba and Freddie went to town. Charley came home with them.
13 Sunday At home cloudy and cool. Wind north. Johnny took Charley to town today. This has been a long lonesome day. Rather disagreeable for poor people and hard on the poor stock. The boys at church at the Sod Mansion. Rev. Samuel Naillieux officiating as minister. May much good be done. Johnnie returned home from town with 2 Daily Blades with the news of the Chicago anarchist Hanging one of them Blowed his own head off.
14 Fine day Snap[p]ed corn. dont feel worth a cuss. Bad cold and must cough nearly all the time Sore throat and am out of fix all over and dont feel well myself,
15 Fine and pleasant. Killed a turkey this morning. Went to town after dinner. Sold turkey to Lamb. Weight 7½ lbs 10¢ per lb = .75.
16 Cloudy and cool High wind north, dusty very disagreeable & ugly. J. E. Bean and wife called this after noon. A very pleasant visit we had The Boys went to the School house to attend the Lyceum.
17 Cloudy & cool. Gathered corn & Fixed chimney Herded Cattle. Cold after Dinner.
18 Cloudy and cold Finished pulling turnips. Buried about 10 bushels. Cleaned house. Had too much on hand today. Sime Farnum called this after noon. He resides in Rice co. Kansas. Very tired this evening. Hank Slutman went to Delphos to mill. Billy Slutman was thrown from a horse this morning. Cloudy and cold Terrible high wind North West. Got up this morning with pain in my left ribs. fearful pain. Stormy and very bad.
20 Clear and cold Pleasant but cold. Pump froze up last night. Johnny went to Rice this morning for our mail. Wrote to Nellie. This is Sunday.
21 Fine nice day Killed and Dressed 2 Turkeys. Alba went to town with Slutman Mabel had the croup last night. Herded Cattle after noon. Very fine and warm. Sent 1 Dressed turkey and (2) lbs butter to Mrs. F. W. Ellison in Topeka.
22 Cloudy and cold High wind North. Killed and Dressed 10 Turkeys for market the 12 Dressed 93 lbs. . . . Fearful tired after dressing 10 Turkeys. Death on my Back. Halled fodder for Cattle morning & evening. Killed 2 chickens this evening. One for brexfast and one for Mrs. Carpenter.
23 Cloudy and cold. Went to town with Turkeys sold 18. 12 Dressed. 6 Live. Received Cash $13.00 Bought Boots for George $2.00 Shoes for Charley $3.00 Sugar $1.00 Tea 60¢
24 Thanksgivin[g]. W. T. Short and family Dr. McCasey and Mrs McCasey, Made us a visit. Borrowed of John A Secrist
184 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
63 Pounds of Beef. The 4 quarter. Slutman returned the Hog meat they borrowed sometime ago.
25 Started for the coal Bank. Got as far as Rice and got coal there and came home. Snowed nearly all day. The first snow this Season. Rained in the evening. Slutman's boys Called this evening and spent the evening in swap[p]ing Stories with the boys. Cloudy and gloomy this evening. Warm for this time of year. Fine winter weather.
26 . . . Snowing and Blowing at a fearful rate. The big[g]est day This season. Storming fearful. Took up my Horses put my cows in the stable and made everything as comfortable as I could. This is a big day for sure. A day we will remember sure.
29 Fine nice warm. day. Went to Rice in fore noon. Bought Flour 100 lbs $2.70 6 Galons Kerosine oil $1.05 1 lb Tobacco 50¢ Envelopes 10¢ Stamps 10¢ = $4.25, Paid J. E. Stillinger Cash on settlement $5.00 went to Actons sale after noon. Stoner and party returned from Lincoln Center
30 Fine nice day. Went to town Mother and Mabel went with me. Found Everett Young there. Roads bad. Bought shoes for Mother Mabel and Freddie and overshoes for myself. Over shoes 1.40 Mothers Shoes 2.25 Mabels 1.50 Freddies 1.00 [Total] $6.15. Arrived home about dark in good Shape.
1 Cloudy and raining. Every thing looking Gloomy. Mother was most Terrible sick last night. Commenced with pain in left breast I was awful scared. I feared fatal result. I rub[b]ed her arms and hands with Camphor and Bathed her breast with Camphor, which gave her relief. She was terrible sick for a few minits vomited Fearful hard. Rained nearly all day; or rather misted. Dull and Gloomy. Muddy and Disagreeable. Gurley Spargur and H. Slutman called Today.
2 Cloudy and very Hazy Foggy and disagreeable, went to town after dinner. Home after dark. Fearful dark.
3 Rained hard last night. Foggy and Hazy. Dull very disagreeable. Muddy wet, Sun Shines at times, which makes it very pleasant while the Sun Shines. Charley came home last night.
4 Fine day indeed. Bright and clear. Johnny and Everett Took Charley to town returned just after dark Sunday at home all day. The Boys went to the Sod Shanty to church. It is reported today that Mrs. Bigelow Fell down Friday eve and hurt herself Frightful. Also Willard Lillybridge was thrown from a horse
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 185
and broke his leg All of which is fearful bad for both Mrs. Bigelow and Willard Lillybridge. Accidents will happen in the best of regulated Families.
5 Monday. Went to Dave Skeels and C. C. Stoners. Dined with Skeels. At home 4½ oclock While at Dave Skeels today I had a terrific Gut ache. Wife and Mrs Slutman went to Bigelows and returned home with me. Fearful cold and high wind in fore noon. After noon fine and pleasant.
6 Fine day. Went to town. Bought 1000 lbs native coal $2.00 Everett Young started home. Went on the Central Branch Cost $21.00 to Albion, Ind. Hank Slutman Called this evening.
7 Fine nice day. Warm. Went to Coal Bank for Coal. Brought home 2040 Pounds. Cost $3.05 went and came by the way of Rice. Hank Slutman went with me. Arrived home half past five in eve. Bertrams Daughters Called this evening on their way to the Lyceum. Extraordinary Fine winter weather for the time of the year. Freddie quite unwell and has been for 2 or three days
8 Cloudy and Foggy Warm and Pleasant Killed a Beef Returned H. Slutman the Beef I had borrowed of him Sometime ago 100 lbs. Returned John A Secrist the Beef I borrowed of him Nov. 24. 63 lbs. Freddie very sick. Called Dr. Bigelow this morning. He Said Freddie had Lung fever which alarms us very much. Herded Cattle after noon. Beef Killed today Dressed 542 lbs Hide weighed 79 lbs 5 P. M. Freddie very sick at this writing.
9 Frosty and foggy. Very damp. Went to town. Sold Beef hide. Received cash $3.25 weight 77 lbs In town today. Bought Sugar $1.00 Coffee .50 Clout nails shoe thread .15 Shoe Wax Bristles .05 Ground Flax seed .10 Cigars .10 Total $1.90 Paid for repairing Shoes .50 Total $2.40. Sold John Miller 22½ lbs Beef 4½¢ = $1.00 Loaned Flavy Longtin 19 lbs Beef. Freddie much better today for which we are profoundly grateful. The old man complains of feeling Bass That means Bully for an old Man. Dr. Bigelow called today this is 2nd [time].
10 Cloudy and a dense fog. Gathered corn in the fore noon. Sold J. E. Stillinger 25 lbs Beef 5¢ Per Pound = $1.25 for which he is to give me credit for that amount. Alba went to town with Slutmans. Bad and disagreeable day. Susie Matthews made us a visit today. Freddie terribly cross and hard to Care for. Dont think he is much better. Pulled corn after dinner. Johnny went to Rice [after] the mail. Dr. Bigelow Called, this is the third
186 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
time since Freddie is sick. . . . Freddie is sleeping good at this writing 10 p. m.
11 Sunday at home all day. Fine nice day.
12 Fine day. Went to town to look after Maxam Savoies tax. Paid Charley Cash $6.00 or rather left it [at] Martin Bros. for him. Bought nails and letter Paper 35¢. Smoked 2 cigars one a gift from Martin and the other from Billy Taylor
13 Fine day indeed, sold 3 Hogs weight 850 lbs 4.75 per hundred, amount $41.08 sold the above hogs to H. B. Parvin, Rice. J. S. Lillibridge presented his bond this morning [for] approval. C. L. Davis Called in the evening with his bond for overseer District No. 2. I approved both of the above bonds.
14 Cloudy and cool High wind north. G. W. Greathouse Called today and presented his bond for over seer in district No. 3. I approved his bond. Gathered corn in fore noon. Cloudy and cold. Examined bridge on elm creek. J. A. Secrist and A. D. Goble Also examined the [bridge] We pronounced it safe. While at the bridge 2 teams heavily loaded with R. R. bridging crossed the bridge without shakeing [it]. Stoner's Threshing hands here for dinner. Went to town after dinner. Attended Lodge. Paid my lodge dues $2.50 for the e[n]suing year. Had great glorious time, big Supper at 11 P. M.
17 Staid last night with Dr. T. C. McCasey. Had brexfast with them. Paid the 1st half of my tax $21.47. Sold 16 dressed turkeys to be delivered Decem [ber] 24. Came home with J. A. Secrist, arrived at home 4½ Oclock in good shape Received from Maxam Savoie 53¢ to pay his personal property tax. Filed the bonds of Road overseers G. W. Greathouse, J. S. Lillibridge and C. L. Davis with co. clerk.
18 Went with wife and Little ones to see them lay track on R. R. about 150 men at work Cloudy and cool. Sunday. Alba staid at Stoners last night. Alba went to Rice after our mail.
19 Cloudy and cold High wind north. I was quite unwell today fearful pain. . . . but feel better this evening. 7 P. M. Wind raging from the north. Wind howling and roaring. Bad disagreeable night. Cold high wind. Read Jim Blaines comment on Clevelands message. Jim is a daisy Sure.
20 This is my birth day. 45 years old today. Bright and clear
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 187
Fearful high wind North west. Cold. 2 degrees above zero Fearful high wind all day. Hank Slutman Called during the day and told us Mrs. McCasey did not want a turkey. Willie Slutman Called in the evening for butter milk. Cold bad day, went to bed at last night 11 P. M.
21 Bright and clear, 1 degree above zero this morning. High wind North west. Boys went to Lyceum this evening. They say it is wonderful to behold Grand in the extreme.
22 Clear and cold. Went to Rice for mail. . . . Went to town, sold 14 turkeys, $9.10 Bought 2 sacks flour $2.55 Tobacco Candy & overalls = $1.80 7 Snaps for harness .30 Pocket Knife .60 Subscribed for Louisville Courier Journal $1.10 Subscribed for Daily Blade $1.00 for 2 months oil and oil can .45 Total $7.80
23 Clear and pleasant. Flavy Longtin returned the beef he borrowed Some time ago. Killed 16 Turkeys and dressed them for market.
25 This is Sunday. Christ, Our Savio[u]r is 1887 years old today. This is a pleasant day. Received a letter this evening from Arthur Engle one of the old boys of Co. B 88 Ind. Engle was in search of proof for a pension. Answered his letter and mailed it the next day.
26 Cloudy and cold high wind south. Went to Democrat Smiths and drank egg nogg with him. Had roast turkey for dinner. Had a fine good visit. Wife Mabel and Freddie were with me. The appalling news reached us today that young Shanks was thrown from a wagon and Killed Saturday evening, Dec. 25. He was burried today.
27 Big day this morning. Worst Storm of the season 2 degrees above Zero. Snowing and blowing High wind and bad. Cleared up after noon. Wind went down near evening. 8 P. M. 2 degrees above Zero.
28 Bright and clear, 8 Degrees Belo[w] Zero. Light wind North west. This is a wash day. Charlie at home. No school. Fearful Time after dinner. Warm and pleasant Halled 2 Loads fodder.
29 Cloudy and cold 4 degrees belo[w] Zero this morning. 4 degrees belo[w] Zero 9½ P. M.
30 Cloudy and frosty 32 degrees above Zero. Went to town with Slutman. Paid Charley cash $2.00 to pay his board. Charley went to town this evening. Bought 1 pair socks at auction and 10
188 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
yards Calico. Home 4 P. M. Governor John S. Marmaduke of Mo. Died Dec. 29, 1887
31 Cloudy and cold. High wind North west very disagreeable. This is the last day of the old year 1887. Extremely cold. 10 degrees above zero. High wind which made it very disagreeable and cold. This is hard day on Stock. Mollie Goble Called today on her way to town.
The first day of the New Year 1888.
1 Bright and clear. High wind North West. Cold. 8 d[e]grees above zero. Slutmans went to town this morning. This is Sunday. Halled fodder this morning for the cattle. Fine day after noon Pleasant in evening. Bertrams young folks called in the evening on their way to church. Alba and Johnny went to church. The free Methodists are expounding the gosple at district 76. Mother wrote to Mrs A. E. Cookingham, Irving Park, Cook Co. Ill. George wrote to Riley Banta, Kendal[l]ville, Ind. Thus passeth the first day of the New year. Beside all being well and healthy.
2 Cloudy and cold Went to Coal Bank for coal Bought 2000 lbs=cash $3.00 Home in good season
4 Pretty good day.
5 Cloudy and pretty cold. Went to town attended the Commissioners board meeting. Will Say right here that I am more than disgusted with the Co. Commissioners and think them mutton heads and should be called the County Incompetency instead of Co. Commissioners. A set of damed Numskulls in the extrem [e] Received my co[.] order for Judge of election $2.00 This had slip[p]ed my mind. Dont feel very well. Got the gut ache. Callie & Billy Slutman called this evening.
6 This is a cold bad day very frosty and Snow blowing. High wind North. . . .
7 Cloudy and cold 1 Degree belo[w] Zero High wind North.
8 Clear and cold. 2 degrees belo [w] Zero. This Sunday I dont feel good today Took severe cold yesterday. Went to Rice for mail.
9 Fine nice day. Old man Routhmie was burried. Died yesterday. I am chuck full of rheumatism and feel terrible bad in my breast and Shoulders. Far from being well.
10 Fine day in deed. I am feeling better today. Freddie and Mabel are both Sick
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 189
11 Cloudy and quite cold this morning Some Snow flew. Halled hay. Laid up since about noon. Boys staid home from School to help hall hay. Received a letter from United States Auditor informing me that my claim was Suspended
12 Big Snow this morning and Still Snowing at 1 P M. Lydia calved last night 21 days before time, found calf dead this morn ing under the Snow. Wind South during the Snow till about noon. then Switched around to the West. About 3 P M The wind changed to north west and blowed fearful. The strongest wind in a long time 7 P. M. Wind still rageing from N. W. and getting colder.
13 Bright and clear. 17 Degrees belo[w] Zero this morning. This [is] the coldest morning this winter. About one foot Snow. Boys went to school. Out of Tobacco. Sent Johnny to Millers for Tobacco after school. The old Hog charged me more than I can [get] it [for] in town. 10 P. M. High wind North and very cold. My mind is wondering about Charley. I am So afraid that he is not well. I am distressed in body and mind about him. Oh! how is my boy tonight. Darling precious boy the pride of my heart. Oh! how is my boy tonight.
14 Fearful cold and stormy. 12 Degrees belo [w] Zero this morning. Snowed and blowed all day wind North. Just 1 Team on the road today. Such bad weather today I could not go to town and see about Charley. I do hope and trust he is improving and getting Sound and well. This was the worst day of this year. 7 P. M. 12 Degrees belo [w] Zero and has been all day. This is Saturday and a fearful Stormy day. Oh! how is my boy tonight? May it please the good Lord to restore him to health. Hope so
15 Brig [ht] and clear No wind cold. 22 Degrees belo [w] Zero this morning This is Sunday. Went to Rice after dinner. 34 Degrees belo [w] zero at Rice 28 at Slutmans 28 Degrees belo[w] Zero is the coldest I ever saw in Kan.
16 Cloudy and cold 8 Degrees belo [w] zero. Mother went to town with Slutman. Bought Tobacco & shirt. Charley Better but yet very weak and looks bad. I am distressed to know what to do in his ailment.
17 Clear and cold. Went to town. Bought 1000 lbs native coal $2.00 Paid Proff Shear cash for Books boug[ht] by Charley $2.35 John Kellenbarger will leave tomorrow for Canada to join his family.
190 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
18 Fair day went to town with Dug. Greathouse. Consulted Dr. Jeannotte and [Dr.] Priest about Charley.
19 Cloudy and cold High wind North. Snow blowing bad day. Received a letter from Uncle Henry Allen.
20 Clear and cold 12 Degrees belo [w] Zero Fearful sharp wind.
21 Clear and cold 15 Degrees belo [w] Zero Went to town. This is Hank Slutmans Birth day 42 years old. 15 Degrees belo[w] Zero. this morning. 10 Degrees belo[w] Zero 9 P. M. Last night Bought 2 Sacks flour $2.40 Sugar, Coffee & Tobacco 1.75. 9 P. M. 5 Degrees below Zero.
22 Fine bright morning. 5 Degrees below zero this morning. This is Sunday. Received a letter yesterday from Andrew Winebrenner.
24 Fine day Halled hay. . . . The children went to Gobles in the evening, also Billy Slutman.
29 Fine nice day. Charley went to town today. May Slutman is sick.
30 Met town Board at J. E. Beans 1st quarter for 1888. I put in bill for Extra township service for $20.00 Bill allowed and paid. Received Cash from town Board $22.00 $20.00 for extra service and $2.00 for regular quarter service $22.00 J. E. Bean allowed for Extra service $15.00 Kinsley Morgan allowed for Extra service $10.00 The above for 1887
1st day. Cloudy and warm, very foggy and Disagreeable fear ful mud. Went to Rice Had my corn Sheller repaired which cost cash - $1.00. Bought 700 lbs coal - $2.30.
2 Cloudy and very mud[d]y. Ground Hog could not see his Shadow. Clem. Morningstar died this after noon. Spotted [sow] Board by Dave Skeels Boar Fed the last of my crop of corn raised in 1887.
3 Rained and misted and cloudy. Very mud[d]y and Disagreable Commenced to feed this morning on my old corn. I think I have 300 bushels of old corn. Frost about all out.
4 Went to town today attended the funeral of Clem Morningstar. The roads terrible bad. Snowed and blowed. Bad day. Paid Martin Bros Cash in full on settlement $4.15 Bought Sugar pepper $1.25 Gave Charley Cash $6.00 to pay his board.
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 191
6 Cloudy and cool Fan. Sick.
7 Cloudy and cold wind North. Disagreeable Slutman and Henderson Butchered their Swine. Rather cold today. Billy Slutman Callie May and Johnny called in the evening.
8 Rather cold went to Rice for my mail. Blizzard blowed up in the evening from the North west. Snowed and blowed 11 P. M. Storm still rageing.
9 Cold 4 Degrees below Zero this morning. Wind North east. Bad storm last night
10 Went to Rice Old Gentleman Sawdy and Lady called on today and made us a little visit. Storm blowed up about 3 P. M. Snowed and blowed. Big Frank Letourneau, was burried today.
12 Sunday at home.
13 Fine day. Turned my stock in the stock field this morning for the first time.
14 Valentine day, cloudy and cold. May Callie and Billy Slutman called this evening.
15 Cold. Went to town Bought coal cash $2.00 sold 10 Dozen Eggs=$1.50 Bought Tobacco .45 Sugar Rice & Lye $1.05.
16 Fine day went to Rice.
17 Warm and pleasant sold 2 Hogs weight 540, Price $4.25 =$22.95. Awful nice day.
18 Went to town. Rained Fearful bad day. Paid Charley Cash $4.50 to pay his board and Cash 75¢ to pay for Medicine. Total $5.25. Charley came home. Quit School. Awful muddy. Topsy calved Bull. The worst job I ever had. Dry birth.
19 Cloudy and high wind North. Children at church. Clem Morningstar's funeral today by Bushong. Beautiful evening. Children at church. Warm and pleasant. Service by Peter Bushong.
21 Fine nice day. Butchered three Hogs. Made sausage. Rendered out the lard. Hank Slutman commenced to plow. Beautiful day.
22 This is Washingtons Birth day. If [he] was living today He would be 156 years old. Washington The God father of our common country. Long may his memory last. Cloudy. Wind N. Charley went to town. This is wash day, of course everything is upside down.
23 Fine day warm. Mother went to church.
192 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
25 Went to town. Cold Old Gentleman Merritt came home with me.
26 Cold High wind N. This is Sunday. Closed the bridge on elm creek Known as longtin bridge. I considered it unsafe. Put up (4) written notices Bridge unsafe and condemned and warned the people not to cross the bridge
27 Clear and cold 8 degrees above zero this morning.
29 Cloudy misting all day Revs. Bushong and Tenney Staid with us last night. The boys are at church this evening. This is Mells time to foal.
March, 1888 1st day. Fearful bad. Rained and misted nearly all day. About 4 P. M. hard rain and Heavy Thunder. Shortly after wards it grew colder and Snowed quite brisk for a little while. We tied all the cows we could, and prepared for a blizzard. 9 P. M. High wind from the north, cold and disagreeable.
2 Ground covered with ice. High wind north. Stormed after noon. Snowed and blowed. bad day. Charley went to church this evening. Tide up all the cows I have room for.
3 Went to town. Awful bad day. Snowed. Disagreeable 4 Sunday. Stormy and bad. Snowed.
5 Cold High wind North. Snowed bad mean day. This day the trustees met at Concordia for the purpose of forming a basis for the assessment of personal [property] and Realestate in Cloud Co. This is the first day of my work for this year's work as trustee. Paid F. W. Fraisus Cash for Clyde Argus $1.00 Paid him at the Co. Clerks office, in Concordia. While in Concordia I looked at the new court house. I consider it a poor job, and Should not be accepted.
7 Stormy snowed a little. Went to Rice after my mail.
8 Cloudy high wind South. Fan was very sick this afternoon.
9 Cloudy. Very Muddy. 10 A. M. wind changed to north west turned cold and quite disagreeable. 10 P. M. High wind North. Cold and freezing solid. The boys went Goose hunting this after noon. Nary a goose.
10 Snowed last night cold this morning. Went to town. Bought 1 Box crackers, Flour and cold fish and Tobacco = $3.05
17 Borrowed of J. C. Elliott Cash $50.00 on Thirty days time Note due on April 17, 1888, $50.00. Fine nice day Went to town.
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 193
Contracted with L. A. Bartlett to work for him at Nelson. To handle and sell machinery for him at that place at $50.00 per month.
18 Sunday at home all day fine and warm.
19 Commenced to rain last night, and rained all night. Still raining this morning. About 10 A M it commenced to snow and blow. High wind N. Snowed and blowed and Stormed all day. This is the worst day in March. Tied up Six cows this eve. Ground Froze and still freezing. Awful bad day.
23 Sowed Oats. Sowed 12 bushels of winter oats bought of H. D. Cleveland Paid him Cash 50¢ per Bus. This is the 12th day I have been serving Nelson T. P.
24 Rained & misted about all day. About 5 P. M. it thundred and Lightened and rained very hard. Continued to rain hard til 11 P M Wind high N. E.
25 Still raining this morning. Ground well soaked. Went to Rice yesterday. Bought 25 bushels of oats of A. Ayers paid him Cash for oats $7.50 Settled in full for Blacksmithing and other business for all demands to date. Bad day very wet and disagreeable for the time of year.
3 Paid Empson Cash $5.00 on Horse Service Due Empson $3.00.
5 Went to town Bought 1 set Harnes [s] of L. A. Bartlett. 1 set in full except 1 collar, for which I pay $28.50 The pay for the Harness will be taken from my first months wages.
8 Finished my assessment. A. T. Sidwell helped me out. I paid him cash 3.00 I will charge the co. for 32 days work Rained after noon and nearly all night.
9 Commenced to work for L. A. Bartlett at this place Aurora Will get $50.00 per month.
10 The man who was here in charge le[f]t this evening for Con cordia will now try and run the business myself and will try my best to satisfy L. A. Bartlett.
12 Went to town Settled with Co. Board. Resigned the office of trustee T. S. McHenry was appointed in my stead. 1 spotted Sow Boared. Made my report as trustee of Nelson township. Received for my services cash $99.00 After making my report I resigned the office of trustee and bridge commissioner On motion T. S. McHenry was appointed to fill vacancy.
194 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
13 Came from home this morning found every thing as I left it. Dave Skeels called today.
14 Eve Bulled by John Stillingers Bull
15 Planted potatoes
18 Last night the wind terrible I was afraid the building and all would go. High wind north this morning. Cold and disagreeable. Look for the boys this morning.
26 High wind Terrific wind this after noon. Wind has been blowing for a week. Good rain yesterday 2 miles east.
27 Still blowing. Received a letter this morning [from] J. C. Zimmerman acknow edging the receipt of $8.00 The interest on note due April 10, 1888. Still blowing blowing Good rain today. Glory to God on high Thank the Lord for it all. This good rain will make the farmers rejoice with exceeding Joy. Raining harder and better. Let her rain, it is good for the Soul and the Soil
28 Turned cold after noon and rained good Dr Bigelow and Brother Pierce Called today.
30 Paid my Board this morning for last week Cash $2.75. At noon commenced to board with Little Frank
2 Came up big rain and wind blew fearful Staid at Hotel last night.
5 Paid Mrs Frank Letourneau cash for board $2.65 Drew Cash from L. A. Bartlett on wages $3.00 Wife Johnny Mable and Freddie came after me.
6 At hom [e]. Good rain today. Johnny brought me to Jo Fiefs. I walked the balance of way on R. R. track. Arrived here 8.15 P. M. Hot and tired.
7 . . . rained most of the day
8 1st month out for work for L. A. Bartlett Drew Cash including Harness $46.50
11 Big rain last night Ground full of water this morning. Received a letter yesterday from A. H. Dougall of Fort Wayne, Ind informing me that my muster had been corrected and that I would get 190 dollars.
12 Paid my board Cash $3.00 Just about 1 dollar per week more than is justice.
17 Raining this morning Don't feel good today. Bad and disagreeable Cold and stormy. 2 very suspicious looking characters in town act like Bergulars
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 195
18 Cloudy and cold High wind north uncommon cold for this time of year
26 Great big good rain this morning.
30 Received 1 quart Whiskey Cash 55¢. Fine nice large Day. Sold 2 cultivators, 1 Riding and 1 walking.
1 Friday morning Nice little rain last night. Fine large morning. Had severe tooth ache last night.
4 Commenced to Board with P. Miller. Commenced with Brexfast.
13 Paid John Brocaw Cash for white washing House at home $2.00
20 Grand Great Good rain yesterday eve and last night Biggest rain this season. This is a great big fine morning
22 Due P. Miller for 1 weeks Board $2.50
7 Paid P. Miller cash 7.50 for 3 weeks board paid up to date Received of L. A. Bartlett cash 10.75 Due me on third months wages Cash $47.00 Third month out this 7 day of July 1888.
9 Borrowed Cash of J. C. Elliott $50.00 on thirty days time note due August 8, 1888 interest paid. Paid my Tax last half 22.47.
14 Paid my bo[a]rd for this week Cash 2.50.
21 Paid my Board cash for last or this present week 2.50
6 Paid all accounts against me at Aurora. For board and other debts. S[e]ttled in full with L. A. Bartlett for all demands to Date Received cash from L. A. Barlett on acount in full for all payments $85.75. Went to town
11 Went to town Alba went to Smiths and Staid all night. Had big visit in town today. Home in good Season E.R. had his trial today. 3 years in the pen
18 Good rain in the evening.
19 Good rain in the evening. Monday morning Fine big morning ground pretty well Soaked. Cool and pleasant A little Breeze North west. All vegetation is bright and green this morning.
30 Sold 6 Steers for $105.00 4 yearling steers $60.00 2 2 year Olds $45.00. Total $105.00. To be delivered in Concordia Sept. 3rd.
196 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
31 Brought my steers from pasture. Big trouble to get them out of pasture.
2 Sunday, went to Dave Skeels after noon. Fine nice cool day.
3 Sold Col. Dick Hartmire [Hartmirr?] 2 calves for $12.00 2 cows $42.00. Delivered my steers as per agreement. Delivered Said steers to Concordia. Paid Breed and Bush cash for Thres[h]ing Oats 483 Bushels and Rye 16 Bushels $10.30. 2¢ for oats 4¢ for rye
4 Dr Tobey spoke today at Aurora. Settled in full with Dr. Bigelow paid him Cash $1.50. Paid Detrie Cash for cutting 11 acres of Oats $11.00 in full for all demands. Highered Switzs [Switze] Goble for one half month for $9.00 commenced work today.
7 Delivered to Dick Hartmire 2 calves Received cash $12.00 8 Went to town Judge John Martin Democratic candidate for governor spoke in Concordia Big crowd. Paid Flavius Longtin cash $11.80 for pasturing 2 Horses and 9 Head Cattle
10 Mowed Grass Fearful windy
12 Stacked Hay, Switze Goble Layed off for present has in this noon 6½ days.
13 Big rain today Paid A. Ayers cash $5.90 in full for all demands to date. Subscribed for the K. C. Times. Paid H. Russell cash $1.00 for the Times
14 Received cash $20.00 from Dick Hartmire for cow. Due me yet on one cow $22.00. Paid Hank Slutman Cash for corn, $5.00 in full for all demands.
22 Paid L. R. Hitt Cash $5.00 for the return of my 1st Lieutt. commission. Sent him the money by Post office order To Chicago Illinois
25 Paid Switze Goble Cash $9.00 for one Half months work in full for all demands to date
26 Received cash $22.00 from Col. Dick Hartmaire [for] balance due on (2) cows.
27 Cool High wind N
29 Received my commission Settled with Editor Dunning of the Day Light H. G. Allen Rochelle, Tex. One year free John Young Wolf Lake, Ind., one year free Paid subscription for V. A. Stewart Wolf Lake, Ind from last April to date and one year in advance. Also my own subscription for 1 year. Paid him cash $3.00 is all he asked
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2 Paid Mrs. T. C. McCasey Cash $5.00 for Charley's Board This is $10.00 Paid in full to date. Bought John a pair [of] gloves cash $1.25
13 Bought George Pair [of] shoes $1.25 Pa[i]r of Gloves $1.25 14 Big rain this morning. Ground pretty well Soaked.
16 Went to Clyde to big Democratic Barbecue 5000 people there
19 Borrowed 43 lbs Beef of Slutman, Borrowed 13 lbs before. Due Slutman in Beef 56 lbs.
12 Sold 4 Hogs weight 1260 lbs 4.65 Per Hundred = $58.59. Paid Switze Goble Cash $9.00 in full for all demands to date.
21 Sold Dick. Hartmaier 1 cow 24.00 1 Heifer 16.00 1 Hog 13.00 Total $53.00
24 Cow Deliver[e]d and received cash $25.00 Due on stock $28.00 Paid Election Bet To L. A. Bartlett 1 Quart [of] whiskey. This was the extent of my Betting Received paper from T. R. Hitt Chicago in relation to my claim before the department of Washington
27 Killed and Dressed 20 Turkeys.
29[28?] Took 18 Turkeys to Town, Sold them for $15.60 Bought pair [of] gloves Cash 1.00 1 box c[r]ackers 20 lbs $1.50 2 Quart[s] Cranberries 20¢ 1 lamp chimney 10¢ Cold and cloudy and Disagreeable. Got home in good season in the evening. Eat Supper 7 P. M_. Family all tired and worn out, Selah.
29 Thanksgiving Day. Tom. Sidwell and Family and Sawdy and Family took dinner with us today. A pleasant day we Had. Mailed a letter to Blade asking for bill of indebtedness
30 Took Dinner with Democrat Smith. A great big day. Possum Turkey and sweet potatoes and whiskey Rah for Democrat Smith
1st Day warm and pleasant.
2 Sunday fine day for this time of year.
3 Monday Mother John and George went to town Bought overcoats for the boys, paid cash $8.00
4 Dr. T. C. McCasey called. I went with him to Flavius Longtin where he Dehorned 62 head of cattle. The Dr. Staid over night with us. A pleasant evening was passed playing Card [s] and eating apples. Went to bed 11 P. M. Received a letter from Blade stating
198 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
I owed him $1.00 which is wrong. I can not owe him that amount.
5 Went with Dr. McCasey to Jo. Feifs where he Dehorned 73 head [of] cattle went from Feifs to George Cota's, could not catch his steers we returned to my place where the Dr. staid all night
6 Had 3 cows Dehorned. Dr. McCasey went home this morning. Wind South West. John Kellenbarger went by this morning and Said his wife is improving
7 C G came home from the Penitentury, "Selah"
Friday Went to town after dinner. Settled with Jim Hagaman for the Blade. Paid him Cash $1.00 which was at least 75¢ more than I owed him. Goodby [e] old Jim for me forever. Bought zink for washing machine, stove damper, wad puller & lamp chimney
8 Halled hay in fore noon. Went to Aurora after Dinner. Got Medicine for Mabel. Received a letter from old Jim Hagaman. Think he is conscience stricken offers me 50¢ as over pay for the Blade. Mabel quite sick Drove Jessee for the first time.
9 Sunday. At home Fine day. Warm.
10 Monday, went to town. Sold Editor Dunning a turkey 7 Pounds = cash 70¢. Fine day.
11 Went to town with Truman Pierce. Attended funeral of Brother William Hasket [t] who was buried with Masonic Honors. Rather cold, got home 7 P. M. Received cash from Dick Hartmaire $10.00 Due me yet $3.00
14 Friday Went to town Sent Dr. McDonal [d] H. P. Applebaugh and H. B. Parvin petitions for application for membership to Masonic Lodge. Went to Aurora had my buggie fixed. Took Dinner with Atwood the Banker
15 Went to town sent Dr. McDonal[d] H. P. Applebaug[h] and H. B. Parvin Blanks for application for membership in Masonic Lodge. Wind changed north after noon. Turned cold, Sold nine Turkeys
16 Sunday. At home cold cloudy High wind north. Disagreeable day.
17 Monday cleaned and painted my Buggie Rather cool
18 Fair Day . . . Hank Slutman Billy Slutman and Bertrams Girls Called in the evening. Later in the evening Dr. McDonald and H. P. Applebaugh of Aurora called, High five was in order for the eve.
19 Cloudy and cold in fore noon. Warm and pleasant after noon. Finished painting my Buggy
21 Went to town attended Lodge Paid my dues Cash $4.50.
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Had Great big good time. Came home with Truman Pierce. Subscribed for the Day Light for Mrs. Lybilla Frey for one year Cash 52¢
22 Dressed 10 Turkeys 9 for the market. High wind South & dusty.
23 High wind S. cloudy misted a little. Miss Inghram called today from Republic Co. Bad day Disagreeable
24 Went to town. Home at noon. Bought Christmas presents for the children, 3 Oclock P. M. Received word, that Democrat Smith's Daugh [ter] was Sick and we were requested to come. Wife and I went got there 6 P. M. Daughter very sick Typhoid fever.
25 Arrived home 10 AM. Then went to Proff Sawdy's and took Dinner with them. Fine Turkey roast. Pleasant time was had. Grand Mother Gardner Died last night, age 80 years. Miss Ing[h]ram here. This is Christmas Christ 1888 years old had he lived This is a cold bad Day.
26 Fair day. Charley came home.
27 Fine day. Killed Beef Paid Slutman the Beef Borrowed some time ago 56 lbs & loaned him 16 lbs This leaves me 13 head [of] cattle.
28 Good Day. Went to Town [in] after noon Staid all night with Democrat Smith. Anna is a little better.
29 Fine big Day. Came home from town. Mrs. Truman Pierce here. George W. Greathouse's Baby buried today.
Sunday fine Day Snowed 2 inches last night. Warm and pleasant. Snow all gone by evening. Bill [y] Slutman called in the evening.
31 Monday. Good day.
1 Fine day. Good Day 2 Fine Big day Mother Clyde.
3 Sold 5 Hogs weight Paid Mrs McCasey Cash [of] Boots 1580 lbs 4.50 per hundred= $71.10 for Charleys board $10.00 Bough [t] cash $2.50 1 cap cash .45 Home in George a pair good season. 4 Went to Knockemstiff 5 Went to town. Sold 4 Hogs hundred = $51.30 Bought cloth for John a suit. Home in good Season The Boys went to Reeves to a party, night Dark as tar Went Aurora. Bought chicken Medicine and 1 Pint weight 1140 lbs 4.50 per hund. and John went to town. I went to
200 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
to town. Bought lumber cash $2.44 lime cash 30¢ paid Mother cash $6.00. Poor old McIntosh Sold out by his creditors. Broke up, too bad in his old age.
6 Fine big day. Dr. McCasey and Wife called and visited us today. Alba and the boys at church this evening.
7 Went to town. Staid all night with Dr. McCasey, attended Masonic school of instruction: Stop[pled the Ligonier [Ind.] Banner. Paid cash $3.75
8 Attended Masonic s[c]hool Staid all night with Democrat Smith. Subscribed for Chicago Daily News for one year cash $2.50 Dated today, home in evening
11 Went to town after noon Bought flour & 6 gallons Kerosene oil. Gave Mother cash 3.00 Took a drink of whiskey with Democrat Smith. . . . My Dan. Colt went away last night and the boys are this evening Searching for him. Cold today. High wind South.
13 Sunday. Cloudy and cold. Snowed a little
14 Monday. Snowed last night a little Still snowing & misting today. Light wind East. Bad Day on Stock. The boys at School. Disagreeable Day on Man or Beast.
15 Rained all night last night and Still raining This Morning wind south. Big rain for winter. Hard on Stock. Boys at School. Ground covered with ice and Water. Plenty of Slush. Big rain Rained all day very disagreeable. The frost about all out.
16 Cold High wind N. W. Ground froze. Snowed a little last night. Went to Rice with Henderson Bough [t] 1 Pair [of] Boots 2.45 1 Pair over shoes 1.15 1 Pair gloves 1.75 [Total] $5.35 Pleasant in eve. Slutman's young people and Henry Secrist Called in the evening.
18 Went to town after noon. Attended lodge H. P. Applebaugh took first Degree. Staid all night with Dr. McCasey. Snowed a little During the night.
19 Snowed nearly all day. Came home from town with John Stillinger. , Bad day. Paid Charleys tuition. Paid Geiger School Clerk. Cash $2.50 for the month of January.
20 Sunday. At home all day about 3 inches of Snow on the ground. Bright and clear.
21 Monday. Fine day Went to town with Dr. McDonald. Snow about all gone. Concordia was full of people. Dr. O. H. Young Died this morning.
22 Went to Concordia Buried Dr. O. H. Young with Masonic
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 201
Honors. Gave Mother Cash $5.00 Home in good season Roads fearful bad
23 Wednesday. Fine day. Cold in the morning Halled Hay in the morning. Boys at school. Commenced to thaw about noon. Had my Hair cut and whiskers trim[m]ed today. Good weather for the Season Went to town [in] after noon with Dr. McDonald Dr. Bigelow & H. P. Applebaugh. Dr. McDonald took the first Degree in Masonary. Arrived home 12½ A. M. Midnight
24 Fine Day. quite unwell.
25 Extraordinary fine Day. Pain in left Side and unwell other wise. Wind changed to the north 8 P. M. 9 P M High wind north Disagreeable night. Slutman Killed a beef today 26 Cloudy high wind north. - cold.
27 Sunday bad Day. Cold high wind. North. Snowing blowing quite stormy Miss May and Callie Slutman Called today and had Dinner with us today.
28 Monday Fine day. High wind North west. Mrs. Slutman Called today, George sick at home today.
29 Fine day indeed. George sick at home. Mother went to John Kellenbarger's.
30 Fine day. Helped Snavelys take up their pump. Mother and Freddie went to Gobles. I was sick after noon and during the night.
31 Fine day. Wind N. went to Aurora after noon. Bought liniment 1 pack [of] cards. Suffered terribly with rheumatism during evening and night.
1 Bright clear Fine day. W. So. W. Spotted heifer had her left hind leg broken some how or other today. Hank Slutman knocked her in the head and stuck her. Dr. McCasey called Also Truman Pierce and Frank Miller I released Frank from his rental of the Banta farm and rented it to Truman Pearce [Pierce], on the same conditions
2 Fine day. Dressed a beef, went to town sold beef hide for cash $1.50 Paid Mrs. McCasey cash for Charleys board $5.00 This is ground hog day Bright and clear
3 Sunday. Fine warm day. John and Alba went to Sawdys, Squire Stoner and wife visited us today. I hear today that my heifer had her leg broken at Snaveys.
4 Monday Fine day Wind North west Wife went to Ames
202 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
visiting. This is the meanest day this season Fearful wind north west and north wind and Dust to beat the Dutch. Hay stacks torn Down and scattered. Awful bad day.
5 Fine pleasant morning wind east. Old gentleman Spargur Called today. Cloudy.
6 Sold L. W. Spargur 70 lbs Beef 3¢ per lb = $2.10 Halled Hay went to Rice.
7 Fine Day, went to Rice Switze Goble and Hen Snavely Called in the eve.
8 Bright and clear high wind north west Cold. Bad cold. Soar Throat.
9 Went to town. Snowed Terriffic while coming home. The finest Snow in 10 years. Bought 4 bits 2 for iron and 2 for wood also one gallon oil = cash $1.50 Sold 1 Turkey cash 55¢ Paid for repairing Shoes 50¢ Bought flour cash $1.55 Tea 30¢ Sold Eggs cash 65¢. Snow about 3 inches deep.
10 Sunday. Fine day Snow all gone. High wind north west. John Rode Gipsy for the first time. At home all day. Soar Throat 11 Fine day. Cloudy and pleasant. Monday Wash Day. Herded cattle in Stock field Sore throat
12 Fine day indeed.
13 Fine day. Went to town with Wife and children. Freddie and Mabel had their pictures taken. Had Dinner with Dr. T. C. McCasey.
14 Fine Day Wife and children visited with Dave Skeels. Went with Dave to Pin town after Dinner.
15 Friday Fog[g]y cloudy and disagreeable, went to town in the evening with H. B. Parvin and Gus. Beauchamp, attended lodge, Parvin took the first degree. Arrived home about midnight Snowed during the night and quite Disagreeable. Parvin paid for the oysters.
16 Saturday Snow about 2 inches deep wind north and Disagreeable. At home today.
17 Sunday Snowed all day. Bad day.
18 Bright and clear, 2 Degrees above Zero this morning. The coldest morning this winter. Went to F. A. Thompson's in answer to garneshee in the case wherein Isaac Gennette is plaintiff and Hebert Lupprenney Defendant. For the insurance for 2 colts $20.00 Home at noon. The Boys staid at home from School today Fine winter day Wrote to Albion [Ind.] Democrat to
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 203
Stop Short, never to go again Sent him P. O. for $3.18 Cussed outrage that the one that sent it did not pay for it.
19 Bright and clear cold day. Went to town after noon. Found Charley sick. Mother staid with him. Sent P. O. to Albion Democrat to Stop.
20 Bright and clear. Pleasant. Went to town after noon, Lonesome at home without mother. Home a poor place without a mother. Charley a little better But not well enough for Mother to come home. So I am alone with the children tonight. This the coldest morning Just Zero. Wind S. West.
21 Clear and cool [Wind] S. W. Wash day boy at home Six degrees above Zero Mother Reeves & Mrs Carlton and Boys visited us today, went to town after noon with John. Charley better. Mother came home. Turned fearful cold in the evening.
22 Washington's birthday. Had he live[d] till today he would be 157 years old. The God Father of our common country. Dan Bull Died. Big loss Cold High wind N. E. Just Zero this morning Cold bad day
23 Fine cold day. This the coldest day this year 4 degrees belo[w] Zero Went to Rice after noon.
24 Bright clear 2 Degrees above Zero Truman Pearce [Pierce] called This is Sunday
25 Monday, Cloudy and Snowed all fore noon. Went to town after noon. Bought flour and Sugar, Cash $2.15
26 Cloudy and Warm This is Tuesday. At home
27 Warm and cloudy, went to town after noon Slutman moved home
28 Cloudy Foggy, Hazy Misty Disagreeable all day. Wife and I went to Dr. Bigelows in morning. Baby Bigelow very Sick. Fearful Muddy. This The last day of February, and Thursday. Arthur Kinsler of Rooks Co. Called today.
1st Day. Cloudy and warm, very muddy. This is wash Day. This is Friday. Disagreeable Huschers are out looking for their Dog. They think him mad. Shoot him on the Spot
2 Saturday. Went to town and Smiths Brought Turkey Gobler from Smiths. Paid Mr McCasey Cash $5.00 for Charley's Board Gave Charley cash $2.00 Roads fearful muddy. 3 Sunday Fine day indeed for the time of year. John & Alba went to Stoners, Horse back Mrs George Reeves very sick
204 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
4 Fine day Mother went to George Reeves, Mrs Reeves not better. Went to Rice with Truman Pierce
5 Mother came from Reeves this morning Mrs. Reeves no bet ter I visited Dr. Bigelow last night, his baby very sick. No hopes for it. Yesterday was The ina[u]gural of Ben Harrison. Now the Republicans are in full power. Corruption and malfancers in office will run rampant. A little more Tax. The robber tariff Should stop. Thieves will now prosper The rich will get richer and the poor will get poorer, Selah
6 Fine day indeed. Went to town with Dave Skeels. Charley came home today. Home in good Season. 4 P. M. Eva calved Bull
7 Clear and cool. Went to N. Courvill's [Courville] Sale. Went to Dave Skeels, had a drink with Dave Dr. McDonald and Dr. Jeannotte. Commenced to cut Stalks.
8 Cloudy and cold, George cutting Stalks. Mother and Charley Staid all night at Dr. Bigelows, Baby no better.
9 Saturday went to town Charley went to town. Alba Staid at Bigelows last night. Baby Bigelow no better Bought Flour & Sugar $3.15.
10 Sunday Fine day indeed. At home all day. Baby Bigelow no better. Bean Soup for dinner. T. W. Spargur Paid Cash $2.10 for Beef purchased some time ago Settled in full.
11 Monday Fine day warm, made fence, fearful tired.
12 Tuesday Fine day made fence. Staid all night at Dr. Bigelow's
13 Went to Longtin's Sale Dr. McCasey called and Staid all night Alba is at Dr. Bigelow's. High wind S.
14 Fine and warm till middle afternoon wind changed north and turned cold. George and Alba went to Rice. Bought 5 Bushels potatoes 25¢ per bus. Received a letter from J. C. Zimmerman and one from V. A. Stewart J. C. Zimmerman's Dated and Mailed Feb. 11. Stamped at Rice Feb. 13. 10 P. M. commenced to rain and hail, bad cold night.
15 Cloudy and Disagreeable
16 Fair day. Went to town Bought George a knife, 45¢. Traded my knife for a new one.
17 Sunday. Rained all day Fearful Disagreeable
18 Cloudy. High wind north Old Jane sick today
19 Fancy calved last night Fine morning Baby Fred sick. Got medicine from Dr. Bigelow. Cleaned Chicken House and
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cellar. Went to Rice to Shop. Wash day. . . . Went to town Got a dog. Had Slutman's Stretcher repaired Cloudy. Went to Dr. Bigelows and Stoners. Got 24 bushels of black oats from Stoner, will exchange with him. Rained a little in evening. Killed the old Dog. Barns came home with me from town.
21 Alba & John went to Rice Commenced to sow Oats after Dinner For the first this season.
22 Sowed oats Trustee McHenry called today. My assessment amounted to $320.00 Exemption $200.00 [Total] $120.00 Taxable property $120.00 for 1889.
23 Saturday. Fine day went to town. Bought a hat and monkey wrench. Flour & sugar & Suspenders $3.15 Had a tooth pulled by Dr. Priest.
24 Sunday. Fine Day indeed, very fine. Alba at Sunday school 25 Monday. Fine day sowed oats.
26 Good day. Sowed oats. Sold Dick for cash $85.00 Too cheap for a good horse C. H: Willard and Rushton Called in the evening.
27 Finished Sowing oats Returned Truman Pierce's Oats. Snowed and rained fearful bad day.
28 Fair Day. Harrowed in oats. Finished cultivating in Oats. 29 Cloudy and cool High wind north. Mean bad morning. Finished the oats
30 Went to town. Bought Grindstone 2.50 spade 1.25 Nails & Tobacco .90 . . . plow Sharpening .25 Hoe Handle & file .20 Hatchet .75 Groceries 1.00 Potatoes 1.65 Cash $9.15. . . .
31 Sunday Fine day high wind north. Old Gentleman Spargur Called this after noon. At home all day.
1st Day. Monday Fine day went to town Bought John a pair Shoes $3.00. . . . Planted Potatoes. Broke the plow. Got repairs for plow in town, 1.05
2 High wind & Dusty Planted Potatoes. Commenced to plow for corn, Cut Stalks.
3 Cold, High wind north, plowed & Cut Stalks.
5 Friday. Finished cutting Stalks. The horses run away and Broke stalk-cutter all to hell. Kit had her foot cut about half off. Bad job. Dr. McDonald called and I went to town with him. Attended lodge. Dr. McDonald took the Second Degree. Home 2 in the morning.
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6 Saturday Fearful wind went to town and took Stalk cutter for repairs. Home 6 P. M.
7 Sunday. At home all day. . . . Bertram's young people called in the evening. John went to hen peck to church in the evening.
8 Misty and rained a little.
9 Fine day. Returned C. C. Stoner's oats. Went to town after Dinner. Sold 4 Bush. apples $1.00 per bushel. Got repairs for stalk cutter-Cash $5.50 Abe Whitehead was Killed yesterday by a runaway team will be buried the 10[th] at Concordia Cemetery By Oddfellows. Bought half Bushel Early potatoes for Seed, 50¢
10 Cloudy rained a little Put stalk cutter together. Burial of Abe Whitehead today by the Odd fellows Rained nearly all after noon. Ground full Big rain during night
11 Rained shower after noon. Killed a hog. Ground full of water.
12 Jane Foaled 10 days Over Time Horse colt little and poor. Cloudy and cold wind north west
13 Went to town sold 3 Bushels apples Cash $3.00 Bought John pair Shoes $1.50 Sugar 1.00 Lye 15¢ pepper 25¢ Carbolic acid 15¢ strap 10¢ Ordered Day Light stop[p]ed for H. G. Allen Rochelle, Texas. Cloudy and cold wind S. E. Received a letter from Washington stating my claim had been allowed $77.58
14 Sunday. At home till after noon. Went to Dave Skeels. Had One Drink Whiskey with Dave and Oda McIntosh. Got Dave's plow.
15 Fine Day Plowed Freddies Birth Day, 3 years old
16 Plowed. Rained after noon. A good Shower. Rained Good during the night
17 Went to Rice had plows sharpened. Sent J. C. Zimmerman register[ed] letter $6.50 for interest Due April 10 Bought Mabel shoes $1.40 Stray colt came here yesterday. Big rain during night
18 Cloudy & cool. Went to Rice Alba and Mabel went to Smiths. Bought flour $1.50 Tobacco & socks 80¢ Mrs. Kellenbarger very sick Took Mother & Grandmother Slutman there 8 P. M. Terrible sick. The Boys halled manure
19 Went to Rice, bought 6 Gallons oil $1.00 6 Bushels Seed corn of Sam Magaw $1.50 Took sick coming home stop[p]ed at Spargurs. . . . Plowed for corn
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20 Kitt Had a colt This Morning Horse colt 11 Days overtime. Went to town and Democrat Smith for Dinner Bought George Shoes $2.50 Pants $2.50 Shirt and socks .75 John 1 shirt .50. . . . Hat for Freddie .35 [Total] $6.60 Home 4 P. M. Children went to Aurora to an Easter party, at H. B. Parvins.
21 Sunday. Mother and I went to Kellenbargers after Dinner. Mrs Kellenbarger very sick. Fine warm Day. Quit feeding hay to my cattle the 12th Day. This is the earliest for 16 years.
22 Good Day. . . . Bill choked on oats.
23 . . . Finished plowing for corn. High wind W. worth. Johnny went to Kellenbargers in evening. Billy Slutman called in evening.
24 Planted corn. This is the Earliest I ever planted Dusty & Bad Day.
25 Planted corn.
26 Planted corn Fearful wind and Dust Worst day this season. Quite unwell today.
27 Good Day. Finished Planting corn with planter. Went to town. Bought Flour $1.50 Sugar 1.00 Tobacco 40¢ Coffee 50¢ Other Stuff $2.00 1 Pair Pants $2.00 = $7.00 [?] Saturday. Settled in full with Squire Thompson, wherein I was Garnesheed to pay [appear?] into court wherein L. Gennette was plaintiff and H. W. Luppenney Defendant. For the services of horse for 2 colts $10.00 each = $20.00 My fee in the cas[e] was $1.20.
28 Sunday, went to Dave Skeels Got my Lister and one bushel of seed corn, 1 Good Drink Whiskey, home 2 P. M. Cloudy and cool. Threatens rain Saw D. Hebert & Morris Malone
29 Rained last night and still raining this morning, cold and disagreeable wet. Took my cattle to Longtin's pasture 2 cows with calves 1 cow Dry. 4 yearlings 1 yearling Heifer and three steers. 2 cows white one Roan all three hornless Went to Aurora. Bought 1 jug oil 40¢ Listers lays 50¢ Total 90¢ Cattle in Longtin's pasture total 9 Head
30 Good day. Commenced to list corn. Ground in fine condition The old man unwell last night and today.
1 Wednesday Big frost this morning. Cloudy and cool. Boys listing corn. Good day. 2 Went to town with Charley Muller, Bought 2 ounces Laudanum. . . . Came home with Lisha Ledoux. Boys listing corn.
208 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
3 Good day. Boys listing corn. Frost this morning also yesterday morning.
4 Went to town with Graveline. Came [back] with J. T. Henderson. Bad day Strong wind South.
5 Fearful wind South This is Sunday. At home all day. John Elliott called and wanted water.
6 Monday. Fearful wind south. Dusty & Disagreeable Johnny listing corn. Planted sweet corn in the orchard. . . . Terrible, Terrific cussed mean Day Dust and wind almost unbearable. Fearful Dusty. High wind South. This day too big for Johnny. Planted sweet corn
7 Finished planting corn Planted Beans & Potatoes Pretty fair Day. Wind S. W. Mother Snavely called in evening for Milk Her Horses ran away
8 Fearful warm. George & Alba went to Aurora. Rained Hard During the night. Big rain
9 Good rain last night Old Granny Died this morning. We buried her Decent. Try, Her colt is four weeks old tomorrow. Cloudy and warm. Plowed in the Orchard, Corn coming up nicely. Rained good During the night
10 Cloudy & cool Rained today Dave Skeels called today Big rain last night.
11 Cloudy & cool Went to town. Bought Paint 2.05 Brush 25¢ oil 25¢ Flour 1.50 Tobacco 40¢ sugar 1.00 Coffee 50¢ Kerosene oil 40¢ Hog Medicine 70$, Total $7.05
12 Sunday. Cloudy & Rainy. Rained hard last night. Dull and gloomy today. Rained nearly all day Ground full of water
13 Monday Fine day Wash Day. The boys and Jimmy Bertram went to the river Fishing.
14 Good day. Boys home at noon. Caught 2 Fish. But had lots [of] fun. Commenced to paint the house.
15 Painted white washed and all kinds of work Good and tired.
16 Good Day. Big rain in the evening. John & Alba went to Rice after Dinner. Good rain. Big rain
17 Cold and High wind north. Big rain last night Cold and wet. Ground full of water. Saturday went to town, Bought Meat 70¢ Paint 2.10 Sugar 50¢ Tobacco 45¢ Oat meal 25¢ Candy 5¢ Potatoes 60¢ = $4.65 Good Day Boys went Fishing. . . .
18 Sunday. Charley and Jimmy Hagaman were here. Also Mr & Mrs Kellenbarger also Lisha Ledoux and sister also Frank
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 209
& Miss May Slutman. George Arther called and staid all night Rained a good shower. Hank Slutman called in the evening. Went to Rice after Charley and Jimmy Hagaman. George and John Returned them to Rice in the evening
19 Fine day went to Dave Skeels wife boy Mabel and George Arther. From there to Pin town. Beat the boys playing Brazzel Dazzle Home in good Season.
20 Fine day painted on the house. Alba went to Aurora. .
21 Good Day. Took up pump & one piece fell in. Paid Curt Goble cash 1.00 to get it out. Commenced to plow corn after Dinner. Big Job to fix pump and put it in again. Old Gentleman Spargur called today.
23 Thursday. Big excitement Mad dog Bit Nip Betsy Ellen and Jessie. Killed the dog. Went to town. Bought Rope 45¢ Ammunition 45¢ Tobacco 15¢ Oil 20¢ Total $1.25 Home in evening. Killed Nip. Shot him. Rained Good during the night.
24 Good day John and Alba went to town and Staid all night
25 Fine morning Rained a little last night. John & Alba Home at noon.
26 Sunday. Cloudy & cool High wind North west. Monday 27 Went to town with Fred. Thompson. Bought over alls 1.00 Suspenders 25¢ Sugar 50¢ Lye 10¢ meal 25¢ Total $2.10. . . . Rained a little today
28 Tuesday. Rained most of the day. Ground well soaked. Big Shower 4 P. M.
29 Cloudy & cold. Rained last night. Made fence around the orchard. Old Mother Snavely called
30 Decoration Day, went to town with Dr. Hebert. Bought sweet Potatoes plants. Big crowd in town.
31 Friday The last day of May. Good Day howed corn.
1 Saturday. Went to town. Bought sugar 1.00 Coffee 50¢ Toba. .40 soda 10¢ Total $2.00 Rained a little Shower in the evening.
2 Fine Glorious morning This is Sunday.
3 Monday. Went to town with Paul Ward. Paid interest on 40 Acres $7.00 Home 4 P. M.
4 Good Day. Fine day. Dr. McCasey & wife called and visited us today. . . . I went with Dr. to Whites. . . . Home in good season for supper. Dr. brought 2 bottles of beer, which was good very good.
210 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
5 Good Day.
6 High wind south. Dusty and Disagreeable. Picked the mulberries took 1½ gal[l]ons off 1 tree. Got about half on this tree Tied Jessie This morning. . . . Jessie was bitten by Mad Dog, May 23rd
7 Cloudy & warm. Alba went to Aurora. Boys finished plow ing the checked corn the second time. 9 P. M. Thundering & Lightning. wind North East. Looks stormy.
8 Good rain last night Went to town. Good rain today. Bought George pair shoes 1.50 Flour 1.50 Sugar 50¢ Tobacco 40¢ Shovels sharpened 80¢ Total $4.70 I spent my last Dollar today. Home in good season.
9 Sunday. Helped Dig a grave for Spikers child. Sunday School picnic today in Henderson's grove. Cloudy and cool This is written with a goose Quill.
10 Monday Good rain last night. Cloudy & warm, took Dave Skeels rake home. Turned Jessie and Betsy Ellen out this morning. This is the 19th Day since they were bitten by supposed Rabid Dog. Betsy Ellen bitten by a snake today. This was Wash Day.
13 Thursday Clear & Warm Mrs. W. B. Smith came today and Staid all night
14 Friday. Fine day. Mrs W. B. Smith here Boys plowing corn. Alba went to Aurora. Mrs. Smith started Home 5 P. M.
15 Saturday Finished plowing listed corn the second time. Great big rain after Dinner.
16 Sunday. Good Day Kit Goble bitten yesterday by a rattlesnake. Warm day
17 Cloudy & warm
18 Went to town Sold 4 Hogs Weight 1080 [lbs] price 3½= $37.80 Bought 2 Hats 50¢ Lunch 20¢ Gave John 1.00 Gave Mother $10.00 Paid my tax last. half Cash $20.37 1 cigar 5¢ 1 Glass beer 5¢ = $32.17. Fearful hot. Home in good season 5 P. M. Window screens 95¢ Total $33.12
19 Good Day. Commenced to pick cherries, plowed the Sweet corn
21 Friday. Went to town with Dr. McDonald and O. B. Lewis. Attended Lodge. Home 12 Midnight.
22 Saturday Cloudy & Warm. Went to town after dinner.
23 Sunday, went to Longtin's pasture to see cattle. H. F. Rog-
MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 211
ers came and took a v[i]ew of our House. High wind South. Bill Short & Family visited us today. Dr. McCasey called in the evening.
24 Monday. Cloudy & cool.
25 Went to town Alex Hadley went with me Sold 36 Quarts
[of] Cherries 8¢ per Quart $2.88 Bought 1 sack flour, 1.35 Sugar 1.00 4 cans 56¢ = Total $2.93 [?] Home at noon.
26 Went to town Sold Topsy cow weight 850 [lbs.] $1.80 per hundred, Cash $15.30 Bought Twine 783/4 lbs. $12.60 1 Pair Suspenders 35¢, 1 Glass beer 5¢ = Total $13.00 Home 2 P. M. Mrs. W. T. Short here for cherries.
28 Friday Hot
29 Saturday Went to town. Sold 1 Bushel cherries $2.15 in trade, boug[ht] Cans 75¢ Tobacco 45¢ Rice 25¢ Candy 50 Coffee 50¢ Nails 25¢ Total $2.15 [?].
30 Sunday Grand glorious rain. Boss Thankful.
1 Monday. Commenced to Harvest Oats.
2 Tuesday. Finished cutting Winter Oats, Due G. Huscher for cutting 10 acres $7.50
3 Went to Rice. The Boys went to town.
4 Went to town Alba and Mabel Home 6½ P. M. Alba and the Boys Home 2 A. M. Fine glorious 4th, The 113th independence. Bought 4 fruit Cans 50¢ 2 cigars 10¢ 1 milk Punch 5¢.
5 Mother Alba Mabel & Freddie went to Aurora. High wind south. Picked Cherries.
6 Saturday went to town Sold ½ bushel cherries 1.00 Home, Took up Pump Bought 21 lbs twine of N W Thomas, 16¢ per lb = $3.46. Payable September 1, 1889.
7 Sunday. High wind South. Took up pump this morning.
8 Monday. Democrat Smith & Family came visiting.
9 Tuesday. Wet, Muggy Misty cut One round before Dinner.
10 Wednesday. Finished cutting Oats Due Truman Pierce [Pierce] For cutting 20 acres Oats $15.00
11 Thursday. Cloudy & warm Boys Halled a load of Sand.
12 Big rain in the Morning. Every thing looks promising this morning. . . . Went to Aurora Borrowed $50.00 from Bank. Due in six months. 8 Per cent
13 Good rain this morning. Went to town bought Lumber 4.00 Sugar 1.00 Flour 1.50 Tobacco 40¢ matches .25 meal
212 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
25 Beer 10¢, Shoes 2.00 Hat .25, Beef 65&y#162; Total $10.40 Big rain in the night. Sister Ellen came.
14 Sunday [Excerpts from Young's political comments at the end of his diary notes for 1889:]
Republican platform[:] We believe in high priced blankets and taxed machinery, but to offset this the high taxed blankets to American labor we propose to make whiskey free. Harrison and free whiskey Harrison and free Chinese immigration The love of the republican party is past finding out
The republicans refuse cheap clothing [for] The naked, but they want free whiskey for the drunken sot. What has the American workman to sell? His labor, and labor comes in without paying a tax of any kind What does the American workman buy? Taxed clothes, taxed tools, taxed lumber, taxed stoves for his kitchen This is the way the tariff works and protects labor.
Twine Trust. The Mills bill put sisal grass on the free list. Sisal grass grown only in Yucatan. Senate bill raised the tariff or duty from $15.00 to 30.00 The Mills bill lowered the duty on foreign twine. The Senate bill increased it.
Democratic reform means a reform that shall sweep away useless taxation from coal, salt, sugar, lumber, wool and clothing. The grand universal necessaries of life. We mean a reform that shall give relief not to the man who is chewing his untaxed cud in the saloon or smoking his untaxed pipe around a baroom fire. We mean a relief that shall stretch out to every cabin and every humble home to every kitchen and chamber, to every fireside
The Republican party can swallow Longstreet Mosby and Mahone but choke on Lamar. Blaine, Logan, Sherman and the republicans generally, Said [in 1884] That if Grover Cleveland was elected President the rebel debt would be paid. Rebels would be pensioned. The Negroes would be reenslaved and everything generally would go to the Devil. Blaine and Sherman may be able to skin a cat with neatness and dispatch but they will not answer the above.
[Diary missing from July 14, 1889, to June 8, 1890.]
[Part Two Will Appear in the August, 1946, Issue]
DR. POWELL Moore, of 444 Highland, Hammond, Ind., is assistant professor of history at the Calumet Center of the Indiana University Extension Division. His wife, a daughter of George A. Young, is a granddaughter of Hiram Young, the diarist.
1. Concordia is referred to as "town" throughout the diary.
2. Many of Young's neighbors also came from Indiana. Among them-were Henry Slutman, A. D. Goble, D. A. Skeels, John E. Stillinger, C. C. Stoner, J. T. Henderson, P. Miller, Isaac Reeves, Henry Aumspaugh, John A. Secrist, and Peter Banta.
3. There were seven children: Nellie, Charles (Charley), Alba, John, George. Mabel and Fred. The last three were born in Kansas.
4. Charley was attending high school in Concordia.
5. He received his mail at Rice which was about three miles from the farm.
6. His father lived at Wolf Lake. Ind.
7. Fred was the "baby."
8. He often refers to himself as "H. H. Young."
9. He refers to Nelson township.
10. This was his brother. Thomas Young, who lived near wolf Lake, Ind.
11. John P. Edwards, pub., Edwards Atlas of Cloud County, Kansas (Quincy, Ill., 1885). p. 5, shows the location of Sulphur Springs post office was in southeastern Aurora township.
12. Because of the lack of refrigeration facilities it was the custom of people to lend meat to one another. The borrower repaid the loan when be slaughtered a hog or a cow.
13. Former Confederate leaders at that time in Republican party. David M. Key was postmaster general in President Hayes' cabinet.
14. Young was elected trustee of Nelson township in the November election.
15. Dr. T. C. McCasey, a veterinarian, was one of Young's closest friends. It is possible that he influenced two of Young's sons, John and Charles, to adopt that profession.
16. The Republican river is the "river" referred to throughout the diary. It was about four miles from the farm.
17. "Mell" was one of the horses.
18. Nellie, the oldest daughter, was living near Wolf Lake, Ind., at this time.
19. He refers to the coal fields north of the Republican river as the "coal bank." The river could be forded at certain points near Concordia.
20. That portion of the Santa Fe railroad branch from Strong City to Concordia was constructed from the south Cloud county line through Miltonvale to Concordia in November and December, 1887, the first passenger train arriving in Concordia over the new line on December 30.--Concordia Kansas Blade, November 18, December 23, December 30, 1887.
21. Fan was one of the horses.
22. Aurora station had been located a few months previously.-Concordia Kansas Blade, November 18, 1887. It is in Aurora township, and is on the branch of the Santa Fe extending north through southern Cloud county to Concordia. | 98,188 | 690 |
77,812 | While, up to now, fixed capital and circulating capital appeared merely as different passing aspects of capital, they have now hardened into two particular modes of its existence, and fixed capital appears separately alongside circulating capital. They are now two particular kinds of capital. In so far as a capital is examined in a particular branch of production, it appears as divided into these two portions, or splits into these two kinds of capital in certain p[rop]ortions.
The division within the production process, originally between means of labour and material of labour, and finally product of labour, now appears as circulating capital (the last two) and fixed capital [the first]. The split within capital as regards its merely physical aspect has now entered into its form itself, and appears as differentiating it.
From a viewpoint such as Lauderdale’s etc., who would like to have capital as such, separately from labour, create value and hence also surplus value (or profit), fixed capital – namely that whose physical presence or use value is machinery – is the form which gives their superficial fallacies still the greatest semblance of validity. The answer to them, e.g. in Labour Defended, [is] that the road-builder may share [profits] with the road-user, but the ‘road’ itself cannot do so.’
Circulating capital – presupposing that it really passes through its different phases – brings about the decrease or increase, the brevity or length of circulation time, the easier or more troublesome completion of the different stages of circulation, a decrease of the surplus value which could be created in a given period of time without these interruptions – either because the number of reproductions grows smaller, or because the quantity of capital continuously engaged in the production process is reduced. In both cases this is not a reduction of the initial value, but rather a reduction of the rate of its growth. From the moment, however, when fixed capital has developed to a certain extent – and this extent, as we indicated, is the measure of the development of large industry generally – hence fixed capital increases in proportion to the development of large industry’s productive forces – it is itself the objectification of these productive forces, as presupposed product – from this instant on, every interruption of the production process acts as a direct reduction of capital itself, of its initial value. The value of fixed capital is reproduced only in so far as it is used up in the production process. Through disuse it loses its use value without its value passing on to the product. Hence, the greater the scale on which fixed capital develops, in the sense in which we regard it here, the more does the continuity of the production process or the constant flow of reproduction become an externally compelling condition for the mode of production founded on capital.
In machinery, the appropriation of living labour by capital achieves a direct reality in this respect as well: It is, firstly, the analysis and application of mechanical and chemical laws, arising directly out of science, which enables the machine to perform the same labour as that previously performed by the worker. However, the development of machinery along this path occurs only when large industry has already reached a higher stage, and all the sciences have been pressed into the service of capital; and when, secondly, the available machinery itself already provides great capabilities. Invention then becomes a business, and the application of science to direct production itself becomes a prospect which determines and solicits it. But this is not the road along which machinery, by and large, arose, and even less the road on which it progresses in detail. This road is, rather, dissection [Analyse] – through the division of labour, which gradually transforms the workers’ operations into more and more mechanical ones, so that at a certain point a mechanism can step into their places. (See under economy of power.) Thus, the specific mode of working here appears directly as becoming transferred from the worker to capital in the form of the machine, and his own labour capacity devalued thereby. Hence the workers’ struggle against machinery. What was the living worker’s activity becomes the activity of the machine. Thus the appropriation of labour by capital confronts the worker in a coarsely sensuous form; capital absorbs labour into itself – ‘as though its body were by love possessed’.
The exchange of living labour for objectified labour – i.e. the positing of social labour in the form of the contradiction of capital and wage labour – is the ultimate development of the value-relation and of production resting on value. Its presupposition is – and remains – the mass of direct labour time, the quantity of labour employed, as the determinant factor in the production of wealth. But to the degree that large industry develops, the creation of real wealth comes to depend less on labour time and on the amount of labour employed than on the power of the agencies set in motion during labour time, whose ‘powerful effectiveness’ is itself in turn out of all proportion to the direct labour time spent on their production, but depends rather on the general state of science and on the progress of technology, or the application of this science to production. (The development of this science, especially natural science, and all others with the latter, is itself in turn related to the development of material production.) Agriculture, e.g., becomes merely the application of the science of material metabolism, its regulation for the greatest advantage of the entire body of society. Real wealth manifests itself, rather – and large industry reveals this – in the monstrous disproportion between the labour time applied, and its product, as well as in the qualitative imbalance between labour, reduced to a pure abstraction, and the power of the production process it superintends. Labour no longer appears so much to be included within the production process; rather, the human being comes to relate more as watchman and regulator to the production process itself. (What holds for machinery holds likewise for the combination of human activities and the development of human intercourse.) No longer does the worker insert a modified natural thing [Naturgegenstand] as middle link between the object [Objekt] and himself; rather, he inserts the process of nature, transformed into an industrial process, as a means between himself and inorganic nature, mastering it. He steps to the side of the production process instead of being its chief actor. In this transformation, it is neither the direct human labour he himself performs, nor the time during which he works, but rather the appropriation of his own general productive power, his understanding of nature and his mastery over it by virtue of his presence as a social body – it is, in a word, the development of the social individual which appears as the great foundation-stone of production and of wealth. The theft of alien labour time, on which the present wealth is based, appears a miserable foundation in face of this new one, created by large-scale industry itself. As soon as labour in the direct form has ceased to be the great well-spring of wealth, labour time ceases and must cease to be its measure, and hence exchange value [must cease to be the measure] of use value. The surplus labour of the mass has ceased to be the condition for the development of general wealth, just as the non-labour of the few, for the development of the general powers of the human head. With that, production based on exchange value breaks down, and the direct, material production process is stripped of the form of penury and antithesis. The free development of individualities, and hence not the reduction of necessary labour time so as to posit surplus labour, but rather the general reduction of the necessary labour of society to a minimum, which then corresponds to the artistic, scientific etc. development of the individuals in the time set free, and with the means created, for all of them. Capital itself is the moving contradiction, [in] that it presses to reduce labour time to a minimum, while it posits labour time, on the other side, as sole measure and source of wealth. Hence it diminishes labour time in the necessary form so as to increase it in the superfluous form; hence posits the superfluous in growing measure as a condition – question of life or death – for the necessary. On the one side, then, it calls to life all the powers of science and of nature, as of social combination and of social intercourse, in order to make the creation of wealth independent (relatively) of the labour time employed on it. On the other side, it wants to use labour time as the measuring rod for the giant social forces thereby created, and to confine them within the limits required to maintain the already created value as value. Forces of production and social relations – two different sides of the development of the social individual – appear to capital as mere means, and are merely means for it to produce on its limited foundation. In fact, however, they are the material conditions to blow this foundation sky-high. ‘Truly wealthy a nation, when the working day is 6 rather than 12 hours. Wealth is not command over surplus labour time’ (real wealth), ‘but rather, disposable time outside that needed in direct production, for every individual and the whole society.’ (The Source and Remedy etc. 1821, p. 6.)
Nature builds no machines, no locomotives, railways, electric telegraphs, self-acting mules etc. These are products of human industry; natural material transformed into organs of the human will over nature, or of human participation in nature. They are organs of the human brain, created by the human hand; the power of knowledge, objectified. The development of fixed capital indicates to what degree general social knowledge has become a direct force of production, and to what degree, hence, the conditions of the process of social life itself have come under the control of the general intellect and been transformed in accordance with it. To what degree the powers of social production have been produced, not only in the form of knowledge, but also as immediate organs of social practice, of the real life process.
The development of fixed capital indicates in still another respect the degree of development of wealth generally, or of capital. The aim of production oriented directly towards use value, as well as of that directly oriented towards exchange value, is the product itself, destined for consumption. The part of production which is oriented towards the production of fixed capital does not produce direct objects of individual gratification, nor direct exchange values; at least not directly realizable exchange values. Hence, only when a certain degree of productivity has already been reached – so that a part of production time is sufficient for immediate production – can an increasingly large part be applied to the production of the means of production. This requires that society be able to wait; that a large part of the wealth already created can be withdrawn both from immediate consumption and from production for immediate consumption, in order to employ this part for labour which is not immediately productive (within the material production process itself). This requires a certain level of productivity and of relative overabundance, and, more specifically, a level directly related to the transformation of circulating capital into fixed capital. As the magnitude of relative surplus labour depends on the productivity of necessary labour, so does the magnitude of labour time – living as well as objectified – employed on the production of fixed capital depend on the productivity of the labour time spent in the direct production of products. Surplus population (from this standpoint), as well as surplus production, is a condition for this. That is; the output of the time employed in direct production must be larger, relatively, than is directly required for the reproduction of the capital employed in these branches of industry. The smaller the direct fruits borne by fixed capital, the less it intervenes in the direct production process, the greater must be this relative surplus population and surplus production; thus, more to build railways, canals, aqueducts, telegraphs etc. than to build the machinery directly active in the direct production process. Hence – a subject to which we will return later – in the constant under- and overproduction of modern industry – constant fluctuations and convulsions arise from the disproportion, when sometimes too little, then again too much circulating capital is transformed into fixed capital.
<The creation of a large quantity of disposable time apart from necessary labour time for society generally and each of its members (i.e. room for the development of the individuals’ full productive forces, hence those of society also), this creation of not-labour time appears in the stage of capital, as of all earlier ones, as not-labour time, free time, for a few. What capital adds is that it increases the surplus labour time of the mass by all the means of art and science, because its wealth consists directly in the appropriation of surplus labour time; since value directly its purpose, not use value. It is thus, despite itself, instrumental in creating the means of social disposable time, in order to reduce labour time for the whole society to a diminishing minimum, and thus to free everyone’s time for their own development. But its tendency always, on the one side, to create disposable time, on the other, to convert it into surplus labour. If it succeeds too well at the first, then it suffers from surplus production, and then necessary labour is interrupted, because no surplus labour can be realized by capital. The more this contradiction develops, the more does it become evident that the growth of the forces of production can no longer be bound up with the appropriation of alien labour, but that the mass of workers must themselves appropriate their own surplus labour. Once they have done so – and disposable time thereby ceases to have an antithetical existence – then, on one side, necessary labour time will be measured by the needs of the social individual, and, on the other, the development of the power of social production will grow so rapidly that, even though production is now calculated for the wealth of all, disposable time will grow for all. For real wealth is the developed productive power of all individuals. The measure of wealth is then not any longer, in any way, labour time, but rather disposable time. Labour time as the measure of value posits wealth itself as founded on poverty, and disposable time as existing in and because of the antithesis to surplus labour time; or, the positing of an individual’s entire time as labour time, and his degradation therefore to mere worker, subsumption under labour. The most developed machinery thus forces the worker to work longer than the savage does, or than he himself did with the simplest, crudest tools.>
‘If the entire labour of a country were sufficient only to raise the support of the whole population, there would be no surplus labour, consequently nothing that could be allowed to accumulate as capital. If in one year the people raises enough for the support of two years, one year’s consumption must perish, or for one year men must cease from productive labour. But the possessors of [the] surplus produce or capital... employ people upon something not directly and immediately productive, e.g. in the erection of machinery. So it goes on.’ (The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties, p. 4.)
<As the basis on which large industry rests, the appropriation of alien labour time, ceases, with its development, to make up or to create wealth, so does direct labour as such cease to be the basis of production, since, in one respect, it is transformed more into a supervisory and regulatory activity; but then also because the product ceases to be the product of isolated direct labour, and the combination of social activity appears, rather, as the producer. ‘As soon as the division of labour is developed, almost every piece of work done by a single individual is a part of a whole, having no value or utility of itself. There is nothing on which the labourer can seize: this is my produce, this I will keep to myself.’ (Labour Defended, p. 25, 1, 2, XI.) In direct exchange, individual direct labour appears as realized in a particular product or part of the product, and its communal, social character – its character as objectification of general labour and satisfaction of the general need – as posited through exchange alone. In the production process of large-scale industry, by contrast, just as the conquest of the forces of nature by the social intellect is the precondition of the productive power of the means of labour as developed into the automatic process, on one side, so, on the other, is the labour of the individual in its direct presence posited as suspended individual, i.e. as social, labour. Thus the other basis of this mode of production falls away.>
The labour time employed in the production of fixed capital relates to that employed in the production of circulating capital, within the production process of capital itself, as does surplus labour time to necessary labour time. To the degree that production aimed at the satisfaction of immediate need becomes more productive, a greater part of production can be directed towards the need of production itself, or the production of means of production. In so far as the production of fixed capital, even in its physical aspect, is directed immediately not towards the production of direct use values, or towards the production of values required for the direct reproduction of capital – i.e. those which themselves in turn represent use value in the value-creation process – but rather towards the production of the means of value creation, that is, not towards value as an immediate object, but rather towards value creation, towards the means of realization, as an immediate object of production – the production of value posited physically in the object of production itself, as the aim of production, the objectification of productive force, the value-producing power of capital – to that extent, it is in the production of fixed capital that capital posits itself us end-in-itself and appears active as capital, to a higher power than it does in the production of circulating capital. Hence, in this respect as well, the dimension already possessed by fixed capital, which its production occupies within total production, is the measuring rod of the development of wealth founded on the mode of production of capital.
‘The number of workers depends as much on circulating capital as it depends on the quantity of products of co-existing labour, which labourers are allowed to consume.’ (Labour Defended, p. 20.)
In all the excerpts cited above from various economists fixed capital is regarded as the part of capital which is locked into the production process. ‘Floating capital is consumed; fixed capital is merely used in the great process of production.’ (Economist, VI, 1.) This wrong, and holds only for the part of circulating capital which is itself consumed by the fixed capital, the matières instrumentales. The only thing consumed ‘in the great process of production’, if this means the immediate production process, is fixed capital. Consumption within the production process is, however, in fact use, wearing-out. Furthermore, the greater durability of fixed capital must not be conceived as a purely physical quality. The iron and the wood which make up the bed I sleep in, or the stones making up the house I live in, or the marble statue which decorates a palace, are just as durable as iron and wood etc. used for machinery. But durability is a condition for the instrument, the means of production, not only on the technical ground that metals etc. are the chief material of all machinery, but rather because the instrument is destined to play the same role constantly in repeated processes of production. Its durability as means of production is a required quality of its use value. The more often it must be replaced, the costlier it is; the larger the part of capital which would have to be spent on it uselessly. Its durability is its existence as means of production. Its duration is an increase of its productive force. With circulating capital, by contrast, in so far as it is not transformed into fixed capital, durability is in no way connected with the act of production itself and is therefore not a conceptually posited moment. The fact that among the articles thrown into the consumption fund there are some which are in turn characterized as fixed capital because they are consumed slowly, and can be consumed by many individuals in series, is connected with further determinations (renting rather than buying, interest etc.) with which we are not yet here concerned.
‘Since the general introduction of soulless mechanism in British manufactures, people have with rare exceptions been treated as a secondary and subordinate machine, and far more attention has been given to the perfection of the raw materials of wood and metals than to those of body and spirit.’ (p. 31. Robert Owen: Essays on the Formation of the Human Character, 1840, London.)
<Real economy – saving – consists of the saving of labour time (minimum (and minimization) of production costs); but this saving identical with development of the productive force. Hence in no way abstinence from consumption, but rather the development of power, of capabilities of production, and hence both of the capabilities as well as the means of consumption. The capability to consume is a condition of consumption, hence its primary means, and this capability is the development of an individual potential, a force of production. The saving of labour time [is] equal to an increase of free time, i.e. time for the full development of the individual, which in turn reacts back upon the productive power of labour as itself the greatest productive power. From the standpoint of the direct production process it can be regarded as the production of fixed capital, this fixed capital being man himself. It goes without saying, by the way, that direct labour time itself cannot remain in the abstract antithesis to free time in which it appears from the perspective of bourgeois economy. Labour cannot become play, as Fourier would like, although it remains his great contribution to have expressed the suspension not of distribution, but of the mode of production itself, in a higher form, as the ultimate object. Free time – which is both idle time and time for higher activity – has naturally transformed its possessor into a different subject, and he then enters into the direct production process as this different subject. This process is then both discipline, as regards the human being in the process of becoming; and, at the same time, practice [Ausübung], experimental science, materially creative and objectifying science, as regards the human being who has become, in whose head exists the accumulated knowledge of society. For both, in so far as labour requires practical use of the hands and free bodily movement, as in agriculture, at the same time exercise.
As the system of bourgeois economy has developed for us only by degrees, so too its negation, which is its ultimate result. We are still concerned now with the direct production process. When we consider bourgeois society in the long view and as a whole, then the final result of the process of social production always appears as the society itself, i.e. the human being itself in its social relations. Everything that has a fixed form, such as the product etc., appears as merely a moment, a vanishing moment, in this movement. The direct production process itself here appears only as a moment. The conditions and objectifications of the process are themselves equally moments of it, and its only subjects are the individuals, but individuals in mutual relationships, which they equally reproduce and produce anew. The constant process of their own movement, in which they renew themselves even as they renew the world of wealth they create.>
(In his Six Lectures Delivered at Manchester, 1837, Owen speaks about the difference which capital, by its very growth (and widespread appearance, and it obtains the latter only with large-scale industry, which is connected with the development of fixed capital), creates between workers and capitalists; but formulates the development of capital as a necessary condition for the recreation of society, and recounts about himself: ‘It was by being gradually trained to create and conduct some of these large’ (manufacturing) ‘establishments, that your lecturer’ (Owen himself) ‘was taught to understand the great errors and disadvantages of the past and present attempts to ameliorate the character and situation of his fellow beings.’ (p. 58.) We here put down the entire excerpt, to be used on another occasion.
‘The producers of developed wealth can be divided into workers in soft and workers in hard materials, under the immediate direction generally of masters whose object it is to make money through the labour of those they employ. Before the introduction of the chemical and mechanical manufacturing system, operations were carried out on a limited scale; there were many small masters, each with a few day-labourers, who expected in due time to become small masters themselves. They usually ate at the same table and lived together; a spirit and feeling of equality reigned among them. Since the period when scientific power began by and large to be employed in the business of manufacturing, a gradual change has taken place in this regard. Almost all manufactures, to be successful, must now be carried out extensively and with a great capital; small masters with small capitals have only little chance of success, particularly in the manufactures of soft materials, such as cotton, wool, flax etc.; and it is indeed evident now, that so long as the present classification of society and the mode of directing business life should endure, the small masters will be increasingly displaced by those who possess great capitals, and that the former relatively happier equality among the producers must give way to the greatest inequality between master and worker, such as has never before occurred in the history of mankind. The large capitalist is now elevated to the position of a commanding lord, treating the health, the life and death, indirectly, of his slaves, as he likes. He obtains this power through combination with other great capitalists, engaged in the same interest with himself, and thus effectively bends to his purpose those he employs. The large capitalist now swims in wealth, whose proper use he has not been taught and does not know. Through his wealth, he has gained power. His wealth and his power blind his reason; and when he oppresses altogether grievously, he believes he is bestowing favours... His servants, as they are called, his slaves in fact, are reduced to the most hopeless degradation; the majority robbed of health, of domestic comfort, of the leisure and healthy open-air pleasures of earlier days. Through excessive exhaustion of their powers, brought about by lengthy, drawn-out monotonous occupations, they are seduced into habits of intemperance, and made unfit for thinking or reflection. They can have no physical, intellectual or moral amusements other than of the worst sort; all real pleasures of life are far distant from them. The life which a very large part of the workers lead under the present system is, in a word, not worth having. But the individuals are not to blame for the changes of which these are the result; they proceed in the regular order of nature and are preparatory and necessary stages towards the great and important social revolution now in. progress. Without great capitals no great establishments can be founded; men cannot be brought to understand the practicability of effecting new combinations, in order to ensure a superior character to all and the production of more annual wealth than can be consumed by all; and that wealth, too, should be of a higher kind than that hitherto generally produced.’ (loc. cit. 56, 57.) ‘It is this new chemical and mechanical manufacturing system which now expands human abilities, and prepares men to understand and to adopt other principles and practices, and thus to effect the most beneficial change in affairs which the world has yet known. And it is this new manufacturing system which now creates the necessity for another and higher classification of society.’ (loc. cit. 58.))
We remarked earlier that the force of production (fixed capital) only has value, hence only imparts value, in so far as it is itself produced, itself a given quantity of objectified labour time. But now natural agencies enter in, such as water, land (this notably), mines etc., which are appropriated, hence possess exchange value, and hence come as values into the calculation of production costs. This is, in a word, the entry of landed property (which includes earth, mines, water). The value of means of production which are not the product of labour does not belong here yet, since it does not arise out of the examination of capital itself. They appear for capital, initially, as given, historic presupposition. And we leave them as such, here. Only the form of landed property – or of natural agencies as value-determining magnitudes – modified to correspond to capital belongs within the examination of the system of bourgeois economy. It does not affect the examination of capital at the point we have so far reached, to regard land etc. as a form of fixed capital.
Since fixed capital, in the sense of a produced production force, as agency of production, increases the mass of use values created in a given time, it cannot grow without the raw material it works on also growing (in manufacturing industry. In the extractive industries, such as fishery, mining, labour merely consists in overpowering the obstacles in the way of the seizure and appropriation of the raw products or primary products. There is no raw material to be worked up for production; rather, the existing raw product is appropriated. By contrast, in agriculture the raw material is the earth itself; seed the circulating capital etc.). Its employment on a larger scale thus presupposes expansion of the part of circulating capital consisting of raw materials; hence growth of capital generally. It likewise presupposes (relative) decrease of the portion of capital exchanged for living labour.
In fixed capital, capital exists materially, too, not only as objectified labour, destined to serve as the means of new labour, but rather as value, whose use value is to create new values. The existence of fixed capital is therefore cat exochn its existence as productive capital. Hence the stage of development reached by the mode of production based on capital – or the extent to which capital itself is already presupposed as the condition of its own production, has presupposed itself – is measured by the existing scope of fixed capital; not only by its quantity, but just as much by its quality.
Finally: in fixed capital, the social productivity of labour [is] posited as a property inherent in capital; including the scientific power as well as the combination of social powers within the production process, and finally, the skill transposed from direct labour into the machine, into the dead productive force. In circulating capital, by contrast, it is the exchange of labours, of the different branches of labour, their interlacing and system-forming quality, the co-existence of productive labour, which appear as property of capital. [*]
We have now to examine the other relations of fixed capital and circulating capital.
We said above that the social relation between different labours is posited as a property of capital in circulating capital, as the social productive power of labour in fixed capital.
‘The circulating capital of a nation is: money, necessaries of life, raw materials, and finished products.’ (Adam Smith, tome II, p. 218.) Smith is in a quandary whether he should call money circulating or fixed capital. In so far as it always serves merely as instrument of circulation, which is itself a moment of the total reproduction process, it is fixed capital – as instrument of circulation. But its use value itself is only to circulate and never to be absorbed either into the production process proper nor into individual consumption. It is the part of capital constantly fixed in the circulation phase, and in this respect it is the most perfect form of circulating capital; in the other respect, because it is fixed as an instrument, it is fixed capital.
In so far as a distinction between fixed capital and circulating capital enters in from the perspective of individual consumption, this is already given in the fact that fixed capital does not enter into circulation as use value. (A part of the seed in agriculture does enter into circulation as use value, because it multiplies itself.) This non-entry-into-circulation supposes that it does not become the object of individual consumption.
’Fixed capital’ serves over and over again for the same operation, ‘and by how much larger has been the range of these iterations, by so much [the] more intensely is the tool, engine, or machinery, entitled to the denomination of fixed’. (De Quincey, X, 4.) If a capital consists of £10,000, of which 5,000 is fixed and 5,000 circulating; the latter turns over 1 time in 1 year, the former 1 time in 5 years; then 5,000 turn over, or 1/2 of the total capital, 1 time in one year. During the same year, 1/5 of the fixed capital or £1,000 turn over; hence in 1 year £6,000 or 3/5 of the total capital turn over. Hence 1/5 of the total capital turns over in 12/3 months and the total capital, in 12 × 5/3 months, in 60/3 = 20 months = 1 year and 8 months. In 20 months the total capital of £10,000 is turned over, although the fixed capital is replaced only in 5 years. This turnover time holds, however, only for the repetition of the production process and thus for the creation of surplus value; not for the reproduction of the capital itself. If the capital begins the process anew less frequently – returns from circulation into the form of fixed capital – then it returns all the more often into the form of circulating capital. But the capital itself is not replaced thereby. So with the circulating capital itself. If a capital of 100 returns 4 times a year and hence brings in 20%, like a capital of 400 which circulates only once, then the capital remains 100 at the end of the year as at the beginning, and the other capital remains 400, although it has effected a production of use values and a positing of surplus value equal to a 4 times larger capital. The fact that the velocity of turnover here substitutes for the magnitude of the capital shows strikingly that it is only the amount of surplus labour set into motion, and of labour generally, which determines the creation of value as well as the creation of surplus value, and not the magnitude of the capital for itself. The capital of 100 has, during the year, set in motion successively as much labour as one of 400, and hence created the same surplus value.
But the issue here is this. In the above example, the circulating capital of 5,000 first returns in the middle of the first year; then at the end of the second half; in the middle of the second; in the second half of the second (in the first 4 months) £3,333 2/6 of it have returned and the rest will have come back at the end of this half year.
But, of the fixed capital, only 1/5 was returned in the first year, 1/5 in the second. At the end of the first year, the owner has on hand £6,000; at the end of the second, 7,000; the third, 8,000; the fourth, 9,000; the fifth, 10,000. Only at the end of the fifth is he again in possession of his total capital, with which he began the production process; although in the creation of surplus value his capital acted as if it had wholly turned over in 20 months; thus the total capital itself is only reproduced in 5 years. The former aspect of turnover important for the relation of its realization; the latter, however, brings in a new relation which does not take place with circulating capital at all. Since circulating capital is completely absorbed into circulation and returns from it as a whole, it follows that it is reproduced as capital as many times as it is realized as surplus value or as surplus capital. But since fixed capital never enters circulation as a use value, and enters it as value only to the extent that it is consumed as a use value, it follows that it is by no means reproduced as soon as the surplus value determined by the average turnover time of the total capital is posited. The turnover of the circulating capital must take place 10 times in the 5 years before the fixed capital is reproduced; i.e. the period of the revulsions of circulating capital must be repeated 10 times while that of fixed capital is repeated once, and the total average turnover of the capital – 20 months – has to be repeated 2 times before the fixed capital is reproduced. Hence, the larger is the part of the capital consisting of fixed capital – i.e. the more capital acts in the mode of production corresponding to it, with great employment of produced productive force – and the more durable the fixed capital is, i.e. the longer its reproduction time, the more its use value corresponds to its specific economic role – the more often must the part of capital which is determined as circulating repeat the period of its turnover, and the longer is the total time the capital requires for the achievement of its total circulation. Hence the continuity of production becomes an external necessity for capital with the development of that portion of it which is determined as fixed capital. For circulating capital, an interruption, if it does not last so long as to ruin its use value, is only an interruption in the creation of surplus value. But with fixed capital, the interruption, in so far as in the meantime its use value is necessarily destroyed relatively unproductively, i.e. without replacing itself as value, is the destruction of its original value itself. Hence the continuity of the production process which corresponds to the concept of capital is posited as conditio sine qua [non] for its maintenance only with the development of fixed capital; hence likewise the continuity and the constant growth of consumption.
This is No. I. But No. II, the formal side, even more important. The total time in which we measured the return of capital was the year, while the time unit in which we measure labour is the day. We did [so] firstly because the year is more or less the natural reproduction time, or duration of the production phase, for the reproduction of the largest part of the vegetable raw materials used in industry. The turnover of circulating capital was determined, therefore, by the number of turnovers in the total time of a year. In fact, the circulating capital begins its reproduction at the end of each turnover, and while the number of turnovers during the year affects the total value, and the fate it encounters during each turnover appears as a determinant of the conditions under which it begins reproduction anew, yet each of them for itself is a complete lifespan for the circulating capital. As soon as capital is transformed back into money, it can transform itself e.g. into conditions of production other than the original ones, throw itself from one branch of production into another one, so that reproduction, regarded materially, is not repeated in the same form.
The introduction of fixed capital changes this; and neither the turnover time of capital, nor the unit in which their number is measured, the year, henceforth appear as the measure of time for the motion of capital. This unit is now determined, rather, by the reproduction time required for fixed capital, and hence the total circulation time it needs to enter into circulation as value, and to come back from it in the totality of its value. The reproduction of the circulating capital must also proceed in the same material form during this whole time, and the number of its necessary turnovers, i.e. the turnovers necessary for the reproduction of the original capital, is distributed over a longer or shorter series of years. Hence a longer total period is posited as the unit in which its turnovers are measured, and their repetition is now not merely externally, but rather necessarily connected with this unit. According to Babbage, the average reproduction of machinery in England 5 years; the real one hence perhaps 10 years. There can be no doubt whatever that the cycle which industry has passed through since the development of fixed capital on a large scale, at more or less 10-yearly intervals, is connected with this total reproduction phase of capital. We shall find other determinant causes as well. But this is one of them. There were good and bad times for industry before, too, as well as for harvests (agriculture). But the industrial cycle of a number of years, divided into characteristic periods, epochs, is peculiar to large-scale industry.
Now the new distinction, No. III, appears.
Circulating capital was ejected from the production process in the form of the product, of the newly created use value, and thrown wholly into circulation; when transformed back into money, the entire value of the product (the entire labour time objectified in it, necessary and surplus labour time) was realized, and thereby the surplus value realized and all conditions of reproduction fulfilled. With the realization of the price of the commodity, all these conditions were fulfilled, and the process could begin anew. This holds, however, only for that part of the circulating capital which entered into large-scale circulation. As to the other portion of it, which continuously accompanies the process of production itself, the circulation of that part of it which is transformed into wages, it naturally depends on whether the labour is used for the production of fixed capital or of circulating capital whether these wages themselves are replaced by a use value entering into circulation or not.
Fixed capital, by contrast, does not itself circulate as a use value, but rather enters as value into the manufactured raw material (in manufactures and agriculture) or into the directly extracted raw material (mining industry etc.) only to the extent that it is used up as use value in the production process. Fixed capital in its developed form hence only returns in a cycle of years which embraces a series of turnovers of circulating capital. It is not at once exchanged as product for money, in such a way that its reproduction process might coincide with the turnovers of circulating capital. It enters into the price of the product only in successive bits, and hence returns as value only successively. It returns fragmentarily over longer periods, while circulating capital circulates wholly in shorter periods. To the extent that fixed capital remains as such, [it] does not return, because it does not enter into circulation; to the extent that it enters into circulation, it no longer remains as fixed capital, but rather forms an ideal value-component of the circulating capital. It returns in principle only to the extent that it transposes itself directly or indirectly into the product, hence into circulating capital. Because it is not a direct use value for consumption, it does not enter into circulation as use value.
This different kind of return of fixed and circulating capital will appear significant later as the difference between selling and renting, annuity, interest and profit, rent in its different forms, and profit; and the incomprehension of this merely formal distinction has led Proudhon and his gang to the most confused conclusions; as we shall see. In its observations on the last crisis, the Economist reduces the whole difference between fixed capital and circulating capital to the ‘resale of articles within a short period and at a profit’ (Economist No. 754, 6 Feb. 1858) and ‘production of a revenue large enough to provide for expenses, risk, wear and tear, and the market rate of interest’. [*] The shorter return through the sale of the whole article, and the merely annual return of a part of the fixed capital, analysed above. As to profit – merchant’s profit does not concern us here – each part of the circulating capital which leaves and returns to the production process, i.e. contains objectified labour (the value of the advances), necessary labour (the value of wages) and surplus labour – brings profit as soon as it passes fully through circulation, because the surplus labour which the product contains is realized with it. But it is neither the circulating capital nor the fixed capital which create the profit, but rather the appropriation of alien labour which both of them mediate, hence at bottom only the part of circulating capital which enters into small-scale circulation. This profit is realized in practice, however, only through the entry of capital into circulation, hence only in its form as circulating capital, never in its form as fixed capital. But what the economist here understands by fixed capital is – as far as revenues from it are concerned – the form of fixed capital in which it does not directly enter into the production process as machinery, but rather in railways, buildings, agricultural improvements, drainings etc., [**] where, hence, the realization of the value and surplus value contained in it appears in the form of an annuity, where interest represents the surplus value and the annuity the successive return of the value advanced. This is therefore not in fact a case (although it is the case with agricultural improvements) of fixed capital entering into circulation as value by forming a part of the product, but rather of the sale of fixed capital in the form of its use value. It is here sold not all at once, but as an annuity. Now, it is clear, firstly, that some forms of fixed capital figure initially as circulating capital, and become fixed capital only when they become fixed in the production process; e.g. the circulating products of a machine-maker are machines just as those of a cotton-weaver are calico, and they enter into circulation in just the same way, for him. For him they are circulating capital; for the manufacturer who uses them in the production process, fixed capital; because product for the former, and instrument of production only for the latter. Likewise even houses, despite their immovability, are circulating capital for the building-trade; for him who buys them to rent them out again, or to use them as buildings for production, they are fixed capital. Now in so far as fixed capital itself circulates as use value, i.e. is sold, changes hands, we shall speak of it further, below.
But the viewpoint that capital is sold as capital – whether as money or in the form of fixed capital – is obviously not relevant here, where we are considering circulation as the movement of capital in which it posits itself in its various conceptually specific moments. Productive capital becomes product, commodity, money, and is transformed back into the conditions of production. It remains capital in each of these forms, and it becomes capital only by realizing itself as such. So long as it remains in one of these phases, it is fixed as commodity capital, money capital, or industrial capital. But each of these phases forms only one moment of its movement, and in the form from which it must propel itself to pass over into another phase it ceases to be capital. If it rejects itself as commodity and becomes money, or vice versa, then it does not exist as capital in the rejected form, but rather in the newly reached one. Of course, the rejected form can in turn become the form of another capital, or it can be the direct form of the consumable product. But this does not concern us and does not concern capital as far as the course it traces out in its internal circulation is concerned. Rather, it rejects each of the forms as its not-capital-being, so as to assume them again later. But if capital is lent out as money, as land and soil, house etc., then it becomes a commodity as capital, or, the commodity put into circulation is capital as capital. This to be further pursued in the next section.
What is paid for in the transposition of the commodity into money, as far as the part of the price which is the value of part of the fixed capital is concerned, is the part required for its partial reproduction, the part worn out and used up in the production process. What the buyer pays, then, is the use or wear of the fixed capital, in so far as it is itself value, objectified labour. Since this wear takes place successively, he pays it in portions in the product, whereas in the price he pays for the product he replaces the whole value of the fractional part of the raw material contained in the product. The worn-out, used-up fractional part of fixed capital is paid for not only successively, but also by a mass of buyers simultaneously, in relation as they buy products. Since capital appears in the first half of its circulation as C and the buyer as M, since its aim is value while the buyer’s is use (whether in turn productive, no matter here, where we are examining only the formal aspect such as it appears towards capital in its circulation), it follows that the relation of the buyer to the product is that of the consumer generally. Indirectly, then, in all commodities the buyer successively and bit by bit pays for the wear and use of fixed capital, even though the latter does not enter into circulation as use value. But there are forms of fixed capital where he pays directly for its use value – as with means of communication, transport etc. In all these cases the fixed capital in fact never leaves the production process, as with railways etc. But while it serves for some as means of communication within the production process itself, to bring the product to market, and for the producers themselves [as] means of circulation, it can serve others as means of consumption, as use value, for holiday travel, etc. Regarded as a means of production, it distinguishes itself from machinery etc. here in that it is used up by various capitals at the same time, as a common condition for their production and circulation. (We are not yet concerned with consumption as such here.) It does not appear as locked within a particular production process, but rather as the connecting artery of a mass of such production processes of particular capitals, who use it up only in portions. In contrast to all these particular capitals and their particular production processes, then, fixed capital is here cast as the product of a particular branch of production separate from them, in which, however, it is not sold by one producer as circulating capital and bought by another as fixed capital, as with machinery, but, rather, in which it can be sold only in the form of fixed capital itself. Then its successive return, hidden in the commodity, becomes apparent. But this fixed capital then also includes the surplus value, since it is itself a. sold product (for the industrialist, the machine he uses is not a product), hence the return of interest and profit, if any. Since it can be consumed in the same common and successive form, can be use value for direct consumption, it follows that its sale – not as an instrument of production but as a commodity generally – also appears in the same form. But in so far as it is sold as an instrument of production – a machine is sold as a mere commodity and only becomes an instrument of production in the industrial process – i.e. as its sale directly coincides with its use in the general social production process, this is a determination which has no place within the examination of the simple circulation of capital. In the latter, fixed capital, in so far as it enters as an agency of production, appears as a presupposition of the production process, not as its result. It can therefore only be a matter of the replacement of its value, in which no surplus value for the user is included. What is rather the case is that he has paid this surplus value to the machine-maker. Railways, however, or buildings rented for production, are simultaneously instruments of production, and are simultaneously realized by their seller as product, as capital.
Since each moment which appears as presupposition of production is at the same time its result – in that it reproduces its own conditions – the original division of the capital within the production process now appears in such a way that the production process divides into three production processes, in which different portions of the capital – which now also appear as particular capitals – are at work. (Here we can still assume a form in which one capital is at work, because we are examining capital as such, and this way of looking at it simplifies what needs to be said about the proportion of these different kinds.) The capital is annually reproduced in different and changing portions as raw material, as product, and as means of production; in a word, as fixed capital and as circulating capital. The minimum presupposition which appears in all of these production processes is the part of circulating capital destined for exchange with, labouring capacity and for the maintenance and consumption of the machinery or the instrument, and the means of production. In purely extractive industries, e.g. mining, the mine itself exists as the material of labour, but not as raw material passing over into product, which latter must, in the manufacturing industry, by contrast, have a particular existence in all forms. In agriculture, seed, fertilizer, cattle etc., may be regarded as raw material as well as matières instrumentales. Agriculture forms a mode of production sui generis, because the organic process is involved, in addition to the mechanical and chemical process, and the natural reproduction process is merely controlled and guided; extractive industry (mining the most important) is likewise an industry sui generis, because no reproduction process whatever takes place in it, at least not one under our control or known to us. (Fishery, hunting etc. can involve a reproduction process; likewise forestry; this is therefore not necessarily purely extractive industry.) Now, in so far as the means of production, fixed capital as the product of capital and hence containing objectified surplus time, is itself constituted in such a way that it can be ejected by its producer as circulating capital, e.g. like machinery by the machine builder, before it becomes fixed capital, i.e. first enters into circulation as use value, [to that extent] its circulation contains no new aspect whatever. But in so far as it can never be sold while it serves at the same time as instrument of production, as e.g. railways, or in proportion as it is used up as such, it shares with fixed capital generally the quality that its value returns only successively; but there is also the addition that this return of its value includes the return of its surplus value, of the surplus labour objectified in it. It then has a special form of return.
The important thing now is that the production of capital thus appears as the production in definite portions of circulating capital and fixed capital, so that capital itself produces its double way of circulating as fixed capital and circulating capital.
Before we settle the last point, first a few secondary matters. ‘Floating capital is consumed, fixed capital merely used, in the great work of production.’ (Economist, VI, p. 1.) The distinction between consume and use dissolves into gradual or rapid destruction. We need dwell on this point no further.
‘Floating capital assumes an infinite variety of forms, fixed capital has only one.’ (Economist, VI, p. 1.)’ This ‘infinite variety of forms’, as regards the production process of capital itself, is much more correctly reduced by Adam Smith to a mere change of form. Fixed capital is of use to its master ‘so long as it continues to remain in the same form’. That means it remains within the production process as use value, in a specific material presence. Circulating capital, by contrast (A. Smith, tome II, p. 197, 198) ‘constantly passes out of his hands in a specific form’ (as product) ‘to return in another’ (as condition of production) ‘and brings profit only by means of this circulation and successive changes’. Smith does not speak here of the ‘infinite variety of forms’ in which circulating capital appears. Regarded materially, ‘fixed capital’ also assumes ‘an infinite variety of forms’; but this proceeds from the metamorphoses which circulating capital passes through as itself a use value, and the ‘infinite variety of forms’ reduces itself, therefore, to the qualitative differences of the various phases of circulation. Regarded within a specific production process, circulating capital always returns in the same form of raw materials and money for wages., The material presence is the same at the end of the process as at the beginning. Incidentally, elsewhere the Economist itself reduces the ‘infinite variety of forms’ to the conceptually determined change of forms in circulation. ‘The commodity is wholly consumed in the shape in which it is produced’ (i.e. enters into circulation as use value and is ejected from it) ‘and replaced in his hands in a new shape’ (as raw material and wages), ‘ready to repeat a similar operation’ (rather, the same operation). (loc. cit. VI, p. 1.) Smith also says explicitly that fixed capital ‘requires no circulation’. (tome II, 197, 198.) With fixed capital, the value is imprisoned within a specific use value; with circulating capital, value takes the form of various different use values, likewise assumes as well as rejects the independent form distinct from every particular use value (as money); hence constant change of matter and form goes on.
‘Circulating capital supplies him’ (the entrepreneur) ‘with the materials and wages of the workers, and sets industry into activity.’ (A. Smith, tome II, p. 226.) ’Every fixed capital comes originally from a circulating capital, and needs to be continually maintained by means of a circulating capital.’ (loc.. cit. p. 207.) ‘Since so great a part of the circulating capital is being withdrawn continuously to be spent in the other two branches of the general social fund, this capital needs in turn to be renewed by continual replenishment, otherwise it would soon be reduced to nothing. These replenishments are drawn from three principal sources: the produce of the soil, of mines, and of fisheries.’ (loc. cit. p. 208.)
<We have already developed one distinction emphasized by the Economist: ’Every production the whole cost of which is returned to the producer out of the current income of the country is floating capital; but every production, in respect of which only an annual sum is paid for the use, is – fixed capital.’ (Notebook VI, p. 1.) ‘In the first case, the producer is entirely dependent on the country’s current income.’ (loc. cit.) We have seen that only part of the fixed capital returns in the time determined by circulating capital, which serves as the unit of its turnovers because it is the natural unit for the reproduction of the greatest part of food products and raw materials, just as, and because, it appears as the natural epoch in the life process (cosmic process) of the earth. This unit is the year, whose bourgeois calculation deviates more or less, but insignificantly, from its natural magnitude. The more the material presence of fixed capital corresponds to its concept, the more adequate its material mode of existence is, the more does its turnover time span a cycle of years. Since circulating capital is wholly exchanged first for money, secondly for its elements, it presupposes that a countervalue has been produced equal to its whole value (including the surplus value). It cannot be said that it enters or can enter into consumption entirely; since it must also in part serve in turn as raw material, or as an element for fixed capital; in short itself, in turn, as an element of production – a counter-production. A part of the use value ejected by capital as the product, as the result of the production process, becomes an object of consumption and thus drops out of the circulation of capital altogether; another part enters into another capital as a condition of production. This is itself posited in the circulation of capital as such, since it ejects itself from itself in the first half of circulation, as commodity, i.e. as use value; i.e. dismisses itself with respect to itself in this form from its own circulation as use value, article of consumption; but exchanges itself as money for commodity as condition of production, in the second half of its circulation. Thus, as circulating use value itself, it posits its material presence both as an article of consumption and as a new element of production, or rather an element of reproduction. But in both cases the whole of its countervalue must be on hand; i.e. it must have been wholly produced during the year. For example, the sum of manufactured products which can be exchanged during a year for agricultural products is determined by the mass of the raw products produced in a year, counted from harvest to harvest. Since we speak here of capital as such, capital in the process of becoming, we are not yet concerned with anything else in addition – in that the many capitals are not yet present for us – nothing but it itself and simple circulation, out of which it absorbs value in the double form of money and commodity and into which it throws it in the double form of money and commodity. When an industrial people producing on the foundation of capital, such as the English, e.g., exchange with the Chinese, and absorb value in the form of money and commodity from out of their production process, or rather absorb value by drawing the latter within the sphere of the circulation of their capital, then one sees right away that the Chinese do not therefore need to produce as capitalists. Within a single society, such as the English, the mode of production of capital develops in one branch of industry, while in another, e.g. agriculture, modes of production predominate which more or less antedate capital. Nevertheless, it is (1) its necessary tendency to conquer the mode of production in all respects, to bring them under the rule of capital. Within a given national society this already necessarily arises from the transformation, by this means, of all labour into wage labour; (2) as to external markets, capital imposes this propagation of its mode of production through international competition. Competition is the mode generally in which capital secures the victory of its mode of production. Still, this much is clear: quite regardless of whether it is another capital or whether it is capital itself as another which stands on both sides of the successive exchanges, each time in the opposite aspect, both aspects are already posited before we proceed to examine this double movement from the circulation of capital as such itself. In the first phase it ejects itself out of the movement of capital as use value, as commodity, and exchanges itself for money. The commodity expelled from the circulation of capital is no longer the commodity as a moment of self-perpetuating value, as the presence of value. It is, thus, its presence as use value, its being for consumption. Capital is transposed out of the form of commodity into the form of money only because an exchanger appears opposite it in ordinary circulation as consumer, who transposes M into C; [completes] this transposition in its material aspect, so that he relates to the use value as use value, as consumer, and only in this way is the use value replaced for capital as value. Thus, capital creates articles of consumption, but ejects them from itself in this form, ejects them from its circulation. On the basis of the aspect developed so far, no other relations exist. The commodity which is ejected as such from the circulation of capital loses its character as value and fulfills the role of use value for consumption, as distinct from fulfilling it for production. But in the second phase of circulation, capital exchanges money for commodity, and its transformation into commodity now itself appears as a moment of value-positing, because the commodity is accepted as such into the circulation process of capital. While it presupposes consumption in the first phase, in the second it presupposes production, production for production; for value in the form of the commodity is here taken into the circulation of capital from the outside, or, the inverse process is undertaken in the first phase. The commodity, as use value for capital itself, can only be the commodity as an element, use value, for its production process. In its double form, the process presents itself in this way: capital a exchanges its product as C for capital b’s M in the first phase; in the second, capital b as C exchanges for capital a’s M. Or, in the first phase, capital b as M exchanges for capital a’s C, in the second, a as M for capital b’s C. That is, capital is simultaneously posited in each of the two circulation phases as M and C; but in two different capitals, which are always in the opposite phase of their circulation process. In the simple circulation process, the acts of exchange, C – M or M – C appear either as directly coinciding or as directly divided. Circulation is not only the succession of both forms of exchange, but it is at the same time each of them distributed to two different sides. But we are not yet concerned here with exchange among many capitals. This belongs to the theory of competition or to that of the circulation of capitals (of credit). What concerns us here is the presupposition of consumption on one side – of the commodity ejected from the movement of value as use value – and the presupposition of production for production – of value, posited as use value, as a condition of its reproduction posited externally to the circulation of capital on the other side – so that these two sides arise out of the examination of the simple form of the circulation of capital. This much is clear: Since the entire circulating capital exchanges as C for M in the first phase, and as M for C in the second, then, if we regard the year as the unit of time of its evolutions, its transformations are limited both by the annual reproduction of raw materials etc. (the commodity for which it exchanges as money must have been produced, a simultaneous production must correspond to it), and by the constant creation of an annual revenue (the part of M which exchanges for commodity as use value) to consume the product of capital which is ejected as use value. Since further-developed relations are not present yet, such revenues are only those of the capitalists themselves and those of the workers. The examination of the exchange of capital and revenue, by the way, another form of the relation of production and consumption, does not belong here yet. In another respect, since fixed capital is exchanged only to the extent it enters as value into circulating capital, since it is, thus, realized only in part during the year, it presupposes only a partial counter-value, i.e. only the partial production of this counter-value during the course of the year. It is paid for only in proportion to its wear. This much clear, then, which already follows from the difference introduced by fixed capital into the industrial cycle, namely that it engages the production of subsequent years, and, just as it contributes to the creation of a large revenue, it anticipates further labour as a counter-value. The anticipation of future fruits of labour is therefore in no way a consequence of the state debt etc., in short, not an invention of the credit system. It has its roots in the specific mode of realization, mode of turnover, mode of reproduction of fixed capital.>
Since we are essentially concerned here with grasping the pure, specific economic forms, hence with not joining together things that do not belong, it has thus become clear from the above that the different forms in which circulating capital and fixed capital bring revenue – as well as the examination of revenue generally – do not yet belong here at all; but only the different ways in which they return and affect the total turnover of capital, the movement of its reproduction generally. Nevertheless, the incidental points made here are important – in that they reject the economists’ motley compilations, which have no place yet in the examination of the simple distinction between fixed capital and circulating capital – and because they showed us that the differences in revenue etc. have their basis in the difference of form between the reproduction of fixed and circulating capital. The issue here is still only the simple return of the value. Only later will it be found how the latter becomes the return of revenue, and that in turn becomes the difference in the determination of revenue.
We have said nothing so far about the maintenance costs, the frais d’entretien of fixed capital. These are partly the matières instrumentales it consumes in its action. They make up fixed capital in the first sense, as we have regarded it within the production process. These are circulating capital and may just as well serve for consumption. They become fixed capital only in so far as they are consumed in the production process, but do not have, like fixed capital proper, a material substance determined purely by their formal presence. The second part of these maintenance costs consists of the labour necessary for repairs.
A. Smith’s determination that every fixed capital comes originally from a circulating capital and must be constantly maintained by a circulating capital: ‘Every fixed capital originally comes from a circulating capital and must be continually kept up at the latter’s expense. No fixed capital can yield revenue except at the expense of a circulating capital.’ (Storch, 26a.) As to Storch’s remark about revenue – an aspect which does not belong here – it is clear: fixed capital returns as value only in proportion as it becomes extinguished as use value, as fixed capital, and enters into circulating capital as value. Hence it can return in the form of a circulating capital only in so far as its value is concerned. But it does not circulate at all as use value. Further, since it has a use value only for production, it can return for individual use, for consumption, also only in the form of circulating capital. Improvements of the soil can directly enter chemically into the reproduction process and in this way be directly transformed into use values. But then they are consumed in their form as fixed capital. A capital can bring revenue at all only in the form in which it enters into and returns from circulation, because the production of revenue in direct use values, use values not mediated through circulation, contradicts the nature of capital. Hence, since fixed capital returns as value only in the form of circulating capital, it can bring revenue only in this form. Revenue is nothing whatsoever other than the part of the surplus value destined for immediate consumption. Its returns thus depend on the mode of return of value itself. Hence the different forms in which fixed capital and circulating capital bring revenue. Likewise, since fixed capital as such never enters circulation as use value, hence is never thrown out of the realization process as use value, it never serves for immediate consumption.
Now as to Smith, his view becomes clearer for us when he says that circulating capital must be annually replaced and constantly renewed by constantly drawing it from the sea, the soil, and from mines. Here, then, circulating capital becomes purely material for him; it is fished out by the hairs, chipped out, harvested; they are the movable primary products which are released from their connection with the earth, isolated, made movable thereby, or separated from their element in their ready-made individuality, like fish etc. Still regarded as pure material, it is further certain that, if Smith presupposes the production of capital and does not suppose himself at the beginning of the world, then every circulating capital likewise comes originally from a fixed capital. Without nets he can catch no fish; without a plough, till no fields; and without a hammer, etc., drive no mines. If he uses even so little as a stone for a hammer etc., then this stone is certainly no circulating capital, no capital of any sort, but rather a means of labour. As soon as he has to produce, man possesses the resolve to use a part of the available natural objects directly as means of labour, and, as Hegel correctly said it, subsumes them under his activity without further process of mediation. The place where all capital, circulating as well as fixed, not only originally but continually comes from is the appropriation of alien labour. But this process presupposes, as we have seen, a continuous small- scale circulation, the exchange of wages for labour capacity, or approvisionnement. Assuming the production process of capital: All capital returns only in the form of a circulating capital; hence fixed capital can be renewed only by a process in which a part of circulating capital becomes fixed; hence, by the employment of part of the raw materials produced, and a part of labour consumed (hence also a part of the approvisionnement exchanged for living labour) for the production of fixed capital. In agriculture, e.g., part of the product is consumed by labour to build irrigation systems or a part of the grain is exchanged for guano, chemical substances etc., which are incorporated into the earth, but also in fact have no use value except in so far as they are surrendered to the chemical process of the soil. A part of the circulating capital has a use value only for the reproduction of the fixed capital, and is produced (even if its production consisted only of the labour time spent in changing its location) only for fixed capital. But fixed capital itself can be renewed as capital only by becoming a value-component of circulating capital, and its elements are thus reproduced through the transformation of circulating capital into fixed capital. Fixed capital is as much a presupposition for the production of circulating capital as circulating capital is for the production of fixed capital. Or, the reproduction of fixed capital requires: (1) the return of its value in the form of a circulating capital, for only in this way can it in turn be exchanged for the conditions of its production; (2) that a part of living labour and of the raw material be used to produce instruments of production, direct or indirect ones, instead of producing exchangeable products. Circulating capital enters as use value into fixed capital, just as does labour, while fixed capital enters as value into circulating capital; and, as movement (where it is direct machinery), as static motion, as form, into the use value.
<In connection with our statements developed above, that pauperism latent in free labour, the following statements by Sir Fr. Morton Eden, Bt: The State of the Poor, or an History of the Labouring Classes in England from the Conquest etc., 3 vols., London, 1797. (The quotations from Vol. I, bk I.) (In book I, chapter I, it says: ‘Our zone requires labour for the satisfaction of needs, and therefore at least one part of society must always tirelessly labour; others labour in the arts etc., and some, who do not work, still have the products of diligence at their disposal. For this, these proprietors have only civilization and order to thank; they are purely the creatures of civilized institutions. For these have recognized that one can also obtain the fruits of labour through ways other than labour; the men of independent fortune owe their wealth almost entirely to the labour of others, not to their own ability, which is not at all better. What divides the rich from the poorer is not the ownership of land or of money, but rather the command of labour.’ Poverty as such begins with the tiller’s freedom – the feudal fetters to the soil, or at least the locality, had until then spared the legislature the task of occupying itself with the vagrants, poor etc. Eden believes that the various commercial guilds etc. also fed their own poor. He said: ‘Without the most distant idea, then, of disparaging the numberless benefits derived for the country from manufactures and commerce, the result of this investigation seems to lead to this inevitable conclusion that manufactures and commerce’ (i.e. the first sphere of production in which capital became predominant) ‘are the true parents of our national poor.’ In the same place: Beginning with Henry VII (where at the same time there began the clearing of the land of superfluous mouths through transformation of the tilled fields into pasture, continuing for more than 150 years, at least the litigation and legislative interference; hence the number of hands made available for industry grew), wages in industry were no longer fixed, only in agriculture. 11, Henry VII. (With free labour, wage labour is not yet completely posited. The labourers still have support in the feudal relations; their supply is still too small; capital hence still unable to reduce them to the minimum. Hence statutory determination of wages. So long as wages are still regulated by statute, it cannot yet be said either that capital has subsumed production under itself as capital, or that wage labour has attained the mode of existence adequate to it.) The act cited also mentions linen weavers, building craftsmen, shipwrights. The same act also fixes the hours of labour: ‘Because many day labourers waste half the day, arrive late, leave early, take a long afternoon nap, spend a long time at breakfast, lunch and dinner, etc. etc.,’ it ordains the following hours: ‘from 15 March to 15 September, from 5 a.m., 1/2 hour breakfast, l 1/2 dinner and siesta, 1/2 hour for noon meal, and work until between 7 and 8 p.m. In winter, however, no siesta during daylight; this permitted only from 15 May to 15 August.>
<Wages again regulated in 1514, almost like the previous time. Hours of work again fixed. Whoever will not work upon application, arrested. Hence still compulsory labour by free workers at the given wages. They must first be forced to work within the conditions posited by capital. The propertyless are more inclined to become vagabonds and robbers and beggars than workers. The last becomes normal only in the developed mode of capital’s production. In the prehistory of capital, state coercion to transform the propertyless into workers at conditions advantageous for capital, which are not yet here forced upon the workers by competition among one another.> (Very bloody means of coercion of this sort employed under Henry VIII et. al.) (Suppression of the monasteries under Henry VIII likewise frees many hands.) (Under Edward VI still sharper laws against able-bodied labourers who do not want to work. ‘1 Edw. VI, 3: Who is able to work, refuses to labour, and lives idle for 3 days, shall be branded with redhot iron on the breast with the letter V – and shall be adjudged the slave for two years of the person who should inform against such idler etc.’ ‘If he runs away from his master for 14 days he shall become his slave for life and be branded on forehead or cheek with letter S, and if he runs away a second time and shall be convicted thereof by two sufficient witnesses, he shall be taken as a felon and suffer pains of death.’ (1376 first mention of the vagrants, sturdy rogues, 1388 the paupers.) (Similar cruel statute 1572 under Elizabeth)
Circulating capital and fixed capital, which appeared earlier as changing forms of the same capital in the different phases of its turnover, are now, when fixed capital is developed to its highest form, posited at the same time as two different modes of the existence of capital. They become such through the difference in kind of their return. Circulating capital which returns slowly has a quality in common with fixed capital. But it distinguishes itself from it because its use value itself – its material presence – enters into circulation and is at the same time shed by it, thrown beyond the bounds of the turnover process; while fixed capital – to the extent that it has been developed at this point – enters into circulation only as value, and, as long as it is still in circulation as a use value, such as e.g. the machine in circulation, it is fixed capital only dunamei. However, this distinction between fixed capital and circulating capital, resting initially on the relation of the material presence of the capital, or of its presence as use value, towards circulation, must, with reproduction, be posited at the same time as the reproduction of the capital in the double form of fixed capital and circulating capital. In so far as the reproduction of capital in every form is the positing not only of objectified labour time, but rather of surplus labour time, not only reproduction of its value but of a surplus value, the production of fixed capital cannot therefore be different in this regard from the production of circulating capital. Hence, in the manufacture of instruments or machines – in all the forms where fixed capital appears first as circulating capital in its material presence, in its presence as use value before becoming fixed as fixed capital, i.e. before it is consumed, for it is precisely its consumption which binds it to the production phase and distinguishes it as fixed capital – there is no difference at all, as to the realization of capital, whether it reproduces itself in the form of fixed or of circulating capital. Hence no new economic determination enters here, either. But where fixed capital as such is thrown into circulation by its producer – and not as circulating capital – hence where its proportionate use is sold, either for production or for consumption – for in the transformation of C into M, which takes place in the first section of the circulation of capital, it is irrelevant to the latter whether the commodity in turn enters into the circulation sphere of another productive capital, or whether it serves the purpose of direct consumption; for the first capital, it is rather always determined as a use value whenever it ejects it from itself, exchanges it for M – there the mode of return must be different for the producer of fixed capital from that for the producer of circulating capital. The surplus value created by him can return only proportionately and successively with the value itself. This to be looked at in the next section. Finally, although circulating capital and fixed capital now appear as two different kinds, circulating capital is still posited through the consumption, the wear of fixed capital; while fixed capital, for its part, exists only as a circulating capital transformed into this specific form. All capital transformed into objectified productive power – all fixed capital – is a use value fixated in this form, and hence a use value snatched away from consumption as well as from circulation. The transformation of wood, iron, coal and living labour (hence also indirectly that of the products consumed by the worker) into the specific use values of a machine or a railway would not by itself turn them into fixed capital if the other determinants developed above were absent. When circulating capital is transformed into fixed capital, then a part of the use values in whose form capital circulated, as well as indirectly the part of the capital which exchanges for living labour, are transformed into capital whose counter-value is created only over a longer cycle; which enters into circulation as value only proportionately and successively; and which can be realized as value only through being used up in production. The transformation of circulating capital into fixed capital presupposes relative surplus capital, since it is capital employed not for direct production but rather for new means of production. Fixed capital itself can in turn serve as a direct instrument of production – as a means within the immediate production process. In this case its value enters into the product and is replaced by the successive return of the products. Or it does not enter into the immediate production process – appears rather as a general condition for production processes, such as buildings, railways etc., and its value can be replaced only through circulating capital, to whose creation it indirectly contributed. Questions of greater detail about the proportion in the production of fixed capital and circulating capital belong to the following section. If valuable machinery were employed to supply a small quantity of products, then it would not act as a force of production, but rather make the product infinitely more expensive than if the work had been done without machinery. It creates value not in so far as it has value – for the latter is simply replaced – but rather only in so far as it increases relative surplus time, or decreases necessary labour time. In the same proportion, then, as that in which its scope grows, the mass of products must increase, and the living labour employed relatively decrease. The less the value of the fixed capital in relation to its effectiveness, the more does it correspond to its purpose. All unnecessary fixed capital appears as faux frais de production, like all unnecessary circulation costs. If capital could possess the machinery without employing labour for the purpose, then it would raise the productive power of labour and diminish necessary labour without having to buy labour. The value of the fixed capital is therefore never an end in itself in the production of capital.
Circulating capital, then, is transformed into fixed capital, and fixed capital reproduces itself in circulating capital; both, only in so far as capital appropriates living labour.
‘Every saving in fixed capital is an increase in the net revenue of society.’ (A. Smith.)
The final and last distinction cited by economists is that between movable and immovable; not in the sense that the former enters into the movement of circulation, the latter does not; rather in the sense that the former is physically fixed, immovable, in the same way as movable and immovable property is distinguished. For example, improvements sunk in the soil, aqueducts, buildings; and machinery itself in great part, since it must be physically fixed, to act; railways; in short, every form in which the product of industry is welded fast to the surface of the earth. This basically adds nothing to the determination of fixed capital; but it is indeed part of this character that it becomes fixed capital in a more eminent sense the more its use value, its material presence, corresponds to its specific economic form. The immovable use value, such as house, railway etc., is therefore the most tangible form of fixed capital. Of course, it can then still circulate in the same sense as immovable property generally – as title; but not as use value; it cannot circulate in the physical sense. Originally, the growth of movable property, its increase as against immovable, indicates the ascendant movement of capital as against landed property. But once the mode of production of capital is presupposed, the level to which it has conquered the conditions of production is indicated in the transformation of capital into immovable property. It thereby establishes its residence on the land itself, and the seemingly solid presuppositions given by nature, themselves [appear], in landed property, as merely posited by industry.
(Originally, life in the community and, through its mediation, the relationship to the earth as property, are basic presuppositions of the reproduction both of the individual and of the community. Among pastoral peoples, land and soil appear merely as precondition of the migratory life, hence appropriation does not take place. Fixed settlements with soil cultivation follow – thus landed property is initially held in common, and even where it advances to private property the individuals’ connection to it appears as posited by his relation to the community. It appears as a mere fief of the community; etc. etc. The transformation of the latter into mere exchangeable value – its mobilization – is the product of capital and of the complete subordination of the state organism to it. Land and soil, even where they have become private property, are therefore exchange value only in a restricted sense. Exchange value begins in the isolated natural product, separated from the earth and individualized through industry (or mere appropriation). Individual labour first arises here too. Exchange as such does not begin within the original communes, but on their boundaries, where they cease to be. Of course, to exchange the land, their residence, to pawn it to alien communes, would be treason. Exchange can expand only little by little from its original realm, movable property, to immovable property. Only through expansion of the former does it little by little gain control over the latter. Money is the chief agent in this process.)
A. Smith at first distinguishes circulating capital and fixed capital by their role in the production process. Only later does he adopt the expression: ‘One can gainfully lay out a capital in different ways, (1) as circulating capital, (2) as fixed capital.’ This second expression obviously does not belong to the examination of this distinction as such, since fixed capital and circulating capital first have to be presupposed as two kinds of capital before we can speak about how to lay out capital gainfully in both forms.
‘The total capital of each entrepreneur is necessarily divided into his fixed capital and his circulating capital. If the sum is equal, then the one becomes larger as the other diminishes.’ (A. Smith, tome II, p. 226.)
Since capitals are (1) divided into fixed and circulating capital in unequal portions; (2) [have] an interrupted or uninterrupted production phase and return from more distant or nearer markets, hence, unequal circulation time; it follows that the determination of the surplus value created in a given time, e.g. annually, must be unequal because the number of reproduction processes in the given period is unequal. The amount of value created appears determined not simply by the labour employed during the immediate production process, but by the degree to which this exploitation of labour can be repeated within a given period of time.
Finally, then: While, in the examination of the simple production process, capital appeared to realize itself as value only in connection with wage labour, and circulation lay alongside, without connection to it, here, in its reproduction process, circulation is included in it in both the moments of circulation, C-M-M-C (as a system of exchanges through which it must pass, and to which the same number of qualitative changes within it correspond). In so far as its form as money is the point of departure and hence of return, circulation appears included in it as M-C-C-M. It contains both circular courses, and not merely as either change of form or change of substance, but rather as both of them included within the determination of value itself. The production process, as containing within itself the conditions of its renewal, is a reproduction process whose speed is determined by various relations developed above, which all arise from differences of circulation. The reproduction of capital also contains the reproduction of the use values in which it is realized – or the constant renewal and reproduction by human labour of the use values which enter human consumption and are themselves perishable. The change of substance and of form subordinated to human need through human labour appears from the viewpoint of capital as its own reproduction. It is at bottom the constant reproduction of labour itself. ‘Capital values perpetuate themselves by reproduction: the products which compose a capital are consumed just like any others; but their value, at the same time as it is destroyed by consumption, is reproduced in other materials or in the same one.’ (Say, 14.) Exchange and a system of exchanges, and, included in that, the transformation into money as independent value, appears as condition and barrier for the reproduction of capital. With capital, production itself is on all sides subordinate to exchange. These exchange operations, circulation as such, produce no surplus value, but are conditions for its realization. They are conditions of the production of capital itself, in so far as its form us capital is posited only to the extent that it passes through them. The reproduction of capital is at the same time the production of specific formal conditions; of specific modes of relationship in which personified objectified labour is posited. Circulation is thus not merely the exchange of the product for the conditions of production – i.e. of produced wheat, e.g., for seed, new labour etc. The worker must exchange his product for the conditions of production, so as to begin anew, in every form of production. The peasant producing for immediate consumption also transforms part of the product into seed, instrument of labour, beasts of burden, fertilizer etc., and begins his labour anew. The transformation into money is necessary for the reproduction of capital as such, and its reproduction is necessarily the production of surplus value. [*] Although labour must merely maintain the value of what we earlier called constant capital in one production process, it must constantly reproduce it in another, since what appears as presupposition of material and instrument in one production process is product in the other, and this renewal, reproduction, must constantly proceed simultaneously. | 95,324 | 58 |
793,067 | from "History of Hartford, Vermont,
July 4, 1761 - April 4, 1889
[Transcribed by Coralynn Brown]
THE MARSH FAMILY
Among the first permanent settlers of Hartford were several members of the Marsh family, who, with one exception, located in Quechee. Among those who located in that part of the town were the four brothers, Joseph, Abel, Eliphalet. and Elisha, and John and Jonathan.
Col. Joel settled in West Hartford.
Jonathan came into the town with the Strong's and Noah Dewey, in the summer of 1764.
John came in 1767. His name first appears in the records March 8, 1768.
Abel and Joel are first mentioned in the records Nov. 22, 1773.
Joseph and Elisha are first mentioned April 18, 1774—the first-named being designated as Capt. Joseph Marsh.
The Marshs above named, together with many of their descendants in the first and second generations, were influential. enterprising, and highly honored citizens in the communities in which they resided. They possessed physical and mental characteristics of a high order, and few families have had more liberally educated and successful men in all the walks of life, among them, scholars, preachers, lawyers, physicians, judges, legislators, military officers, and other vocations.
1. JOHN MARSH, the immigrant ancestor, of the Marsh family, came over from England about 1633, and settled in the colony of Massachusetts: removed thence, in 1636, to Hartford, Ct., where he settled, and had a numerous family.
2. JOHN (son of John (1). b. about 1643: m. 1st, Sarah Lyman, Nov. 28, 1666: settled in Hartford, Ct., on the Marsh homestead: had:
John, b. 1668.
Nathaiel, b. March 5, 1671;
his twin brother, Joseph, b. March 5, 1671.
Sarah, b. Feb. 17, 1673.
Elizabeth. bapt. June 27, 1675.
Hannah, b. Dec. 2, 1677.
Ebenezer, b. Feb. 3, 1679.
Hannah, b. April 10. 1681.
Ruth m. William Cadwell, Oct. 31, 1711.
Lydia, b. Jan. 13, 1684.
Hepzibah, b. June 6, 1686: m. 1711, to Jonathan Wadsworth.
Jonathan, b. Aug. 7, 1688.
John, the father, m. 2d, Susannah Butter, Jan. 1, 1708, and had:
Susannah, b. Feb., 1710 or '11.
3. JOSEPH (son of Jolni (2), known as Capt. Joseph Marsh, m. Hannah ____ about 1696; became a proprietor in Lebanon. Ct., 1697; had:
Elizabeth, bapt. Jan. 30, 1697-98.
Joseph, b. in Hartford, Ct. Dec. 5. 1699.
Hannah, bapt. in Lebanon, Ct., Nov. 9, 1704.
Pelatiah, bapt. Dec. 8, 1707.
Jonathan., bapt. Sept. 23, 1713.
4. JOSEPH (son of Joseph (3), known as Ensign Joseph Marsh; m. Mercy Bill, b. 1704, Sept. 25, 1723: settled in Lebanon, Ct.: had:
Mercy, b. 1725; m. Israel Loomis, 1747, and resided in Connecticut.
Joseph, b. Jan. 12, 1726, old style.
Anna, b. 1729: m. Pelatiah Marsh, Jr., Dec. 28, 1752, and resided in Connecticut.
Abel, b. 1735.
Elisha, b. 1736-7.
Joseph, the father, d. in Lebanon, Ct., 1753, and the four sons above named, with their widowed mother, moved to Hartford, Vt., 1772-3, where she d. May 20, 1786, ae. 85.
5. JOSEPH, (son of Joseph (4), m. Jan. 10, 1750, Dorothy Mason, b. in Norwich, Ct., April 9, 1732, (dau. of Jeremiah and Mary (Clark) Mason). He d. Feb. 9, 1811: she d. April 14, 1810.
Their children were:
Lydia, b. Nov. 5, 1750.
Dorothy, b. April 20, 1752.
Rhoda, b. June 20, 1754.
Joseph, b. Jan. 1, 1757.
Mary, b. Feb. 8, 1758.
Daniel, b. Jan. 2, 1761.
Roswell, b. March 26, 1762.
Charles, b. July 10, 1765.
Roger, b. Aug. 17, 1767.
Parthena, b. Nov. 3, 1769.
William, b. Oct. 1, 1772.
Betsy, b. April 18, 1776,
all having been born in Lebanon, Ct., except Betsy, b. in Hartford. Vt.
6. LYDIA, (lau. of Joseph (5), m. Josiah Rockwell, and remained in Lebanon, Ct. Her children were Lathrop, Asahel, Daniel, Joseph, .Erastus, Jabel (or Jabez), Lydia, Clarissa and Rhoda.
7. DOROTHY, (dau. of Joseph (5), m. Eliphalet Bill, and had : Benajah, Eliphalet, Mason., Roswell, Noadiah, Mary, Dorothy, Betsy and Almyra.
8. RHODA, dau. of Joseph (5), m. for her first husband Thomas White Pitkin. Their children were: Thomas W., Lucy, Samuel, Rhoda, Ruth, and Rebecca. Of these,
Thomas W. m. his cousin, Mary Bill, and had children:
and Lucius (who m. Ellen., dau. of Ora Wood of Hartford, and lived in New York City).
Lucy, b. Feb. 8, 1784: m. at Balston, N. Y., Robert Ellis, and had two sons, Robert Ellis and Thomas Pitkin Ellis, both living, a few years ago, in New York: upon the death of Mr. Ellis, Lucy m. for her second husb., Joseph Bishop Abrams, and had two daughters,
Lucy Ellis Abrams, who m. James Sanford of Mobile, Ala.:
and Mary P. Abrams, who m. James Stevens, recently of Philadelphia.
Rhoda, who was b. 1774, d. 1858: m. her cousin, Dr. Mason Bill.
Samuel was a physician, and resided in Balston. N. Y., m. Betsy Hamlin.
Col. Thomas White Pitkin Jr., the husband of Mary Bill, d. May 20, l861, ae 88: his wife d. May 9, 1839, ae 57.
Thomas White Pitkin, the husband of Rhoda Marsh, was drowned in the Otta Quechee river,May 3, 1787 : Rhoda m. 2d, Rev. Thomas Gross, who was the first settled minister in Hartford, Vt. They had three sons,
Dr. Pitkin Gross, recently living in Kingston, Canada:
Horace Gross, who died after finishing his law .studies,
and Thomas Gross 2d, who was a merchant in White River village (Hartford) for several years.
Rhoda Marsh was the second wife of Rev. Thomas Gross,: she d. Aug. 7, 1805, and was buried in the cemetery at the Centre of the town (Hartford).
9. JOSEPH, son of Joseph (5), m. Erepta weld, lived in Hartford on a farm, now the home farm of Asa Hazen, and died there April 16, 1837; , aged 81. His wife died Sept. 5, 1843, aged 83. They had:
Gratia. who died at the old home-stead, April 25, 1858, aged 72;
Joseph Henry, who married and had several children, lived in Oberlin, 0hio;
Mary, who married Ira Hazen, of Norwich, Dec. 20. 1819, d. June 6, 1861.
10. MARY, dau. of Joseph (5), b. Feb. 8, 1758, m. 1777-8, her second cousin, Elijah Mason, (son of Peleg Sanford and Mary (Stanton) Mason), of Lebanon, Conn. He was b. Sept. 26, 1756, came from Lebanon to Hartford about 1800; settled near the center of the town, but subsequently removed to the farm west of Quechee village, which is now the town poor farm, where he lived until 1814, and then removed to Trumbull Co., Ohio. He was chairman of the board of selectman of Hartford 1807 to 1811 inclusive: represented the town in the legislature, 1810, and was prominent in public affairs during his residence here. Their children, all born in Connecticut, were:
Clarissa, b. 1779, m. a Fitch, d. about 1840;
Mary, b. 1782, d. Sept. 11, 1816;
Roswell, b. Dec. 23, 1784, lived in Warren, Ohio, 1808. Died between 1850 and 1855;
Peleg, b. Dec. 18, 1786, d. Aug. 8. 1825:
Parthenia, b. 1790, d. 1795;
Marinda, b. July 1, 1794, m. John Durkee, (son of Col. Joshua and Mercy (Hazen) Hazen), of Hartford: moved to Ohio: d. about 1850. Of their children:
Emily married a Reed, and now (1889) resides on Capitol Hill, Washington, D. C.
Mary, wife of Elijah Mason, died in Lebanon 1794. He m. 2d, 1795, Lucretia Greene, by whom he had,
Betsy, b. 1796, d. 1820;
Parthenia, b. probably, 1798, d. about 1865;
Emeline, b. 1802, d. 1881.;
Carnot, b. 1804, d. 1855;
John, b. 1806, d. 1887;
Arabella, b. April 18, 1810, m. Oct. 7, 1830, Zeb. Rudolph, from a Maryland family. Of their children, Lucretia R., b. April 19, 1832, married Nov. 11, 1858, James Abram Garfield, the late lamented President of the United States. Mrs. Garfield, to whom I am indebted for the fore-going memorial of Elijah Mason's family, resides in Mentor, Ohio.
11. DANIEL, son of Joseph (5), b. Jan. 2, 1761, m. Jan. 26. 1792, Marion Harper. He lived and died on the old homestead in Quechee, which after his death, was purchased by the late Judge John Porter, and is now the residence of his widow. Daniel d. Dec. 11, 1829. His wife Marion, d. in Quechee, March 18. 1851.
Their children were:
Roswrell, b. Jan. 26, 1793, lived at home until eighteen years old; studied law, married, settled and became a prominent lawyer in Steubenville, Ohio, died there Aug. 16, 1875, and was buried in the cemetery of his native village. He received the honorary degree of A. M., conferred by the Universy of Vermont, in 1837.
James, b. July 19, 1794, graduated at Dartmouth College, 1817. He m. 1st, Oct. 14, 1824, Lucia, dau. of James Wheelock, of Hanover, N. H. She d. Aug. 18, 1828, and he m. 2d, Jan. 7, 1830, Laura. sister to his first wife. She d. Aug. 12, l838. He d. in Burlington. Vt., July 1842.
Their children were:
Sidney, who became President of University of Oregon;
James, who d. in 1858, at the Sandwich Islands, where he had been sometime Superintendent of Public Instruction:
Joseph, a teacher in Canada.
Percy, b. June 19, 1796, d. unm. 1844;
Leonard, and Louise, (twins) b. June 29, 1799. Leonard graduated at Dartmouth College, 1827, m. Aug. 23, 1847, Ann, dau. of Hon. Alvan Foote, [D. C., 1798] of Burlington, Vt.; had
Mary Moore, who d. Nov. 10, 1869, ae. 21.
Wm. Foote, [U. V. M., 1870];
George Foote, [U. V. M., 1872];
and Anna Louisa.
Leonard, the father, d. 1870.
Louisa, m. George, son of Oliver and Anstes Udall, of Hartford, b. Oct. 6, 1797;
Arabella, b. Oct. 26, 1804, m. Chauncy Goodridge, of Burlington, and had two children, Marion and Arabella.
Emily, b. Oct. 8. 1806, m. Thomas Reed, of Burlington, and had children:
Daniel 2d., b. Jan. 19, 1809, m. Lucinda Hall, of Hartford, by whom he had, Roswell, Mary, and several other children.
12. ROSWELL, son of Joseph (5), b. Mar. 26, 1762: d. unm. 1784.
13. CHARLES, son of Joseph (5), b. July 10, 1765: graduated at Dart. Coll. 1786; also at the law school of Judge Reeves in Litchfield, Ct., in 1788: settled in Woodstock, Vt., where he practiced law upwards of sixty years: was elected one of the board of trustees of Dart. Coll. in 1809, retaining the office during the remainder of his life: was district attorney of Vermont (appointed by President Washington) in 1797-1801; was representative in Congress 1815--17: was a leading lawyer, and an eminently useful citizen. He m. 1st, Nancy Collins of Litchfield, Conn.
Their children were:
Charles, b. in Woodstock, Oct. 7, 1790: graduated at Dart. Coil. 1813: studied law, and settled in Lansingburgh, N. Y., where he m. Mary Leonard, Nov. 27, 1816 d. July 3, 1817, in Louisville, Ky., where he had gone for the benefit of his health. His wife survived him but 1 year or two.
Ann C., b. in Woodstock, June 10, 1793; m. John Burnell, M. D. of Woodstock.
Mrs. Nancy (Collins) Marsh, d. in Woodstock, June 18, 1793. Mr. Marsh m. 2d, June 3, 1798, Susan Arnold, widow of Josias Arnold of St. Johnsbury, Vt., and dau. of Elisha Perkins, M. D. of Plainfield, Ct. She d. in Woodstock, Jan. 31, 1853, ae. 76: he d. Jan. 11, 1849. Their children were :
Lyndon Arnold, b. Feb. 26, 1799: graduated at Dart. Coll. 1819; studied law and was admitted to the bar of Windsor county at the September term, 1822; established himself in Woodstock: was register of probate for about thirty-three years for the district of Hartford: Nov. 5, 1829, he m. Lucy G., dau. of Benjamin Swan of Woodstock. He d. Oct. 29, 1872.
George Perkins, b. Mar. 15, 1801 : graduated from Dart. Coll. 1820: studied law with his father; was admitted to the bar in 1825: settled in Burlington, Vt., in the practice of law; was a representative in Congress 1843-49: in 1819 was appointed minister resident of the United States at Constantinople, where he remained until recalled in 1853: in 1861, was appointed minister to Italy, which position he continued to hold till his death in Valambrosa. July 23, 1882. He was the author of a " Grammar of the Icelandic Language." " Lectures on the English Language," and other valuable literary productions. His erudition in literature, science, and the fine arts, gave him pre-eminence among the most renowned savants of the period in which he lived. He married for his first wife, Harriet, dau. of Ozias Buell of Burlington, who lived but a few years thereafter. He married for his second wife. Carolina Crane of Berkley, Mass.
Joseph, b. April 16, 1807; studied medicine: received his diploma at Dart. Med. school, 1830, and, after several years' of successful practice in his profession, was appointed Professor of Theory and Practice in the *\University of Vermont. He died in Woodstock, Nov. 7, 1841.
Sarah Burrill, b. June 5, 1809: m. Oct. 1, 1828, Wyllys Lyman of Hartford, Vt., son of Elias Lyman 3d: a lawyer by profession. She d. Sept. 1, 1841. He d. Dec. 1. 1862.
Charles, b. May 10, 1821: resided in Woodstock on the family estate, which he conducted for several years, till, in 1869, he disposed of the property to Frederick Billings, Esq. He d. May 13, 1873, at San Diego, Cal., where he had gone for his health.
14. ROGER, son of Joseph (5), b. Aug. 17, 1767 ; m. Mary Chapman, and had:
Levi, who d. unm. in the West;
Charles C., who graduated at Dart. Coll. 1828: married and settled in New York; deceased;
Edward W., graduated from the University of Vermont, 1836: married and settled as a lawyer in New York: d. in 1866:
Franklin, d. unm. 1856, in New York, where he had been a successful merchant.
15. PARHENIA, dau. of Joseph Marsh (5), m. Elijah Brainerd, and had Nancy, Parthenia: Lavinia; Mary; Susan; Henry; William; Columbus; Joseph.
16. WILLIAM, son of Joseph (5), m. Sarah Marshall. She d. without children many years ago. He settled in Pawlet, Vt.
BETSY, dau. of Joseph (5), m. Robert Ham, and had:
Sylvia, who m. 1st, James Snow, who d. without children;
2d, James Benson, of South Royalton, Vt.
18. ABEL, son of Joseph (4), m. Dec. 2, 1754, Dorothy Udall, of Stoningtou, Ct., and had Abel, Roger, Dolly, Samuel, Milo and Sarah. Of these,
Samuel married and left Otis, who formerly lived near Taftsvilie, Vt. Otis had several children, one of whom, a physician, married a Blish of Woodstock, Vt.,
Milo married and left Wealthy, who married Luther Porter.
Luther died Oct. 14, 1861, aged 82.
Sarah married Ignatius Sprague.
Abel, the father, died aged 87.
19. ELISHA, son of Joseph (4), born 1735-6; m. Mary Terry, and had by her, Elisha, Isaac, Polly and Christiana.
Elisha, Jr., m. Eunice Paine. He d. Julie 10, 1801, aged 35. His wife d. Aug. 4, 1828, aged 58.
Isaac d. Apr. 20, 1844, aged 75.
One of the daughters married a Ransom (Matthew, probably), and the other a Perry.
Elisha, the father, d. Mch. 12, 1823, aged 87.
Mary, the mother, d. Aug. 15, 1820, aged 84.
20. ELIPHALET, son of Joseph (4,) married and had children, viz. : Russell, Sarah and others, one of whom, a daughter, married a Morgan.
Sarah married John C. Smith, a farmer in Hartford, and was the mother of Walter H., Almira, Sarepta and other children.
Almira married 1st, a Dunbar, and 2d, a Crombie.
Sarepta married Thomas Crandall, of West Hartford, Vt., Nov. 5, 1820, and, several years thereafter, they moved to Milwaukee, Wis.
(The home farm of John C. Smith is now owned by Joseph W. Leighton, and adjoins the home farm of Samuel B. Dininiick, on the south. Walter H. Smith bought this farm of his father, and on the 22d of October, 1831, the selectmen of Hartford bought it for a home for the town's poor).
John C. Smith died Feb. 7, 1809, aged 52; Sarah, his wife, died Apr. 19, 1851, aged 84.
Anna Smith, who d. in Quechee, May 5, 1798, was, probably, the mother of John C. Smith.
THE NEWTON FAMILY Remarkable Family Record.
The following family record of David Newton of Hartford, is believed to be the most remarkable one known in the United States, if not in the world, in respect, to the number of children, their individual length of life, and the aggregate of the ages of the whole family. The record, as found in their family Bible, is as.follows:
DAVID NEWTON, was born March 25, 1753.
MARY HAZEN, was born September 11, 1754.
DAVID NEWTON, was married to Mary Hazen, Sept. 16, 1773.
(SECOND GENERATION)-THEIR CHILDREN:
1. SHELDON, born July 1, 1774; died Jan. 2, 1849, aged 74 yrs. 6mos. 1day.
2. RUFUS, born July 18, 1775; died Dec. 28, 1854; aged 79 yrs. 5 mos. 10 days.
3. AVICE, born Sept 3, 1776; died Aug., 1862; aged 85yrs. 11 mos.
4. DAVID 2d, born March 18, 1778; died Jan. 17, 1865; aged 86 yrs 9 mos. 29 days.
5. TRUMAN, born Oct. 1, 1779; died Dec. 30,1848; aged 69 yrs. 2 mos. 29 days.
6. ANDREW, born Jan. 26, 1781; died Aug. 18, 1868; aged 87 yrs. 6 mos. 22 days.
7. ANNA, born March 18, 1783; died March 21, 1839; aged 56 yrs. 0 mos. 3 days. 8. REBECCA, born Nov. 16,1784; died May 12, 1850; aged 65 yrs. 5 mos. 26 days.
9. POLLY, born Feb. 6, 1786; died Nov. 8, 1857; aged 72 yrs. 9 mos. 2 days.
10. ABNER, born Nov. 19, 1787; died Jan. 26, 1856; aged 68 yrs. 2 mos. 7 days.
11. ELIZABETH, born May 21, 1789; died Feb. 17, 1872; aged 82 yrs. 8 mos. 26 days.
12. LUCY, born Aug. 9, 1791; died March 17, 1870; aged 78 yrs. 7 mos. 8 days.
13. DANIEL, born Feb. 8, 1793; died April 11, 1831; aged 38 yrs. 2 mos. 3 days.
14. ENOS W., born Aug. 18, 1794; died Sept. 28, 1865; aged 71 yrs. 1 mos. 10 days.
15. JASPER, born Feb. 20, 1793; died Nov. 9, 1821; aged 23 yrs. 8 mos. 19 days.
16. SOLON, born April 15, 1799; died March 11, 1876; aged 76 yrs. 10 mos. 26 days.
DAVID, parent, died Dec. 29, 1839; aged 86 yrs. 9 mos. 4 days.
MARY, parent, died Sept. 4, 1823; aged 68 yrs. 5 mos. 23 days.
When Sheldon, the first born child, was 21 years of age, there were fourteen children living at home with their parents. Mary, the mother, had been married a few months more than twenty-five years. She had reached the age of 44 years and 7 months when her last child (Solon) was born. The first death in the family occurred nearly fifty-two years after the marriage of the parents. The second death was that of Mary, the mother, in 1823, at which time her eldest child was in his 48th year, and her youngest child was nearly 24. The average age of the sixteen children was nearly 70 years; their added ages, with that of their parents, was 1272 years.
1. SHELDON, son of David, b. 1774; m. 1st, Betsy Sanderson, b. 1773. She d. Oct. 1, 1807. He m. 2d, Nancy Wilder. He d. Jan. 2, 1849.
Children by first wife:
Isaac, Norman. Benjamin, William, Reuben.
Children by second wife:
Betsy, Emeline, Maria, John.
Norman, son of Sheldon (1), m. Mary A. Walker. He d., and she m. 2d. HezekiaH Pike. She d. Jan. 25, 1840.
William, son of Sheldon (1), b. Feb. 12, 1804; m. 1st, Ermina Ingraham, Jan. 1st, 1828 (dau. of David and Lois (Hazen) Ingraham); she d. Apr. 27, 1837. He m. 2d, Sept. 11, 1838, Polly Gibbs (dau. of Harvey and Mary (Bartholomew) Gibbs), b. Feb. 12, 1810. He d. Sept. 5, 1862; she d. Apr. 3, 1885.
His children by first wife were:
George, b. Feb. 24, 1830: m. Jan. 1, 1861, Catherine F. Poole.
Norman, b. May 27, 1832; m. Oct. 25, 1855, Lizzie Dutton.
John , son of Sheldon (1), b. Oct. 13, 1818; m. 1st, Jan. 2, 1843, Martha S. Dutton.
2. RUFUS, son of David, b. 1775; m. Sept. 26, 1802, Theda Brown, b. Sept. 16, 1782 (dau. of Israel Brown); she d. Nov. 17, 1849; he d. Dec. 28, 1854. Their children were:
Orra, b. May 4, 1804; m. Nov. 10, 1841, Stephen Boardman; d. Dec. 28, 1842.
Nelson, b. Dec. 27. 1806: m. Nov. 3, 1835, Mary Partridge, b. Mch. 7, 1810. He d. Dec. 17, 1878: she d. June 26, 1885. They had three children: Lucy A., b. Sept. 25, 1836; Edna 0., and Edward N. (twins), b. June 29, 1847.
3. AVICE, dau. of David, b. 1776, m. Nov. 26, 1795, Justin Smith, b. Jan. 30, 1779 (son of Sylvanus and Dina (Fisk) Smith); she d. Aug., 1862; he d. 1845.
Their children were:
Alden, b. Sept. 17, 1796.
Truman, b. Apr. 16, 1798.
Horace, b. Feb. 22, 1801.
Cephas, b. Apr. 16, 1805.
Carlos D., and Caroline B. (twins), b. June 15, 1811.
Laura A., b. Mch. 4, 1819.
Alpha, b. Aug. 1, 1815.
4. DAVID JR., son of David, b. 1778, m. 1st, Elizabeth Partridge, of Norwich, Vt.; 2d, Sabriel Tracy, of Hartford, Vt., Feb. 27, 1819; a farmer in Hartford, Vt.; she d. Jan. 22, 1867. He d. 1865.
Their children were:
Flora, b. Feb. 11, 1807; m. Jan. 27, 1828, her cousin, Baxter B. Newton, of Hartford, a merchant in W. Hartford.
Charles, b. 1809; d. Mch. 11, 1813.
Samuel, b. Oct. 23, 1810.
Mary, b. Feb. 4, 1813; m. June 9, 1831, Willard White, b. Dec. 4, 180 7 (son of Noadiah and Mary White of Hartford).
Charles, b. Dec. 9, 1822: m. Mch. 5, 1855, Sarah Hazen, b. Jan. 21, 1823 (dau. of Dan. and Abigail (Batchelder) Hazen, of Hartford.
Jasper, b. Dec. 20, 1825.
Silas, b. June 13, 1830: m. Harriet Sprague, b. May 19, 1830 (dau. of Jesse, Jr., and Susan Elkins). She d. July 3, 1874. He m. again, lives in Hartford.
6. TRUMAN, son of David, b. 1779, m. Dec., 1807, Eunice Wilson, b. Aug. 30, 1785 (dau. of Jeremiah and Eunice (Whitcomb) Wilson, of Norwich, Vt.) He d. Dec. 30, 1848; she d. Feb. 23, 1871.
Their children were:
Calvin, b. Sept. 6, 1808; m. Oct. 5, 1834, Sarepta Whipple, b. Aug. 16, 1806 (dau. of Samuel Whipple and Mary Chaffee); she d. Nov. 5, 1840; he m. 2d, Oct. 2, 1843, Mary H. Spencer, b. Sept. 18, 1816 (dau. of Charles Spencer and Lucy Dewey). He d. May 15, 1875. She lives is West Hartford, Vt.
Children: Reuben W., b. Oct. 5, 1835.
Elizabeth S., b. Feb. 8, 1838.
Maria L., b. May 15, 1830.
Carlton S., b. Sept. 8, 1852; d. Oct. 3, 1881.
Lucy Ida, b. Mch. 11, 1856.
Eunice, b. May 14, 1810; m. Nov. 18, 1833, Joseph Whipple, b. May 3, 1803 (son of Samuel Whipple and Mary Chaffee). He d. Jan., 1878; ch. 3.
Orson, b. Nov. 24, 1811: m. Apr. 8, 1840, Harriet Bullard, b. Apr. 18, 1821; ch. 5.
Daniel, b. Aug. 26. 1813: m. July 16, 1837, Martha Foster, b. July 14, 1812. He d. Mch. 29, 1859: ch. 5.
Russell, b. Apr. 22, 1815; d. July 20, 1818.
Enos S., b. May 4, 1817: m. Oct. 9, 1839, Lucy A. Dutton, b. Aug. 13, 1818 (dau. of Samuel Dutton and Olive Thomas). He d. May 11, 1888; ch. 4.
Laura A., b. Jan. 9, 1821; m. Aug. 31, 1860, H. N. Savage, b. May 5, 1821. Both are living in Hartford: ch. 2.
Joseph T., b. Nov. 21, 1822; m. 1844, Emily Merrill, b. 1817. He d. Feb. 7, 1869; ch. 2.
Edward 0., b. June 29, 1826; m. Mch. 16, 1851, Emily 0. Richards, b. Dec. 21, 1825 (dau. of Chester Richards and Fidelia Whitcomb); she d. Mch. 20, 1883: ch. 8.
Leonard, b. June 29, 1826; d. Sept. 4, 1826.
Sarah L., b. Mch. 16, 1829; m. Sept. 22, 1853, Nelson S. Hazen, b. May 14, 1823. he d. Feb. 12, 1884. She lives in Hartford.
6. ANDREW, son of David, b. 1781, m. 1st, Lorena Waterman, b. 1785. She d. April 20, 1828. He m. 2d, Nov. 18, 1823, Catherine Hazen, b. Oct. 25, 1785, (dau. of Col. Joshua and Mercy) Hazen (Hazen), a farmer in Hartford, Vt. She d. May 26, 1854. He d. 1868.
Their children were:
Melvin, Alandus, Janette, Major,
Joseph, b. Nov. 15, 1828, m. Aug. 16, 1855, Celina S. Burnham, b. April 12, 1835, (dau. of Joseph and Nancy (Sawyer) Burnham). Ch. 6.
7. ANNA, dau. of David, b. 1783, m. Daniel Sprague, (son of Jesse and Esther (Dexter) Sprague). He d. Dec. 21, 1812, ae. 38. She d. 1839.
8. REBECCA, dau. of David, b. 1784, m. Sept. 29, 1802, Isaac Perry. She d. May 12, 1850. He became insane, was confined in a cage in the poor house in Hartford where he died many years ago.
They had children:
Alanson, Lucien, Homer, Perses, who m. Homer Tenney, Eliza, Lucy, Rufus, Sabra.
9. POLLY, dau. of David, b. 1785, m. June 24, 1809, David, (son of Jeremiah and Eunice (Whitcomb) Wilson). They lived in West Hartford, where he had a saw mill which he built in 1813. He moved to Illinois in the spring of 1837, and there died. His wife died in 1857. They had,
Jason, Cromwell, Jasper, Rufus H., Diantha, Mary, Nancy, who m. Noah Dutton, d. May 31, 1844.
10. ABNER, son of David, b. 1787, m. Dec. 17, 1820, Mary Blanchard, b. April 11, 1793, (dau. of Robert and Jemima (Chapman) Blanchard), a farmer in Hartford, Vt. He d. Jan. 26,1856. She d. June 15, 1883. They had but one child, James, b. Oct. 27, 1821, m. July 1750, Martha L. Thayer. He was for many years a dentist in Hanover, N. H. They now reside in Boston, Mass.
11. ELIZABETH, dau. of David, b. 1787, d. unm, Feb. 17, 1872.
12. LUCY, dau. of David, b. 1791, d. num. March 19, 1870.
13. DANIEL, son of David, b. 1793, d. 1831, m. Sabria Gray, had children: Sarah, Rebecca, Louise, Susan.
14. ENOS W., son of David, b. 1794, (Dartmouth College, 1815), m. Sarah Work, d. Sept. 28, 1865. Ch. 5.
15. JASPER, son of David, b. 1798, (Dartmouth College 1820), d. unm. Nov. 9, 1821.
16. SOLON, son of David, b. 1799, m. Nov. 17, 1830, Caroline M. Blanchard, (dau. of Robert and Jemima (Chapman) Blanchard), a farmer in Hartford. They had:
Ellen, Mary, Tyler. The latter now lives on the old home farm.
THE PINNEO FAMILY
The recorded data concerning that branch of the Pinneo family whose descendants have lived in Hartford, is meagre and unsatisfactory. The only male representative of the family , now living in the town is John Pinneo, a descendant in the fourth generation from Daniel Pinneo of Lebanon, Ct., and the only facts in his possession, relating to the family were sent to him by a distant relative whose efforts to obtain facts have apparently been unsuccessful. From the said facts, and other recorded data I have framed the following history of the family:
1. DANIEL PINNEO 2d, b. Lebanon, Ct., about 1738: m. a Miss Hill of Lebanon, Ct. ; moved from Lebanon to Bolton, Vt., thence to Hartford, Vt. in 1765-6, and settled in the immediate vicinity of the place where Charles Ballard now lives. His name first appears on the proprietors records under date of Sept. 19, 1767. On the 23d of June, 1768, he was chosen one of a. committee of two " to agree with the owners of land, for land for highways, and exchange for them." In 1772, he was one of the three selectmen, his associates being Lionel Udall and Elisha Marsh. Nothing more is said of him in the records of the town. The date of his death, the date of his wife's death and the place of their burial are not known: but, inasmuch as his eldest son, Charles, and some other members of his family were buried in the old cemetery, on the south side of White river at White River Junction, it is probable that Daniel and his wife were also interred there.
Their children, all born in Hartford, were as follows:
Lydia, married but d. childless.
Daniel 3d, b. 1771: d. 1785.
Charles, b. 1768.
John, m. Sally Root of Plainfield, N. H., lived in Bolton, Vt.
Daniel 4th, m. Huldah Demmon; lived in Waterbury, Vt.
Giles, m. a Miss Davis; lived in Duxbury, Vt.
Andrew, went to Ohio.
Anna, m. David Morse, lived in Duxbury, Vt.
Eunice, lived in Bolton, Vt.
Heman, of whom nothing is known here.
2. CHARLES, son of Daniel, Jr., b. 1768: m. Lydia Clark, b. 1767. Charles was the first white male child born in Hartford. He lived on the old homestead with his father, and there died Nov. 22, 1848, aged 80. The house in which he lived was built on the spot where Charles A. Ballard lived for several years until the loss of his house by fire in 1887. Mr. Pinneo was an enterprising and active citizen: was one of the selectmen of the town for two years, 1804-5, and held minor offices during his life. Lydia, his wife, died Oct. 27, 1848.
Their children were:
Charles, born 1796.
Daniel 5th, born 1800; d. Jan. 10, 1854.
Jasper, b. 1802; m. Betsy Lane; d. April 28, 1877.
Lester, d. 1854, in St. Paul, Minn.
Lydia, resides in the West.
Annie, married and went West.
Three or four other children died young.
3. CHARLES, son of Charles (2), b. 1796; m. Martha Coombs of Thetford, Vt.. b. 1796. He was a farmer: was one of the selectmen of Hartford in 1827-8. Martha, his wife, d. July 20, 1862. He died June 6, 1871.
Their children were:
Justin, b. Aug. 11, 1821.
Martha E., b. Dec. 10, 1822.
Frances A., b. Feb. 23, 1825; m. in 1846, Silas H. Walling of Lebanon, N. H. She d. in Newport, N. H., Sept. 3, 1872, leaving one child, Charles E., b. Dec. 3, 1847.
Solon M., b. May 19,1827; d. in Texas, 1884.
John, b. Jan. 14, 1830: m. Aug. 31, 1871, Emily P. Gardner, dau. of Perry and Jane (Patch) Gardner. She d. July 22, 1880, leaving
Lillie F., b. Sept. 3, 1872.
Rosette, b. Jan. 10, 1832: d. 1836.
Josephine. b. Oct. 2, 1839: m. Horace Pierce of Lyme, N. H., their present home.
THE RICHARDS FAMILY
JOEL RICHARDS, whose family record is given below, resided in the northwestern part of Hartford on the road between the village of West Hartford and the hamlet known as Jericho, and a few rods to the north of the present residence of Charles Wallace.
JOEL RICHARDS, (son of Jonas and Hannah (Wheeler) Richards, and grandson of William and Rebecca ( ____ ) Richards), b. Nov. 26, 1767, m. Dec. 5, 1794, Miriam Smith, b. March 16, 1774, (dau. of Sylvanus and Dina (Fisk) Smith.) Joel Richards d. Aug. 20, 1812: his widow, June 30, 1825, m. 2d, Seth Savage, who, after some six years, left her again a widow. She d. Dec. 19, 1855.
The children of Joel and Miriam Richards were:
2. CHESTER, b. Sept. 14, 1795; m. March 11, 1822, Fidelia Whitcomb, b. July 2, 1867. She d. Nov. 6, 1865.
Joel, b. Jan. 21, 1823, d. Aug. 24, 1847.
Orra Emily, b. Dec. 23, 1824; m. March 16, 1857, Orvis Newton, reside in Norwich.
Mark, b. Oct. 3, 1826; m. April 22, 1855, Harriet Newell Whedon, resides in Michigan.
David, b. Feb. 22, 1829.
Norman, b. March 26, 1831, d. July, 1863.
Rebecca Susan, b. July 24, 1833; m. March 20, 1864, Lieut. Thomas Ensworth, who d. in Battle of Wilderness, May 6, 1864; m. 2d, Aug. 8, 1876, David Hall of Lexiligton, Mass.
Ellen, b. Dec. 17, 1835; m. Jan. 12, 1858, Jefferson Bartholomew; d. May 31, 1867.
Edward, b. Dec. 2, 1842, d. Oct. 20, 1863.
2. PHILENA, b. Oct. 30, 1797; d. unm., Feb. 23, 1869.
3. REBECCA, b. May 5, 1799; m. Sept. 12, 1832, Friend Ingraham, and went to Grange, Ohio. She d. April 4, 1889.
Julia P., b. Aug. 25, 1833.
Cyrus Richards, b. May 22. 1835, d. in War of the Rebellion.
De Forest, b. Nov. 24, 1836, d. in war.
Miriam, b. Oct. 12, 1839, d. Oct. 18, 1847.
Asa, b. Nov. 21, 1841.
David, b. Aug. 8, 1847.
4. JOEL AZRO, b. Dec. 13, 1800; m. Oct. 23, 1832, Maria Burton (dau. of Dea. Jacob Burton. Norwich); reside in Hinkley, Ohio.
Eliza Burton, b. March 9, 1834. d. Sept. 5, 1856.
A daughter, b. April 3, 1836, d. April 18, 1836.
Isabelle Maria, b. Sept. 15, 1839; m. Rev. G. H. Damon.
Henry Morris, b. Oct. 12, 1846.
George Ashnum, b. Nov. 12, 1852.
5. ARBA, b. March 30, 1803; m. March 3, 1836, Emily Kelsey of Wales, N. Y.; d. Aug. 11, 1870.
Octavia, b. July 17, 1837; m. Rev. D. L. Eaton, Oct. 3. 1860.
Thales W., b. Feb. 20, 1841, d. young.
Emily Rosetta, b. Feb. 20, 1845, d. young.
Horace, b. Dec. 14, 1850, d. young.
Ellen, b. Dn. 14, 1855, d. young.
6. WILLARD, b. Aug. 23. 1804; m. Nov. 27, 1858 [trans note: this can't be the marraige yr., as their first ch. was b. in 1840. Could be a typo: maybe should be 1838??], Alvira Ann Wheaton, of Hinkley, Ohio, d. Jan. 26, 1876.
Myron, b. Jan. 8, 1840.
Charlotte, b. Nov. 6, 1841; m. Wm. Piper.
Marra, b. March 31, 1843; m. Mr. Swift.
David, b. Feb. 23, 1846, d. Feb. 26, 1846.
Ann, b. Feb. 18, 1850.
Dan, b. Sept. 10, 1852.
May, b. Aug. 12, 1856; m. Rev. _____.
7. ALVIN, b. July 26,1806; d. ae 2 years.
8. CYRUS SMITH, b. March 11, 1808; m. Aug. 1, 1836, Helen Dorothy Whiton (dau. of Rev. Dr. John M. and Abby (Morris) Whiton of Antrim, N. H.) She d. March 10, 1860; m. 2d, April 30, 1861, Maria Williams Parker, (dau. of Oliver W. Parker of Plympton. Mass.) Cyrus S. Richards d. July 19, 1885. Cyrus S. and Helen Dorothy (Whiton) Richards had:
Helen Morris, b. June 13, 1837; m. Aug. 16, 1861, Rev. George F. Herrick, D. D., residing in Marsovan, Turkey.
Charles Herbert, b. March 18, 1839: m. Nov. 18, 1868, Marie M. Miner (dau. of Rev. A. Miner); reside in Madison, Wis.
Abbie Louise, b. June 29, 1842: m. July 19, 1866, Rev. Frank P. Woodbury, D. D.; reside in Minneapolis, Minn.
James Morris, b. April 3, 1845, d. July 16, 1846.
Frederick Whiton, b. Dec. 6, 1850, d. Dec. 5, 1854.
William Evarts, b. March 2, 1855: m. Nov. 19, 1877, Elnora L. Barnes; res. New York City.
JONAS DEFOREST, b. Dec. 28, 1809: m. Harriet Bartlett Jarvis (dau. of Hon. William and Ann (Bartlett) Jarvis). Aug. 9, 1843: d. Dec. 2, 1872.
William Jarvis, b. June 11, 1844, d. Oct. 21, 1849.
DeForest, b. Aug. 6, 1846: m. Elise ____; res. in Chadron, Neb.
Anna Bartlett, b. April 18, 1849, d. March 13, 1858.
Jarvis, b. Sept. 15, 1852; res. in Chadron, Neb.
Sarah Margaret, b. Oct. 21, 1857; m. ____ Hocks; res. in Wyoming.
Bartlett, b. Jan. 6, 1861; res. in Chadron, Neb.
10. GARDNER, b. April 2, 1812; accidentally drowned, Sept., 1828.
THE SAVAGE FAMILY
The history of the Savage family will be limited to the first three generations of the descendants of Thomas Savage of Washington, Ct.
1. THOMAS SAVAGE, b. in Washington, Ct., Dec. 15, 1714, m. Feb. 24,1744, Martha Whitmore, b. Dec. 11, 1719. He moved from Washington to Woodbury, Ct., where he resided several years, and removed to Hartford, Vt., in the summer of 1768. His first purchase of land in Hartford was made of Elihu Hide, June 28, 1768, and was "No. 14," in the first division of fifty acre lots. At the time he made this purchase he lived in Woodbury, Ct. After coming into Hartford he bought of Isaac Winchester about 400 acres of land in that part of the town known as Jericho. His home farm is now the home farm of W. G. Chandler, located on Christian St., about two miles north of Hartford village. On the 7th of Dec., 1784, he gave to each of his sons, Seth and Thomas Jr., 160 acres of the land in Jericho, upon which they settled and lived the remainder of their lives. Jan. 17, 1788, he gave to his son Francis W., a 100 acre lot, " No. 32," in the 2d division, and 15 acres lying on Connecticut river, near White River falls. After the death of his wife in 1767, his daughter Abigail became his house keeper, and he continued to live with her until his death. He d. Oct. 11, 1798.
1. MARTHA, (2d gen., dau. of Thomas (1), b. June 18, 1746, m. April 22, 1765, Deacon John Dutton, b. April 14, 1743, (son of Thomas and Abigail (Merriam) Dutton.)
2. SARAH, (dau. of Thomas (1), b. June 9, 1748, m. Martha Logan. [trans. note: they were naming boys Martha?]
3. ABIGAIL, dau. of Thomas (1), b. June 9, 1748, m. Oct. 31, 1775, Elias Chapman, to whom in 1788, and 1789, Thomas Savage sold his home farm, and with whom he lived for ten years thereafter.
The children of Elias Chapman (3d gen.) were:
Jedediah, b. Oct. 10, 1776.
Elias, b. May 13, 1781.
Abigail, b. July 29, 1784.
Thomas, b. May 23, 1787.
I find nothing further relating to the family of Elias Chapman. On the 28th of Aug. 1800, he sold his farm to Zerah Brooks and, probably, emigrated to the west.
4. SETH SAVAGE, (2d gen., son of Thomas (1), b. Oct. 6, 1756, m. 1st, April 15, 1779 Rhoda Bacon. She d. April 19, 1823. He m. 2d, June 30, 1825, Mrs. Mirriam (Smith) Richards, widow of Joel Richards, and (dau. of Sylvanus Smith and Diana Fisk, a farmer in Hartford. On the 28, Jan. 1819, he sold to his son, Will. Savage, his home farm with a reservation of forty acres. After the death of his father, William bought the reservation. He d. Sept. 13, 1829. His wife d. Dec. 19, 1855. No issue by second wife.
Joseph, son of Seth (4), b. Oct. 15, 1780, m. Olive, dau. of Sylvanus and Diana (Fisk) Smith).
John., son of Seth (4), b. Oct. 7, 1782, m. Dec. 12, 1805, Lucy Hopson, b. April 21, 1785, (dau. of John and Abiah (Hazen) Hopson). He d. Sept. 7, 1855. She d. June 3, 1838.
children of John (2) :
Seth, b. Jan. 27, 1807, m. Feb. 27, 1834, Martha C. Spaulding. Died Aug. 4, 1883.
Rebecca, b. March 12, 1808, m. Dec. 1, 1839, John Leavitt.
Truman, b. Feb. 12, 1810, m. 1st, July 13, 1834, Mrs. Cynthia (Marsh) Tenney. She d. Sept. 23, 1868. He m. 2d, March 10, 1869, Mrs. Jane (Farnham) Tryon. He d. Jan. 1, 1875. Ch. by first wife 3.
Benjamin F., b. Sept. 19, 1811, m. May 14, 1841, Mary Martin.
Sophia M., b. May 6, 1813, m. March 4, 1838, Wm. R. Stockwell.
John Jr., b. March 7, 1815, d. Aug. 26, 1827.
Hiram, b. Sept. 21, 1817, m. Sept. 28, 1843, AlpaTenney.
Wesley, b. July 12, 1819, m. March 3, 1847, Eliza M. Clough.
William, b. Aug. 23, 1820, m. May, 1843, Philena Hodge.
Hazen N., b. May 5, 1822, m. 1st, May 25, 1843, Julia A. Tenney. She d. April 6, 1860. He m. 2d, Aug. 24, 1860. Laura A Newton. Ch. 3.
Whitmore, b. Aug. 7, 1823, d. Sept. 1, 1823.
Jason, b. May 19, 1825, m. May 1849, Maria Martin.
Lucy A., b. Aug. 19, 1829, m. Nov., 1849, Geo. F. Stone, d. Aug. 16, 1854.
Patty, dau. of Seth (4), b. April 7, 1786, m. Don Noble, Feb. 21, 1810.
Hasting, son of Seth (4), b. Nov. 20, 1789, m. July 4, 1815, Sarah Fuller.
William, son of Seth (4), b. June 23, 1791, m. June 9, 1819, Polly Hazen, b. Feb. 28, 1799, (dau. of Hezekiah Hazen and Sarah Marsh . He d. in Lawrence, Kan., Nov., 1874. She d. in Lawrence, Aug. 2, 1871.
(4th gen., ch. of William (5):
Maria, b. March 29, 1820, m. Feb. 11, 1845, J. E. Hood, b. 1815, (son of Joseph Hood and Jerusha Worthen). He d. in Denver, Col. in 1871. Their son, Wm. Hood, b. Feb. 4, 1846, is chief engineer of the Southern Pacific railroad system. They had six children.
Joseph, b. July 28, 1822, m. June 17, 1847, Amanda B. Crandall, b. Aug. 2, 1827, (dau. of Joseph Crandall and Abigail Fuller). She d. June 17, 1857. He m. 2d, 1858, Mary B. Burgess.
Children (5th gen.):
Henry, Daphne, Joseph, Charles and Jennie. All d. young but Daphne, who m. D. D. Alford, A. M.
Joseph Savage lives in Lawrence, Kansas.
Forrest, b. Sept. 27, 1826, m. 1849, Lydia E. Worth, b. 1830, (dau. of Nathaniel Worth and Patty Chandler).
Children (5th gen.):
Wm. W., Emma A., Mary A.,
Frank J. Forrest lives in Kansas.
Daphne, b. Sept. 21, 1834, d. in Hartford June. 18, 1845.
Olive (dau. of Seth (4), b. July 12, 1796, m. Jan. 26, 1814, Abner Fuller, b. 1787, (son of Seth Fuller and Olive Dutton). He d. Nov. 12, 1868.
Rhoda, dau. of Seth (4), b. Sept. 21, 1800, m. March 8, 1822, Elziah Hazen.
5. THOMAS SAVAGE, 2d gen., son of Thomas (1), b. Feb. 9, 1759; m. Oct. 11, 1784, Lavina Chapman: she d. Oct. 29, 1841. [trans. note: 1841 can't be right if his second m. began in 1789]. He m. 2d, Nov. 26, 1789, Molly Powell; she d. Aug. 5, 1803. He m. 3d. March 22, 1804. Clarissa Noble, b. Feb. 9,1759. He d. Oct. 29, 1841: she d. Sept. 28, 1841.
Children of Thomas (5)
Alice, b. Nov. 16, 1785, d. Jan. 5, l808, unm.
Sarah, b. Jan. 27, 1757; m. June 22, 1813, Russell Smith.
Justus, b. Aug. 5. 1803: m. Nov. 15. 1836, Eliza Alger of Strafford, Vt., b. Aug. a, 1806, (dau. of Aaron and Lusina (Power) Badger). He d. in Strafford, Vt., April 9, 1888.
Norman, b. Sept. 22, 1805: m. Jan. 1, 1849, Sarah K. Edgerton; he d. Dec. 13, 1873: 1 ch. d.. young.
Orinda, b. March 16, 1807.
Amanda, b. May 14, 1809, d. Nov. 21, 1846, unm.
Aurora, b. June 21, 1811; m. July 26, 1835, Dr. J. N. Stiles: she d. Jan. 29, 1859, in Windsor, Vt.: he d. in Windsor, Aug. 31, 1875, ae 63.
Polly, b. Aug. 18, 1798: m. March 11, 1822, Reuben Tenney 2d, b. April 15, 1798. (son of Ruben Tenney and Rebecca Hopson) : he d.March 2, 1858: shed. Feb. 9, 1877.
Thomas Whitmore, b. Aug. 25, 1800.
6. FRANCIS WHITMORE, (2d gen., son of Thomas (1). b. in Washington, Ct., Nov. 25, 1762: m. March 11, 1790, Abigail Hazen, b. Sept. 14, 1768, (dau. of Col. Joshua, Hazen and Mercy (Hazen) Hazen), a farmer and hotel-keeper in West Hartford, Vt. He d. Sept. 23, 1817: she d. Aug. 20, 1847.
Abigail, b. Jan. 13, 1791: m. Dr. Thomas Downer, of Stowe, Vt.: d. Dec. 23, 1869.
Sarepta, b. Feb. 8, 1793; d. May 15, 1852:
Mary, b. Sept. 27, 1795; m. Abner Fuller; d. Sept. 26, 1885: no children.
Nancy. b. Oct. 12, 1797; d. Nov. 15, 1879:
Thomas, b. April 7, 1810; m. Jan. 12, 1823 [trans. note: hard to believe he m. at the age of 13], Martha McMaster, b. Sept. 11, 1799, (dau. of Samuel and Lucy (Pennock) McMaster); he d. June 15, 1871: she d. May 22, 1856.
Children of Thomas (5)
Miranda J. Savage, b. July 31, 1824, d. May 22,1856:
Harriet E., b. June 12, 1828, m. Sept. 19, 1865, Samuel McMaster, Strafford, Vt. ;
ch. of Harriet:
Martha A., b. Aug. 5, 1867, m. Fred H. West.
Martha A., b. June 27, 1831, m. Dec. 7, 1855, Henry Hannahs.
Thomas D., b. Nov. 14, 1837.
Mercy, b. May 19, 1802; m. Oct. 3, 1820, Zebulon W. Delano: he d. June 24, 1869: she d. Dec.28, 1888;
Louise, b. Sept. 21, 1821, m. Harrison Alexander;
Abigail, b. Dec. 4, 1823, m. Feb. 5, 1845, Samuel G. Steele, b. Jan. 24, 1817, (son of Wm. Steele and Lydia Gleason of Sharon, Vt.); he d. May 11, 1873; she m. 2d, April 1, 1874, G. S. Nott of Sharon, Vt., (son of Simeon Nott.)
Emily C., b. June 4, 1826, d. May 5, 1847.
Sarepta C., b. Sept. 2, 1828, d. Sept. 23, 1843.
Portus, (3d gen.) b. Nov. 8, 1804: m. Oct. 15, 1830. Clarissa, Raymond; she d. Jan. 31, 1832; he m. 2d, Dec. 13, 1832, Emily Raymond; he d. May 13, 1871, she d. Oct. 24, 1865.
Their children (4th gen.) were:
Mary E., b. July 5, 1831, d. July 2, 1833;
Francis P., b. Aug. 29, 1838:
Henry W., b. July 30, 1840;
George W., b. Oct. 15, 1846.
Fitch R., b. Oct. 26, 1856.
Caroline (3d gen.), b. Dec. 14, 1807, m. Feb. 22, 1849, John Fuller ; he d. Sept. 14, 1861, she d. Feb. 3, 1879—no issue.
Francis Whitmore Jr., (3d gen.), b. Dec. 5, 1811; m. Nov. 21, 1838, Mary Clapp Wales, b. Aug. 28, 1815;
children (4th gen.):
Francis W. Savage 3d, b. Feb. 8, 1841; m. Oct. 3, 1866, Charlotte Purdy; he d. Dec. 24, ____;
Edward P., b. Oct. 12, 1845, m. Sept. 22, 1874, Belle H. Noble;
Mary Louisa, b. July 11, 1848.
Families live in Lake View, Ill.
THE SPRAGUE FAMILY
The Spragues of Hartford, are descendants of Rufus and Hannah Sprague of Johnston, R. I. Their son Jessie Sprague, purchased the homestead of his father, Jan. 9, 1767. He sold the same Feb. 1, 1768, to one Joseph Randall, and not long afterwards, moved with his family to Clarendon, Vt., (then Durham) where he spent the remainder of his life. He married Ester Dexter of Johnston, R. I., May 28, 1735. She survived him many years and died March 22, 1840, at the remarkable age of 103 years, 9 months and 24 days. Her mental and physical abilities continued to the last. A few days only before her death, she visited through the neighborhood on foot, a distance of half-a-mile. She died almost instantaneously. She rose in the morning, well as usual, ate breakfast, and was walking about the house as usual till within a few minutes of dying. She was the mother of the late Capt. Durham Sprague, who was the first male child born (1770) in the then town of Durham, near Clarendon, who she named after the town.
The children of Jesse Sprague, were :
Amey, born Feb. 18, 1764;
Philip, born Jan. 8, 1765;
Abraham, born Nov. 8, 1768; all born in Johnston, R. I.
Durham, born June 8, 1770 ;
Anna, born March 30, 1771;
Hannah, born July 28, 1773;
Daniel, born Aug. 21, 1775;
Elizabeth, born, Aug. 23, 1777;
Paul D., born March 17, 1881; all born in Clarendon, Vt.
Two of his sons, Philip and Daniel, moved from Clarendon to Hartford, about 1780.
PHILLIP, born in Johnston, R. I., Jan. 9. 1765, married about 1784, Clarissa Dutton, born Jan. 28, 1770, (daughter of Nathaniel and Sarah (Hazen) Dutton of Hartford), and settled in that part of the town called Dothan, where his grandson, Israel G. Sprague, now lives. Philip died March 31, 18 56. Clarissa, his wife, died May 6, 1831.
1. ASENATH, born Jan. 22, 1785 : married Sept. 29, 1802, Ira Baxter, born Nov. 20, 1779, son of Elihu Baxter and Triphenia Taylor. He died in Norwich, Vt., March 11, 1838. She died June 20, 1853.
Laura, born April 24, 1803 ;
Carlos, born Aug. 1, 1801;
Carlton, born 1805;
Arabella, born Sept. 22, 1807 ; .
Alpa, born 1809 ;
Caroline, born Dec. 15, 1811;
Marshal, born March 17, 1817 ;
Henry, born April 15, 1821 ;
Harriet, born April 16, 1823.
2. PHILO, born May 16, 1787; married May 7, 1811; Laura Hazen, born April 25, 1793, (daughter of Daniel Hazen and Olive Bartholomew): a farmer in that part of Hartford called Jericho. He died Oct. 17, 1868; she died March 28, 1877.
Their children were:
Jasper, born June 6, 1812 ; married July 16, 1840, Dulcina C. Town, had,
Laura Anna. born Sept. 24, 1842 ;
Harriet L., born Feb. 2, 1846;
Charles T., born Sept. 29, 1854 ;
Carrie J., born 1856 ; died 1858.
Emily, born Dec. 13, 1813 : died Aug. 7, 1878.
Edward, born July 17, 1816 ; married Dec. 2, 1851, Ellen Freeman, born April 22, 1827, daughter of John Freeman and Clarissa Goss) : a farmer in Hartford. She died March 15, 1887.
Frank M., born May 17, 1853, died. July 4, 1863 ;
Fannie E., born May 29, 1857 ;
Jennie M., born Oct. 2, 1861.
3. ESTER, born June 19, 1789 ; married Sept. 5, 1808, Lemuel Parker; died Nov. 10, 1860.
4. ANNA, born May 24, 1791; married Nov. 11, 1813, Job Dinsmore.
5. SUSANNAH, born Jan. 28, 1793 ; married March 2. 1816, Hiram Nott, born in Springfield, Mass., May 9, 1789, (son of Selden Nott) ; a farmer in Norwich, Vt.; he died Feb. 16, 1856 : she died Dec. 31, 1871.
Carlton. B., born Dec. 22, 1816 : married Feb. 20, 1856, Jane L. Hilton, born June 6, 1835, (daughter of John Hilton and Experience Lewis), she died April 7, 1866. He married 2d May 8, 1872, Lucinda M. Root, born April 27, 1838, (daughter of John R. Root and Leantha Hedges) : a farmer in Norwich.
Children by first wife :
H. L. Nott, born. Dec. 7, 1857 :
Frank S., born Aug. 16. 1864.
Clarissa, born Jan. 3, 1828 ; married Aug. 1851 : Carlos Tenney, born July 21, 1824, (son of Reuben Tenney and Polly Savage), she died March 15, 1862. He married 2d, June 13, 1873 ; Anna Howard, died Feb. 9, 1880.
6. ETHAN, born Oct. 14, 1795, died Feb. 9, 1813, unmarried.
7. ALLEN, born Aug. 10, 1787 : married Feb. 23, 1818, Lucinda Bachelder, born Oct. 13. 1794, ( daughter of Jethro Batchelder and Deborah Leavitt of Strafford, Vt.); a manufacturer. He died Sept. 1846. Widow lives in Montpelier, Vt. Had several children.
8. WOOSTER, born Oct. 25, 1799 ; married 1828, Nancy Young, born March 17, 1805, (daughter of Samuel and Rebecca P. (Burnham) Young.) He died Jan. 14, 1883. Widow lives in Montpelier, Vt. Seven children.
THE STRONG FAMILY
From a book entitled " The history of the descendants of Elder John Strong, of Northampton. Mass.," by Benjamin W. Dwight, I have selected the genealogical record of those members of the Strong family who have been, or now are residents of Hartford from the 5th to the 9th generation, from the above named American ancestor.
Elder John Strong was born and lived in England, at Taunton, in Somersetshire. He came to America in the year 1630, and settled in Dorchester. Mass. He afterwards removed from Dorchester to Windsor. Ct. He lived there several years and from thence removed to Northampton, in the year 1659-60, where he died April 14th, 1699, aged about 94 years. The grandfather of Elder John Strong was, according to tradition, a Roman Catholic and lived to a great age. The Strong family has borne out remarkably the historical genuineness of its name, in its wide-spread characteristics of physical vigor and longevity, and the large size of very many of its numerous households.
Elder Strong was a tanner, and was an extensive land owner in and around Northampton. He had up to the time of his decease, 160 descendants, viz. : eighteen children, fifteen of whom had families: one hundred and fourteen grandchildren, and thirty-three great grandchildren at least. The two eldest and youngest children were 39 years apart in age. His first wife he married in England. She died on the passage, or soon after landing, and in about two months afterwards her infant child (2d child) died also. He married in December, 1630, for a second wife, Abigail Ford, of Dorchester, with whom he lived in wedlock for fifty-eight years. She died, the mother of 16 children, July 6, 1688. She was not, probably, more than 16 years of age at her marriage, at which time he was but 25.
The Strongs who first settled in Hartford. Vt., were descendants of Lt. Jedediah Strong, of Lebanon. Ct. (4th gen.), the great grandson of Elder John Strong. The genealogical record, beginning with the 4th gen., is as follows: (quoting those only who have been, or are residents of Hartford.)
LT. JEDEDIAH STRONG (son of Jedddiah Jr.. and Abiah (Ingersoll) Strong), b. Jan. 15. 1700: m. Dec. 4, 1722, Elizabeth Webster, b. Feb. 26, 1700-1: a farmer in Lebanon, Ct. (5th gen.)
Children of Lt. Jedediah Strong:
Capt. John Strong, 1). Sept. 5, 1723. He was a farmer in Hartford, Vt., 1769-72, and is recorded as town clerk for the same period of time, and also appears as a land surveyor. In 1773, he, with a. few others, began the settlement of Woodstock, Vt. With his son-in-law, Benjamin Burch, he put up the log house and opened the first tavern in the town. (Benjamin Burch kept a tavern in Hartford, Vt., in 1784.)
Jedediah Strong, b. Nov. 8, 1728; m. Jan. 10, 1751, Hepziball Webster, b. Oct. 31, 1727, a farmer in Lebanon, Ct. (6th gen.) Children:
Jedediah Strong 2d, b. Oct. 23, 1751; m. Sept. 1, 1778, Ruth Harper, of E. Windsor, Ct., b. Sept. 1st, 1759 (da.u. of Dea James Harper and Sarah Burroughs), a farmer and miller in Hartford, Vt. (a miller in Centreville, where Moore and Madden now (1838) are running a grist mill). He was elected a selectman in 1794-95-96-97. He d. Feb. 25, 1832; she d. Sept. 18, 1839.
(7th gen.) Children of Jedediah Strong:
John Strong, b. Mch. 6, 1792, April 15, 1824, Mary Maria Gates, b. Mch. 26, 1804; a farmer and miller (succeeding his father at Centreville) ; pursued a part of the college course. He d. Jan. 1, 1857; she d. May 8,1865.
Harper Strong, b. May 18, 1797; d. in Hartford, Vt., Oct. 28, 1828.
(8th gen.) Children of John Strong:
John Dwight Strong, b. Nov. 24, 1825: m. June 6, 1865, Delia Morris, b. Sept. 15, 1840 (dau. of Edward Morris, of Hartford, Vt.) ; a miller in Hartford (Centreville and Hartford village), and afterwards a hardware merchant in Zanesville, 0hio, and at the time of his death a traveling agent in Louisiana and Texas, for the sale of safes. He d. of consumption in Lawrence, Kansas, Sept. 19, 1868. He had one child: Beulah, b. Dec. 20, 1866, in New Orleans, La. (now, Oct., 1888, traveling with her mother in Europe.)
Charles Harper Strong, b. Mch. 23, 1828: d. May 11, 1851, of quick consumption, at Utica, N. Y.
Mary Annette Strong, b. Apr. 19, 1833: m. Sept. 13, 1860, as his 2d wife, Stephen Guthrie, a merchant in Zanesville, 0hio, for 25 years, and since 1850 a. manufacturer of salt there.
Edward Payson Strong, b. Nov. 5, 1839: m. Sept. 13. 1865, Mary C. Guthrie, b. Dec. 5, 1845 (dau. of Stephen H. Guthrie and Ruth Metcalf, his first wife).
James Henry Strong, b. May 3, 1842: d. July 26. 1842.
5. SOLOMON STRONG (5th gen., son of Lt. Jedediah Strong and Elizabeth Webster), b. Oct. 6, 1730: m. about 1756, Mary White, b. Oct. 16, 1733, who d. June 10, 1777: and he m. for 2d wife, July 5, 1782, Mary Hutchinson, nee Wilson, b. Aug., 1744, (whose dau. Abigail was the wife of Hon. William Strong, M. C.) He was farmer and surveyor in Lebanon. Ct. , and after the summer of 1764, in Hartford, Vt., of which he was one of the first settlers. He was a selectman in 1765, '66, '67 and '68, and held other town offices. The first meeting of the proprietors of the town of Hartford, held within the town, was held in his house, which was located not far from where Ezra Champion now lives. He d. Sept. 26, 1800, in Hartford. She d. March 21, 1823.
Freelove Strong, b. Jan. 20, 1857.
Molly Strong, b. June 3, 1758.
Lydia Strong, b. March 17, 1760.
Soloman Strong, Jr., b. Jan. 19, 1761: m. March 12, 1795, Ruth Tracy of Hartford, Vt. : a farmer in Hartford, Vt.
(7th gen.) : Children of Solomon Strong. Jr.,
Allen Tracy Strong, b. Dec. 16, 179.1: m. Mary Hart, b. in Dunbarton, April 30, 1802: a farner in Hartford. Vt. He d. in Hyde Park. Vt., May 18, 1857. She resided in Hartland, Vt.
Wm. Gideon Strong, b. in Hartford, Dec. 3, 1846; m. in 1868, in Manchester, N. H., D. Hurd: resided in 1871, in Hartland. Vt.
James Strong, (son of Solomon Strong and Mary White), b. May 1768: m. in 1799, Catherine Clifford of Canaan. N. H., b. Feb. 24, 1780, (dau. of Jacob Clifford and Priscilla Howe): a farmer in Hartford,Vt., (1789-1817); Sharon, Vt.. and Olean, N. Y. (1819-21); at Burton, N. Y., (1821-52). He d. April 20, 1839: she d. Aug. 16, 1852.
(7th gen.): Children of James Strong,
Almeda Strong, b. in Hartford. Vt., Dec. 20, 1799; m. Nov. 17, 1822, Gideon Bingham: of Royalton, Vt., a farmer. He d. there June, 1865: she d. March, 1858: ch. 2.
6. ELIJAH STRONG (5th gen., son of Lt. Jedediah and Elizabeth Webster), b. Aug. 11, 1733: m. March 18, 1756, Ruth Loomis, b. June 14, 1729: a farmer in Lebanon. Ct., and Hartford, Vt.; came to Hartford in 1764. and settled at the Centre of the town. He was elected town clerk in 1768, and served one year. He was elected a selectman in 1764, '65, 1770. He was one of the Council of Censors in 1813. He was clerk for the proprietors of the town from 1766 to 1775. He d. in 1774-5; she d. ____. After his death, a considerable portion of his real estate was purchased of his heirs by Elijah Mason, grandfather of Mrs. Lucretia Garfield, widow of the late President Garfield.
Children of Elijah Strong,
Olive Strong, b. Jan. 7, 1758, in Lebanon, Ct.
Elizabeth Strong, b. June 10, 1759, in Lebanon, Ct. ; m. March 2, 1780, Jonathan Reynolds, and had a dau., Ruth Reynolds, b. Dec., 1784, who m. a Mr. Gilbert.
Elijah (2),b. July 4, 1760, in Lebanon, Ct.
Ruth Strong, b. Aug. 19, 1762, in Lebanon, Ct.
Submit Strong, b. Oct. 19, 1763, in Lebanon, Ct.
John Strong, lived and died in Bridgewater, Vt.
Ebenezer Strong, b. Feb. 13, 1770, in Hartford, Vt.
7. BENAJAH STRONG (5th gen., son of Lt. Jedediah and Elizabeth Webster), b. Jan. 17, 1734-5: m. Polly Bacon of Lebanon, Ct.; a farmer and surveyor in Hartford, Vt., in which town he settled with his brothers Solomon and Elijah in 1764. He was town clerk of Hartford from March 12, 1765, to March 8, 1768, and in 1774 constable and commissioner of highways. His first wife d. Aug. 8, 1790. Soon after her death he removed to Bethel, Vt., and there m. for his 2nd wife Widow Elizabeth Wilson. He d. in Bethel, March, 1815; she was b. May, 1748, and d. Jan. 26, 1821.
Children of Benajah Strong:
Barnabas Strong, a revolutionary soldier; m. Lydia (dau. of Solomon Strong): a farmer, settled on the Holland Purchase in N. Y.; had five children,one of them, Charles, a lawyer.
Polly Strong, b. Dec. 12, 1760, in Lebanon, Ct.; m. Ashbel Smith of Hartford, Vt. She d. Oct, 17, 1806; he d. in New Haven, Ct.
Hon. Wm. Strong, b. in 1763, in Lebanon, Ct.
Mercy Strong, m. July 13, 1786, Isaac Hincher, He d. Feb. 9, 1840; she d. Aug., 1848. The issue of this marriage were 8 children.
Elizabeth Strong, m. Simeon Brooks of Bethel, Vt.
Tryphenia Strong, b. June 12, 1770; m. Joel English of Woodstock, July 25, 1788; he d. Dec. 19. 1852, she d. Dec. 28, 1846; eight children.
Dea. Benajah Strong, b. Dec. 3, 1771; m. July, 1798, Polly Bacon, b. 1778; a cooper in Bethel, Vt.
Fredonia Strong, m. Lemuel Wood of Randolph, Vt.; ch. 4.
Lydia Strong, m. Henry Walbridge of Randolph, Vt.; ch. 10.
Children of Hon. Wm. Strong; and Abigail Hutchinson.
1. ALMIRA STRONG, b. Dec. 14, 1795; m. Eleazer Davis, a merchant in Hartford village, made suddenly insane for life about 1820, by falling into a stream whose bank caved under his feet in a freshet. He d. about 1826, and she m. for her 2d husband, Gen. O. H. Nichols; she d. of cancer, Sept. 5, 1850, and he m. again; ch. 3 by Mr. Davis.
2. JASPER STRONG, b. May 4, 1798; m. Widow Underhill, nee Nixon, of New Orleans, La. She d. without issue, and he m. for his 2d wife her sister, Eliza Julia Nixon. He was graduated at West Point, and stationed as an officer of the U. S. A. at Baton Rouge, La. He resigned his commission, and, in company with a Mr. Underhill, a class-mate at West Point, took the contract, after building two forts below New Orleans, of building Ft. Pickens at Peimsacola,Fla., for $901,000. Underhill dying the first season of the contract, Strong carried the job through to completion, and divided half the profits, $300,000, with the heirs of Underhill. He afterwards built Ft. Barancas, and other fortifications at Pensacola. He owned, at the breaking out of the late rebellion, about 100 middle-aged slaves, all mechanics, and all at work for the Government at $1.50 per day. He was a man of very superior executive, abilities; he d. in Quechee, Vt., Nov. 6, 1865.
Children by second wife:
Henry Chase Strong.
Harvey Leverich Strong.
Jasper Strong, d. at Pensacola, Fla., of yellow fever.
Charles Mahews Strong.
Mentoria Nixon Strong.
John Hunt Strong, d. of brain fever near Benton, Miss.
3. LAURA STRONG, b. May 3, 1800; m. June 19, 1823, Dr. Thomas Carter. She d. of a cancer, Oct. 7, 1850;
William Strong Carter, m. Mary Jones; children: William E. Carter, Louisa Maria Carter.
Mary Carter, m. Henry Walcott; she d. ; children: Fanny Walcott, Laura Walcott.
Laura Carter, m. Oscar F. Barron; children: Laura Amanda Barron, Mary Barron, Franklin O. Barron, Ozias Barron, Thomas Strong Carter.
4. THOMAS J. STRONG, b. Mch. 11, 1802; d. Feb. 7, 1857, unm.
5. ALBERT GALLATIN STRONG, b. May, 1804; d. Oct., 1827, on return from a whaling voyage.
6. EMILY STRONG, b. Apr. 23, 1807; m. June, 1840, Hon. Albert Gallatin Dewey, b. Dec. 16, 1805 (son of John Dewey and Mary Wright, who were m. Jan. 23, 1805; he d. Nov. 23, 1823, and was the son of Joshua Dewey, of Lebanon, Ct.) She d. Apr. 23, 1875. He m. 2d, Eveline Trumbull. Children:
William Strong Dewey, b. Aug. 3, 1841; a manufacturer of woolens in Quechee ; represented Hartford in Legislature 1886-7; elected trustee of public money, 1887-8-9; not married in 1888.
John Jasper Dewey, b. Apr. 8, 1846; m. Jan. 21, 1869, Anna Frances Metcalf, of Boston, b. Jan. 16, 1847 (dau. of Erastus B. Metcalf, b. in Franklin, Mass., Aug. 9, 1820, and Anna Sophia Downs, b. Nov. 11, 1820; m. Apr., 1841; d. Dec. 9, 1866); a member of the firm of A. G. Dewey & Co., extensive manufacturers in Quechee, Vt.
Alice Louise Dewey, b. Aug. 19, 1870 ;
Ida G. , b. Dec. 19, 1872 ;
Annie M., b. Jan. 24, 1875 ;
Mary M., b. Jan. 21, 1877 ;
Emily D., b. March 6, 1885.
Emma Frances Dewey, b. July 16, 1848; m. Apr. 19, 1878, Henry C. Dennison, of New Bedford, Mass. (son of Daniel Dennison and Parmelia Head.)
7. JOHN PALMER STRONG, b. June, 1809; m. Sarah Fifield, of Orange, Vt.; a woolen manufacturer in Quechee, Vt.
Geo. W. Strong,
8. GEORGE STRONG, b. in 1810; d. young.
9. CHARLES STRONG, b. May 13, 1814; m. Sept. 7, 1852, Abby Greely, b. Sept. 6, 1830; a farmer in Lebanon, N. H. , in 1871 ; a woolen manufacturer in Quechee Vt., 1836-41; an inventor of valuable improvements in combinations of vertical and horizontal motion.
Frank, b. May 1, 1853; d. Apr. 5, 1859.
Fanny E., b. Sept. 29, 1856.
Wm. Greely, b. June 1, 1858.
Grace E., b. June 13, 1864.
THE TILDEN FAMILY
STEPHEN TILDEN, of Lebanon, Ct., removed from that town to Hartford, Vt.,. in 1767, and settled on the south side of White river, about two miles above White River Junction. He purchased of Samuel Porter, one of the original proprietors of the town, Aug. 27, 1761, one whole right, or proprietor's share,. containing about 400 acres of land, for the sum of ten shillings ($2.50). Under the distribution of land by pitches to the original right of Samuel Porter, Mr. Tilden acquired 90 acres of land, now owned and occupied by Mr. Elijah Burroughs, which he gave to his son, Josiah, Sept. 3, 1782. He next pitched lot No. 62, of the second 100-acre division, drawn to the original right of Samuel Porter. This lot he gave to his son, Stephen, .Jr., Sept. 2, 1784. It is now owned and occupied by Mr. Wm. E. Dutton. On the 12th of August, 1797, he gave to his son, Asa, one-half of the home farm, or 80 acres adjoining, on the south, the home farm of Thomas Tracy, on which Leonard Trumbull now lives. In 1791, and later, Mr. Tilden purchased several other original rights and portions of rights, some of which he held until his death.
Mr. Tilden was an intelligent, public-spirited citizen, and was prominently identified with the civil and military affairs of the State and his town during his life time. He is first mentioned in the town records in 1775, when he was chosen a highway surveyor, and one of a committee to have charge of the school lands of the town. In 1776, he was one of the Committee of Safety, and was also Commissioner of Highways. He represented the town in the Legislature in 1778, '83, '84, '85, during which sessions he was placed on important committees —first, as one of the Committee on War; secondly, as one of a committee to draw a letter forbidding delegates from Cumberland County to sit in the Provincial Congress of the State of New York, and also one of a committee to consider proceedings of the Court of Confiscation. In 1776, he voted in favor of the BETTERMENT ACT. In the troublous events of the Revolutionary period, and during the controversy with New York, he was loyal to the best interests of the State. In 1780-81, he was one of the selectmen of the town. In all positions of trust he was faithful, energetic, and unselfish, and by his upright conduct invoked even the universal esteem of his political enemies. Though lacking in book knowledge, he derived from experience a fund of solid knowledge of a practical kind, and this, with instincts that led him, generally, in the right direction, fitted him well for the duties incumbent upon him, both in private and in public life.
STEPHEN TILDEN (son of Stephen Tilden and Isabel Tednaugh), b. in Lebanon, Ct., in 1724; m. 1st, April 23, 1749, Abigail Richardson; she d. in 1798. He m. 2d, Widow Jerusha Farman; he d. March, 1813. She m. 2d, April 7, 1815, Abel Marsh of Quechee, Vt., (Hartford).
Their children were :
1. ABIGAIL, b. May 19,1751; m. Benjamin Wright.
2. STEPHEN, b. March 19, 1753; m. Sept. 7, 1785, Roxalena Powell, b. Sept. 29, 1766, (dau. of Rowland Powell); she d. Oct. 21, 1797. He m, 2d, Oct. 11, 1798, Elizabeth Tilden, b. Sept. 1, 1775. He d. Sept. 8 ,1826; she d. Feb. 1, 1867.
Children by first wife:
Lanson and Lyman, b. May 21,1786; Lanson d. June 2, 1786,
Lyman m. Abigail Hersey, d. April 17, 1845.
Lucinda, b. Oct. 6, 1787; m. ____ Bunnell, d. April 18, 1854.
Joshua, b. March 7, 1790; m ____ Squiers, d. Oct. 5, 1846.
Luther, b. March 8, 1792, d. March 1, 1852.
Lucy, b. March 26, 1794; m. Othnial Clapp, d. Aug. 15, 1791.
Stephen 3d, b. May 28, 1796.
Children by 2d wife:
Jedediah Norton, b. Dec. 10, 1799; m. Dec. 6, 1830, Arabella Lombard, b. July 30, 1813; he d. Aug. 3, 1867, she d. Dec. 6, 1860.
Elizabeth, b. July 3,1801; m. Daniel Robertson.
Norman, b. Feb. 21, 1806; lives in West Lebanon, N. H., unm.
Sarah M., b. Aug. 28, 1808, d. Aug. 21, 1868, unm.
Daniel, b. March 11, 1814; m. July 17, 1844, Emily Jones, b. Feb. 13, 1833; she d. May 24, 1865; he lives in W. Lebanon, N. H.
The children of Daniel and Emily (Jones) Tilden, are:
Martha J., b. June 16, 1848; resides unm. in W. Lebanon, N. H.
Stephen, H., b. May 21, 1851; m. Sept. 7, 1876, Lucy A. Hubbard, b. Jan. 4, 1856, (dau. of James and Sarah J. (Alden) Hubbard of Lebanon, N. H. Ch. 2.
Ellen M., b. Jan. 25, 1855; m. June 20, 1876, George H. Taylor, b. May 10, 1853, (son of John Taylor). Ch. 3.
Achsah, b. July 10, 1857 ; resides, unm. in West Lebanon, N. H.
3. THEODAY, b. July 18, 1755; m. James Richardson.
4. Joshua, b. April 19, 1757, d. at age of 16.
5. JOSIAH, b. April 19, 1760; m. Jan. 14, 1790, Elizabeth Tracy, b. April 15, 1765, (dau. of Thomas Tracy and Elizabeth Warner); a farmer and hotel-keeper in Hartford. She d. June 2,1800; he m. 2d, Susannah Clark, b. Feb. 18, 1779, (dau. of John Clark and Deborah Mosely). She d. Dec. 2, 1844.
Elizabeth, b. Sept. 12, 1791.
Nabba, b. March 31, 1793.
Josiah T., b. Feb. 13, 1795, d. Aug. 14, 1820.
Joseph F., b. March 2, 1797; m. Clementina Lyman, Jan. 16, 1828.
Myra, b. Feb. 11, 1799.
Daniel C., b. Dec. 5, 1801, d. June 15, 1810.
Alpa, b. Aug. 23, 1803.
Lucius W., b. Aug. 27, 1805.
Oren, b. July 26, 1807.
Julius C., b. Sept. 7, 1809.
Frances M., b. Aug. 21, 1811; m. Samuel Smith; she d. Nov. 25, 1883, he d. Oct. 7, 1887.
Caroline L., b. July 12, 1816; m. June 24, 1845, Wm. Hatch (son of Benj. Hatch and Susan Dutton); he d. Oct. 28, 1885.
George W., b. June 20, 1819; m. March 17, 1850, Cynthia L. Bugbee.
Sarah S., b. Jan. 22, 1826; m. Aug. 7, 1844, Edward Hazen.
6. ESTHER, b. May 15, 1762; d. May 5, 1777.
7. MARY, (nothing besides her name appears of record.)
8. ASA, b. 1768; m. Feb. 14, 1793, Hannah Follett, b. Nov. 5, 1773 (dau. of Benjamin and Thankful Follett.) He d. Apr. 22, 1850; she d. Aug. 19, 1862.
Achsah, b. Dec. 23, 1793; d. Apr. 12, 1880, unm.
Parthena, b. Dec. 3, 1795; d. Feb. 20, 1880, unm.
Louisa, b. Feb. 28, 1798; m. Jan. 28, 1818, Almon Bennett; d. July 14, 1862.
Horace, b. Mch., 28, 1800; m. Lucy Waldo.
Cyrus, b. July 4, 1802; m. Jan. 28, 1832, Eliza Miller; d. Sept. 7, 1805.
THE TRACY FAMILY
The immigrant ancestor of the Traceys, who were among the first settlers of Hartford, was Stephen Tracy who came to Plymouth, Mass., in the ship Ann, in 1623. John Tracy, his son, born in 1673, lived in Duxbury, but d. in Windham, Ct., in 1718. He married Mary Prince and had by her two sons, John, Jr., and Stephen, and a daughter, Alphia, who married a Sparrow; John, Jr., lived in Duxbury. Had a daughter, Sarah, who d. in Windham, Ct., unmarried.
1. STEPHEN, son of John, Sen., born in 1673, m. Deborah Bingham, June 26, 1707; d. Dec. 19, 1769.
Their children were:
Mary, b. Aug. 26, 1708.
Prince, b. Jan. 27, 1710.
Deborah, b. June 8, 1714.
John, b. Apr. 25, 1718.
James, b. June 15, 1720.
Nathaniel, b. June, 2, 1722; d. Oct. 11, 1750.
Thomas, b. Aug. 19, 1725.
2. PRINCE, son of Stephen (1), was chosen clerk of the charter proprietors at their first meeting held in Windham, Ct., Aug. 21, 1761, and also, at the same time, was chosen one of the three selectmen of the town. He acquired by purchase an extensive landed property in this town and was for some time a resident of the town. He was a very efficient clerk, a sagacious business man, and his penmanship was exceedingly fine. He was one of the charter proprietors.
3. JAMES, son of Stephen (1), m. Susannah Bishop, May 26, 1748, and d. in Ft. Edward, Sept. 21, 1856.
Stephen, b. Apr. 27, 1749.
Nathaniel, b. Oct. 31, 1750.
4. THOMAS, son of Stephen (1), m. Oct. 28, 1751, Elizabeth Warner, b. 1727, in Windham, Ct. He d. Jan. 28, 1821, ae. 95; she d. Mch. 25, 1811, ae 73. Thomas Tracy was one of the charter proprietors of Hartford, and in the first division of land by lottery, drew " No. 16," on Connecticut river, south of White river. April 20, 1780, he bought the whole right of Nathaniel Holbrook. May 25, he bought the whole right of Daniel Newcomb. These purchases, with his own right, and the pitches he made, gave him the proprietorship of about 1400 acres of land. He took a prominent part in the municipal affairs of the proprietors and the town ; served as lieutenant in the militia doing frontier service, and was an upright, highly esteemed citizen.
Mary, b. Nov. 12, 1752.
Andrew, b. Aug. 1, 1754.
Deborah, b. March 10, 1756.
Susanna, b. July 7, 1758.
James, b. Jan. 28, 1760.
Thomas, b. Sept. 4, 1761.
Joseph, b. July 18, 1763.
Elizabeth, b. April 15, 1765.
All of these children were born in Windham, Ct. The four sons, Andrew, James, Thomas and Joseph, probably came to Hartford with their parents in 1778-9. Andrew bought of Asa Hazen the 100-acre lot, comprising the present home farm of his grandson, Charles Tracy, and there settled in 1788.
James settled where Leonard Trumbull now lives, which was the home farm of his father,. Thomas Tracy.
Joseph settled on the place subsequently occupied by his son, Dea. Samuel Tracy, and now owned by Harper T. Hazen.
ANDREW TRACY'S FAMILY
5. ANDREW (son of Thomas (4), b. Aug. 1, 1754; m. Dec. 2, 1784, Sarah Bliss, b. 1762, (dau. of David Bliss and Polly Porter); a farmer in Hartford, Vt.; was register of deeds several years, and held various town offices. He d. Aug. 26, 1802; she d. in 1814, ae 52.
James C. and John (twins), b. Sept. 3, 1785. But little is known of James C. Tracy. He was appointed a deputy sheriff of Windsor Co. in 1818 ; defalcated and absconded, and never returned to Hartford.
6. JOHN TRACY (son of Andrew (5), b. Sept. 3, 1785; m. Dec. 26, 1811, Clarissa Delano, b. July 9, 1791, (dau. of Zebulon Delano and Lusina Powell); a black-smith in Hartford. She d. Aug. 9, 1837; he m. 2d, Fanny Smith of Vershire, Vt. He d. Aug. 31, 1865.
Children by his first wife:
Mary Emeline, b. Sept. 21, 1812; m. April 5, 1831, George H. Gates; he. d. Jan. 18, 1857.
James Carlton, b. July 13, 1814; m. Aug. 19, 1839, Harriet Hazen.
Lionel C., b. Feb. 8, 1816; m. March 28, 1841, Mary Ann Dutton, b. Sept. 30, 1817, (dau. of Silas Dutton and Hepzibah Black. He d. April 3, 1871, leaving one dau., Altha Stella, b. July 21, 1845; m. Wm. E. Dutton, Nov. 14, 1866.
Harvey Nelson., b. Nov. 7, 1817; living in Colorado.
George A., b. Aug. 12, 1819; m. July 16, 1867, Mary T. Black of Charleston, S. C., b. Oct., 1829, (dau. of Alex W. and Harriet S. Black); she d. Aug. 6, 1880; he m. 2d, Lizzie Preston, b. June 13, 1852, (dau. of Charles Preston and Martha Morse); a blacksmith in Hartford.
Clarissa L., b. Sept. 16, 1821; m. April 10, 1842, John C. Worth; d. Oct. 3, 1846.
John L., b. April 11, 1824; m. Jan. 21,1849, Deborah Myers.
Lusina, b. Feb. 28, 1829; m. Edwin C. Chandler; d. Jan. 28, 1872.
Ann, b. Jan. 17, 1811: d. Feb. 21, 1831.
7. THOMAS TRACY son of Andrew (5), b. Dec. 21, 1787; m. March 15, 1825, Esther P. Lamphere, b. Aug. l, 1789; a farmer in Hartford. He d. April 7, 1871; she d. July 17, 1879.
Charles, b. Oct. 24, 1827; m. 1st, Jan. 22, 1866, Amanda D. Babcock, b. Feb. 22. 1837, (dau. of Henry and Abigail Babcock of New Brunswick); she d. July 19, 1881. He m. 2d, June 25, 1887, Mary Roberts, b. Oct. 17, 1853, (dau. of Lucien Roberts and Adeline Roberts); a farmer in Hartford; children 2.
8. DEBORAH, dau. of Andrew (5), b. March 10, 1790, d. March 22, 1772, unm. [trans. note: she couldn't have died 18 yrs. before she was born; typo here??]
9. STEPHEN AND NAOMI, children of Andrew (5), (twins), b. Oct. 15, 1792, d. Nov. 2, 1792.
10. POLLY, dau. of Andrew (5), b. May 22, 1794, m. Nov. 6, 1816, Thos. Porter Moore, b. Oct, 16, 1785, (son of Thomas Moore and Mary Whiting). She d. Oct. 25, 1842.
Their children were:
Infant dau. b. Sept. 28, 1817;
Sarah B., b. Dec. 26, 1818;
Andrew W., b. April 20, 1820;
Thomas P., b. Nov. 23, 1821;
Cyrus T., b. March 7, 1823;
Nathaniel D., b. June 18, 1824;
Solomon H., b. Sept. 24, 1825;
Horace D., b. March 5, 1827;
Edson, J., b. Feb. 28, 1828;
Wm. H., b. July 14, 1829;
Nancy A., b. Aug. 11, 1830;
Almira. A., b. June 22, 1832;
Infant son, b. Aug. 7. 1833;
Zuar, b. Sept. 6, 1834;
Frances E., b. Oct. 4, 1836.
11. CYRUS, son of Andrew (5), b. Nov. 18, 1796, m. April, 1839, Mary P. Fullam, b. Jan. 2, 1810, (dau. of Levi Fullam and Sally Hale). He d. Feb. 25, 1879.
Sarah H., b. Jan. 18, 1841, living in Norwich, single;
Cyrus, b. Oct. 8, 1844;
Jas. B., b. Sept. 1, 1847;
Mary B., b. Sept. 29, 1849.
12. ELIZABETH, (dau. of Andrew (5), b. Feb. 22, 1800, d. Sept. 7, 1881, single.
13. JAMES TRACY, (son of Thomas (4), b. Jan. 28, 1760, m. Oct. 22, 1795, Mercy Richmond, b. June 15, 177 2, (dau. of Ebenezer and Mercy Richmond), a farmer in Hartford. Clerk of the charter proprietors 1800 to 1809, treasurer of the town 1802 to 1828 inclusive. He d. Sept. 19, 1834. She d. Oct. 19, 1859. Children.
14. EBENEZER, b. July 18, 1796, m. Feb. 22, 1827 , Anna Richmond, b. Oct. 2, 1802, (dau. of Gilbert Richmond and Mary Williams). He d. Sept. 23, 1864. She d. Jan. 3, 1889.
Children: J. H. Tracy, b. June 6, 1828;
Edward L., b. May 22, 1833:
Andrew E., b. May 26, 1837.
15. ANDREW, b. Dec. 15, 1797, d. Oct. 28, 1867.
16. JAMES HARVEY, b. July 19, 1800, m. Nov., 1835, Harriet Trumbull, b. Oct. 9, 1810, (dau. of David Trumbull and Hannah Richardson), a farmer in Hartford. He d. March 17, 1885. She d. Dec. 16, 1878.
Julia Harriet, b. Sept, 17, 1836, living (Jan. 1, 1888), unm. ;
Susan Eugenia, b. Jan. 29, 1838, d. March 22, 1841;
James Harvey 2d.; b. Feb. 17, 1842, d. by suicide, July 23, 1873;
Emma Arabella, b. April 10, 1844, unmarried in 1888;
Anna. Elizabeth, b. Jan. 14, 1847, unmarried in 1888;
Kate Florence, b. Aug. 25, 1849, unmarried in 1888.
17. ELISHA RICHMOND, b. Aug. 13, 1803, d. March 10, 1834, unm.
18. DAN WRIGHT, b. Aug. 12, 1805, d. June 12, 1855, unm.
19. SUSANNAH, b. June 28, 1807, m. March 1832, Wm. Taylor. Died Nov. 14, 1888.
20. EDWARD P., b. July 27, 1809, d. July 18, 1832, unm.
21. ANNA S., b. Nov. 19, 1811, d. Feb. 5, 1813.
22. ARABELLA, d. an infant.
23. JOSEPH TRACEY, son of Thomas (4), b. in Windham, Ct., July 18, 1763, m. Dec. 26, 1792, Ruth Carter, b. Dec. 7, 1772, a farmer in Hartford, Vt. He was a pious, intelligent and companionable man. Had no taste for public office, but was fond of study, and was a civilian of the highest type. He transmitted to his sons high qualities of intellect and character. He secured for his children the best education compatible with his means. Four of his sons were ministers of the Gospel. Three of them graduated from Dartmouth College—Joseph Carter, 1814; Ebenezer Carter, 1819; Ira Carter, 1829.
Joseph, the parent, d. March 10, 1829. His wife d. Feb. 20, 1845.
24. JOSEPH JR., b. Nov. 3, 1793, d. Beverly, Mass., March 27, 1874.
25. EBENEZER CARTER, b. June 10, 1796, d. in Windsor, Vt., May 15, 1862.
26. MYRON, b. April 20, 1798, d. Hudson, Ohio, March 27, 1855.
27. WM. WARNER, b. Dec. 12, 1801.
28. IRA, b. Jan. 15, 1806, d. Bloomington, Ill., Nov. 10, 1875.
29. SAMUEL, b. April 14, 1808, m. May 7, 1833, Emeline Newton, b. Nov., 1815, (dau. of Shelden Newton and Nancy Wilder), a farmer in Hartford, on the old homestead till 1854, when he moved to Platteville, Wis., where he now (1888) lives. He was a deacon of the Congregational church, Hartford Village, upwards of twenty years.
Lucia M., b. Feb. 20, 1834, d. April 2,1842;
Martha E., b. Dec. 29, 1836;
Mary W., b. July 31, 1838, d. Oct. 31, 1839;
Elizabeth N., b. March 25, 1841;
Samuel M., b. April 30, 1847;
Alice E., b. Aug. 11, 1852.
30. STEPHEN, b. Feb. 25, 1810, d. in Andover, Mass. Jan. 13, 1873.
31. EZRA, b. June 5, 1812, d. in Hartford, Aug. 5, 1813.
THE TRUMBULL FAMILY
The history of this family is limited to David Harper Trumbull, and the first two generations of his descendants.
DAVID HARPER TRUMBULL, b. in East Windsor, Ct., in July, 1773, m. Oct. 19, 1800, Hannah Richardson, b. Jan., 1778. He came from Connecticut to Hartford in 1795. On the 24th of March, 1797, he and his partner in business purchased a half interest in the mills then standing on the north bank of White river, in White River Village. This and other real estate they sold to Joseph Dorr, June 24, 1805. Subsequently he entered into partnership with Joseph Dorr and Geo. W. Zeigler, in the business of distilling and milling in White River Village, in which they continued until the death of Mr. Dorr, in 1821. On the 23d of November, 1822, Mr. Trumbull leased the property, comprising a grist mill, saw mill, oil mill and distillery, and continued in business at this point until his death, July 3, 1833. His wife d. Apr. 16, 1836.
David Harper, Jr., b. July 25, 1802.
Sarah, b. May 9, 1804; m. Nov. 15, 1826, Justin C. Brooks, b. Mch. 16, 1806 (son of Zerah and Lydia Brooks), a merchant in Hartford, Vt. He d. Oct. 20, 1875; she d. May 20, 1886. Children:
Henry, b. Aug. 30, 1827; d. Mch. 17, 1832.
George T., b. Nov. 30, 1833; m. Jan. 2, 1862, Georgia E. Wilson.
Sarah, b. Oct. 22, 1835; m. Dec. 29, 1858, Justus W. French, a manufacturer in Hartford—one of the firm of French, Watson & Co.; a very estimable gentleman, and valuable citizen. He d. Sept. 5, 1874.
Wyllys, b. June 14, 1842; m. Sept. 23, 1875, in Louisville, Ky, Hattie Smith Russell. He d. in Hartford, July 31, 1881.
Ellen Louise, b. May 26, 1844; resides in Hartford, unm; is postmistress in Hartford Village.
Asaph, b. Mch. 26,1806; d. Apr. 13, 1812.
Eveline, b. June 26, 1808; m. Aug. 31, 1876, A. G. Dewey. He. d. Aug. 26 1886.
Harriet, b. Oct. 9, 1810; m. Nov. 4, 1835, J. H. Tracy.
Guy, b. Jan. 15, 1812.
Horace, b. Oct. 4, 1814; m. Nov. 20, 1847, Moriah H. Gordon. She d. Apr. 10, 1854. He m. 2d, Oct. 31, 1860, Almira, nee Root Clapp. She d. July 5, 1880.
Children by first wife:
Leonard G., b. April 11, 1850; m. May 27, 1886, Emma L. Taylor. He is a farmer residing on the old Tracy homestead.
Horace F., b. Dec. 20, 1852; d. Dec. 15, 1880.
Child by second wife:
Allie Maria, b. July 20, 1862; m. Jan. 27, 1882, Wm. Kolbe. Ch. 3.
THE TUCKER FAMILY
Most of the Tuckers in New England are descendants of Robert Tucker, who came from England about 1630, and first settled in Weymouth, Mass., and afterwards, in 1639, moved to Milton, Mass.
1. JOSEPH TUCKER, a lineal descendant of Robert, in the 5th generation, and born in Kingston, N. H., June 9, 1753, was probably the first member of this family who settled in Vermont. He married, June 1, 1782, Elizabeth Rollins, born in Exeter, N. H., Aug. 1, 1759, and settled in Andover, N. H., in June, 1783, from which town he moved to Norwich, Vt., in 1788. He bought 160 acres of land, most of which was heavily timbered, and which he cleared with his own hands. On this place he lived the remaindor of his life—53 years. Prior to his marriage he served as a private soldier in the revolutionary war.
At the time Mr. and Mrs. Tucker came from Andover, they left their first-born child, Betsy, with relatives in Andover. After they had built a log house, Mrs. Tucker returned to Andover on horseback, the only road being a bridle-path and brought back her daughter, and a feather-bed, and other things, on horse-back, a distance of 45 miles.
(SECOND GENERATION)-CHILDREN OF JOSEPH AND ELIZABETH (ROLLINS) TUCKER.
1. BETSY, b. in Andover, N. H., Oct. 3, 1784; d. in Albion, Me., Oct., 1868.
2. JOSEPH JR., b. in Andover, N. H., July 8, 1786; killed at the raising of a barn in Norwich, July 4, 1808.
3. NATHANIEL, b. in Norwich,Vt., Oct. 8, 1788; suffocated in a burning building in Boston, April 10, 1847.
4. HANNAH, b. in Norwich, Vt., Jan. 26, 1791; d. in West Hartford, Aug. 4, 1878.
5. LYDIA, b. in Norwich, Vt., Oct. 9, 1793; d. in Danville, Vt., June 6, 1846.
6. DAVID, b. in Norwich, Vt., Feb. 14, 1796; d. in Waterbury, Ct., Jan. 9, 1842.
7. JAMES, b. in Norwich, Vt., March 6, 1798; d. (place unknown).
8. KETURAH, b. in Norwich, Vt., May 25, 1800; d. in West Hartford, Vt., April 19, 1851.
9. ALVAN, b. in Norwich, Vt., Jan. 12, 1803; d. in Elkhart, Ind., Nov., 1878.
10. JASPER, b. in Norwich, Vt., April 3, 1805; d. in insane asylum, Worcester, Mass., Sept. 4, 1854.
9. ALVAN TUCKER, b. in Norwich, Vt., Jan. 12, 1803 ; m. in Sharon, Vt., Aug. 14, 1825, Abigail M. Tossey, b. June 26, 1794, (dau. of William and Sarah (Grow) Tossey of Andover, N. H.); a house-painter by trade. Settled in West Hartford, Vt., in 1832; a hotel-keeper (the first) in W. Hartford, 1837-40; a farmer in Norwich, April, 1841, to April 1, 1843; a hotel-keeper in the old Downer stand in Sharon, one mile west of West Hartford village, 1843-48; a manufacturer, etc., in West Hartford, 1849-75. His wife d. Aug. 15, 1869. He went, in 1875, to Elkhart, Ind., to live with his son, Col. A. M. Tucker, and died there Nov., 1878.
The children of Alvan Tucker were:
1. WILLIAM HOWARD b. in Sharon, Vt., June 19, 1826, went to Danville, Vt., with his father in 1827; thence to Haverhill, N. H., in 1828, and came to West Hartford in the spring of 1832. At the age of ten he commenced to work with his father at house-painting, in which trade he continued until he was nineteen, in the meantime attending winter terms of district schools, and, at the age of fourteen, one term at Norwich academy. In the fall of 1845, he entered Kimball Union academy, Meriden, N. H., to prepare for college, but after three terms, was compelled by poor health to relinquish his studies at that institution. In 1846, he entered the service of Col. James Moore, then chief engineer of the surveys made for the Vermont Central railroad, as rodman and chainman, in which work he continued two years; then returned home and went to work on his father's farm. In the spring of 1851, he went to Plattsburgh, N. Y., where he resumed railroad life, as assistant to his brother, Samuel B. Tucker, who had charge of the construction of a division of the Plattsburgh and Montreal railroad, and there remained for nearly two years. In the autumn of 1853, he was appointed assistant engineer on the surveys for the extension of the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers railroad, from St. Johnsbury, Vt., to the Canada line, after which he was assistant engineer on the survey of the line between Plattsburgh, N. Y., and Whitehall, N. Y., which ended his career as a civil engineer.
In 1856, Mr. Tucker canvassed Vermont and Canada east, for the Tucker Mfg. Co., of Boston, and, in 1857, canvassed the State of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, Indiana, the New England States and a portion of Canada, for the same firm. In 1857, he entered into partnership with his brother, Samuel B. Tucker, and purchased of the heirs of the late David Hazen the home farm in West Hartford. August 28, 1858, he was solicited by Messrs. Mitchell & Rammelsburg of Cincinnati, manufacturers of furniture, to become their traveling salesman and collector in the southern and southwestern States, which position he accepted at a handsome salary. Messrs. Mitchell & Rammelsburg were the most extensive manufacturers and dealers in furniture in the United States. They had a branch establishment in St. Louis, Mo., employed a force of 800 men, and their annual sales throughout the States above named exceeded $400,000. Owing to an almost entire suspension of trade between the slave and free States, in 1860, Mr. Tucker suffered the loss of his position with Messrs. Mitchell & Rammelsburg; but, soon after, became chief clerk in the freight office of the Pan Handle railroad in Cincinnati, which position he held until March, 1862, when he was appointed chief clerk and cashier of the Commissary Dept. of the Army of the Cumberland, then commanded by Gen. 0. M. Mitchell, and entered the service at Shelbyville,Tenn., April 2, 1862, after which date until August 1, 1866, he continued to hold the same office in various departments of the military service, viz:--at Huntsville, Ala., with Capt. S. S. Slocum, A. Q. M., May 1, to July 31, 1862; with same officer in Ordnance Dept., Cincinnati, Ohio, August 1, 1862, to April, 1863; then with Capt. A. M. Tricker, while he filled the following offices, viz: Asst. Quartermaster, in charge of the construction of U.S. military railroads, at Louisville, Ky., Oct. 3 to Nov. 30, 1863; Quartermaster U. S. military railroads for the departments of the Cumberland, the Ohio, and the Tennessee, Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 1, 1863, to March 1, 1864; Disbursing Quartermaster, in Louisville, Ky., and in charge of the examination and payment of all railroad accounts for transportation of government supplies, May 7, 1864, to Dec. 7, 1865,(at which time he was mustered out of service); and, finally, with Capt. J. R. Del Vecchio, Quarter-master of transportation, Louisville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1865, to August 1, 1866. During his term of service as cashier in the above named departments, the cash disbursements were not less than $15,000,000.
After leaving the army, Mr. Tucker was, for a short time, employed by certain steamboat owners as their attorney, to settle their claims against the government for the transportation of troops and supplies. Returning to Vermont, in September, 1866, he was soon after tendered by the New York Life Insurance Co., of New York City, the position of general agent for the State of Ohio, with headquarters in Cincinnati; but, after visiting Cincinnati to consult with the general manager on the subject, Mr. Tucker then doubting his ability to succesfully conduct a business of such magnitude without the least experience in the business, declined to accept the agency, a decision which he has had abundant reasons to regret. In 1869, at the request of Hon. John Porter and other citizens of Hartford, he engaged in the work of preparing a history of Hartford for publication in Miss Hemmenway"s " Vermont Gazetteer." While engaged in this work he found considerable time to devote to attendance upon musical conventions held in various portions of New England, including the great Peace Jubilee held in Boston in 1869, and reporting the proceedings of these to various newspapers and musical journals. In the spring of 1871, after placing his manuscript history of Hartford in the hands of Miss Hemmenway, Mr. Tucker went to New York City, to become the editor of the "Musical Review," then published by Charles W. Harris, but failing to make satisfactory business arrangements with. Mr. Harris, he obtained a place on the staff of the New York Daily Globe. as financial reporter, which position he resigned a few months later, and returned to West Hartford, Vt. During the years 1872-3-4, he devoted the greater portion of his time to attendance upon musical and political conventions, conferences of the churches, agricultural fairs, etc., and reporting the proceedings of the same.
During the winter and spring of 1874, Mr. Tucker was the guest of Prof. W. 0. Perkins, of Boston, the eminent composer of music, who was, at that time, vice-president of the Handel and Haydn Society, and president of the Theodore Parker Memorial Association of Boston. During his stay with Prof. Perkins, he had the rare privilege of attending the regular weekly rehearsals of the Handel and Haydn Society, conducted by Carl Zerrahn; also those of the Harvard and the Apollo Clubs. By invitation of Prof. Lowell Mason; superintendent of music in the public schools of Boston, he visited, in company with that gentleman, nearly every public school in that city, and in addition to this rare treat, found time to visit the studios of the eminent sculptor Hiram Powers, and other artists; public libraries, galleries of famous paintings, and many public institutions.
In 1875, Mr. Tucker entered into the wholesale lumber business at White River Junction, in which he continued until 1880. In 1876, he was appointed Vermont manager of the New York Associated Press, which office he held until April 1887. From January 1. 1880, to August 1, 1885, he was the general agent of the Morris & Ireland Safe Co. of Boston, and the Mosier Bahmann Safe Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio. for Vermont, Western New Hampshire and Canada. In September, 1885, he entered upon the work of preparing and publishing a history of Hartford, Vt., which he completed in May, 1889.
Mr. Tucker m., 1st, Aug. 29, 1849, Susan J. Hazen, b. March 1, 1826, (dau. of David and Nancy (Savage) Hazen of West Hartford). They separated in Dec., 1873. He m. 2d, July 22, 1885, Evagene Ryder, b. July 28, 1854, (dau. of Lucian A. Ryder of Hartford, a soldier in the late civil war).
His children by his first wife were:
William Herbert, b. in West Hartford, Aug. 8, 1852; m. Nov. 17, 1879. Ella B. Waterman (dau. of Christopher and Emeline (Clark) Waterman of Sharon, Vt.); a farmer in West Hartford, Vt. They have had children:
Frederick S., b. Jan. 4, 1881; d. Sept. 7, 1881 ;
William C., b. Jan. 26, 1882;
Charles H., b. Sept. 5, 1884;
Susan E., b. July 10, 1886;
Goldie A. , b. July 6, 1888.
Flora Abbie, b. in St. Johnsbury, Vt., May 1, 1854; m. Nov. 22, 1877, F. Hazen of Anaheim, Cal., who deserted her in 1886; her children are: Willie F., b. March 11, 1879; Anna L., b. Oct. 2, 1880; Herbert H., b. Oct. 21, 1884.
Anna K., b. in West Hartford, Dec. 15, 1859.
Louise Lincoln, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 28, 1862.
SAMUEL BASCOM, b. in Haverhill, N. H., May 30, 1828; m. Sept. 15, 1851, Amanda M. Hazen, b. May 28, 1828, (dau. of David and Nancy (Savage) Hazen); a civil engineer on the construction of the Vermont Central railroad, New Jersey Central, and other railroads; resided in West Hartford till 1863, then moved to Elizabeth, N. J., where he has since lived.
Children (4th gen.):
Julia F., b. in West Hartford, July 4, 1853; m. July 4, 1882, Wm. Miller of Elizabeth, N. J., children: Samuel J., b. July 4, 1884; Sarah H. M., b. March 24, 1887. Charles Arthur, b. in W. Hartford, March 31, 1855.
3. ALBERT HENRY, b. in West Hartford, Vt., May 23, 1833, m. Dec. 31, 1870, Frances A. Folsom, b. Sept. 4, 1846, (dau. of Horace and Candice (Tucker) Folsom, of Enfield, N. H.,) a farmer in West Hartford until 1873, when he moved to Lebanon, N. H., where he worked for several years in the furniture factory of Sturtevant & Co. He went to Adrian, Michigan, in 1877, where he was for some time employed as clerk in the freight office of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana railroad. In 1883, he was appointed station agent at Waterloo, Ind., on the M. S. & N. I. R. R. On the death of his wife, which occurred Feb. 9, 1887, he removed to Elkhart, Ind. The loss of his wife, and ill-health, soon after rendered him insane, and he was taken to the State Insane Asylum in Indianapolis, where he died childless, Dec., 1887.
4. ALBA MARK, b. in West Hartford, Nov. 14, 1836, m. Dec. 17, 1857, Sarah J. Henry, b. Dec. 26, 1840, (dau. of Dr. John and Isabel (Wallace) Henry, of Elkhart, Ind.)
Mary Isabel, b. in Elkhart, Ind., Sept. 24, 1858, m. Oct. 29, 1884, Lewis W. Hallock of Elkhart;
Wm. H., b. Dec. 6, 1859, d. March 1, 1864;
Julia C., b. Jan. 20, 1862, d. April 26, 1874;
Hallet K., b. Oct. 19, 1870.
THE WHITNEY FAMILY
Benjamin Whitney, of Windham, Conn., was one of the Charter proprietor of Hartford. In the first division of land among the proprietors, in 1761, he drew lot " No. 1," comprising nineteen acres, located on the north side of White river at its confluence with Connecticut river. This lot was purchased by Elias Lyman 3d, about 1795, after which time, until the completion of the Passumpsic R. Rd., that portion of the town was called " Lyman's Point." Mr. Whitney subsequently owned lot " No. 64," on which is now located the hamlet known as Centreville, but it is not known that he ever lived in this town.
A family of Whitneys lived in West Hartford for many years prior to 1838. The father of the family, Peter Whitney, carried on the manufacture of castings of various kinds. He had several children: One of his sons, Ebenezer, was postmaster in West Hartford in 1833. The entire family emigrated to Ohio in 1838.
Jonathan Whitney, better known as Deacon Whitney, resided in Quechee as early as the year 1800. He was a farmer by occupation; a deacon of the First Congregational Church at the centre of the town, and was influential in the civil and religious affairs of the town. He was probably a lineal descendant of Benjamin Whitney, above named. The following brief history of his family is taken from a record found in the office of the Town Clerk of Hartford, viz:
JONATHAN WHITNEY'S FAMILY
Jonathan , son of Nathan and Abigail Whitney, b. July 16, 1761; m. Mary Woodward, March 3, 1785, and had:
Polly, b. Aug. 6, 1785 (a premature birth),
Mary, parent, died Aug. 20, 1785. Jonathan m. Lucy Woodward, Aug. 19, 1786.
Their children were:
Ira, b. May 25, 1787;
Irena, b. Feb. 17, 1789; d. Feb. 4, 1813.
Jonathan (2), b. Feb. 2, 1791; d. May 10, 1812.
Samuel, b. Nov. 22, 1792.
David, b. Dec. 12, 1794.
Polly, b. July 23, 1796; d. Nov. 4, 1798.
Russell, b. May 5, 1798; d. May 30, 1798.
Dolly, b. Jan. 16, 1800.
Russell, b. Feb. 2, 1802.
Lucy, b. Oct. 2, 1804.
Delinda, b. Mch. 6, 1806.
Lurinda, b. Feb. 12, 1810.
Dea. Jonathan Whitney died Jan. 29, 1813, aged 52. | 91,308 | 786 |
428,551 | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Color blindness, (also known as Dyschromatopsia) or color vision deficiency, in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to certain chemicals. The English chemist John Dalton in 1798 published the first scientific paper on the subject, "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours", after the realization of his own color blindness; because of Dalton's work, the condition is sometimes called Daltonism, although this term is now used for a type of color blindness called deuteranopia.
Color blindness is usually classed as disability; however, in selected situations color blind people may have advantages over people with normal color vision. There is anecdotal evidence that color blind individuals are better at penetrating color camouflage and at least one scientific study confirms this under controlled conditions. Monochromats may have a minor advantage in dark vision, but only in the first five minutes of dark adaptation.
- Main article: Trichromatic color vision
The normal human retina contains two kinds of light sensitive cells: the rod cells (active in low light) and the cone cells (active in normal daylight). Normally, there are three kinds of cones, each containing a different pigment. The cones are activated when the pigments absorb light. The absorption spectra of the pigments differ; one is maximally sensitive to short wavelengths, one to medium wavelengths, and the third to long wavelengths (their peak sensitivities are in the blue, yellowish-green, and yellow regions of the spectrum, respectively). The absorption spectra of all three systems cover much of the visible spectrum, so it is not entirely accurate to refer to them as "blue", "green" and "red" receptors, especially because the "red" receptor actually has its peak sensitivity in the yellow. The sensitivity of normal color vision actually depends on the overlap between the absorption spectra of the three systems: different colors are recognized when the different types of cone are stimulated to different extents. For example, red light stimulates the long wavelength cones much more than either of the others, but the gradual change in hue seen, as wavelength reduces, is the result of the other two cone systems being increasingly stimulated as well.
Causes of color blindnessEdit
There are many types of color blindness. The most common are red-green hereditary (genetic) photoreceptor disorders, but it is also possible to acquire color blindness through damage to the retina, optic nerve, or higher brain areas. Higher brain areas implicated in color processing include the parvocellular pathway of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and visual area V4 of the visual cortex. Acquired color blindness is generally unlike the more typical genetic disorders. For example, it is possible to acquire color blindness only in a portion of the visual field but maintain normal color vision elsewhere. Some forms of acquired color blindness are reversible. Transient color blindness also occurs (very rarely) in the aura of some migraine sufferers.
The different kinds of inherited color blindness result from partial or complete loss of function of one or more of the different cone systems. When one cone system is compromised, dichromacy results. The most frequent forms of human color blindness result from problems with either the middle or long wavelength sensitive cone systems, and involve difficulties in discriminating reds, yellows, and greens from one another. They are collectively referred to as "red-green color blindness", though the term is an over-simplification and somewhat misleading. Other forms of color blindness are much more rare. They include problems in discriminating blues from yellows, and the rarest forms of all, complete color blindness or monochromacy, where one cannot distinguish any color from grey, as in a black-and-white movie or photograph.
Classification of color deficienciesEdit
- Inherited/congenital. There are three types of inherited or congenital color vision deficiencies: monochromacy, dichromacy, and anomalous trichromacy.
- Monochromacy, also known as "total color blindness", is the lack of ability to distinguish colors; caused by cone defect or absence. Monochromacy occurs when two or all three of the cone pigments are missing and color and lightness vision is reduced to one dimension.
- Rod monochromacy (achromatopsia) is a rare, nonprogressive inability to distinguish any colors as a result of absent or nonfunctioning retinal cones. It is associated with light sensitivity (photophobia), involuntary eye oscillations (nystagmus), and poor vision.
- Cone monochromacy is a rare, total color blindness that is accompanied by relatively normal vision, electoretinogram, and electrooculogram.
- Dichromacy is a moderately severe color vision defect in which one of the three basic color mechanisms is absent or not functioning. It is hereditary and sex-linked, affecting predominantly males. Dichromacy occurs when one of the cone pigments is missing and color is reduced to two dimensions.
- Protanopia is a severe type of color vision deficiency caused by the complete absence of red retinal photoreceptors. It is a form of dichromatism in which red appears dark. It is congenital, sex-linked, and present in 1% of all males.
- Deuteranopia is a color vision deficiency, in which the green retinal photoreceptors are absent, moderately affecting red-green hue discrimination in 1% of all males. It is a form of dichromatism in which there are only two cone pigments present. It is hereditary and sex-linked.
- Tritanopia is an exceedingly rare color vision disturbance in which there are only two cone pigments present and a total absence of blue retinal receptors.
- Anomalous trichromacy is a common type of congenital color vision deficiency, occuring when one of the three cone pigments is altered in its spectral sensitivity. This results in an impairment, rather than loss, of trichromacy (normal three-dimensional color vision).
- Protanomaly is a mild color vision defect in which an altered spectral sensitivity of red retinal receptors (closer to green receptor response) results in poor red-green hue discrimination. It is congenital, sex-linked, and present in 1% of all males.
- Deuteranomaly, caused by a similar shift in the green retinal receptors, is the most common type of color vision deficiency, mildly affecting red-green hue discrimination in 5% of all males. It is hereditary and sex-linked.
- Tritanomaly is a rare, hereditary color vision deficiency affecting blue-yellow hue discrimination.
By clinical appearanceEdit
Based on clinical appearance, color blindness may be described as total or partial. Total color blindness is much less common than partial color blindness. There are two major types of color blindness: those who have difficulty distinguishing between red and green, and those who have difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow.
- Total color blindness
- Partial color blindness
- Dichromacy (protanopia and deuteranopia)
- Anomalous trichromacy (protanomaly and deuteranomaly)
- Dichromacy (tritanopia)
- Anomalous trichromacy (tritanomaly)
Congenital color vision deficienciesEdit
Congenital color vision deficiencies are subdivided based on the number of primary hues needed to match a given sample in the visible spectrum.
Monochromacy is the condition of possessing only a single channel for conveying information about color. Monochromats possess a complete inability to distinguish any colors and perceive only variations in brightness. It occurs in two primary forms:
- Rod monochromacy, frequently called achromatopsia, where the retina contains no cone cells, so that in addition to the absence of color discrimination, vision in lights of normal intensity is difficult. While normally rare, achromatopsia is very common on the island of Pingelap, a part of the Pohnpei state, Federated States of Micronesia, where it is called maskun: about 1/12 of the population there has it. The island was devastated by a storm in the 18th century, and one of the few male survivors carried a gene for achromatopsia; the population is now several thousand, of whom about 30% carry this gene.
- Cone monochromacy is the condition of having both rods and cones, but only a single kind of cone. A cone monochromat can have good pattern vision at normal daylight levels, but will not be able to distinguish hues. Blue cone monochromacy (X chromosome) is caused by a complete absence of L- and M-cones. It is encoded at the same place as red-green color blindness on the X chromosome. Peak spectral sensitivities are in the blue region of the visible spectrum (near 440 nm). They generally show nystagmus ("jiggling eyes"), photophobia (light sensitivity), reduced visual acuity, and myopia (nearsightedness).</blockquote> Visual acuity usually falls to the 20/50 to 20/400 range
Protanopes, deuteranopes, and tritanopes are dichromats; that is, they can match any color they see with some mixture of just two spectral lights (whereas normally humans are trichromats and require three lights). These individuals normally know they have a color vision problem and it can affect their lives on a daily basis. Protanopes and deuteranopes see no perceptible difference between red, orange, yellow, and green. All these colors that seem so different to the normal viewer appear to be the same color for this two percent of the population.
- Protanopia (1% of the males): Lacking the long-wavelength sensitive retinal cones, those with this condition are unable to distinguish between colors in the green-yellow-red section of the spectrum. They have a neutral point at a wavelength of 492 nm—that is, they cannot discriminate light of this wavelength from white. For the protanope, the brightness of red, orange, and yellow is much reduced compared to normal. This dimming can be so pronounced that reds may be confused with black or dark gray, and red traffic lights may appear to be extinguished. They may learn to distinguish reds from yellows and from greens primarily on the basis of their apparent brightness or lightness, not on any perceptible hue difference. Violet, lavender, and purple are indistinguishable from various shades of blue because their reddish components are so dimmed as to be invisible. E.g. Pink flowers, reflecting both red light and blue light, may appear just blue to the protanope. Very few people have been found who have one normal eye and one protanopic eye. These unilateral dichromats report that with only their protanopic eye open, they see wavelengths below the neutral point as blue and those above it as yellow. This is a rare form of color blindness.
- Deuteranopia(1% of the males): Lacking the medium-wavelength cones, those affected are again unable to distinguish between colors in the green-yellow-red section of the spectrum. Their neutral point is at a slightly longer wavelength, 498 nm. The deuteranope suffers the same hue discrimination problems as the protanope, but without the abnormal dimming. The names red, orange, yellow, and green really mean very little to him aside from being different names that every one else around him seems to be able to agree on. Similarly, violet, lavender, purple, and blue, seem to be too many names to use logically for hues that all look alike to him. This is one of the rarer forms of colorblindness making up about 1% of the male population, also known as Daltonism after John Dalton. (Dalton's diagnosis was confirmed as deuteranopia in 1995, some 150 years after his death, by DNA analysis of his preserved eyeball.) Deuteranopic unilateral dichromats report that with only their deuteranopic eye open, they see wavelengths below the neutral point as blue and those above it as yellow.
Those with protanomaly, deuteranomaly, or tritanomaly are trichromats, but the color matches they make differ from the normal. They are called anomalous trichromats. In order to match a given spectral yellow light, protanomalous observers need more red light in a red/green mixture than a normal observer, and deuteranomalous observers need more green. From a practical stand point though, many protanomalous and deuteranomalous people breeze through life with very little difficulty doing tasks that require normal color vision. Some may not even be aware that their color perception is in any way different from normal. The only problem they have is passing a color vision test.
Protanomaly and deuteranomaly can be readily observed using an instrument called an anomaloscope, which mixes spectral red and green lights in variable proportions, for comparison with a fixed spectral yellow. If this is done in front of a large audience of men, as the proportion of red is increased from a low value, first a small proportion of people will declare a match, while most of the audience sees the mixed light as greenish. These are the deuteranomalous observers. Next, as more red is added the majority will say that a match has been achieved. Finally, as yet more red is added, the remaining, protanomalous, observers will declare a match at a point where everyone else is seeing the mixed light as definitely reddish.
- Protanomaly (1% of males, 0.01% of females): Having a mutated form of the long-wavelength pigment, whose peak sensitivity is at a shorter wavelength than in the normal retina, protanomalous individuals are less sensitive to red light than normal. This means that they are less able to discriminate colors, and they do not see mixed lights as having the same colors as normal observers. They also suffer from a darkening of the red end of the spectrum. This causes reds to reduce in intensity to the point where they can be mistaken for black. Protanomaly is a fairly rare form of color blindness, making up about 1% of the male population.
- Deuteranomaly (most common - 6% of males, 0.4% of females): Having a mutated form of the medium-wavelength pigment. The medium-wavelength pigment is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum resulting in a reduction in sensitivity to the green area of the spectrum. Unlike protanomaly the intensity of colors is unchanged. This is the most common form of color blindness, making up about 6% of the male population. The deuteranomalous person is considered "green weak". Similar to the protanomates, deuteranomates are poor at discriminating small differences in hues in the red, orange, yellow, green region of the spectrum. They make errors in the naming of hues in this region because the hues appear somewhat shifted towards red. One very important difference between deuteranomalous individuals and protanomalous individuals is deuteranomalous individuals do not have the loss of "brightness" problem.
- Tritanomaly (equally rare for males and females): Having a mutated form of the short-wavelength (blue) pigment. The short-wavelength pigment is shifted towards the green area of the spectrum. This is the rarest form of anomalous trichromasy color blindness. Unlike the other anomalous trichromasy color deficiencies, the mutation for this color blindness is carried on Chromosome #7. Therefore it is equally prevalent in both male & female populations. The OMIM gene code for this mutation is 304000 “Colorblindness, Partial Tritanomaly”.
Clinical forms of color blindnessEdit
Total color blindnessEdit
Achromatopsia is strictly defined as the inability to see color. Although the term may refer to acquired disorders such as color agnosia and cerebral achromatopsia, it typically refers to congenital color vision disorders (i.e. more frequently rod monochromacy and less frequently cone monochromacy).
In color agnosia and cerebral achromatopsia, a person cannot perceive colors even though the eyes are capable of distinguishing them. Some sources do not consider these to be true color blindness, because the failure is of perception, not of vision. They are forms of visual agnosia.
Red-green color blindnessEdit
Those with protanopia, deuteranopia, protanomaly, and deuteranomaly have difficulty with discriminating red and green hues.
Genetic red-green color blindness affects men much more often than women, because the genes for the red and green color receptors are located on the X chromosome, of which men have only one and women have two. Such a trait is called sex-linked. Genetic females (46, XX) are red-green color blind only if both their X chromosomes are defective with a similar deficiency, whereas genetic males (46, XY) are color blind if their single X chromosome is defective.
The gene for red-green color blindness is transmitted from a color blind male to all his daughters who are heterozygote carriers and are perceptually unaffected. In turn, a carrier woman has a fifty percent chance of passing on a mutated X chromosome region to each of her male offspring. The sons of an affected male will not inherit the trait, since they receive his Y chromosome and not his (defective) X chromosome.
Because one X chromosome is inactivated at random in each cell during a woman's development, it is possible for her to have four different cone types, as when a carrier of protanomaly has a child with a deuteranomalic man. Denoting the normal vision alleles by P and D and the anomalous by p and d, the carrier is PD pD and the man is Pd. The daughter is either PD Pd or pD Pd. Suppose she is pD Pd. Each cell in her body expresses either her mother's chromosome pD or her father's Pd. Thus her red-green sensing will involve both the normal and the anomalous pigments for both colors. Such women are tetrachromats, since they require a mixture of four spectral lights to match an arbitrary light.
Blue-yellow color blindnessEdit
Those with tritanopia and tritanomaly have difficulty with discriminating blue and yellow hues.
Color blindness involving the inactivation of the short-wavelength sensitive cone system (whose absorption spectrum peaks in the bluish-violet) is called tritanopia or, loosely, blue-yellow color blindness. The tritanopes neutral point occurs at 570 nm; where green is perceived at shorter wavelengths and red at longer wavelengths. Mutation of the short-wavelength sensitive cones is called tritanomaly. Tritanopia is equally distributed among males and females. Jeremy H. Nathans (with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute) proved that the gene coding for the blue receptor lies on chromosome 7, which is shared equally by men and women. Therefore it is not sex-linked. This gene does not have any neighbor whose DNA sequence is similar. Blue color blindness is caused by a simple mutation in this gene (2006, Howard Hughes Medical Institute).
Color blindness affects a significant number of people, although exact proportions vary among groups. In Australia, for example, it occurs in about 8 percent of males and only about 0.4 percent of females. Isolated communities with a restricted gene pool sometimes produce high proportions of color blindness, including the less usual types. Examples include rural Finland, Hungary, and some of the Scottish islands. In the United States, about 7 percent of the male population - or 21 million men - and 0.4 percent of the female population either cannot distinguish red from green, or see red and green differently (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 2006). It has been found that more than 95 percent of all variations in human color vision involve the red and green receptors in male eyes. It is very rare for males or females to be "blind" to the blue end of the spectrum.
|Prevalence of color blindness|
|Overall (United States)||-||-||1.30%|||
|Red-green (Overall)||7 to 10%||-||-|||
|Rod monochromacy (no cones)||0.00001%||0.00001%||-|||
|Protanopia (L-cone absent)||1% to 1.3%||0.02%||-|||
|Deuteranopia (M-cone absent)||1% to 1.2%||0.01%||-|||
|Tritanopia (S-cone absent)||0.001%||0.03%||-|||
|Protanomaly (L-cone defect)||1.3%||0.02%||-|||
|Deuteranomaly (M-cone defect)||5.0%||0.35%||-|||
|Tritanomaly (S-cone defect)||0.0001%||0.0001%||-|||
The Ishihara color test, which consists of a series of pictures of colored spots, is the test most often used to diagnose red-green color deficiencies. A figure (usually one or more Arabic digits) is embedded in the picture as a number of spots in a slightly different color, and can be seen with normal color vision, but not with a particular color defect. The full set of tests has a variety of figure/background color combinations, and enable diagnosis of which particular visual defect is present. The anomaloscope, described above, is also used in diagnosing anomalous trichromacy.
However, the Ishihara color test is criticized for containing only numerals and thus not being useful for young children, who have not yet learned to use numerals. It is often stated that it is important to identify these problems as soon as possible and explain them to the children to prevent possible problems and psychological traumas. For this reason Dr. Terrace L. Waggoner developed the first alternative color vision test using only symbols (square, circle, car). Why he developed a color vision test for children can be found here .
Most clinical tests are designed to be fast, simple, and effective at identifying broad categories of color blindness. In academic studies of color blindness, on the other hand, there is more interest in developing flexible tests (, for example) to collect thorough datasets, identify copunctal points, and measure just noticeable differences.
Treatment and managementEdit
There is generally no treatment to cure color deficiencies, however, certain types of tinted filters and contact lenses may help an individual to distinguish different colors better. Additionally, software has been developed to assist those with visual color difficulties.
Design implications of color blindnessEdit
Color codes present particular problems for color blind people as they are often difficult or impossible for color blind people to understand.
Good graphic design avoids using color coding or color contrasts alone to express information, as this not only helps color blind people, but also aids understanding by normally sighted people. The use of Cascading Style Sheets on the world wide web allows pages to be given an alternative color scheme for color-blind readers. This color scheme generator helps a graphic designer see color schemes as seen by eight types of color blindness. For an example of a map that could present a significant problem to a color blind reader, see this graphic from a recent New York Times article. The typical red-green color blind reader will find the green sections of the map nearly indistinguishable from the orange, rendering the graphic unreadable.
Designers should take into account that color-blindness is highly sensitive to differences in materiality. For example, a red-green colorblind person that is incapable of distinguishing colors on a map printed on paper may have no such difficulty when viewing the map on a computer screen or television. In addition, some color blind people find it easier to distinguish problem colors on artificial materials, such as plastic or in acrylic paints, than on natural materials, such as paper or wood.
When the need to process visual information as rapidly as possible arises, for example in a train or aircraft crash, the visual system may operate only in shades of grey, with the extra information load in adding color being dropped. This is an important possibility to consider when designing, for example, emergency brake handles or emergency phones.
Due to this inability to recognize colors such as red and green, some countries (e.g., Singapore prior to the 1990s[How to reference and link to summary or text]) have refused to grant individuals with color blindness driving licenses.
Misconceptions and compensationsEdit
Color blindness is not the swapping of colors in the observer's eyes. Grass is never red, and stop signs are never green. The color impaired do not learn to call red "green" and vice versa. However, dichromats often confuse red and green items. For example, they find it difficult to distinguish a Braeburn from a Granny Smith or the red and green of a traffic light without other clues (for example, shape or location). This is demonstrated nicely in this simulation of the two types of apple as viewed by a trichromat or by a dichromat.
Color blindness almost never means complete monochromatism. In almost all cases, color blind people retain blue-yellow discrimination, and most color blind individuals are anomalous trichromats rather than complete dichromats. In practice this means that they often retain a limited discrimination along the red-green axis of color space although their ability to separate colors in this dimension is severely reduced.
It should also be noted that even though some persons can't see some or maybe even any of the numbers in (e.g. red-green) color blindness test, the person might still be able to tell the difference between the colors in his or her everyday life.
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- Color Blindness Examples
- Colorblind Barrier-Free
- Color Blindness Online Tests :
- Congenital Colour Vision Deficiencies, very good description from the University of Calgary
- Color Vision Testing Made Easy, samples of this alternative test
- The color spectrum as perceived by different people (includes example test)
- Attempts to simulate color blind vision (static examples):
- Blindness Simulation
- How do things look to colorblind people?, Causes of Color -- WebExhibits
- How the world looks to a color blind person, with example images
- Visual comparisons of various types of color vision impairments
- Design tools that simulate color blind vision (live previews):
- Attempts to improve images for color blind observers
- Visolve, free software that transforms colors, enhances saturation and redraws colors with hatches for color blind people. It comes with a standalone program to capture/transform images on screen and a toolbar in Windows taskbar to transform the whole screen.
- Daltonize , adjusts images to reveal information normally hidden to dichromats.
|Color vision [Edit]|
|Color vision | Color blindness|
|Monochromat | Dichromat | Trichromat | Tetrachromat | Pentachromat|
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | 90,854 | 471 |
237,134 | |Publication number||US7589029 B2|
|Application number||US 10/137,058|
|Publication date||15 Sep 2009|
|Filing date||2 May 2002|
|Priority date||2 May 2002|
|Also published as||US7560793, US20030207593, US20050023584|
|Publication number||10137058, 137058, US 7589029 B2, US 7589029B2, US-B2-7589029, US7589029 B2, US7589029B2|
|Inventors||Garo J. Derderian, Gurtej Singh Sandhu|
|Original Assignee||Micron Technology, Inc.|
|Patent Citations (107), Non-Patent Citations (99), Referenced by (5), Classifications (41), Legal Events (3) |
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Atomic layer deposition and conversion
US 7589029 B2
A method for growing films for use in integrated circuits using atomic layer deposition and a subsequent converting step is described. In an embodiment, the subsequent converting step includes oxidizing a metal atomic layer to form a metal oxide layer. The atomic layer deposition and oxidation step are then repeated to produce a metal oxide layer having sufficient thickness for use as a metal oxide layer in an integrated circuit. The subsequent converting step, in an embodiment, includes converting the atomic deposition layer by exposing it to one of nitrogen to form a nitride layer, carbon to form a carbide layer, boron to form a boride layer, and fluorine to form a fluoride layer. Systems and devices for performing the method, semiconductor devices so produced, and machine readable media containing the method are also described.
1. An atomic layer deposition method of forming a TaNTaSi thin film electrode on a layer including silicon, comprising:
atomic layer depositing a thin metal film including tantalum on the layer including silicon;
enclosing the layer including silicon with an activated nitrogen hydride gas including ammonia;
forming a thin metal nitride film including TaNTaSi by reacting the thin metal film including tantalum with the activated nitrogen hydride including ammonia; and
forming a metal-containing TiOxSiOx electrode in contact with the thin metal nitride film including TaNTaSi in a region associated with a trench including a region of SrBaTiO3.
2. The atomic layer deposition method of claim 1, wherein forming a metal-containing TiOxSiOx electrode includes providing a first, metal-containing gas, providing a second, activated hydrogen gas, reacting the first gas with the second gas to deposit a metal layer, and oxidizing the metal layer.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein oxidizing includes oxidizing with an activated gas comprising N2O.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein oxidizing includes oxidizing to form a metal oxide layer matched to a metal-containing electrode, Si in a region associated with a trench including a region of SrBaTiO3.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to deposition techniques and, more particularly, to deposition techniques for forming thin films on wafers or substrates and then converting the films into a different another composition.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Integrated circuits (IC) are often fabricated with one or more semiconductor devices, which may include diodes, capacitors, and different varieties of transistors. These devices are generally fabricated by creating thin films of various materials, e.g. metals, semiconductors or insulators, upon a substrate or semiconductor wafer. Wafer and substrate are used interchangeably to refer to semiconductor structures during processing, and may include other layers that have been fabricated thereon. The physical characteristics and tightly controlled placement of films on a substrate will define the performance of the semiconductor device and its surrounding circuitry. Many semiconductor devices require a dielectric layer that must be reliable. Specifically, the dielectric layer must be essentially free from defects that cause shorting through the dielectric layer. Oxides and nitrides are used to form dielectric layers in semiconductor devices.
One process for forming metal oxide thin films on semiconductor wafers is chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”). CVD is used to form a thin film of a desired material from a reaction of vapor-phase chemicals containing the chemical constituents of the material. CVD processes operate by confining one or more semiconductor wafers in a reaction chamber. The chamber is filled with one or more gases that surround the wafer. The gases for the deposition of metal oxides includes a metal precursor and a reactant gas, e.g. water vapor, to be introduced into the chamber at the same time. Energy is supplied within the chamber and particularly to the reactant gases near the wafer surface. A typical energy is heat applied to the substrate. The energy activates the reactant gas chemistry to deposit a film from the gases onto the heated substrate. Such chemical vapor deposition of a solid onto a surface involves a heterogeneous surface reaction of the gaseous species that adsorb onto the surface. The rate of film growth and the quality of the film depend on the process conditions. Unfortunately, the metal precursor and the reactant gas also react during the gas phase remote from the substrate. Such a gas phase reaction produces contaminants and/or involve a significant quantity of precursor so that an insufficient amount is available for deposition on the substrate. As a result, the gas phase reaction may become dominant and the thin film coverage is poor. That is, pinholes may be formed in the resulting metal oxide layer. Moreover, using water (H2O) gas as the reactant gas results in impurities, such as hydroxide (OH), remaining in the resulting metal oxide layer.
Semiconductor fabrication continues to advance, requiring finer dimensional tolerances and control. Modern integrated circuit design has advanced to the point where line width may be 0.25 microns or less. As a result, repeatability and uniformity of processes and their results is becoming increasingly important. Generally, it is desired to have thin films deposited on the wafer to save space. Yet reducing the thickness of films can result in pinholes and in less mechanical strength.
Another development in the field of thin film technology for coating substrates is atomic layer deposition (ALD). A description of ALD is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,459, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. ALD operates by confining a wafer in a reaction chamber at a typical temperature of less than 300 degrees C. Precursor gas is pulsed into the chamber, wherein the pulsed precursor forms a monolayer on the substrate by chemisorption. The low temperature limits the bonding of the precursor to chemisorption, thus only a single layer, usually only one atom or molecule thick, is grown on the wafer. Each pulse is separated by a purge pulse which completely purges all of the precursor gas from the chamber before the next pulse of precursor gas begins. Each injection of precursor gas provides a new single atomic layer on the previously deposited layers to form a layer of film. Obviously, this significantly increases the time it takes to depose a layer having adequate thickness on the substrate. As a numerical example, ALD has a typical deposition rate of about 100 Å/min and CVD has a typical deposition rate of about 1000 Å/min. For at least this reason, ALD has not met with widespread commercial acceptance.
In light of the foregoing, there is a need for fabrication of thin films which are thinner and have a reduced number of defects.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above mentioned problems with thin film fabrication techniques are addressed by the present invention and will be understood by reading and studying the following specification. Systems and methods are provided for fabricating thin films on substrates. The fabrication technique of the present invention grows a thin film by atomic layer deposition and then converts the film to produce a thin film having a different composition than the ALD deposited film. In an embodiment, each ALD thin film is converted before a subsequent ALD film is deposited. In one embodiment of the invention, a metal film is deposited by ALD. The metal film is then oxidized to produce a metal oxide film. In an embodiment, the metal is aluminum. In an embodiment, the metal is titanium. In an embodiment, the metal is tantalum.
In an embodiment, the thin film formed by atomic layer deposition is converted from an essentially pure metal film to a compound film that includes the metal and at least one second element. In an embodiment, the second element is oxygen. In an embodiment, the compound film is an oxide. In an embodiment, the second element is nitrogen. In an embodiment, the compound film is a nitride. In an embodiment, the second element is boron. In an embodiment, the compound film is a boride. In an embodiment, the second element is carbon. In an embodiment, the compound film is a carbide. In an embodiment, the second element is fluorine. In an embodiment, the compound film is a fluoride.
In an embodiment, a laminate or compound layer having at least two compounds in the layer is formed. The first element layer is deposited by ALD. This layer is then converted to a compound. A second element layer is deposited by ALD. This layer is then converted to a compound. In an embodiment, both the first and second elements are deposited by ALD and then both elements are converted. In an embodiment, one of the first element layer and second element layer is deposited by ALD and not converted. If the one layer includes a compound, then it is deposited by ALD in its compound form. The other of the first element layer and the second element layer is converted.
Additional embodiments of the invention include deposition devices and systems for forming metal oxide films on substrates, and machine readable media having fabrication instructions stored thereon, all according to the teachings of the present invention as described herein.
These and other embodiments, aspects, advantages, and features of the present invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the following description of the invention and referenced drawings or by practice of the invention. The aspects, advantages, and features of the invention are realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, procedures, and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the deposition process of an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2A is a flowchart of the deposition process of an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2B is a time graph of a deposition process of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a view of a thin film of the present invention as a dielectric layer in a capacitor and as a gate layer in a transistor.
FIG. 4 is a view of a reactor for use with the process of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a view of a reactor system for use with the process of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a view of a memory system containing a semiconductor device having a thin film according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a view of a wafer containing semiconductor dies, each having a semiconductor device with a thin film of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a circuit module that has a semiconductor device with a thin film of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a memory module that has a semiconductor device with a thin film of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an electronic system that has a semiconductor device with a thin film of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a memory system that has a semiconductor device with a thin film of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a computer system that has a semiconductor device with a thin film of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The terms wafer and substrate used in the following description include any structure having an exposed surface onto which a layer is deposited according to the present invention, for example to form the integrated circuit (IC) structure. The term substrate is understood to include semiconductor wafers. The term substrate is also used to refer to semiconductor structures during processing, and may include other layers that have been fabricated thereupon. Both wafer and substrate include doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial semiconductor layers supported by a base semiconductor or insulator, as well as other semiconductor structures well known to one skilled in the art. The term conductor is understood to include semiconductors, and the term insulator is defined to include any material that is less electrically conductive than the materials referred to as conductors. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
According to the teachings of the present invention, fabrication of films on substrates, devices and systems for such fabrication, media containing instructions therefor, and integrated circuits produced according to the present invention are described.
The use, construction and fundamental operation of reactors for deposition of films are understood by those of ordinary skill in the art of semiconductor fabrication. The present invention may be practiced on a variety of such reactors without undue experimentation. Furthermore, one of ordinary skill in the art will comprehend the necessary detection, measurement, and control techniques in the art of semiconductor fabrication as well as the more inclusive art of industrial processing for producing films on substrates upon reading the disclosure.
It will be understood that the terms “precursor” and “reactant” are used herein to differentiate between a chemical compound that includes a metal component to be deposited on a substrate and a gas which reacts with the compound to deposit the metal component on a wafer. This nomenclature is used herein as a tool to clearly describe the invention as both the “precursor” and the “reactant” chemically react with each other to form the desired film on the substrate. Accordingly, the term “precursor” is not intended to imply a time relationship with the “reactant” unless explicitly described.
Applicant hereby incorporates by reference copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/782,207, which is assigned to the assignee of the present application.
FIG. 1 depicts an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process according to the teachings of the present invention. A substrate is prepared to receive a compound layer, step 15. This includes forming required layers, trenches, oxides such as field oxides and other structures on the base surface of a wafer. In an embodiment, the compound layer is a metal nitride. In an embodiment, the compound layer is a carbide. In an embodiment, the compound layer is a boride. In an embodiment, the compound layer is a fluoride. When depositing a dielectric layer for a capacitor, a field insulator is formed on the wafer. The field insulator is etched to form a trench. A bottom electrode layer is deposited in the trench. Thereafter, the dielectric layer, e.g., metal oxide or metal nitride, is deposited on the bottom electrode layer according to the teachings of the present invention. After the dielectric is formed a top electrode layer is deposited on the dielectric layer. The remaining structure for the integrated circuit is then formed. When depositing a gate oxide for a transistor, the source and drain are formed in the substrate. A gate insulator, e.g., metal oxide, layer is formed on the substrate intermediate the source and drain according to the teachings of the present invention. Thereafter, the gate is formed on the gate insulator. The remaining structure for the integrated circuit is then formed. Step 17 is the first step in the ALD process. A first gas flows into a reaction chamber containing the substrate. The first gas is deposited at the surface of the substrate. The first gas includes a first element that forms part of the desired compound. In an embodiment, the first gas includes titanium. In an embodiment, the titanium is a TiCl4 gas. In an embodiment, the first gas includes tantalum. In an embodiment, the tantalum is a TaCl5 gas. In an embodiment, the first gas includes aluminum. In an embodiment, the aluminum is a trimethylaluminum (TMA) gas. A second gas flows into the chamber containing the substrate and first gas, step 19. The second gas is deposited at the surface of the substrate. The second gas includes a reactant element that will react with the first gas to deposit a first-element containing layer on the substrate. In an embodiment, the second gas is activated hydrogen. In an embodiment, the second gas is not H2O. The first and second gases are reacted in an ALD reaction to form a monolayer of metal film, step 21, in an embodiment. In this embodiment of ALD, the monolayer of metal film formed by the first and second gases is only about one molecule in thickness. The monolayer is an essentially pure layer of the first element. Essentially pure is defined as greater than 99% pure. In a more desirable embodiment, essentially pure is greater than 99.9% pure, plus or minus about 0.1%. In an even more desirable embodiment, essentially pure is greater than 99.99% pure, plus or minus 0.01%. In another embodiment of ALD, the first and second gases react to form a layer that is greater than a monolayer. After the ALD layer is formed on the substrate, the ALD layer is exposed to a reacting gas, step 23. The reacting gas converts the ALD layer containing the first element into a compound containing the first element and at least a second element from the reacting gas. In an embodiment, the reacting gas includes oxygen. In an embodiment, the oxidizing gas is dioxide (O2). In an embodiment, the oxidizing gas is ozone (O3). In an embodiment, the oxidizing gas is nitrogen oxide (N2O). In an embodiment, the oxidizing gas is activated oxide (O*). When the metal monolayer is titanium, then the oxidizing gas converts the titanium monolayer to ATiO3, where A denotes Ba or Sr or both. When the metal monolayer is tantalum, then the oxidizing gas converts the tantalum monolayer to Ta2O5. When the metal monolayer is aluminum, then the oxidizing gas converts the aluminum monolayer to alumina (Al2O3). The process is repeated, step 25, until the desired thickness of the final layer of the first and second elements is formed. The process returns to step 17 to begin forming another ALD layer or monolayer of a first element, which is then converted, according to the teachings of the present invention. In an embodiment, the first element is a metal and the second element is oxygen. After the final layer has the desired thickness, then additional integrated circuit fabrication processes are performed on the substrate as needed, step 27.
FIG. 1 also shows an embodiment of the present invention in broken line. Steps 15, 17, 19 and 21 are the same as described above. This embodiment repeats the ALD steps 17, 19, 21 until the ALD layer has the final, desired thickness, step 31. Thereafter, the ALD deposited layer is converted, step 33. In an embodiment, converting includes reacting the ALD layer with at least one second element to transform the ALD layer (single element layer) into a compound layer (multiple element layer). In an embodiment, reacting is oxidizing. In an embodiment, the first element is a metal. The process then proceeds, if needed, to step 27.
FIG. 2A shows an ALD process 200 according to the teachings of the present invention. ALD process 200, in the illustrated embodiment, begins by initiating an inert purge gas flow through a reactor (210). The purge gas maintains the chamber at a generally constant pressure. In one embodiment of the present invention the purge gas flow is pulsed, for example only injecting purge gas between other gas pulses. In another embodiment, purge gas is not used at all, i.e. step 210 is not performed.
The precursor gas containing a first element, e.g., metal, to be deposited on the substrate now flows into the reaction chamber (212). The metals include, for example, titanium, tantalum, or aluminum. The metals can also include alloys of these metals or other metal that one of ordinary skill would deposit on a substrate. The precursor gas flow continues until a volume closely adjacent the surface of the substrate on which the metal will be deposited is saturated by the precursor gas (214). According to the teachings of the present invention, the precursor gas saturates the topology of the substrate so that adequate precursor material is adjacent the substrate surface by the precursor gas entering and filling the steps, trenches, and holes. One of ordinary skill will understand the same upon reading the disclosure. The precursor gas flow, as well as purge gas flow if present, continues until the required saturation occurs depending on the processing conditions dictated by the type of substrate and precursor gas, and the topology of the substrate (216). A substrate having numerous or high aspect steps may require a longer precursor gas flow period than a substrate which has few steps or relative low aspect steps
Precursor gas flow ends once the precursor gas saturates adjacent the substrate according to the processing conditions of the present deposition (218). After or substantially at the same time precursor gas flow is stopped, reactant gas flow (for example, activated hydrogen) begins in the reaction chamber (220). Reactant gas continues to flow into the reaction chamber until the reactant gas saturates the volume adjacent the surface of the substrate on which the substance in the precursor gas will be deposited (222). The precursor gas and the reactant gas chemically react and deposit the desired material in a ALD layer, e.g., monolayer, on the substrate. In an embodiment, the deposited monolayer is about one atomic layer thick. In an embodiment, the deposited ALD layer is more than one atomic layer thick. The monolayer and the ALD layer are an essentially pure layer of a single element.
The present process may continue the purge gas flow while the reactant gas flows into the reaction chamber (224). Once a sufficient quantity of reaction gas is present to complete the reaction with the precursor to deposit a layer on the substrate, reaction gas flow ends (226). Purge gas flow may continue to partially flush the residual reaction and precursor gases and the by-product gas of the precursor and reactant reaction from the reaction chamber. A converting gas flows into the reaction chamber (228). The converting gas includes an oxidizing gas. The oxidizing gas oxidizes the monolayer, which is a metal, to form a dielectric layer. The oxidation continues until sufficient time has elapsed to oxidize essentially all of the metal monolayer (230). If the monolayer is not sufficiently oxidized the process continues flowing the oxidizing gas to the metal monolayer. Once the monolayer is sufficiently converted, e.g., oxidized, then the process proceeds to step 232. At step 232, it is determined if the converted layer formed by the previous steps has the desired film thickness. If the converted formed by one or a plurality of the ALD and conversion steps of the present invention has the desired thickness, then the ALD and conversion process of the present invention ends. If purge gas is still flowing, then the purge gas flow ends (234) usually after the remnants of the precursor, reactant, and by-product gases are purged from the chamber. The process of the present invention terminates at box 236. The reader should note that process termination may comprise initiation of further processing and does not necessarily require shutdown of the reactor, e.g. the above sequence of steps can be repeated or additional fabrication steps are performed. While one embodiment of the invention includes all of the above steps, the present invention includes other embodiments which do not include all of the above steps.
If the desired thickness of the layer has not been achieved (222), then the process returns to step 210 or step 212 and begins another cycle. The process then reiterates the above sequence/process until step 232 determines that the converted layer has the desired thickness.
One embodiment of the present inventive process is shown in FIG. 2B. The process begins with the flow of an inert purge gas and a precursor gas containing the first element into the reaction chamber. The precursor gas flows into the chamber until a sufficient quantity of the element that will form the monolayer is adjacent the substrate as determined by stoichiometry of the particular reaction needed to deposit the desired film on the substrate. The precursor must include a certain minimum amount of the first element to be deposited on a wafer and other reactive components that assist in the depositing the first element on the wafer. The precursor may flow into the reactor in a quantity greater than determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction. In this embodiment, the precursor gas flow ends followed by a short period of only purge gas flow. The reactant gas flows into the chamber until a sufficient quantity of reactant gas is available to react with the precursor at the surface of the substrate to deposit the desired first element film. An embodiment of the reactant gas include activated H. Like the precursor gas flow, the reactant gas and its flow reaches or exceeds the quantity that is determined by the stoichiometry of the particular reaction. Thereafter, the reactant gas flow stops. After the reactant gas flow stops, the converting gas flows into the reaction chamber. In an embodiment, the converting gas is an oxidizing gas and the first element monolayer is a metal. Accordingly, the metal monolayer on the substrate is oxidized. Thereafter, the flow of converting gas stops. This process is repeated until a converted film of a desired thickness is deposited on the substrate.
The converting gas includes an activated element that reacts with the ALD deposited layer. In an embodiment, the converting gas includes an activated oxygen. In an embodiment, the converting gas includes activated NH3. In an embodiment, the converting gas includes activated N2O.
The amounts of the precursor gas, the reactant gas, or the converting gas meets or exceeds the amount of material required by the stoichiometry of the particular reaction. That is, the amount of precursor, reactant, converting gas flow, in certain embodiments, provides excess mass in the reactor. The excess mass is provided to ensure an adequate reaction at the surface of the wafer. In this embodiment, the ratio of precursor, reactant, or converting components in the gas phase usually is different than the stoichiometry of the film.
FIG. 3 shows an integrated circuit 300 including a layer formed according to the teachings of the present invention. The layer is a dielectric in a capacitor 302. The layer is a gate insulator in a transistor 304. It is within the scope of the present invention to form the dielectric layer and gate insulator layer for both elements at the same time. It is within the scope of the present invention to form the dielectric layer for the capacitor and the gate insulator layer for the transistor at different times during fabrication. Capacitor 302 is formed on substrate 305. In an embodiment, a trench 307 is formed in insulator layer 309. A bottom electrode layer 311 is formed in the trench 307. A dielectric layer 313 is formed, according to the teachings of the present invention, on the bottom electrode layer 311. A top electrode layer 315 is formed on the dielectric layer 313. The transistor 304 is also formed on substrate 305. A field oxide 321 is formed on the substrate 305. The source and drain regions 323 and 325 are doped into the substrate 305. A gate insulator, e.g. an oxide or a nitride, layer 327 is formed according to the teachings of the present invention on the substrate 305 intermediate the source and drain regions 323 and 325. A gate 329 is formed on the gate insulator layer 327.
Dielectric layer or gate insulator layer 313 or 327 is a metal oxide material having a composition that includes the form MOx. In one embodiment, the metal component M is a refractory metal. In an embodiment, the refractory metal is tantalum (Ta). In an embodiment, the refractory metal is titanium (Ti). In an embodiment, the refractory metal is tungsten (W). The refractory metals of chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V) and zirconium (Zr) are included in some embodiments. Benefits may be derived by matching the metal oxide layer to the adjacent metal-containing electrode. For example, the TaOx layer 313 or 327 can be grown on a tantalum containing bottom electrode layer.
FIG. 4 depicts one embodiment of an atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor 400 suitable for practicing the present invention. FIG. 4 is provided for illustrative purposes and the invention may be practiced with other reactors. The embodiment shown in FIG. 4 includes a chamber 401 that is a pressure-sealed compartment for mounting a substrate 402 on susceptor 407. Chamber 401 is typically manufactured from aluminum and is designed to contain a low-pressure environment around substrate 402 as well as to contain process gases, exhaust gases, and heat or plasma energy within chamber 401. The illustrated substrate 402 includes a substrate base 402A on which are deposited first and second layers 402B and 402C. Inlet gas manifold 403 supplies process gases, for example precursor gases, reactant gases and converting gases, at a controlled flow rates to substrate 402. A source of precursor gas 416 is connected to manifold 403. A source of purge gas 417 is connected to manifold 403. A source of reactant gas 418 is also connected to manifold 403. A source of converting gas 419 is also connected to manifold 403. Carrier gases, such as helium, argon or nitrogen, may also be supplied in conjunction with the gases supplied by the manifold as is known and understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Chamber 401 also incorporates a pumping system (not shown) for exhausting spent gases from chamber 401 through exhaust port 404.
ALD reactor 400 includes means for supplying energy to the reactable constituents or compounds in the process gases in chamber 401 on the surface of the substrate 402. The supplied energy causes the reactable constituents to react or decompose and deposit a thin film onto an upper surface of substrate 402. In one embodiment, the supplied energy includes thermal energy supplied by heat lamps 406. In the illustrated example, lamps 406 are positioned in the base of chamber 401. Heat lamps 406 emit a significant amount of near-infra red radiation that passes through susceptor 407 to heat substrate 402. Alternatively, susceptor 407 is heated by heat lamps 406 and substrate 402 is heated by conduction from susceptor 407. The heat lamps 406 may be placed at alternate locations according to the parameters of the specific deposition process being performed according to the present invention.
Another embodiment supplies reaction energy by a radio frequency (RF) generator 408 as shown in FIG. 4. RF generator 408 creates a RF field between substrate 402 and an anode. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, susceptor 407 is grounded while the RF signal is applied to a process gas manifold 409. Alternative and equivalent ALD reactor designs will be understood by reading the disclosure. An RF anode may be provided separately (not shown) and process gas manifold 409 may be electrically isolated from the RF supply. For example, the RF signal is applied to susceptor 407 and process gas manifold 409 is grounded.
In general, the energy sources 406 and 408 are intended to provide sufficient reaction energy in a region near the surface of substrate 402 to cause decomposition and/or reaction of the constituents of the present gas to deposit the first element, e.g., the metal species, in the process gases onto a surface of the substrate. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand upon reading the disclosure that any one, combination, or equivalent of the above can be employed to provide the necessary reaction energy.
One embodiment includes plasma reactors because these allow film deposition at lower temperatures and are used in the semiconductor industry. However, some reactant constituents in the process gases may deposit at low temperatures using only thermal energy or other energy sources. Hence, the invention encompasses reactor designs using any energy source including either thermal heating, RF plasma, or the like.
ALD reactor 400 is illustrated as a single wafer reactor, but it should be understood that the invention is applicable to batch reactors.
Furthermore, ALD reactor 400 includes associated control apparatus (not shown) for detecting, measuring and controlling process conditions within ALD reactor 400. Associated control apparatus include, as examples, temperature sensors, pressure transducers, flow meters and control valves. Associated control apparatus further include other devices suitable for the detection, measurement and control of the various process conditions described herein.
One of ordinary skill in the art will comprehend other suitable reactors for practicing the invention described in this application, for example the reactors described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,879,459 and 6,305,314, herein incorporated by reference.
FIG. 5 represents an ALD system 500 suitable for practicing the invention. ALD system 500 contains the ALD reactor 400 and a control system 510. ALD reactor 400 and control system 510 are in communication such that process information is passed from ALD reactor 400 to control system 510 through communication line 520, and process control information is passed from control system 510 to ALD reactor 400 through communication line 530. It is noted that communication lines 520 and 530 may represent only one physical line, in which communications are bidirectional.
The control system 510 includes, integrally or separable therefrom, a machine readable media 535 which contains instructions for performing the present invention. Media 535 may be an electrical, magnetic, optical, mechanical, etc. storage device that stores instructions that are read by control system 510. Such storage devices include magnetic disks and tape, optical disks, computer memory, etc. Control system 510 may also include a processor (not shown) for issuing instructions to control reactor 400 based upon instructions read from machine readable media 535.
FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a memory device 600 according to one embodiment of the invention. The memory device 600 includes an array of memory cells 602, address decoder 604, row access circuitry 606, column access circuitry 608, control circuitry 610, and Input/Output circuit 612. The memory is operably coupled to an external microprocessor 614, or memory controller for memory accessing. The memory device 600 receives control signals from the processor 614, such as WE*, RAS* and CAS* signals. The memory device 600 stores data which is accessed via I/O lines. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additional circuitry and control signals can be provided, and that the memory device of FIG. 6 has been simplified to help focus on the invention. At least one of the memory cells or associated circuitry has an integrated circuit structure or element in accordance with the present invention, e.g., a metal oxide layer formed according to the present invention.
It will be understood that the above description of a memory device is intended to provide a general understanding of the memory and is not a complete description of all the elements and features of a specific type of memory, such as DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory). Further, the invention is equally applicable to any size and type of memory circuit and is not intended to be limited to the DRAM described above. Other alternative types of devices include SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) or Flash memories. Additionally, the DRAM could be a synchronous DRAM commonly referred to as SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory), SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory), SDRAM II, and DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM), as well as Synchlink or Rambus DRAMs and other emerging DRAM technologies.
With reference to FIG. 7, for one embodiment, a semiconductor die 710 is produced from a wafer 700. A die 710 is an individual pattern, typically rectangular, on a substrate or wafer 700 that contains circuitry, or integrated circuit devices, to perform a specific function. A semiconductor wafer 700 will typically contain a repeated pattern of such dies 710 containing the same functionality. Die 710 contains circuitry for the inventive memory device, as discussed above. Die 710 may further contain additional circuitry to extend to such complex devices as a monolithic processor with multiple functionality. Die 710 is typically packaged in a protective casing (not shown) with leads extending therefrom (not shown) providing access to the circuitry of the die for unilateral or bilateral communication and control. Each die 710 includes at least one ALD deposited and converted layer, e.g., a metal oxide, according to the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 8, two or more dies 710 maybe combined, with or without protective casing, into a circuit module 800 to enhance or extend the functionality of an individual die 710. Circuit module 800 may be a combination of dies 710 representing a variety of functions, or a combination of dies 710 containing the same functionality. One or more dies 710 of circuit module 800 contain at least one ALD deposited and converted layer, e.g., a metal oxide, in accordance with the present invention.
Some examples of a circuit module include memory modules, device drivers, power modules, communication modems, processor modules and application-specific modules, and may include multilayer, multichip modules. Circuit module 800 may be a subcomponent of a variety of electronic systems, such as a clock, a television, a cell phone, a personal computer, an automobile, an industrial control system, an aircraft and others. Circuit module 800 will have a variety of leads 810 extending therefrom and coupled to the dies 710 providing unilateral or bilateral communication and control.
FIG. 9 shows one embodiment of a circuit module as memory module 900. Memory module 900 contains multiple memory devices 910 contained on support 915, the number generally depending upon the desired bus width and the desire for parity. Memory module 900 accepts a command signal from an external controller (not shown) on a command link 920 and provides for data input and data output on data links 930. The command link 920 and data links 930 are connected to leads 940 extending from the support 915. Leads 940 are shown for conceptual purposes and are not limited to the positions shown in FIG. 9. At least one of the memory devices 910 contains a ALD deposited and converted layer, e.g., a metal oxide, according to the present invention.
FIG. 10 shows one embodiment of an electronic system 1000 containing one or more circuit modules 800. Electronic system 1000 generally contains a user interface 1010. User interface 1010 provides a user of the electronic system 1000 with some form of control or observation of the results of the electronic system 1000. Some examples of user interface 1010 include the keyboard, pointing device, monitor or printer of a personal computer; the tuning dial, display or speakers of a radio; the ignition switch, gauges or gas pedal of an automobile; and the card reader, keypad, display or currency dispenser of an automated teller machine, or other human-machine interfaces. User interface 1010 may further describe access ports provided to electronic system 1000. Access ports are used to connect an electronic system to the more tangible user interface components previously exemplified. One or more of the circuit modules 800 may be a processor providing some form of manipulation, control or direction of inputs from or outputs to user interface 1010, or of other information either preprogrammed into, or otherwise provided to, electronic system 1000. As will be apparent from the lists of examples previously given, electronic system 1000 will often be associated with certain mechanical components (not shown) in addition to circuit modules 800 and user interface 1010. It will be appreciated that the one or more circuit modules 800 in electronic system 1000 can be replaced by a single integrated circuit. Furthermore, electronic system 1000 may be a subcomponent of a larger electronic system. It will also be appreciated that at least one of the memory modules 800 contains a ALD deposited and converted layer, e.g., a metal oxide, according to the present invention.
FIG. 11 shows one embodiment of an electronic system as memory system 1100. Memory system 1100 contains one or more memory modules 900 and a memory controller 1110. The memory modules 900 each contain one or more memory devices 910. At least one of memory devices 910 contain ALD deposited and converted layer, e.g., a metal oxide, according to the present invention. Memory controller 1110 provides and controls a bidirectional interface between memory system 1100 and an external system bus 1120. Memory system 1100 accepts a command signal from the external bus 1120 and relays it to the one or more memory modules 900 on a command link 1130. Memory system 1100 provides for data input and data output between the one or more memory modules 900 and external system bus 1120 on data links 1140.
FIG. 12 shows a further embodiment of an electronic system as a computer system 1200. Computer system 1200 contains a processor 1210 and a memory system 1100 housed in a computer unit 1205. Computer system 1200 is but one example of an electronic system containing another electronic system, i.e., memory system 900, as a subcomponent. Computer system 1200 optionally contains user interface components. Depicted in FIG. 12 are a keyboard 1220, a pointing device 1230, a monitor 1240, a printer 1250 and a bulk storage device 1260. It will be appreciated that other components are often associated with computer system 1200 such as modems, device driver cards, additional storage devices, etc. It will further be appreciated that the processor 1210 and memory system 1100 of computer system 1200 can be incorporated on a single integrated circuit. Such single package processing units reduce the communication time between the processor and the memory circuit. It will be appreciated that at least one of the processor 1210 and memory system 1100 contains a ALD deposited and converted layer, e.g., a metal oxide, according to the present invention.
While the above described embodiments describe first injecting the precursor gas and then injecting the reactant gas, it will be understood that it is within the scope of the present invention to first inject the reactant gas such that it saturates the volume adjacent the substrate and then inject the precursor. The precursor will enter the volume and react with the already present reactant gas and form a film on the substrate. The thus formed film is then converted according to the teachings of the present invention.
The above description described forming compounds, such as metal oxides, by ALD depositing a first monolayer, e.g., metal layer, on a substrate and/or a prior layer and then converting, e.g., oxidizing the metal layer to form a metal oxide. The present invention is also applicable to forming other elemental layers in an integrated circuit. For example, a layer is deposited using ALD and then the layer is nitrided. Thus, the layer is now a nitride layer. The process is repeated until the nitride layer has the desired thickness.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the layer is subjected to boron and thus becomes a boride layer. The above described steps are performed with the boron replacing the oxygen.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the layer is subjected to carbon and thus becomes a carbide layer. The above described steps are performed with the carbon replacing the oxygen.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the layer is subjected to fluorine and thus becomes a fluoride layer. The above described steps are performed with the fluorine replacing the oxygen.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the layer is subjected to phosphorus and thus becomes a phosphide layer. The above described steps are performed with the phosphorus replacing the oxygen.
The above description sets forth embodiments of the present invention that atomic layer deposit a single element, then subject it to a further element to convert the single element layer to an oxide, carbide, nitride, boride, fluoride, or phosphide two element layer. Embodiments of the present invention further provide for multiple element layer to be oxided or subjected to other elements for conversion as described herein. Accordingly, the present invention produces mixed phase films. In an embodiment, the mixed phase films include more than one base element. The first element is deposited using ALD in an ALD layer, monolayer or atomic layer. It is then converted according to the teachings of the present invention. A second element is deposited using ALD in a monolayer or atomic layer. The second element layer is then converted according to the teachings of the present invention. In an embodiment, the first or second element is an alloy of a metal. Consequently, mixed element film is formed by sequentially depositing and converting the first element and the subsequent element(s). It will be appreciated that the present method is adaptable to higher orders of elements in the film, wherein a third element is deposited and converted, . . . and an nth element is deposited and converted.
An example of such an ALD layer that is converted according to the teachings of the present invention include, but are not limited to, titanium and silicon in the base film. One embodiment would be formed by depositing both titanium and silicon by ALD then converting one or both according to the teachings of the present invention to form TiO2SiNx. Titanium is deposited in an ALD layer, such as a monolayer, using ALD and then converted according to the teachings herein. Silicon is deposited and then converted either before or after the titanium. Accordingly, the film that is formed alternates depositing and converting the titanium and the silicon.
An embodiment according to the teachings of the present invention includes depositing titanium and silicon by ALD and then converting both elements with oxygen to form TiOxSiOx. The titanium is first deposited, then oxidized. The silicon is then deposited, then converted using oxygen. In a further embodiment, the titanium and silicon are both deposited by ALD, then both converted by oxidizing the titanium and silicon. In a further embodiment, either the TiOx or SiOx is deposited according to ALD and the other of the TiOx or SiOx is deposited by ALD and then converted according to the teachings of the present invention.
An embodiment according to the teachings of the present invention includes depositing titanium by ALD and then converting the titanium using both oxygen and nitrogen to form a TiOxTiN layer. In a further embodiment, either the TiOx or TiN is deposited according to ALD and the other of the TiOx or TiN is deposited by ALD and then converted according to the teachings of the present invention.
An embodiment according to the teachings of the present invention includes depositing silicon by ALD and then converting the silicon using both oxygen and nitrogen to form a SiOxSiN layer. In a further embodiment, either the SiN or SiOx is deposited according to ALD and the other of the SiN or SiOx is deposited by ALD and then converted according to the teachings of the present invention.
An embodiment according to the teachings of the present invention includes depositing tantalum and silicon by ALD and converting tantalum with nitrogen to form TaNSi. The tantalum is deposited, then converted with nitrogen. The silicon is deposited by ALD. In a further embodiment, the present invention forms TaNTaSi.
An embodiment according to the teachings of the present invention includes depositing aluminum and titanium by ALD and then converting both elements with oxygen to form AlO3TiO2. The titanium is first deposited, then oxidized. The aluminum is then deposited, then converted using oxygen. In a further embodiment, the titanium and aluminum are both deposited by ALD, then both converted by oxidizing the titanium and aluminum. In a further embodiment, either the TiO2 or AlO3 is deposited according to ALD and the other of the TiO2 or AlO3 is deposited by ALD and then converted according to the teachings of the present invention.
The present invention includes methods of forming alloys or mixed element films and converting the alloy or mixed element films according to the teachings of the present invention. Some of the above embodiment describe specific elements that are deposited and converted or deposited in combination with elements that are converted according to the teachings of the present invention. It will be recognized that the order and methods described in conjunction with these specific elements are adaptable to other elements that are used to form layers in integrated circuits.
Thus, the present invention provides novel structures and methods for fabrication of thin films on substrates. The novel fabrication method of the present invention forms a first layer of a single element by ALD and then converts the first layer to a second layer having two constituent elements. The first layer is formed by atomic layer deposition and then converted. In an embodiment, each first layer produced during an atomic layer deposition is converted before a subsequent first layer is deposited on the prior converted sub-layer. In an embodiment, conversion is oxidation and the first layer is a metal. In an embodiment, each metal sub-layer produced during an atomic layer deposition is oxidized before a subsequent metal sub-layer is deposited on the prior oxidized metal sub-layer. Accordingly, each sub-layer is formed at a molecular level by atomic layer deposition and thus has a high quality. Quality includes low impurity and low defects. Each sub-layer is then oxidized. Accordingly, the oxidation is throughout the sub-layer and prevents nonoxidized areas in the sub-layer. The process is then repeated to until the oxidized sub-layers produce a film or layer that has the desired thickness.
The present invention includes any other applications in which the above structures and fabrication methods are used. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
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|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US7837797||12 Jan 2009||23 Nov 2010||Micron Technology, Inc.||Systems and methods for forming niobium and/or vanadium containing layers using atomic layer deposition|
|US8227322 *||6 Feb 2007||24 Jul 2012||Sensor Electronic Technology, Inc.||Methods of growing nitride-based film using varying pulses|
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| || |
|U.S. Classification||438/785, 438/763|
|International Classification||C23C16/44, C23C16/56, H01L21/316, H01L21/31, C23C16/455, C23C16/452|
|Cooperative Classification||C23C16/452, H01L21/02255, H01L21/02183, H01L21/0215, H01L21/02186, C23C16/45531, H01L21/0214, H01L21/31616, H01L21/02178, C23C16/45536, H01L21/31683, C23C16/56, H01L21/31604, H01L21/0228, H01L21/02249, H01L21/02153, H01L21/02244|
|European Classification||H01L21/02K2C1L3J, H01L21/02K2E2B4, H01L21/02K2E2J, H01L21/02K2C1M3M, H01L21/02K2C1L1P, H01L21/02K2E3B6F, H01L21/02K2C1M3A, H01L21/02K2C1M3J, H01L21/02K2E2E, H01L21/02K2C1L3M, H01L21/316B, C23C16/56, C23C16/455F2B4, C23C16/455F2B8, H01L21/316B3, C23C16/452|
|13 Feb 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|21 Sep 2010||CC||Certificate of correction|
|2 May 2002||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC., IDAHO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DERDERIAN, GARO J.;SANDHU, GURTEJ SINGH;REEL/FRAME:012869/0724
Effective date: 20020415 | 85,111 | 327 |
721,893 | A Timeline of Historical Events.
By LEON WORDEN.
17,500 YEARS AGO
3,500 YEARS AGO
- Beginning of the Holocene (Modern) Epoch; possible arrival of man in the SCV.
c. AD 450-500
- Beginning of the Early Horizon period; people living in the SCV.
c. 1510 to 1602
- Tataviam Indians arrive in the Santa Clarita Valley.
- Spain sends explorers to California.
- June 27: Portuguese explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo sets sail from Navidád, Jalisco, Mexico; stops for a drink at mouth of Santa Clara River in Ventura.
- Explorer Gaspar de Portolá born in Catalonia, Spain.
- July 16: Gaspar de Portolá and Father Junípero Serra establish Mission San Diego.
- July 28, ~1PM: First recorded L.A.-area earthquake, felt by Portolá party, probably centered 30 miles southeast of L.A. on San Andreas Fault.
- August 8: Portolá expedition crosses Newhall Pass at Elsmere Canyon, camps at Chaguayabit (Castaic Junction).
- August 10: Father Juan Crespí names Santa Clara River for St. Clare.
- March 6: Captain Pedro Fages arrives from San Diego; camps at Agua Dulce, Castaic, Lake Elizabeth, Lebec and Tejon.
- April 13: Spanish Fr. Francisco Hermanegeldo Garces, seeking short route from Sonora (Mex.) to Monterey (Calif.) enters SCV.
- Father Junípero Serra dies; succeeded by Father Fermin Lasuen.
- Antonio Seferino del Valle born in Composilla, Mexico.
- September 3: Fr. Vincente de Santa Maria, at San Buenaventura, recommends San Fernando Valley over Santa Clarita Valley for a mission.
- September 8: Fr. Fermin Lasuen dedicates Mission San Fernando Rey de España.
- March 9: Gold discoverer Francisco Lopez born at Mission San Gabriel, by some accounts. Otherwise 1820.
- December 3 (?): Estancia de San Francisco Xavier founded at Castaic Junction (contrary to some sources, never raised to asistencia status).
- July 1: Ignacio del Valle, son of Antonio, born in Jalisco, Mexico.
- December 8: Catastrophic earthquake devastates coast from (at least) Santa Barbara to San Juan Capistrano; San Fernando Mission heavily damaged; aftershocks till April 1813 (Benson 1997:250).
- Bar placed across Newhall Pass in Elsmere Canyon to keep cattle from wandering away from the estancia.
- January 21: "Pathfinder" John C. Fremont born in Savannah, Ga.
- April 14: Birth of '49er patriarch J.B. Arcan of Bennett-Arcan party.
- April 6: '49er diarist William Lewis Manly born in St. Albans, Vermont.
- March 26: California becomes a territory of Mexico in the war between Mexico and Spain.
- September 21: L.A. freighter & hotelier Remi Nadeau born in Canada (grandfather of same-named SCV property owner).
- February 4: Surveyor Edward F. Beale born in Washington, DC.
- April 11: Monterey falls to Augustin Iturbide; reign lasts less than one year.
- Indians at Santa Ynez revolt against Mexican rule.
- June 6: Spanish missionaries pass through SCV en route to retrieving runaway Chumash slaves.
- May 13: Henry Mayo Newhall born in Saugus, Massachusetts.
- July 27: Ignacio del Valle arrives at Monterey.
- December 24: Colonel Thomas F. Mitchell born in Tennessee.
- August 11: Death Valley '49er John John Burt Colton, writer of the Jayhawker Papers, born in Maine.
- November 20: Sanford and Cyrus Lyon born in Machias, Maine.
- January 1: Early Pico Canyon oil financier & school namesake Charles N. Felton born in Buffalo, N.Y.
- August: Mexican Congress secularizes former mission lands.
- October 12: Lawman William W. Jenkins born in Circleville, Ohio.
- October: Mexican Lieutenant Antonio del Valle arrives at Mission San Fernando to dismantle church holdings.
- August 11: Outlaw Tiburcio Vasquez born in Monterey.
- October 17: Trapper Peter LaBeck killed by grizzly bear at El Tejon.
- August 31: Early Pico oilman & San Francisquito vintner Ramon Perea born.
- January 22: Governor Juan B. Alvarado grants Rancho San Francisco to Antonio del Valle.
- December 17: Judge John F. Powell born in Galway, Ireland.
- June 21: Antonio del Valle dies.
- January 1: Ignacio del Valle marries Maria Carrillo, claims Rancho Camulos.
- March 9: Francisco Lopez makes the first documented discovery of gold in California, in Placerita Canyon.
- March 10: Lopez takes samples of the gold he discovered the previous day to Los Angeles.
- April 4: Gov. Alvarado grants rights to F. Lopez and partners to mine gold in Placerita Canyon.
- May 3: State's first mining district established at Rancho San Francisco; Ignacio del Valle, chairman.
- June 9: Rancho Temescal granted to Francisco Lopez.
- October 1: New York Observer (newspaper) reports on Placerita gold discovery.
- October 2: Rancho Los Alamos granted to Francisco Lopez.
- November 22: Rancho Castac (Castaic) granted to Jose Covarabias [spelling per deed].
- August 25: Rancho del Buque granted to Francisco Chari.
- Oil driller Charles Alexander Mentry (Mentrier) born in France.
- May 13: Mexican-American War declared by U.S. Congress.
- July 7: U.S. troops land at Monterey, hoist U.S. flag.
- January 9-10: Col. John C. Fremont and troops camp at Rancho San Francisco.
- January 12: Col. John C. Fremont and troops pass through Fremont's Pass.
- January 13: General Andres Pico surrenders to Col. John C. Fremont in the Capitulation of Cahuenga.
- January 24: James Marshall discovers gold at Sutter's Mill.
- February 2: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican-American War; California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas become U.S. possessions.
- March: Bennett-Arcan party leaves Wisconsin in search of gold.
- June 27: Edward F. Beale weds Mary Edwards, daughter of U.S. Rep. Samuel Edwards (Penn.).
- August 15: Eight-pound gold nugget found in San Feliciano Canyon.
- September 1: Constitutional Convention held at Monterey.
- October 7: Jayhawker party encounters Bennett-Arcan party.
- November 4: William Manly and John Rogers set out from Death Valley to find help for the stranded Bennett-Arcan party.
- November 18: Wildlife painter John Woodhouse Audubon, son of ornithologist John James Audubon, camps at Castaic Junction.
- January 1: William Manley and John Rogers arrive at the Del Valles' estancia, find help for the Bennett-Arcan party.
- January 28: Forty-niner William Robinson dies in Soledad Canyon from drinking too much cool water.
- February 4: Bennett-Arcan party reaches Del Valle rancho.
- July 6: Henry Mayo Newhall arrives in California.
- September 9: California admitted to the Union as the thirty-first state.
- March 22: Newhall lawman Ed Pardee born in Meadville, Penn.
- May 19: Road from Mission San Fernando to Elizabeth Lake (San Fernando, San Francisquito, Elizabeth Lake roads) declared a public highway.
- June 8: Prohibitionist Henry Clay Needham born in Percival Mills, Hardin County, Kentucky.
- Henry C. Wiley establishes Wiley's Station; partner is Ignacio del Valle.
- Edward F. Beale appointed superintendent of Indian Affairs, later surveyor-general of California and Nevada.
- September: Ignacio del Valle files petition for Rancho San Francisco.
- March 18: Wells, Fargo & Co. founded in San Francisco.
- May 4: SCV landowner Ygnacio del Valle elected to first of two nonconsecutive 1-year terms on Los Angeles City Council.
- December 25: Acton gold mine owner and California Governor Henry Tifft Gage born in Geneva, New York.
- Los Angeles mayor Ignacio del Valle forms the California Rangers, led by Horace Bell, William Jenkins, William Reader and Cyrus Lyon.
- March 3: Congress authorizes Secretary of War to chart a route for transcontinental railroad, appropriates $150.000.
- March 3: President Millard Fillmore appoints E.F. Beale Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California and Nevada.
- May 6: Party of 14, including E.F. Beale, departs from Washington, D.C., to chart a route for transcontinental railroad.
- Lieutenant R.S. Williamson surveys Santa Clarita Valley during expedition to chart route for transcontinental railroad.
- August 22: E.F. Beale reaches Los Angeles on mapping expedition.
- August 24: Rancho San Francisco willed to Ignacio del Valle.
- Moore's Station established in San Francisquito Canyon.
- May 31: Congress appropriates another $40,000 for exploration of a route for transcontinental railroad.
- July: Gold discovered on the Kern River.
- August 5: Congress appropriates another $150,000 to complete exploration and reports on route for transcontinental railroad.
- August 10: Fort Tejon established atop Grapevine Pass.
- December 5: Gen. Phineas Banning drives first stagecoach through thirty-foot-deep cut at Fremont's Pass.
- California Rangers disband.
- General Andres Pico begins harvesting asphaltum from Pico Canyon.
- January 2: American Land Commission confirms 48,612-acre Rancho San Francisco to Jacoba Feliz, widow of Antonio del Valle.
- June 3: Supply (a ship) leaves New York harbor bound for Tunis to acquire animals for the United States Camel Corps.
- August 8: Surveyor-General Edward F. Beale acquires Rancho La Liebre, then Castaic, Los Alamos, Agua Caliente and El Tejon.
- September 11: St. Francis Dam builder William Mulholland born in Belfast, Ireland.
- September 24: Sanford and Cyrus Lyon purchase Wiley's Station.
- May 7: SCV landowner Ygnacio del Valle elected to second of two nonconsecutive 1-year terms on Los Angeles City Council; resigned December 15.
- May 13: Colonel David D. Porter arrives in Texas with camels bound for Fort Tejon.
- January 9, 8:13 a.m.: Major earthquake centered at Fort Tejon.
- January 27: Then-Colonel Edward F. Beale drives camels through Los Angeles.
- July 31: L.A. Star reports progress on cut through Newhall Pass, but government funding is insufficient.
- October 7: Butterfield Overland Stage rides into Los Angeles.
- October 8: Butterfield Overland Stage rides through Fremont's Pass and San Francisquito Canyon.
- June 25: Outlaw Tiburcio Vasquez escapes from prison while serving sentence for grand larceny in L.A. County; recaptured in August and sent to San Quentin.
- August 16: Outlaw Tiburcio Vasquez returns to San Quentin to serve one-year sentence for grand larceny in Amador County.
- August 27: Oil industry born in Titusville, Pennsylvania.
- December 2: Early Newhall resident Leonardo Cesena born in Spain or Italy.
- April 7: Los Angeles Star (newspaper) reports string of Army wagons from Fort Tejon traversing Newhall Pass.
- May 24: Colonel Thomas F. Mitchell arrives in Soledad Canyon.
- May 7: Andres Pico and partners granted state franchise to build toll road and cut 50-foot-deep cleft through (Newhall) Pass; they failed; Beale later succeeded.
- June 7: Army officer in San Francisco informs Fort Tejon's commanding officer that the fort, est. 1854, is to close and its garrison transfered to Los Angeles.
- October 9: Pioneer Acton rancher & stonecutter George Blum born in Switzerland.
- U.S. Army Camel Corps discontinued.
- Ignacio del Valle takes up permanent residence at Rancho Camulos, expands hacienda.
- James O'Reilly starts mining in Soledad Canyon.
- January 18: Torrential rainfall washes out cement-walled road through Newhall Pass (future Beale's Cut).
- February 18: South side of cement-walled road through Newhall Pass (future Beale's Cut) repaired after torrential rainfall.
- February 24: North side of cement-walled road through Newhall Pass (future Beale's Cut) repaired after torrential rainfall.
- April 21: C.H. Brinley assigns management of his Soledad Canyon copper mining claim to prominent L.A. entrepreneur Abel Stearns.
- Three-year drought begins, ruining cattle industry.
- General Andres Pico improves road through (Newhall) Pass.
- April 26: Explosion of Phineas Banning's boat in San Pedro harbor, killing Banning's brother-in-law W.T.B. Sanford, who had helped dig first cut through Newhall Pass in 1850s.
- August 30: State Sen. James Russell Vineyard, one of trio (w/ A. Pico) hired to cut road through (Newhall) pass, dies in Los Angeles without doing it.
- September 19: Gen. Edward F. Beale loans $2,000 to A.A. Hudson and Oliver P. Robbins to erect toll house in Newhall Pass.
- December 23: Beale having completed his initial construction contract, Board of Superivsors orders him to keep cutting down the Newhall Pass road to a 20 percent grade.
- Private James Gorman establishes community of Gorman.
- Benjamin Silliman publishes "Rivers of Oil".
- January 11: Henry Mayo Newhall completes rail line between San Francisco and San Jose.
- March 5: Enrique R. Ruiz born; Died with wife and children in St. Francis Dam disaster.
- March 5: Los Angeles Star reports that the Board of Supervisors has accepted Gen. Beale's cut through Newhall Pass as finished.
- July 24: Walker/Reynier family patriarch Jean Joseph Reynier, then 15, arrives in Sand Canyon from France; eventually homesteads 1,200 acres.
- September 11: Fort Tejon abandoned.
- December 6: Actor William S. Hart born in Newburgh, New York.
- March 18: Rancho San Francisco deeded to Thomas R. Bard, agent for Thomas A. Scott's Philadelphia and California Petroleum Company.
- April 29: Rancho San Francisco deeded to Robert H. Gratz.
- May 22: Discoverer Ramon Perea and partner sell Pico Canyon oil claim to Edward Beale & Robert Baker for $300.
- June 24: San Fernando Petroleum Mining District formed by Edward F. Beale, Andres Pico, Vincent Gelcich and others, who then form the first Star Oil Company.
- August 7: Beale, Pico & partners buy up old oil claims in Pico Canyon.
- January 18: Tiburcio Vasquez begins serving 4-year prison sentence for grand larceny in Sonoma County.
- July 4: Stephen T. Mather, founder of National Park Service who made fortune at Sterling Borax Works in SCV's Tick Canyon, born in San Francisco.
- September 4: Harald Sandberg born in Norway; built Sandberg's Summit Hotel on the Ridge Route.
- June 12: Ravenna post office established in Soledad Canyon.
- January 8: Sanford Lyon, Henry Wiley and William Jenkins begin drilling the first oil well in Pico Canyon.
- April 30: Rancho San Francisco deeded to Philadelphia & California Petroleum Co.
- September 15: '49er patriarch J.B. Arcan of Bennett-Arcan party dies at Santa Cruz, Calif., age 56.
- February 15: Toll road through Soledad Canyon becomes public highway.
- March 31: George Gleason, Henry Colson, George J. Clarke apply for patent on gold lode in Soledad Canyon.
- June 14: Tiburcio Vasquez released from prison in Sonoma County.
- Outlaw Tiburcio Vasquez establishes hideout at Vasquez Rocks.
- Spring: John Lang arrives in Soledad Canyon.
- August 12: Elizabeth Lake School District established.
- September 16: Sulphur Springs School District established by Mitchells and Langs.
- July 7: John Lang kills a record 2,350-pound grizzly bear in Soledad Canyon.
- August 13: Vasquez gang pulls deadly Tres Pinos raid; hides out at Elizabeth Lake & Littlerock area.
- October 15: Soledad Judicial District formed; J.H. Turner elected Justice of the Peace.
- October 20: Santa Barbara lawyers Charles Fernald and Jarrett ("J.T.") Richards purchase Rancho San Francisco for $33,000 (75 cents an acre) in a sheriff's sale.
- November: Oil driller Charles Alexander Mentry arrives in San Francisco.
- November 12: Vasquez gang raids Kingston in Fresno County; hides out at Elizabeth Lake.
- April 8: (Unsuccessful) oil refining operation established at Lyon's Station; predecessor to Pioneer Oil Refinery on Pine Street.
- April 15: Tiburcio Vasquez gang pulls off Repetto Ranch raid.
- April 20: First train out of L.A. to reach new town of San Fernando; Newhall 2 years later.
- May 11: Outlaw Tiburcio Vasquez pens love poem to "La Señorita E.G."
- May 14: Outlaw Tiburcio Vasquez captured in Hollywood Hills.
- January 5: Tiburcio Vasquez murder trial opens in San Jose.
- January 10: Jury finds Tiburcio Vasquez guilty of murder, recommends death.
- January 15: Henry Mayo Newhall purchases Rancho San Francisco in a sheriff's sale.
- February 20: H.M. Newhall's deed to the Rancho San Francisco recorded in Book 36, Page 102 of Deeds.
- March 19, 1:35 p.m.: Outlaw Tiburcio Vasquez hanged in San Jose.
- March 22: Construction begins on San Fernando Railroad Tunnel.
- May 8: John F. Powell, an Irish immigrant, becomes Justice of the Peace.
- August 14: Charles Alexander Mentry begins drilling for oil in Pico Canyon.
- August 15: Birth of matriarch Rosaria P. Ruiz; killed in St. Francis Dam disaster.
- September 6: John W. Mitchell born to Canyon Country pioneers Thomas & Martha Mitchell; buried in Mitchell Cemetery.
- November 25: Outlaw Cleovaro Chavez killed by bounty hunters in Arizona Territory.
- January 26: L.A. Evening Express reports that Pico Canyon oil is "unsurpassed in quality."
- February 14: Gen. Andres Pico dies at his home at 203 Main St., Los Angeles.
- July 8: Demetrius G. Scofield forms California Star Oil Works, hires driller Charles Alexander Mentry.
- July 14: Construction completed on 6,940-foot long San Fernando Tunnel (depending on the source; otherwise in August).
- July 27: Chas. Crocker announces completion of Tunnel No. 19 in Soledad Canyon at 223 feet — last tunnel to complete rail line from L.A. to S.F.
- August 1: Pioneer Oil Refinery established at Andrew's Station.
- August 12: First train through San Fernando Tunnel into Newhall.
- September 5: Southern Pacific president Charles Crocker drives "golden spike" at Lang Station, linking Los Angeles with San Francisco.
- September 6: Newhall Train Station opens at Bouquet Junction (moves in 1878).
- September 26: Pico (CSO) Number 4 erupts, becomes first commercially productive oil well in the American West.
- October 13: Town of Newhall founded at Bouquet Junction.
- October 18: Southern Pacific begins subdividing town of Newhall.
- January 16: Newhall post office established at original town site; George Campton, postmaster.
- June 26: Noted San Francisco photographer Carleton Watkins photographs Pico Canyon oil works.
- Newhall school children taught in a bunk house on the Lyon Ranch.
- John Howe appointed first constable of the Soledad Judicial District (followed by Joseph Leighton).
- William W. Jenkins settles at the Lazy Z Ranch in Castaic, initiates range war.
- February: Henry M. Newhall starts construction on the Southern Hotel at Market Street and Railroad Avenue.
- January 15: Downtown Newhall begins move from Bouquet Junction to current location.
- January 16: Actor and Saugus rancher Harry Carey (Sr.) born in The Bronx.
- February 16: Downtown Newhall completes move from Bouquet Junction to current location.
- August 24: Post office established at Lake Hughes.
- April 17: Prohibitionist Henry Clay Needham marries Lillie Florence Taylor in Kansas.
- August 19: Newhall civic leader Charles Henry Kingsburry born in Missouri.
- September 10: Demetrius G. Scofield incorporates Pacific Coast Oil Company, forerunner of Standard Oil Company of California.
- September 17: Newhall School erected.
- November 8: King Baggot, director of William S. Hart film, "Tumbleweeds" (1925), born in St. Louis, Mo.
- January 6: Actor Tom Mix born in Mix Run, Penn.
- January 29: Comedian W.C. Fields born in Pennsylvania; lived briefly in Newhall.
- February 24: Prolific early Placerita Canyon film director J.P. McGowan born in Australia.
- March 30: Ignacio del Valle dies.
- April 19: "Pico Oil Spring Mine Section Two" patented by Robert F. Baker and E.F. Beale.
- "Little White School" erected in Acton.
- Pacific Coast Oil Company builds warehouse and office north of the Newhall Train Station.
- January 23: Helen Hunt Jackson arrives at Rancho Camulos, interviews Blanca Yndart for "Ramona".
- March 13: Henry Mayo Newhall dies in the city of San Francisco following a riding accident at Rancho San Francisco (SCV).
- November 30: (Pre-)Newhall pioneer Sanford Lyon dies.
- June 1: Heirs of Henry Mayo Newhall incorporate The Newhall Land and Farming Company.
- July 5: Margaret Jane (White) Newhall, widow of H.M. Newhall, deeds Rancho San Francisco (SCV) to The Newhall Land and Farming Co.
- March 5: Birth of patriarch Enrique R. Ruiz; killed in St. Francis Dam disaster.
- May 2: Brothers McCoy and Everette Pyle discover Tataviam Indian artifacts in Bowers Cave.
- July 13: Hardison & Stewart (who later formed Union Oil Co.) start drilling Star No. 1 oil well in Pico Canyon.
- October: Felton School District established in Mentryville.
- October 11: Birth of Hortense Reynier, future bride of Placerita Canyon pioneer Frank Walker.
- November 13: Second-generation San Francisquito Canyon resident Louis Raggio born in Saugus.
- Sulphur Springs School erected.
- February 12: Placerita Canyon pioneer landowner Frank Walker born in Springfield, Ill.
- March 23: Film director Robert N. Bradbury born in Walla Walla, Wash.
- April 27: Legend is born: Article published in San Francisco Chronicle points out connection between Rancho Camulos and H.H. Jackson novel "Ramona."
- May 30: Farmer Joe Gottardi born in Italy; lost wife and five children in 1928 St. Francis Dam Disaster.
- September 1: Town of Saugus founded; Saugus Train Station dedicated.
- September 1: Castaic Train Station dedicated.
- October 11: R.E. Nickel, "Father of Acton," arrives from Kansas.
- October 23: Southern Hotel in Newhall burns to the ground.
- November 22: Vaudevillian Charles Mack born in Kansas; lived in Newhall.
- December 3: Prohibitionist Henry Clay Needham and others purchase Lyons's Station & surroundings; establish St. John Subdivision as a "dry" colony.
- Pioneer Oil Refinery closed.
- January 24: Acton post office established; R.E. Nickel, postmaster.
- April 28: First meeting of Union Religious & Moral Society of Acton, predecessor of Acton Community Presbyterian Church.
- June 17: Reverend F.W. Pattee forms the Acton Community (Presbyterian) Church; services in the Little White School.
- August 5: Bibles donated for new Sunday school held in Acton's first schoolhouse.
- August 15: New organ played by minister's wife (Mrs. Pattee) and school teacher Mattie Adams in Acton's first schoolhouse/church.
- October 7: First sermon from Rev. John Robbins at Acton Community Presbyterian Church; served until 1916.
- March 25: Castaic School District established.
- Newhall School burns to the ground for the first time.
- Soledad School erected in Acton.
- Wallace Hardison and Lyman Stewart found Union Oil Company in Santa Paula.
- March 10: Castaic landowner William Chormicle hunted down and arrested for double murder.
- March 11: Castaic landowner William Chormicle brought to L.A. to stand trial for double murder.
- March 28: Jury selection starts in murder trial of W.C. Chormicle and W.A. Gardner.
- June 17: Eighteen-day murder trial of W.C. Chormicle and W.A. Gardner ends in acquittal.
- June 18: Second, untried murder charge against W.C. Chormicle and W.A. Gardner is dismissed.
- July 13: Gen. John C. Fremont dies in New York City.
- November 24: Harriet Melrose Farmer murdered in Mint Canyon.
- November 26: Gov. Robert W. Waterman offers $300 reward for capture of suspect in Hattie Farmer's murder.
- December 5: San Francisquito Canyon ranch granted to Frank LeBrun.
- April 22: '49er patriarch Asahel Bennett of Bennett-Arcan party dies in Idaho Falls, Idaho, probably 84.
- April 25: President Benjamin Harrison stops at the Saugus Train Station, dines inside at Tolfree's Saugus Eating House.
- May 31: Reverend F.D. Seward forms the First Presbyterian Church in Newhall.
- July 15: R.E. Nickel first publishes The Acton Rooster newspaper.
- August 5: Post office established at Saugus depot; renamed Surrey in 1906.
- August 22: Future First Lady Lou Henry (Hoover) poses for photograph at R.E. Nickel's Acton store.
- November 2: R.E. Nickel founds Acton Water Works.
- November 6: Movie producer Trem Carr born in Trenton, Ill.
- December 12: Actor Buck Jones, a Placerita Canyon and Vasquez Rocks "regular," born in Vincennes, Ind.
- April 8: Actress Mary Pickford born in Toronto; starred in "Ramona" (1910), shot at Rancho Camulos.
- August 6: Western actor and Saugus rodeo owner Hoot Gibson born in Nebraska.
- September 2: Placerita movie ranch owner E.R. "Ernie" Hickson born in Ohio.
- October 27: Birth of Robert E. Callahan, owner of Mission Village in L.A. and Old West Trading Post on Sierra Highway.
- December 8: Trick roper Sam J. Garrett born in Oklahoma; established Circle G Ranch in Sand Canyon in 1940s.
- December 20: San Gabriel Forest Reserve (Angeles National Forest) established.
- Constable Ed Pardee purchases Good Templars Lodge, moves it to Walnut and Market streets.
- April 4: Major earthquake centered in Pico Canyon.
- April 22: Surveyor Edward F. Beale dies in Washington, D.C.
- February 1: Film director John Ford born in Maine.
- July 15: Actor & police officer Thornton Edwards, hero of the St. Francis Dam Disaster, born in Maine.
- September 15: Post office established at Castaic Junction; abandoned in August 1895. (See 1917.)
- June 10: Academy Award winner Hattie McDaniel (Mammy, "Gone with the Wind") born in Wichita, Kans.; entertained in Val Verde.
- July 21: Western actor Ken Maynard born in Indiana.
- October 4: Actor Buster Keaton born (as Joseph Frank Keaton VI) in Kansas.
- November 9: Controversial lawmaker/developer/racetrack owner/water purveyor William G. "Bill" Bonelli born in Kingman, Ariz.
- November 29: Stuntman & SCV resident Enos Edward "Yakima" Canutt born in Colfax, Wash.
- January 31: Actress Olive Fuller (Golden) Carey, wife of Harry Carey Sr., born in New York City.
- February 26: Enid Markey, Hart's occasional leading lady, born in Dillon, Colo.
- February 12: Hart leading lady Vola Vale ("The Silent Man," "Wolves of the Rail," "White Oak") born in Rochester, N.Y.
- Spanish-American War.
- Construction of the "Big House" in Mentryville completed - maybe. Maybe 1889.
- May 10: Flossie A. Melrose becomes postmistress at Acton.
- October 22: Birth of Mary S. Ruiz, eldest child of Enrique & Rosaria Ruiz of San Francisquito Canyon; all died in 1928 dam disaster.
- January 4: Acton gold mine owner Henry Tifft Gage sworn in as California's 20th governor.
- January 18: Martin and Richard Wood purchase Tolfree's Eating House and change its name to the Saugus Cafe.
- November 9: Actress Winifred Westover born in San Francisco; estranged wife of William S. Hart & mother of his son.
- January 8: Lifelong SCV resident Harry S. Chacanaca born.
- June 30: Oil man Darius Towsley dies.
- July 1: Frew blacksmith shop established on Spruce Street (present-day Main Street); took over existing building from prior owner.
- July 12: The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. establishes the Newhall telephone exchange. SCV gets its first telephone. The second was installed in 1911.
- August 25: New Century Well No. 1 gushes white oil in Placerita Canyon (second productive white oil well).
- October 4: Oil driller Charles Alexander Mentry dies from liver failure following an insect bite.
- December 13: Automobile Club of Southern California founded.
- December 5: Movie producer Walt Disney born in Chicago.
- December 16: Beale's camel driver, Hi Jolly, dies at Quartzsite, Ariz.
- January 20: Crown Valley Feud ends as Acton's William Broome is shot down by W.H. "Rosy" Melrose.
- February 5: '49er diarist William Lewis Manly dies in San Jose.
- May 4: President Theodore Roosevelt stops at the Saugus Train Station, Saugus Cafe and Acton Hotel.
- July 17: Crown Valley Feud: Jury exonerates W.H. "Rosy" Melrose in Jan. 20 death of William Broome.
- August 9: Western actor Tom Tyler born (as Vincent Markowski) in Port Henry, N.Y.
- August 23: Actor and Sand Canyon resort owner Horace Truman "Ace" Cain born in Chicksaw Nation, Olka.
- August 21: Bandleader Count Basie born in New Jersey; performs "April in Paris" in Acton/Agua Dulce desert in Mel Brooks' "Blazing Saddles."
- September 1: Western actor Johnny Mack Brown born in Alabama.
- September 5: St. Francis Dam builder William Mulholland and Fred Eaton dine at Saugus Cafe.
- Saugus Cafe moves out of the Saugus Train Station and across the street.
- February 27: "Ramona" play first performed (at Mason Opera House, Los Angeles); original version runs 5 hours.
- May 31: Native American Lydia Victoria (Cooke) Manriquez born in Castaic.
- August 10: Death of Canyon Country matriarch Martha Taylor Mitchell.
- December 22: County buys property to build Newhall Jail (now next to city's Old Town Newhall Library).
- January 31: L.A. County records deed to property it swaps with station agent James Gifford to build (Old) Newhall Jail.
- February 20: L.A. County accepts Mr. H.C. Register's bid to build (Old) Newhall Jail for $2,237.
- April 25: Bercaw General Store opens in Surrey (Saugus).
- April 26: Bobby Batugo, World Champion Mixologist in the 1970s, born in The Philippines.
- May 7: James Bernard "Bud" Keysor, founder of Keysor-Century Records, born in Salt Lake City.
- June 11: Congress passes Forest Homestead Act, allowing homesteading on farmable forest lands.
- October 4: Standard Oil Company of California formed, Demetrius G. Scofield, president.
- K-8 Saugus School erected.
- January 23: Western actor Bob Steele born (as Robert Adrian Bradbury) in Portland, Ore.
- May 26: Western actor John Wayne born (as Marion Robert Morrison) in Winterset, Iowa.
- September 20: Construction starts in San Francisquito Canyon on south end of Elizabeth Tunnel section of L.A. Aqueduct.
- September 29: Actor and movie ranch owner Gene Autry born in Texas.
- November 1: Construction starts on north end of Elizabeth Tunnel section of L.A. Aqueduct.
- January 4: Deputy Constable Charles A. De Moranville shot to death after responding to a Newhall bar fight.
- Horseshoe Ranch house built (later owned by William S. Hart).
- April 1-2: D.W. Griffith shoots film "Ramona" with Mary Pickford at Rancho Camulos.
- May 23: D.W. Griffith film "Ramona" released; shot at Rancho Camulos.
- June 10: Trick roper Montie Montana of Agua Dulce born (as Owen Harlan Mickel) in Wolf Point, Mont.
- July 16: Lifelong Newhall resident and community volunteer Gladys Laney born to local movers & shakers Bert and Armantha Thibeadaux.
- February 12: Birth of Piru museum owner Harry Hazzard Lechler.
- November 5: Grand opening of Mulholland's L.A. Aqueduct as the first water arrives from Owens Valley.
- Newhall School burns to the ground for the second time.
- Albert Swall establishes the Swall Hotel on Spruce Street; other businesses follow his lead.
- January 21: Newhall lawman Ed Pardee dies at 62.
- January 21: Signal newspaper owner Scott Newhall born in San Francisco.
- July 5: Rev. Wolcott H. Evans named pastor of First Presbyterian Church in Newhall.
- September 13: Early Pico Canyon oil financier & school namesake Charles N. Felton dies in Menlo Park.
- January 2: Stephen T. Mather, who made fortune at Sterling Borax Works in SCV's Tick Canyon, named assistant to U.S. Interior Secretary; starts National Park Service.
- January 17: First Catholic parish mission church dedicated in Newhall.
- January 25: Early Pico oilman & San Francisquito vintner Ramon Perea dies.
- April 21: Actor Anthony Quinn born in Chihuahua, Mexico; starred in "Man from Del Rio" shot at Melody Ranch.
- June 15: Construction begins on the Ridge Route.
- July 1: Town of Castaic founded.
- October 12: Name of Surrey post office changed to "Saugus".
- October 17: U.S. release of William S. Hart film, "The Disciple."
- Lawman William W. Jenkins shot (but not killed) in a fight with Billy Rose.
- March 1: Newhall County Library established inside Robert F. and Christine Woodard's ice cream parlor; Christine Woodard, custodian (librarian), salary: $5 per year. Library later moves to Hardison and Stewart building, then the Swall Hotel.
- March 5: U.S. release of William S. Hart film, "Hell's Hinges."
- May 6: Val Verde leader Miriam Canty born in Georgia.
- June 14: Jesse Doty buys White Star Garage; later renames it Doty's Garage and becomes Newhall's first Ford dealer.
- August 29: Actor George Montgomery, 1991 Newhall Walk of Western Stars honoree, born in Montana.
- October 15: U.S. release of William S. Hart film, "The Return of Draw Egan."
- March 1: Country music producer Cliffie Stone born in Stockton.
- April 3: Castaic post office established inside Sam Parson's general store.
- August 23: Future Western recording artist & Newhall resident Tex Williams born in Illinois.
- August 27: U.S. release of John Ford film "Straight Shooting," partially shot in SCV.
- December 30: U.S. release of William S. Hart film, "The Narrow Trail."
- February 1: U.S. release of William S. Hart film, "Blue Blazes Rawden."
- April 1: U.S. release of William S. Hart film, "The Tiger Man."
- September 19: County supervisor Warren Dorn born in Pasadena.
- February 7: Edward H. Brown first publishes the weekly Newhall Signal newspaper, $2 a year.
- March 18: Swall Hotel in Newhall burns down.
- July 7: Mike Shuman, Placerita Junior High School principal, born in Fitchburg, Mass.
- August 16: Vasquez Rocks homestead deeded to Henry Krieg.
- April 15: U.S. release of William S. Hart film, "The Toll Gate."
- May 11: Actor Denver Pyle born in Colorado; played Uncle Jesse on "The Dukes of Hazzard," shot in SCV.
- August 17: Actress Maureen O'Hara born in Ireland; 1961 "Parent Trap" partially shot at Disney's Golden Oak Ranch.
- September 1: Movie stuntman Richard Farnsworth, 2000 Newhall Walk of Western Stars inductee, born in Los Angeles.
- September 19: U.S. release of William S. Hart film, "The Cradle of Courage."
- December 31: Singer-actor Rex Allen, Newhall Walk of Western Stars inductee (1982), born in Arizona.
- January 15: Construction starts on Lebec Hotel.
- February 5: William S. Hart purchases the Horseshoe Ranch in Newhall from Babcock Smith.
- April 15: Hollywood stuntman Jack Williams, of Agua Dulce, born in Butte, Montana.
- May 16: Western character actor Harry Carey Jr. (aka Dobe) born at his parents' ranch in Saugus.
- June 30: Juan José Fustero dies at Rancho Camulos.
- August 16: Lyman Curtis and Lillian Dorset marry in Bakersfield and live below St. Francis Dam; Lyman and daughters Marjorie and Mazie die dam disaster.
- December 7: William S. Hart marries actress Winifred Westover.
- March 24: Wyatt Earp's wife thanks William S. Hart for defending her husband's honor.
- May 10: The date William S. Hart considered his formal separation from Winifred Westover.
- September 6: William S. Hart Jr. born to actors William S. Hart and Winifred Westover (Hart).
- November 5: U.S. release of Fox film, "Tom Mix in Arabia," shot in Newhall.
- Newhall County Library moves into its own small building.
- January 8: Port C. Miller becomes Justice of the Peace.
- February 12: Onetime Benny Goodman pianist & Pulitzer prize-winning composer Mel Powell, founding dean of CalArts Music School, born in New York.
- February 21: Newhall Chamber of Commerce Organized. Albert Swall elected president.
- February 26: U.S. release of Charles Chaplin film "The Pilgrim," partially shot in SCV.
- March 25: U.S. release of John Ford film "Three Jumps Ahead," shot in SCV.
- March 28: Lawman Jack Pilcher and rodeo owner Bob Anderson added to Newhall Chamber of Commerce board.
- March 30: Newhall Chamber of Commerce forms committees to attract new residents and pursue sidewalks for the boulevard.
- April 25: Newhall Chamber of Commerce votes to ask So. Cal. Edison to provide electricity to Happy Valley.
- May 9: Newhall Chamber board appoints J.R. Moore to allocate and maintain the town's fire extinguishers.
- May 26: Actor James Arness ("Gunsmoke") born in Minneapolis.
- June 1: Construction begins on new First Presbyterian Church in Newhall.
- June 5: Valencia resident & Western leading lady Peggy Stewart born in Palm Beach, Fla.
- July 2: Realtor-engineer-pilot Harry Bell, 2011 SCV Man of the Year, born in Freeland, Saginaw County, Mich.
- July 11: Newhall property owners start circulating petition calling on county to make street improvements.
- September 22: Newhall Chamber of Commerce organizes community cleanup day.
- October 10: Newhall merchants debate taxing themselves for county to pave Spruce (Main) Street; state does it three years later.
- October 31: Newhall Chamber of Commerce petitions state to pave Spruce Street (now Main); it happens three years later.
- November 16: Ella Carey (aka Cappy) born to actors Harry and Olive Carey at their ranch in Saugus. Younger sister to Harry Carey Jr.
- January 16: Actress Katy Jurado born in Guadalajara, Mexico; starred in films shot at Melody Ranch.
- March 31: Death of Rev. John Robbins, preacher at Acton Community Presbyterian Church from 1888-1916.
- June 4: Actor Dennis Weaver (Gunsmoke, Duel) born in Joplin, Missouri.
- August 28: U.S. premiere of John Ford film "The Iron Horse," partially shot in SCV.
- August 28: Ex-Governor and Acton gold mine owner Henry Tifft Gage dies.
- August 10: Reginaldo del Valle sells Rancho Camulos.
- September 14: Saugus Deputy Constable Ed Brown Killed in Shootout with Gus Le Brun.
- November 12: Baby Nicolene born to 1922-39 Mentryville residents Milford & Mary Cheney.
- March 9: A.B. Perkins becomes Justice of the Peace.
- March 11: U.S. release of Buster Keaton film, "Seven Chances," partially shot in SCV.
- June 14: Rebuilt First Presbyterian Church dedicated in Newhall.
- June 18: Newhall lawman Jack Pilcher buried; funeral expenses paid by local Ku Klux Klan.
- July 3: Wyatt Earp implores William S. Hart to portray him in a movie, to correct the "lies about me." Hart never did.
- July 16: Actor Harry Carey files patent on the original 160-acre homestead he'd purchased in 1916.
- December 17: Jenks Harris robs Piru bank of $11,000.
- December 20: New York premiere of William S. Hart's final film, "Tumbleweeds."
- December 27: Full U.S. release of William S. Hart's final film, "Tumbleweeds."
- December 29: Retired Judge John F. Powell dies at home in Newhall.
- March 1: The first Owens Valley water arrives at the St. Francis Dam.
- April 18: Release of Pathe's "The Seventh Bandit" starring Saugus resident Harry Carey. Lost film.
- May 4: Construction of St. Francis Dam completed.
- June 1: Dr. Peters opens offices which become the Newhall Community Hospital.
- June 28: Film director Mel Brooks born in Brooklyn; shot "Blazing Saddles" at Vasquez Rocks and "Robin Hood: Men In Tights" in Sand Canyon.
- July 12: Hart tells L.A. architect Arthur Kelly he is "contemplating building a Spanish style home" in Newhall.
- July 26: Backwoods Inn restaurant owner Bob Ohler born in Lincoln, Neb.
- August 26: Sheriff's Substation No. 6 dedicated in Newhall.
- October 17: Newhall saloonkeeper Nick Rivera murdered; buried in Ruiz Cemetery.
- December 27: Actor-Director-Producer Jerome Courtland born in Knoxville, Tenn.; lived in SCV; co-produced Disney's 1977 made-in-SCV "Pete's Dragon."
- Actor William S. Hart occupies his new Spanish-style mansion, La Loma de los Vientos, at the Horseshoe Ranch in Newhall.
- February 11: Actress Winifred Westover obtains divorce from William S. Hart on grounds of desertion.
- March 17: Newhall telephone exchange, est. 1900, now serves 100 phones.
- May 1: First major competition at new Baker Ranch Rodeo (later Saugus Speedway). Overflow crowd more than fills 18,000-seat arena.
- May 1: Ed Toney born in Los Angeles; oversaw Valencia's initial layout and entitlements for Newhall Land.
- June 1: C.A. Mentry successor Walton Young retires from job as Standard Oil superintendent at Pico.
- Newhall School moves from Newhall Avenue and Lyons to Eleventh and Walnut Streets.
- January 30: Early Newhall resident Leonardo Cesena dies; broke horses for Newhall Land.
- March 12, 11:57 p.m.: St. Francis Dam breaks, killing more than 450 in California's second-worst recorded disaster.
- March 15: William Mulholland and Harvey Van Norman inspect St. Francis Dam failure.
- March 24: Almer and George Newhall file report on damage to Newhall Land & Farming Co. property in the St. Francis Dam flood.
- March 29: Little dam victim (Trexler boy), supposedly unidentified & buried at Ruiz cemetery, actually identified and buried in Chatsworth.
- May 20: United Artists release of Edwin Carewe film version of "Ramona" starring Dolores Del Rio.
- July 1: L.A. City settles first death & disability claim arising from St. Francis Dam disaster.
- July 18: L.A. City makes first payment on death & disability claim arising from St. Francis Dam disaster.
- September 13: Caterer Eugene Burke, bank co-founder and local philanthropist, born in Amarillo, Texas (d. 2003).
- September 14: Phebe Lemon and Parker Shelby marry in Oklahoma; both become charter members of SCV Historical Society (est. 1975).
- January 7: Lawman Wyatt Earp pens last letter to friend William S. Hart; Earp dies 6 days later.
- March 13: Val Verde Rev. Samuel P. Dixon Jr. born in Toomsboro, Georgia.
- July 15: Citizens' Restoration Committee issues report on death & disability claim arising from St. Francis Dam disaster.
- November 10: Great Saugus Train Robbery by "Buffalo" Tom Vernon.
- November 18: Aviator and state Senator William J. "Pete" Knight born in Noblesville, Ind.
- December 1: Saugus train robber "Buffalo" Tom Vernon apprehended in Pawnee, Okla.
- December 18: "Buffalo" Tom Vernon sentenced to life in prison for Saugus train derailment & robbery.
- The refinery on Pine Street, used from 1876-88, is restored by Standard Oil Co. and rechristened the "Pioneer Oil Refinery."
- Roy Baker sells his rodeo arena in Saugus to actor Hoot Gibson; it would later become the Saugus Speedway.
- January 19: Actress and animal rights activist Tippi Hedren born in Minnesota.
- February 8: U.S. release of Hoot Gibson film, "The Mounted Stranger."
- March 9: Oak of the Golden Dream in Placerita Canyon dedicated.
- June 1: The A.B. Perkins and J.D. O'Brien families sell Newhall Water System to newly formed Newhall Water Co.
- January 13: Stock car driver Ron Hornaday Sr. born in San Fernando; raced at Saugus Speedway.
- July 21: Baby Pauline born to 1922-39 Mentryville residents Milford & Mary Cheney.
- November 23: Fall Roundup held at Hoot Gibson's Saugus Rodeo.
- Felton School District in Mentryville disbanded.
- May 30: Rotarian & community volunteer Jack Boyer born in Boise, Idaho.
- July 4: First annual Fourth of July Parade in Newhall.
- July 21: SCV Historical Society leader Laura Mehterian born in Chicago.
- July 31: Death of pioneer Acton rancher & stonecutter George Blum.
- September 2: Actor Harry Carey's wood-framed house at Saugus ranch (now Tesoro del Valle) burns down when engine of water pump explodes.
- October 14: National Forest Inn on the Ridge Route burns down (possibly October 20).
- October 29: Highway 99 completed through Weldon Canyon, bypassing Ridge Route.
- Los Angeles Department of Water and Power completes the Bouquet Reservoir, replacing the St. Francis Dam.
- April 25: Louis Brathwaite, Santa Clarita city formation leader and inaugural planning commissioner, born in New York City.
- August 27: Atholl McBean elected president of The Newhall Land and Farming Company.
- November 20: Scott Newhall and Ruth Waldo marry in Reno; later own The Signal newspaper.
- January 11: Vaudeville actor & Newhall resident Charles Mack dies in Arizona car crash.
- May 10: U.S. release of Robert N. Bradbury film "Blue Steel," shot in SCV.
- September 27: Newhall Walk of Stars inductee Wilford Brimley born in Salt Lake City.
- December 5: American Legion Post 507 (Newhall American Legion) chartered.
- December 20: Rev. Wolcott H. Evans, retired pastor of Newhall's First Presbyterian Church, dies in Vista, Calif.
- April 13: Love triangle ends when deputy's wife, Gladys Carter, murders Frances Walker of the Placerita Walkers.
- July 22: St. Francis Dam builder William Mulholland dies in Los Angeles.
- September 27: Release of RKO's "Powdersmoke Range," shot in Newhall, starring Harry Carey, Tom Tyler, Bob Steele, Hoot Gibson, Guinn "Big Boy" Williams.
- November 14: Voters approve $22,000 construction bond to build a bigger Saugus School. (WPA kicked in another $17,181.)
- February 5: New York premiere of Charles Chaplin film "Modern Times," partially shot in SCV.
- February 19: Ida Evans, widow of Newhall First Presbyterian Rev. Wolcott Evans, dies at 71 in Vista, Calif.
- February 25: Full U.S. release of Charles Chaplin film "Modern Times," partially shot in SCV.
- February 21: Prohibitionist Henry Clay Needham dies in Newhall.
- April 15: William S. Hart testifies in a New York courtroom in his "Tumbleweeds" lawsuit against United Artists.
- December 14: Baby John born to Milford & Mary Cheney; probably last child born in Mentryville.
- December 23: Oil first struck on Newhall Land's SCV property.
- December 27: Passenger plane crash in Rice Canyon kills all 12 aboard (3 crew, 9 passengers).
- January 12: Boeing 247 crashes at Santa Clara Divide; 2 dead, 11 injured.
- May 24: Death of Vasquez Rocks homesteader Henry Krieg.
- July 16: SCV historian Jerry Reynolds born in Torrance.
- February 6: Fritz, William S. Hart's pinto gelding, dies at 30.
- March 19: NFL-CFL quarterback Joe Kapp born in Santa Fe, New Mexico; graduated from Hart High.
- April 5: Proper gravestone placed under Lebec Oak at Tejon for Peter LaBeck (killed a century earlier, 10-17-1837).
- April 15: Birth of Skip Newhall, eldest son of Ruth & Scott Newhall (and gr-gr-grandson of Henry M. Newhall).
- July 28: Newhall Tunnel cut away, replaced by Sierra Highway.
- September 9: Buck McKeon, Santa Clarita's first mayor, born in Tujunga/Los Angeles.
- October 9: Dedication of Calif. Historical Landmark No. 263 (Don Pedro Fages) in Lebec.
- December 5: Supervisors award construction contract for jail at Wayside Farms in Castaic (later called Pitchess Detention Center).
- Auto racing starts at Bonelli Stadium in Saugus (later Saugus Speedway).
- February 14: Newhall School burns to the ground for the third time.
- February 15: Los Angeles premiere of John Ford's "Stagecoach"; approx. 7 seconds shot in SCV.
- March 2: Full U.S. release of John Ford's "Stagecoach"; approx. 7 seconds shot in SCV.
- July 9: Death of Harald Sandberg; built Sandberg's Summit Hotel on the Ridge Route.
- August 12: Supervisor Michael D. Antonovich born in Los Angeles.
- Santa Clarita Valley's population reaches 4,000.
- April 23: William S. Hart swears out complaint against Newhall man, 20, who took pothots at his Great Dane, Prince.
- May 10: K-8 Newhall School reopens after burning down 15 months earlier.
- October 12: Actor Tom Mix dies at 60 in Arizona car crash.
- November 7: William S. Hart deeds land for theater at Spruce & 11th Street to American Legion.
- March 18: Birth of twin gr-gr-grandsons of H.M. Newhall: Tony (Signal publisher), Jon (editor).
- May 23: SCV's first real movie house, the American Theater, dedicated in Newhall.
- June 21: Ernie Hickson buys out Trem Carr's interest in their Monogram movie ranch, renames it "Placeritos" (later called Melody).
- September 16: Newhall School Auditorium dedicated.
- November 27: Death of "our" Remi Nadeau, whose Canyon Country deer park became North Oaks.
- November 28: Actor & SCV regular Buck Jones dies in Boston's Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire.
- January 7: Actor William S. Hart announces intent to bequeath Newhall estate to the public.
- October 1: Actor William S. Hart's sister and co-habitant in Newhall, Mary Ellen Hart, dies.
- April 29: U.S. release of "Outlaw Trail" starring Hoot Gibson & Bob Steele; filmed at Monogram (Melody) Ranch.
- August 12: Newhall Refinery on Sierra Highway destroyed by fire. (It was rebuilt.)
- January 13: State approves petition of Newhall, Saugus, Castaic, Mint Canyon and Sulphur Springs school districts to form Santa Clarita Union High School District, renamed for William S. Hart the following year.
- January 29: Local residents vote 1,184-7 to create Santa Clarita Union High School District, later named William S. Hart.
- March 9: Voters elect first 5-member governing board of the Santa Clarita Union High School District, renamed for Hart the following year.
- April 18: Actors Harry & Olive Carey sell Saugus ranch (deed recorded this date to John F. & Irene T. Blanchard); now Tesoro del Valle.
- April 28-29: William S. Hart leads Newhall Posse in Bonelli Ranch Rodeo; actor Harry Carey Sr. is grand marshal.
- June 2: Local residents vote 432-2 to pass $300,000 bond measure to build Santa Clarita High School, ultimately named for William S. Hart.
- September 9: Bonelli Stadium (Saugus Speedway) holds first postwar auto race on the West Coast; Billy Vukovich wins.
- October 19, shortly after 9 p.m.: Acton Hotel burns to the ground.
- May 20: Cher, great-granddaughter of Placerita Canyon homesteader Frank Walker, born in El Centro, Calif.
- June 19: Community leader Bobbie (Nash) Trueblood arrives in Newhall.
- June 5: 81-year-old William S. Hart hospitalized; dies 2 1/2 weeks later.
- June 23, 11:20PM: William S. Hart, 81, dies at L.A.'s California Lutheran Hospital, leaving his Newhall home and 80-acre estate to the County of Los Angeles.
- June 26: Open-casket service for William S. Hart at his Newhall home; Rudy Vallee sings "The Last Round-up."
- July 10: Fred Trueblood Jr., later Signal editor, marries British war bride Bobbie Nash (Trueblood).
- August 18: Movie producer Trem Carr dies in San Diego.
- September 8: William S. Hart High School dedicated.
- December 18: Producer-Director Steven Spielberg born in Cincinnati; made first feature film ("Duel") & parts of many others in SCV.
- December 25: Comedian W.C. Fields dies in Pasadena; lived briefly in Newhall.
- Bill Bonelli's "Rancho Santa Clarita" in Saugus is SCV's first modern, postwar tract housing, and first official use of the "Santa Clarita" name.
- August 16: Newhall Hardware opens on Spruce Street.
- September 21: Actor and Saugus rancher Harry Carey (Sr.) dies.
- June 2: Laura Madeline Wagnon & Catherine McCaleb purchase Harry Carey Ranch from John & Irene Blanchard; sell it in 1950s to Cloughertys.
- September 23: Agua Dulce Women's Club organized.
- October 25: Valencia developer Thomas E. Dierckman, 2012 SCV Man of Year, born in Indiana.
- January 10: Snow day in SCV.
- February 17: Short-lived oil drilling operation on Newhall's Arcadia Street ends.
- June 22: Actress Lindsay Wagner born in L.A.; "Bionic Woman" filmed at COC & other SCV locations.
- November 24: Film director Robert N. Bradbury dies.
- February 27: Ex-Mrs. William S. Hart appears in court to challenge will that leaves Hart Park & Mansion to L.A. County.
- November 28: CalArts grad (BFA Theater '75) Ed Harris ("A Beautiful Mind," "Apollo 13," "The Abyss") born in New Jersey.
- July 24: Actress Lynda Carter born in Phoenix; "Wonder Woman" sometimes filmed in SCV.
- Two oil wells come in on the same day at the Jenkins' Lazy Z Ranch in Castaic, making national headlines.
- From Ernie Hickson'w widow, actor Gene Autry buys Western movie town in Placerita Canyon, renames it "Melody Ranch."
- January 22: Placerita movie ranch owner E.R. "Ernie" Hickson dies in Los Angeles.
- March 26: Prolific early Placerita Canyon film director J.P. McGowan dies in Hollywood at 72.
- August 27: Actor & CalArts grad Paul Reubens (Pee Wee Herman) born in New York.
- September 12: Henry Mayo Newhall Auditorium at Hart High opens.
- November 30: CalArts grad Henry Selick (MFA Film/Video '77), director of "The Nightmare Before Christmas," "James and the Giant Peach," born in New Jersey.
- January 13: Voters approve formation of Newhall County Water District (347 yes, 167 no).
- February 6: Newly public Newhall County Water District holds first board meeting.
- May 1: Adrian Adams, later municipal court judge, opens law practice in Newhall with attorney James Lowder.
- May 29: Musician & CalArts student Danny Elfman born in Los Angeles.
- June 6: Petroleum Production Pioneers recognize importance of Pico Canyon's CSO No. 4 oil well in plaque ceremony.
- August 4: Voters approve first issuance of Newhall County Water District bonds i/a/o $425,000 (465 yes, 45 no).
- March 20: Author Louis Sachar born in New York; 1998 book "Holes" made into 2003 film shot at Melody & Golden Oak ranches.
- April 15: Frank Sinatra, Sterling Hayden on streets of Newhall for filming of "Suddenly."
- May 3: Western actor Tom Tyler dies at 50 in Michigan.
- August: County of Los Angeles changes "Spruce Street" (Newhall's main street) to "San Fernando Road."
- October 7: New York release of "Suddenly" starring Frank Sinatra; shot in Newhall and Saugus.
- October 24: U.S. Rep. Brad Sherman (D-Sherman Oaks) born in Monterey Park; represents southeastern sliver of SCV.
- May 16: Actress Debra Winger born in Ohio; worked as Magic Mountain troll in 1972.
- September 10: U.S. release of "Gunsmoke" TV series, initially shot at Melody Ranch.
- September 30: Actor James Dean, 24, drives through Castaic Junction en route to his final resting place.
- February 24: Baseball Hall of Famer Eddie Murray born in Los Angeles; later SCV resident & car dealer.
- Manmade Piru lake and dam are completed.
- January 12: Animator-Director John Lasseter born in Hollywood; 1979 CalArts grad is chief creative officer at Pixar & Walt Disney Animation Studios; principal creative advisor for Walt Disney Imagineering.
- June 15: Lang Station dedicated as State Historic Landmark No. 590.
- November 18: Newhall County Library dedicated on Ninth Street.
- June 20: NASCAR driver Ron Hornaday Jr. born in Palmdale; raced at Saugus Speedway.
- August 25: Producer-director & CalArts grad Tim Burton born in Burbank.
- April 14: Earle L. Vanasen, first president of Newhall County Water District (1953-1959), retires from water board.
- April 29: Sandberg's Summit Hotel on the Ridge Route burns down.
- August 13: First Mass celebrated at new Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic Church in Newhall. Cardinal McIntyre attends.
- August 21: CalArts grad (MFA '91) and marine biologist Stephen Hillenburg, creator of Spongebob SquarePants, born in Olkahoma; developed prototype for Spongebob while a student in 1989. Estimated net worth: $90 million (2012).
- January 13: Death of Joe Gottardi, who lost wife and five children in 1928 dam disaster; buried in Piru.
- April 16: Buffalo herd arrives at William S. Hart Park — donated by Walt Disney from Golden Oak Ranch in Placerita Canyon.
- April 24: SCV residents vote to connect to State Water Project, creating Upper Santa Clara Valley Water Agency (renamed Castaic Lake Water Agency).
- August 23: Western actor and Saugus rodeo owner Hoot Gibson dies in Woodland Hills.
- August 28: Gene Autry's Melody Ranch burns to the ground as fire consumes most of the hills surrounding the Santa Clarita Valley.
- September 18: Articles of incorporation filed for Golden State Hospital on Lyons Avenue.
- December 4: Actress and future Soledad Canyon big-cat rescuer Tippi Hedren, "Hitchcock's New Grace Kelly," makes cover of Look magazine for upcoming thriller, "The Birds."
- Sunday Swap Meet starts at Saugus Speedway.
- March 28: New York premiere of Hitchcock's "The Birds"; stars later SCV resident Tippi Hedren.
- May 2: Fred Trueblood II sells The Newhall Signal newspaper to printer Ray Brooks.
- August 1: Leona Cox Community School breaks ground in Canyon Country.
- August 10: Death of Newhall civic leader Charles Henry Kingsburry.
- November 1: Community of Canyon Country founded; first Frontier Days celebration.
- January 9: Signal newspaper owner Scott Newhall introduces the screaming eagle masthead with the motto, "Vigiliance Forever."
- February 29: Lifelong SCV resident Harry S. Chacanaca dies; buried at Ruiz Cemetery.
- June 16: Aerial photos shot of Disney's proposed location for CalArts — just east of Hollywood Bowl.
- July 22: U.S. release of Hitchcock's "Marnie" starring SCV's Tippi Hedren.
- August 27: Promotional film, "The CalArts Story," debuts at Hollywood premiere of "Mary Poppins."
- September 27: Actress Tippi Hedren, 28, marries business manager Noel Marshall, 35; couple later moves to Africa USA (Shambala) in Soledad Canyon.
- December 30: United Air Lines Convair 340 forced down in Saugus when both engines fail; 47 aboard, none injured.
- August 10: Plaza Theatre (movie theater) opens on Lyons Avenue, Newhall.
- October 1: Santa Clarita National Bank opens.
- December 5: Scott Newhall publishes first Sunday edition of The Newhall Signal newspaper; previously Thursdays only.
- February 1: Actor Buster Keaton dies at 70 in Los Angeles.
- May 25: Mustang Drive-In theater opens on Soledad Canyon Road.
- November 13: Pico No. 4 oil well listed as a National Historic Landmark.
- December 15: Movie producer Walt Disney dies in Burbank.
- January 19: Original air date of "Star Trek" Episode 19: Arena; Kirk battles the Gorn commander (Saugus resident Bobby Clark) at Vasquez Rocks.
- July 17: Frenchy Lagasse family moves into the Pico Cottage (aka Big House) at Mentryville.
- August 20: Community of Valencia dedicated by The Newhall Land & Farming Co.; tract homes sell for $25,000.
- October 3: Air Force test pilot William J. "Pete" Knight achieves Mach 6.7 (4,520 mph) in X-15 rocket plane to set world speed record (still stands); later served as SCV's state assemblyman and senator.
- November 21: Local voters approve formation of community college and elect COC's first five-member board (Dr. William G. Bonelli Jr., Bruce Fortine, Sheila Dyer, Peter Huntsinger, Edward Muhl).
- June 5: Sirhan Sirhan fatally shoots Robert F. Kennedy in Los Angeles; SCV resident Elizabeth Evans is grazed by a bullet.
- September 3: Canyon High School opens.
- November 13: Following health department inspection, Lebec Hotel closes permanently.
- December 3: Newhall Land board of directors votes to take the company public.
- May 3: Groundbreaking of California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) in Valencia.
- September 22: College of the Canyons opens with first class of students in temporary Hart High School location.
- November 17: Construction begins on Magic Mountain amusement park.
- December 19: SCV resident Kristy Swanson, original Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992), born in Mission Viejo.
- January 7: COC's first winter quarter starts in temporary Hart High School location.
- January 27: Gov. Ronald Reagan appoints Adrian Adams judge of Newhall Municipal Court.
- February 11: Groundbreaking of County Civic Center in Valencia.
- April 5: The Newhall Incident: Slaying of four California Highway Patrol officers — Walter Frago, Roger Gore, James Pence and George Alleyn — in the J's Coffee Shop parking lot at today's Magic Mountain Parkway and The Old Road.
- April 8: COC's first spring quarter starts in temporary Hart High School location.
- June 5: Dedication of memorial wall at Newhall CHP station for officers slain in the Newhall Incident.
- June 26: Sixteen graduate in COC's first commencement ceremony, in Hart High cafeteria.
- September 15: SCV voters recall two Hart School Board members who won't let students circulate anti-Vietnam War petition.
- September 25: Lagasses help save Mentryville buildings as Newhall and Malibu brush fires erupt & join into worst fire in SoCal history. Twelve fires over 10 days in Southland burn 525,000 acres, kill 13 and destroy approx. 1,500 structures.
- October 5: College of the Canyons' first on-campus classes held in tilt-up buildings located just south of modern-day Cougar Stadium.
- October 13: Unarmored threespine stickleback (a fish) listed in Federal Register as endangered species.
- October 17: Hart leading lady Vola Vale ("The Silent Man," "Wolves of the Rail," "White Oak") dies in Hawthorne, Calif.
- December 19: Snow day in SCV.
- Southern Pacific Railroad tears down Lang Station.
- California Institute of the Arts is incorporated by Walt Disney; school moves to Valencia.
- February 9, 5:59 a.m.: 6.5 magnitude Sylmar earthquake (actually centered in Iron Canyon section of Sand Canyon).
- March 13: Brick front of Newhall Pharmacy (ex-Swall Hotel at Market & Spruce/Main), damaged in Feb. 9 quake, collapses.
- April 27: Tejon Ranch Co. torches the Lebec Hotel.
- May 12: Actor Tor Johnson ("Plan 9 From Outer Space") dies in San Fernando; buried at Eternal Valley Cemetery in Newhall.
- May 27: Magic Mountain community preview night.
- May 29: Magic Mountain opens to public.
- September 2: Sonny & Cher open at Magic Mountain's 7-Up Showcase Theatre.
- November 10: Dedication of Nature Study Center (aka Placerita Canyon Nature Center) at Placerita Canyon State & County Park.
- November 13: Debut of Steven Spielberg's made-for-TV movie "Duel," shot on Sierra Highway.
- January 17: Edison cottages (at Edison curve) sold to The Newhall Land and Farming Co.
- February 22: Dr. William Bonelli, COC's first board president, dies at 49.
- June 3: Castaic Lake opens for recreational use.
- June 22: Vasquez Rocks added to National Register of Historic Places.
- October 2: Name "Santa Clarita Valley" becomes official.
- December 2: Five wounded in Vagos biker gang shooting at Curtis & JoAnne Darcy's Acton '49er Saloon.
- March 23: Western actor Ken Maynard dies penniless at the Motion Picture Home in Woodland Hills.
- April 30: Watergate figure H.R. "Bob" Haldeman, a CalArts board member, resigns from Nixon White House.
- May 18: Actor and Sand Canyon resort owner Ace Cain dies at 69 in Saugus.
- August 31: Film director John Ford dies in Palm Desert.
- January 3-4: Snow day in SCV.
- February 7: U.S. release of Mel Brooks' "Blazing Saddles"; exteriors shot at Vasquez Rocks.
- April 15: Val Verde Rev. Samuel P. Dixon Jr. crashes car on Highway 14; dies 2 weeks later.
- April 22: Gov. Ronald Reagan speaks at dedication of COC's first permanent building (William G. Bonelli Instructional Resource Center).
- April 27: Val Verde Rev. Samuel P. Dixon Jr., 45, dies from injuries sustained in car wreck 2 weeks earlier on Highway 14.
- June 30: Sheriff's substation at Pyramid Lake opens; dedicated by Gov. Ronald Reagan.
- August 24: Pyramid Lake opens.
- September 21: COC's new Cougar Stadium opens for first game of football season (Harbor beat COC 26-21).
- November 14: Western actor Johnny Mack Brown dies in Woodland Hills.
- January 1: Watergate figure H.R. Haldeman, a CalArts board member, convicted of conspiracy and obstruction of justice.
- March 4: Sir Charles Chaplin is knighted at Buckingham Palace; made films in SCV.
- August 3: Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital opens with 100 beds.
- September 6: Saugus High School opens.
- December 11: Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society incorporated as a 501c3 nonprofit.
- March 7: Groundbreaking for new First Presbyterian Church in Newhall (former structure heavily damaged in 1971 earthquake).
- September 5: Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society marks "golden spike" centennial with State Landmark dedication at Lang Station.
- November 2: First Canyon County formation attempt fails despite local voter approval.
- November 6: Acton Turkey War with AM radio jock Dick Whittington ends in a draw.
- February 6: New First Presbyterian Church dedicated in Newhall.
- September 26: Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society and Newhall Woman's Club dedicate Mentryville and Pico (CSO) Number 4 as State Landmarks.
- January 14: Banker Sara Faye Wood installed as first female president of Newhall-Saugus-Valencia (later SCV) Chamber of Commerce.
- March 19: Gorman Deputy Arthur E. Pelino murdered by deranged suspect; assailant got 2½ years.
- May 18: KISS concert scene for "Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park," shot in Magic Mountain parking lot.
- May 21: St. Francis Dam site becomes a State Landmark.
- May 27: Last day of filming for "KISS Meets the Phantom of the Park," shot at Magic Mountain.
- June 29: Colossus roller coaster opens at Magic Mountain.
- October 28: "Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park," filmed at Magic Mountain, premieres as NBC Movie of the Week.
- November 7: Second Canyon County formation attempt fails despite local voter approval.
- November 15: Southern Pacific Saugus depot closes; later moved & used as SCV Historical Society museum.
- May 29: Actress Mary Pickford dies at 87 in Santa Monica; starred in "Ramona" (1910), shot at Rancho Camulos.
- June 11: Western actor John Wayne dies at 72 in Los Angeles.
- July 16: Publication of Ron Pinkerton's "St. Francis Dam Disaster" poem.
- June 24: Saugus Train Station relocated to Heritage Junction.
- October 14: Rookie Bob Walk, 1974 Hart High Grad, is starting/winning pitcher as Phillies beat Royals 7-6 in Game 1 of World Series. Phillies win series in 6 games.
- January 10: Death of Robert E. Callahan, owner of Mission Village in L.A. and Old West Trading Post on Sierra Highway.
- November 15: Enid Markey, Hart's occasional leading lady, dies at Bay Shore, Long Island.
- December 12: Restored Saugus Train Station dedicated.
- April 22: Gene Autry's Mogul 1629 steam locomotive relocated to Heritage Junction.
- July 23: Vic Morrow and two child actors killed in helicopter crash at Indian Dunes during filming of "Twilight Zone: The Movie."
- August 28: Tex Ritter inducted into Newhall's Walk of Western Stars.
- February 22: Armed robber taken out at Alpha Beta supermarket.
- July 29: U.S. release of "National Lampoon's Vacation," Walley World scenes shot at Magic Mountain.
- December 9: U.S. release of John Carpenter's "Christine"; blew up fake gas station in Valencia.
- October 30: NTSB report revises probable cause of 1982 "Twilight Zone" deaths after director John Landis appeals.
- October 11: Western recording artist & Newhall resident Tex Williams ("Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! That Cigarette") dies of cancer.
- November 18: SCV resident & Olympic gold medalist Allyson Michelle Felix (track & field) born in Los Angeles.
- April 23: COC board votes to allow Argentine cliff swallows to nest forever on sides of buildings.
- May 2: Least Bell's Vireo (a bird) listed in Federal Register as endangered species.
- May 24: Stuntman & SCV resident Enos Edward "Yakima" Canutt dies at 90 in North Hollywood.
- July 2: Actress Lindsay Lohan born in New York City; Disney's "The Parent Trap" (1998) and "Herbie: Fully Loaded" (2005) partially shot in SCV.
- August 14: Mitchell adobe demolished; components salvaged and later restored at Heritage Junction.
- February 27: Fifty-seven men and 6 women graduate from first L.A. County Sheriff's Academy class at COC.
- April 11: Ramona Chapel and Red Schoolhouse relocated to Heritage Junction.
- May 29: Director John Landis acquitted of charges stemming from accidental death of Vic Morrow and two child actors during filming at Indian Dunes of "Twilight Zone: The Movie."
- July 17: Kingsburry House relocated to Heritage Junction.
- September 28: Slender-horned Spineflower listed in Federal Register as endangered species.
- November 3: City of Santa Clarita formation approved at the polls; Buck McKeon, Jan Heidt, Jo Anne Darcy, Carl Boyer III, Dennis Koontz win first City Council election (in that order).
- December 15: City of Santa Clarita incorporated.
- Community of Stevenson Ranch established.
- February 1: Actor & police officer Thornton Edwards, hero of the St. Francis Dam Disaster, dies in Tulare, Calif.
- March 13: Actress Olive Carey, wife of Harry Carey Sr., dies at 92 in Carpinteria.
- March 15: City of Santa Clarita Planning Commission holds first meeting.
- September 11: Scott and Ruth Newhall publish first edition of "Santa Clarita Valley Citizen" newspaper.
- December 30: Release of Pixar's animated short, "Tin Toy," by John Lasseter (CalArts 1979); wins Academy Award.
- January 18: Edison House relocated to Heritage Junction.
- January 27: Santa Clarita post office established.
- March 27: Actor Jack Starrett dies at 52 in Sherman Oaks; appeared in SCV-made films (eg., Blazing Saddles) & TV shows (A Team).
- May 3: The "Santa Clarita Valley Citizen" folds.
- November 5: Mitchell Schoolhouse Adobe dedicated at Heritage Junction.
- December 15: Newhall Refinery on Sierra Highway permanently closed.
- January 26: L.A. Philharmonic premieres "Duplicates"; concerto by CalArts Music School dean Mel Powell wins Pulitzer Prize.
- February 8: Rock 'n' Roller Del Shannon (song: "Runaway") commits suicide at home in Santa Clarita.
- April 10: Jill Klajic, Carl Boyer III, Jo Anne Darcy win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- May 9: Gene Autry's elderly horse, Champion, put to sleep; buried at Melody Ranch.
- August 14: Newhall Ranch House relocated to Heritage Junction.
- September: Pico (CSO) Number 4 capped off after 114 years of oil production.
- November 13: Santa Clarita City Council adopts ordinance regulating size and location of business signs.
- December 5: Limited U.S. release of "The Grifters," partially shot in SCV.
- January 4: Full U.S. release of "The Grifters," partially shot in SCV.
- June 25: Santa Clarita City Council adopts conservation element of first general plan; includes inventory of local historic resources.
- February 2: LDS Church splits Santa Clarita Stake to create Valencia Stake, which includes Castaic, Newhall 1st, Newhall 2nd, Saugus 1st, Valencia 1st, Valencia 2nd wards, and Santa Clarita 1st Branch.
- April 14: Jan Heidt, George Pederson win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- August 4: Pardee House (former Good Templars Lodge) relocated to Heritage Junction.
- September: Valencia Town Center Mall opens.
- October 23: Dedication of Ed Davis Park in Towsley Canyon.
- October 26: Newspaper editor Scott Newhall (SF Chronicle, Newhall Signal, SCV Citizen) dies at 78 in Valencia hospital.
- January 20: 1979 Hart High grad Dee Dee Myers becomes Bill Clinton's first White House press secretary; serves until December 22, 1994.
- February 24: Jury awards Newhall Land $2.3 million for "Valencia" trademark infringment by Palmer apartments in Newhall.
- March 30: Coastal California Gnatcatcher listed in Federal Register as threatened species.
- May 17: Dale Poe, 61, developer of Stevenson Ranch, dies in car crash.
- July 28: U.S. release of Mel Brooks' "Robin Hood: Men in Tights"; shot in Sand Canyon.
- January 17, 4:31 a.m.: 6.7-magnitude Northridge Earthquake, centered in Canoga Park, kills 53 and causes $11 billion in damage across Southern California. Several homes in SCV are severely damaged and/or destroyed.
- February 1: Karen and David Nardiello acquire Saugus Cafe.
- April 12: Jo Anne Darcy, Carl Boyer III, H. Clyde Smyth win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- April 21: Eddie Murray sets MLB record for switch-hit home runs in games (11 times); later co-owner of Valencia Mercedes-Benz dealership.
- May 4: Actor & SCV resident Alexander Gould ("Finding Nemo," "Weeds") born in Los Angeles.
- September 9: Valencia High School opens.
- September 15: Reopening of COC football stadium and track; had been damaged in Jan. 17 earthquake.
- December 16: Arroyo Southwestern Toad listed in Federal Register as endangered species.
- April 22: Grand opening of Family Studies & Early Childhood Education Center at COC.
- June 30: Pico Canyon's last oil field foreman, Frenchy Lagasse, retires & moves to Lebec.
- July 1: Unification of Santa Clarita Valley and Canyon Country chambers of commerce.
- July 4: First publication of the "Old Town Newhall Gazette".
- November 14: COC holds first annual Business & Industry Breakfast (at HR Textron in Valencia).
- January 3: Harry Carey Ranch Historic District in Saugus added to National Register of Historic Places.
- February 10: Frenchy Lagasse, Mentryville's last oil field foreman, dies in Arizona.
- February 26: Historian Jerry Reynolds dies at age 58.
- February 29: Whittaker Corp. announces it will fund City Council candidates, following council approval of its Porta Bella development (which never happened).
- April 9: Jill Klajic, Jan Heidt win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- April 23: California Red-legged Frog listed in Federal Register as threatened species.
- June 11: Santa Clarita City Council approves downtown Newhall revitalization strategy.
- October 1: World Champion Mixologist Bobby Batugo dies in Los Angeles at age 90.
- June 22: "Hercules," directed by CalArts grad John Musker, premieres at CalArts; generally released June 27.
- July 8: Santa Clarita City Council adopts Newhall Redevelopment Plan.
- September 25: 17.6 miles of the 1915 Ridge Route Highway accepted into National Registry of Historic Places.
- November 16: "Hercules," directed by CalArts grad John Musker, wins four Annie Awards (animation's top honor).
- December 23: 5 bodies found during grading of Northlake development in Castaic; determined to be Jenkins family plot.
- January 17: Country music producer Cliffie Stone dies at home in Saugus.
- February 13: Disney animator Jules Engel ("Fantasia"), founder in 1970 of experimental-animation program at CalArts, receives lifetime achievement award at Santa Clarita International Film Festival.
- February 23: Worst day of record-setting 1997-98 El Nino storm season.
- April 14: Jo Anne Darcy, Frank Ferry, Laurene Weste win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- May 20: Trick roper Montie Montana, of Agua Dulce, dies in Los Angeles following a stroke.
- October 2: Actor and movie ranch owner Gene Autry dies in Studio City.
- October 29: L.A. County Sheriff Sherman Block dies from a cerebral hemorrhage just before the end of his fourth term; too late to remove name from ballot.
- February 13: Santa Clarita & Antelope valleys split off from 805 area code to become 661.
- May 1: "Spongebob SquarePants" pilot airs on Nickelodeon; created by CalArts grad Stephen Hillenburg (MFA '91).
- December 17: Singer-actor Rex Allen, Newhall Walk of Western Stars inductee (1982), dies in Tucson, Ariz.
- March 14: Time capsule buried at Newhall Metrolink station.
- March 18: Newhall Metrolink station opens.
- April 10: Longtime Newhall property owner Paul T. Veluzat dies at 101.
- April 11: Cameron Smyth, Bob Kellar win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- May 26: James Bernard "Bud" Keysor, founder of Keysor-Century Records, dies at 94 in Newhall.
- July 22: Larinan House in Pico Canyon burns down.
- August 13: Mike Shuman, 81, retired Placerita Junior High School principal, dies at home in Saugus.
- August 27: Contents of Harry Lechler's Piru museum, est. 1943, sold at auction.
- October 6: Dr. Robert C. Rockwell, COC's first superintendent-president, dies at 87.
- October 6: Movie stuntman Richard Farnsworth, 2000 Newhall Walk of Western Stars inductee, dies in New Mexico.
- February 15: Death of Val Verde leader Miriam Canty, 84.
- February 28: Longtime Castaic Lake Water Agency general manager Robert Sagehorn retires.
- May 5: Rancho Camulos dedicated as National Historic Landmark.
- May 22: Santa Clarita City Council exempts historic signs from sign ordinance.
- July 20: Assemblyman George Runner introduces legislation to memorialize the historic Ridge Route. (Enacted October 4.)
- August 23: State designates San Fernando Valley Spineflower (present in SCV) an endangered species.
- November 9: Local historian and community activist Laura Mehterian, who moved to San Francisquito Canyon in 1955, dies at 62 in Payson, Ariz.
- November 13: Original Santa Clarita planning commissioner Louis Brathwaite, former Hart School Board member, dies at 68.
- December 9: Newly restored Ramona Chapel dedicated at Heritage Junction/Hart Park.
- February 20: L.A. County honors local historian Philip Scorza for publication of 2 SCV history books.
- February 23: Internationally acclaimed fashion designer Sue Wong previews her "Nocturne" line at COC's Art Gallery.
- April 9: Frank Ferry, Marsha McLean, Laurene Weste win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- April 29: LASD Deputy David March, a Canyon High School graduate and Saugus resident, murdered by illegal immigrant during traffic stop.
- June 5: Construction equipment at Tesoro del Valle sparks brush fire that ravages San Francisquito Canyon.
- June 20: "Legacy: Santa Clarita's Living History" series debuts on SCVTV.
- July 26: Hollywood premiere of Disney's "The Country Bears," filmed at Golden Oak Ranch in Placerita Canyon.
- November 1: Environmental educator John Quigley climbs into "Old Glory" oak tree in Pico Canyon to save it; stays 71 days.
- February 25: Lydia Victoria (Cooke) Manriquez, elder of the San Fernando Band of Mission Indians, dies at 97; lifelong SCV resident.
- March 16: Life-size sculpture honoring heroes of St. Francis Dam disaster unveiled in Santa Paula.
- June 30: Westwood premiere of "Terminator 3," partially shot in SCV.
- October 28: Mentryville buildings saved as Simi Valley fire roars through Pico Canyon.
- November 15: CalArts' REDCAT (Roy and Edna Disney CalArts Theater) opens in Los Angeles.
- November 19: U.S. Rep. Howard "Buck" McKeon introduces initial legislation to block 78-million-ton gravel mine in Soledad Canyon.
- November 24: Ruth Newhall, former co-owner of The Signal (with husband Scott), dies in Berkeley, Calif.
- December 10: Saugus plastics manufacturer Keysor-Century Corp. files liquidation plan with bankruptcy court after ceasing operations in the wake of a federal investigation.
- January 3, 8:35 p.m. PST: NASA's Spirit rover lands on Mars; Richard Cook of Canyon Country is deputy project manager; Wayne Lee of Stevenson Ranch handles entry, descent and landing; Jennifer Trosper of Canyon Country is mission manager/surface operations.
- January 24, 9:05 p.m. PST: NASA's Opportunity rover lands on Mars; Richard Cook of Canyon Country is deputy project manager; Wayne Lee of Stevenson Ranch handles entry, descent and landing.
- January 27, 4 p.m. PST: Sale of The Newhall Land and Farming Co. to NWHL Inc., a joint venture of Lennar Corp. and LNR Properties Corp., is completed.
- April 1: Last day in Sacramento for Sen. Pete Knight; tapes SCVTV "Newsmaker" show on way home; dies from leukemia 1 month later.
- April 13: Cameron Smyth, Bob Kellar win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- May 7: Senator/Aviator Pete Knight, world speed record holder, dies in office at 74 from acute myelogenous leukemia.
- January 14: Repertory East Playhouse opens with "The Prisoner of Second Avenue." New theatre company replaces former Santa Clarita Repertory Theatre.
- January 16: Death of Piru museum owner Harry Hazzard Lechler at age 92.
- June 13: Tokyo premiere of Steven Spielberg's "War of the Worlds," partially shot at Mystery Mesa in Saugus.
- June 14: Santa Clarita City Council approves Newhall Land's Riverpark/River Village development.
- June 23: New York premiere of Steven Spielberg's "War of the Worlds," partially shot at Mystery Mesa in Saugus.
- November 3: County dedicates portion of Harry Carey Ranch as Tesoro Adobe Historic Park.
- January 10: County supervisor Warren Dorn dies in San Luis Obispo.
- January 21, 10 a.m.: "Permanent" Newhall Community Center opens.
- February 24: Actor Dennis Weaver (Gunsmoke, Duel) dies at 81 in Ridgway, Colo.
- April 11: Marsha McLean, Frank Ferry, Laurene Weste win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- April 22: Retired LAPD chief and California Sen. Ed Davis, 89, dies of pneumonia.
- September 4: Labor Day sees two major brush fires — Labor fire & Day fire; the latter burns for a month.
- February 24: AEG's Amgen Tour of California races to its first Santa Clarita finish line.
- July: Santa Clarita property owners approve a 30-year Open Space Preservation District. City to use property tax assessment through FY 2036-37 to purchase and preserve raw land outside city's borders.
- July 11: Moore's submarine sandwich shop, abandoned 2 years earlier, demolished as part of Newhall redevelopment.
- Summer: City of Santa Clarita reconfigures San Fernando Road in downtown Newhall and changes its name to "Main Street" between Lyons Avenue and 5th Street.
- October 21-22: "Buckweed" fire, ignited by a 10-year-old boy playing with matches, burns 38,000 acres and destroys 21 homes in Canyon Country and Agua Dulce.
- January 22: Santa Clarita City Council votes to change the name of San Fernando Road to "Newhall Avenue" between 5th Street and Highway 14.
- January 25: Newhall Hardware, est. 1947, citing economic problems, announces it will quit as soon as it can liquidate inventory.
- March 16: Newhall Hardware closes.
- April 8: Laurie Ender, Bob Kellar win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- May 25: NASA's Phoenix spacecraft lands on Mars; Stevenson Ranch resident Barry Goldstein is project manager.
- December 21: Stock car driver Ron Hornaday Sr. dies at 77; raced at Saugus Speedway.
- December 16: CalArts benefactor Roy E. Disney, nephew of Walt, dies at 79 in Newport Beach.
- April 13: Marsha McLean, Laurene Weste, Frank Ferry win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- April 17: First Day of Issue of USPS commemorative postage stamps honoring William S. Hart, Gene Autry, Roy Rogers and Tom Mix.
- January 2: Snow day in SCV.
- June 3: Actor James Arness ("Gunsmoke") dies at 88 in Los Angeles.
- July 1: Official first day of Santa Clarita Public Library system.
- November 4: Alan Mootnick, founder of Gibbon Conservation Center in Saugus, dies at 60.
- December 28: John Ford's 1924 "The Iron Horse," filmed in SCV, added to Library of Congress' National Film Registry.
- March 1: Newhall Redevelopment Committee formally dissolved, after state outlaws redevelopment agencies.
- March 1: Actor-Director-Producer Jerome Courtland dies at home in SCV; co-produced Disney's 1977 made-in-SCV "Pete's Dragon."
- March 10: John Hobbs, 1968 Hart High graduate, inducted into Country Music Hall of Fame.
- March 20: L.A. County Board of Supervisors approves 50-year operating agreement for Placerita Canyon Natural Area. County had been operating the state-owned park on a month-to-month basis since 1986.
- April 10: Bob Kellar, TimBen Boydston win Santa Clarita City Council election.
- July 1: Providence Health & Services acquires Facey Medical Group and Foundation.
- July 5: 2011 SCV Man of the Year Harry Bell, 89, dies in light plane crash at Rancho Camulos.
- August 5, 22:39 Pacific: NASA's Curiosoty rover lands on Mars; Richard Cook of Canyon Country is deputy project manager; Jennifer Trosper of Canyon Country is manager of ground operations.
- August 8: Canyon Country resident Allyson Felix wins gold medal in 200-meter sprint at London Olympics, then adds two more team gold medals (4x100m relay Aug. 10 [WR] & 4x400m relay Aug. 11).
- September 11: Santa Clarita becomes L.A. County's third-biggest city with the annexation of Fair Oaks Ranch and the Jakes Way area.
- September 29: Grand opening of Old Town Newhall Library.
- November 9: Last of the Saugus Speedway grandstands demolished. Removed over time, they'd been deemed unsafe in 1995 when racing was discontinued.
- November 29: LAFCO approves annexation of 2,475 acres, 9,500 residents of north Saugus into Santa Clarita; city's largest addition to date.
- December 15: SCV photojournalist Gary Thornhill dies at 74.
- December 25: U.S. release of Quentin Tarantino's "Django Unchained," filmed at Melody Ranch in Placerita Canyon.
- December 28: Actor & Saugus native Harry Carey Jr. dies at 91 in Santa Barbara.
- February 10: Motion picture helicopter provider David Gibbs of Valencia and two others are killed in crash at Acton movie ranch.
- February 21: Berry Petroleum Co., owner of the Placerita oil field along Sierra Highway, announces planned takeover by Linn Energy.
- February 25: COC jazz legend Stewart "Dirk" Fischer dies at 88.
- April 18: NASA-JPL rover project manager Richard Cook of Canyon Country makes TIME magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world.
- June 1: 4-5 homes in Lake Hughes burn down in Powerhouse Fire, which started May 30; ultimately 30 homes are deemed total losses and 28 outbuildings are destroyed.
- June 18: Saugus Union School Board vacates seat of trustee Stephen S. Winkler, who didn't maintain residency in the district and sparked community outrage with offensive social media posts.
- July 26: U.S. release of "The Wolverine," directed by 1985 CalArts grad James Mangold.
- September 26: Traveling Vietnam Memorial Wall (80% scale) begins 4-day visit at Westfield Valencia Town Center mall.
- November 30: Actor Paul Walker ("Fast & Furious" movies) dies in a fiery car crash in the Valenica Industrial Center. | 84,265 | 896 |
946,575 | 4. The Adult Stem Cell
For many years, researchers have been seeking to understand the body's ability to repair and replace the cells and tissues of some organs, but not others. After years of work pursuing the how and why of seemingly indiscriminant cell repair mechanisms, scientists have now focused their attention on adult stem cells. It has long been known that stem cells are capable of renewing themselves and that they can generate multiple cell types. Today, there is new evidence that stem cells are present in far more tissues and organs than once thought and that these cells are capable of developing into more kinds of cells than previously imagined. Efforts are now underway to harness stem cells and to take advantage of this new found capability, with the goal of devising new and more effective treatments for a host of diseases and disabilities. What lies ahead for the use of adult stem cells is unknown, but it is certain that there are many research questions to be answered and that these answers hold great promise for the future.
What Is an Adult Stem Cell?
Adult stem cells, like all stem cells, share at least two characteristics. First, they can make identical copies of themselves for long periods of time; this ability to proliferate is referred to as long-term self-renewal. Second, they can give rise to mature cell types that have characteristic morphologies (shapes) and specialized functions. Typically, stem cells generate an intermediate cell type or types before they achieve their fully differentiated state. The intermediate cell is called a precursor or progenitor cell. Progenitor or precursor cells in fetal or adult tissues are partly differentiated cells that divide and give rise to differentiated cells. Such cells are usually regarded as "committed" to differentiating along a particular cellular development pathway, although this characteristic may not be as definitive as once thought (see Figure 4.1. Distinguishing Features of Progenitor/Precursor Cells and Stem Cells).
Figure 4.1. Distinguishing Features of Progenitor/Precursor Cells and Stem Cells. A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that is capable of replicating or self renewing itself and developing into specialized cells of a variety of cell types. The product of a stem cell undergoing division is at least one additional stem cell that has the same capabilities of the originating cell. Shown here is an example of a hematopoietic stem cell producing a second generation stem cell and a neuron. A progenitor cell (also known as a precursor cell) is unspecialized or has partial characteristics of a specialized cell that is capable of undergoing cell division and yielding two specialized cells. Shown here is an example of a myeloid progenitor/precursor undergoing cell division to yield two specialized cells (a neutrophil and a red blood cell).
(© 2001 Terese Winslow, Lydia Kibiuk)
Adult stem cells are rare. Their primary functions are to maintain the steady state functioning of a cell—called homeostasis—and, with limitations, to replace cells that die because of injury or disease [44, 58]. For example, only an estimated 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 cells in the bone marrow is a hematopoietic (bloodforming) stem cell (HSC) . Furthermore, adult stem cells are dispersed in tissues throughout the mature animal and behave very differently, depending on their local environment. For example, HSCs are constantly being generated in the bone marrow where they differentiate into mature types of blood cells. Indeed, the primary role of HSCs is to replace blood cells (see Chapter 5. Hematopoietic Stem Cells). In contrast, stem cells in the small intestine are stationary, and are physically separated from the mature cell types they generate. Gut epithelial stem cells (or precursors) occur at the bases of crypts—deep invaginations between the mature, differentiated epithelial cells that line the lumen of the intestine. These epithelial crypt cells divide fairly often, but remain part of the stationary group of cells they generate .
Unlike embryonic stem cells, which are defined by their origin (the inner cell mass of the blastocyst), adult stem cells share no such definitive means of characterization. In fact, no one knows the origin of adult stem cells in any mature tissue. Some have proposed that stem cells are somehow set aside during fetal development and restrained from differentiating. Definitions of adult stem cells vary in the scientific literature range from a simple description of the cells to a rigorous set of experimental criteria that must be met before characterizing a particular cell as an adult stem cell. Most of the information about adult stem cells comes from studies of mice. The list of adult tissues reported to contain stem cells is growing and includes bone marrow, peripheral blood, brain, spinal cord, dental pulp, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, epithelia of the skin and digestive system, cornea, retina, liver, and pancreas.
In order to be classified as an adult stem cell, the cell should be capable of self-renewal for the lifetime of the organism. This criterion, although fundamental to the nature of a stem cell, is difficult to prove in vivo. It is nearly impossible, in an organism as complex as a human, to design an experiment that will allow the fate of candidate adult stem cells to be identified in vivo and tracked over an individual's entire lifetime.
Ideally, adult stem cells should also be clonogenic. In other words, a single adult stem cell should be able to generate a line of genetically identical cells, which then gives rise to all the appropriate, differentiated cell types of the tissue in which it resides. Again, this property is difficult to demonstrate in vivo; in practice, scientists show either that a stem cell is clonogenic in vitro, or that a purified population of candidate stem cells can repopulate the tissue.
An adult stem cell should also be able to give rise to fully differentiated cells that have mature phenotypes, are fully integrated into the tissue, and are capable of specialized functions that are appropriate for the tissue. The term phenotype refers to all the observable characteristics of a cell (or organism); its shape (morphology); interactions with other cells and the non-cellular environment (also called the extracellular matrix); proteins that appear on the cell surface (surface markers); and the cell's behavior (e.g., secretion, contraction, synaptic transmission).
The majority of researchers who lay claim to having identified adult stem cells rely on two of these characteristics—appropriate cell morphology, and the demonstration that the resulting, differentiated cell types display surface markers that identify them as belonging to the tissue. Some studies demonstrate that the differentiated cells that are derived from adult stem cells are truly functional, and a few studies show that cells are integrated into the differentiated tissue in vivo and that they interact appropriately with neighboring cells. At present, there is, however, a paucity of research, with a few notable exceptions, in which researchers were able to conduct studies of genetically identical (clonal) stem cells. In order to fully characterize the regenerating and self-renewal capabilities of the adult stem cell, and therefore to truly harness its potential, it will be important to demonstrate that a single adult stem cell can, indeed, generate a line of genetically identical cells, which then gives rise to all the appropriate, differentiated cell types of the tissue in which it resides.
Evidence for the Presence of Adult Stem Cells
Adult stem cells have been identified in many animal and human tissues. In general, three methods are used to determine whether candidate adult stem cells give rise to specialized cells. Adult stem cells can be labeled in vivo and then they can be tracked. Candidate adult stem cells can also be isolated and labeled and then transplanted back into the organism to determine what becomes of them. Finally, candidate adult stem cells can be isolated, grown in vitro and manipulated, by adding growth factors or introducing genes that help determine what differentiated cells types they will yield. For example, currently, scientists believe that stem cells in the fetal and adult brain divide and give rise to more stem cells or to several types of precursor cells, which give rise to nerve cells (neurons), of which there are many types.
It is often difficult—if not impossible—to distinguish adult, tissue-specific stem cells from progenitor cells, which are found in fetal or adult tissues and are partly differentiated cells that divide and give rise to differentiated cells. These are cells found in many organs that are generally thought to be present to replace cells and maintain the integrity of the tissue. Progenitor cells give rise to certain types of cells—such as the blood cells known as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells—but are not thought to be capable of developing into all the cell types of a tissue and as such are not truly stem cells. The current wave of excitement over the existence of stem cells in many adult tissues is perhaps fueling claims that progenitor or precursor cells in those tissues are instead stem cells. Thus, there are reports of endothelial progenitor cells, skeletal muscle stem cells, epithelial precursors in the skin and digestive system, as well as some reports of progenitors or stem cells in the pancreas and liver. A detailed summary of some of the evidence for the existence of stem cells in various tissues and organs is presented later in the chapter.
Adult Stem Cell Plasticity
It was not until recently that anyone seriously considered the possibility that stem cells in adult tissues could generate the specialized cell types of another type of tissue from which they normally reside—either a tissue derived from the same embryonic germ layer or from a different germ layer (see Table 1.1. Embryonic Germ Layers From Which Differentiated Tissues Develop). For example, studies have shown that blood stem cells (derived from mesoderm) may be able to generate both skeletal muscle (also derived from mesoderm) and neurons (derived from ectoderm). That realization has been triggered by a flurry of papers reporting that stem cells derived from one adult tissue can change their appearance and assume characteristics that resemble those of differentiated cells from other tissues.
The term plasticity, as used in this report, means that a stem cell from one adult tissue can generate the differentiated cell types of another tissue. At this time, there is no formally accepted name for this phenomenon in the scientific literature. It is variously referred to as "plasticity" [15, 52], "unorthodox differentiation" or "transdifferentiation" [7, 54].
Approaches for Demonstrating Adult Stem Cell Plasticity
To be able to claim that adult stem cells demonstrate plasticity, it is first important to show that a cell population exists in the starting tissue that has the identifying features of stem cells. Then, it is necessary to show that the adult stem cells give rise to cell types that normally occur in a different tissue. Neither of these criteria is easily met. Simply proving the existence of an adult stem cell population in a differentiated tissue is a laborious process. It requires that the candidate stem cells are shown to be self-renewing, and that they can give rise to the differentiated cell types that are characteristic of that tissue.
To show that the adult stem cells can generate other cell types requires them to be tracked in their new environment, whether it is in vitro or in vivo. In general, this has been accomplished by obtaining the stem cells from a mouse that has been genetically engineered to express a molecular tag in all its cells. It is then necessary to show that the labeled adult stem cells have adopted key structural and biochemical characteristics of the new tissue they are claimed to have generated. Ultimately—and most importantly—it is necessary to demonstrate that the cells can integrate into their new tissue environment, survive in the tissue, and function like the mature cells of the tissue.
In the experiments reported to date, adult stem cells may assume the characteristics of cells that have developed from the same primary germ layer or a different germ layer (see Figure 4.2. Preliminary Evidence of Plasticity Among Nonhuman Adult Stem Cells). For example, many plasticity experiments involve stem cells derived from bone marrow, which is a mesodermal derivative. The bone marrow stem cells may then differentiate into another mesodermally derived tissue such as skeletal muscle [28, 43], cardiac muscle [51, 71] or liver [4, 54, 97].
Figure 4.2. Preliminary Evidence of Plasticity Among Nonhuman Adult Stem Cells.
(© 2001 Terese Winslow, Lydia Kibiuk, Caitlin Duckwall)
Alternatively, adult stem cells may differentiate into a tissue that—during normal embryonic development—would arise from a different germ layer. For example, bone marrow-derived cells may differentiate into neural tissue, which is derived from embryonic ectoderm [15, 65]. And—reciprocally—neural stem cell lines cultured from adult brain tissue may differentiate to form hematopoietic cells , or even give rise to many different cell types in a chimeric embryo . In both cases cited above, the cells would be deemed to show plasticity, but in the case of bone marrow stem cells generating brain cells, the finding is less predictable.
In order to study plasticity within and across germ layer lines, the researcher must be sure that he/she is using only one kind of adult stem cell. The vast majority of experiments on plasticity have been conducted with adult stem cells derived either from the bone marrow or the brain. The bone marrow-derived cells are sometimes sorted—using a panel of surface markers—into populations of hematopoietic stem cells or bone marrow stromal cells [46, 54, 71]. The HSCs may be highly purified or partially purified, depending on the conditions used. Another way to separate population of bone marrow cells is by fractionation to yield cells that adhere to a growth substrate (stromal cells) or do not adhere (hematopoietic cells) .
To study plasticity of stem cells derived from the brain, the researcher must overcome several problems. Stem cells from the central nervous system (CNS), unlike bone marrow cells, do not occur in a single, accessible location. Instead, they are scattered in three places, at least in rodent brain—the tissue around the lateral ventricles in the forebrain, a migratory pathway for the cells that leads from the ventricles to the olfactory bulbs, and the hippocampus. Many of the experiments with CNS stem cells involve the formation of neurospheres, round aggregates of cells that are sometimes clonally derived. But it is not possible to observe cells in the center of a neurosphere, so to study plasticity in vitro, the cells are usually dissociated and plated in monolayers. To study plasticity in vivo, the cells may be dissociated before injection into the circulatory system of the recipient animal , or injected as neurospheres .
What is the Evidence for Plasticity?
The differentiated cell types that result from plasticity are usually reported to have the morphological characteristics of the differentiated cells and to display their characteristic surface markers. In reports that transplanted adult stem cells show plasticity in vivo, the stem cells typically are shown to have integrated into a mature host tissue and assumed at least some of its characteristics [15, 28, 51, 65, 71]. Many plasticity experiments involve injury to a particular tissue, which is intended to model a particular human disease or injury [13, 54, 71]. However, there is limited evidence to date that such adult stem cells can generate mature, fully functional cells or that the cells have restored lost function in vivo . Most of the studies that show the plasticity of adult stem cells involve cells that are derived from the bone marrow [15, 28, 54, 65, 77] or brain [13, 17]. To date, adult stem cells are best characterized in these two tissues, which may account for the greater number of plasticity studies based on bone marrow and brain. Collectively, studies on plasticity suggest that stem cell populations in adult mammals are not fixed entities, and that after exposure to a new environment, they may be able to populate other tissues and possibly differentiate into other cell types.
It is not yet possible to say whether plasticity occurs normally in vivo. Some scientists think it may [14, 64], but as yet there is no evidence to prove it. Also, it is not yet clear to what extent plasticity can occur in experimental settings, and how—or whether—the phenomenon can be harnessed to generate tissues that may be useful for therapeutic transplantation. If the phenomenon of plasticity is to be used as a basis for generating tissue for transplantation, the techniques for doing it will need to be reproducible and reliable (see Chapter 10. Assessing Human Stem Cell Safety). In some cases, debate continues about observations that adult stem cells yield cells of tissue types different than those from which they were obtained [7, 68].
Experimental Evidence of Adult Stem Cells and Plasticity
Adult Stem Cells of the Nervous System
More than 30 years ago, Altman and Das showed that two regions of the postnatal rat brain, the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb, contain dividing cells that become neurons [5, 6]. Despite these reports, the prevailing view at the time was that nerve cells in the adult brain do not divide. In fact, the notion that stem cells in the adult brain can generate its three major cell types—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, as well as neurons—was not accepted until far more recently. Within the past five years, a series of studies has shown that stem cells occur in the adult mammalian brain and that these cells can generate its three major cell lineages [35, 48, 63, 66, 90, 96, 104] (see Chapter 8. Rebuilding the Nervous System with Stem Cells).
Today, scientists believe that stem cells in the fetal and adult brain divide and give rise to more stem cells or to several types of precursor cells. Neuronal precursors (also called neuroblasts) divide and give rise to nerve cells (neurons), of which there are many types. Glial precursors give rise to astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes are a kind of glial cell, which lend both mechanical and metabolic support for neurons; they make up 70 to 80 percent of the cells of the adult brain. Oligodendrocytes make myelin, the fatty material that ensheathes nerve cell axons and speeds nerve transmission. Under normal, in vivo conditions, neuronal precursors do not give rise to glial cells, and glial precursors do not give rise to neurons. In contrast, a fetal or adult CNS (central nervous system—the brain and spinal cord) stem cell may give rise to neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes, depending on the signals it receives and its three-dimensional environment within the brain tissue. There is now widespread consensus that the adult mammalian brain does contain stem cells. However, there is no consensus about how many populations of CNS stem cells exist, how they may be related, and how they function in vivo. Because there are no markers currently available to identify the cells in vivo, the only method for testing whether a given population of CNS cells contains stem cells is to isolate the cells and manipulate them in vitro, a process that may change their intrinsic properties .
Despite these barriers, three groups of CNS stem cells have been reported to date. All occur in the adult rodent brain and preliminary evidence indicates they also occur in the adult human brain. One group occupies the brain tissue next to the ventricles, regions known as the ventricular zone and the sub-ventricular zone (see discussion below). The ventricles are spaces in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid. During fetal development, the tissue adjacent to the ventricles is a prominent region of actively dividing cells. By adulthood, however, this tissue is much smaller, although it still appears to contain stem cells .
A second group of adult CNS stem cells, described in mice but not in humans, occurs in a streak of tissue that connects the lateral ventricle and the olfactory bulb, which receives odor signals from the nose. In rodents, olfactory bulb neurons are constantly being replenished via this pathway [59, 61]. A third possible location for stem cells in adult mouse and human brain occurs in the hippocampus, a part of the brain thought to play a role in the formation of certain kinds of memory [27, 34].
Central Nervous System Stem Cells in the Subventricular Zone. CNS stem cells found in the forebrain that surrounds the lateral ventricles are heterogeneous and can be distinguished morphologically. Ependymal cells, which are ciliated, line the ventricles. Adjacent to the ependymal cell layer, in a region sometimes designated as the subependymal or subventricular zone, is a mixed cell population that consists of neuroblasts (immature neurons) that migrate to the olfactory bulb, precursor cells, and astrocytes. Some of the cells divide rapidly, while others divide slowly. The astrocyte-like cells can be identified because they contain glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), whereas the ependymal cells stain positive for nestin, which is regarded as a marker of neural stem cells. Which of these cells best qualifies as a CNS stem cell is a matter of debate .
A recent report indicates that the astrocytes that occur in the subventricular zone of the rodent brain act as neural stem cells. The cells with astrocyte markers appear to generate neurons in vivo, as identified by their expression of specific neuronal markers. The in vitro assay to demonstrate that these astrocytes are, in fact, stem cells involves their ability to form neurospheres—groupings of undifferentiated cells that can be dissociated and coaxed to differentiate into neurons or glial cells . Traditionally, these astrocytes have been regarded as differentiated cells, not as stem cells and so their designation as stem cells is not universally accepted.
A series of similar in vitro studies based on the formation of neurospheres was used to identify the subependymal zone as a source of adult rodent CNS stem cells. In these experiments, single, candidate stem cells derived from the subependymal zone are induced to give rise to neurospheres in the presence of mitogens—either epidermal growth factor (EGF) or fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). The neurospheres are dissociated and passaged. As long as a mitogen is present in the culture medium, the cells continue forming neurospheres without differentiating. Some populations of CNS cells are more responsive to EGF, others to FGF . To induce differentiation into neurons or glia, cells are dissociated from the neurospheres and grown on an adherent surface in serum-free medium that contains specific growth factors. Collectively, the studies demonstrate that a population of cells derived from the adult rodent brain can self-renew and differentiate to yield the three major cell types of the CNS cells [41, 69, 74, 102].
Central Nervous System Stem Cells in the Ventricular Zone. Another group of potential CNS stem cells in the adult rodent brain may consist of the ependymal cells themselves . Ependymal cells, which are ciliated, line the lateral ventricles. They have been described as non-dividing cells that function as part of the blood-brain barrier . The suggestion that ependymal cells from the ventricular zone of the adult rodent CNS may be stem cells is therefore unexpected. However, in a recent study, in which two molecular tags—the fluorescent marker Dil, and an adenovirus vector carrying lacZ tags—were used to label the ependymal cells that line the entire CNS ventricular system of adult rats, it was shown that these cells could, indeed, act as stem cells. A few days after labeling, fluorescent or lacZ+ cells were observed in the rostral migratory stream (which leads from the lateral ventricle to the olfactory bulb), and then in the olfactory bulb itself. The labeled cells in the olfactory bulb also stained for the neuronal markers βIII tubulin and Map2, which indicated that ependymal cells from the ventricular zone of the adult rat brain had migrated along the rostral migratory stream to generate olfactory bulb neurons in vivo .
To show that Dil+ cells were neural stem cells and could generate astrocytes and oligodendrocytes as well as neurons, a neurosphere assay was performed in vitro. Dil-labeled cells were dissociated from the ventricular system and cultured in the presence of mitogen to generate neurospheres. Most of the neurospheres were Dil+; they could self-renew and generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes when induced to differentiate. Single, Dil+ ependymal cells isolated from the ventricular zone could also generate self-renewing neurospheres and differentiate into neurons and glia.
To show that ependymal cells can also divide in vivo, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered in the drinking water to rats for a 2- to 6-week period. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a DNA precursor that is only incorporated into dividing cells. Through a series of experiments, it was shown that ependymal cells divide slowly in vivo and give rise to a population of progenitor cells in the subventricular zone . A different pattern of scattered BrdU-labeled cells was observed in the spinal cord, which suggested that ependymal cells along the central canal of the cord occasionally divide and give rise to nearby ependymal cells, but do not migrate away from the canal.
Collectively, the data suggest that CNS ependymal cells in adult rodents can function as stem cells. The cells can self-renew, and most proliferate via asymmetrical division. Many of the CNS ependymal cells are not actively dividing (quiescent), but they can be stimulated to do so in vitro (with mitogens) or in vivo (in response to injury). After injury, the ependymal cells in the spinal cord only give rise to astrocytes, not to neurons. How and whether ependymal cells from the ventricular zone are related to other candidate populations of CNS stem cells, such as those identified in the hippocampus , is not known.
Are ventricular and subventricular zone CNS stem cells the same population? These studies and other leave open the question of whether cells that directly line the ventricles—those in the ventricular zone—or cells that are at least a layer removed from this zone—in the subventricular zone are the same population of CNS stem cells. A new study, based on the finding that they express different genes, confirms earlier reports that the ventricular and subventricular zone cell populations are distinct. The new research utilizes a technique called representational difference analysis, together with cDNA microarray analysis, to monitor the patterns of gene expression in the complex tissue of the developing and postnatal mouse brain. The study revealed the expression of a panel of genes known to be important in CNS development, such as L3-PSP (which encodes a phosphoserine phosphatase important in cell signaling), cyclin D2 (a cell cycle gene), and ERCC-1 (which is important in DNA excision repair). All of these genes in the recent study were expressed in cultured neurospheres, as well as the ventricular zone, the subventricular zone, and a brain area outside those germinal zones. This analysis also revealed the expression of novel genes such as A16F10, which is similar to a gene in an embryonic cancer cell line. A16F10 was expressed in neurospheres and at high levels in the subventricular zone, but not significantly in the ventricular zone. Interestingly, several of the genes identified in cultured neurospheres were also expressed in hematopoietic cells, suggesting that neural stem cells and blood-forming cells may share aspects of their genetic programs or signaling systems . This finding may help explain recent reports that CNS stem cells derived from mouse brain can give rise to hematopoietic cells after injection into irradiated mice .
Central Nervous System Stem Cells in the Hippocampus. The hippocampus is one of the oldest parts of the cerebral cortex, in evolutionary terms, and is thought to play an important role in certain forms of memory. The region of the hippocampus in which stem cells apparently exist in mouse and human brains is the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. In mice, when BrdU is used to label dividing cells in this region, about 50% of the labeled cells differentiate into cells that appear to be dentate gyrus granule neurons, and 15% become glial cells. The rest of the BrdU-labeled cells do not have a recognizable phenotype . Interestingly, many, if not all the BrdU-labeled cells in the adult rodent hippocampus occur next to blood vessels .
In the human dentate gyrus, some BrdU-labeled cells express NeuN, neuron-specific enolase, or calbindin, all of which are neuronal markers. The labeled neuron-like cells resemble dentate gyrus granule cells, in terms of their morphology (as they did in mice). Other BrdU-labeled cells express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) an astrocyte marker. The study involved autopsy material, obtained with family consent, from five cancer patients who had been injected with BrdU dissolved in saline prior to their death for diagnostic purposes. The patients ranged in age from 57 to 72 years. The greatest number of BrdU-labeled cells were identified in the oldest patient, suggesting that new neuron formation in the hippocampus can continue late in life .
Fetal Central Nervous System Stem Cells. Not surprisingly, fetal stem cells are numerous in fetal tissues, where they are assumed to play an important role in the expansion and differentiation of all tissues of the developing organism. Depending on the developmental stage of an animal, fetal stem cells and precursor cells—which arise from stem cells—may make up the bulk of a tissue. This is certainly true in the brain , although it has not been demonstrated experimentally in many tissues.
It may seem obvious that the fetal brain contains stem cells that can generate all the types of neurons in the brain as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, but it was not until fairly recently that the concept was proven experimentally. There has been a long-standing question as to whether or not the same cell type gives rise to both neurons and glia. In studies of the developing rodent brain, it has now been shown that all the major cell types in the fetal brain arise from a common population of progenitor cells [20, 34, 48, 80, 108].
Neural stem cells in the mammalian fetal brain are concentrated in seven major areas: olfactory bulb, ependymal (ventricular) zone of the lateral ventricles (which lie in the forebrain), subventricular zone (next to the ependymal zone), hippocampus, spinal cord, cerebellum (part of the hindbrain), and the cerebral cortex. Their number and pattern of development vary in different species. These cells appear to represent different stem cell populations, rather than a single population of stem cells that is dispersed in multiple sites. The normal development of the brain depends not only on the proliferation and differentiation of these fetal stem cells, but also on a genetically programmed process of selective cell death called apoptosis .
Little is known about stem cells in the human fetal brain. In one study, however, investigators derived clonal cell lines from CNS stem cells isolated from the diencephalon and cortex of human fetuses, 10.5 weeks post-conception . The study is unusual, not only because it involves human CNS stem cells obtained from fetal tissue, but also because the cells were used to generate clonal cell lines of CNS stem cells that generated neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, as determined on the basis of expressed markers. In a few experiments described as "preliminary," the human CNS stem cells were injected into the brains of immunosuppressed rats where they apparently differentiated into neuron-like cells or glial cells.
In a 1999 study, a serum-free growth medium that included EGF and FGF2 was devised to grow the human fetal CNS stem cells. Although most of the cells died, occasionally, single CNS stem cells survived, divided, and ultimately formed neurospheres after one to two weeks in culture. The neurospheres could be dissociated and individual cells replated. The cells resumed proliferation and formed new neurospheres, thus establishing an in vitro system that (like the system established for mouse CNS neurospheres) could be maintained up to 2 years. Depending on the culture conditions, the cells in the neurospheres could be maintained in an undifferentiated dividing state (in the presence of mitogen), or dissociated and induced to differentiate (after the removal of mitogen and the addition of specific growth factors to the culture medium). The differentiated cells consisted mostly of astrocytes (75%), some neurons (13%) and rare oligodendrocytes (1.2%). The neurons generated under these conditions expressed markers indicating they were GABAergic, [the major type of inhibitory neuron in the mammalian CNS responsive to the amino acid neurotransmitter, gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)]. However, catecholamine-like cells that express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, a critical enzyme in the dopamine-synthesis pathway) could be generated, if the culture conditions were altered to include different medium conditioned by a rat glioma line (BB49). Thus, the report indicates that human CNS stem cells obtained from early fetuses can be maintained in vitro for a long time without differentiating, induced to differentiate into the three major lineages of the CNS (and possibly two kinds of neurons, GABAergic and TH-positive), and engraft (in rats) in vivo .
Central Nervous System Neural Crest Stem Cells. Neural crest cells differ markedly from fetal or adult neural stem cells. During fetal development, neural crest cells migrate from the sides of the neural tube as it closes. The cells differentiate into a range of tissues, not all of which are part of the nervous system [56, 57, 91]. Neural crest cells form the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), including the network of nerves that innervate the heart and the gut, all the sensory ganglia (groups of neurons that occur in pairs along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord), and Schwann cells, which (like oligodendrocytes in the CNS) make myelin in the PNS. The non-neural tissues that arise from the neural crest are diverse. They populate certain hormone-secreting glands—including the adrenal medulla and Type I cells in the carotid body—pigment cells of the skin (melanocytes), cartilage and bone in the face and skull, and connective tissue in many parts of the body .
Thus, neural crest cells migrate far more extensively than other fetal neural stem cells during development, form mesenchymal tissues, most of which develop from embryonic mesoderm as well as the components of the CNS and PNS which arises from embryonic ectoderm. This close link, in neural crest development, between ectodermally derived tissues and mesodermally derived tissues accounts in part for the interest in neural crest cells as a kind of stem cell. In fact, neural crest cells meet several criteria of stem cells. They can self-renew (at least in the fetus) and can differentiate into multiple cells types, which include cells derived from two of the three embryonic germ layers .
Recent studies indicate that neural crest cells persist late into gestation and can be isolated from E14.5 rat sciatic nerve, a peripheral nerve in the hindlimb. The cells incorporate BrdU, indicating that they are dividing in vivo. When transplanted into chick embryos, the rat neural crest cells develop into neurons and glia, an indication of their stem cell-like properties . However, the ability of rat E14.5 neural crest cells taken from sciatic nerve to generate nerve and glial cells in chick is more limited than neural crest cells derived from younger, E10.5 rat embryos. At the earlier stage of development, the neural tube has formed, but neural crest cells have not yet migrated to their final destinations. Neural crest cells from early developmental stages are more sensitive to bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signaling, which may help explain their greater differentiation potential .
Stem Cells in the Bone Marrow and Blood
The notion that the bone marrow contains stem cells is not new. One population of bone marrow cells, the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), is responsible for forming all of the types of blood cells in the body. HSCs were recognized as a stem cells more than 40 years ago [9, 99]. Bone marrow stromal cells—a mixed cell population that generates bone, cartilage, fat, fibrous connective tissue, and the reticular network that supports blood cell formation—were described shortly after the discovery of HSCs [30, 32, 73]. The mesenchymal stem cells of the bone marrow also give rise to these tissues, and may constitute the same population of cells as the bone marrow stromal cells . Recently, a population of progenitor cells that differentiates into endothelial cells, a type of cell that lines the blood vessels, was isolated from circulating blood and identified as originating in bone marrow . Whether these endothelial progenitor cells, which resemble the angioblasts that give rise to blood vessels during embryonic development, represent a bona fide population of adult bone marrow stem cells remains uncertain. Thus, the bone marrow appears to contain three stem cell populations—hematopoietic stem cells, stromal cells, and (possibly) endothelial progenitor cells (see Figure 4.3. Hematopoietic and Stromal Stem Cell Differentiation).
Figure 4.3. Hematopoietic and Stromal Stem Cell Differentiation.
(© 2001 Terese Winslow, Lydia Kibiuk)
Two more apparent stem cell types have been reported in circulating blood, but have not been shown to originate from the bone marrow. One population, called pericytes, may be closely related to bone marrow stromal cells, although their origin remains elusive . The second population of blood-born stem cells, which occur in four species of animals tested—guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, and humans—resemble stromal cells in that they can generate bone and fat .
Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Of all the cell types in the body, those that survive for the shortest period of time are blood cells and certain kinds of epithelial cells. For example, red blood cells (erythrocytes), which lack a nucleus, live for approximately 120 days in the bloodstream. The life of an animal literally depends on the ability of these and other blood cells to be replenished continuously. This replenishment process occurs largely in the bone marrow, where HSCs reside, divide, and differentiate into all the blood cell types. Both HSCs and differentiated blood cells cycle from the bone marrow to the blood and back again, under the influence of a barrage of secreted factors that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration (see Chapter 5. Hematopoietic Stem Cells).
HSCs can reconstitute the hematopoietic system of mice that have been subjected to lethal doses of radiation to destroy their own hematopoietic systems. This test, the rescue of lethally irradiated mice, has become a standard by which other candidate stem cells are measured because it shows, without question, that HSCs can regenerate an entire tissue system—in this case, the blood [9, 99]. HSCs were first proven to be blood-forming stem cells in a series of experiments in mice; similar blood-forming stem cells occur in humans. HSCs are defined by their ability to self-renew and to give rise to all the kinds of blood cells in the body. This means that a single HSC is capable of regenerating the entire hematopoietic system, although this has been demonstrated only a few times in mice .
Over the years, many combinations of surface markers have been used to identify, isolate, and purify HSCs derived from bone marrow and blood. Undifferentiated HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells express c-kit, CD34, and H-2K. These cells usually lack the lineage marker Lin, or express it at very low levels (Lin-/low). And for transplant purposes, cells that are CD34+ Thy1+ Lin- are most likely to contain stem cells and result in engraftment.
Two kinds of HSCs have been defined. Long-term HSCs proliferate for the lifetime of an animal. In young adult mice, an estimated 8 to 10 % of long-term HSCs enter the cell cycle and divide each day. Short-term HSCs proliferate for a limited time, possibly a few months. Long-term HSCs have high levels of telomerase activity. Telomerase is an enzyme that helps maintain the length of the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres, by adding on nucleotides. Active telomerase is a characteristic of undifferentiated, dividing cells and cancer cells. Differentiated, human somatic cells do not show telomerase activity. In adult humans, HSCs occur in the bone marrow, blood, liver, and spleen, but are extremely rare in any of these tissues. In mice, only 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 bone marrow cells is a long-term HSC .
Short-term HSCs differentiate into lymphoid and myeloid precursors, the two classes of precursors for the two major lineages of blood cells. Lymphoid precursors differentiate into T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. The mechanisms and pathways that lead to their differentiation are still being investigated [1, 2]. Myeloid precursors differentiate into monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes . In vivo, bone marrow HSCs differentiate into mature, specialized blood cells that cycle constantly from the bone marrow to the blood, and back to the bone marrow . A recent study showed that short-term HSCs are a heterogeneous population that differ significantly in terms of their ability to self-renew and repopulate the hematopoietic system .
Attempts to induce HSC to proliferate in vitro—on many substrates, including those intended to mimic conditions in the stroma—have frustrated scientists for many years. Although HSCs proliferate readily in vivo, they usually differentiate or die in vitro . Thus, much of the research on HSCs has been focused on understanding the factors, cell-cell interactions, and cell-matrix interactions that control their proliferation and differentiation in vivo, with the hope that similar conditions could be replicated in vitro. Many of the soluble factors that regulate HSC differentiation in vivo are cytokines, which are made by different cell types and are then concentrated in the bone marrow by the extracellular matrix of stromal cells—the sites of blood formation [45, 107]. Two of the most-studied cytokines are granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) [40, 81].
Also important to HSC proliferation and differentiation are interactions of the cells with adhesion molecules in the extracellular matrix of the bone marrow stroma [83, 101, 110].
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Bone marrow (BM) stromal cells have long been recognized for playing an important role in the differentiation of mature blood cells from HSCs (see Figure 4.3. Hematopoietic and Stromal Stem Cell Differentiation). But stromal cells also have other important functions [30, 31]. In addition to providing the physical environment in which HSCs differentiate, BM stromal cells generate cartilage, bone, and fat. Whether stromal cells are best classified as stem cells or progenitor cells for these tissues is still in question. There is also a question as to whether BM stromal cells and so-called mesenchymal stem cells are the same population .
BM stromal cells have many features that distinguish them from HSCs. The two cell types are easy to separate in vitro. When bone marrow is dissociated, and the mixture of cells it contains is plated at low density, the stromal cells adhere to the surface of the culture dish, and the HSCs do not. Given specific in vitro conditions, BM stromal cells form colonies from a single cell called the colony forming unit-F (CFU-F). These colonies may then differentiate as adipocytes or myelosupportive stroma, a clonal assay that indicates the stem cell-like nature of stromal cells. Unlike HSCs, which do not divide in vitro (or proliferate only to a limited extent), BM stromal cells can proliferate for up to 35 population doublings in vitro . They grow rapidly under the influence of such mitogens as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) .
To date, it has not been possible to isolate a population of pure stromal cells from bone marrow. Panels of markers used to identify the cells include receptors for certain cytokines (interleukin-1, 3, 4, 6, and 7) receptors for proteins in the extracellular matrix, (ICAM-1 and 2, VCAM-1, the alpha-1, 2, and 3 integrins, and the beta-1, 2, 3 and 4 integrins), etc. . Despite the use of these markers and another stromal cell marker called Stro-1, the origin and specific identity of stromal cells have remained elusive. Like HSCs, BM stromal cells arise from embryonic mesoderm during development, although no specific precursor or stem cell for stromal cells has been isolated and identified. One theory about their origin is that a common kind of progenitor cell—perhaps a primordial endothelial cell that lines embryonic blood vessels—gives rise to both HSCs and to mesodermal precursors. The latter may then differentiate into myogenic precursors (the satellite cells that are thought to function as stem cells in skeletal muscle), and the BM stromal cells .
In vivo, the differentiation of stromal cells into fat and bone is not straightforward. Bone marrow adipocytes and myelosupportive stromal cells—both of which are derived from BM stromal cells—may be regarded as interchangeable phenotypes [10, 11]. Adipocytes do not develop until postnatal life, as the bones enlarge and the marrow space increases to accommodate enhanced hematopoiesis. When the skeleton stops growing, and the mass of HSCs decreases in a normal, age-dependent fashion, BM stromal cells differentiate into adipocytes, which fill the extra space. New bone formation is obviously greater during skeletal growth, although bone "turns over" throughout life. Bone forming cells are osteoblasts, but their relationship to BM stromal cells is not clear. New trabecular bone, which is the inner region of bone next to the marrow, could logically develop from the action of BM stromal cells. But the outside surface of bone also turns over, as does bone next to the Haversian system (small canals that form concentric rings within bone). And neither of these surfaces is in contact with BM stromal cells [10, 11].
Adult Stem Cells in Other Tissues
It is often difficult—if not impossible—to distinguish adult, tissue-specific stem cells from progenitor cells. With that caveat in mind, the following summary identifies reports of stem cells in various adult tissues.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Endothelial cells line the inner surfaces of blood vessels throughout the body, and it has been difficult to identify specific endothelial stem cells in either the embryonic or the adult mammal. During embryonic development, just after gastrulation, a kind of cell called the hemangioblast, which is derived from mesoderm, is presumed to be the precursor of both the hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages. The embryonic vasculature formed at this stage is transient and consists of blood islands in the yolk sac. But hemangioblasts, per se, have not been isolated from the embryo and their existence remains in question. The process of forming new blood vessels in the embryo is called vasculogenesis. In the adult, the process of forming blood vessels from pre-existing blood vessels is called angiogenesis .
Evidence that hemangioblasts do exist comes from studies of mouse embryonic stem cells that are directed to differentiate in vitro. These studies have shown that a precursor cell derived from mouse ES cells that express Flk-1 [the receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mice] can give rise to both blood cells and blood vessel cells [88, 109]. Both VEGF and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) play critical roles in endothelial cell differentiation in vivo .
Several recent reports indicate that the bone marrow contains cells that can give rise to new blood vessels in tissues that are ischemic (damaged due to the deprivation of blood and oxygen) [8, 29, 49, 94]. But it is unclear from these studies what cell type(s) in the bone marrow induced angiogenesis. In a study which sought to address that question, researchers found that adult human bone marrow contains cells that resemble embryonic hemangioblasts, and may therefore be called endothelial stem cells.
In more recent experiments, human bone marrow-derived cells were injected into the tail veins of rats with induced cardiac ischemia. The human cells migrated to the rat heart where they generated new blood vessels in the infarcted muscle (a process akin to vasculogenesis), and also induced angiogenesis. The candidate endothelial stem cells are CD34+(a marker for HSCs), and they express the transcription factor GATA-2 . A similar study using transgenic mice that express the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein (which allows the cells to be tracked), showed that bone-marrow-derived cells could repopulate an area of infarcted heart muscle in mice, and generate not only blood vessels, but also cardiomyocytes that integrated into the host tissue (see Chapter 9. Can Stem Cells Repair a Damaged Heart?).
And, in a series of experiments in adult mammals, progenitor endothelial cells were isolated from peripheral blood (of mice and humans) by using antibodies against CD34 and Flk-1, the receptor for VEGF. The cells were mononuclear blood cells (meaning they have a nucleus) and are referred to as MBCD34+ cells and MBFlk1+ cells. When plated in tissue-culture dishes, the cells attached to the substrate, became spindle-shaped, and formed tube-like structures that resemble blood vessels. When transplanted into mice of the same species (autologous transplants) with induced ischemia in one limb, the MBCD34+ cells promoted the formation of new blood vessels . Although the adult MBCD34+ and MBFlk1+ cells function in some ways like stem cells, they are usually regarded as progenitor cells.
Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells. Skeletal muscle, like the cardiac muscle of the heart and the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels, the digestive system, and the respiratory system, is derived from embryonic mesoderm. To date, at least three populations of skeletal muscle stem cells have been identified: satellite cells, cells in the wall of the dorsal aorta, and so-called "side population" cells.
Satellite cells in skeletal muscle were identified 40 years ago in frogs by electron microscopy , and thereafter in mammals . Satellite cells occur on the surface of the basal lamina of a mature muscle cell, or myofiber. In adult mammals, satellite cells mediate muscle growth . Although satellite cells are normally non-dividing, they can be triggered to proliferate as a result of injury, or weight-bearing exercise. Under either of these circumstances, muscle satellite cells give rise to myogenic precursor cells, which then differentiate into the myofibrils that typify skeletal muscle. A group of transcription factors called myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) play important roles in these differentiation events. The so-called primary MRFs, MyoD and Myf5, help regulate myoblast formation during embryogenesis. The secondary MRFs, myogenin and MRF4, regulate the terminal differentiation of myofibrils .
With regard to satellite cells, scientists have been addressing two questions. Are skeletal muscle satellite cells true adult stem cells or are they instead precursor cells? Are satellite cells the only cell type that can regenerate skeletal muscle. For example, a recent report indicates that muscle stem cells may also occur in the dorsal aorta of mouse embryos, and constitute a cell type that gives rise both to muscle satellite cells and endothelial cells. Whether the dorsal aorta cells meet the criteria of a self-renewing muscle stem cell is a matter of debate .
Another report indicates that a different kind of stem cell, called an SP cell, can also regenerate skeletal muscle may be present in muscle and bone marrow. SP stands for a side population of cells that can be separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Intravenously injecting these muscle-derived stem cells restored the expression of dystrophin in mdx mice. Dystrophin is the protein that is defective in people with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy; mdx mice provide a model for the human disease. Dystrophin expression in the SP cell-treated mice was lower than would be needed for clinical benefit. Injection of bone marrow- or muscle-derived SP cells into the dystrophic muscle of the mice yielded equivocal results that the transplanted cells had integrated into the host tissue. The authors conclude that a similar population of SP stem cells can be derived from either adult mouse bone marrow or skeletal muscle, and suggest "there may be some direct relationship between bone marrow-derived stem cells and other tissue- or organ-specific cells" . Thus, stem cell or progenitor cell types from various mesodermally-derived tissues may be able to generate skeletal muscle.
Epithelial Cell Precursors in the Skin and Digestive System. Epithelial cells, which constitute 60 percent of the differentiated cells in the body are responsible for covering the internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other cavities. The epithelial cells in skin and the digestive tract are replaced constantly. Other epithelial cell populations—in the ducts of the liver or pancreas, for example—turn over more slowly. The cell population that renews the epithelium of the small intestine occurs in the intestinal crypts, deep invaginations in the lining of the gut. The crypt cells are often regarded as stem cells; one of them can give rise to an organized cluster of cells called a structural-proliferative unit .
The skin of mammals contains at least three populations of epithelial cells: epidermal cells, hair follicle cells, and glandular epithelial cells, such as those that make up the sweat glands. The replacement patterns for epithelial cells in these three compartments differ, and in all the compartments, a stem cell population has been postulated. For example, stem cells in the bulge region of the hair follicle appear to give rise to multiple cell types. Their progeny can migrate down to the base of the follicle where they become matrix cells, which may then give rise to different cell types in the hair follicle, of which there are seven . The bulge stem cells of the follicle may also give rise to the epidermis of the skin .
Another population of stem cells in skin occurs in the basal layer of the epidermis. These stem cells proliferate in the basal region, and then differentiate as they move toward the outer surface of the skin. The keratinocytes in the outermost layer lack nuclei and act as a protective barrier. A dividing skin stem cell can divide asymmetrically to produce two kinds of daughter cells. One is another self-renewing stem cell. The second kind of daughter cell is an intermediate precursor cell which is then committed to replicate a few times before differentiating into keratinocytes. Self-renewing stem cells can be distinguished from this intermediate precusor cell by their higher level of β1 integrin expression, which signals keratinocytes to proliferate via a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase . Other signaling pathways include that triggered by -catenin, which helps maintain the stem-cell state , and the pathway regulated by the oncoprotein c-Myc, which triggers stem cells to give rise to transit amplifying cells .
Stem Cells in the Pancreas and Liver. The status of stem cells in the adult pancreas and liver is unclear. During embryonic development, both tissues arise from endoderm. A recent study indicates that a single precursor cell derived from embryonic endoderm may generate both the ventral pancreas and the liver . In adult mammals, however, both the pancreas and the liver contain multiple kinds of differentiated cells that may be repopulated or regenerated by multiple types of stem cells. In the pancreas, endocrine (hormone-producing) cells occur in the islets of Langerhans. They include the beta cells (which produce insulin), the alpha cells (which secrete glucagon), and cells that release the peptide hormones somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. Stem cells in the adult pancreas are postulated to occur in the pancreatic ducts or in the islets themselves. Several recent reports indicate that stem cells that express nestin—which is usually regarded as a marker of neural stem cells—can generate all of the cell types in the islets [60, 113] (see Chapter 7. Stem Cells and Diabetes).
The identity of stem cells that can repopulate the liver of adult mammals is also in question. Recent studies in rodents indicate that HSCs (derived from mesoderm) may be able to home to liver after it is damaged, and demonstrate plasticity in becoming into hepatocytes (usually derived from endoderm) [54, 77, 97]. But the question remains as to whether cells from the bone marrow normally generate hepatocytes in vivo. It is not known whether this kind of plasticity occurs without severe damage to the liver or whether HSCs from the bone marrow generate oval cells of the liver . Although hepatic oval cells exist in the liver, it is not clear whether they actually generate new hepatocytes [87, 98]. Oval cells may arise from the portal tracts in liver and may give rise to either hepatocytes [19, 55] and to the epithelium of the bile ducts [37, 92]. Indeed, hepatocytes themselves, may be responsible for the well-know regenerative capacity of liver.
- Adult stem cells can proliferate without differentiating for a long period (a characteristic referred to as long-term self-renewal), and they can give rise to mature cell types that have characteristic shapes and specialized functions.
- Some adult stem cells have the capability to differentiate into tissues other than the ones from which they originated; this is referred to as plasticity.
- Adult stem cells are rare. Often they are difficult to identify and their origins are not known. Current methods for characterizing adult stem cells are dependent on determining cell surface markers and observations about their differentiation patterns in test tubes and culture dishes.
- To date, published scientific literature indicates that adult stem cells have been derived from brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, dental pulp, spinal cord, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, epithelia of the skin and digestive system, cornea, retina, liver, and pancreas; thus, adult stem cells have been found in tissues that develop from all three embryonic germ layers.
- Hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow are the most studied and used for clinical applications in restoring various blood and immune components to the bone marrow via transplantation. There are at least two other populations of adult stem cells that have been identified from bone marrow and blood.
- Several populations of adult stem cells have been identified in the brain, particularly the hippocampus. Their function is unknown. Proliferation and differentiation of brain stem cells are influenced by various growth factors.
- There are now several reports of adult stem cells in other tissues (muscle, blood, and fat) that demonstrate plasticity. Very few published research reports on plasticity of adult stem cells have, however, included clonality studies. That is, there is limited evidence that a single adult stem cell or genetically identical line of adult stem cells demonstrates plasticity.
- Rarely have experiments that claim plasticity demonstrated that the adult stem cells have generated mature, fully functional cells or that the cells have restored lost function in vivo.
What Do We Need to Know About Adult Stem Cells?
- What are the sources of adult stem cells in the body? Are they "leftover" embryonic stem cells, or do they arise in some other way? And if the latter is true—which seems to be the case—exactly how do adult stem cells arise, and why do they remain in an undifferentiated state, when all the cells around them have differentiated?
- Is it possible to manipulate adult stem cells to increase their ability to proliferate in vitro, so that adult stem cells can be used as a sufficient source of tissue for transplants?
- How many kinds of adult stem cells exist, and in which tissues do they exist? Evidence is accumulating that, although they occur in small numbers, adult stem cells are present in many differentiated tissues.
- What is the best evidence that adult stem cells show plasticity and generate cell types of other tissues?
- Is it possible to manipulate adult stem cells to increase their ability to proliferate in vitro so that adult stem cells can be used as a sufficient source of tissue for transplants?
- Is there a universal stem cell? An emerging concept is that, in adult mammals, there may be a population of "universal" stem cells. Although largely theoretical, the concept has some experimental basis. A candidate, universal adult stem cell may be one that circulates in the blood stream, can escape from the blood, and populate various adult tissues. In more than one experimental system, researchers have noted that dividing cells in adult tissues often appear near a blood vessel, such as candidate stem cells in the hippocampus, a region of the brain .
- Do adult stem cells exhibit plasticity as a normal event in vivo? If so, is this true of all adult stem cells? What are the signals that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells that demonstrate plasticity?
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Historical content: June 17, 2001 | 83,096 | 214 |
452,587 | US 6460055 B1
The invention provides systems and methods for continuous back up of data stored on a computer network. To this end the systems of the invention include a synchronization process that replicates selected source data files data stored on the network and to create a corresponding set of replicated data files, called the target data files, that are stored on a back up server. This synchronization process builds a baseline data structure of target data files. In parallel to this synchronization process, the system includes a dynamic replication process that includes a plurality of agents, each of which monitors a portion of the source data files to detect and capture, at the byte-level, changes to the source data files. Each agent may record the changes to a respective journal file, and as the dynamic replication process detects that the journal files contain data, the journal files are transferred or copied to the back up server so that the captured changes can be written to the appropriate ones of the target data files.
1. A system for creating back up files for data files stored on a computer network, comprising
a back up server having a target data file,
a data server having
a source data file associated with the target data file, and
an agent operating on the data server for capturing and recording changes to the source data file as the source data file is being modified and for detecting and recording safe points capable of identifying one or more of the recorded changes as part of a related transaction,
a dynamic replication process for transmitting a journal file from the data server to the back up server and capable of processing the journal file for altering the target data file to mirror changes made to the source data file, and
a transaction processor for processing the safe points to direct the operation of the dynamic replication process to alter the target data file as a function of the identified transaction.
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8. A system according to any of claims 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 wherein the transaction processor processes safe points within the journal file to prioritize the identified transactions to select a transaction for altering the source file.
9. A system according to
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12. A system according to
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The invention relates to systems and methods for maintaining back up files for servers on a computer network, and more specifically, to systems and method for continuously backing up data files stored on a computer network.
Computer networks have been remarkably successful at processing, communicating and storing of vast amounts of data. As companies today become more accustomed to storing important company information on their data network, the value of these networks and the data they store continues to grow. In fact, many companies now identify the data stored on their computer network as their most valuable corporate asset. Accordingly, it is an important function of a network administrator to, from time to time, backup to a long term storage medium, the data on the corporate network.
Today most backup systems operate by having the network administrator identify a time of day during which little or no network activity occurs. During this time the network administrator turns the network over to a backup system and the data files stored on the computer network are backed up, file by file, to a long term storage medium, such as a tape backup system. Typically the network administrator will backup once a week, or even once a day, to ensure that the back up files are current.
Although such a backup process may work well to create a copy of the data stored on the network, it is a time consuming and labor intensive process. Moreover, it is a cumbersome process that often is inappropriate in many environments. For example, as more and more computer networks begin to operate twenty-four hours a day seven days week, it is continuously more difficult for the system administrator to identify a block of time during which the majority of network resources may be turned over to the backup procedure. Moreover, as computerized network systems begin to store more information as well as information that changes regularly during the course of the work day, the value of a backup system which only backups once a week or once a day is fairly reduced. In fact many companies now rely on the corporate network to store almost all of its business information, and the loss of even a portion of the information stored on the network during the course of a day may result in a substantial cost for the company. Accordingly, systems which only backup periodically are of a reduced value to a company.
Moreover, although the current backup systems work well for putting data on to a long term storage media system, they often store data sequentially on to media, like a magnetic tape, losing the file structure of the data, and making it difficult to retrieve information without having to reinstall all the data previously stored on the tape. Thus, if a portion of the data is lost, it is often difficult to restore just the data that was lost, and often the system administrator is forced to decide whether it is worth the cost of retrieving the lost portion of the data.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for backup systems that are less obtrusive, may continuously update the data stored on a network, and make it more facile for a system administrator to retrieve data, or portions of data, stored to a computer network.
The systems and methods described herein provide for continuous back up of data stored on a computer network. To this end the systems of the invention include a synchronization replication process that replicates selected source data files data stored on the network to create a corresponding set of replicated data files, called the target data files, that are stored on a back up server. This synchronization replication process builds a baseline data structure of target data files. In parallel to this synchronization process, the system includes a dynamic replication process that includes a plurality of agents, each of which monitors file access operations for a server on the network to detect and capture, at the byte-level, changes to the source data files. Each agent may record the changes to a respective journal file, and as the dynamic replication process detects that the journal files contain data, the journal files are transferred or copied to the back up server so that the captured changes can be written to the appropriate ones of the target data files.
More particularly, in one aspect the invention provides a system for creating backup files for data files stored on a computer network. Such a system comprises a backup server that has storage for a plurality of data files, a data server having a source data file and an agent operating on the data server and capable of capturing changes to the source data file as the source data file is being modified and capable of recording detected changes within a journal file. The system can further comprise a synchronization replication process for replicating the source data file to create a target data file stored on the backup server, and a dynamic replication process that is responsive to data within the journal file for altering the target data file to mirror changes made to the source data file.
In one embodiment the agent may comprise a process such as a computer process that is capable of monitoring a file access operation that occurs on the data server for determining whether the source data file is open. To this end, the agent may comprise a file system filter (FSF) process that can detect file input and output calls to or through the operating system. Therefore the agent may monitor file access operations to record byte level modifications to the source data file, and these byte level modifications may be recorded within the journal file as modifications made to the source data file. The agent may also include a time stamp mechanism for providing a time stamp to the journal file thereby indicating the time of recording the modifications to the source data file. Additionally, this file system filter can be utilized to allow the agent process to have unrestricted access to all files on the source system, regardless of how the applications have tried to restrict access. This means even if the applications open the file in a share restricted manner, the file system filter will allow the agent process access to this file.
The synchronization replication process may include an image capture mechanism that can process a file system or data structure on the server and create a file system image signal that is representative of the state, or a state, of the file system at a particular time. For example, the image capture mechanism can include a directory processor that can process a directory structure such as a conventional UNIX file system or windows NT file system directory structure, to create a directory image signal which is representative of a state of the directory at the time of processing that directory structure. In one embodiment the image generator operates by processing metadata associated with a data structure or file structure such as the size of the data structure, the size of directory, the name to the files and directory, the metadata associated with the last time the directory was edited, or when it was created, the number of files in the directory, and other such metadata. A hashing process or cyclical redundancy check (CRC) process may be applied to the metadata to come up with an identifier that is uniquely, or substantially uniquely, representative of the state of the processed file structure at the time of the processing. A similar image generator process may be employed for processing a file system on the server to create a file system image signal that is representative of a state of a file, directory, or the data within a file. In either case, the image signal is representative of a state of the file structure, such as the directory, a group of files in a directory, a particular file, or even a particular portion of a file.
In one embodiment the dynamic replication process may include a process for monitoring a journal file and in response to detecting that changes have been recorded within a journal file, delivering the journal file to the backup server. The dynamic replication process may also include a process for amending the target data file as a function of the dynamic change signal by writing the changes in the journal file to the target data file.
The dynamic replication process may also include a write order controller that is responsive to the time stamp signal for controlling the order in which recorded changes are written to the target data file. Accordingly, the systems and methods described herein control the order in which changes are written to the target data files, thereby ensuring that in case of an interruption in service, the target data file will have been amended to correspond to an actual version of the source data file.
Additionally, in one embodiment the systems described herein may include a policy manager for allowing a user to identify a set of source data files to be monitored by the synchronization mechanism and the dynamic replication mechanism. The policy manager may allow a user to set up policies including the timing of synchronization backups, the manner in which the dynamic replication mechanism operates, such as in a continuous mode, or in a periodic mode. The policy manager may also allow the user to identify the manner in which updates are to occur, such as by having the synchronization mechanism employ a file level update process wherein the rewriting of a target data file includes rewriting the current version of the corresponding source data file as the new version of the target data file, or alternatively, wherein the synchronization mechanism would write recorded changes to a target data file to bring the target data file into agreement with the most recent version of the corresponding source data file.
Accordingly, in another embodiment the invention provides a computer system for allowing a system administrator, user, or other operator to create backup files for data files stored on the computer network. The system may comprise a backup server having storage for a plurality of data files and a data server that has a plurality of data files organized into a file structure, and an agent that operates on the data server and that is capable of capturing changes to the data files as the data files are being modified and is also capable of recording detected changes within a journal file. This system can also have a console process that allows the user, system administrator, or another party to select one or more of the plurality of data files for identifying the selected data files as source data files which are to be backed up by the system. To this end, the system would also include a synchronization replication process that would replicate each of the source data files to create the respective target data file stored on the back up server, and would include a dynamic replication process that would be responsive to data stored within the journal file, and would employ that data for altering each of the target data files to mirror changes made to respective ones source data files. Accordingly, such a system allows a system administrator employing the console process to identify those data files on a computer network which were to be replicated for backup purposes. To this end the console process can include a file selection process that allows the user to create a profile file representative of the source data files that are selected to be backed up. The console process can also include a timing selection process for allowing the user to control the timing of the dynamic replication process. The console process can further include, in an alternative embodiment, a process for allowing the user to identify which files are to be included or excluded from the synchronization process.
In a further embodiment, the system may also include a transactional process. The transactional process may allow a user such as a system administrator to identify a set of source data files that are to be grouped together. The transactional process can therefore control the synchronization replication process such that the synchronization replication process will back up the identified set of source data files as a single transaction. In this way, the system administrator can identify a set of files which are to be backed up together, thereby providing transactional integrity for the backup process that is to encompass a plurality of different files.
In another aspect, the invention can be understood as a process for creating backup files for a plurality of data files stored on a server on a computer network. The process may comprise selecting at least one of the plurality of data files on the server as a source data file that is to be replicated as a target data file on the backup server. In a further action, the process may synchronize the source data file on the server with the target data file on the backup server by replicating each of the source data files as a target file on the backup server, and for each source data file the process may monitor server activity to identify associated file access operations that occurs on the data server and recording detected changes within in a journal file. In another action, the process may write detected changes recorded in the journal file to respective ones of the target data file, for maintaining the target data files as replicated copies of the source data files. In this process, selecting the data files can include grouping two or more of the files together into a transactional set and identifying for the transactional set a transaction status which is representative of the backup state of this group of data files. Further when synchronizing the source data files, an image signal may be generated for a data structure on the server that is associated with the source data files mounted therein, wherein the image signal is representative of a state of the data structure. The process for generating the image signal may include applying a hash process, CRC process, or other suitable process to metadata associated with the data structure. The metadata may comprise the size of the files and the directories, the size of the directory, the names of the directories, the names and files in the directories, the date and time information associated with the creation of the directory or source file in the directory or the time in which files were edited in the directory and the open or close status within the directory. The synchronizing mechanism may than build an image signal for the data structure that is representative of a portion of the directories maintained on the server, and may compare the image signal to a corresponding image signal that is either stored or created on the backup server to detect a change in the state of the data structure or in the state of a portion of the data structure. This can happen at the directory level, the file level, the data block level, and the byte level.
In parallel with the synchronization process, the dynamic replication process may proceed wherein as source data files are modified, the changes are written into a journal file by an agent process operating on an associated server, and the journal file entries are transmitted to the backup server where the changes may be written to the corresponding target data files. In writing the changes the system can identify safe points that are noted within the journal file or otherwise provided to the backup server. The safe point may be representative of a marker for indicating a set of changes that may be written to the associated target file. A safe point can be generated in response to detecting that a source data file has been closed or has been inactive for a period of time, or for any other suitable reason that indicates that a group of changes may be written to a target data file. Additionally, the safe point signal may be employed by the system for determining when to store an amended target data file to a long term memory device such as a tape system.
In another aspect the invention may be understood as systems and methods for creating backup files for data files stored on the computer network that employ bandwidth management systems for controlling the network bandwidth resources employed during a backup process. Specifically, the systems and methods described herein could include systems for creating backup files that have a backup server for storing copies of source files stored on a data server on the computer network, a backup process for transmitting source files stored on the data server to the backup server for creating a copy file on the backup server, and a bandwidth control process for monitoring transmission of data by the backup process for controlling the weight of delivery of data from the data server to the backup server, thereby controlling network bandwidth usage. The system may also include a data server that has an agent operating on the data server for capturing changes to a stored source file and for transmitting the captured changes to the backup server at a rate that is controlled by the bandwidth control process. This system can provide a user interface that will allow the user to select a network consumption limit that is representative of the users selected limit for the amount of network bandwidth to be allocated to the backup replication process and the agent process. To this end the user interface will allow the user to specify the network consumption limit as a function of the percentage of network speed or at the rate of delivery of data from the backup server to the data server, or by any other suitable criteria. The bandwidth control process may also include a bandwidth monitoring process for determining the bandwidth resources that are available on the network and may employ the determined bandwidth resources for determining network consumption limits. The bandwidth monitoring process may monitor SNMP trap to determine bandwidth availability and other similar signals that are available for determining the amount of bandwidth resources that the backup process may consume.
In an additional embodiment, the systems and methods described herein include a backup process that monitors other available network resources, such as buffer resources, to determine the amount of buffer resources available on the network for the backup process. Further, as resources become dear the backup process may determine that the current backup operation is to be aborted, and restarted once network resources become more available. Additionally, the backup process may include a coalescence process which will consolidate the amount of data being transferred in journal files for reducing the demands on network resources.
In a further aspect, the systems and methods described herein can include backup systems that include a long term storage system for recording target data files to a storage medium in response to the operation of the dynamic replication process, thereby storing versions of the target file on the storage medium. Additionally, in an optional environment the systems may include a catalog process that can record metadata that is representative of the locations of the versions of the target files on the storage medium to thereby create an index for accessing these versions of the target file. The catalog process may include a mechanism for storing security metadata that is associated with the different versions of the target data files and that is representative of the users access rights for the versions of the target data file. Such information may be employed by a secure restore process for determining the access right of a party that is requesting to restore a version of a target data file, or to view a version of a target data file including the metadata such as file name, file owner, and other information, before granting the requesting party access to the stored version of the target data file.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will be appreciated more fully from the following further description thereof, with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein;
FIG. 1 depicts one system according to the invention for providing a continuous backup system that replicates selected data files stored on the computer network;
FIG. 2 depicts in more detail a replicated data structure achieved by the system depicted in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 depicts a profile file for use with the system depicted in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 depicts a data flow diagram that illustrates one process for synchronizing identified source data files with target data files to create a baseline data structure at the backup server;
FIG. 5 depicts one embodiment of an agent process suitable for use with the system depicted in FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 depicts an agent such as an agent depicted in FIG. 5 creating a journal file of changes to a source data file.
FIG. 7 depicts pictorially one example of a Journal File.
To provide an overall understanding of the invention, certain illustrative embodiments will now be described, including a system that allows for real-time, continuous back up of byte-level modifications to data structures stored on a computer network. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the systems and methods described herein can be adapted and modified for other suitable applications, and that these additions and modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the scope hereof.
The systems methods described herein include a replication backup system that runs, optionally in parallel, a synchronization replication process and a dynamic replication process. The synchronization replication process creates a baseline image that replicates on a back up server, data structures that have been selected by the user to be backed up and the dynamic replication process monitors in real time file input/output calls associated with these data structures, to thereby capture changes being made to these data structures and making these same changes to the replicated image of these files on the backup server, to maintain the replicated data structure on the back up server as a mirror image of the data on the computer network.
FIG. 1 depicts a system 10 that includes a replication backup system that monitors byte level changes to data files stored on a computer network. Specifically, FIG. 1 depicts a computer network system 10 that includes a backup server 12, a long-term storage system 14, a cache storage system 16, a plurality of servers 18, 20 and 22, a console 24, a network client 28, a plurality of agent processes 30, a plurality of data storage devices 32, 34 and 38, a synchronization replication process 40, and a catalog process 42. The network system 10 depicted in FIG. 1 comprises a conventional computer network system that includes clients and servers, each interconnected by a network system and each capable of exchanging information over the network. In the particular embodiment shown, the network 10 includes a plurality of separate servers, each of which has its own data storage device system. For the depicted embodiment, the exemplary servers depicted are merely representative of the types of servers that may be connected into a network such as the network 10. In this embodiment the server 18 for example would store email data in a structured format within the data storage device 38 and would provide users of the network access to the email data upon request of the user. Similarly, the server 20 and the document server 22 each may maintain a data structure within its respective data storage device and may provide read and write access to data within the data storage devices to users of the network. Accordingly, it will be understood that each of the servers 18, 20 and 22 will be maintaining data structures comprising a series of data files that are constantly being opened, updated, added to, and deleted by the network users.
To guard against losing the data stored on the network 10, the network 10 includes a backup server 12, a cache memory 16, a long term data storage device 14, and a plurality of agent processes 30, each agent process being located on one of the servers 18, 20 and 22 containing information that will be replicated by the backup data storage system. FIG. 1 depicts each server as having an associated Agent process 30, however it will be understood that other arrangements are suitable, and each server may have multiple Agents, including agents for portions of the server file system, or redundant agents for the server files system as well as agents that monitor multiple server file systems. As will be described in more detail hereinafter, the synchronization replication process 40 operates in cooperation with the agent processes 30 to create a replica of selected files maintained within the data bases 32, 34 and 38. To this end, the synchronization replication process 40 can create a replica image of selected files stored within data storage devices 32, 34 and 38, and the agent processes 30 can monitor the activities of each of the servers 18, 20 and 22 to detect when a user changes one of the imaged or replicated files. The agent process 30 can create a record of the changes made to a particular file and store that record within a journal file that keeps track of the different changes made by a user, or other entity, to a source data file. Once the dynamic replication process recognizes that a journal file contains information, the dynamic replication process can transfer the journal file to the backup server 12. The backup server 12 can employ the journal file to modify the replicated version of the source data file, otherwise known as the target data file, to thereby maintain parity between the selected source data files within the data storage devices 32, 34 and 38 and the replicated target files maintained by the backup server 12.
As can be seen from FIG. 1, the systems and methods of the invention may be integrated into a conventional computer network system that comprises conventional network elements and nodes such as client stations, work stations, printers, hubs, routers, and other conventional data network equipment. For example the depicted servers 18-22 may be conventional files servers of the type commonly employed with computer networks and can comprise a PC compatible work station running the windows NT, UNIX, or other operating system and having sufficient random access memory and persistent memory to operate efficiently as a server systems. Similarly, the client station 28 can be a conventional client workstation such as a PC compatible computer system running the windows NT or UNIX operating system or any suitable operating system. Additionally, the client station 28 can comprise an alternative client system such as a hand-held device, a stand alone client system such as a kiosks, or any other suitable client device. In FIG. 1 the network 10 is depicted as a local area network, however it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill that the systems and methods described herein can be employed with wide area network, a distributed network, including the Internet or any other suitable network system.
Additionally, the data storage devices 32-38 may be understood as stores of data, or data structures that are maintained by the servers, for use by the network users. It will be understood by those of skill in the art, that these data storage device element may be conventional database systems, as well as conventional file systems, such as the Windows NT file system, or the Unix File system, both of which have directories of data file that may be backed up by the systems described herein. Moreover, the back up systems described herein will operate with data storage devices that store different formats of data and different types of files. For example, the data storage devices may store data files, executable files, registry information, database structures and other conventional data formats and data types. Moreover, FIG. 1 shows these stores of data as local to the server, however, it will be understood that such data stores may also be distributed across a plurality of locations and devices. The data may be physically stored on any suitable memory system including a cache memory system, a random access data memory, or a persistent data memory, such as a hard disk drive, RAID system, tape drive system, floppy diskette, or any other suitable system. The system depicted in FIG. 1 depicts the data storage device devices 32, 34 and 38 as physically separate from the servers 18, 20 and 22, however, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that in other embodiments the data storage device devices can be integrated into the system 18, 20 and 22, such as an internal hard drive device.
The depicted tape library 14 may be a conventional tape library system of the type commonly employed for backing up data on a computer network. In one particular embodiment, the tape library system 14 is a blank tape library system manufactured by the Quantum corp. of Milpitas, Calif. However, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other tape library systems may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention.
Optionally, the tape library 14 may include a controller that performs a tape expiration process to rotate selectively the use of tapes in the library and which is based on the loader capacity of the tape library 14. Specifically backup of data to the automated tape library 14, which can be a conventional juke box device that, can happen in a manner wherein after multiple or incremental system backups, essentially all available tape space is employed. Thus there is no more blank tape available for recording information. Rather than have a human remove the tape, and automatically reuse the oldest tape, the systems and methods described herein can operate the library to provide for continuous tape back up. In this practice, data sent over the network 10 to the library 14 may employ a tape expiration technique wherein the tape holding or storing the oldest data is employed by the system for storing new data into the library 14. The controller to implement this process may be a software process operating on the back up server 12, that is capable of recording which tape in the library 14 has been employed for storing data and at what time the data was stored. The controller may store data onto each tape until the tape is full, or incapable of taking new data. Once this occurs, the controller may determine if any tapes in the library 14 are blank and available for storing data. If so the controller can select the blank tape for receiving data. Other wise, the controller can compare the time information for each tape to identify the tape having the oldest data. That tape may then be selected by the controller for storing data. It is important to understand that although FIG. 1 depicts the system as having a single library 14, a plurality of tape libraries may also be employed. Accordingly, the expiration strategy can be employed across a plurality of tape libraries. Additionally, a plurality of different tape expiration strategies may be employed for a single tape storage library such as the tape storage library 14 depicted in FIG. 1. The tape expiration process may be employed with other types of long term storage systems, including hard disk systems, R/W cdrom, RAID systems, or any other suitable system.
The depicted backup server 12 may also be a conventional workstation system such as a Sun Sparc workstation running a version of the UNIX operating system, or a PC compatible work station running the windows operating system or any other suitable platform. The backup server 12, as will be described in greater detail hereinafter, runs a synchronization replication process 40 that creates a replicated copy of selected source data files and maintains these replicated data files as target data files that can be stored in the attached memory 16, the tape library 14, or a combination of the attached memory 16 and the tape library 14.
FIG. 2 depicts pictorially, the replication of selected source data files from a server, in this example the server 22, within the cache memory 16 of the backup server 12. Specifically FIG. 2 depicts a data structure 52 that is stored within the data storage device 32. The data structure 52 comprises a structure of directories, subdirectories, and data files, each data file comprising bytes of data. The data structure 52 depicted in FIG. 2 is representative of a conventional data structure such as the Windows NT files system data structure or a UNIX file system data structure. The individual files may be organized according to a file allocation table, inodes, or any other suitable format. The data stored within the data structure 52 may comprise database records, application programs, basic documents such as word processor documents and spreadsheets, NT registry data, maintaining the registry hives and structure, or any other suitable data. For the example of FIG. 2 the data stored within the data structure 52 generally comprises documents under the control of the document server 22.
FIG. 2 also depicts that the cache storage device 16 of the backup server 12 stores a data structure 54 that provides a replicated copy of the data structure 52. As depicted by FIG. 2 the replicated data structure 54 follows the structure and organization of the data structure 52 in that the data structure 54 organizes data records within the data structure as those data records are organized within the data structure 52. The replicated data structure 54 also provides directories, subdirectories and data records. Thus it will be understood that the systems and methods described herein employ replication technology to backup data on a computer network, creating and maintaining an image of the backed up data from one system, the source system, to another system, the backup or target system. FIG. 2 depicts the data structure 54 as being maintained solely within the cache memory 16. However it will be understood by those with ordinary skill that the backup sever 12 can, from time to time, write all of or portions of the data structure 54 within the long term storage device 14, which FIG. 2 depicts as a tape storage library 14. FIG. 2 further depicts that tape storage library 14 maintains a plurality of versions of the replicated data structure 54. Each of the replicated versions, 58 a, 58 b and 58 c, are representative of versions of the replicated data structure 54 at different points in time. Accordingly the long term storage device 14 may optionally maintain a plurality of different versions of the replicated data structure 54, or portions of the replicated structure 54 including multiple versions of each target file or subdirectory. Thus each replicated file structure 58 a, 58 b or 58 c may include multiple versions of each target file within that structure, thus maintaining a complete history of the versions of the source files, including versions generated during a synchronization replication process, and all intermediate versions of files generated between synchronization operations.
FIG. 2 further depicts that the backup server 12 may include a catalog process that allows the backup server to record metadata that is representative of the locations of the different versions of the target files being stored in either cache memory or on the long term storage medium, such as the tapes. The catalog process 42 allows the backup system to create an index for accessing the different versions of the target files that are stored by the system either on long-term storage medium such as the tape medium of library 14, within the cache memory 16 or across a combination of both the cache and long term storage medium. The catalog process 42 can be a conventional computer process operating on the backup server 12 to collect information form the synchronization and dynamic replication processes to create a database of the different versions of the target files being stored. The database can include pointers to the location of the different versions of the target files on the tape, thereby providing more rapid access to the location on the tape that includes the information a user may want to restore. Optionally, the catalog process 42 can maintain within its database, which can be stored within the cache memory 16, metadata that is representative of security history information for the different versions of the target files. This security information can include user access rights information which indicates whether a particular user has had access privileges to a particular version of a target file. This function can be provided by a secure restore process that allows the backup server 12 to determine the access rights of a party that is requesting to restore a version of a target data file and for comparing the access rights of that party with the access rights that have been stored in the catalog and which are associated with the version of the target file that the user is requesting to restore. By comparing the access rights of the party with the historical access rights for that file, the secure restore process can prevent an unauthorized party from viewing or restoring any of the versions of the backed-up target files. Thus for example, if a user requests a version of a data file backed-up as part of the back up process which generated the replicated target files depicted by target files 58 c, the secure restore process can access the security rights for the desired file from the cache memory 16 and compare them to the access rights of the requesting user. If the requesting user fails to provide access rights that qualify that user for accessing that version of the target file, the secure restore process can prevent the user from accessing any information including for example the long file name, author, or other metadata information about that file. This security information may be recorded by the catalog process 42 for each version of the target file stored by the system. Thus for the file structure 58 c depicted in FIG. 2, each of the depicted files may actually be representative of several versions of that file each of which have a been replicated and stored. The catalog process 42 may store security information for anyone, or all of, the versions of the target file associated with the file structure 58 c.
As the system 10 creates a replicated image of the data structure 52, including the directory structure, the subdirectory structure, and other such information, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that such a replicated data structure facilitates the facile retrieval of selected portions of the data backed-up by the system 10, by being able to present to the user a file structure organization of the backed-up data.
FIG. 2 further depicts that a profile file 50 is associated with the data structure 52 that is replicated by the system 10. The profile file 50 can be generated by the console system 24 depicted in FIG. 1, and includes information that identifies the data maintained by the server 22 that is to be backed-up by the system 10, as well as storing information as to how the backup process is to operate. In one embodiment the profile file 50 is a conventional computer file stored on the server 22. The profile file 50 is created by a user in a procedure where the user employs a graphical user interface to select the data files or directories, subdirectories or other data structures that are to be replicated by the system 10.
FIG. 3 depicts in greater detail one example of a profile file 50. Specifically, FIG. 3 depicts a profile file 50 that includes a source data file selection field 68, a select timing field 80 and a select overwrite mode field 82. Turning to the select data field 68, FIG. 3 depicts pictorially that the profile file 50 may store in the select data field information representative of the entire file structure of the server 22, including the different files, directories, subdirectories and other file structures stored on the server 22. This file structure information may be gathered by the console process according to means known in the art, including teachings set forth in David, Solomon, Inside Windows NT, Microsoft Press (1998). The console process may employ this file structure information to present to a user a graphical image of the file structure of server 22, allowing the user to select those directories, subdirectories, and data files on the server 22 that are to be source data files and backed up. For example, the data source selection field 68 stores information and presents a data structure 70 that includes a plurality of data files arranged in a directory and subdirectory structure. The user may draw a box around a set of data files to be selected for being backed up. The selected files are shown representationally in FIG. 3 by the box 74 that is placed around a portion of the data structure 70. Data files that are contained within the box 74 are selected to be included within the backup process of the system 10. Those files that fall outside of the box are not selected, or are excluded from being backed up.
In a optional practice, the user can then go through and select, such as by clicking on a graphical representation of a file, separate ones of the data files to change their status as being either included or excluded from the backup process. For the embodiment of FIG. 3, it can be seen that those data files that form the data structure 52 have been selected by the user to be backed up while the data files in the data structure 72, the darkened boxes, have not been selected to be backed up and will not be replicated on the back up server 12.
FIG. 3 further depicts that the data selection field 68 may include information on source data files that are to be maintained as transactional groups. To this end, the user may employ a transactional group process to group together select ones of the data files within the data structure 52. In particular, FIG. 3 depicts a box 78, placed around two data files, to indicate that these files are to be maintained as a transactional group. Once so identified, the backup process will coordinate changes to the associated target files with the two source data files within the box 78 to thereby update these data files in concert. Once the user has identified the source data files and the transactional groups within the data source file the selected information can be stored within the profile file 50 for use by the backup process.
Similarly, the console process can allow a user to select the timing for the backup process and can store this information in a select timing for backup field 80 within the profile file 50. For example, the console process can allow the user to indicate how often a synchronization replication process is to be carried out to create a baseline set of target data files. Additionally, the console process may allow a user to identify whether dynamic replication is to occur continuously, or periodically, or according to another type of schedule or according to a set of parameters defined by the operation of the network, such as Network Bandwidth, Buffer Availability, or other network resource parameters. FIG. 3 further depicts that the profile file 50 may include a select overwrite mode field 82 wherein the method for overwriting data may be selected between a number of options. For example, the console process may allow the user to indicate during a synchronization process, a target data file that is identified as being out of synchronization with its corresponding source data file is to be overwritten by a complete new copy of the source data file. Alternatively, the user may select that only the changes between the source data file and the target data file be written to the target data file to bring the target data file into agreement with the corresponding source data file. Other information can be entered into the profile file 50 for establishing policies, and procedures for performing the backup operations. These other parameters can include identifying the types of files that are to be backed up, default paths for the target data files, whether an anti-virus scan process is to be applied to each source data file before backup, and other such directions and instructions.
Once the data source files have been identified by the user, the process backup system may employ the synchronization replication process 40 to create a replicated image of the selected data source files at the back up server 12. In one process, the backup system may first begin by creating copies of the data source files and storing them as replicated files on the back up server 12. Thus, to synchronize the data on the source and backup systems, the backup system can begin by making a copy of each source data file and storing it as a target data file on the backup server system and, optionally, writing the target data file to long term storage, such as to a tape storage media. If a file is closed, the back up system may compare the source files metadata and, may compare its contents. If the file is open, the backup system may compare the file contents. To synchronize the source data files and the target data files, the backup system replicates the changed data to the backup storage device and writes the changed data to the storage target. The change can be committed when that change is written to the storage target. As the copying of thousands of files may take time, the source data files may change during the copying process. To address this, the dynamic replication process will execute and capture file modifications to the source files being synchronized and journal them to the backup server. Once the synchronization replication process has finished processing an individual source file or a transactional group of files, the dynamic execution process may play the captured changes to the target file(s). This ensures the target file(s) are updated in a transactionally safe way, and keeps the target files as up to date as possible while still keeping them transactionally safe.
Another complication in this process is when files are moved, or renamed, from an area of the source system which is not under protection to an area of the system that is under protection. As the dynamic replication process will only capture the request to move or rename the file, the actual information for the file will not be seen by the dynamic replication process. To answer this complication, a request is made from the dynamic replication process to the synchronization replication process to move the entire contents of the moved, or renamed, file to the backup server. In this way the protected file's information, including meta data and file data, will be replicated to the backup server even when only the move, or rename, request is captured.
The synchronization replication process 40 acts to coordinate the storage targets to have the storage targets accurately reflect the source data file at the point in time of the synchronization. During this phase, two types of replication processes may be running in parallel; a synchronization replication process and a dynamic replication process. Running these processes in parallel acts to have changes made to the files during the synchronization replication process be captured and replicated on the appropriate data file, and thereby ensures transactional integrity for the files identified in the policy file 50.
To this end, the synchronization replication process 40 will replicate to the backup system 12 all the changes that have occurred on the source system since the last time a full synchronization replication process was completed. For example, if a source data file was deleted, the corresponding data file will be marked as deleted in the backup system. If a new source data file has been created or newly identified as a source data file, then it now qualifies for backup, and that file will be replicated to the backup server 12. The synchronization replication may either replicate only the changed portions of a file or may replicate the entire changed file, either as the replication deems most efficient or as directed by a policy parameter in the profile file 50. When replicating only changed portions, only those changed portions of the file are written to a journal file on the server. The journal files act as temporary files created and employed by the backup system for the intermediate storage of data changes. The journal files may then be transferred to the backup server. On the backup server 12 the changes are then written into the corresponding target data file so that the latest backup copy, or image data structure, matches with the current source data files. When replicating a full file, the entire source data file is copied to the backup system to overwrite the corresponding target data file on the backup system.
To identify source data files that have been changed, the backup server 12 employs a synchronization replication process that scans the source data files to identify source data files that have been altered or changed. FIG. 4 depicts one embodiment of such a process for scanning the data source files to identify changed data source files.
Specifically, the process 90 depicted by FIG. 4 begins with a step 92 wherein the synchronization replication process for the source data files is commenced by the backup system. The process 90 proceeds to step 94 wherein the synchronization replication process selects a set of directories that include source data files identified by the user. In the practice depicted by process 90, the process 90 in step 94 selects thirty-two (32) directories for processing. The process 90 then proceeds to step 98 wherein meta data for the 32 directories is collected. In optional practices collecting meta data for the 32 directories encompasses scanning these directories for the files which qualify based on the users specifications. Meta data for these files are then used to generate a CRC representing the state of that file. This meta data can include the directory names, the size of the directories, how many files are within the directories, time and date information for when the directories were created, edited, or otherwise changed, the number of bytes stored within the directories, a timer date stamp for the last time a file was changed within the directory, and the open state of the file. Other meta data can be collected by the process 90 for characterizing the state of the 32 directories.
After step 98 the process 90 proceeds to step 100 wherein the meta data for the 32 directories is processed to generate an image signal representative of a state of the 32 directories. To process the meta data, the backup system may apply a hashing algorithm, a cyclical redundancy check algorithm, or any other suitable process for generating an image signal that may be representative of the state of the 32 directories.
Once the image signal is generated, the process 90 may proceed to step 102 wherein the backup system may employ the image signal to check for agreement with a corresponding image signal that may be generated from the corresponding 32 directories in the replicated data structure on the backup server 12. As shown in FIG. 4, in step 102 agreement can be checked for, to the extent that agreement is reached, the process 102 may proceed to step 104 and select another 32 directories for processing. Accordingly, the process 90 would proceed back to step 98 wherein meta data for another 32 directories would be collected, and processed in step 100 and checked again in step 102. This processing may continue until an image signal is found which fails to agree with a corresponding image signal generated, or stored with, the replicated data structure maintained by the backup server 12. Upon this event, the process 90 proceeds to step 108. In step 108, the process 90 can collect metadata for each of the 32 directories and generate an image signal for each of these directories. In step 110, the process 90 will check for agreement between each of the image signals and a corresponding image signal generated from or stored with the replicated data structure on the backup server 12. In this way, the process 90 may identify which of the 32 directories includes the altered data source file.
Once the directory has been identified the process 90 may proceed to step 112 wherein the process 90 collects meta data for each source file in the identified directory and generates an image signal for each of these source files. In another practice, not shown in FIG. 4, the process may collect metadata for each source file in the directories prior to collecting data for the directories in step 98. Other similar modifications and sequences may be practiced without departing from the scope of the invention.
Again in step 114 a similar process may be performed wherein agreement is checked for with each image signal of an associated source data file against an image signal generated from, or stored in association with, a corresponding target data file. Upon checking for agreement, the process 90 may identify the altered source data file. Once the source data file that has been altered is identified the process 90 may proceed to step 118 wherein the journal changes for the altered file may be transferred to the backup server 12 for writing changes to the corresponding target data file and thereby bringing the target data file into synchronization with the associated source data file. In an alternative practice, the process 90 can overwrite the target data file with the contents of the source data file for bringing the target data file into agreement with the source data file. Other techniques for coordinating the source data file and the target data file may be practiced with the systems and methods described herein without departing from the scope of the invention.
In parallel with the synchronization replication process, such as the synchronization replication process 90 depicted in FIG. 4, the backup system may employ a dynamic replication process that operates to detect changes that take place during the synchronization phase and replicate those changes to the corresponding target data files on the backup server 12. To this end the dynamic replication process may identify changes to the file system on the server 22 as they happen and replicate file and byte-level changes to the backup server 12. In particular, as changes are written to the source data files on the server 22, the dynamic replication process would place a copy of these changes into a journal file. The journal file may then be transferred to the backup server 12 and the changes recorded within the journal file may be written into the associated target data files in the replicated data structure. Optionally the dynamic replication process may be run under a continuous schedule of frequency, thereby continuously identifying changes to the source data files and replicating those changes in the corresponding target data files.
To this end, as shown in FIG. 1 each server having source data files that are to be replicated on the backup server 12 may include an agent process 30 that runs as a process on the server and that monitors accesses to source data files made through the operating system. In one embodiment, the agent process 30 is a file system filter (FSF). An FSF may be a driver layer that sits above a file system driver stack. This filter interface allows the backup system 10 to “hook” a file system and intercept input/output traveling between the operating system and the underlying drivers. The filter may pass the data unmodified, and redirect the data to the journal file as well as perform some time stamping operations and grouping operations that organize the captured data into a format suitable for use by the backup system when processing the journal file. The design and development of such an FSF follows a principle well known in the art of computer science, including those set forth in Windows NT File System Internals: A Developer's Guide, Nagar Rajeev, O'Reilly & Associates (September, 1997), as well as from other sources.
It will be apparent of those skilled in the art that the agent process may be in one embodiment a Windows NT service, and for purpose of clarity a Windows NT service embodiment of the agent process will now be described. Such a service is generally understood as a user-mode process that implements the service controller specification of the Windows NT operating system. The service controller is generally understood as the component of the system that controls starting, pausing, stopping, and continuing services for a system. The service controller typically also starts, stops (loads and unloads) device drivers and provides a common user interface and application programming interface for services and device drivers.
One such agent process 30 suitable for use with the system depicted in FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 5. The depicted agent process may start automatically upon server startup, similar to a UNIX daemon process, or VMS detached process. Optionally, the agent process 30 may be started, paused or stopped under the control of the back up server 12, or under the control of another process, such as the synchronization replication process 40.
Specifically, FIG. 5 depicts in more detail a Windows NT version of an agent process 30 according to the invention. Specifically, FIG. 5 depicts the agent process as a file system filter 130 that is capable of intercepting an IRP generated by a use mode application through a user action, wherein the IRP would write data to the NT file system. The FSF 130 intercepts the request to write the data carried within the IRP 132. The FSF 130 than passes the request to the NT file system 134 to allow the data to be written to the device 138, which can be a hard disk drive. If the data is successfully written to the device 138, the device driver returns through the file system 134 and through the filter 130 an IRP that indicates the write was successful. The data for the IRP may than be copied by the FSF 130 to a journal file which is monitoring the file for which the data write has occurred. Once the data has been written to the journal file or to multiple journal files responsible for monitoring such write operations, the IRP is allowed to complete and the user application is notified that the write has been successful.
FIG. 6 depicts that the agent process 30 may respond to a user mode write operation by capturing the write operation, passing the write operation through to the file system, but creating a copy of the captured data stream within the depicted journal file. The agent process 30 can then store the changes within the journal file in a process that time stamps the recorded changes to provide delimitations which indicate the time of occurrence for certain changes to a particular source data file. In this way the journal file may maintain a record of the source data files that are being modified in the order in which these modifications take place.
The agent process 30 can detect that a journal file contains information and can transfer the journal file to the backup server 12. There the backup server 12 can employ the information stored within the journal file to play it through the operating system as if the user mode write occurred on the backup system. Optionally, the backup system may process the journal file to identify the time stamp information and to ensure that changes and modifications made to a target data file occur in the write order sequence of the corresponding source data file.
Additionally, the backup process 40 running on the backup server 12 may process the journal file to identify whether a file being modified is part of an identified transactional group specified within the profile file 50. If such a transactional group data source file is detected by the backup process 40, the backup process 40 may modify the transactional set of source data files in a unitary operation.
Turning now to FIG. 7 a more detailed view of a journal file 150 is presented. The journal file 150 presented in FIG. 7 includes a plurality of different records, 152 a-152 e, each record being associated with a set of changes made to a particular source data file. As shown in FIG. 7, for each data file an entry can be made indicating the identity of the corresponding target data file for the respective source data file, a time stamp that provides time and date information, and a field that includes a set of changes that were made by a user mode application to the underlying source data file. The time stamp information can include a plurality of time stamps each of which can be associated with one or more of the changes recorded within the journal file record.
As changes are detected to source data files, the information is stored within the journal file and the journal file is transmitted to the backup server 12 where it can be processed by a transaction processor. The transaction processor can process the change information stored within a record associated with a particular target data file. The transaction processor will process the change information to identify a set of transactions that may be applied to the target data file to achieve a transactionally safe operation. In the embodiment being described herein, the processing of change information within a journal file 150 is carried out on the target system, thereby allowing the source system to provide in real time changes being made to the source data files. The target system processes these changes to create in real time replicated images of the different versions of corresponding source files. This provides for real time tracking of modification of the source data files. In making these changes, the transaction processor processes the changes made to a file to identify safe points in the history of these transactions during which a file write, such as to a tape medium, may be made.
More specifically, each of the data records 150 a-150 e depicted in FIG. 7 includes information provided by the agent process 30 that allows the transaction processor on the target system to identify safe points. For example the agent process 30 may include a time stamp process that will write into the journal file a time and date signal that is representative of the time and date of a recorded change to the source data file. This allows the journal file to provide information representative of when changes occurred thereby allowing the transaction processor to determine the interval of time between subsequent changes. Thus the transaction processor may have a timer process that allows it to write a safe point signal into the journal file in response to an indication that a data source file has been inactive for a predetermined period of time. The agent process can also include other information within the journal file such as whether any write locks are indicated for the file being monitored, whether an operating system flush operation has been located, the open and closed status of the source data file, and other such information. An alternative embodiment, the status of a file or the operation s of the operating system such as, a flush operation, can be monitored by the backup system or another independent process. Additionally, in certain optional embodiments the agent process 30 includes a user selection process that allows a use to write a safe point signal into a journal file in response to a use command to indicate a safe point marker within the journal file. This of course allows a user to create safe points for directing or forcing the writing of data at the back up system. Additionally, the agent process can be responsive to other computer processes that indicate a safe point marker should be place within the journal file to force a write operation on the backup server 12.
The transaction processor can process the change information within the journal file record to identify the safe points. The transaction processor may than apply the changes that are delimited by safe points to the target source file for performing a transactionally safe write operation. Once the target file has been written to tape, the catalog process 42 can indicate its location its security history information, and any other suitable data that should be recorded. In an optional embodiment, it will be understood that the transaction processor may analyze safe points and prioritize the identified transactions to select transactions that occur across multiple safe points. In this way, the transaction processor can group together multiple transactions, each of which are delimited by safe points, and write the multiple transactions in a single operation to the target data file.
Similarly, the transaction processor may consider the changes of multiple source data files to make a determination of transactional safety. For example, in one embodiment the policy manager places safe points within a plurality of journal files, each journal file being associated a respective source data file. The safe point provide the transaction processor with information for coordinating the write operation for the changes to these plural source data files. For example, the policy manager can provide safe points within the journal files a plurality of source data files that have been identified by the user to the consult process as being part of a single transactional group or set. To this end the policy manager can place safe points within the journal files that allow the transaction processor to identify that before writing any one of the files in the transactional set, the changes for other members of the set are to be determined and grouped together. In this way the transaction processor may coordinate the writing and storage of multiple related data files, to keep associated edits to these files within the same version of each of these files.
In a further embodiment, the system may include a restore process that will restore selected target data files as a function of the time stamp signal associated with that data file, to allow a user to employ time and date information for restoring data to the source data files. Thus, the restore operation may employ date and time information to restore the version of a source data file that existed at one point in time, or the version of a plurality of source data files that existed at a specific point in time. This of course greatly facilitates the retrieval of data from the backup server 12 and allows a user to perform a time slice operation to restore the versions of files that existed at a particular moment in time. Thus, the backup system will provide for transaction accurate restoration processes. For example, if 3 files (A, B, C) are backed up at point 1 in time, and then B and C change at point 2 two, followed by A and C at point 3, I can select any point 1, 2, or 3 and get a collection of A, B, C that is transaction accurate (for example, restore point 2 in time selects B and C from point 2, and then A from point 1; A from point 3 is ignored since it is newer than point 2 in time).
It will be noted that in the embodiment described above the backup server 12 is operating under the control of the Windows NT operating system and so is the data server. Accordingly, the journal files are capturing IRP packets that are in a format generally suitable for being played both on the data server and the backup server. However, it will be understood that in alternative embodiments the data servers may be UNIX systems or systems running another type of operating system. Similarly, the backup server may also be a server running an operating system that is different from Windows NT and different from the operating system of the data server. In this embodiment, the transaction processor would include an interpreter that could map operating system or curl mode operations captured in the journal files for the data server to operating system calls or kernel operations for the operating system for the backup server. Other enhancements and modifications of the systems and methods described herein can be practiced with the invention without departing from the scope hereof.
Turning again to FIG. 1, the systems and methods described herein may transfer data from thousands of files during a synchronization operation. Such an operation may consume substantial amounts of the available network resources, such as network bandwidth and buffer capacity. In practice, the system 10 of FIG. 1 will use by default as much available network bandwidth as it needs to back up or restore data. However, in one optional embodiment, the system 12 allows a user to specify the maximum amount of network bandwidth that it may consume when backing up or restoring data. For example, the user may choose to set a network consumption limit in certain applications, such as if the user is backing up data across a WAN, or the Internet or if bandwidth availability is limited during certain times.
To this end, the back up server 12 may provide a bandwidth control process 44 that may be accessed through the console process 24. In the depicted embodiment, the bandwidth control process is shown as operating on the back up server 12, however it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the bandwidth control process 44 may be located on the data servers 18, 20, 22, or on both the data servers 18, 20, 22 and the back up server 12. The user may employ this process 44 to set a network consumption limit for each backup policy and restore operation. When setting this option, the user may select the bandwidth that is available between the source and backup systems, and specify a consumption limit to be allocated to the synchronization and/or dynamic replication processes. If multiple network links are available between the systems, the user may specify the slowest link. Further, the bandwidth control process 44 may include a process for determining, either dynamically, or historically, the available network resources, including network bandwidth and buffer availability, for a given time. The determined resources may be provided by the user through the console process 24, or automatically employed by the bandwidth control process 44 for selecting network consumption limits. The design and development of such a process for determining available network resources follows from principles well known in the art, including those set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,701, Scheduling data transmission, by Miller, C. Kenneth et al., the teachings of which are herein incorporated by reference.
Once the consumption limit is set, the bandwidth control process 44 may throttle the bandwidth usage of the agents 30, synchronization replication process 40 or any replication process by limiting the amount of data to be placed on the network 10 per unit of time. To this end, the bandwidth control process 44 may calculate the bandwidth usage limit based on the maximum percentage of bandwidth the user selected for the operation and the type of network specified. Optionally, the user may vary the network bandwidth consumption for a particular policy over the course of a week. Thus a user could choose to limit consumption during the working hours and allow unlimited consumption at other times.
If multiple jobs are running concurrently between systems, the bandwidth control process 44 may use the greatest consumption value assigned to the jobs during the time they are running. As jobs finish, the process 44 may automatically adjust its bandwidth usage to use the greatest value assigned to the jobs that are still running. For example, assume the following jobs are running concurrently:
the process 44 may use the greatest consumption value of these active jobs, which is 75%. When Job 2 completes, the process 44 throttles its bandwidth usage to 50%, as both Job 1 and Job 3 are still running.
To control the bandwidth employed by the system 10, in one practice the bandwidth control process 44, for each policy set by the user, calculates a transmit window. A transmit window is be understood as the theoretical time to transmit the packet plus a delay time between each packet. At runtime, the actual time (T1−T0) to transmit and the transmit window (P) may be used to determine the length of the delay as follows:
Get start time (T0)
Get stop time (T1)
If the administrator chooses a network capacity that is less than the actual line capacity, the process 44 may attempt to emulate the selected network capacity.
This algorithm allows the process 44 to minimize, or substantially minimize, network overhead costs by keeping the packet size sufficiently large and increasing the time delay for the low percentage, low capacity cases. The process 44 distinguishes between 100% of network capacity and unlimited bandwidth. To determine the transmit window, the following calculations are employed:
Determine the packet size, in bytes, by a table lookup based upon network capacity.
Given the packet size, determine the theoretical time to transmit the packet at 100% capacity. First normalize the packet size to kbits, and then calculate the time to transmit.
The time to transmit is represented in milliseconds.
Determine the effective rate, or the rate that we can optimally transmit the percentage of the network capacity requested over a given time period (60 seconds for speeds less than 100 mb, 10 seconds for speeds greater). First normalize the network capacity to bytes per minute. Then calculate the effective rate by taking a percentage of the normalized network capacity:
where 1024 represents the number of bits in one kilobit, and 8 represents the number of bits in a byte.
The effective rate is represented in bytes/period.
Determine the number of packets to send within the time period:
Calculate the time delay to fill in the gaps between buffer transmissions.
The expression Packets to Send*Time to Transmit represents the total transmission time during the one minute time period.
Finally, calculate the transmit window by adding the theoretical time to transmit and the time delay.
This example is provided for 10% of a 56 kbit line. The packet size lookup will produce a packet size of 2048 bytes. The packet size in kbits is calculated as:
2048 bytes*8 bits/byte/1024 bits/kbits=16 kbits
The time to transmit in milliseconds is calculated as:
The capacity in bytes/period (60 second period) is calculated as:
The effective rate is calculated as:
The packets to send is calculated as:
The time to delay is calculated as:
The transmit window is calculated as:
Thus, the process 44 calculates a packet size of 2048 bytes and a potential time delay of 2571 ms between each packet. The transmit window is 2857 ms.
Note that at 1 GB speed, no matter what percentage of network capacity the user selects the process 44 will not be able to approach that speed with the maximum packet size. By modifying the algorithm to use larger packet sizes, the process 44 can begin to approach the effective rate; however, diminishing returns may arise.
Similarly, the systems and methods described herein may include processes for monitoring the availability of other network resources, such as buffer availability across the different nodes on a path through the network. Moreover, the bandwidth control process 44 may include a coalescence process that operates with the network bandwidth control process 44, to reduce the amount of data to be sent to the target/backup system when the data appears to exceed the available network resources, such as bandwidth. In this case, the data is stored on the source system in a buffer/journal and transmitted over the network at the available/requested speed. Since the backup process is capturing changes in real-time, it is possible for the same piece of information to be modified multiple times, and only the most recent version of the same data is required for backup. Rather than saving all possible changes to the same data in the journal, and waiting for available network bandwidth to send all possible changes, the coalescence process can be used to merge all of the changes, and transmit only the most recent image of the data. This process may be similar to what would happen on the target system when the changes are played; the target system would overwrite prior changes made with the more recent changes, resulting in a single image of the most current data. The coalescence process performs this before sending the data to the target system by analyzing the journal/buffer, looking for changes to same data regions, and eliminating the changes that are old and overwritten. The result is a smaller amount of data that needs to be transmitted to the target system.
More specifically, the coalescence process may process the journal file 150 to examine its contents for duplicate data segments, such as data segments as being the same file, and covering the same byte range, like C:\DIR\MYFILE.DAT, bytes 30-65. When finding a duplicate, the coalescence process would remove the older copy, and retain the newer version. In a further embodiment, the coalescence process would build a map of all files and byte ranges that have been modified. By using this map, the coalescence code would be able to identify overlapping regions and retain only the best data. For example, for a file the following writes occur:
Time point A:A 12 byte write at offset 10 (10-22)
Time point B:A 5 byte write at offset 8 (8-13)
Time point C:A 10 byte write at offset 20 (20-30)
The three writes, taking up 37 bytes, could be converted into a single buffer of 22 bytes, by using the above map, and determining that a new image could be created from point B (bytes 8-13), point A (bytes 14-19), and point C (bytes 20-30).
It will be understood by those of skill in the art, that the systems described herein are representative of the invention and not limiting in any way. Moreover, for purposes of clarity, from time to time the systems and methods have been described as having “an” element, or “a” step, but it will be understood, that as appropriate the term “a” and “an” will be understood to mean at least one.
The systems and methods described above may be realized as a software components operating on a conventional data processing system such as a UNIX, or Windows NT workstation. The processes may be implemented as a C language computer program, or a computer program written in any high level language including C++, Fortran, Java or Basic. The development of such processes follows from principle known to those of skill in the art, including those set forth in, for example, Stephen G. Kochan, Programming in C, Hayden Publishing (1983). Moreover, although the figures graphically depict the agent processes 30, synchronization replication process 40 and other processes as functional block elements, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that these elements can be realized as computer programs or portions of computer programs that are capable of running on the data processor platforms to thereby configure the data processors as a system according to the invention.
Those skilled in the art will know or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the embodiments and practices described herein. Accordingly, it will be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but is to be understood from the following claims, which are to be interpreted as broadly as allowed under the law.
Citations de brevets
Citations hors brevets | 82,920 | 138 |
988,867 | Illinois Genealogy Trails
Jasper County Obituaries
©1998-2008, All obituaries transcribed by Kim Torp from original microfilm, except where noted
Obituaries and Notices of Death
Note: Some of these obits are paraphrased. You are advised to obtain the
originals for yourself.
If there is no contributor's name noted, then it was found and transcribed by Kim.
Acklin, [child] - Several persons have died recently in our neighboring town of St. Maries. Mr. Nick Miller and a child of Caleb Acklin died there the first of the present week. [The Newton Press, Feb 13, 1874]
Acklin, James - while kindly endeavoring to procure a squirrel for a sick friend, was accidentally and fatally shot on Sunday last at about 12:00. He lived until 11 p.m. of the same day. Newton Press Sept 16, 1870
Acklin, John, Senior - an old and respected citizen, died at the residence of his son, in this place, at 3 o'clock yesterday morning. Mr. Acklin was taken sick on Saturday evening last, of congestive chill. Since 12 o'clock Tuesday, up to the time of his death, he was unconscious and speechless. [The Newton Press, Mar 27, 1874]
Acklin, Jesse (Thursday, December 6, 1877), son of Caleb Acklin, died at his father's l/2 mile east of Newton on last Monday morning of pneumonia. 8 years old. [Contributed by Source #4]
Adami, L. - an old citizen of Jasper County, died on the 13th inst. The remains were buried in the St. Peter graveyard. Jan. 18, 1877
Adami, N. - has died of winter fever within the past six or eight days. Dec. 28, 1876
Adams, Freddie R. - 2 years, 1 month and 22 days old, d. Dec. 15, 1891
Adimi, Mrs. - (Note: should probably be Adami) d. Jan. 31, 1877, aged 77 years old. Buried St. Peter's Cemetery Feb. 8, 1877
Adkins, ? - A three or four year old boy of Thomas Adkins, died very suddenly Saturday last of congestion of the stomach. Oct. 7, 1875
Adkins, Elsie Louella - A very sad death was that of Miss Elsie Louella Adkins, which occurred at the parental home five miles north-west of Newton, Monday morning, April 29, 1918, after a brief illness of pneumonia. Deceased was a lovable young woman; her companions were many, and all of them will hear of her demise with sincere regret. She was born April 14, 1892 and passed away at the age of 25 years and 15 days.
Surviving are a father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Adkins, sisters, Mrs. Lawrence (Frankie) Britton and Audrey; brothers, Wade S. and Roe; besides other relatives and dear friends. Funeral services were held at the family residence Wednesday, May 1, and interment at the Brick cemetery. The attendance at the obsequies was very large, attesting to the esteem in which she was held. Newton Press, Friday, May 3, 1918
Adkins, Joseph Melvin - son of Thomas J. and Dicy Adkins, was born in Jasper county, April 9, 1857. He moved with his parents to West Virginia when 2 years of age, returning to Jasper county when about 5 years old , and resided here the remainder of his life. He departed this life at the family home near Lis, where he had lived for the past fifty-seven years, July 11, 1939, at the age of 82 years, 3 months and 2 days.
He was united in marriage to Miss Amanda Scott, January 24, 1884. He leaves his loving companion, Mrs. Amanda Adkins; two sons Wade and Roe of Newton; two daughters, Mrs. Lawrence (Frankie) Britton of Newton and Mrs. Omer (Audrey) McDaniel of Peoria. One daughter Elsie preceded him in death. He also leaves eight grand-children; two sisters, Mrs. Jennie Frakes and Mrs. Alice Adkins of Newton, and one brother, Harvey Adkins of Tucson, Arizona.
He was a member of Oak Hill M. P. church, a loving husband, a kind father, a good neighbor and by his honest upright living has left a memory ever to be held in reverence, The Newton Press, July 18, 1939 [contributed by Source #33]
Adkison, James H. L. - cancer, died Monday night. Been ill for about 4 years. Lived in Grandville Township. Widow and one daughter survived him. Had a 400 acre farm. [Contributed by Source #4] (Wednesday, January 20, 1897)
Admire, James D. - d. at Detroit, MI - frmerly of Jasper, age 50. Death reported 2 Feb 1945.
Albert, William G. of Hidalgo, age 66. Death reported 27 Feb 1945.
Alcorn, Verne W., eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. Harry Alcorn, was born in Olney, May 1, 1895 and died January 20, 1927, at Chester, aged 31 years, 8 months and 19 days. On July 3, 1895 he married Anna Fern Keller of Newton, and they were the parents of one child. Surviving, besides his wife and daughter, are aunts, uncles and other relatives. Funeral services were held at Olney, Saturday afternoon, conducted by minister John Honey of Newton. Interment was in Haven Hill cemetery. Tuesday, January 25, 1927
Aldridge, Mrs. Catherine, aged 72 years, 7 months and 8 days, died at her residence in Fox township, on the 18th ult. Deceased was born in Kentucky and had raised a family of children and was highly respected by all who knew her. July 6, 1892
Aldridge, James - a well known farmer of near West Liberty, died last night, after a lengthy period of ill health. The Newton Press, February 6, 1920 - [Contributed by Source #33]
Alexander, --- A small child of W.C. Alexander was buried Sunday afternoon. Newton Press, Nov. 30, 1876
NEW Allan, Henry -- NEWTON, July 18—Henry Allan for 30 years a resident of Jasper county northwest of Newton, died about at 2 o'clock Tuesday morning. He was a son of Mr. and Mrs. Zachariah Allen and was born near Mason, in, Effingham county, May 3, 1855. He was married to Miss Emma Lawn and to this union were born nine children, three of whom preceded their father In death. Mrs. Allen died about nine years ago. The living children are Ona Allen of Newton; Mrs. Mertie Lilly of Louisville, Ill.; Mrs. Grace Johnson of Montana; Alva Allen of Newton Harry Allen of Effingham county and Merl Allen of Decatur. All except Mrs. Johnson were at the bedside when he died. ["Decatur Evening Herald" Thursday, July 18, 1929, Decatur, Illinois - BZ - Sub by FoFG]
Allen, Infant - child of Oscar and Nancy Allen died a few hours after its birth. February 8, 1893
Allison, Cella - of Ste. Marie Twp - Newton Press, Aug 10 - Aug 17, 1881
Allison, Samuel - of Willow Hill died. Newton Press, Feb. 18, 1875
Allison, Samuel - who has been lingering the past 3 or 4 months with some chronic disease, died July 16, 1890 He leaves a wife and several children...His remains were laid to rest in the Cummins cemetery the 17th inst. at 11 a.m. July 23, 1890
Althaus, Edward F. of Urbana, d. 23 Dec. Death reported 2 Jan 1945.
Anderson, Mrs. Elizabeth - age 90 (approx): "Fortune Teller" and only African-American resident of Olney, formerly of Newton. Her father was "Fox" Anderson, a liberated slave, who served as a servant to Capt. Bushrod W. Harris of Newton during the Civil War. Death reported 8 Dec 1944.
Anderson, Oscar - a prominent citizen of Willow Hill, suicided last evening. When discovered this morning he lay in an old house some distance from his residence and had evidently been dead for several hours. Near his body was a revolver with one chamber empty. A bullet hole in his head indicated this his death was the result of his own rash act. No reasons are assigned for his suicide but it is supposed that he was temporarily insane. A wife and three children survive him. Mr. Anderson was elected president of the board of trustees of Willow Hill, Saturday. He has long been a leading member of the Baptist church and an exemplary citizen. For many years he has taken an active part in politics as a Democratic leader although never a candidate for any office of profit himself. Newton Press, January 25, 1888
Anderson, Rebecca Elizabeth (Lizzie) (nee Sharick): Born in Jasper co, Sept 16, 1862 and died at Washington, Iowa, July 31, 1926, aged 63 years, 10 mos and 15 days - the youngest daughter in a family of three daughters and one son, whose parents were Christian and Sarah A. Sharick, pioneers of Jasper county who came from Pennsylvania. The son died before reaching maturity. The eldest daughter, Mary, became the wife of William Thomas...the second daughter Barbara, remained single and resided on the home farm until her death three years ago....In early womanhood Lizzie became the wife of Henry Smith, but was widowed in less than a year. After that she kept a candy shop at Danville, Ill., operating a candy kitchen in connection.. married Sanford A. Anderson on Sept 9, 1902. Lived in Keota before moving to his farm in Seventy-six twp, Washington co. IA. Daughter Leah was born and lived six happy years, dying from burns received when her clothing caught fire from matches with which she was playing at the home of a neighbor. Some years after...she was left alone a second time and moved to Keota to be near the grave of her little daughter....She is survived by her sister, Mrs. Mary Thomas of Newton, Ill., two nieces, Mrs. Otto Toland of Newton and Mrs. R.C. Shaw of Tonkawa, Okla, one nephew, Dr.R.V. Thomas of Manteno, Ill and other relatives. Aug 10, 1926
Andrews, Elizabeth - 65 years, 1 month, March 28. Newton Press, May 14, 1890
Andrews, Dr. J.C. - died at his home in Rose Hill, Thursday, after a long illness of consumption. Crooked Creek, Feb. 18, 1891
Andrews, Josiah (Friday, June 1, 1900), died on May 27 near Rose Hill at home. Son of Wm. P. and Catharine Andrews. Born September 20, 1819 in Green County, Ohio. Moved to Rush county, Indiana at an early age. Married in Rush county in 1840 to Rachel Brooks. Came to Jasper county, Illinois in 1842, and his father came soon afterwards. His father became a pioneer preacher of the Christian Church. Josiah had 8 children with Wm. P. and Thomas surviving him. Buried in Andrews cemetery. [Contributed by Source #4]
Andrews, Wm. T. - an old citizen of Crooked Creek township, died Sunday. Uncle Billy was for many years a respected resident of this county. Five children survive him. Emory Andrews, city attorney of Mattoon, is a son. Nov. 9, 1892
Anspach, Mrs. George - The body of Mrs. George Anspach, drowned at Ste. Marie in the river a few weeks ago, was found in a drift near by. [The Newton Press, April 20, 1887]
Anspach, Mary Jane - died Sep. 21, [1916 or 1917]; age 76 yrs, 1 mo, 14 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Applegate, Virginia M. - 74, of Hazel Dell died at 8 a.m. Monday (March 6, 2000) at her residence.
Arehart, George W. - son of Jacob and Hester Arehart, was born April 15, 1866 in Willow Hill twp and made Jasper co. his home during his entire life. United in marriage to Gladys Mitchell, July 3, 1926....He is survived by his companion of such a short time, three brothers, J.H. Arehart of Willow Hill, J.E. Arehart of Arkansas and J.F. Arehart of Tilton, Ill; three sisters, Mrs. Polly Maples and Mrs. Anna Hill of Jasper co. and Mrs. Jane Maples of Arkansas and a number of other relatives. Also a half sister, Barbara Hilton. Funeral services were held at the house, conducted by Rev. H.D. Catt. Interment was in the Todd cemetery. Tuesday, January 25, 1927
Armer, Mrs. Belle - after a long and painful illness died Dec. 20, 1887. She was born May 5, 1855, becoming the wife of Anselim Armer Nov. 18m 1874. She was a lady of rare qualities of head and heart and her death will be mourned by a fond husband and a host of warm friends. Peace to her ashes and rest to her soul. A FRIEND. Newton Press, January 11, 1888
Arms (?), Mary Mrs. - resided on Hillside, died yesterday after an illness of 2 or 3 weeks. Survivors include three sons residing in Minnesota in railroading and her oldest daughter Mrs. S.D. Leffler living in Smallwood township. Interment was in Pleasant Ridge cemetery. Death reported July 8, 1891
Armstrong, Ada M. of Willow Hill Twp. Newton Press, Sep. 7 - Sep 14, 1881 [Contributed by Source #28]
Armstrong, Rev. I.S. - pastor of the Newton M.E. Church, died at Noble, Richland County, IL at 8 o'clock Wednesday evening June 10, 1874, after a long and painful illness, occasioned by that dreadful disease - dropsy of the heart, aged 48 years and about 5 months.
Mr. Armstrong was born in Ireland, and was sent to America at the tender age of 6 years, and was raised until about 12 years by an Irish lady of the same name living in Hillsboro, Ohio. At the age of 10, he began to develop marked signs of superior intellect, and it was at this period that he commenced to educate himself to a standard commensurate with that energy and determination which was a characteristic of his whole life, to go forth and battle with the world and its great conflicts, in the cause of advancement and right, and to establish a character and name, worthy of registry along side that of the best men of the country; and although unfortunate in many of his undertakings, yet his ---- [can't read] enviable one. While at Hillsboro, he commenced the study of law, and his constant endeavors to become a mast of that, to him, much coveted profession, was steadily though surely rewarded by the fruits of hard study, while a gentle and affable disposition won him many warm and true friends, whose service proved a gold benefit in after years.
At 16, he went from Hillsboro to Metropolis, Massac County, Ill., and there practiced his profession with great credit and ability for about 18 or 20 years. Previous however, to the commencement of his practice as a licensed attorney, at Metropolis, he went into the law office of John A. Logan, and Joshua Allen - then probably the best law firm in that part of the State -- as their clerk, and two years afterwards was admitted as an equal partner. His first license to practice law was obtained through and by the recommendation and instrumentality of Abraham Lincoln, who, until his death, remained a faithful friend; and according to the statements of the friends of the late deceased, that intimacy and friendship was heartily and equally reciprocal.
Mr. Armstrong was a natural orator, and while yet in his teens, gained considerable notoriety by delivering orations at celebrations, etc. He ran for Congress in the Cairo district ... on the democratic ticket, against Isaac Clemonts, and was defeated by only a small vote...Subsequently he again ran...for Circuit Judge against Judge Sloan in the Cairo Circuit and was defeated by only 4 votes.
He served in the U.S. army during the war with Mexico, and was a brave and dutiful soldier. At the breaking out of the rebellion, he enlisted in company H, 29th Ill Volunteers, and was commissioned as first lieutenant of his company. Afterwards he was chosen as adjutant of the regiment. He serve his country with much credit for about four years, and was finally discharged on account of ill health.
About 6 years ago he embraced religion, since which time up to within a few weeks previous to his death, his whole time and attention was devoted to the ministry and his labors in that respect will no doubt be sadly missed.
After leaving Metropolis, he went to the Noble Circuit, and from there, was sent to Newton. He was a resident of this place lacking 3 months of two years.
Although Mr. Armstrong was convinced that he was not much longer bound for the cares and troubles of this earth, yet death had no terror for him, and up to within a few minutes of his departure for that land from whose bourn no traveller returns, he talked calmly of the past, present and future, while he bid his many friends a long farewell. His last supplication was for the Lord to make his death easy, and we learn that he died calmly and apparently without a struggle.
Thus ends the eventful career of a good and true man, a man whose whole life has been one of moral worth and usefulness.
Mr. Armstrong leaves a wife and three children, and very many warm and true friends to mourn his death. His remains were buried at Noble, by the Odd Fellows, of which order he has long been a worthy member. June 18, 1874
Armstrong, Jonathan, 82 years, 11 months and 8 days - died Dec. 6, 1891
Arnold, Delia Barton - "Impressive funeral services of Mrs. J.F. Arnold whose death occurred last Thursday, were conducted Sunday afternoon from the First Presbyterian Church in this city, the pastor, Rev. Wm. C. Krebs, officiating. The Eastern Star of which Mrs. Arnold was a member, gave their beautiful ritual ceremonies at the conclusion of the services. Burial was made in the Riverside Cemetery.
Deceased, a daughter of Rev. Joshua and Mrs. Elizabeth Barton, was born June 18, 1858 near West Liberty. She was united in marriage December 25, 1876 to J.F. Arnold in this city and to them was born 6 children, 2 an infant daughter and their eldest son, Edward Everett, preceding her in death. Newton Press (date of death c. 1/27/1921 (She is the wife of John Fletcher Arnold II m. 12/28/1876 and is the d/o Rev. Joshua Barton and Elizabeth Petty. - contrib. by Source #34)
Atkins, Rev. Nelson - formerly pastor of the M.E. church at Willow Hill, died at the home of his father near Summer, last week. He leaves a wife and two daughters to mourn. Death reported Dec. 10, 1906 Contributed by Source #28
Ashby, Joseph of Casey, Coles County, IL, age 77. Death reported 12 Sep 1944
Bach, Mrs. Xavier - the venerable mother of Mrs. Wm. Hargett, of this city [Olney], died at her home near West Liberty, last Monday morning - Olney Republican, reprinted in Newton Press, Dec. 23, 1891
Badger, ?? - Old man Badger, another old & respected citizen, died at his residence northwest of Newton on Tuesday. Newton Press, Sep 8, 1875
Badger, Stephen - departed this life at his home in Clarkston, Wash., Nov. 16, 1918 of kidney and heart trouble, aged 76 years. He was a brother of the late William Badger, of Grove twp, and with his death closes the book of this once well-known pioneer family in Jasper county. The older residents of Newton and vicinity will remember Stephen Badger as a farmer living near the Moulden school house, southwest of town, and some 45 years ago lived in Newton and with others, conducted a tannery in "the woods" east of the public square, which is now only a few hundred feet east of the I.C. depot. Mr. Badger visited Newton 3 or 4 years ago. January 3, 1919
Bailey, Infant (male) - b. and d. 30 Sep 1918 in Hunt Twp. Parents: Marion Bailey and Meda Miller. Burial in Mound Cemetery [Src #85]
Badgly, John - died near Ste. Marie last week. A wife and three or four children survive him. Sept 16, 1891
Bailey, John L. - b. 8 Sep. 1905 IL; d. 30 Jun. 1918 Hunt City. Farmer, single. f. Frank Bailey, b. IL; m. Alice Meek, b. IL. Gun Shot wound, informant Minnie Shacklee. Burial Mound Cem. , 1 Jul. 1918. [Contributed by Source #28]
Baker, Infant - of Wm. Baker died on Monday last. Newton Press Aug 24, 1876
Baker, Isaiah - aged 45 years and 10 months, died Jan 5, 1892
Baker, Lorenus R. - b. 18 Dec. 1847 IL; d. 26 Sep. 1918 Grandville Twp. Jaundice cause of death. Farmer, married. f. Lorenus M. Baker, b. VT; m. Clarissa Willison, b. OH. Informant, Mrs Frank Purcell. Burial White Oak Cem., 27 Sep.1918. [Contributed by Source #28]
Baker, Theodore - of Willow Hill committed suicide at Landes May 3, caused by Lula Paddick refusing to marry him. May 11, 1892
Here's more of the story contributed by Source #28: "Theodore Baker of Willow Hill, ILL. committed suicide at Landes, a small village north of here, last night, caused by Miss Lula Paddick refusing to marry him. He left her last night at her home after pleading hard for her consent to be his wife. When at the gate he drew a razor and slashed his throat five times, making terrible wounds. He then rushed to her room and fell unconscious before her. She was so horror-strickened that she now lies in a critical condition. Baker died in a few minutes. "
Baker, Mrs William - Sunday, Feb. 7, the sad news was carried from house to house that Mrs. William Baker was dead. She was born March 11, 1844, married to Mr. Baker November 3, 1864, and died at the family home, near Rose Hill, Sunday, Feb. 7, 1904. As we entered the home of the departed our voice was hushed with sorrow, for as a neighbor and friend our feeling was beyond control. Mrs. Baker was all sunshine, all joy, when in health. Go to her home and you always found a welcome; she made no distinction between the rich and poor. Never did she turn a hungry soul away empty handed. Look upon the walls of her home and your eyes would be- hold the beauties of art and nature. It was a trying hour for her husband and children. This wife and mother will be most sadly missed, having been a companion to her aged husband for 43 years; always ready to assist and make the path of life pleasant, sharing the trials and hardships. But now the arm-chair, which waited to receive her weary body after the day's work was over, stands vacant. Mother is no more; her labor is over.
As the tears of grief moisten the grey beard of her husband and the recollection of the past life comes to his mind he can say, I know her rest is sweet. He can look through the album of nature and behold her in the bloom of youth. The children will look for mother; they will listen for her footsteps; they will await her coming. Never will they forget the many kind acts, the many words of warning and the good instructions that came from those silent lips. She leaves surviving a husband, three children, Frank, Charles and Mrs Cora Bowers, a brother, Abraham Ray, and many other relatives and friends. Funeral services were held at the Universalist church, east of Rose Hill, Monday, conducted by Rev. J. K. Dillen, of Greenup, and remains were laid to rest in the Cummins cemetery. Newton Press, 1904 [Contributed by
Baldwin, Mrs. (Thursday, July 19, 1877), an old Willow Hill Township resident, died the first of the week. [Contributed by Source #4]
Ball, Eddie, aged 15, died at the residence of his parents L.F. and Mrs. Ball in this city, Friday. His remains were interred in the Newton cemetery Saturday, six of his fellow students in the High School acting as pall bearers. March 20, 1889
Bailey, Perry C. of Latona, age 92. Death reported 19 Jan 1945.
Baldwin, Albert, died on Aug. 2, 1888 at age 22 years, 3 mos., 22 days. Newton Press, Sept. 5, 1888
Bales, Rachel Loryse (male) - b. 17 Feb 1918; d. 24 Sep 1918, age 7m, 7d in South Muddy Twp. Parents: Harvey, b. in Clay Co and Maggie Pr??tt, b. Jasper Co. Informant Harvey Bales of Bogota. Burial in South Muddy Cemetery . [Src #85]
Ball, Henry - died the 9th inst. of lung fever.Gila - Newton Press, February 15, 1888
Banta, Miss Ella - died at the residence of her mother, south of town, after an illness of several months, yesterday. She was the daughter of Capt. Lawrence Banta. Dec. 3, 1890
Barbee, Mrs. Jane (Wednesday, September 15, 1880), died Sunday, September 12, 1880 at about 4 p.m. Wife of Thos. Barbee and stepmother of S. G. Barbee. 37 years old. Died of consumption. Buried in Newton Cemetery. [Contributed by Source #4]
Barker, Mrs. Anna (Thursday, March 16, 1879), wife of Frank Barker, died at home in Newton on Saturday last (the 11th) at 5 a.m. of pueperal fever. Leaves a husband and many relatives. [Contributed by Source #4]
Barker, Mrs. Ann Caroline (Wednesday, March 15, 1882), Born in 1833 in Brayson county, Kentucky. Maiden name was Hill. Married to Samuel R. Barker on April 5, 1853 on the old Von Reudgisch farm. Died on Wednesday, March 8, 1882 at 8:30 p.m. at her Newton home. Aged 48 years, 11 months, and 18 days. Had 12 children. Buried in Newton Catholic cemetery. [Contributed by Source #4]
Barker, Anthony - an old citizen of this county, living in St. Marie Tp., died Wednesday, December 29th, after a brief illness. January 6, 1876
Barker, Carrie (Wednesday, January 19, 1887) died at 11:25 p.m. of consumption on Friday, January 14, 1887. Daughter of S. R. Barker of Newton. Aged 16 years and 9 months. [Contributed by Source #4]
Barker, Francis X. (Wednesday, May 4, 1887), Aged 42 years, 2 months, 14 days. Died on Friday night at his father's home (S. R. Barker). Wife and two children survived him. Buried in St. Joseph cemetery. [Contributed by Source #4]
Barker, Genevieve R. (Tuesday, December 5, 1899), died at 2:30 a.m. on Dec. 2, 1899 at son Frederick's house. Born on Jan. 10, 1824 in Baden, Germany. Came to US at age 7. Married on January 12, 1843 to Charles Hollinger. Had 12 children with Mrs. John (Mary) Zeigler, Mrs. John (Catharine) Rentz, Frederick Hollinger, Mrs. Joseph (Lizzie) Rubsam, and John Hollinger surviving her. Funeral at St. Thomas Catholic Church. Burial in parish cemetery. [Contributed by Source #4]
Barker, Noah L. - of South Muddy Twp., Newton Press, Aug. 17 - Aug. 24, 1881 [Contributed by Source #28]
Barkley, Ervin of near Yale, age 71. d. at a Robinson Hospital. Death reported 13 Oct 1944
Barracks, Rennie - 21 years, June 3, Ste. Marie. June 12, 1889
Barrett, Mary died on May 13, 1898 in her Lafayette Street home in Newton. Born on
September 3, 1815 in Logan county, Virginia. Moved to Hancock county, Indiana in 1831 with parents. Married John P. Brooks there in November. Settled near Newton, Illinois in 1853. Had 13 children with J. E. of Central City, Kentucky; Mrs. T. J. Adkins of Wade Township; Mrs. Geo. H. Shup, Mrs. I. M. Shup, Mrs. J. W. Gibson, and Mrs. J. E. Neptune, all of Newton; Mrs. W. L. Heath of Central City, Kentucky, and Mrs. Calvin Austin of Effingham surviving her. Buried in Newton cemetery. [Contributed by Source #4]
Barrett, Dicy (Wednesday, March, 1887), Died at 11 p.m. on Friday. Born in Cabell Co., West Virginia on September 13, 1822. Daughter of Reverend Samuel Barrett. When 14 years old, joined the M.E. church. Married at age 17 to Marcellus Rogers. Had 11 children with John Rogers of Cass county, Missouri; Ben F. Rodgers of Jasper county; Mrs. W. B. Jones of Jasper county; Mrs. John W. Tussing of Jasper county; and Mrs. C. L. McCormack of Johnson county, Illinois surviving her. [Newspaper said six children survived her but only five were listed.] Became ill when going to Newton to get her sister ( Mrs. S. T. Scott of Indianapolis). Died of compression of the brain. [Contributed by Source #4]
Barrett, Roseldor Harvey - b. 21 Jun 1857 IN; d. 28 Apr 1918. Widowed, concrete contractor. father William E. Barrett, b. Ind; Mother Mary A. Wyrick who was b. in OH. Buried in Newton Cemetery.
Barrett, William E. - died Nov. 18, ; age 83 yrs, 8 mos, 8 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Bartlett, Jasper - of Cracker Ridge, died last Wednesday. He was buried at Willow Hill. St. Marie - Newton Press, February 1, 1888
Bartley, John (Thursday, August 17, 1876), died after three weeks of enteritis on Aug. 1, 1876. Lived Willow Hill Township. Aged 53 years. Wife, sons, daughters, brothers, sisters survived him. [Contributed by Source #4]
Bartley, John - a respected citizen of Willow Hill Tp., died Tuesday, at 11 o'clock, A.M. Thursday, Aug. 3, 1876
Bartley, Mary C. - died Oct. 2, ; age 77 yrs, 7 mos, 29 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Bartley, Mordecai - an old and highly respected citizen of Willow Hill township, died after a long illness, Friday evening. Deceased served one term as treasurer of Jasper county and held other offices of responsiblity and profit. ...... He was born in Adams county, Ohio, Dec. 11, 1817; moved to Shelby county, Ind., in 1825; married Miss Sarah H. McComas, who survives him, June 4, 1840. Their childred (sic) died in infancy. .... Newton Press, January 9, 1889
Bartley, Mrs. Sarah A. - relict of the late Mordeca Bartley, died at the residence of her sister, Mrs. Frances A. Powell, in this city, on Sunday at 5 a.m., after an illness of nearly two years. Deceased came to Jasper county from Virginia when a little girl, with her parents and resided here ever since excepting about three years. Her age was 71 at the time of her death. She was a member of the Baptist church and a good, christian woman. The remains were taken to Brockville, Willow Hill twp, and after services by Rev. Elisha Ping were laid to rest by the side of her husband in the cemetery there. Jan. 6, 1892
Barton, Horace L., aged 25 years and 9 days, died at the residence of himself and sisters, Sunday morning, after an illness of several months of consumption...born in Richland county; came with his parents to Newton when a small child;...at the death of his father and mother, a few years ago, himself and brother Louis were left to take charge of themselves and surviving sisters, Stella and Mamie - Ella the eldest child having preceded her parents to the grave. They went manfully to work, but that dread destroyer, consumption soon removed Louis, Horace worked at odd jobs in the spoke factory and at whatever he could get to do in the day time and at night learned telegraphy...became assistant station agent here,next to the Oblong office, subsequently a place on the P.D. & E. north and later at Poseyville, Ind. as agent and operator. Jan 13, 1892
Barton, John C. - died at the residence of his mother, Mrs. LEACH, September 20, age 27 yr 11 mo 28 da. Burial was in the Newton Cemetery. SEPTEMBER 26, 1883 [Contributed by Source #28]
Barton, William Died Friday night, September 15, 1882 at his Newton home. Born on August 14, 1839 in Hart county, Kentucky. Moved near Onion Hill, Richland county, Illinois when he was 12. Married Nancy A. Mannaugh. Had 8 children with 4 surviving him. Oldest daughter Ella died two weeks and a day previous to William's death. [Contributed by Source #4]
Batman, G. B.(Wednesday, November 3, 1880), died on October 27, 1880 at his son Alexander's home. Born on July 11, 1794 in Bullet county, Kentucky. When 21 years old moved to Indiana; moved 34 years later to Jasper county, Illinois. Two sons and 2 daughters survived him. [Contributed by Source #4]
July 15, 1954
C. G. Batman, Former Mayor, Dies Tuesday
Funeral Services To Be Held Friday For Pioneer Jasper County Civic Leader
Charles G. Batman, 73, former Newton mayor and prominent citizen, passed away at 9:15 p. m. Tuesday, July 13, at Richland Memorial Hospital, Olney, following a long period of ill health.
Funeral services are tentatively set for 10 a. m. Friday at Grace Methodist Church in Newton with Rev. T. L. Schaffer officiating. Burial will be in Riverside cemetery. The body is at the Reese Funeral Home in Newton.
Born in North Muddy Township, near Slate Point, in Jasper County, he was a son of the late Andrew J. and Mary Jane (Kibler) Batman and the last of a family of ten children.
He was married Sept. 16, 1903 to Miss Nellie Lambird, and they quietly observed their golden wedding last year, with all of their children at home with them.
Mr. and Mrs. Batman moved to Newton 45 years ago, and until his retirement in 1944, he was actively engaged in business here. He first operated a livery stable and feed store. He later sold his interest in the livery business and his nephew, Delbert Batman, joined him in the feed business, which was started in the Kiser building on West Washington Street. They later bought the elevator in West Newton, which they operated as the Newton Feed and Seed Company over a long period, selling to the present owner, L. E. Kennedy, in 1944.
Mr. Batman and his nephew also entered the implement business about 1925, when they were the dealers here for International Harvester. Later they conducted a grocery store in the building occupied by the L. & M. Market, selling to C. L. Batman, Mr. Batman's son, and Lorenzo Metcalf the same year of his retirement from the elevator business.
Always active in civic affairs, Mr. Batman served as mayor of Newton two terms and on the city council, as alderman, three additional terms. It is a coincidence that death should come to Mr. Batman, one of the strongest supporters over the years of the Jasper County Fair, during the week that its annual fair is in progress. A secretary of the fair board for 24 years and a past president of the organization, he was largely instrumental in the planning and erecting of the new grandstand which replaced the old one following its destruction by fire a few years ago.
Mr. Batman has been a member of Grace Methodist Church during his entire residence in Newton and for many years served as a member of the official board, being treasurer at the time of his death. He is survived by his wife, Nellie, son, C. L. (Lorraine) of Newton, and two daughters, Mrs. Warren (Bernice) Scheibe of Lincoln, Neb., and Mrs. R. H. (Elizabeth) Rugh of Charleston, West Virginia. He leaves also six grandchildren. Preceding him in death were his sisters, Mrs. Eliza Jasper, Mrs. Clara Meurlot, and Mrs. Myrtie Sowers and Mrs. Nettie Soote, brothers, George S. and John Batman. Three other children of the family died in infancy
Mrs. Batman Dies; Widow of Ex Mayor
Mrs. Nellie Batman, 85, of 315 West Washington street, Newton, died at 3 p.m. Friday, Feb. 2, 1968, at Blue Fountain Manor, Godfrey, Ill., where she had resided since 1963. Funeral services were held at 2 p.m. today at the Sessengood Marshall funeral chapel in Newton with Rev. Gail W. Hines, pastor of Grace Methodist church, officiating. Burial was in Riverside cemetery.
Mrs. Batman was born Dec. 16, 1882, in Jasper county, a daughter of John W. and Emma (Clark) Lambird. She was married to Charles G. Batman, who died July 13, 1954. Mr. Batman was a long-time Newton businessman and former mayor. He also served for many years as a leader of the Jasper County Fair. Following his retirement from business, Mr. Batman built and rented several houses in the 200 block of South Church street. Mrs. Batman was a member of Grace Methodist church.
Surviving are a son, C. L. Batman of Newton; two daughters, Mrs. Berniece Schiebe of Lincoln, Neb. and Mrs. Elizabeth Rugh of Geneva, Switzerland; six grandchildren and two great grandchildren.
Batman, John A. - a member of one of Jasper county's first families, passed away at his home in Albion, Monday, July 26, at 2:10 a.m. aged 58 years, 8 months and 26 days. Death followed a one week's illness and was caused by heart trouble... Mr. Batman was a son of the late A.J. and Mary Jane Batman, who came to Jasper county in the early days.. Deceased attended the Daville, Ind. college, studying law and was admitted to the bar in 1895. His marriage to Miss H--- Richardson occurred in Newton, September 20, 1889. Five children were born to this union, two girls and three boys, the oldest, Fay, dying in infancy. Those living are Sibyl, Gladys and Leo of Tampa, FL and Gerald of Indianapolis. In 1919 Mr. Batman was married to Nellie S. Smith of Albion...Besides his wife and children he leaves the following sisters and brothers, Mrs. Eliza Jasper and George S. and Charles G. Batman of Newton, Mrs. Clara Meurlot of Orlando, FL and Mrs. Myrtie Sowers of Wheeler....interred in Riverside cemetery. Newton Press, July 27, 1926
Bausack, Z. (Zik) - was found dead at the home of his brother, Sampson Bausack, in the Bend, Tuesday morning. He had been dead for some time when found. Death was most probably due to heart failure.
A coroner's jury was impaneled about 10 o'clock Tuesday evening and an inquest held. The jury, composed of F. E. Kraus, foreman, Dan Miller of Newton, Thomas Gowens, John Yager, Mike Geiger and Peter Kidwell, returned the following verdict; "We, the jury, find that death was due to natural causes, unknown to us." Deceased came from Coles county several weeks ago for a visit with his brother. He was 65 years of age. The remains were laid to rest in the Berlin cemetery Wednesday afternoon at 3 o'clock---St Marie Tribune
Beals, Stephen Oliver - son of Amos and Ellen Beals, born April 31, 1865 and died July 24, 1926, aged 61 years, 2 mos and 24 days. Married to Mary Grimes, March 11, 1888...one son, Guy Beals... Was a teacher and a carpenter...his last illness began with an attack of influenza last March. Other complications set in and for the past several weeks he suffered intensely, but uncomplainingly. He is survived by his wife, son Guy of Shelbyville, three grandchildren, two brothers, Allen of Newton and Burton of Iuka. A brother Charles and sister Dora preceded him in death...Interment was in Riverside cemetery. Newton Press, July 27, 1926
Bean, W.O., an I. & St. L. brakeman, fell from a freight car and was killed near Mattoon last Wednesday. October 5, 1887
Bear, Charles - a middle aged man of family, residing two and ½ miles east of Wheeler died Tuesday from a long afflication of heart disease. Early this spring he was in a critical condition, but partially recovered and returned to his duties as a rural mail carrier for some two weeks when he was again confined to his home, gradually growing weaker until death ensued....He is survived by his wife, three brothers, sisters and a host of other relatives and friends. Newton Press, July 30, 1926 Excerpts from Obit of August 6, 1926: son of Gottlieb and Rosa Bear, born in Effingham county, March 18, 1875, d. July 28, 1926, aged 51yrs, 4 mos and 10 days...married Kate Ragsdale October 28, 1905. Survived by brothers Fred Bear of Charleston, Ervin and Ernest of Wheeler, two sisters, Mrs. Lizzie B. Hall and Mrs. Lena B. Ragsdale of Wheeler.
Beaird, James - (note: this is probably BEARD) who was teaching at the Kern school house, and formerly a pupil of Fletcher Arnold's school died Saturday last, of a congestive chill. Jan. 18, 1877
Beaver, Mrs. Noah (Wednesday, November 27, 1878), died Wednesday at about 1 a.m. a few miles west of Newton. Husband, several children including an infant survived her. [Contributed by Source #4]
Beeman, Verney E. - infant, July 15. Newton Press, Aug. 12, 1891
Beery, C.M. - of Wheeler, died very suddenly of heart disease on Thursday last, aged nearly 70 years. Mr. Beery had been a prominent citizen of Wheeler for several years and was engaged in various mercantile and other pursuits. Deceased was a leading Odd Fellow and was buried by the members with the full honors of the order. He was the father of Mrs. H.H. Dietz, of Wheeler. April 22, 1891
Bell, Wm. (November 19, 1879), Was a Union private in Civil War. Died from 9 days of pleuro- pneumonia. Died on the 13th in Frankfort, Franklin, county, Illinois. Wife and son in Newton survived him. [Contributed by Source #4]
Bennett, Carry - DIED, at this place on the 27th ult., Carry, little daughter of Lewis and Sarah Bennett, aged one year and 18 days. Oct. 8, 1874
Bennett, J.M. - A man by the name of J.M. Bennett, living in Grove township, died very suddenly last week. His symptoms and sudden death led a son of Bennett to believe that his father had been poisoned. A post mortem examination was made by Messrs. McLaughlin and Maxwell, from which it was ascertained that Bennett died from natural causes. [The Newton Press, Feb 20, 1874]
Benson, ? - A daughter of John Benson, living near Granville, died last Friday of typhoid fever, aged 21 years. Oct. 14, 1875
Bergbower, Anthony Pearl - Fox twp. Death reported Dec. 28, 1892
Bergbower, George - Sept. 1901 (reprinted in "Ye Olde Days" Sept. 21, 1926)
Berkey, Robert B. - died Oct. 3, 1916; age 61 yrs, 9 mos, 26 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Berkhimer, John - of Wheeler, died last week. August 26, 1891
Bertselman, Barney - an ex-alderman of Mt. Carmel, suicided by drinking carbolic acid. Newton Press, July 24, 1889
Best, Henry (Wednesday, March 15, 1882), Married in 1868 to Retta Nigh of Newton. Died
from consumption on "Wednesday morning past" at his Columbus, Kansas home. Had three children who survived him. [Contributed by Source #4]
Best, John W. - a quiet good citizen, died on Friday morning in this city. Mr. Best was a poor man, but an honest one and left many friends to mourn his demise. Newton Press, March 21, 1888
Best, Peter Isaac - died April 20, ; age 63 - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Bever, John - died of consumption at the residence of his father east of town, Saturday night, aged 30 years, 8 months and 18 days... He had been afflicted with consumption for a number of years and lived in the west and south both in the hope of overcoming the dread disease, but to no purpose. He served one term as city clerk..... His remains were interred in the Pleasant Ridge cemtery, Sunday. May 7, 1890
Bever, Jonathan A. - departed this life May 14, 1884, at his residence near West Liberty. He was born in Virginia September 15, 1818, was taken to Scott county, Ind. when he was 10 years old. He was married to Polly Bennett March 22, 1838. They remained in Indiana until the year of 1864, when they moved to Jasper county where he lived until 1875. He then moved to Kansas, remained there only one year, then returned to this neighborhood. Mr. Bevers and his wife lived together 46 years. They raised a family of ten children, four girls and six boys, who are still living. They lost one infant....Six weeks before his death he was received into the Quaker church, giving good evidence that he was a child of God. He bore his sickness with Christian patience and resignation. Newton Times-Mentor, May 2, 1884
Beverlin, Samuel S. - called by death Sunday. Newton Press, August 17, 1916 (1926?)
Bevins, Charles J. - died in Terre Haute, IN "from the effect of his excesses" May 22, 1889
Bevis, John - died November 14, 1882, at his residence, one and a half miles southwest of the city, after a lingering illness. Deceased was born in Bartholemew county, Indiana, Oct 31, 1833, and was married to Miss Mary Shafer in 1855. She survives him together with three children. During the war he served as a soldier and after he was discharged went to the farm. (rest of article is unreadable) [Contributed by Source #28]
Bickers, Clola - b. 25 oct 1917; d. 3 Nov 1917 So. Muddy Twp., 9 dys Parents: Perry Bickers and Gussie Calloway. Burial in McQueen Cem. [Src #85]
Bickers, George (Wednesday, Dec. 23, 1896), Born Aug. 2, 1827 in Grant county, KY. Moved to Jefferson county, IN with his parents. On Oct. 10, 1846 maried Eliza Carpenter and had 7 sons and 6 daughters with 9 children surviving him. In 1855 joined the Methodist church. After moving to Jasper county, joined the Mt. Zion Baptist Church and became a deacon. Died "last Thursday night". Buried in Hankens graveyard. [Contributed by Source #4]
Bickers, James A. - of Wade Twp. d. 1870 (Contributed by Source #28)
Bickers, Sanford - b. 11 Mar 1848 (IN); d. 1 Mar 1918, So. Muddy Twp. Parents: George Bickers (b. IN) and Eliza Anderson (b. IN) Death Informant: Geo Puttoff of Wakefield. Buried in McQueen Cemetery. [Src #85]
Bickney, Myrtle Mae - b. 7 Apr 1885; d. 18 Nov 1918 in Hunt Twp. Married. Parents: Thomas Tuttle, b. OH and Katie Edwards. Burial in Bethel Cemetery. [Src #85]
Bigard, Infant - Little baby boy of Mr and Mrs Peter Bigard of Fox Prairie died last Monday morning. Reported July 22, 1891
Biggs, Everett D. - aged one year, four months and 17 days. Newton Press, July 1, 1891
Billman, Samuel - born May 10, 1837 and died December 21, 1919, aged 82 years, 7 months and 11 days. He was married to Mary Ann Huddlestun, Aug 6, 1863. She preceded him in death April 26, 1890. Four children, 2 of them surviving: one son Edward Billman of Rose Hill and a daughter, Mrs. Elizabeth Parr of Hunt City. ...He was married a second time to Mrs. Anna E. Foster April 28, 1892. She died June 21, 1910. Funeral services were held at the home of his daughter...interred in the Deboard cemetery near Advance. Friday, December 26, 1919
Birch, Lee - b. 25 Mar 1898; d. 17 Dec 1917, So. Muddy Twp. parents: Dorsey Birch (b. Clay Co, IL) Rosa Cook (b. Jasper Co) Informant Dorsey Birch of Ingraham, IL. Burial in So Muddy Twp. (Src #85)
Bird, Mrs. - The wife of John Bird died at her residence, about 6 miles north east of Newton, at 3 o'clock on Saturday morning last, of consumption. Her remains were buried in the Brooks graveyard on Sunday. Newton Press, Oct. 29, 1874
Bixler, Bruce of Waynoka, OK - formerly of Jasper, age 70. Death reported 29 Dec 1944.
Bixler, D. Erasamus - son of William C. and Rachael M. Bixler, died in St. Marie on Saturday, Nov. 21, of congestion of the brain. He was interred in St. Marie on Monday. The Newton Press, Dec. 3, 1874
Blade, Ruth- 84, of Newton, died Friday, Nov. 19, 1999, at St. Anthony Memorial Hospital in Effingham.
Survivors: a son, Clark (wife, Luanne) Blade of Rochester; a daughter, Martha (husband, Marvin) Allison of Newton; six grandchildren; a great-granddaughter; and two sisters, Bessie Dulgar and Helen (husband, Delmar) Lawler, both of Newton. Services: 10 a.m. Tuesday, Grace United Methodist Church in Newton. Burial: Aten Cemetery in rural Hidalgo. Crain Funeral Home in Newton is in charge of arrangements. [State Journal-Register, Springfield, IL, November 21, 1999, Page: 43, submitted by source #78]
Blair, Daisy - 9 years, 10 mos and 5 days, January 31. Reported May 2, 1888
Blair, Mrs. Eliza Ann - d. in Mahomet, age 90. Death reported 19 Sep 1944
Blair, Mrs. Joanna - 26 years, 7 mo., 11 days, died on the 12th inst. in Smallwood. Survivors include her husband, Thomas Blair and two little girls. Dec. 24, 1890
Blair, Mrs. Nancy (Tuesday, February 6, 1900), died on Monday in Smallwood Township.
Married Thomas Blair, Senior. Children were Mathew, John, Alex, Thomas Jr., and Mrs. A. B. (Eliza) Black. Was a widow. Aged 89 years. [Contributed by Source #4]
Blair, Uncle Thomas S. - an old and highly respected citizen of Smallwood township, died a few days ago. He left a large number of relatives and a host of friends. Newton Press, March 21, 1888
Blair, Will - stepped on a rusty nail and from the effects of the same died a day or two afterward. October 5, 1887
Bliss, A.C. - father of J.C. & Henry, died at his home seven miles north of Newton Monday last of general debility. He was 64 years old. Newton Press, April 22, 1875
Bliss, Francis - died Jan. 5, ; age 77 yrs - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Bliss, Mrs. Jane - widow of Charles J. Bliss died of heart disease Saturday at her daughter's home, Mrs. Ida Andrews of S.E. Rose Hill. She was 75. She is survived by sons Guy of Rose Hill and Fred of Calif.; Ida, Mrs. Lulu Baker of Rose Hill, Mrs. Cora Mitchell of Decatur, Mrs. Minnie Mitchell of Newton. Aug. 10, 1926
Bliss, Henry S. - Died at his residence in this place at ten minutes past 2 o'clock a.m. on Monday last, Henry S. Bliss, after an illness of two weeks duration of billious fever and jaundice, in the 39th year of his age. His remains were taken to the Brooks graveyard north of town the same day for burial. Mr. B. had for some months, in fact, years previous to his death, been in sour health, having been afflicted of a painful though not necessarily fatal disease which, however, had weakened his constitution to such an extent that he was unable to survive the more severe illiness which ?? fastened upon him. He was an exemplary member of the M.E. Church, a good and valuable ?? and a kind, indulgent husband and father. He leaves a wife and four small children and many relatives and friends to mourn his death. N.P., May 13, 1875
Boardy, Henry - 54 years, 6 mos., February 8. Newton Press, February 29, 1888
Bodell, Abner - died Feb. 1, ; age 69 yrs, 2 mos, 11 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Boehl, Hiram Sr. - Resident of the Bend, Ste. Marie. Died July 20, 1926 at age 85 and 10 days. Born in Rheintlatz, Germany. Nine children survive: Mrs. Rhoda Roider and George B. of Chicago, Mrs. Clara Schneider of Hamlin, Ark, Theodore of Wendelein, Mrs. Dora Garwood of Teutopolis, John, Hiram, Otto and Mrs. Anna Fowler of the Bend July 20, 1926
Boggs, Amanda E. - wife of Joseph W. Boggs and daughter of Rev. C.M. and S.E. Chamblin, departed this life at her home in Newton, Sunday, Aug. 4, 1888 at 5 o'clock a.m., aged 28 years, 3 months and 23 days. Deceased was born in Belmont county, Ohio, April 11, 1861; joined the M.E. church in January 1874; and was married to Joseph W. Boggs, January 28, 1883. She ... leaves a husband, an infant child, father, mother, three brothers and a large circle of friends to mourn her early death. Newton Press, Aug. 7, 1889
Boggs, Mrs. Chas. H. (nee Minnie Graves) - b. Aug. 23, 1880 near Joopeston, Ill., d. Oct. 27, 1918 at Knobs, Montana after an illness of 3 days of influenza. Buried Nov. 2 in Floral Hill cemetery near Hoopeston, beside her father, John I. Graves, brother Allen and sister Wilma (who died last April). Married Chas. H. Boggs Nov. 1, 1910, who survives her along with their child Irvin C., b. Sept 1, 1916. Other survivors are her mother, Mrs. Ellen Graves and four sisters: Mrs. J.H. Winterrowd, Newton, Mrs. W.S. Archibald of Albany, N.Y., Mrs. C.E. Smith of Brewer, Me,, Mrs. T.F. Riedy of Watervliet, N.Y. and two brothers, Golda Graves of Janesville, Ill. and John R. Graves in France. Newton Press, Nov. 8, 1918
Boggs, Wm. H. - Friday eveing Wm. H. Boggs in an attempt to board a moving freight train on the C & A Railroad at Normal, this state, was thrown under the wheels and instantly killed. He was the youngest son of Daniel Boggs, this county, and left to seek employment. Friday night his father received the sad intelligence of his frightful death and at once started for Normal. Monday the remains were conveyed to Olney and interred there. APRIL 2, 1884 (?) (Contributed by Source #28)
Bohrer, Will - of Cumberland County, died at the residence of his father, Monday, of consumption, aged 30 years and 9 days. His brother Ed, who lives in Crawford county attended the funeral. Newton Press, Jan. 21, 1891
Bolander, Louis - b. 25 Aug 1830 Germany; d. 15 Nov 1917 in Ste Marie. Widower. parents: Gilbert (b. Germany) and Magdalena Malta (b. Germany) Burial in Ste Marie Cemetery. (Src #85)
Bolander, Raphael - b. 13 Feb 1903 d. 2? Feb 1918, aged 15. Parents: Aloysious Bolander and Lucy Margaret Kinney (both b. IL). Buried in Ste. Marie cemetery 1 Mar 1918. [Src #85]
Bolander, Sophia (January 5, 1900), died yesterday in Ste. Marie at her home. Aged 72 years. Her husband and children Michael, Jacob, and Mrs. Louis (Magdalene) Huss survived her. Buried in Catholic parish cemetery. [Contributed by Source #4]
Boldrey, Nathan - died Feb. 10, ; age 76 yrs, 10 mos, 7 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Bollinger, Dr. H.C. - one of the oldest continuous resident physicians of Jasper county, died at his home in Willow Hill, Saturday. Newton Press, Mar. 23, 1892
Booker, Abraham - died at his residence in Newton Sunday, Jan. 10, 1892 at 3 a.m., aged 86 years, 4 mos. and 11 days. Deceased was born in Virginia Aug. 29, 1805; moved to Kentucky when quite young and from there to Indiana in 1818; in 1829, he was married to Miss Rachel Eeds, who survives him. 11 Children, 5 still living: two sons, Howell and Carroll, and three daughters, Mrs. T.G. Gambill, Mrs. Jennie O'Neal, Mrs. Sarah Willard. In 1882 he came to Jasper co. and has resided here since...Members of the Christian (Disciples) church for more than 60 years...Jan 13, 1892
Boos, infant child of Joseph Boos and wife was buried at the Catholic cemetery, Saturday. Newton Press, July 24, 1889
Boos, Aloysius (Wednesday, May 19, 1880), died in Newton at 6 p.m. on Sunday, May 16, 1880 at his mothers' house; pneumonia. . Born in Alsace, Germany ("then a province of France). Had two younger brothers and possibly four sisters. They thought that one sister was a member of the order of St. Joseph in St. Louis, Missouri. [Contributed by Source #4]
Boos, Mrs. Elizabeth (Wednesday, August 4, 1886), Born in France. Came to America when "quite young". Died at 9 a.m. in Newton at her daughter's home Buried in the Catholic cemetery. [Contributed by Source #4]
Booth, Mrs. Hannah, aged 90, died at Indianapolis at the home of her daughter on June 26 . She was the widow of Beebe Booth, who built the brick store house now occupied by John H. Larrabee and who was for many years a partner in business with the late T.J. Martin. Newton Press, July 10, 1889
Boos, Magdalene - wife of Joseph Boos, died at her home 6 miles west of Newton on Monday of puerperal fever, aged 27 years old. Interment in the new Catholic Cemetery northwest of town. She leaves a husband and two little children, one an infant. Thursday, March 18, 1875
Boos, Miss Mary - died September 16, 1916 or 1917, age 66 yrs, 1 mo, 5 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Boram, Wm. T. - June 17, 1884, 24 years old. Died at Poor Farm.
Bostwick, Cynthia P. - wife of one of the proprietors of the Mattoon Gazette, died at Denver, Col., Dec. 23. Mrs. Bostwick was a daughter of Thomas C. Patrick and when quite young lived with her parents in Newton on the Leach property near the public school building. January 9, 1889
Bostwick, Lawrence of Willow Hill Twp. - Newton Press, 1882 [Contributed by Source #28]
Bower, Abner T. of Pierceton, Indiana. Formerly of Newton. Death reported 9 Jan 1945.
Bower, John - South Muddy, d. Aug. 9 , aged 54 yrs. Death reported Sep 17, 1890
Bowers, Emma - b. 28 Oct 1886; d. 17 Dec 1918 Crooked Creek Twp. Married. Parents: H.F. Kelley and Ollie Mansfield (both b. in IL.) Informant Elonzo Bowers of Hidalgo. Burial Aten Cemetery. (Src #85)
Bowers, Mrs. Ethel T. - 85, of 108 Wilson Street, Newton, died at 5:10 p.m. Friday, Nov. 12, 1982, in her home. Funeral services will be at 10 a.m. Tuesday at Buchanan funeral home, Newton, with Rev. Dale Hood officiating. Visitation will be from 6 to 8 tonight (Monday). Burial will be in Riverside Cemetery.
Mrs. Bowers was born March 5, 1897, in Jasper County, a daughter of the late William and Alice (Swick) Sutton. She married James Robert Thompson. He preceded her in death. She later married Ira Bowers, who also preceded her in death. She was a member of Central Christian church in Newton. Surviving are one sister, Mrs. Addie Utley of Decatur; one daughter-in-law, Mrs. Paul Thompson of Newcastle, Wyo; one granddaughter; and four great-grandchildren. (Contributed by Source #28)
Bowers, George (Wednesday, December 15, 1886), found murdered near tracks of P.D.&E railway, AB miles north of Embarrass River. Was shot in heart and then placed on the railway tracks. [Contributed by Source #4]
Bowers, George V or U. - Grove Twp. 1882. [N.P., Contributed by Source #28]
Bowers, Infant (female) - stillborn 17 Dec 1918 in Crooked Creek Twp. parents: Lonnie Bowers and Emma Kelley, both b. IL) Sixth birth, 5 remaining children alive. Buried on farm.
Bowers, Mrs. - wife of Geo. Bowers living north of town, died Wednesday night, 22d ult. Newton Press, Jan. 6, 1876
Bowman, Clara, 9 years, 3 months and 13 days, Sept. 26. Newton Press, Oct. 19, 1887
Boyd, A. A. of Hunt City, age 70. Death reported 6 Feb 1945.
Boyd, Alice - b. 18 Jan 1852; d. 18 Mar 1918, Willow HIll. f. Cornelas Cohoon, b. OH; m. Manda Coswel, b. IL. Informant James Boyd. Burial Mound Cem. (src #85)
Boyd, [male] Infant. b. and d. 16 Jun 1918 in Grandville Twp. Parents: Asher and Tinsie. Burial in Leamon Cemetery
Boyd, Julis - aged 33 years, suicided himself by hanging himself in his barn, three-quarters of a mile east of Granvillle, this county, Monday last. He went up into the haymow, tied one end of a rope to a rafter, fastened the other end around his neck, and--------------jumped into eternity. He was, financially, in extremely straightened circumstances, and it is presumed this trouble caused him to take his life. He was a brother-in-law to Esq. Ryan, of Granville. He leaves a wife, (to whom he had been married about five months) and two children by his first wife. Coroner Krebs conducted the inquisition on Tuesday. Newton Press, WEDNESDAY, January 18, 1882. (Contributed by Source #28)
Boyle, Rebecca J., - b. 14 Feb 1828, VA; d. 10 Jan 1918, Willow Hill. Widow. f. Jacob Bouyle. Buried in Mound Cem. (src #85)
Boxley, Mary E. - b. 18 Nov 1887 TN; d. 2 Feb 1918 Wade Twp. Widow. Parents: M. Johnson (b. TN) Susan Davidson (b. TN). Buried in Slate Point Cemetery.
Bracket, Rachael, 66 yrs., 8 mos., 21 days, Feb. 12, 1888
Brackett, Pvt. Paul Lorene of Newton d. in Trinidad on 1 Oct. Death reported 10 Oct 1944
Brackney, Dortha May - b. 28 Mar 1905; d. 30 Sep 1918 Crooked Creek Twp. Single. Buried in Hicks Cemetery (aka Kerns)
Brackney - Mrs. Rachel, died at the home of her son, Levi Brackney, of near Wheeler, Friday, January 14, 1916, aged 74 years and 10 months. Rachel Ann Mitchell was born March 14, 1841, in Beaver Co. Pa., came with her parents to Illinois when nine years old; united with the M. P. church at Kedron at the age of 14; and was married to George Lane during the Civil war. To this union were born three children. Her husband died in 1868. She was married to Lewis Brackney, November 25, 1899.
She is survived by two sons and a daughter, Edward Brackney of Tolono, Ill., Mrs. Lizzie Burwell of Elk City, Okla., and Levi Brackney of Wheeler, Ill., 14 grand-children; two brothers, two sisters and a host of friends to mourn the loss of a sincere christian, but our loss is her gain and while she will be missed by all we can so live as to meet her again. She sleeps in Jesus, blessed sleep from which none ever wake to weep. Newton Press, January 1916. (Contributed by Karen Fink)
Bradshaw, "Doug" - fireman of about 30 years of age - leaves a wife and baby to mourn his untimely death in Pueblo, Colorado. Deceased was born in Grove township, Jasper county. His wife was formerly Miss Anna Wright of Effingham. Newton Press - Nov. 21, 1888
Brenton, John James - b. 20 Oct 1832; d. 28 Dec 1917 Willow Hill. Widower. parents unknown. Informant John Brenton of Willow HIll. Burial in Hutsonville, IL (Src #85)
Brewer, Hon. D.L. - formerly of Jasper Co., IL and brother-in-law of Sonny Clark, died at the residence of Mr. Clark March 14 and was buried at Lawrenceville, IL. His Home. He was born in Wayne Co., IN, 12 July 1829 and moved here in 1849. He served with honor and distinction in the Mexican War. After his removal to this state he studied law and under Judge Charley Constable, after which he attended Law school in Louisville, Kentucky and graduated. In 1869 he married Miss Nettie, daughter of Judge Davis of Clay Co., who bore him a daughter of unusual intelligence. Mr. Brewer was States Attorney of this Judicial District about 20 years ago. (Contributed by Source #28) 1870?
Brewer, David - of North Muddy Twp. Newton Press, 1882 (Contributed by Source #28)
Bridges, Bertha May - little daughter of William L. & Lucretia Bridges, died Wednesday evening after a lingering illness of four weeks. Newton Press, Jan. 7, 1875
Bridges, Charles - only son of Mr. and Mrs. W.L. Bridges, died at the family residence, yesterday, at 3 p.m. after an illness of about two weeks with la grippe, aged 17 years, 6 months and 13 days. Deceased was a bright and sunny dispositioned boy and the idol of his parents and sister, Miss Anna. His funeral will take place at 10 a.m. tomorrow (Thursday). Newton Press, January 29, 1890
Bridges, Elhanan - well along in years, died very suddenly in a passageway in a barn on the home premises at Dundas, Saturday afternoon, presumably of apoplexy. He had been talking with a neighbor, and the latter had not yet got out of sight when deceased fell over dead. Mrs. Bridges reached him in a minute or two, but death had occurred. Mrs. James G. Alcorn of Newton is a daughter. Mr. Bridges had been manager of the Peter Warren & Son store at Dundas for several years, and was highly respected by a wide circle of friends, relatives and acquaintances. The Newton Press, May 18, 1920- Contributed by Karen Fink
Bridges, Elmer Duncan - only child of B.M. and L. Bridges, departed this life at their home in Newton, march 26, 1877, aged one yr, 4 mos and six days.
Bridges, Jane - Mrs. Jane Bridges died Sunday last at her residence after a short yet painful illness of cerebro spinal meningitis, commonly known as spotted fever. She leaves a little daughter, about 9 years old. She was around 35 years old. Jan. 16, 1874
Bridges, Mrs. Lillian - died last night of pneumonia. Her condition had improved so much that she was thought to be on the way to an early recovery but evidently a turn to the worse occurred quite suddenly.
Deceased was the widow of the late Boss M. Bridges, a businessman of Newton in the period following the Civil war. She was well along in years, enjoying exceptionally good health until her illness which developed a couple of weeks ago.
Mrs. Bridges was one of Newton's ideal women, loved and respected by everybody, and her friends were many and sincere. The editor of the Press was well acquainted with both Mr. and Mrs. Bridges and regarded them highly for their sterling character and genial, cheery personalities.
Surviving are her two children--Kendall Bridges, a son living in Texas, and Miss Ildria Bridges, a daughter of Washington, D. C. Both were with their mother at the time of her death.
Funeral services will be held at Grace M. E. church at 10 o'clock a.m. tomorrow, and interment in Riverside. The Newton Press, February 17, 1920 - Contributed by Karen Fink
Bridges, Lyman H. - Champaign, April 4--Lyman H. Bridges, retired Illinois Central baggage master, died Friday at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Max Branch of Champaign, following an illness of several weeks.
Funeral services were held Sunday afternoon at the Mittendorf funeral chapel, with Rev. H. Clifford Northcott, pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal church, in charge.
Mr. Bridges, a resident of Champaign for over fifty years, was born January 18, 1852, in Newton, a son of Mr. and Mrs. William Bridges. He received his early education at Newton, later graduating from Westfield College. He married Miss Priscilla Eagleton, December 24, 1874, at Newton, where they resided for a time.
He served as baggage master at the Illinois Central station in Champaign for many years, retiring January 1, 1926. He was a member of Western Star lodge No. 240, A. F. and A. M. and of Vester chapter No. 128, Order of the Eastern Star.
J. H. Winterrowd, Charles C. Winterrowd, Gerald Winterrowd and Mrs. Virgil McCormack of Newton and B. G. Graves of Neoga were among those in attendance at the funeral from a distance. Mr. Bridges was well known at Newton, visiting here once or twice a year. The Newton Press, April 7, 1933 (Contributed by Karen Fink)
Bridges, Milton (Friday, February 7, 1868), died last Tuesday. Worthy citizen. Contributed by Source #4]
Bridges, Dr. V. R. - a prominent citizen of Mattoon died one day last week. He was twice married, his first wife being Miss Mary E. Boyd, and second wife, Miss Jennie Cushman. Three children--two by his first marriage and one by his second--and a widow survive him. Dr. Bridges resided in this county prior to the 60's and was a teacher in the public schools. He was related to W. L. Bridges of this city. The Newton Press, January 1, 1896 - Contributed by Karen Fink
Bridges, Mrs. Letitia (nee Hayes) - The death of Mrs. W. L. Bridges, which occurred at the family residence in this city, at 6 a.m., Monday, February 6, 1899, was a shock to the community although not unexpected, as the news from the bedside had given little hope for her recovery from the time that she became ill, her ailment being pneumonia, preceded by la grippe, both of the severest type.
Letitia J., daughter of William and Elizabeth (Martin) Hayes, was born in Cumberland, Ohio, June 12, 1847; came to Newton when quite young; attended the public schools of the village until old enough, when she went to St. Mary's Academy of the Woods, near Terre Haute, Indiana, graduating from that institution of learning, after taking the full course of study, which included music; returned to her home here; and was married in September, 1865 to William L. Bridges, who, with a daughter, Mrs. U. G. (Anna) Hinman, of Springfield, survive, three children preceding their mother to the grave--May and Willie dying in infancy and Charles at the age of 17 years.
It can truly be said of Mrs. Bridges that she was a good woman--kind, generous, charitable and sociable. She possessed talents of a superior order, and with the many and varied accomplishments that come from a liberal education and association in refined society, was a favorite in this city and county, where she and her husband number their friends by the circle of their acquaintanceship. While not a member of any church, she contemplated uniting with the Presbyterians, and died in the full faith of joining her loved ones in the spirit world.
Services will be held at the residence this afternoon, conducted by Rev. W. H. Prestley, pastor of the Presbyterian church, and burial at the Newton cemetery. To the surviving relatives we extend our sincerest sympathy in the hour of their affliction. The Newton Press,February 8, 1899 - Contributed by Karen Fink
Bridges, William L. - b. 22 Mar 1841 VA; d. 22 Nov 1917 Newton. father: Absolom Bridges. Informant of death Martha Bridges. Burial in Newton Cem. [Src #85]
Bright, Sarah E. - May 19, 1886, 10 months - Died at Poor Farm
Brillhart, John - an old and respected citizen, died in this city on last Saturday afternoon at three o'clock. The funeral took place from the residence of Mr. Gory Gaddis on Monday. Oct. 17, 1876
Brooks, Amanda (Wednesday, March 19, 1879), cerebrospinal meningitis; aged 42y, 5m, 10d. Died January 3rd. [Contributed by Source #4]
Brooks, Eliphas (Wednesday, December 8, 1886), died at his Newton home on Dec. 3, 1886. Born in 1821 in Ohio. Moved to Rush county, Indiana; then to Jasper county, Illinois on July 31, 1840. Married first to Rachel Earnest; 5 children. Married second to Mary C. Smith on November 15, 1855; 5 children. In 1847 joined Methodist Protestant Church. [Contributed by Source #4]
Brooks, Elnor P. - an old and respected lady, died at the residence of her step-son, Mr. J.C. Brooks, in this place, at 2 p.m. Monday last and was buried at the Brooks burying ground, eight miles north of Newton, on Tuesday evening. She was 75 years of age. [N.P. obit - Thursday, May 7, 1874)
Brooks, Isaac - Interred at the Brooks cemetery on Saturday, the 23d. Mr. B. was one among the early settlers of Jasper. He had been suffering of a broken leg for some time, which terminated in his death Thursday night. [N.P. March 1, 1877]
Brooks, James Edward - b. 26 Nov 1834 IN; d. 20 Nov 1917 in Smallwood Twp. parents: John Brooks (b IN) and -- Barrett (b. IN) Buried in Pleasant Ridge Cem. (Src #85)
Brooks, John - Died at 3:10 a.m. on July 16, 1878 in Newton. Born in Rush county, Indiana on Dec. 25, 1814. Came to Jasper county in October 1852. [Contributed by Source #4]
Brooks, John H. - d. at Vandalia, age 70 - formerly of Rose Hill. Death reported 6 Oct 1944
Brooks, John - Old and respected citizen of Newton died at the residence of his son, John C. Brooks on Monday evening of this week. Buried in Brock's graveyard, north of town. Thursday June 10, 1875
Brooks, Mrs. Mattie (Wednesday, February 15, 1882), Died 5 l/2 miles southwest of Newton at her home. About 28 years old. Wife of Jas. E. Brooks. Died "one day last week". Buried in Pleasant Ridge graveyard. [Contributed by Source #4]
Brooks, Mrs. (January 8, 1879), wife of Jas. E. Brooks. Brief illness of cerebro spinal meningitis. Died on Friday, January 3rd, 3:30 p.m. About 40 years old. Lived 4 AB miles southwest of Newton. Sister was Mrs. J. M. Brooks. Funeral at Pleasant Ridge Church; burial in Pleasant Ridge cemetery. Eight children survived her including 7 week old baby. [Contributed by Source #4]
Brooks, Rosana - b. 11 Jun 1842 IN; d. 6 Jul 1918 Willow Hill. father: Wm Royal. Informant John Griffy, Pitcher, OK. Buried in Mound Cemetery (src #85)
Brooks, Thomas S. - died Dec. 24, ; age 84 yrs, 11 mos, 27 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Brooks, --- A son of Thos. Brooks of Crooked Creek tp., aged about 8 years, died Saturday night last of brain fever, after an illness of about 30 hours. Sep. 14, 1876
Brooks, John - son of Thos Brooks, Jr. died Saturday evening, Sept 9 Newton Press, Sept 28, 1876
Brooks, William Elephus - son of Josephine Nelson and Milton Brooks, was born at Wheeler, December 31, 1876, and passed away at Effingham hospital, July 15, 1939, aged 62 years, 6 months and 14 days.
On January 9, 1898, he was united in marriage to Miss Maude Beckwith. To this union two children were born, Mrs. Beryl Schackmann of Jacksonville and Charles Brooks of Milan. M. Brooks was one of a family of six children, three of whom survive him, namely: Henry Brooks of Rose Hill, Mrs. Lizzie Beckwith of Newton, and Mrs. Mayme Cutshall of Olney. Other than these and his wife and two children, he leaves five grandchildren, a number of nieces and nephews and many other relatives and friends.
Funeral services were held at the Falmouth M. P. chuch, Monday afternoon, with Rev. J. E. Spencer officiating. Interment was in Riverside cemetery, Newton. The Newton Press, July 18, 1939 [contributed by Karen Fink]
Brooks, W.R. - b. 25 Oct 1892; d. 21 Dec 1918, Wade Twp. f. James Brooks. m. --- Elanger. Burial Chapel Cemetery [Src #85]
Brooks, Young - 92 years old, died on September 4, at the home of a son in Alton, and was laid to eternal rest at Hidalgo. Tuesday, September 21, 1926
Brown, Ballard - an old and respected citizen, departed this life at his home, six miles west of Newton, Sundy evening last, after a protracted illness of pneumonia. Uncle "Bal," as his younger friends were wont to call him, was a generous, kind hearted neighbor and citizen - whose latchstring was ever out and at whose board there was always room for "one more," March 22, 1877
Brown, Drury B. born Feb. 9, 1825 in Allen county, KY. Married in 1851 to Martha J.
McReynolds ..... they had 10 children with Mrs. S. C. Andrews of Newton, Mrs. E. G. Gorrell of Louisville, Frank Brown of Newton, and Mrs. Park Kelley of Mattoon surviving him. Came to Newton in 1853. Died Thursday morning, Oct. 22, 1896 at his home. Buried in Newton Cemetery. [Contributed by Source #4]
Brown, Lt. James Herbert was KIA 14 Feb in Belgium. Death reported 13 Mar 1945
Brown, ? - Grandma Brown died at her residence in Rose Hill the 21st and was interred in the Aten cemetery near here the 22nd. She was well along in years and leaves one son and numerous relatives and friends to mourn her loss. February 29, 1888
Brown, ? - The aged wife of Uncle John Brown, of Smallwood township, died a few days ago. She was over 80. The bereaved husband and children have the sympathies of their many friends.Feb. 10, 1892
Brown, ? - A young lady by the name of Brown living southeast of Newton, died Saturday evening. Newton Press, Mar. 1, 1877
Brown, John - Slate Point: John BROWN and Freeman COUMPHRY were standing in a swing which they were both moving to and fro at considerable height, when the Brown youth slipped and fell, fracturing his skull. Dr. N.D. Myers was summoned, but before he arrived, young Brown died. Burial in the Kibler Cemetery. Newton Press, Wednesday, August 29, 1883 (Contrib. by Source #28)
Brown, John - "One of Jasper County's old residents and moneyed men, is gone..... John Brown, aged 88 years, died last Saturday at his home 3 1/2 milles southeast of Bogota. The deceased was born in Dundee, Scotland, April 10, 1810. He moved to this country with his father when he was but ten years old. He married in the year 1832. He was one of the moneyed men of the county. He was a kind hearted man and had many warm friends who regret his departure. He was a very shrewd man in all of his dealings. He has been a minister of the gospel for some 60 years. He was of the Baptist faith. He leaves 3 daughters and 6 sons to mourn his loss. NEWTON STAR, 1898 (contrib by Source #28)
Brown, Mrs. - d. Feb. 1877 The widow of Marshall Brown was buried at the Burford graveyard on Sunday last. March 1, 1877
Brown, Norman (age 12) & Marjorie (age 6) - The two had been playing on the bank of the Sangamon river...when Marjorie walked out on the end of a log, which turned under her, and she fell into the water. Without hesitation, Norman, who was a strong swimmer, jumped in after her but could not cope with the current. Eli Blair, 12 years old, a cousin of Norman, was the only witness to the tragedy. He ran crying to his mother. The Champaign fire department rushed to the scene with a lung motor, but the bodies were not recovered in time for its use. Norman was a son of Mrs. James Brown of near Bogota, and little Miss Marjorie a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George Brown, who recently moved to Mahomet from the Bogota vicinity. Norman had gone to visit his brother, George Brown, and family. A double funeral will be held at Mount Zion church today, Friday, August 6, and interment will be at Hankins cemetery. August 6, 1926
Brown, Samuel B. - died Jul. 25, ; age 88 yrs, 4 mos, 24 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Bruner, Mrs. - wife of B.H. Bruner, living on Ping prairie, died Thursday night last, of puerperal fever. Mar. 8, 1877
Brust, Mary E. - b. 24 Jan 1859; d. 2 Sep 1918, Crooked Creek Twp. Widow. Parents: Eliphas (b. OH) and Mary E. (b. IL) INformant Raymond D. Brust. Burial Brooks Cem. [src #85]
Bruster, Mr. M.T.- an old citizen of Rose Hill, died very suddenly, Friday forenoon.... was a veteran of the Mexican war, serving as corporal of Co. G., 1st ILL, Vol. Regt. and was drawing a pension at the time of death under the service bill passed two years ago. He was a good citizen and had many warm friends. A wife and two children, a son and daughter, both grown, survive him. May 1, 1899
Bryan, Alfred Riley - b. 26 Jan 1826 Hardin Co., TN; d. 19 Mar 1918 Wade Twp. Widower. Parents: William L. Bryan (b. TN) and Matilda Strawn (b. TN)Informant of death: H.W. Bryan. Burial Riverside Cem., Newton, IL (Src#85)
Bryan, Wm. - aged 82, of North Muddy twp, departed this life at his home on Saturday. He had been a citizen of Jasper county for 40 years. He was twice married, his second wife and four children surviving him. Mr. Bryan was a good old man and his relatives and friends sincerely mourn his death. Jan. 6, 1892
Bryer, B. - an old citizen, died here (St. Marie) week before last. N.P., Sept 3, 1874
Bryer, Mrs. Susan - one of the oldest lady residents of Ste. Marie, died here on Wednesday night and was interred Friday. She was one of the first teachers of the village school. Nov. 23, 1887
Buckmaster, ? - During the rain and wind storm on sunday, a little son of F.M. Buckmaster, living in North Muddy Township, was instantly killed by a stroke of lightning. The boy, in company with an elder brother and another boy, was in the barn-loft near an opening to the hay mow when he was killed. The elder brother was so badly stunned that it was supposed for some time that he was also dead. Newton Press, May 13, 1875.
Buckmaster, F.M. - of North Muddy tp., died on Monday last after a lingering illness of typhoid pneumonia. Feb. 24, 1876
Buntain, Mary Jane Mrs. - wife of our esteemed friend and fellow citizen, S.B. Buntain, of South Muddy township, departed this life in her 37th year, at her home, 12 miles west of Newton, at about 6 o'clock on Wednesday evening, January 10th inst., of consumption, after a painful illness of several months duration. Mrs. B. was an estimable lady and a dutiful wife and parent. Nearly two years ago she united with the Christian Church, since which time up to her death she was a zealous and faithful member of that denomination, and died with the full assurance of a happy reward beyond the grave. She passed calmly and peacefully into the arms of her Maker, seemingly without a struggle. Besides her husband, she leaves 5 children, one brother and many warm friends to mourn her death. Her remains wll be interred in the Stuart burial ground tomorrow. Paris papers please copy. Newton Press, February 11, 1875
Buntain, Smith B. (Thursday, March 9, 1876), an old citizen of Jasper county; died a few days ago. [Contributed by Source #4]
Bunting, Thomas - died last Monday morning on August 17, 1874 at the residence of Mrs. Acklen about three miles northeast of Newton. Of lung fever. N.P. August 20, 1874
Burcham, Florrie - d. 29 Sep 1917, age 44, North Muddy Twp. parents: Andy Fillinger (b. OH) Louise Marker (b. OH) Informant of death J.C. Burcham of Wheeler, IL. Burial in Newton Cem. (Src #85)
Burford, Ada - little daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George Burford, died at the residence of her parents west of town on Friday morning, aged 7 years, 11 mos. and 13 days. She was sick but a day. Ada was a bright child and her parents have the sympathy of their many friends in the hour of their bereavement. Services were held at the First Christian church and the burial took place at the Newton cemetery. Jan. 13, 1892
Burford, B.B. - after long suffering, departed this life on the 16th ult. Mr. Burford had been a citizen of this county for a number of years. N.P. - Nov. 11, 1870
Burgoon, Henry - died at the residence of G.K. Gosnell the 10th of hemorrhage of the bowels. Slate Point, reported February 22, 1888
Burgund, Ann of Ste. Marie, disease is not known, aged 63 years. Died January 31, 1879. [Contributed by Source #4]
Burgund, Catharine "died in a puerpal state--diagnosis possible under peculiar circumstances." Ste. Marie. Aged 31y, 9m, 8d. Died January 8, 1879. [Contributed by Source #4]
Burk, John - aged 70 years. Death occurred "last week." Newton Press, Feb. 17, 1876
Burns, Lucy - died Feb. 26, ; age 78 yrs - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Burnsides, John - an old and highly respected citizen, died at the residence of his daughter, Mrs. H. Ward, at Wheeler, February 18th, of pneumonia. The remains were laid to rest in the Latona cemetery. Reported February 22, 1888
Burnsides, John Ezra - Died, on the 25th of August, 1874, at its father's residence (in Boone), of croup, John Ezra, son of John T. and Mary E. Burnsides, aged 3 yrs, 5 mos and 11 days. Thus a lamb is taken from the fold on earth to the fold in heaven, there to receive the smiles of the Redeemer and await the coming of those who linger behind until the messenger comes for them. Sep 3, 1874
Burnsides, Rebecca E. - died Sep 28, 1916; age 65 yrs, 8 mos, 14 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Burris, Finney - Soldier Boy Burial: The remains of Finney Burris, the soldier boy from the Phillippines who died in San Francisco, Oct. 13, reached Newton this morning, and are now resting at the home of his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Burris. Interment, Wednesday afternoon. Services by Rev. Douglas Shouse, Co. B. will furnish the pall bearers and guards of honor, and a semi military funeral will be given. It is indeed a sad occasion for the bereaved relatives. 1902 (Contrib. by firstname.lastname@example.org)
Burton, Oscar of Oblong, age 68. Death reported 14 Nov 1944.
Bush, Joan - died Apr. 18, ; age 71 yrs, 3 mos, 11 days - From "Past Year's Death Roll" printed September 28, 1917
Busick, Harry Eidson - infant son of M. K. & Clara Busick, died 20 Jan. 1883, age 7 mo 8 da. Burial at Newton Cemetery NEWTON PRESS 1883 (Contrib. by Source #28)
Buskirk, Minerva (Wednesday, February 28, 1883), died February 8, 1883. Aged 20 years and 8 months. [Contributed by Source #4]
Butler, Mary Mrs. - a South Muddy lady, died very mysteriously a couple of weeks ago. An inquest disclosed that she was affected with dropsy of the heart. Newton Press, February 1, 1888
Button, Ruth A. - b. 15 Feb 1840 IN; d. 19 Feb 1918, Wade Twp. Widow. parents: E.N. Thomas (b. OH0 and --- Eaton (b. OH) Buried in Kedron Cemetery. [Src #85]
Byres, Catherine - b. 22 Apr 1838 IN; d. 17 Apr 1918, Hidalgo. Parents: John Kilbourn and Kate Ray (b. IN). Death informant: E.M. Combs. Buried in Aten Cemetery. [Src #85]
Byers, Benjamin S. of near Hidalgo, age 68. Death reported 1 Sep 1944
Obituaries for Surnames A-B
Obituaries for Surnames C
Obituaries for Surnames D-F
Obituaries for Surnames G-I
Obituaries for Surnames J-L
Obituaries for Surnames M-O
Obituaries for Surnames P-R
Obituaries for Surnames S-U
Obituaries for Surnames V-Z
Return to Main Index Page | 80,032 | 319 |
713,508 | The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God;
As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger
before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.
The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of
the Lord, make his paths straight.
John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the baptism of
repentance for the remission of sins.
And there went out unto him all the land of Judaea, and they of
Jerusalem, and were all baptized of him in the river of Jordan, confessing their sins.
And John was clothed with camel's hair, and with a girdle of a
skin about his loins; and he did eat locusts and wild honey;
And preached, saying, There cometh one mightier than I after me,
the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to stoop down and unloose.
I indeed have baptized you with water: but he shall baptize you
with the Holy Ghost.
And it came to pass in those days, that Jesus came from Nazareth
of Galilee, and was baptized of John in Jordan.
And straightway coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens
opened, and the Spirit like a dove descending upon him:
And there came a voice from heaven, saying, Thou art my beloved
Son, in whom I am well pleased.
And immediately the spirit driveth him into the wilderness.
And he was there in the wilderness forty days, tempted of Satan;
and was with the wild beasts; and the angels ministered unto him.
Now after that John was put in prison, Jesus came into Galilee,
preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God,
And saying, The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at
hand: repent ye, and believe the gospel.
Now as he walked by the sea of Galilee, he saw Simon and Andrew
his brother casting a net into the sea: for they were fishers.
And Jesus said unto them, Come ye after me, and I will make you
to become fishers of men.
And straightway they forsook their nets, and followed him.
And when he had gone a little farther thence, he saw James the
son of Zebedee, and John his brother, who also were in the ship mending their nets.
And straightway he called them: and they left their father
Zebedee in the ship with the hired servants, and went after him.
And they went into Capernaum; and straightway on the sabbath day
he entered into the synagogue, and taught.
And they were astonished at his doctrine: for he taught them as
one that had authority, and not as the scribes.
And there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit;
and he cried out,
Saying, Let us alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus
of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the Holy One of God.
And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of
And when the unclean spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud
voice, he came out of him.
And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among
themselves, saying, What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for with authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him.
And immediately his fame spread abroad throughout all the region
round about Galilee.
And forthwith, when they were come out of the synagogue, they
entered into the house of Simon and Andrew, with James and John.
But Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever, and anon they
tell him of her.
And he came and took her by the hand, and lifted her up; and
immediately the fever left her, and she ministered unto them.
And at even, when the sun did set, they brought unto him all
that were diseased, and them that were possessed with devils.
And all the city was gathered together at the door.
And he healed many that were sick of divers diseases, and cast
out many devils; and suffered not the devils to speak, because they knew him.
And in the morning, rising up a great while before day, he went
out, and departed into a solitary place, and there prayed.
And Simon and they that were with him followed after him.
And when they had found him, they said unto him, All men seek
And he said unto them, Let us go into the next towns, that I may
preach there also: for therefore came I forth.
And he preached in their synagogues throughout all Galilee, and
cast out devils.
And there came a leper to him, beseeching him, and kneeling down
to him, and saying unto him, If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.
And Jesus, moved with compassion, put forth his hand, and
touched him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou clean.
And as soon as he had spoken, immediately the leprosy departed
from him, and he was cleansed.
And he straitly charged him, and forthwith sent him away;
And saith unto him, See thou say nothing to any man: but go thy
way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing those things which Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them.
But he went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze
abroad the matter, insomuch that Jesus could no more openly enter into the city, but was without in desert places: and they came to him from every quarter.
And again he entered into Capernaum after some days; and it was
noised that he was in the house.
And straightway many were gathered together, insomuch that there
was no room to receive them, no, not so much as about the door: and he preached the word unto them.
And they come unto him, bringing one sick of the palsy, which was
borne of four.
And when they could not come nigh unto him for the press, they
uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay.
When Jesus saw their faith, he said unto the sick of the palsy,
Son, thy sins be forgiven thee.
But there was certain of the scribes sitting there, and reasoning
in their hearts,
Why doth this man thus speak blasphemies? who can forgive sins
but God only?
And immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so
reasoned within themselves, he said unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts?
Whether is it easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be
forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk?
But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to
forgive sins, (he saith to the sick of the palsy,)
I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and go thy way into
And immediately he arose, took up the bed, and went forth before
them all; insomuch that they were all amazed, and glorified God, saying, We never saw it on this fashion.
And he went forth again by the sea side; and all the multitude
resorted unto him, and he taught them.
And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus sitting at
the receipt of custom, and said unto him, Follow me. And he arose and followed him.
And it came to pass, that, as Jesus sat at meat in his house,
many publicans and sinners sat also together with Jesus and his disciples: for there were many, and they followed him.
And when the scribes and Pharisees saw him eat with publicans
and sinners, they said unto his disciples, How is it that he eateth and drinketh with publicans and sinners?
When Jesus heard it, he saith unto them, They that are whole
have no need of the physician, but they that are sick: I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.
And the disciples of John and of the Pharisees used to fast: and
they come and say unto him, Why do the disciples of John and of the Pharisees fast, but thy disciples fast not?
And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber
fast, while the bridegroom is with them? as long as they have the bridegroom with them, they cannot fast.
But the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away
from them, and then shall they fast in those days.
No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment: else
the new piece that filled it up taketh away from the old, and the rent is made worse.
And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine
doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles.
And it came to pass, that he went through the corn fields on the
sabbath day; and his disciples began, as they went, to pluck the ears of corn.
And the Pharisees said unto him, Behold, why do they on the
sabbath day that which is not lawful?
And he said unto them, Have ye never read what David did, when
he had need, and was an hungred, he, and they that were with him?
How he went into the house of God in the days of Abiathar the
high priest, and did eat the shewbread, which is not lawful to eat but for the priests, and gave also to them which were with him?
And he said unto them, The sabbath was made for man, and not man
for the sabbath:
Therefore the Son of man is Lord also of the sabbath.
And he entered again into the synagogue; and there was a man
there which had a withered hand.
And they watched him, whether he would heal him on the sabbath
day; that they might accuse him.
And he saith unto the man which had the withered hand, Stand
And he saith unto them, Is it lawful to do good on the sabbath
days, or to do evil? to save life, or to kill? But they held their peace.
And when he had looked round about on them with anger, being
grieved for the hardness of their hearts, he saith unto the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it out: and his hand was restored whole as the other.
And the Pharisees went forth, and straightway took counsel with
the Herodians against him, how they might destroy him.
But Jesus withdrew himself with his disciples to the sea: and a
great multitude from Galilee followed him, and from Judaea,
And from Jerusalem, and from Idumaea, and from beyond Jordan; and
they about Tyre and Sidon, a great multitude, when they had heard what great things he did, came unto him.
And he spake to his disciples, that a small ship should wait on
him because of the multitude, lest they should throng him.
For he had healed many; insomuch that they pressed upon him for
to touch him, as many as had plagues.
And unclean spirits, when they saw him, fell down before him,
and cried, saying, Thou art the Son of God.
And he straitly charged them that they should not make him
And he goeth up into a mountain, and calleth unto him whom he
would: and they came unto him.
And he ordained twelve, that they should be with him, and that
he might send them forth to preach,
And to have power to heal sicknesses, and to cast out devils:
And Simon he surnamed Peter;
And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and
he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder:
And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and
Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Canaanite,
And Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him: and they went into
And the multitude cometh together again, so that they could not
so much as eat bread.
And when his friends heard of it, they went out to lay hold on
him: for they said, He is beside himself.
And the scribes which came down from Jerusalem said, He hath
Beelzebub, and by the prince of the devils casteth he out devils.
And he called them unto him, and said unto them in parables, How
can Satan cast out Satan?
And if a kingdom be divided against itself, that kingdom cannot
And if a house be divided against itself, that house cannot
And if Satan rise up against himself, and be divided, he cannot
stand, but hath an end.
No man can enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods,
except he will first bind the strong man; and then he will spoil his house.
Verily I say unto you, All sins shall be forgiven unto the sons
of men, and blasphemies wherewith soever they shall blaspheme:
But he that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never
forgiveness, but is in danger of eternal damnation.
Because they said, He hath an unclean spirit.
There came then his brethren and his mother, and, standing
without, sent unto him, calling him.
And the multitude sat about him, and they said unto him, Behold,
thy mother and thy brethren without seek for thee.
And he answered them, saying, Who is my mother, or my brethren?
And he looked round about on them which sat about him, and said,
Behold my mother and my brethren!
For whosoever shall do the will of God, the same is my brother,
and my sister, and mother.
And he began again to teach by the sea side: and there was
gathered unto him a great multitude, so that he entered into a ship, and sat in the sea; and the whole multitude was by the sea on the land.
And he taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in
Hearken; Behold, there went out a sower to sow:
And it came to pass, as he sowed, some fell by the way side, and
the fowls of the air came and devoured it up.
And some fell on stony ground, where it had not much earth; and
immediately it sprang up, because it had no depth of earth:
But when the sun was up, it was scorched; and because it had no
root, it withered away.
And some fell among thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked
it, and it yielded no fruit.
And other fell on good ground, and did yield fruit that sprang up
and increased; and brought forth, some thirty, and some sixty, and some an hundred.
And he said unto them, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
And when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve
asked of him the parable.
And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery
of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables:
That seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may
hear, and not understand; lest at any time they should be converted, and their sins should be forgiven them.
And he said unto them, Know ye not this parable? and how then
will ye know all parables?
The sower soweth the word.
And these are they by the way side, where the word is sown; but
when they have heard, Satan cometh immediately, and taketh away the word that was sown in their hearts.
And these are they likewise which are sown on stony ground; who,
when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with gladness;
And have no root in themselves, and so endure but for a time:
afterward, when affliction or persecution ariseth for the word's sake, immediately they are offended.
And these are they which are sown among thorns; such as hear the
And the cares of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches,
and the lusts of other things entering in, choke the word, and it becometh unfruitful.
And these are they which are sown on good ground; such as hear
the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit, some thirtyfold, some sixty, and some an hundred.
And he said unto them, Is a candle brought to be put under a
bushel, or under a bed? and not to be set on a candlestick?
For there is nothing hid, which shall not be manifested; neither
was any thing kept secret, but that it should come abroad.
If any man have ears to hear, let him hear.
And he said unto them, Take heed what ye hear: with what measure
ye mete, it shall be measured to you: and unto you that hear shall more be given.
For he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not,
from him shall be taken even that which he hath.
And he said, So is the kingdom of God, as if a man should cast
seed into the ground;
And should sleep, and rise night and day, and the seed should
spring and grow up, he knoweth not how.
For the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself; first the blade,
then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear.
But when the fruit is brought forth, immediately he putteth in
the sickle, because the harvest is come.
And he said, Whereunto shall we liken the kingdom of God? or
with what comparison shall we compare it?
It is like a grain of mustard seed, which, when it is sown in
the earth, is less than all the seeds that be in the earth:
But when it is sown, it groweth up, and becometh greater than
all herbs, and shooteth out great branches; so that the fowls of the air may lodge under the shadow of it.
And with many such parables spake he the word unto them, as they
were able to hear it.
But without a parable spake he not unto them: and when they were
alone, he expounded all things to his disciples.
And the same day, when the even was come, he saith unto them,
Let us pass over unto the other side.
And when they had sent away the multitude, they took him even as
he was in the ship. And there were also with him other little ships.
And there arose a great storm of wind, and the waves beat into
the ship, so that it was now full.
And he was in the hinder part of the ship, asleep on a pillow:
and they awake him, and say unto him, Master, carest thou not that we perish?
And he arose, and rebuked the wind, and said unto the sea,
Peace, be still. And the wind ceased, and there was a great calm.
And he said unto them, Why are ye so fearful? how is it that ye
have no faith?
And they feared exceedingly, and said one to another, What
manner of man is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him?
And they came over unto the other side of the sea, into the
country of the Gadarenes.
And when he was come out of the ship, immediately there met him
out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit,
Who had his dwelling among the tombs; and no man could bind him,
no, not with chains:
Because that he had been often bound with fetters and chains, and
the chains had been plucked asunder by him, and the fetters broken in pieces: neither could any man tame him.
And always, night and day, he was in the mountains, and in the
tombs, crying, and cutting himself with stones.
But when he saw Jesus afar off, he ran and worshipped him,
And cried with a loud voice, and said, What have I to do with
thee, Jesus, thou Son of the most high God? I adjure thee by God, that thou torment me not.
For he said unto him, Come out of the man, thou unclean spirit.
And he asked him, What is thy name? And he answered, saying, My
name is Legion: for we are many.
And he besought him much that he would not send them away out of
Now there was there nigh unto the mountains a great herd of
And all the devils besought him, saying, Send us into the swine,
that we may enter into them.
And forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the unclean spirits
went out, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the sea, (they were about two thousand;) and were choked in the sea.
And they that fed the swine fled, and told it in the city, and
in the country. And they went out to see what it was that was done.
And they come to Jesus, and see him that was possessed with the
devil, and had the legion, sitting, and clothed, and in his right mind: and they were afraid.
And they that saw it told them how it befell to him that was
possessed with the devil, and also concerning the swine.
And they began to pray him to depart out of their coasts.
And when he was come into the ship, he that had been possessed
with the devil prayed him that he might be with him.
Howbeit Jesus suffered him not, but saith unto him, Go home to
thy friends, and tell them how great things the Lord hath done for thee, and hath had compassion on thee.
And he departed, and began to publish in Decapolis how great
things Jesus had done for him: and all men did marvel.
And when Jesus was passed over again by ship unto the other
side, much people gathered unto him: and he was nigh unto the sea.
And, behold, there cometh one of the rulers of the synagogue,
Jairus by name; and when he saw him, he fell at his feet,
And besought him greatly, saying, My little daughter lieth at
the point of death: I pray thee, come and lay thy hands on her, that she may be healed; and she shall live.
And Jesus went with him; and much people followed him, and
And a certain woman, which had an issue of blood twelve years,
And had suffered many things of many physicians, and had spent
all that she had, and was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse,
When she had heard of Jesus, came in the press behind, and
touched his garment.
For she said, If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole.
And straightway the fountain of her blood was dried up; and she
felt in her body that she was healed of that plague.
And Jesus, immediately knowing in himself that virtue had gone
out of him, turned him about in the press, and said, Who touched my clothes?
And his disciples said unto him, Thou seest the multitude
thronging thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me?
And he looked round about to see her that had done this thing.
But the woman fearing and trembling, knowing what was done in
her, came and fell down before him, and told him all the truth.
And he said unto her, Daughter, thy faith hath made thee whole;
go in peace, and be whole of thy plague.
While he yet spake, there came from the ruler of the synagogue's
house certain which said, Thy daughter is dead: why troublest thou the Master any further?
As soon as Jesus heard the word that was spoken, he saith unto
the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid, only believe.
And he suffered no man to follow him, save Peter, and James, and
John the brother of James.
And he cometh to the house of the ruler of the synagogue, and
seeth the tumult, and them that wept and wailed greatly.
And when he was come in, he saith unto them, Why make ye this
ado, and weep? the damsel is not dead, but sleepeth.
And they laughed him to scorn. But when he had put them all
out, he taketh the father and the mother of the damsel, and them that were with him, and entereth in where the damsel was lying.
And he took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, Talitha
cumi; which is, being interpreted, Damsel, I say unto thee, arise.
And straightway the damsel arose, and walked; for she was of the
age of twelve years. And they were astonished with a great astonishment.
And he charged them straitly that no man should know it; and
commanded that something should be given her to eat.
And he went out from thence, and came into his own country; and
his disciples follow him.
And when the sabbath day was come, he began to teach in the
synagogue: and many hearing him were astonished, saying, From whence hath this man these things? and what wisdom is this which is given unto him, that even such mighty works are wrought by his hands?
Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James,
and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him.
But Jesus, said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, but
in his own country, and among his own kin, and in his own house.
And he could there do no mighty work, save that he laid his hands
upon a few sick folk, and healed them.
And he marvelled because of their unbelief. And he went round
about the villages, teaching.
And he called unto him the twelve, and began to send them forth
by two and two; and gave them power over unclean spirits;
And commanded them that they should take nothing for their
journey, save a staff only; no scrip, no bread, no money in their purse:
But be shod with sandals; and not put on two coats.
And he said unto them, In what place soever ye enter into an
house, there abide till ye depart from that place.
And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear you, when ye
depart thence, shake off the dust under your feet for a testimony against them. Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrha in the day of judgment, than for that city.
And they went out, and preached that men should repent.
And they cast out many devils, and anointed with oil many that
were sick, and healed them.
And king Herod heard of him; (for his name was spread abroad:)
and he said, That John the Baptist was risen from the dead, and therefore mighty works do shew forth themselves in him.
Others said, That it is Elias. And others said, That it is a
prophet, or as one of the prophets.
But when Herod heard thereof, he said, It is John, whom I
beheaded: he is risen from the dead.
For Herod himself had sent forth and laid hold upon John, and
bound him in prison for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife: for he had married her.
For John had said unto Herod, It is not lawful for thee to have
thy brother's wife.
Therefore Herodias had a quarrel against him, and would have
killed him; but she could not:
For Herod feared John, knowing that he was a just man and an
holy, and observed him; and when he heard him, he did many things, and heard him gladly.
And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his birthday
made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee;
And when the daughter of the said Herodias came in, and danced,
and pleased Herod and them that sat with him, the king said unto the damsel, Ask of me whatsoever thou wilt, and I will give it thee.
And he sware unto her, Whatsoever thou shalt ask of me, I will
give it thee, unto the half of my kingdom.
And she went forth, and said unto her mother, What shall I ask?
And she said, The head of John the Baptist.
And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and asked,
saying, I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the head of John the Baptist.
And the king was exceeding sorry; yet for his oath's sake, and
for their sakes which sat with him, he would not reject her.
And immediately the king sent an executioner, and commanded his
head to be brought: and he went and beheaded him in the prison,
And brought his head in a charger, and gave it to the damsel:
and the damsel gave it to her mother.
And when his disciples heard of it, they came and took up his
corpse, and laid it in a tomb.
And the apostles gathered themselves together unto Jesus, and
told him all things, both what they had done, and what they had taught.
And he said unto them, Come ye yourselves apart into a desert
place, and rest a while: for there were many coming and going, and they had no leisure so much as to eat.
And they departed into a desert place by ship privately.
And the people saw them departing, and many knew him, and ran
afoot thither out of all cities, and outwent them, and came together unto him.
And Jesus, when he came out, saw much people, and was moved with
compassion toward them, because they were as sheep not having a shepherd: and he began to teach them many things.
And when the day was now far spent, his disciples came unto him,
and said, This is a desert place, and now the time is far passed:
Send them away, that they may go into the country round about,
and into the villages, and buy themselves bread: for they have nothing to eat.
He answered and said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they
say unto him, Shall we go and buy two hundred pennyworth of bread, and give them to eat?
He saith unto them, How many loaves have ye? go and see. And
when they knew, they say, Five, and two fishes.
And he commanded them to make all sit down by companies upon the
And they sat down in ranks, by hundreds, and by fifties.
And when he had taken the five loaves and the two fishes, he
looked up to heaven, and blessed, and brake the loaves, and gave them to his disciples to set before them; and the two fishes divided he among them all.
And they did all eat, and were filled.
And they took up twelve baskets full of the fragments, and of
And they that did eat of the loaves were about five thousand
And straightway he constrained his disciples to get into the
ship, and to go to the other side before unto Bethsaida, while he sent away the people.
And when he had sent them away, he departed into a mountain to
And when even was come, the ship was in the midst of the sea,
and he alone on the land.
And he saw them toiling in rowing; for the wind was contrary
unto them: and about the fourth watch of the night he cometh unto them, walking upon the sea, and would have passed by them.
But when they saw him walking upon the sea, they supposed it had
been a spirit, and cried out:
For they all saw him, and were troubled. And immediately he
talked with them, and saith unto them, Be of good cheer: it is I; be not afraid.
And he went up unto them into the ship; and the wind ceased: and
they were sore amazed in themselves beyond measure, and wondered.
For they considered not the miracle of the loaves: for their
heart was hardened.
And when they had passed over, they came into the land of
Gennesaret, and drew to the shore.
And when they were come out of the ship, straightway they knew
And ran through that whole region round about, and began to
carry about in beds those that were sick, where they heard he was.
And whithersoever he entered, into villages, or cities, or
country, they laid the sick in the streets, and besought him that they might touch if it were but the border of his garment: and as many as touched him were made whole.
Then came together unto him the Pharisees, and certain of the
scribes, which came from Jerusalem.
And when they saw some of his disciples eat bread with defiled,
that is to say, with unwashen, hands, they found fault.
For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, except they wash their hands
oft, eat not, holding the tradition of the elders.
And when they come from the market, except they wash, they eat
not. And many other things there be, which they have received to hold, as the washing of cups, and pots, brasen vessels, and of tables.
Then the Pharisees and scribes asked him, Why walk not thy
disciples according to the tradition of the elders, but eat bread with unwashen hands?
He answered and said unto them, Well hath Esaias prophesied of
you hypocrites, as it is written, This people honoureth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me.
Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the
commandments of men.
For laying aside the commandment of God, ye hold the tradition of
men, as the washing of pots and cups: and many other such like things ye do.
And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of
God, that ye may keep your own tradition.
For Moses said, Honour thy father and thy mother; and, Whoso
curseth father or mother, let him die the death:
But ye say, If a man shall say to his father or mother, It is
Corban, that is to say, a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; he shall be free.
And ye suffer him no more to do ought for his father or his
Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition,
which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye.
And when he had called all the people unto him, he said unto
them, Hearken unto me every one of you, and understand:
There is nothing from without a man, that entering into him can
defile him: but the things which come out of him, those are they that defile the man.
If any man have ears to hear, let him hear.
And when he was entered into the house from the people, his
disciples asked him concerning the parable.
And he saith unto them, Are ye so without understanding also?
Do ye not perceive, that whatsoever thing from without entereth into the man, it cannot defile him;
Because it entereth not into his heart, but into the belly, and
goeth out into the draught, purging all meats?
And he said, That which cometh out of the man, that defileth the
For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts,
adulteries, fornications, murders,
Thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an
evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness:
All these evil things come from within, and defile the man.
And from thence he arose, and went into the borders of Tyre and
Sidon, and entered into an house, and would have no man know it: but he could not be hid.
For a certain woman, whose young daughter had an unclean spirit,
heard of him, and came and fell at his feet:
The woman was a Greek, a Syrophenician by nation; and she
besought him that he would cast forth the devil out of her daughter.
But Jesus said unto her, Let the children first be filled: for
it is not meet to take the children's bread, and to cast it unto the dogs.
And she answered and said unto him, Yes, Lord: yet the dogs
under the table eat of the children's crumbs.
And he said unto her, For this saying go thy way; the devil is
gone out of thy daughter.
And when she was come to her house, she found the devil gone
out, and her daughter laid upon the bed.
And again, departing from the coasts of Tyre and Sidon, he came
unto the sea of Galilee, through the midst of the coasts of Decapolis.
And they bring unto him one that was deaf, and had an impediment
in his speech; and they beseech him to put his hand upon him.
And he took him aside from the multitude, and put his fingers
into his ears, and he spit, and touched his tongue;
And looking up to heaven, he sighed, and saith unto him,
Ephphatha, that is, Be opened.
And straightway his ears were opened, and the string of his
tongue was loosed, and he spake plain.
And he charged them that they should tell no man: but the more
he charged them, so much the more a great deal they published it;
And were beyond measure astonished, saying, He hath done all
things well: he maketh both the deaf to hear, and the dumb to speak.
In those days the multitude being very great, and having nothing
to eat, Jesus called his disciples unto him, and saith unto them,
I have compassion on the multitude, because they have now been
with me three days, and have nothing to eat:
And if I send them away fasting to their own houses, they will
faint by the way: for divers of them came from far.
And his disciples answered him, From whence can a man satisfy
these men with bread here in the wilderness?
And he asked them, How many loaves have ye? And they said,
And he commanded the people to sit down on the ground: and he
took the seven loaves, and gave thanks, and brake, and gave to his disciples to set before them; and they did set them before the people.
And they had a few small fishes: and he blessed, and commanded to
set them also before them.
So they did eat, and were filled: and they took up of the broken
meat that was left seven baskets.
And they that had eaten were about four thousand: and he sent
And straightway he entered into a ship with his disciples, and
came into the parts of Dalmanutha.
And the Pharisees came forth, and began to question with him,
seeking of him a sign from heaven, tempting him.
And he sighed deeply in his spirit, and saith, Why doth this
generation seek after a sign? verily I say unto you, There shall no sign be given unto this generation.
And he left them, and entering into the ship again departed to
the other side.
Now the disciples had forgotten to take bread, neither had they
in the ship with them more than one loaf.
And he charged them, saying, Take heed, beware of the leaven of
the Pharisees, and of the leaven of Herod.
And they reasoned among themselves, saying, It is because we
have no bread.
And when Jesus knew it, he saith unto them, Why reason ye,
because ye have no bread? perceive ye not yet, neither understand? have ye your heart yet hardened?
Having eyes, see ye not? and having ears, hear ye not? and do
ye not remember?
When I brake the five loaves among five thousand, how many
baskets full of fragments took ye up? They say unto him, Twelve.
And when the seven among four thousand, how many baskets full of
fragments took ye up? And they said, Seven.
And he said unto them, How is it that ye do not understand?
And he cometh to Bethsaida; and they bring a blind man unto him,
and besought him to touch him.
And he took the blind man by the hand, and led him out of the
town; and when he had spit on his eyes, and put his hands upon him, he asked him if he saw ought.
And he looked up, and said, I see men as trees, walking.
After that he put his hands again upon his eyes, and made him
look up: and he was restored, and saw every man clearly.
And he sent him away to his house, saying, Neither go into the
town, nor tell it to any in the town.
And Jesus went out, and his disciples, into the towns of
Caesarea Philippi: and by the way he asked his disciples, saying unto them, Whom do men say that I am?
And they answered, John the Baptist; but some say, Elias; and
others, One of the prophets.
And he saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? And Peter
answereth and saith unto him, Thou art the Christ.
And he charged them that they should tell no man of him.
And he began to teach them, that the Son of man must suffer many
things, and be rejected of the elders, and of the chief priests, and scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again.
And he spake that saying openly. And Peter took him, and began
to rebuke him.
But when he had turned about and looked on his disciples, he
rebuked Peter, saying, Get thee behind me, Satan: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but the things that be of men.
And when he had called the people unto him with his disciples
also, he said unto them, Whosoever will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.
For whosoever will save his life shall lose it; but whosoever
shall lose his life for my sake and the gospel's, the same shall save it.
For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole
world, and lose his own soul?
Or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul?
Whosoever therefore shall be ashamed of me and of my words in
this adulterous and sinful generation; of him also shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of his Father with the holy angels.
And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That there be some
of them that stand here, which shall not taste of death, till they have seen the kingdom of God come with power.
And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and
John, and leadeth them up into an high mountain apart by themselves: and he was transfigured before them.
And his raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so as no
fuller on earth can white them.
And there appeared unto them Elias with Moses: and they were
talking with Jesus.
And Peter answered and said to Jesus, Master, it is good for us
to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias.
For he wist not what to say; for they were sore afraid.
And there was a cloud that overshadowed them: and a voice came
out of the cloud, saying, This is my beloved Son: hear him.
And suddenly, when they had looked round about, they saw no man
any more, save Jesus only with themselves.
And as they came down from the mountain, he charged them that
they should tell no man what things they had seen, till the Son of man were risen from the dead.
And they kept that saying with themselves, questioning one with
another what the rising from the dead should mean.
And they asked him, saying, Why say the scribes that Elias must
And he answered and told them, Elias verily cometh first, and
restoreth all things; and how it is written of the Son of man, that he must suffer many things, and be set at nought.
But I say unto you, That Elias is indeed come, and they have
done unto him whatsoever they listed, as it is written of him.
And when he came to his disciples, he saw a great multitude
about them, and the scribes questioning with them.
And straightway all the people, when they beheld him, were
greatly amazed, and running to him saluted him.
And he asked the scribes, What question ye with them?
And one of the multitude answered and said, Master, I have
brought unto thee my son, which hath a dumb spirit;
And wheresoever he taketh him, he teareth him: and he foameth,
and gnasheth with his teeth, and pineth away: and I spake to thy disciples that they should cast him out; and they could not.
He answereth him, and saith, O faithless generation, how long
shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? bring him unto me.
And they brought him unto him: and when he saw him, straightway
the spirit tare him; and he fell on the ground, and wallowed foaming.
And he asked his father, How long is it ago since this came unto
him? And he said, Of a child.
And ofttimes it hath cast him into the fire, and into the
waters, to destroy him: but if thou canst do any thing, have compassion on us, and help us.
Jesus said unto him, If thou canst believe, all things are
possible to him that believeth.
And straightway the father of the child cried out, and said with
tears, Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief.
When Jesus saw that the people came running together, he rebuked
the foul spirit, saying unto him, Thou dumb and deaf spirit, I charge thee, come out of him, and enter no more into him.
And the spirit cried, and rent him sore, and came out of him:
and he was as one dead; insomuch that many said, He is dead.
But Jesus took him by the hand, and lifted him up; and he arose.
And when he was come into the house, his disciples asked him
privately, Why could not we cast him out?
And he said unto them, This kind can come forth by nothing, but
by prayer and fasting.
And they departed thence, and passed through Galilee; and he
would not that any man should know it.
For he taught his disciples, and said unto them, The Son of man
is delivered into the hands of men, and they shall kill him; and after that he is killed, he shall rise the third day.
But they understood not that saying, and were afraid to ask him.
And he came to Capernaum: and being in the house he asked them,
What was it that ye disputed among yourselves by the way?
But they held their peace: for by the way they had disputed
among themselves, who should be the greatest.
And he sat down, and called the twelve, and saith unto them, If
any man desire to be first, the same shall be last of all, and servant of all.
And he took a child, and set him in the midst of them: and when
he had taken him in his arms, he said unto them,
Whosoever shall receive one of such children in my name,
receiveth me: and whosoever shall receive me, receiveth not me, but him that sent me.
And John answered him, saying, Master, we saw one casting out
devils in thy name, and he followeth not us: and we forbad him, because he followeth not us.
But Jesus said, Forbid him not: for there is no man which shall
do a miracle in my name, that can lightly speak evil of me.
For he that is not against us is on our part.
For whosoever shall give you a cup of water to drink in my name,
because ye belong to Christ, verily I say unto you, he shall not lose his reward.
And whosoever shall offend one of these little ones that believe
in me, it is better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he were cast into the sea.
And if thy hand offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee
to enter into life maimed, than having two hands to go into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched:
Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched.
And if thy foot offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee
to enter halt into life, than having two feet to be cast into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched:
Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched.
And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out: it is better for
thee to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire:
Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched.
For every one shall be salted with fire, and every sacrifice
shall be salted with salt.
Salt is good: but if the salt have lost his saltness, wherewith
will ye season it? Have salt in yourselves, and have peace one with another.
And he arose from thence, and cometh into the coasts of Judaea by
the farther side of Jordan: and the people resort unto him again; and, as he was wont, he taught them again.
And the Pharisees came to him, and asked him, Is it lawful for a
man to put away his wife? tempting him.
And he answered and said unto them, What did Moses command you?
And they said, Moses suffered to write a bill of divorcement, and
to put her away.
And Jesus answered and said unto them, For the hardness of your
heart he wrote you this precept.
But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and
For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and
cleave to his wife;
And they twain shall be one flesh: so then they are no more
twain, but one flesh.
What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.
And in the house his disciples asked him again of the same
And he saith unto them, Whosoever shall put away his wife, and
marry another, committeth adultery against her.
And if a woman shall put away her husband, and be married to
another, she committeth adultery.
And they brought young children to him, that he should touch
them: and his disciples rebuked those that brought them.
But when Jesus saw it, he was much displeased, and said unto
them, Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of God.
Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom
of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein.
And he took them up in his arms, put his hands upon them, and
And when he was gone forth into the way, there came one running,
and kneeled to him, and asked him, Good Master, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?
And Jesus said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is
none good but one, that is, God.
Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not
kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy father and mother.
And he answered and said unto him, Master, all these have I
observed from my youth.
Then Jesus beholding him loved him, and said unto him, One thing
thou lackest: go thy way, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, take up the cross, and follow me.
And he was sad at that saying, and went away grieved: for he had
And Jesus looked round about, and saith unto his disciples, How
hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God!
And the disciples were astonished at his words. But Jesus
answereth again, and saith unto them, Children, how hard is it for them that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom of God!
It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than
for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.
And they were astonished out of measure, saying among
themselves, Who then can be saved?
And Jesus looking upon them saith, With men it is impossible,
but not with God: for with God all things are possible.
Then Peter began to say unto him, Lo, we have left all, and have
And Jesus answered and said, Verily I say unto you, There is no
man that hath left house, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my sake, and the gospel's,
But he shall receive an hundredfold now in this time, houses,
and brethren, and sisters, and mothers, and children, and lands, with persecutions; and in the world to come eternal life.
But many that are first shall be last; and the last first.
And they were in the way going up to Jerusalem; and Jesus went
before them: and they were amazed; and as they followed, they were afraid. And he took again the twelve, and began to tell them what things should happen unto him,
Saying, Behold, we go up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man shall
be delivered unto the chief priests, and unto the scribes; and they shall condemn him to death, and shall deliver him to the Gentiles:
And they shall mock him, and shall scourge him, and shall spit
upon him, and shall kill him: and the third day he shall rise again.
And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, come unto him, saying,
Master, we would that thou shouldest do for us whatsoever we shall desire.
And he said unto them, What would ye that I should do for you?
They said unto him, Grant unto us that we may sit, one on thy
right hand, and the other on thy left hand, in thy glory.
But Jesus said unto them, Ye know not what ye ask: can ye drink
of the cup that I drink of? and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with?
And they said unto him, We can. And Jesus said unto them, Ye
shall indeed drink of the cup that I drink of; and with the baptism that I am baptized withal shall ye be baptized:
But to sit on my right hand and on my left hand is not mine to
give; but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared.
And when the ten heard it, they began to be much displeased with
James and John.
But Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that
they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them.
But so shall it not be among you: but whosoever will be great
among you, shall be your minister:
And whosoever of you will be the chiefest, shall be servant of
For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to
minister, and to give his life a ransom for many.
And they came to Jericho: and as he went out of Jericho with his
disciples and a great number of people, blind Bartimaeus, the son of Timaeus, sat by the highway side begging.
And when he heard that it was Jesus of Nazareth, he began to cry
out, and say, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me.
And many charged him that he should hold his peace: but he cried
the more a great deal, Thou son of David, have mercy on me.
And Jesus stood still, and commanded him to be called. And they
call the blind man, saying unto him, Be of good comfort, rise; he calleth thee.
And he, casting away his garment, rose, and came to Jesus.
And Jesus answered and said unto him, What wilt thou that I
should do unto thee? The blind man said unto him, Lord, that I might receive my sight.
And Jesus said unto him, Go thy way; thy faith hath made thee
whole. And immediately he received his sight, and followed Jesus in the way.
And when they came nigh to Jerusalem, unto Bethphage and Bethany,
at the mount of Olives, he sendeth forth two of his disciples,
And saith unto them, Go your way into the village over against
you: and as soon as ye be entered into it, ye shall find a colt tied, whereon never man sat; loose him, and bring him.
And if any man say unto you, Why do ye this? say ye that the
Lord hath need of him; and straightway he will send him hither.
And they went their way, and found the colt tied by the door
without in a place where two ways met; and they loose him.
And certain of them that stood there said unto them, What do ye,
loosing the colt?
And they said unto them even as Jesus had commanded: and they let
And they brought the colt to Jesus, and cast their garments on
him; and he sat upon him.
And many spread their garments in the way: and others cut down
branches off the trees, and strawed them in the way.
And they that went before, and they that followed, cried, saying,
Hosanna; Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord:
Blessed be the kingdom of our father David, that cometh in the
name of the Lord: Hosanna in the highest.
And Jesus entered into Jerusalem, and into the temple: and when
he had looked round about upon all things, and now the eventide was come, he went out unto Bethany with the twelve.
And on the morrow, when they were come from Bethany, he was
And seeing a fig tree afar off having leaves, he came, if haply
he might find any thing thereon: and when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves; for the time of figs was not yet.
And Jesus answered and said unto it, No man eat fruit of thee
hereafter for ever. And his disciples heard it.
And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and
began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves;
And would not suffer that any man should carry any vessel
through the temple.
And he taught, saying unto them, Is it not written, My house
shall be called of all nations the house of prayer? but ye have made it a den of thieves.
And the scribes and chief priests heard it, and sought how they
might destroy him: for they feared him, because all the people was astonished at his doctrine.
And when even was come, he went out of the city.
And in the morning, as they passed by, they saw the fig tree
dried up from the roots.
And Peter calling to remembrance saith unto him, Master, behold,
the fig tree which thou cursedst is withered away.
And Jesus answering saith unto them, Have faith in God.
For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this
mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith.
Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when ye
pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them.
And when ye stand praying, forgive, if ye have ought against
any: that your Father also which is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses.
But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in
heaven forgive your trespasses.
And they come again to Jerusalem: and as he was walking in the
temple, there come to him the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders,
And say unto him, By what authority doest thou these things?
and who gave thee this authority to do these things?
And Jesus answered and said unto them, I will also ask of you
one question, and answer me, and I will tell you by what authority I do these things.
The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men? answer me.
And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From
heaven; he will say, Why then did ye not believe him?
But if we shall say, Of men; they feared the people: for all men
counted John, that he was a prophet indeed.
And they answered and said unto Jesus, We cannot tell. And
Jesus answering saith unto them, Neither do I tell you by what authority I do these things.
And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man
planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country.
And at the season he sent to the husbandmen a servant, that he
might receive from the husbandmen of the fruit of the vineyard.
And they caught him, and beat him, and sent him away empty.
And again he sent unto them another servant; and at him they cast
stones, and wounded him in the head, and sent him away shamefully handled.
And again he sent another; and him they killed, and many others;
beating some, and killing some.
Having yet therefore one son, his wellbeloved, he sent him also
last unto them, saying, They will reverence my son.
But those husbandmen said among themselves, This is the heir;
come, let us kill him, and the inheritance shall be our's.
And they took him, and killed him, and cast him out of the
What shall therefore the lord of the vineyard do? he will come
and destroy the husbandmen, and will give the vineyard unto others.
And have ye not read this scripture; The stone which the
builders rejected is become the head of the corner:
This was the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes?
And they sought to lay hold on him, but feared the people: for
they knew that he had spoken the parable against them: and they left him, and went their way.
And they send unto him certain of the Pharisees and of the
Herodians, to catch him in his words.
And when they were come, they say unto him, Master, we know that
thou art true, and carest for no man: for thou regardest not the person of men, but teachest the way of God in truth: Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not?
Shall we give, or shall we not give? But he, knowing their
hypocrisy, said unto them, Why tempt ye me? bring me a penny, that I may see it.
And they brought it. And he saith unto them, Whose is this
image and superscription? And they said unto him, Caesar's.
And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things
that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. And they marvelled at him.
Then come unto him the Sadducees, which say there is no
resurrection; and they asked him, saying,
Master, Moses wrote unto us, If a man's brother die, and leave
his wife behind him, and leave no children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother.
Now there were seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and
dying left no seed.
And the second took her, and died, neither left he any seed: and
the third likewise.
And the seven had her, and left no seed: last of all the woman
In the resurrection therefore, when they shall rise, whose wife
shall she be of them? for the seven had her to wife.
And Jesus answering said unto them, Do ye not therefore err,
because ye know not the scriptures, neither the power of God?
For when they shall rise from the dead, they neither marry, nor
are given in marriage; but are as the angels which are in heaven.
And as touching the dead, that they rise: have ye not read in
the book of Moses, how in the bush God spake unto him, saying, I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob?
He is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living: ye
therefore do greatly err.
And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning
together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him, Which is the first commandment of all?
And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments is,
Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord:
And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and
with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment.
And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy
neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these.
And the scribe said unto him, Well, Master, thou hast said the
truth: for there is one God; and there is none other but he:
And to love him with all the heart, and with all the
understanding, and with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love his neighbour as himself, is more than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices.
And when Jesus saw that he answered discreetly, he said unto
him, Thou art not far from the kingdom of God. And no man after that durst ask him any question.
And Jesus answered and said, while he taught in the temple, How
say the scribes that Christ is the son of David?
For David himself said by the Holy Ghost, The LORD said to my
Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool.
David therefore himself calleth him Lord; and whence is he then
his son? And the common people heard him gladly.
And he said unto them in his doctrine, Beware of the scribes,
which love to go in long clothing, and love salutations in the marketplaces,
And the chief seats in the synagogues, and the uppermost rooms
Which devour widows' houses, and for a pretence make long
prayers: these shall receive greater damnation.
And Jesus sat over against the treasury, and beheld how the
people cast money into the treasury: and many that were rich cast in much.
And there came a certain poor widow, and she threw in two mites,
which make a farthing.
And he called unto him his disciples, and saith unto them,
Verily I say unto you, That this poor widow hath cast more in, than all they which have cast into the treasury:
For all they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her want
did cast in all that she had, even all her living.
And as he went out of the temple, one of his disciples saith unto
him, Master, see what manner of stones and what buildings are here!
And Jesus answering said unto him, Seest thou these great
buildings? there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down.
And as he sat upon the mount of Olives over against the temple,
Peter and James and John and Andrew asked him privately,
Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign
when all these things shall be fulfilled?
And Jesus answering them began to say, Take heed lest any man
For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall
And when ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars, be ye not
troubled: for such things must needs be; but the end shall not be yet.
For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against
kingdom: and there shall be earthquakes in divers places, and there shall be famines and troubles: these are the beginnings of sorrows.
But take heed to yourselves: for they shall deliver you up to
councils; and in the synagogues ye shall be beaten: and ye shall be brought before rulers and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them.
And the gospel must first be published among all nations.
But when they shall lead you, and deliver you up, take no
thought beforehand what ye shall speak, neither do ye premeditate: but whatsoever shall be given you in that hour, that speak ye: for it is not ye that speak, but the Holy Ghost.
Now the brother shall betray the brother to death, and the
father the son; and children shall rise up against their parents, and shall cause them to be put to death.
And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: but he that
shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved.
But when ye shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of
by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not, (let him that readeth understand,) then let them that be in Judaea flee to the mountains:
And let him that is on the housetop not go down into the house,
neither enter therein, to take any thing out of his house:
And let him that is in the field not turn back again for to take
up his garment.
But woe to them that are with child, and to them that give suck
in those days!
And pray ye that your flight be not in the winter.
For in those days shall be affliction, such as was not from the
beginning of the creation which God created unto this time, neither shall be.
And except that the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh
should be saved: but for the elect's sake, whom he hath chosen, he hath shortened the days.
And then if any man shall say to you, Lo, here is Christ; or,
lo, he is there; believe him not:
For false Christs and false prophets shall rise, and shall shew
signs and wonders, to seduce, if it were possible, even the elect.
But take ye heed: behold, I have foretold you all things.
But in those days, after that tribulation, the sun shall be
darkened, and the moon shall not give her light,
And the stars of heaven shall fall, and the powers that are in
heaven shall be shaken.
And then shall they see the Son of man coming in the clouds with
great power and glory.
And then shall he send his angels, and shall gather together his
elect from the four winds, from the uttermost part of the earth to the uttermost part of heaven.
Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When her branch is yet
tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is near:
So ye in like manner, when ye shall see these things come to
pass, know that it is nigh, even at the doors.
Verily I say unto you, that this generation shall not pass, till
all these things be done.
Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass
But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels
which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father.
Take ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is.
For the Son of Man is as a man taking a far journey, who left
his house, and gave authority to his servants, and to every man his work, and commanded the porter to watch.
Watch ye therefore: for ye know not when the master of the house
cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the morning:
Lest coming suddenly he find you sleeping.
And what I say unto you I say unto all, Watch.
After two days was the feast of the passover, and of unleavened
bread: and the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death.
But they said, Not on the feast day, lest there be an uproar of
And being in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat
at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his head.
And there were some that had indignation within themselves, and
said, Why was this waste of the ointment made?
For it might have been sold for more than three hundred pence,
and have been given to the poor. And they murmured against her.
And Jesus said, Let her alone; why trouble ye her? she hath
wrought a good work on me.
For ye have the poor with you always, and whensoever ye will ye
may do them good: but me ye have not always.
She hath done what she could: she is come aforehand to anoint my
body to the burying.
Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached
throughout the whole world, this also that she hath done shall be spoken of for a memorial of her.
And Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve, went unto the chief
priests, to betray him unto them.
And when they heard it, they were glad, and promised to give him
money. And he sought how he might conveniently betray him.
And the first day of unleavened bread, when they killed the
passover, his disciples said unto him, Where wilt thou that we go and prepare that thou mayest eat the passover?
And he sendeth forth two of his disciples, and saith unto them,
Go ye into the city, and there shall meet you a man bearing a pitcher of water: follow him.
And wheresoever he shall go in, say ye to the goodman of the
house, The Master saith, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples?
And he will shew you a large upper room furnished and prepared:
there make ready for us.
And his disciples went forth, and came into the city, and found
as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover.
And in the evening he cometh with the twelve.
And as they sat and did eat, Jesus said, Verily I say unto you,
One of you which eateth with me shall betray me.
And they began to be sorrowful, and to say unto him one by one,
Is it I? and another said, Is it I?
And he answered and said unto them, It is one of the twelve,
that dippeth with me in the dish.
The Son of man indeed goeth, as it is written of him: but woe to
that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! good were it for that man if he had never been born.
And as they did eat, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and brake
it, and gave to them, and said, Take, eat: this is my body.
And he took the cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave it to
them: and they all drank of it.
And he said unto them, This is my blood of the new testament,
which is shed for many.
Verily I say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the
vine, until that day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God.
And when they had sung an hymn, they went out into the mount of
And Jesus saith unto them, All ye shall be offended because of
me this night: for it is written, I will smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scattered.
But after that I am risen, I will go before you into Galilee.
But Peter said unto him, Although all shall be offended, yet
will not I.
And Jesus saith unto him, Verily I say unto thee, That this day,
even in this night, before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me thrice.
But he spake the more vehemently, If I should die with thee, I
will not deny thee in any wise. Likewise also said they all.
And they came to a place which was named Gethsemane: and he
saith to his disciples, Sit ye here, while I shall pray.
And he taketh with him Peter and James and John, and began to be
sore amazed, and to be very heavy;
And saith unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful unto death:
tarry ye here, and watch.
And he went forward a little, and fell on the ground, and prayed
that, if it were possible, the hour might pass from him.
And he said, Abba, Father, all things are possible unto thee;
take away this cup from me: nevertheless not what I will, but what thou wilt.
And he cometh, and findeth them sleeping, and saith unto Peter,
Simon, sleepest thou? couldest not thou watch one hour?
Watch ye and pray, lest ye enter into temptation. The spirit
truly is ready, but the flesh is weak.
And again he went away, and prayed, and spake the same words.
And when he returned, he found them asleep again, (for their
eyes were heavy,) neither wist they what to answer him.
And he cometh the third time, and saith unto them, Sleep on now,
and take your rest: it is enough, the hour is come; behold, the Son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners.
Rise up, let us go; lo, he that betrayeth me is at hand.
And immediately, while he yet spake, cometh Judas, one of the
twelve, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and the scribes and the elders.
And he that betrayed him had given them a token, saying,
Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he; take him, and lead him away safely.
And as soon as he was come, he goeth straightway to him, and
saith, Master, master; and kissed him.
And they laid their hands on him, and took him.
And one of them that stood by drew a sword, and smote a servant
of the high priest, and cut off his ear.
And Jesus answered and said unto them, Are ye come out, as
against a thief, with swords and with staves to take me?
I was daily with you in the temple teaching, and ye took me not:
but the scriptures must be fulfilled.
And they all forsook him, and fled.
And there followed him a certain young man, having a linen cloth
cast about his naked body; and the young men laid hold on him:
And he left the linen cloth, and fled from them naked.
And they led Jesus away to the high priest: and with him were
assembled all the chief priests and the elders and the scribes.
And Peter followed him afar off, even into the palace of the
high priest: and he sat with the servants, and warmed himself at the fire.
And the chief priests and all the council sought for witness
against Jesus to put him to death; and found none.
For many bare false witness against him, but their witness
agreed not together.
And there arose certain, and bare false witness against him,
We heard him say, I will destroy this temple that is made with
hands, and within three days I will build another made without hands.
But neither so did their witness agree together.
And the high priest stood up in the midst, and asked Jesus,
saying, Answerest thou nothing? what is it which these witness against thee?
But he held his peace, and answered nothing. Again the high
priest asked him, and said unto him, Art thou the Christ, the Son of the Blessed?
And Jesus said, I am: and ye shall see the Son of man sitting on
the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven.
Then the high priest rent his clothes, and saith, What need we
any further witnesses?
Ye have heard the blasphemy: what think ye? And they all
condemned him to be guilty of death.
And some began to spit on him, and to cover his face, and to
buffet him, and to say unto him, Prophesy: and the servants did strike him with the palms of their hands.
And as Peter was beneath in the palace, there cometh one of the
maids of the high priest:
And when she saw Peter warming himself, she looked upon him, and
said, And thou also wast with Jesus of Nazareth.
But he denied, saying, I know not, neither understand I what
thou sayest. And he went out into the porch; and the cock crew.
And a maid saw him again, and began to say to them that stood
by, This is one of them.
And he denied it again. And a little after, they that stood by
said again to Peter, Surely thou art one of them: for thou art a Galilaean, and thy speech agreeth thereto.
But he began to curse and to swear, saying, I know not this man
of whom ye speak.
And the second time the cock crew. And Peter called to mind the
word that Jesus said unto him, Before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me thrice. And when he thought thereon, he wept.
And straightway in the morning the chief priests held a
consultation with the elders and scribes and the whole council, and bound Jesus, and carried him away, and delivered him to Pilate.
And Pilate asked him, Art thou the King of the Jews? And he
answering said unto them, Thou sayest it.
And the chief priests accused him of many things: but he answered
And Pilate asked him again, saying, Answerest thou nothing?
behold how many things they witness against thee.
But Jesus yet answered nothing; so that Pilate marvelled.
Now at that feast he released unto them one prisoner, whomsoever
And there was one named Barabbas, which lay bound with them that
had made insurrection with him, who had committed murder in the insurrection.
And the multitude crying aloud began to desire him to do as he
had ever done unto them.
But Pilate answered them, saying, Will ye that I release unto you
the King of the Jews?
For he knew that the chief priests had delivered him for envy.
But the chief priests moved the people, that he should rather
release Barabbas unto them.
And Pilate answered and said again unto them, What will ye then
that I shall do unto him whom ye call the King of the Jews?
And they cried out again, Crucify him.
Then Pilate said unto them, Why, what evil hath he done? And
they cried out the more exceedingly, Crucify him.
And so Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas
unto them, and delivered Jesus, when he had scourged him, to be crucified.
And the soldiers led him away into the hall, called Praetorium;
and they call together the whole band.
And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns,
and put it about his head,
And began to salute him, Hail, King of the Jews!
And they smote him on the head with a reed, and did spit upon
him, and bowing their knees worshipped him.
And when they had mocked him, they took off the purple from him,
and put his own clothes on him, and led him out to crucify him.
And they compel one Simon a Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out
of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear his cross.
And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being
interpreted, The place of a skull.
And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrrh: but he
received it not.
And when they had crucified him, they parted his garments,
casting lots upon them, what every man should take.
And it was the third hour, and they crucified him.
And the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE
KING OF THE JEWS.
And with him they crucify two thieves; the one on his right
hand, and the other on his left.
And the scripture was fulfilled, which saith, And he was
numbered with the transgressors.
And they that passed by railed on him, wagging their heads, and
saying, Ah, thou that destroyest the temple, and buildest it in three days,
Save thyself, and come down from the cross.
Likewise also the chief priests mocking said among themselves
with the scribes, He saved others; himself he cannot save.
Let Christ the King of Israel descend now from the cross, that
we may see and believe. And they that were crucified with him reviled him.
And when the sixth hour was come, there was darkness over the
whole land until the ninth hour.
And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying,
Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? which is, being interpreted, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
And some of them that stood by, when they heard it, said,
Behold, he calleth Elias.
And one ran and filled a spunge full of vinegar, and put it on a
reed, and gave him to drink, saying, Let alone; let us see whether Elias will come to take him down.
And Jesus cried with a loud voice, and gave up the ghost.
And the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the
And when the centurion, which stood over against him, saw that
he so cried out, and gave up the ghost, he said, Truly this man was the Son of God.
There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary
Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and Salome;
(Who also, when he was in Galilee, followed him, and ministered
unto him;) and many other women which came up with him unto Jerusalem.
And now when the even was come, because it was the preparation,
that is, the day before the sabbath,
Joseph of Arimathaea, an honourable counsellor, which also
waited for the kingdom of God, came, and went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus.
And Pilate marvelled if he were already dead: and calling unto
him the centurion, he asked him whether he had been any while dead.
And when he knew it of the centurion, he gave the body to
And he bought fine linen, and took him down, and wrapped him in
the linen, and laid him in a sepulchre which was hewn out of a rock, and rolled a stone unto the door of the sepulchre.
And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses beheld where he
And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the
mother of James, and Salome, had bought sweet spices, that they might come and anoint him.
And very early in the morning the first day of the week, they
came unto the sepulchre at the rising of the sun.
And they said among themselves, Who shall roll us away the stone
from the door of the sepulchre?
And when they looked, they saw that the stone was rolled away:
for it was very great.
And entering into the sepulchre, they saw a young man sitting on
the right side, clothed in a long white garment; and they were affrighted.
And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted: Ye seek Jesus of
Nazareth, which was crucified: he is risen; he is not here: behold the place where they laid him.
But go your way, tell his disciples and Peter that he goeth
before you into Galilee: there shall ye see him, as he said unto you.
And they went out quickly, and fled from the sepulchre; for they
trembled and were amazed: neither said they any thing to any man; for they were afraid.
Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he
appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast seven devils.
And she went and told them that had been with him, as they
mourned and wept.
And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been
seen of her, believed not.
After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as they
walked, and went into the country.
And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed
Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and
upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they believed not them which had seen him after he was risen.
And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the
gospel to every creature.
He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that
believeth not shall be damned.
And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall
they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues;
They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing,
it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover.
So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up
into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God.
And they went forth, and preached every where, the Lord working
with them, and confirming the word with signs following. Amen.
This book in: | 78,683 | 1,239 |
913,656 | Color printer color control system with automatic spectrophotometer calibration system
||Color printer color control system with automatic spectrophotometer calibration system
||February 26, 2002
||November 24, 1999
||Mestha; Lingappa K. (Fairport, NY)
||Xerox Corporation (Stamford, CT)|
||Evans; F. L.
|Attorney Or Agent:
||250/226; 356/243.5; 356/402; 356/406
|Field Of Search:
||356/402; 356/406; 356/425; 356/243.5; 250/226
|U.S Patent Documents:
||3910701; 5137364; 5604567; 5612902; 5748221; 5963244; 6086274; 6178007
|Foreign Patent Documents:
||0 854 638
||A system for automatically re-calibrating a spectrophotometer which is mounted at one side of the printed sheets output path of a color printer for measuring the colors printed on colored test patches on printed test sheets moving thereby as the test patches are sequentially illuminated with multiple different color illumination sources, which illumination colors are reflected from the test patches and detected by a photosensor providing electrical output signals. Re-calibration is provided by illuminating, with the same sequenced illumination sources, during a time coinciding with an adjacent gap between the printed sheets moving in the output path, a stationary calibration test patch which is mounted on the opposite side of the output path from the spectrophotometer, to provide respective calibration signals from respective electrical output signals of the photosensor during a time interval when a printed color sheet is not in said output path in between the spectrophotometer and the calibration test patch. This re-calibration timing may be provided by the existing sheets positions tracking control system of the printer. The calibration test patch may be a standard white tile test surface, and may be mounted slightly outside of the output path to avoid contamination.
||What is claimed is:
1. In a color correction system for a color printer with an output path having first and second sides for printed color sheets, said color printer printing test sheets withprinted color test patches which are moved through said output path, wherein a calibrated spectrophotometer is mounted adjacent to said first side of said printer output path for measuring the colors printed on said test patches on said test sheets assaid test sheets are moved past said spectrophotometer in said printer output path, wherein said spectrophotometer includes plural illumination sources for sequentially illuminating said test patches with different illumination colors, a photodetectorsensor system with at least one photodetector providing electrical output signals, and a lens system with a field of view for transmitting said illumination from said test patches to said photodetector sensor system, whereby said photodetector sensorsystem provides different said electrical output signals in response to viewing said different illumination colors from said sequential illuminations of said test patches by said plural illumination sources, and wherein an automatic re-calibration systemis provided for calibrating said spectrophotometer comprising a calibration test patch mounted adjacent to said second side of said output path of said color printer opposite from said spectrophotometer and within said field of view of said lens systemand positioned to be sequentially illuminated by said plural illumination sources to provide respective calibration signals from said photodetector sensor system when a said printed sheet is not in said output path in between said spectrophotometer andsaid calibration test patch.
2. The color correction system of claim 1, wherein said calibration test patch is a removably mounted standard white tile test surface.
3. The color correction system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said output path of said color printer for printed color sheets adjacent said calibration test patch is defined by spaced apart baffles.
4. The color correction system of claim 1, wherein a sheet path baffle defines said second side of said output path adjacent to said calibration test patch, and wherein said sheet path baffle has an aperture therein opposite from saidspectrophotometer, and wherein said calibration test patch is mounted outside of said output path behind said aperture but within said field of view of said lens system through said aperture.
5. The color correction system of claim 1, wherein said plural illumination sources comprise plural different spectral emission illumination sources with sequential actuation circuitry for rapidly sequentially individually illuminating saidcalibration test patch with respective different illumination colors, and wherein said plural illumination sources are mounted in said spectrophotometer with a lens system for illuminating said calibration test patch at substantially the same angle.
6. The color correction system of claim 1, wherein said plural illumination sources are provided by plural different spectral emission LED's.
7. The color correction system of claim 1, wherein said plural illumination sources comprise 10 or more LED's.
8. The color correction system of claim 1, wherein said plural illumination sources are in a circular pattern surrounding said photodetector sensor system and defining a central axis, and wherein said photodetector sensor system and said lenssystem for transmitting said illumination from said test patch to said photodetector sensor system are aligned with said central axis.
9. The color correction system of claim 1, wherein said color printer has a control system for tracking said printed sheet positions in said output path, and wherein said printer control system provides control signals for periodically actuatingsaid plural illumination sources when said printed sheets are not within said field of view of said lens system to illuminate said calibration test patch.
10. The color correction system of claim 1, wherein said calibration test patch is a removable standard color test surface.
11. A method of automatically re-calibrating a spectrophotometer mounted at one side of the printed sheets output path of a color printer and measuring the colors printed on colored test patches on test sheets as said test sheets are moved pastsaid spectrophotometer in said printer output path and said test patches are sequentially illuminated with a plurality of different illumination colors by a plurality of illumination sources, which different illumination colors are reflected from saidtest patches and detected by a photodetector sensor system providing electrical output signals, comprising:
sequentially illuminating with said same plurality of illumination sources a calibration test patch which is mounted oppositely from said spectrophotometer adjacent the opposite side of said output path of said color printer from saidspectrophotometer to provide respective calibration signals from said electrical output signals of said photodetector sensor system at intervals when a said test sheet is not in said output path in between said spectrophotometer and said calibration testpatch.
12. The automatic re-calibration method of claim 11, wherein said calibration test patch is a removable standard white tile test surface.
13. The automatic re-calibration method of claim 11, further comprising automatically tracking the positions of said printed sheets in said output path and sequentially actuating said same plural illumination sources at selected times when saidprinted sheets are not in between said spectrophotometer and said calibration test patch.
||This disclosure relates to an improved spectrophotometer color measurement calibration system,particularly for an on-line color measurement system with a spectrophotometer in the output path of a color printer for measuring the colors on printed test sheets, wherein a fully automatic re-calibration system is provided for the spectrophotometer, atlittle or no additional cost or modification of the color printer, and without requiring any manual operations or operator involvement.
This automatic re-calibration system assists in the effectiveness of such an on-line color measurement system in which a spectrophotometer may be mounted in the paper path of the moving copy sheets in the printer, preferably the output path,without having to otherwise modify the printer, or interfere with or interrupt normal printing, or the movement of the printed sheets in said paper path, and yet provide accurate color measurements of test color patches printed on the moving sheets asthey pass the spectrophotometer. That enables a complete closed loop color control of a printer.
In the specific disclosed embodiment below the respective (different output color) LED illuminators of the spectrophotometer are normally sequentially illuminating different color test patches on test sheets in the color printer output path asthey pass the spectrophotometer, for detection by a photosensor of the reflections from the respective color test patches of those respective color illuminations. In this exemplary automatic re-calibration system embodiment there is a white tile teststandard surface mounted opposite to the spectrophotometer position in the printer output path, i.e., on the other side of the printer output path. These same LED's of the spectrophotometer are sequentially activated in selected inter-sheet gaps (thespaces and times in between printed sheets), and the resultant spectrophotometer photosensor signal output for each activated LED is compared to stored values to provide calibration data for the spectrophotometer. This system allows for frequentautomatic re-calibration without having to remove the spectrophotometer from the printer or perform any other manual operations with either the spectrophotometer or any test tiles or other white or color reflectance test surfaces.
However, color measurements, and/or the use of color measurements for various quality or consistency control functions, are also important for many other different technologies and applications, such as in the production of textiles, wallpaper,plastics, paint, inks, etc. This, the disclosed system may have applications in some of those other fields for on-line color testing where these materials or objects to be color tested and/or interspersed test sheets are also moving as sheets in adefined path with spaces therebetween. Thus, although the specific exemplary embodiment herein is of a preferred automatic re-calibration system for an on-line color printer color spectrophotometer, it will be appreciated that this exemplaryre-calibration system is not limited to this specific exemplary spectrophotometer or its application as disclosed in this example.
By way of background, studies have demonstrated that humans are particularly sensitive to spatial color variations. Typical full color printing controls, as well as typical color controls in other commercial industries, still typically utilizemanual off-line color testing and frequent manual color adjustments by skilled operators. Both the cost and the difficulty of on-line use of prior color measurement apparatus and control systems, and the need for manual re-calibration steps, hasheretofore inhibited automation of many of such various commercial color testing and color adjustment systems. The disclosed system addresses both of those concerns.
As used in the patent claims and elsewhere herein unless otherwise specifically indicated, the term "spectrophotometer" may encompass a spectrophotometer, calorimeter, and densitometer, as broadly defined herein. That is, the word"spectrophotometer" is to be given the broadest possible definition and coverage in the claims herein, consistent with the rest of the claims themselves. The definitions or uses of terms vary or differ among various scientists and engineers. However,the following is an attempt to provide some simplified clarifications relating and distinguishing the respective terms "spectrophotometer", "calorimeter", and "densitometer", as they may be used in the specific context of specification examples ofproviding components for an on-line color printer color correction system, but not as limitations.
A typical "spectrophotometer" measures the reflectance of an illuminated object of interest over many light wavelengths. Typical prior spectrophotometers in this context use 16 or 32 channels measuring from 400 nm to 700 nm or so, to cover thehumanly visible color spectra or wavelength range. A typical spectrophotometer gives color information in terms of measured reflectances or transmittances of light, at the different wavelengths of light, from the test surface. (This is to measure moreclosely to what the human eye would see as a combined image of a broad white light spectra image reflectance, but the spectrophotometer desirably provides distinct electrical signals corresponding to the different levels of reflected light from therespective different illumination wavelength ranges or channels.)
A "colorimeter" normally has three illumination channels, red, green and blue. That is, generally, a "calorimeter" provides its three (red, green and blue or "RGB") values as read by a light sensor or detector receiving reflected light from acolor test surface sequentially illuminated with red, green and blue illuminators, such as three different color LED's or three lamps with three different color filters. It may thus be considered different from, or a limited special case of, a"spectrophotometer", in that it provides output color information in the trichometric quantity known as RGB.
Trichometric quantities may be used for representing color in three coordinate space through some type of transformation. Other RGB conversions to "device independent color space" (i.e., RGB converted to conventional L*a*b*) typically use acolor conversion "lookup table" system in a known manner. (Examples are provided in patents cited below, and elsewhere.)
A "densitometer" typically has only a single channel, and simply measures the amplitude of light reflectivity over a range of wavelengths, which may be wide or narrow. The output of the densitometer detector is programmed to give the opticaldensity of the sample. A densitometer is basically "color blind". For example, a cyan patch and magenta patch could have the same optical densities as seen by a densitometer, but, of course, are different colors.
A multiple LED's reflectance spectrophotometer, as in the example of the embodiment herein, may be considered to belong to a special case of spectrophotometers. (Others, with different respective illumination sources, can be flashed Xenon lampspectrophotometers, or QH spectrophotometers.) It is a spectrophotometer programmed to give truer reflectance values by using more than 3 channel measurements (e.g., 10 or more channel measurements), with conversion algorithms. That is in contrast tonormal calorimeters, which cannot give true, human eye related, reflectance spectra measurements, because they have insufficient measurements for that (only 3 measurements).
As noted, the type of spectrophotometer in the disclosed embodiment is a spectrophotometer especially suitable for being mounted in the printed sheets output path of a color printer to optically evaluate the output sheets as they move past thespectrophotometer. In particular, to measure a limited number of color test patch samples printed by the printer on actual printed sheet output of the printer during regular or selected printer operation intervals (between normal printing runs or printjobs). These color test sheet printing intervals may be at regular timed intervals, and/or at each machine "cycle-up", or as otherwise directed by the system software.
As is additionally disclosed in the embodiment herein, it is advantageous to provide dual-mode color test sheets/banner sheets, in which multiple color patches of different colors are printed on otherwise blank areas of each, or selected, banner,cover, or other inter-document or print job separator sheets. Different sets of colors may be printed on different banner sheets. Providing this dual use of such sheets saves both print paper and printer utilization time, and also provides frequentcolor re-calibration opportunities, where the printing system is one in which banner sheets are being printed at frequent intervals anyway. It is quite common for shared user printers, even those with mailbox system job separators, to automaticallygenerate and print a banner sheet immediately preceding the first page of each actual document being printed. A banner sheet may typically have automatically printed thereon by system software a limited amount of printed information about thatparticular document or print job, such as the print job or document name, user name, printer name, host system name, file name, date, numbers of pages, etc. Some examples of banner sheets are disclosed in Xerox Corp. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,547,178 and5,316,279.
That is, another disclosed feature herein is a system of dual mode sheets which can provide the combined functions of banner sheets and color test sheets on the same sheet. Document "banner" sheets are already being generated and printed in manyprinters. As disclosed herein, the same banner sheets may now also used to variously print thereon the multiple color test patches for the spectrophotometer analysis by the disclosed output color control system. This dual mode sheet usage system savessubstantial amounts of otherwise wasted paper otherwise being used for non-imaged color test sheets. Furthermore, it enables frequent color re-correction inputs with no reduction in printer productivity. That is, normal document printing in a colorprinter does not have to be relatively frequently interrupted to print extra (non-document imaged) color test sheets to keep each color printer re-calibrated. As noted elsewhere herein, relatively frequent color re-calibration of a color printer isdesirable, since the colors actually printed on the output can change or drift out of calibration with the intended colors for various known reasons. For example, changes in the selected or loaded print media (differences paper or plastic sheet types,materials, weights, calendering, coating, humidity, etc.), changes in the printer's ambient conditions, changes in image developer materials, aging or wear of printer components, varying interactions of the different colors being printed, etc.
This dual mode system can be provided without hardware changes or costs with a combination of: (a) existing (or minor modifications of the) software for feeding, generating and printing the banner sheets, such as condensing and/or moving thelocation of the banner information printed on the banner sheets, with (b) existing (or minor modifications of the) software for generating and printing color test sheets with multiple test patches of different colors.
Banner sheets are normally printed at more than frequent enough intervals to provide for very frequent automatic re-calibration test sheets to frequently update the color printing electronic image information and/or color printing sub-systems. Thus, not every banner sheet needs to be a dual mode sheet with color test patches. In fact, for the normal situation of relatively few document or print job pages per banner sheet in a shared user printer environment, it may be desirable to reducecolor toner usage by only using those banner sheets as color test sheets which occur at more than a preset time interval apart. It may also be desirable to only provide color test patterns on those banner sheets which are the banner sheets for adocument which is being color printed, not the banner sheets for black and white documents, except perhaps at cycle-up or after a long time delay.
An additional feature which can be provided with this system is to tailor or set the particular colors of the test patches on a particular banner sheet to those colors which are about to be printed on the specific document for that banner sheet,i.e., the document pages which are printed immediately subsequent to that banner sheet (the print job identified by that banner sheet). This can provide a "real time" color correction for the color printer which is tailored to correct printing of thecolors of the next document to be printed.
The preferred implementations of the systems and features disclosed herein may vary depending on the situation. Also, various of the disclosed features or components may be alternatively used for such functions as gray scale balancing with graytest patches, turning on more than one of the illumination sources at once, such as oppositely positioned LED's, etc.
However, in using dual mode color test banner sheets, or other color test sheets, in the specifically disclosed on-line printer system, it will be appreciated that the color test patches on the sheets should be compatible with the performancemetrics of the spectrophotometer or other color sensor being used, and the color test patches are printed on the sheet in locations within the sensor's field of view as the sheet is fed past the sensor's field of view.
It will also be appreciated that these test patch images and colors may be automatically sent to the printer imager from a stored data file specifically designed for printing the dual mode banner sheet or other color test sheet page, and/or theymay be embedded inside the customer job containing the banner page. That is, the latter may be directly electronically associated with the electronic document to be printed, and/or generated or transmitted by the document author or sender.
After the spectrophotometer or other color sensor reads the colors of the test patches, the measured colors may be processed inside the system controller or the printer controller to produce or modify the tone reproduction curve. The color testpatches on the next banner page, and the customer document pages of the next print job may then be printed with that new tone reproduction curve. This process may be continuously repeated for each subsequent print job and its banner page so as togenerate new or further corrected tone reproduction curves from each subsequent banner page. If the printer's color image printing components and materials are relatively stable, with only relatively long term drift, the tone reproduction curve producedby measuring colors off the normal single banner page for each print job, and using this closed loop control system, will be the right curve for achieving consistent colors for at least one or even a substantial number of customer print jobs printedthereafter.
However, if there are substantial changes in the print media being used by the printer, or other sudden and major disturbances in the printed colors (which can be detected by the spectrophotometer output in response to the test patches on thenext dual mode banner sheet or other color test sheet) then the subsequent customer print job may have incorrect color reproduction. In these situations of customer print media changes in the printer (or new print jobs or job tickets that specify achange in print media for that print job), where that print media change is such that it may substantially affect the accuracy of the printed colors for that subsequent print job, it is not desirable to continue printing and then have to discard the nextsubsequent print jobs printed with customer-unacceptable colors. In that situation it is preferable to interrupt the normal printing sequence once the sudden color printing disturbance is detected and to instead print plural additional color test sheetsin immediate succession, with different color test patch colors, to sense and converge on a new tone reproduction curve that will achieve consistent color printing for that new print media, and only then to resume the normal printing sequence of customerprint jobs. Thus, the subsequent customer print jobs would then use the final, restabilized, tone reproduction curve obtained after such a predetermined number of sequential plural color test sheets or dual mode banner pages have been printed.
However, this patent application is not related to or limited to any particular one of the various possible (see, e.g., various of the cited references) algorithms or mathematical techniques for processing the electronic signals from thespectrophotometer to generate color correction tables, tone reproduction curves or other color controls, and hence those need not be further discussed herein.
As noted, the disclosed re-calibration system embodiment is an important feature for a practical on-line "real time" color printing color calibration or correction system which regularly measures the actual colors currently being printed on theprinted sheets being outputted by the printer, as compared to the intended (or selected, or "true") colors of the electronic document images being inputted to the printer for printing.
A low cost and relatively simple, yet easily re-calibrated spectrophotometer, as disclosed in the example below, is highly desirable for such a "colorimetry" function for such an on-line color correction system, since a dedicatedspectrophotometer must be provided for each printer. A patent of particular background interest as to using a type of spectrophotometer at the printed sheets output of a color printer is Xerox Corp. U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,221 issued May 5, 1998 toVittorio Castelli, et al, filed Nov. 1, 1995 (D/95398).
Further by way of background, various possible color correction systems can employ the output signals of spectrophotometers, using various sophisticated feedback, correction and calibration systems, which need not be discussed in any furtherdetail here, since the general concepts and many specific embodiments are disclosed in many other patents (including those cited hereinbelow) and publications. That is, to electronically analyze and utilize the spectrophotometer or other electronicprinted color output information with a feedback analysis system for the color control systems for the printer. It is desirable in such systems to be able to use a reduced (smaller) number of color patch samples, printed at intervals during the regularprinting operation of the printer, yet still provide relatively substantially continuous updating correction of the printer's color renditions over a wide or substantially complete color spectra. Noted especially is Xerox Corp. filed Jan. 21, 1997, bySteven J. Harrington as U.S. application Ser. No. 08/786,010, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,007 on Jan 23, 2001, published by the European Patent Office on Jul. 22, 1998, as EPO publication No. 0 854 638 A2; and Apple Computer, Inc. U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,902, issued Mar. 18, 1997, to Michael Stokes.
Another example of a test sheet with color test patches automatically generated by a color printer, for operator use, is shown in Xerox Corp. U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,567 issued Feb. 18, 1997 to Peter H. Dundas, et al.
Color correction and/or color control systems should not be confused with color registration systems or sensors. Those systems are for insuring that colors are correctly printed accurately superposed and/or accurately adjacent to one another,such as by providing positional information for shifting the position of respective color images being printed.
Other background patents which have been cited as to color control or correction systems for printers include Xerox Corp. U.S. Pat. 5,963,244 issued Oct. 5, 1999 to L. K. Mestha, et al entitled "Optimal Reconstruction of Tone ReproductionCurve" (using a lookup table and densitometer readings of photoreceptor sample color test patches to control various color printer parameters); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,581,376, issued December 1996 to Harrington; U.S. Pat. No. 5,528,386 issued Jun. 18,1996 to Rolleston et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,413 issued Jun. 23, 1981 to Sakamoto et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,919 issued Feb. 19, 1985 to Schreiber; U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,613 issued May 16, 1995 to Rolleston et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,826issued Apr. 16, 1996 to Lloyd et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,324 issued Nov. 28, 1995 to Rolleston; U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,568 issued Feb. 13, 1996 to Wan; U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,522 issued Jul. 23, 1996 to Yoshida; U.S. Pat. No. 5,483,360 issued Jan. 9, 1996 to Rolleston et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,557 issued January 1997 to Rolleston et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 2,790,844 issued April 1957 to Neugebauer; U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,919 issued February 1985 to Schreiber; U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,568 issued Feb. 13, 1996 to Wan; U.S. Pat. No. 5,481,380 to Bestmann issued Jan. 2, 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,664,072 issued Sep. 2, 1997 to Ueda et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,544,258 issued Aug. 6, 1996 to Levien.
By way of further background on the subject of technology for automatic color correction for color printers or other reproduction apparatus, especially such systems utilizing feedback signals from a calorimeter or spectrophotometer (as noted,those terms may be used interchangeably herein), and/or automatically measuring the actually printed colors of test patches on printed copy sheets as they are being fed through the output path the printer, there is noted the following: the above-citedXerox Corporation U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,221 filed Nov. 1, 1995 and issued May 5, 1998 to V. Castelli, et al, entitled "Apparatus for Colorimetry, Gloss and Registration Feedback in a Color Printing Machine", (noting especially the output path test printcolorimeter detector details); the above-cited Apple Computer, Inc. U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,902, issued Mar. 18, 1997 to Michael Stokes; Xerox Corporation U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,896 issued Apr. 23, 1996 to Walter Wafler, filed Jun. 18, 1993 (seeespecially Col. 8 re color calibration from information from a scanned color test copy sheet as compared to original color image information); and Xerox Corporation U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,118 issued Mar. 16, 1999 to Mantell and L. K. Mestha, et al,entitled "Printer Having Print Output Linked to Scanner Input for Automated Image Quality Adjustment" (note especially Col. 6 lines 45-49).
U.S. Patents of interest to color correction in general, but which may be useful with, or provide background information for, the above or other systems, includes the above-cited Xerox Corporation U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,557, filed Oct. 3, 1994and issued Jan. 14, 1997 to R. J. Rolleston et al., entitled "Color Printer Calibration Correcting for Local Printer Non-Linearities"; Seiko Epson Corp. U.S. Pat. No. 5,809,213, provisionally filed Feb. 23, 1996 and issued Sep. 15, 1998 to A. K.Bhattacharjya re reduced color measurement samples; and Splash Technology, Inc. U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,913 filed Feb. 12, 1996 and issued Jun. 2, 1998 to Richard A. Falk in which a calibration image is scanned using a scanner coupled to the printingsystem with a personal computer.
Also noted are pending Xerox Corp. U.S. application Ser. No. 09/083,202 filed May 22, 1998 by Mark A. Scheuer, et al., entitled "Device Independent Color Controller and Method", Ser. No. 09/083,203, filed May 22, 1998 by Lingappa K. Mestha,entitled "Dynamic Device Independent Image", now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,157,469 on Dec. 5, 2000, Ser. No. 09/232,465, filed Jan. 19, 1999 by Martin E. Banton, et al., entitled "Apparatus and Method for Using Feedback and Feedforward in theGeneration of Presentation Images In A Distributed Digital Image Processing System", and Ser. No. 09/221,996, filed Dec. 9, 1998 by Lingappa K. Mestha, et al., entitled "Color Adjustment Apparatus and Method".
As further well-known background for the reader on the subject of difficulties in color correction of printers in general, computers and other electronic equipment generating and inputting color images or documents typically generatethree-dimensional or RGB (red, green, blue) color signals. Many printers, however, can receive four-dimensional or CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) signals as input, and/or can print with four such print colors (although the printed images can bemeasured as corresponding RGB values). A look-up table is commonly provided to convert each digital RGB color signal value to a corresponding digital CMYK value before or after being received by the printer. Another difficulty is that a theoreticalprinter which had ideal toner, ink or dye printing materials colors and printing behavior would have a one-to-one correspondence of cyan-to-red, magenta-to-green, and yellow-to-blue. This would mean that when printed, the cyan ink would only absorb redlight, the magenta ink would only absorb green light, and the yellow ink would only absorb blue light. However, real-world printers inherently have non-ideal printing materials colors and behaviors, and therefore have complex non-linear calorimetricresponses. Also, interactions between the cyan, magenta, and yellow imaging materials exist, especially on the printed output, which result in unwanted or unintended absorptions of colors. Even after a printer is initially calibrated, such that one ora range of input digital CMYK values produce the proper color(s), the full spectrum of CMYK values and printed colors is not accurate. In other words, the colors asked or directed to be printed are not the same as the actual colors printed.
This discrepancy arises in part because the relationship between the digital input values that drive the printer and the resulting colorimetric response is a complex non-linear function. Labeling the response, or other values, as "colorimetric"can indicate that the response or value has been measured by such an instrument. Adequately modeling the colorimetric response of a printer to achieve linearity across the entire available spectrum requires many parameters. Typically, a colorcorrection look-up table is built which approximates the mapping between RGB calorimetric space and CMYK values, as taught in various of the above-cited references. Each RGB coordinate may be typically represented by an 8-bit red value, an 8-bit greenvalue, and an 8-bit blue value. Although those RGB coordinates are capable of addressing a look-up table having 256.sup.3 locations, measuring and storing 256.sup.3 values is expensive. The look-up table is thus typically partitioned into a smallersize such as 16.times.16.times.16 (4096) table locations, each of which stores a four-dimensional CMYK value. Other CMYK values may then be found by interpolating the known CMYK values using an interpolation process, for example, trilinear ortetrahedral interpolation.
The color correction look-up table may be built by sending a set of CMYK digital values to the printer, measuring the calorimetric RGB values of the resulting color patches outputted by the printer, and generating the look-up table from thedifference between the inputted values and the measured outputted values. More specifically, the color correction look-up table corrects for non-linearities, printing parameter variations, and unwanted absorptions of inks, so that the printer will printthe true corresponding color.
After the color correction table is generated, the actual printer response tends to drift over time. To correct for the drift, the system is adjusted or recalibrated periodically. Recalibrating the color correction table involves periodicallyprinting and remeasuring a set of test color patches which are then compared to an original set of color patches by calibration software. Remeasuring, however, has heretofore more typically been performed by a scanner or other measuring device which isremote from the printer being recalibrated. In that case, an operator must manually reconfigure the scanner and calibration software to properly recognize and measure the test color patches. This assumes that the operator can properly identify the testcolor patches being tested in accordance with the original printer and its test pattern properties. Furthermore, once a color correction table is generated, it must be associated with the correct printer, otherwise, a different printer will berecalibrated with an incorrect correction table. The above-cited references on automatic, on-line, color correction note the important advantages of being able to provide direct output color measurements for each printer.
The present invention thus also provides for a new and improved method of assisting in the calibrating a color printer which overcomes various above-referenced and other problems. However, it will be appreciated that although the specificembodiment is described with particular reference to desirable applications for calibrating and regularly re-calibrating color printers and/or refining color correction tables, that what is disclosed herein will also find various applications in otherprinting devices and other color testing and correction systems.
As discussed, in high quality color reprographic applications, it is highly advantageous to monitor system calorimetric performance on-line through the use of an integrated spectrophotometer. That is, to have the printing device automaticallyfairly frequently generate calibration prints on otherwise normally printed sheets with color patches based on digital test pattern generations, and to have an on-line spectrophotometer in the printer output read those moving sheet printed color testpatches accurately to provide printed output color measurement signals. This requires a spectrophotometer capable of effectively operating in that environment and under those conditions, which are not typical for conventional laboratoryspectrophotometers.
Turning to details of this particular specific embodiment, traditional spectrophotometers normally require, for uniform output, that the target, including a calibration surface target, be precisely positioned with respect to thespectrophotometer--typically, by being held stationary, for nearly direct contact. In contrast, disclosed herein is a spectrophotometer that is relatively insensitive to the positioning of the object or target of interest. This spacing insensitivityenables this spectrophotometer to be positioned at any convenient location in the paper path of a printing machine, rather than at a location where the paper position is tightly controlled. It may even be fitted into the output sheet stacker tray ofvarious existing color printers.
A specific feature of the specific embodiment disclosed herein is to provide in a color correction system for a color printer with an output path for printed color sheets, including printed test sheets with printed color test patches, in which acalibrated spectrophotometer is mounted in said printer output path for sensing the colors printed on a test patch on a test sheet as said test sheets are moving past said spectrophotometer in said printer output path, wherein said spectrophotometerincludes a plurality of illumination sources for sequentially illuminating a said test patch with different illumination colors, a photodetector sensor providing electrical output signals, and a lens system with a field of view for transmitting saidillumination from said test patch to said photodetector sensor, whereby said photodetector sensor provides different said electrical output signals in response to viewing said different illumination colors from said sequential illuminations of said testpatch by said plural illumination sources, wherein said spectrophotometer is mounted at one side of said output path of said color printer for measuring the colors of said test patches with said spectrophotometer, the improvement in an automaticre-calibration system for calibrating said spectrophotometer, comprising: a stationary calibration test patch mounted adjacent to the opposite side of said output path of said color printer from said spectrophotometer within said field of view of saidlens system and positioned to be sequentially illuminated by said plural illumination sources to provide respective calibration signals from said photodetector sensor when a said printed color sheet is not in said output path in between saidspectrophotometer and said calibration test patch.
Further specific features disclosed herein, individually or in combination, include those wherein said calibration test patch is a standard white tile test surface; and/or wherein at least a portion of said output path of said color printer forprinted color sheets adjacent said calibration test patch is defined by spaced apart baffles; and/or wherein a sheet path baffle defines at least one side of said output path adjacent said calibration test patch, and said sheet path baffle has anaperture therein opposite from said spectrophotometer, and wherein said calibration test patch is mounted outside of said output path behind said aperture but within said field of view of said lens system through said aperture; and/or wherein said pluralillumination sources comprise multiple differently filtered illumination sources with circuitry for rapidly sequentially individually illuminating said calibration test patch with respective different illumination colors, and wherein said multipleillumination sources are mounted arrayed around said photodetector sensor and said lens system therefor in said spectrophotometer, and wherein each said illumination source has an individual lens system for angularly illuminating said calibration testpatch at substantially the same angle; and/or wherein said multiple illumination sources are provided by multiple LED's, each a with different color filter; and/or wherein said multiple illumination sources comprise 10 or more LED's; and/or wherein saidmultiple illumination sources are in a circular pattern surrounding said photodetector sensor and defining a central axis, and wherein said photodetector sensor and said lens system for transmitting said illumination from said test patch to saidphotodetector sensor are aligned with said central axis; and/or wherein said color printer has a conventional control system for tracking said printed sheet positions in said output path, and wherein said printer control system provides control signalsfor periodically actuating said plural illumination sources when said printed sheets are not within said field of view of said lens system to illuminate said calibration test patch; and/or a method of automatically re-calibrating a spectrophotometermounted at one side of the printed sheets output path of a color printer for measuring the colors printed on colored test patches on test sheets as said-test sheets are moved past said spectrophotometer in said printer output path and said test patchesare sequentially illuminated with a plurality of different illumination colors by a plurality of illumination sources, which different illumination colors are reflected from said test patches and detected by a photodetector sensor providing electricaloutput signals, comprising: sequentially illuminating with said same plurality of illumination sources a stationary calibration test patch which is mounted oppositely from said spectrophotometer on the opposite side of said output path of said colorprinter to provide respective calibration signals from said electrical output signals of said photodetector sensor at intervals when a said printed color sheet is not in said output path in between said spectrophotometer and said calibration test patch;and/or wherein said calibration test patch is a standard white tile test surface; and/or further comprising automatically tracking the positions of said printed sheets in said output path and sequentially actuating said same plural illumination sourcesat selected times when said printed sheets are not in between said spectrophotometer and said calibration test patch.
The disclosed system may be connected, operated and controlled by appropriate operation of conventional control systems. It is well known and preferable to program and execute various control functions and logic with software instructions forconventional or general purpose microprocessors, as taught by numerous prior patents and commercial products. Such programming or software may of course vary depending on the particular functions, software type, and microprocessor or other computersystem utilized, but will be available to, or readily programmable without undue experimentation from, functional descriptions, such as those provided herein, and/or prior knowledge of functions which are conventional, together with general knowledge inthe software and computer arts. Alternatively, the disclosed control system or method may be implemented partially or fully in hardware, using standard logic circuits or single chip VLSI designs.
In the description herein the term "sheet" refers to a usually flimsy physical sheet of paper, plastic, or other suitable physical substrate for images, whether precut or web fed. A "copy sheet" may be abbreviated as a "copy", or called a"hardcopy" As will be noted, printed sheets may be referred to as "output". A "print job" is normally a set of related printed sheets, usually one or more collated copy sets copied from a one or more original document sheets or electronic document pageimages, from a particular user, or otherwise related.
As to specific components of the subject apparatus, or alternatives therefor, it will be appreciated that, as is normally the case, some such components are known per se in other apparatus or applications which may be additionally oralternatively used herein, including those from art cited herein. All references cited in this specification, and their references, are incorporated by reference herein where appropriate for appropriate teachings of additional or alternative details,features, and/or technical background. What is well known to those skilled in the art need not be described here.
Various of the above-mentioned and further features and advantages will be apparent from the specific apparatus and its operationdescribed in the example below, and the claims. Thus, the present invention will be better understood from this description of a specific embodiment, including the drawing figures (approximately to scale, except for schematics) wherein:
FIG. 1 is a top view of one example or embodiment of a spectrophotometer which may be utilized with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of the spectrophotometer of FIG. 1 shown measuring the color of a test patch of a test sheet moving in the printer output path;
FIG. 3 schematically shows of one example of circuitry with which the exemplary spectrophotometer of FIGS. 1 and 2 may be operated;
FIG. 4 shows one example of a test sheet which may be printed by a color printer with plural color test patches to be read by the spectrophotometer of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 5 schematically shows one example of an otherwise conventional color printer printing the test sheets of FIG. 4 and sequentially reading those test sheets while the test sheets are moving in their normal output path near the output of withthe spectrophotometer of FIGS. 1 and 2, which is shown here mounted at one side of that sheet output path opposite from an opposing calibration test surface; and
FIG. 6 is the same view as FIG. 2, but showing the relative position of the printed sheets in the printer output path when this embodiment of the subject automatic re-calibration system is being accomplished in an inter-sheet gap by thesequential illumination, and detection of reflections from, the white tile standard calibration test surface mounted on the opposite side of the printer output path from the spectrophotometer of FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 5.
It will be appreciated thatdifferent colors are represented in the Figs., especially in FIG. 4, by their standard U.S. Patent Office black and white cross-hatching symbols.
Describing now in further detail the exemplary embodiments with reference to the Figs., there is shown a color sensing system 10 with a spectrophotometer 12. The spectrophotometer 12 may be utilized with circuitry such as that of FIG. 3, orotherwise, to accurately multiply read plural different color test patches such as 31 printed on moving color test sheets 30 such as that shown in FIG. 4. The test sheets 30 may be conventionally printed on conventional copy sheet paper by aconventional color printer or printing system 20 (exemplified in FIG. 5). The disclosed spectrophotometer 12 can accurately read the colors of the test patches 31 even though the test sheets 30 are non-planar and/or variably spaced from thespectrophotometer 12 during their color measurements. Thus, the measurements are not affected by normal variations in sheet surface positions in a normal paper path of a printer. This allows the simple mounting of the spectrophotometer 12 at one sideof the normal printed sheets output path 40 of the printer 20 (or various other color reproduction systems).
Describing first the exemplary color printer 20 of FIG. 5 here in more detail, it is schematically illustrating a conventional xerographic laser color printer, details of various of which will be well known to those skilled in that art and neednot be re-described in detail herein. Examples of further descriptions are in the above-cited Xerox Corp. U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,221, etc., and other art cited therein. A photoreceptor belt 26 is driven by a motor M and laser latent imaged or exposedby a ROS polygon scanning system 24 after charging. The respective images are developed by a black toner image developer station 41 and/or one or more of three different color toner image developer stations 42A, 42B, 42C. The toner images aretransferred at a transfer station 32 to sheets of copy paper fed from an input tray stack 36. Where one or more test sheets 30 are being printed instead of normal document images (at times, and with color tests, selected by the controller 100), eachsuch test sheet 30 may be fed from the same or another sheet supply stack 36 and its test images transferred in the normal manner. The test sheet 30 is then outputted through fuser 34 to the same normal output path 40, as if it were any other normalsheet being normally color printed. As shown in FIG. 4, the test sheets 30 may be dual mode sheets also serving as banner sheets for print job separations, with typical printed banner sheet information, such as one or more of the user's name, thedocument title, the date and time, or the like.
However, here, the spectrophotometer 12 is mounted at one side of that output path 40 (or, in the output tray 44) to regularly sense the actual, fused, final colors being printed, providing the input for the on-line color sensing and correctionsystem 10, with controller 100 and/or interactive circuitry and/or software. The controller 100, and sheet sensors along the machine 20 paper path, conventionally controls the feeding and tracking of sheet positions within the printer paper path. Thecontroller 100 and/or a conventional sensor for fiduciary marks 33 or the like on each test sheet 30 can provide control or actuation signals to the spectrophotometer 12 circuitry for the spectrophotometer 12 to sequentially test or read the colors ofeach of the test patches 31 on the test sheet 30 as that test sheet 30 moves past the spectrophotometer 12 in the output path 40, as will be further described. The test patches 31 can be variously located and configured, as blocks, strips, or otherwise,of various digitally selected solid color images.
Thus, in the disclosed embodiment, plural test sheets 30 of paper or other image substrate material being printed by the color printer 20 can be automatically printed with pre-programmed plural test patches 31 of defined colors, preferably withassociated simple fiduciary marks for signaling the reading location of each colored test patch on the test sheet. Each test sheet moves normally past the subject compact, fixed position, spectrophotometer 12 which is unobstructedly mounted at one sideof the normal post-fuser machine output path 40 to both illuminate and view sheets passing thereby, in contrast to those prior systems requiring removing and holding a test sheet still, and moving a standard calorimeter over the test sheet.
It will be seen that the spectrophotometer 12, although compact, has 10 different color sampling illumination sources, provided by 10 circularly mounted and sequentially operated LED's, D1 through D10, each with different color filters, such as16 and 17, but each having the same simple condenser lens such as 18 and 19 for directing the respective LED's output uniformly onto the same target area, as especially shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and further described below with reference to FIG. 3. Thenormal target area in the system 10 embodiment herein, of course, is a color test patch 31. As particularly shown in FIG. 2, that illumination by any one of the LED's provides various levels of light reflected from that target (depending on therespective colors of both the test patch and the selected illumination source) which is collected by the single central lens 13, and focused by that lens 13 onto, and around (by overfill) a single photosensor D12. FIG. 2 illustrates with dashed linelight rays both the LED illumination and the focusing by a projection lens 13 (a simple two-element lens in this example 13) of three exemplary target points A, B and C onto the focal plane of lens 13 as C', B' and A', of which B is in the center of thetarget, and has its image point is in the center of the photosensor D12, while A and B are outside the test patch 31 area and image as B' and A' outside the (small fixed) area of the photosensor D12.
Although conventional glass or plastic lenses are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 here, it will be appreciated that fiber optics or selfloc lenses could be utilized instead. Fiber optics may be used to conduct the illumination from the LED's. Also, a collecting fiber optic may be used if it is desired, for example, to space the detecting photosensor D12 remotely from the focal plane of the lens 13.
As utilized in this disclosed embodiment of an on-line color sensing system 10, this low cost multi-element spectrophotometer 12, as mounted in the printer 20 copy sheet output path 40, can thus be part of a color correction system toautomatically control and drive to color printing accuracy the printer 20 CMYK color generation with a considerably smaller number of printed test sheets 30. The color correction system can sequentially look at a relatively small series of color testpatterns printed on copy sheets as they are outputted. One or more mathematical techniques for color error correction with multiple spectrophotometer-detected output color signals for each color patch as input signals can provide for a greatly reducednumber of required printed test patches. For example, about 100-200 test patches, or only 4 to 8 test sheets of about 25 color patches per sheet, versus approximately 1000 test patches or 40 test sheets for a traditional machine color mapping, with aspectrophotometer 12 with approximately 10 different color sampling illumination sources. Also, as noted, and as shown in FIG. 4, the test sheets can desirably be the cover sheets ("banner" sheets) which printers automatically produce for separatingprint jobs already anyway, with color test patterns additionally printed thereon, and/or test sheets printed upon "cycle up" of the printer (restarting of the printer). This further reduces or eliminates printer interruptions of normal color printingfor color test sheet printing.
An accurate color control system, as disclosed herein, can thus provide regularly for testing and storing current machine color printing responses to color printing input signals (an up-to-date model) for remapping LAB (or XYZ) "deviceindependent" color inputs (for later conversion to device dependent RGB or CMYK color space for printing). That information can also be profiled into a system or network server for each different machine (and/ or displayed on a CRT controller for colormanipulation).
Turning now to the structure of the exemplary spectrophotometer 12 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, there is disclosed a small, compact, simple, easily made, and low cost spectrophotometer optically designed insensitive to the separation between thesensing head and the object under interrogation, such as a color test patch 31. As noted, a particular benefit of this feature is the ability of this spectrophotometer 12 to dynamically measure images on paper in the transport path of a reprographicmachine without stopping or unduly constraining the paper to a narrow nip or between closely confining baffles for that measurement, thereby allowing the use of the existing or conventional paper path, not requiring any additional UMC, and not creatingthe possibility of increased paper jams by a confined or restrictive portion of the paper path.
As noted in the introduction, a major challenge in color reprographics machines is the production of images that are identical in appearance to the "original", whether this original is an electronic image of a hard copy image scanned on theplaten of a scanner or digital copier, or a stream of color encoded digital information from a PC or terminal, network, tape, magnetic disk, etc. With monochrome, i.e., black on white, copiers or printers it has been possible to perform adequate outputprints appearance-matching through control of the individual marking process elements with sensors and connecting feedback control systems internal of the machine. These have included electrostatic voltmeters, densitometers, and toner concentrationsensors, among others. Especially, by the measurement of developed toner test patches on the photoreceptor. The human eye is relatively insensitive to variations in the image density of black on white images. However, with color images, the eye is farmore sensitive to image fidelity, which manifests itself not just unidimensionally in lightness/darkness, but three dimensionally in hue, saturation, and lightness. In order to produce or correct the highest quality of reproduction of xerographic andother color images, it has become recognized that it may be necessary to position a spectrophotometer in the output paper path, post fusing, so as to measure the relative reflectance of developed and fused color test patches, so as to enable morecomplete corrections to be made to the color processing of the printer and/or to the color image data, in order to enable or maintain good color reproduction of completed prints.
In order to be compatible with industry standards set forth by the CIE, and to avoid picking up gloss in the color measurements, the test patch illuminations for color measurements should be at 45 degrees to the surface of the media on which thecolor test patch is printed. Also for that standard, the color test patch measurements should be performed using flux diffusely scattered from the (so-illuminated) test patch at 90 degrees (perpendicular) to that color test patch surface. As may beseen, this is provided by the spectrophotometer 12.
A significant challenge to overcome in implementing an output spectrophotometer in a reprographic machine is the repeatable collection of the reflected flux, as the amount of flux collected is proportional to the solid angle subtended by theentrance pupil of the flux collection optics, which is the lens system 13 here.
As noted, prior spectrophotometers, colorimeters, and densitometers required that the measured target be held in a fixed predetermined position during measurement, typically accomplished by physically pressing the target material flat against areference surface attached or held closely adjacent to the device's sense head.
In contrast, the position of print media in existing printer paper paths, in the direction perpendicular to the paper path plane, is relatively uncontrolled in much of the paper path, since the paper normally is moved in between baffles which aremuch more widely spaced apart than the paper thickness, preferably by several millimeters, as illustrated here in FIGS. 2 and 6. The paper may even be deliberately corrugated by corrugating feed rollers.
One solution would be to mechanically constrain the media in the measurement nip by means of additional apparatus in the paper path. However, as noted above, this is highly undesirable because of the increased cost associated with additionalcomponents, and the probable increase in jams due to the required constriction in the paper path.
The solution in this example is to instead provide a novel spectrophotometer 12 which is relatively insensitive to the relative displacement between the spectrophotometer and the color target media it is measuring. This is far more desirable, asit minimizes interference with the media, allows architectural versatility in the placement of the sensor, and, if done correctly, need add only a small increment in sensor UMC. There is provided here a spectrophotometer 12 whose output is relativelyinsensitive to the displacement from the surface of the media under interrogation, yet which is compact and relatively inexpensive and thus suitable for cost-effective deployment in the regular (and unrestricted) output paper paths of conventionalreprographic machines.
As otherwise described herein, in the spectrophotometer 12 of FIG. 2 flux from a selected light source D1 (the one being illuminated at that time) is shown being collimated by a condensing lens 18 and applied to a test patch 31 on the print media30. An inverted image of the illuminated area is formed at the detector D12 plane by a projection optic 13, which overfills the area of the detector D12. By selecting the magnification of that optic 13 to be 1:1, it has been discovered that, to thefirst order, the energy density in the image detected by the detector will be invariant to the spacing between the media and the sense head, as will be explained. Light energy from the test patch 31 collected by the optics 13 is proportional to thesolid angle subtended by the projection lens 18. Mathematically, as a media to optic displacement r varies, the total energy in the image varies by the solid angle, which is proportional to r-2. Variation in the media to sensor spacing also affects theimage size in a corresponding manner. For 1:1 imaging optics, magnification varies as the inverse of the displacement, r-1, which produces a change in the image area proportional to r-2. Thus the image energy density, i.e. energy per unit area, becomesinvariant to first order with displacement. Since the detector samples a fixed area within the image, to the first order its output is thereby made invariant with spacing.
To express this another way, with a collection lens for the photosensitive detector D12 with a one to one magnification, a fixed exposed area of the photosensitive detector D12 will effectively get almost the same number of microvolts of energyper square millimeter from an illuminated target aria even if the target area varies in distance therefrom by as much as plus or minus three millimeters. Or, in this example, a test sheet surface displacement or freedom of movement in the paper path ofplus or minus three millimeters.
To provide a further explanation mathematically, assume: At image and object conjugates of 2f, that the system magnification is 1:1 For small variations in media displacement, "d", image area .about.(2f+d) -2 Total energy in the image.about.(R+d) -2 Image energy density (image energy-image area) is thus made independent of "d" for a magnification of 1:1.
A 1:1 magnification is thus the best operating point for the detector optics. While 1:1 is preferred, it is projected that a range of 0.9:1 to 1.1:1, or approximately 1:1, may be usable in some situations. By "approximately" 1:1 magnificationof the lens 13 (the lens for the fixed area of the light receptive portion of the photosensor D12), it is meant here that first order accuracy in the light intensity on the photosensor, and thus first order accuracy in its output signal can also beobtained for a limited range above or below 1:1. That range would still allow a variation in target spacing from the spectrophotometer 12 of at least + or - approximately 2.5-3 mm within said first order color reflectance measurement accuracy, thusallowing approximately 6 mm or more of spacing, for normal spacing between the defining or confining opposing baffles of the paper path at that point.
Thus, this lens system for transmitting the illumination from the test patch to the photodetector sensor provides effective displacement insensitivity in the electrical signals provided by that photodetector sensor for variations in displacementbetween the test patch and the spectrophotometer of up to at least 6 millimeters. That allows a corresponding amount of lateral displacement freedom of movement tolerance (and opposing baffles spacing), and/or sheet curl or cockle tolerance, to beprovided for all of the printed sheets, including the test sheets, in the output path of said color printer. That is, the test sheets do not have to be pressed against, or closely confined against, the spectrophotometer, and the printer output path doesnot have to be modified in that respect.
The presently preferred focal length of the lens system 13 at this point in time is about 32 mm. That appears to be a good tradeoff point between the amount of light energy desirably collected at the sensor and the achievement of displacementinsensitivity in a reasonably sized spectrophotometer package. Different focal length lenses can be used, but the overall conjugate (the distance between the test patch and its image) would need to grow correspondingly to maintain the same displacementinsensitive behavior.
With such an exemplary subject displacement insensitive optics spectrophotometer, the detector output was observed to increase by only approximately 1.5% with media more distant and 0.5% with media closer to the sensor within said + or -approximately 2.5-3 mm range of displacement. This behavior was also modeled using Light Tools.RTM. software. As positioned to read test patches on paper in the paper path of a Xerox Corp. DC40 color printer, it successfully reduced delta E's fromaround +/- 14 to below +/-2, and in comparison to measured L* a* b* values for a red/yellow test patch measured statically.
The concept is implimentable with various technologies or conventional components, including a on-board hybrid chip, which is preferred, especially to provide a single on-board chip or board for a multiple LED spectrophotometer as shown. In thatarchitecture, an appropriate selection of LED die with different wavelengths covering the visible spectrum may be formed in a circular pattern on a PWB. As will be further described with reference to FIG. 3, each LED may be lit in sequence. As shown inFIG. 2, the flux from each LED is collimated and centrally directed to be applied to the same test patch under the center of the spectrophotometer 12. That position is also on the center axis of the lens 13, which lens 13 is located in the center of thering or circle of LED's, as clearly seen in FIG. 1. This enables a 1:1 image of the illuminated patch to be projected onto a single detector D12 on that same central axis. By recording the detector D12 outputs when a test patch is successivelyilluminated by each individual LED, the reflectance of the test patch as a function of different wavelengths can be determined, and with ten or more different LED output wavelengths as in this spectrophotometer 12 example, that reflectance of the testpatch as a function of different wavelengths can be extrapolated or interpolated over the entire visible spectra.
Irrespective of the printer architecture, measurements need to be made in real time as the media passes across and through the spectrophotometer 12 sensing nip. It is anticipated that the preferred test patch size for the spectrophotometer 12will be around 12 to 20 mm and that the measurement thereof may take about 20 milliseconds.
FIG. 3 is a schematic or block diagram of exemplary LED driver and signal processing circuits of the LED spectrophotometer 12 of FIGS. 1 and 2, generally identified here for convenience as part of the controller 100, even though it can be, inwhole or in part, a separate circuit, desirably having a single driver chip or die for all of the LED's in the spectrophotometer itself. In response to regular timing signals from the circuit 110 labeled "LED Drive, Signal Capture, & Data Valid Logic"here, each LED is pulsed in turn by briefly turning on its respective transistor driver Q1 through Q10, by which the respective LED's D1 through D10 are turned on by current from the indicated common voltage supply through respective resistors R1 throughR10. Ten different exemplary filtered light output colors or wavelengths of the ten respective LED's D1 through D10 are indicated in this FIG. 3 by the legends next to each of those LED's. Thus, each LED is sequenced one at a time to sequentiallytransmit light though its respective differently colored filter, such as filter 16 shown in FIG. 2.
While the LED's in this example are turned on one at time in sequence, it will be appreciated that the system is not limited thereto. There may be measurement modes in which it is desirable to turn on more than one LED or other illuminationsource at once on the same target area, such as opposing or oppositely angled illumination sources.
As also illustrated in the example of FIG. 3, at the right hand side, the relative reflectance of each actuated LED's color or wavelength is measured by conventional circuitry or software for amplifying 112 and integrating 114 the output of thephotodiode detector D12, and directing this signal or information to a sample and hold stage 116. That stage 116 provides an output signal indicated here as V.sub.out when released by an enabling signal input shown from circuit 110, which also providesan accompanying "Data Valid" signal. As discussed, the corresponding LED pulsing and detector sampling rate is sufficiently non-critical and rapid for sampling each of multiple reasonable size color test patches on a normal size copy sheet moving by thespectrophotometer even for a high speed printer moving sheets rapidly through its paper path. However, by briefly pulsing the common LED driver chip voltage source to provide brief LED drive currents above what is possible in a continuous mode, higherflux detection signals can obtained and the test patch can thus be interrogated in a shorter time period. In any case, by integrating the signal, such as with capacitor C1 and integrator 114 here, enhanced signal to noise ratios can be achieved.
It may be seen by those skilled in the art from that FIG. 3 shows a relatively simple and straightforward circuit. It can be readily implemented in an on-board hybrid chip architecture to provide a very compact and cost effective device.
An additional conventional LED light emitter and detector may be integrated or separately mounted to detect black and white fiduciary or control signals from the black and white fiduciary or timing marks 33 shown on the test sheet 30 of FIG. 4 toindicate the presence of each adjacent test patch 31 in the field of view of the spectrophotometer. However, it will be appreciated that with sufficiently accurate sheet timing and positional information already conventionally provided in the printer 20controller 100 that such fiducial marks 33 may not be needed, and the time of passage of the respective test patches 31 past the imaging area of the spectrophotometer detector will be already available from the known timing position of the lead edge ofeach test sheet 31 within the paper path 40.
Turning now to the details of the specific example of the subject spectrophotometer re-calibration system, it is generally known in the art that individual calibration of each of a spectrophotometer's LED spectral energy outputs may be done byusing a standard white tile test target for the spectrophotometer to convert each LED measurement to reflectance values. However, it has been discovered that where the spectrophotometer is mounted in the sheet path of a printer, as shown herein, thatthis calibration can be done frequently, automatically, and without removing the spectrophotometer from the printer. That is, with the spectrophotometer 12 placed at one side of the paper path 40 of the moving sheets in a printer a standard whitecalibration tile test surface such as 47 shown in FIGS. 2, 5 and 6, may be placed oppositely from the spectrophotometer 12 on the other side of the paper path 40, but in the field of view of the photosensor D12 and its lens system 13, so that, as shownin FIG. 6 (in contrast to FIG. 2) during any selected, or all, of the inter-sheet gaps (the normal spacing between printed sheets in the sheet path of the printer) a re-calibration can be carried out without having to move or refocus thespectrophotometer.
Specifically, when no sheet is present in the output path 40 in the sensing position or target area of the spectrophotometer 12, such as in the time interval between printing sheets, as in FIG. 6, and/or before and after print cycles, thespectrophotometer 12 can alternatively see and be calibrated by an (optional) standard white tile test surface or calibration plaque 47 mounted on the opposite side of the sheet output path 40.
This may be a simple test target area 47 on (or outside of, as shown) the opposite side of the paper path 40. It does not have to be in focus for the lens system 13 or the photosensor D12, merely large enough to be fully illuminated within thefield of view. This standard white calibration target 47 may be taped, glued or painted on the existing paper path baffle there. Preferably, as illustrated herein, this calibration test target 47 is a removable plate which is slide-mounted so as to bereadily removable from the printer for cleaning, replacement, or substitution of a grey or other different color test tile for diagnostics or other purposes.
As shown, this calibration test target 47 is preferably spaced behind a aperture 48 in that baffle. That is, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 6, the white tile target patch 47 may mounted outside of the output path 40 by being mounted outside of theopposing paper path baffle but still be visible to lens 13 through both the paper path 40 and a hole such as 48 in that baffle. That can help to reduce the contamination of the white calibration surface 47 by keeping it out of contact with passingsheets in the output path 40. The calibration test surface target 47 may be even further spaced outside of the output path 40 than is illustrated here, such as by being mounted on a separate mounting surface spaced behind the baffle aperture, becausefor the re-calibration process the spacing is not critical, nor is the lens system 13 magnification critical. That is because the calibration test surface 47 is always the same distance from the photodetector D12, since both are in fixed positions,unlike the test patches 31 on the test sheets 30, which can be moving anywhere in between the spaced apart baffles defining the output path 40. A substantially vertical orientation of the output path 40 location of the test surface 47 and thespectrophotometer 12 is preferred, to reduce potential contamination, since the test surface 47 is parallel to the output path 40. However, the disclosed system is not limited to that orientation or output path location.
The calibration target 47 is positioned to be both illuminated and seen by the spectrophotometer 12, as shown in FIG. 6, in between output sheets or otherwise whenever that test target 47 is not covered by a sheet of paper present at that pointof time in the paper path 40. The LED's may all be rapidly sequentially actuated to sequentially illuminate this fixed calibration target 47 and thus provide a photodetector D12 electrical signal for each LED's output at that point in time. Of course,this re-calibration need only be done at programmable pre-selected time intervals or machine usage intervals, at machine cycle-ups, and for tech rep diagnostic exercises, not in every inter-sheet gap in the output path 40.
This calibration system can convert the individual output energies of the respective LED's at that point in time on the calibration tile 47 into respective individual reflectance measurement values from the photosensor D12. That calibration datacan then be electronically compared to previously stored standard white tile characteristics data in the controller 100, or elsewhere, to provide calibration data for the spectrophotometer 12, which may be used for calibration of its other, color testpatch generated, data. The calibration data can also be used to adjust the individual LED output energies to compensate for LED aging or other output changes, by adjusting the applied current or voltage (if that is individually programmable) or byincreasing the respective turn-on times of the LEDs, where the photodetector D12 output signal is being integrated, as in this embodiment.
White calibration tiles per se are well known and available commercially from Lab Sphere Co., BCRA, etc. The calibration process itself is well known in the art, especially for initial calibrations. E.g., the X-Rite and Greytag Companies usethis method for their grating based devices, and the ColorSavvy and Accuracy Microsensors companies use those techniques routinely.
Initial spectrophotometer calibration data may be stored in an integral PROM IC shipped with the spectrophotometer, if desired. Alternatively, LED output initial calibration data may be programmed into the software being used to analyze theoutput of the spectrophotometer in other known manners, such as loading it into the disc storage or other programmable memory of the printer controller 100 or system print server.
While the embodiment disclosed herein is preferred, it will be appreciated from this teaching that various alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be made by those skilled in the art, which are intended to beencompassed by the following claims.
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9,677 | 1:1 In the third year of the reign of Joakim king of Juda, Nabuchodonosor king of Babylon came to Jerusalem, and besieged it.
1:2 And the Lord delivered into his hands Joakim the king of Juda, and part of the vessels of the house of God: and he carried them away into the land of Sennaar, to the house of his god, and the vessels he brought into the treasure house of his god.
1:3 And the king spoke to Asphenez the master of the eunuchs, that he should bring in some of the children of Israel, and of the king's seed and of the princes,
1:4 Children in whom there was no blemish, well favoured, and skilful in all wisdom, acute in knowledge, and instructed in science, and such as might stand in the king's palace, that he might teach them the learning, and the tongue of the Chaldeans.
1:5 And the king appointed them a daily provision, of his own meat, and of the wine of which he drank himself, that being nourished three years, afterwards they might stand before the king.
1:6 Now there were among them of the children of Juda, Daniel, Ananias, Misael, and Azarias.
1:7 And the master of the eunuchs gave them names: to Daniel, Baltassar: to Ananias, Sidrach: to Misael, Misach: and to Azarias, Abdenago.
1:8 But Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not be defiled with the king's table, nor with the wine which he drank: and he requested the master of the eunuchs that he might not be defiled.
1:9 And God gave to Daniel grace and mercy in the sight of the prince of the eunuchs.
1:10 And the prince of the eunuchs said to Daniel: I fear my lord the king, who hath appointed you meat and drink: who if he should see your faces leaner than those of the other youths your equals, you shall endanger my head to the king.
1:11 And Daniel said to Malasar, whom the prince of the eunuchs had appointed over Daniel, Ananias, Misael, and Azarias:
1:12 Try, I beseech thee, thy servants for ten days, and let pulse be given us to eat, and water to drink:
1:13 And look upon our faces, and the faces of the children that eat of the king's meat: and as thou shalt see, deal with thy servants.
1:14 And when he had heard these words, he tried them for ten days.
1:15 And after ten days their faces appeared fairer and fatter than all the children that ate of the king's meat.
1:16 So Malasar took their portions, and the wine that they should drink: and he gave them pulse.
1:17 And to these children God gave knowledge, and understanding in every book, and wisdom: but to Daniel the understanding also of all visions and dreams.
1:18 And when the days were ended, after which the king had ordered they should be brought in: the prince of the eunuchs brought them in before Nabuchodonosor.
1:19 And when the king had spoken to them, there were not found among them all such as Daniel, Ananias, Misael, and Azarias: and they stood in the king's presence.
1:20 And in all matters of wisdom and understanding, that the king inquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the diviners, and wise men, that were in all his kingdom.
1:21 And Daniel continued even to the first year of king Cyrus.
2:1 In the second year of the reign of Nabuchodonosor, Nabuchodonosor had a dream, and his spirit was terrified, and his dream went out of his mind.
2:2 Then the king commanded to call together the diviners and the wise men, and the magicians, and the Chaldeans: to declare to the king his dreams: so they came and stood before the king.
2:3 And the king said to them: I saw a dream: and being troubled in mind I know not what I saw.
2:4 And the Chaldeans answered the king in Syriac: O king, live for ever: tell to thy servants thy dream, and we will declare the interpretation thereof.
2:5 And the king answering said to the Chaldeans: The thing is gone out of my mind: unless you tell me the dream, and the meaning thereof, you shall be put to death, and your houses shall be confiscated.
2:6 But if you tell the dream, and the meaning of it, you shall receive of me rewards, and gifts, and great honour: therefore tell me the dream, and the interpretation thereof.
2:7 They answered again and said: Let the king tell his servants the dream, and we will declare the interpretation of it.
2:8 The king answered, and said: I know for certain that you seek to gain time, since you know that the thing is gone from me.
2:9 If therefore you tell me not the dream, there is one sentence concerning you, that you have also framed a lying interpretation, and full of deceit, to speak before me till the time pass away. Tell me therefore the dream, that I may know that you also give a true interpretation thereof.
2:10 Then the Chaldeains answered before the king, and said: There is no man upon earth, that can accomplish thy word, O king, neither doth any king, though great and mighty, ask such a thing of any diviner, or wise man, or Chaldean.
2:11 For the thing that thou askest, O king, is difficult; nor can any one be found that can shew it before the king, except the gods, whose conversation is not with men.
2:12 Upon hearing this, the king in fury, and in great wrath, commanded that all the wise men of Babylon should be put to death.
2:13 And the decree being gone forth, the wise men were slain: and Daniel and his companions were sought for, to be put to death.
2:14 Then Daniel inquired concerning the law and the sentence, of Arioch the general of the king's army, who was gone forth to kill the wise men of Babylon.
2:15 And he asked him that had received the orders of the king, why so cruel a sentence was gone forth from the face of the king. And when Arioch had told the matter to Daniel,
2:16 Daniel went in and desired of the king, that he would give him time to resolve the question and declare it to the king.
2:17 And he went into his house, and told the matter to Ananias, and Misael, and Azarias his companions:
2:18 To the end that they should ask mercy at the face of the God of heaven concerning this secret, and that Daniel and his companions might not perish with the rest of the wise men of Babylon.
2:19 Then was the mystery revealed to Daniel by a vision in the night: and Daniel blessed the God of heaven,
2:20 And speaking he said: Blessed be the name of the Lord from eternity and for evermore: for wisdom and fortitude are his.
2:21 And he changeth times and ages: taketh away kingdoms and establisheth them, giveth wisdom to the wise, and knowledge to them that have understanding.
2:22 He revealeth deep and hidden things, and knoweth what is in darkness: and light is with him.
2:23 To thee, O God of our fathers, I give thanks, and I praise thee: because thou hast given me wisdom and strength: and now thou hast shewn me what we desired of thee, for thou hast made known to us, the king's discourse.
2:24 After this Daniel went in to Arioch, to whom the king had given orders to destroy the wise men of Babylon, and he spoke thus to him: Destroy not the wise men of Babylon: bring me in before the king, and I will tell the solution to the king.
2:25 Then Arioch in haste brought in Daniel to the king, and said to him: I have found a man of the children of the captivity of Juda, that will resolve the question to the king.
2:26 The king answered, and said to Daniel, whose name was Baltassar: Thinkest thou indeed that thou canst tell me the dream that I saw, and the interpretation thereof?
2:27 And Daniel made answer before the king, and said: The secret that the king desireth to know, none of the wise men, or the philosophers, or the diviners, or the soothsayers can declare to the king.
2:28 But there is a God in heaven that revealeth mysteries, who hath shewn to thee, O king Nabuchodonosor, what is to come to pass in the latter times. Thy dream, and the visions of thy head upon thy bed, are these:
2:29 Thou, O king, didst begin to think in thy bed, what should come to pass hereafter: and he that revealeth mysteries shewed thee what shall come to pass.
2:30 To me also this secret is revealed, not by any wisdom that I have more than all men alive: but that the interpretation might be made manifest to the king, and thou mightest know the thoughts of thy mind.
2:31 Thou, O king, sawest, and behold there was as it were a great statue: this statue, which was great and high, tall of stature, stood before thee, and the look thereof was terrible.
2:32 The head of this statue was of fine gold, but the breast and the arms of silver, and the belly and the thighs of brass:
2:33 And the legs of iron, the feet part of iron and part of clay.
2:34 Thus thou sawest, till a stone was cut out of a mountain without hands: and it struck the statue upon the feet thereof that were of iron and of clay, and broke them in pieces.
2:35 Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of a summer's thrashingfloor, and they were carried away by the wind: and there was no place found for them: but the stone that struck the statue, became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.
2:36 This is the dream: we will also tell the interpretation thereof before thee, O king.
2:37 Thou art a king of kings: and the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, and strength, and power, and glory:
2:38 And all places wherein the children of men, and the beasts of the field do dwell: he hath also given the birds of the air into thy hand, and hath put all things under thy power: thou therefore art the head of gold.
2:39 And after thee shall rise up another kingdom, inferior to thee, of silver: and another third kingdom of brass, which shall rule over all the world.
2:40 And the fourth kingdom shall be as iron. As iron breaketh into pieces, and subdueth all things, so shall that break and destroy all these.
2:41 Arid whereas thou sawest the feet, and the toes, part of potter's clay, and part of iron: the kingdom shall be divided, but yet it shall take its origin from the iron, according as thou sawest the iron mixed with the miry clay.
2:42 And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken.
2:43 And whereas thou sawest the iron mixed with miry clay, they shall be mingled indeed together with the seed of man, but they shall not stick fast one to another, as iron cannot be mixed with clay.
2:44 But in the days of those kingdoms the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that shall never be destroyed, and his kingdom shall not be delivered up to another people, and it shall break in pieces, and shall consume all these kingdoms, and itself shall stand for ever.
2:45 According as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and broke in pieces, the clay, and the iron, and the brass, and the silver, and the gold, the great God hath shewn the king what shall come to pass hereafter, and the dream is true, and the interpretation thereof is faithful.
2:46 Then king Nabuchodonosor fell on his face, and worshipped Daniel, and commanded that they should offer in sacrifice to him victims and incense.
2:47 And the king spoke to Daniel, and said: Verily your God is the God of gods, and Lord of kings, and a revealer of hidden things: seeing thou couldst discover this secret.
2:48 Then the king advanced Daniel to a high station, and gave him many and great gifts: and he made him governor over all the provinces of Babylon, and chief of the magistrates over all the wise men of Babylon.
2:49 And Daniel requested of the king, and he appointed Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago over the works of the province of Babylon: but Daniel himself was in the king's palace.
3:1 King Nabuchodonosor made a statue of gold, of sixty cubits high, and six cubits broad, and he set it up in the plain of Dura of the province of Babylon.
3:2 Then Nabuchodonosor the king sent to call together the nobles, the magistrates, and the judges, the captains, the rulers, and governors, and all the chief men of the provinces, to come to the dedication of the statue which king Nabuchodonosor had set up.
3:3 Then the nobles, the magistrates, and the judges, the captains, and rulers, and the great men that were placed in authority, and all the princes of the provinces, were gathered together to come to the dedication of the statue, which king Nabuchodonosor had set up. And they stood before the statue which king Nabuchodonosor had set up.
3:4 Then a herald cried with a strong voice: To you it is commanded, O nations, tribes, and languages:
3:5 That in the hour that you shall hear the sound of the trumpet, and of the flute, and of the harp, of the sackbut, and of the psaltery, and of the symphony, and of all kind of music; ye fall down and adore the golden statue which king Nabuchodonosor hath set up.
3:6 But if any man shall not fall down and adore, he shall the same hour be cast into a furnace of burning fire.
3:7 Upon this therefore, at the time when all the people heard the sound of the trumpet, the flute, and the harp, of the sackbut, and the psaltery, of the symphony, and of all kind of music: all the nations, tribes, and languages fell down and adored the golden statue which king Nabuchodonosor had set up.
3:8 And presently at that very time some Chaldeans came and accused the Jews,
3:9 And said to king Nabuchodonosor: O king, live for ever:
3:10 Thou, O king, hast made a decree that every man that shall bear the sound of the trumpet, the flute, and the harp, of the sackbut, and the psaltery, of the symphony, and of all kind of music, shall prostrate himself, and adore the golden statue:
3:11 And that if any man shall not fall down and adore, he should be cast into a furnace of burning fire.
3:12 Now there are certain Jews whom thou hast set over the works of the province of Babylon, Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago: these men, O king, have slighted thy decree: they worship not thy gods, nor do they adore the golden statue which thou hast set up.
3:13 Then Nabuchodonosor in fury, and in wrath, commanded that Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago should be brought: who immediately were brought before the king.
3:14 And Nabuchodonosor the king spoke to them, and said: Is it true, O Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, that you do not worship my gods, nor adore the golden statue that I have set up?
3:15 Now therefore if you be ready at what hour soever you shall hear the sound of the trumpet, flute, harp, sackbut, and psaltery, and symphony, and of all kind of music, prostrate yourselves, and adore the statue which I have made: but if you do not adore, you shall be cast the same hour into the furnace of burning fire: and who is the God that shall deliver you out of my hand?
3:16 Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago answered and said to king Nabuchodonosor: We have no occasion to answer thee concerning this matter.
3:17 For behold our God, whom we worship, is able to save us from the furnace of burning fire, and to deliver us out of thy hands, O king.
3:18 But if he will not, be it known to thee, O king, that we will not worship thy gods, nor adore the golden statue which thou hast set up.
3:19 Then was Nabuchodonosor filled with fury: and the countenance of his face was changed against Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, and he commanded that the furnace should be heated seven times more than it had been accustomed to be heated.
3:20 And he commanded the strongest men that were in his army, to bind the feet of Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, and to cast them into the furnace of burning fire.
3:21 And immediately these men were bound and were cast into the furnace of burning fire, with their coats, and their caps, and their shoes, and their garments.
3:22 For the king's commandment was urgent, and the furnace was heated exceedingly. And the flame of the fire slew those men that had cast in Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago.
3:23 But these three men, that is, Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, fell down bound in the midst of the furnace of burning fire.
3:24 Then Nabuchodonosor the king was astonished, and rose up in haste, and said to his nobles: Did we not cast three men bound into the midst of the fire? They answered the king, and said: True, O king.
3:25 He answered, and said: Behold I see four men loose, and walking in the midst of the fire, and there is no hurt in them, and the form of the fourth is like the Son of God.
3:26 Then Nabuchodonosor came to the door of the burning fiery furnace, and said: Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, ye servants of the most high God, go ye forth, and come. And immediately Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago went out from the midst of the fire.
3:27 And the nobles, and the magistrates, and the judges, and the great men of the king being gathered together, considered these men, that the fire had no power on their bodies, and that not a hair of their head had been singed, nor their garments altered, nor the smell of the fire had passed on them.
3:28 Then Nabuchodonosor breaking forth, said: Blessed be the God of them, to wit, of Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, who hath sent his angel, and delivered his servants that believed in him: and they changed the king's word, and delivered up their bodies that they might not serve, nor adore any god, except their own God.
3:29 By me therefore this decree is made, that every people, tribe, and tongue, which shall speak blasphemy against the God of Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, shall be destroyed, and their houses laid waste: for there is no other God that can save in this manner.
3:30 Then the king promoted Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, in the province of Babylon.
4:1 Nabuchodonosor the king, to all peoples, nations, and tongues, that dwell in all the earth, peace be multiplied unto you.
4:2 The most high God hath wrought signs and wonders toward me. It hath seemed good to me therefore to publish
4:3 His signs, because they are great: and his wonders, because they are mighty: and his kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his power to all generations.
4:4 I Nabuchodonosor was at rest in my house, and flourishing in my palace:
4:5 I saw a dream that affrighted me: and my thoughts in my bed, and the visions of my head troubled me.
4:6 Then I set forth a decree, that all the wise men of Babylon should be brought in before me, and that they should shew me the interpretation of the dream.
4:7 Then came in the diviners, the wise men, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers, and I told the dream before them: but they did not shew me the interpretation thereof:
4:8 Till their colleague Daniel came in before me, whose name is Baltassar, according to the name of my god, who hath in him the spirit of the holy gods: and I told the dream before him.
4:9 Baltassar, prince of the diviners, because I know that thou hast in thee the spirit of the holy gods, and that no secret is impossible to thee: tell me the visions of my dreams that I have seen, and the interpretation of them.
4:10 This was the vision of my head in my bed: I saw, and behold a tree in the midst of the earth, and the height thereof was exceeding great.
4:11 The tree was great, and strong: and the height thereof reached unto heaven: the sight thereof was even to the ends of all the earth.
4:12 Its leaves were most beautiful, and its fruit exceeding much: and in it was food for all: under it dwelt cattle, and beasts, and in the branches thereof the fowls of the air had their abode: and all flesh did eat of it.
4:13 I saw in the vision of my head upon my bed, and behold a watcher, and a holy one came down from heaven.
4:14 He cried aloud, and said thus: Cut down the tree, and chop off the branches thereof: shake off its leaves, and scatter its fruits: let the beasts fly away that are under it, and the birds from its branches.
4:15 Nevertheless leave the stump of its roots in the earth, and let it be tied with a band of iron, and of brass, among the grass, that is without, and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let its portion be with the wild beasts in the grass of the earth.
4:16 Let his heart be changed from man's, and let a beast's heart be given him; and let seven times pass over him.
4:17 This is the decree by the sentence of the watchers, and the word And demand of the holy ones; till the living know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men; and he will give it to whomsoever it shall please him, and he will appoint the basest man over it.
4:18 I king Nabuchodonosor saw this dream: thou, therefore, O Baltassar, tell me quickly the interpretation: for all the wise men of my kingdom axe not able to declare the meaning of it to me: but thou art able, because the spirit of the holy gods is in thee.
4:19 Then Daniel, whose name was Baltassar, began silently to think within himself for about one hour: and his thoughts troubled him. But the king answering, said: Baltassar, let not the dream and the interpretation thereof trouble thee. Baltassar answered, and said: My lord, the dream be to them that hate thee, and the interpretation thereof to thy enemies.
4:20 The tree which thou sawest which was high and strong, whose height reached to the skies, and the sight thereof into all tire earth:
4:21 And the branches thereof were most beautiful, and its fruit exceeding much, and in it was food for all, under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and the birds of the air had their abode in its branches.
4:22 It is thou, O king, who art grown great and become mighty: for thy greatness hath grown, and hath reached to heaven, and thy power unto the ends of the earth.
4:23 And whereas the king saw a watcher, and a holy one come down from heaven, and say: Cut down the tree and destroy it, but leave the stump of the roots thereof in the earth, and let it be bound with iron and brass among the grass without, and let it be sprinkled with the dew of heaven, and let his feeding be with the wild beasts, till seven times pass over him.
4:24 This is the interpretation of the sentence of the most High, which is come upon my lord the king.
4:25 They shall cast thee out from among men, and thy dwelling shall be with cattle and with wild beasts, and thou shalt eat grass as an ox, and shalt be wet with the dew of heaven: and seven times shall pass over thee, till thou know that the most High ruleth over the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will.
4:26 But whereas he commanded, that the stump of the roots thereof, that is, of the tree, should be left: thy kingdom shall remain to thee after thou shalt have known that power is from heaven.
4:27 Wherefore, O king, let my counsel be acceptable to thee, and redeem thou thy sins with alms, and thy iniquities with works of mercy to the poor: perhaps he will forgive thy offences.
4:28 All these things came upon king Nabuchodonosor.
4:29 At the end of twelve months he was walking in the palace of Babylon.
4:30 And the king answered, and said: Is not this the great Babylon, which I have built to be the seat of the kingdom, by the strength of my power, and in the glory of my excellence?
4:31 And while the word was yet in the king's mouth, a voice came down from heaven: To thee, O king Nabuchodonosor, it is said: Thy kingdom shall pass from thee,
4:32 And they shall cast thee out from among men, and thy dwelling shall be with cattle and wild beasts: thou shalt eat grass like an ox, and seven times shall pass over thee, till thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will.
4:33 The same hour the word was fulfilled upon Nabuchodonosor, and he was driven away from among men, and did eat grass like an ox, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven: till his hairs grew like the feathers of eagles, and his nails like birds' claws.
4:34 Now at the end of the days, I Nabuchodonosor lifted up my eyes to heaven, and my sense was restored to me: and I blessed the most High, and I praised and glorified him that liveth for ever: for his power is an everlasting power, and his kingdom is to all generations.
4:35 And all the inhabitants of the earth are reputed as nothing before him: for he doth according to his will, as well with the powers of heaven, as among the inhabitants of the earth: and there is none that can resist his hand, and say to him: Why hast thou done it?
4:36 At the same time my sense returned to me, and I came to the honour and glory of my kingdom: and my shape returned to me: and my nobles, and my magistrates sought for me, and I was restored to my kingdom: and greater majesty was added to me.
4:37 Therefore I Nabuchodonosor do now praise, and magnify, and glorify the King of heaven: because all his works are true, and his ways judgments, and them that walk in pride he is able to abase.
5:1 Baltasar the king made a great feast for a thousand of his nobles: and every one drank according to his age.
5:2 And being now drunk he commanded that they should bring the vessels of gold and silver which Nabuchodonosor his father had brought away out of the temple, that was in Jerusalem, that the king and his nobles, and his wives and his concubines, might drink in them.
5:3 Then were the golden and silver vessels brought, which he had brought away out of the temple that was in Jerusalem: and the king and his nobles, his wives and his concubines, drank in them.
5:4 They drank wine, and praised their gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, and of wood, and of stone.
5:5 In the same hour there appeared fingers, as it were of the hand of a man, writing over against the candlestick upon the surface of the wall of the king's palace: and the king beheld the joints of the hand that wrote.
5:6 Then was the king's countenance changed, and his thoughts troubled him: and the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees struck one against the other.
5:7 And the king cried out aloud to bring in the wise men, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers. And the king spoke, and said to the wise men of Babylon: Whosoever shall read this writing, and shall make known to me the interpretation thereof, shall be clothed with purple, and shall have a golden chain on his neck, and shall be the third man in my kingdom.
5:8 Then came in all the king's wise men, but they could neither read the writing, nor declare the interpretation to the king.
5:9 Wherewith king Baltasar was much troubled, and his countenance was changed: and his nobles also were troubled.
5:10 Then the queen, on occasion of what had happened to the king, and his nobles, came into the banquet house: and she spoke and said: O king, live for ever: let not thy thoughts trouble thee, neither let thy countenance be changed.
5:11 There is a man in thy kingdom that hath the spirit of the holy gods in him: and in the days of thy father knowledge and wisdom were found in him: for king Nabuchodonosor thy father appointed him prince of the wise men, enchanters, Chaldeans, and soothsayers, thy father, I say, O king:
5:12 Because a greater spirit, and knowledge, and understanding, and interpretation of dreams, and shewing of secrets, and resolving of difficult things, were found in him, that is, in Daniel: whom the king named Baltarsar. Now therefore let Daniel be called for, and he will tell the interpretation.
5:13 Then Daniel was brought in before the king. And the king spoke, and said to him: Art thou Daniel of the children of the captivity of Juda, whom my father the king brought out of Judea?
5:14 I have heard of thee, that thou hast the spirit of the gods, and excellent knowledge, and understanding, and wisdom are found in thee.
5:15 And now the wise men the magicians have come in before me, to read this writing, and shew me the interpretation thereof: and they could not declare to me the meaning of this writing.
5:16 But I have heard of thee, that thou canst interpret obscure things, and resolve difficult things: now if thou art able to read the writing, and to shew me the interpretation thereof, thou shalt be clothed with purple, and shalt have a chain of gold about thy neck, and shalt be the third prince in my kingdom.
5:17 To which Daniel made answer, and said before the king: Thy rewards be to thyself, and the gifts of thy house give to another: but the writing I will read to thee, O king, and shew thee the interpretation thereof.
5:18 O king, the most high God gave to Nabuchodonosor thy father a kingdom, and greatness, and glory, and honour.
5:19 And for the greatness that he gave to him, all people, tribes, and languages trembled, and were afraid of him: whom he would, he slew: and whom he would, he destroyed: and whom he would, he set up: and whom he would, he brought down.
5:20 But when his heart was lifted up, and his spirit hardened unto pride, he was put down from the throne of his kingdom, and his glory was taken away.
5:21 And he was driven out from the sons of men, and his heart was made like the beasts, and his dwelling was with the wild asses, and he did eat grass like an ox, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven: till he knew that the most High ruled in the kingdom of men, and that he will set over it whomsoever it shall please him.
5:22 Thou also his son, O Baltasar, hast not humbled thy heart, whereas thou knewest all these things:
5:23 But hast lifted thyself up against the Lord of heaven: and the vessels of his house have been brought before thee: and thou, and thy nobles, and thy wives, and thy concubines have drunk wine in them: and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and of gold, and of brass, of iron, and of wood, and of stone, that neither see, nor hear, nor feel: but the God who hath thy breath in his hand, and all thy ways, thou hast not glorified.
5:24 Wherefore he hath sent the part of the hand which hath written this that is set down.
5:25 And this is the writing that is written: MANE, THECEL, PHARES.
5:26 And this is the interpretation of the word. MANE: God hath numbered thy kingdom, and hath finished it.
5:27 THECEL: thou art weighed in the balance, and art found wanting.
5:28 PHARES: thy kingdom is divided, and is given to the Medes and Persians.
5:29 Then by the king's command Daniel was clothed with purple, and a chain of gold was put about his neck: and it was proclaimed of him that he had power as the third man in the kingdom.
5:30 The same night Baltasar the Chaldean king was slain.
5:31 And Darius the Mede succeeded to the kingdom, being threescore and two years old.
6:1 It seemed good to Darius, and he appointed over the kingdom a hundred and twenty governors to be over his whole kingdom.
6:2 And three princes over them, of whom Daniel was one: that the governors might give an account to them, and the king might have no trouble.
6:3 And Daniel excelled all the princes, and governors: because a greater spirit of God was in him.
6:4 And the king thought to set him over all the kingdom: whereupon the princes, and the governors sought to find occasion against Daniel with regard to the king: and they could find no cause, nor suspicion, because he was faithful, and no fault, nor suspicion was found in him
6:5 Then these men said: We shall not find any occasion against this Daniel, unless perhaps concerning the law of his God.
6:6 Then the princes, and the governors craftily suggested to the king, and spoke thus unto him: King Darius, live for ever:
6:7 All the princes of the kingdom, the magistrates, and governors, the senators, and judges have consulted together, that an imperial decree, and an edict be published: That whosoever shall ask any petition of any god, or man, for thirty days, but of thee, O king, shall be cast into the den of lions.
6:8 Now, therefore, O king, confirm the sentence, and sign the decree: that what is decreed by the Medes and Persians may not be altered, nor any man be allowed to transgress it.
6:9 So king Darius set forth the decree, and established it.
6:10 Now when Daniel knew this, that is to say, that the law was made, he went into his house: and opening the windows in his upper chamber towards Jerusalem, he knelt down three times a day, and adored, and gave thanks before his God, as he had been accustomed to do before.
6:11 Wherefore those men carefully watching him, found Daniel praying and making supplication to his God.
6:12 And they came and spoke to the king concerning the edict: O king, hast thou not decreed, that every man that should make a request to any of the gods, or men, for thirty days, but to thyself, O king, should be cast into the den of the lions? And the king answered them, saying: The word is true according to the decree of the Medes and Persians, which it is not lawful to violate.
6:13 Then they answered, and said before the king: Daniel, who is of the children of the captivity of Juda, hath not regarded thy law, nor the decree that thou hast made: but three times a day he maketh his prayer.
6:14 Now when the king had heard these words, he was very much grieved, and in behalf of Daniel he set his heart to deliver him and even till sunset he laboured to save him.
6:15 But those mer. perceiving the king's design, said to him: Know thou, O king, that the law of the Medes and Persians is, that no decree which the king hath made, may be altered.
6:16 Then the king commanded, and they brought Daniel, and cast him into the den of the lions. And the king said to Daniel: Thy God, whom thou always servest, he will deliver thee.
6:17 And a stone was brought, and laid upon the mouth of the den: which the king sealed with his own ring, and with the ring of his nobles, that nothing should be done against Daniel.
6:18 And the king went away to his house and laid himself down without taking supper, and meat was not set before him, and even sleep departed from him.
6:19 Then the king rising very early in the morning, went in haste to the lions' den:
6:20 And coming near to the den, cried with a lamentable voice to Daniel, and said to him: Daniel, servant of the living God, hath thy God, whom thou servest always, been able, thinkest thou, to deliver thee from the lions?
6:21 And Daniel answering the king, said: O king, live for ever:
6:22 My God hath sent his angel, and hath shut up the mouths of the lions, and they have not hurt me: forasmuch as before him justice hath been found in me: yea and before thee, O king, I have done no offence.
6:23 Then was the king exceeding glad for him, and he commanded that Daniel should be taken out of the den: and Daniel was taken out of the den, and no hurt was found in him, because he believed in his God.
6:24 And by the king's commandment, those men were brought that bad accused Daniel: and they were cast into the lions' den, they and their children, and their wives: and they did not reach the bottom of the den, before the lions caught them, and broke all their bones in pieces.
6:25 Then king Darius wrote to all people, tribes, and languages, dwelling in the whole earth: PEACE be multiplied unto you.
6:26 It is decreed by me, that in all my empire and my kingdom all men dread and fear the God of Daniel. For he is the living and eternal God for ever: and his kingdom shall not be destroyed, and his power shall be for ever.
6:27 He is the deliverer, and saviour, doing signs and wonders in heaven, and in earth: who hath delivered Daniel out of the lions' den.
6:28 Now Daniel continued unto the reign of Darius, and the reign of Cyrus the Persian.
7:1 In the first year of Baltasar king of Babylon, Daniel saw a dream: and the vision of his head was upon his bed: and writing the dream, he comprehended it in few words: and relating the sum of it in short, he said:
7:2 I saw in my vision by night, and behold the four winds of the heaven strove upon the great sea.
7:3 And four great beasts, different one from another, came up out of the sea.
7:4 The first was like a lioness, and had the wings of an eagle: I beheld till her wings were plucked off, and she was lifted up from the earth, and stood upon her feet as a man, and the heart of a man was given to her.
7:5 And behold another beast like a bear stood up on one side: and there were three rows in the mouth thereof, and in the teeth thereof, and thus they said to it: Arise, devour much flesh.
7:6 After this I beheld, and lo, another like a leopard, and it had upon it four wings as of a fowl, and the beast had four heads, and power was given to it.
7:7 After this I beheld in the vision of the night, and lo, a fourth beast, terrible and wonderful, and exceeding strong, it had great iron teeth, eating and breaking in pieces, and treading down the rest with its feet: and it was unlike to the other beasts which I had seen before it, and had ten horns.
7:8 I considered the horns, and behold another little horn sprung out of the midst of them: and three of the first horns were plucked up at the presence thereof: and behold eyes like the eyes of a man were in this horn, and a mouth speaking great things.
7:9 I beheld till thrones were placed, and the Ancient of days sat: his garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like clean wool: his throne like flames of fire: the wheels of it like a burning fire.
7:10 A swift stream of fire issued forth from before him: thousands of thousands ministered to him, and ten thousand times a hundred thousand stood before him: the judgment sat, and the books were opened.
7:11 I beheld because of the voice of the great words which that horn spoke: and I saw that the beast was slain, and the body thereof was destroyed, and given to the fire to be burnt:
7:12 And that the power of the other beasts was taken away: and that times of life were appointed them for a time, and time.
7:13 I beheld therefore in the vision of the night, and lo, one like the son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and he came even to the Ancient of days: and they presented him before him.
7:14 And he gave him power, and glory, and a kingdom: and all peoples, tribes and tongues shall serve him: his power is an everlasting power that shall not be taken away: and his kingdom that shall not be destroyed.
7:15 My spirit trembled, I Daniel was affrighted at these things, and the visions of my head troubled me.
7:16 I went near to one of them that stood by, and asked the truth of him concerning all these things, and he told me the interpretation of the words, and instructed me:
7:17 These four great beasts are four kingdoms, which shall arise out of the earth.
7:18 But the saints of the most high God shall take the kingdom: and they shall possess the kingdom for ever and ever.
7:19 After this I would diligently learn concerning the fourth beast. which was very different from all, and exceeding terrible: his teeth and claws were of iron: he devoured and broke in pieces, and the rest he stamped upon with his feet:
7:20 And concerning the ten horns that he had on his head: and concerning the other that came up, before which three horns fell: and of that horn that had eyes, and a mouth speaking great things, and was greater than the rest.
7:21 I beheld, and lo, that horn made war against the saints, and prevailed over them,
7:22 Till the Ancient of days came and gave judgment to the saints of the most High, and the time came, and the saints obtained the kingdom.
7:23 And thus he said: The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon earth, which shall be greater than all the kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.
7:24 And the ten horns of the same kingdom, shall be ten kings: and another shall rise up after them, and he shall be mightier than the former, and he shall bring down three kings.
7:25 And he shall speak words against the High One, and shall crush the saints of the most High: and he shall think himself able to change times and laws, and they shall be delivered into his hand until a time, and times, and half a time.
7:26 And judgment shall sit, that his power may be taken away, and be broken in pieces, and perish even to the end.
7:27 And that the kingdom, and power, and the greatness of the kingdom, under the whole heaven, may be given to the people of the saints of the most High: whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all kings shall serve him, and shall obey him.
7:28 Hitherto is the end of the word. I Daniel was much troubled with my thoughts, and my countenance was changed in me: but I kept the word in my heart.
8:1 In the third year of the reign of king Baltasar, a vision appeared to me. I Daniel, after what I had seen in the beginning,
8:2 Saw in my vision when I was in the castle of Susa, which is in the province of Elam: and I saw in the vision that I was over the gate of Ulai.
8:3 And I lifted up my eyes, and saw: and behold a ram stood before the water, having two high horns, and one higher than the other, and growing up. Afterward
8:4 I saw the ram pushing with his horns against the west, and against the north, and against the south: and no beasts could withstand him, nor be delivered out of his hand: and he did according to his own will, and became great.
8:5 And I understood: and behold a he goat came from the west on the face of the whole earth, and he touched not the ground, and the he goat had a notable horn between his eyes.
8:6 And he went up to the ram that had the horns, which I had seen standing before the gate, and he ran towards him in the force of his strength.
8:7 And when he was come near the ram, he was enraged against him, and struck the ram: and broke his two horns, and the ram could not withstand him: and when he had cast him down on the ground, he stamped upon him, and none could deliver the ram out of his hand.
8:8 And the he goat became exceeding great: and when he was grown, the great horn was broken, and there came up four horns under it towards the four winds of heaven.
8:9 And out of one of them came forth a little horn: and it became great against the south, and against the east, and against the strength.
8:10 And it was magnified even unto the strength of heaven: and it threw down of the strength, and of the stars, and trod upon them.
8:11 And it was magnified even to the prince of the strength: and it took away from him the continual sacrifice, and cast down the place of his sanctuary.
8:12 And strength was given him against the continual sacrifice, because of sins: and truth shall be cast down on the ground, and he shall do and shall prosper.
8:13 And I heard one of the saints speaking, and one saint said to another, I know not to whom that was speaking: How long shall be the vision, concerning the continual sacrifice, and the sin of the desolation that is made: and the sanctuary, and the strength be trodden under foot?
8:14 And he said to him: Unto evening and morning two thousand three hundred days: and the sanctuary shall be cleansed.
8:15 And it came to pass when I Daniel saw the vision, and sought the meaning, that behold there stood before me as it were the appearance of a man.
8:16 And I heard the voice of a man between Ulai: and he called, and said: Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision.
8:17 And he came and stood near where I stood: and when he was come, I fell on my face trembling, and he said to me: Understand, O son of man, for in the time of the end the vision shall be fulfilled.
8:18 And when he spoke to me I fell flat on the ground: and he touched me, and set me upright,
8:19 And he said to me: I will shew thee what things are to come to pass in the end of the malediction: for the time hath its end.
8:20 The ram, which thou sawest with horns, is the king of the Medes and Persians.
8:21 And the he goat, is the king of the Greeks, and the great horn that was between his eyes, the same is the first king.
8:22 But whereas when that was broken, there arose up four for it: four kings shall rise up of his nation, but not with his strength.
8:23 And after their reign, when iniquities shall be grown up, there shall arise a king of a shameless face, and understanding dark sentences.
8:24 And his power shall be strengthened, but not by his own force: and he shall lay all things waste, and shall prosper, and do more than can be believed. And he shall destroy the mighty, and the people of the saints,
8:25 According to his will, and craft shall be successful in his hand: and his heart shall be puffed up, and in the abundance of all things he shall kill many: and he shall rise up against the prince of princes, and shall be broken without hand.
8:26 And the vision of the evening and the morning, which was told, is true: thou therefore seal up the vision, because it shall come to pass after many days.
8:27 And I Daniel languished, and was sick for some days: and when I was risen up, I did the king's business, and I was astonished at the vision, and there was none that could interpret it.
9:1 In the first year of Darius the son of Assuerus of the seed of the Medes, who reigned over the kingdom of the Chaldeans:
9:2 The first year of his reign, I Daniel understood by books the number of the years, concerning which the word of the Lord came to Jeremias the prophet, that seventy years should be accomplished of the desolation of Jerusalem.
9:3 And I set my face to the Lord my God, to pray and make supplication with fasting, and sackcloth, and ashes.
9:4 And I prayed to the Lord my God, and I made my confession, and said: I beseech thee, O Lord God, great and terrible, who keepest the covenant, and mercy to them that love thee, and keep thy commandments.
9:5 We have sinned, we have committed iniquity, we have done wickedly, and have revolted: and we have gone aside from thv commandments, and thy judgments.
9:6 We have not hearkened to thy servants the prophets, that have spoken in thy name to our kings, to our princes, to our fathers, and to all the people of the land.
9:7 To thee, O Lord, justice: but to us confusion of face, as at this day to the men of Juda, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and to all Israel to them that are near, and to them that are far off in all the countries whither thou hast driven them, for their iniquities by which they have sinned against thee.
9:8 O Lord, to us belongeth confusion of face, to our princes, and to our fathers that have sinned.
9:9 But to thee, the Lord our God, mercy and forgiveness, for we have departed from thee:
9:10 And we have not hearkened to the voice of the Lord our God, to walk in his law, which he set before us by his servants the prophets.
9:11 And all Israel have transgressed thy law, and have turned away from hearing thy voice, and the malediction, and the curse, which is written in the book of Moses the servant of God, is fallen upon us, because we have sinned against him.
9:12 And he hath confirmed his words which he spoke against us, and against our princes that judged us, that he would bring in upon us a great evil, such as never was under all the heaven, according to that which hath been done in Jerusalem.
9:13 As it is written in the law of Moses, all this evil is come upon us: and we entreated not thy face, O Lord our God, that we might turn from our iniquities, and think on thy truth.
9:14 And the Lord hath watched upon the evil, and hath brought it upon us: the Lord our God is just in all his works which he hath done: for we have not hearkened to his voice.
9:15 And now, O Lord our God, who hast brought forth thy people out of the land of Egypt with a strong hand, and hast made thee a name as at this day: we have sinned, we have committed iniquity,
9:16 O Lord, against all thy justice: let thy wrath and thy indignation be turned away, I beseech thee, from thy city Jerusalem, and from thy holy mountain. For by reason of our sins, and the iniquities of our fathers, Jerusalem, and thy people are a reproach to all that are round about us.
9:17 Now therefore, O our God, hear the supplication of thy servant, and his prayers: and shew thy face upon thy sanctuary which is desolate, for thy own sake.
9:18 Incline, O my God, thy ear, and hear: open thy eyes, and see our desolation, and the city upon which thy name is called: for it is not for our justifications that we present our prayers before thy face, but for the multitude of thy tender mercies.
9:19 O Lord, hear: O Lord, be appeased: hearken and do: delay not for thy own sake, O my God: because thy name is invocated upon thy city, and upon thy people.
9:20 Now while I was yet speaking, and praying, and confessing my sins, and the sins of my people of Israel, and presenting my supplications in the sight of my God, for the holy mountain of my God:
9:21 As I was yet speaking in prayer, behold the man Gabriel, whom I had seen in the vision at the beginning, flying swiftly touched me at the time of the evening sacrifice.
9:22 And he instructed me, and spoke to me, and said: O Daniel, I am now come forth to teach thee, and that thou mightest understand.
9:23 From the beginning of thy prayers the word came forth: and I am come to shew it to thee, because thou art a man of desires: therefore do thou mark the word, and understand the vision.
9:24 Seventy weeks are shortened upon thy people, and upon thy holy city, that transgression may be finished, and sin may have an end, and iniquity may be abolished; and everlasting justice may be brought; and vision and prophecy may be fulfilled; and the saint of saints may be anointed.
9:25 Know thou therefore, and take notice: that from the going forth of the word, to build up Jerusalem again, unto Christ the prince, there shall be seven weeks, and sixty-two weeks: and the street shall be built again, and the walls in straitness of times.
9:26 And after sixty-two weeks Christ shall be slain: and the people that shall deny him shall not be his. And a people with their leader that shall come, shall destroy the city and the sanctuary: and the end thereof shall be waste, and after the end of the war the appointed desolation.
9:27 And he shall confirm the covenant with many, in one week: and in the half of the week the victim and the sacrifice shall fall: and there shall be in the temple the abomination of desolation: and ihe desolation shall continue even to the consummation, and to the end.
10:1 In the third year of Cyrus king of the Persians, a word was revealed to Daniel surnamed Baltassar, and a true word, and great strength: and he understood the word: for there is need of understanding in a vision.
10:2 In those days I Daniel mourned the days of three weeks.
10:3 I ate no desirable bread, and neither flesh, nor wine entered into my mouth, neither was I anointed with ointment: till the days of three weeks were accomplished.
10:4 And in the four and twentieth day of the first month I was by the great river which is the Tigris.
10:5 And I lifted up my eyes, and I saw: and behold a man clothed in linen, and his loins were girded with the finest gold:
10:6 And his body was like the chrysolite, and his face as the appearance of lightning, and his eyes as a burning lamp: and his arms, and all downward even to the feet, like in appearance to glittering brass: and the voice of his word like the voice of a multitude.
10:7 And I Daniel alone saw the vision: for the men that were with me saw it not: but an exceeding great terror fell upon them, and they fled away, and hid themselves.
10:8 And I being left alone saw this great vision: and there remained no strength in me, and the appearance of my countenance was changed in me, and I fainted away, and retained no strength.
10:9 And I heard the voice of his words: and when I heard, I lay in a consternation, upon my face, and my face was close to the ground.
10:10 And behold a hand touched me, and lifted me up upon my knees, and upon the joints of my hands.
10:11 And he said to me: Daniel, thou man of desires, understand the words that I speak to thee, and stand upright: for I am sent now to thee. And when he had said this word to me, I stood trembling.
10:12 And he said to me: Fear not, Daniel: for from the first day that thou didst set thy heart to understand, to afflict thyself in the sight of thy God, thy words have been heard: and I am come for thy words.
10:13 But the prince of the kingdom of the Persians resisted me one and twenty days: and behold Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me, and I remained there by the king of the Persians.
10:14 But I am come to teach thee what things shall befall thy people in the latter days, for as yet the vision is for days.
10:15 And when he was speaking such words to me, I cast down my countenance to the ground, and held my peace.
10:16 And behold, as it were the likeness of a son of man touched my lips: then I opened my mouth, and spoke, and said to him that stood before me: O my Lord, at the sight of thee my joints are loosed, and no strength hath remained in me.
10:17 And how can the servant of my lord speak with my lord? for no strength remaineth in me, moreover my breath is stopped.
10:18 Therefore he that looked like a man touched me again, and strengthened me.
10:19 And he said: Fear not, O man of desires, peace be to thee: take courage and be strong. And when he spoke to me, I grew strong: and I said: Speak, O my lord, for thou hast strengthened me.
10:20 And he said: Dost thou know wherefore I am come to thee? and now I will return, to fight against the prince of the Persians. When I went forth, there appeared the prince of the Greeks coming.
10:21 But I will tell thee what is set down in the scripture of truth: and none is my helper in all these things, but Michael your prince.
11:1 And from the first year of Darius the Mede I stood up that he might be strengthened and confirmed.
11:2 And now I will shew thee the truth. Behold there shall stand yet three kings in Persia, and the fourth shall be enriched exceedingly above them all: and when he shall be grown mighty by his riches, he shall stir up all against the kingdom of Greece.
11:3 But there shall rise up a strong king, and shall rule with great power: and he shall do what he pleaseth.
11:4 And when he shall come to his height, his kingdom shall be broken, and it shall be divided towards the four winds of the heaven: but not to his posterity, nor according to his power with which he ruled. For his kingdom shall be rent in pieces, even for strangers, beside these.
11:5 And the king of the south shall be strengthened, and one of his princes shall prevail over him, and he shall rule with great power: for his dominion shall be great.
11:6 And after the end of years they shall be in league together: and the daughter of the king of the south shall come to the king of the north to make friendship, but she shall not obtain the strength of the arm, neither shall her seed stand: and she shall be given up, and her young men that brought her, and they that strengthened her in these times.
11:7 And a plant of the bud of her roots, shall stand up: and he shall come with an army, and shall enter into the province of the king of the north: and he shall abuse them, and shall prevail.
11:8 And he shall also carry away captive into Egypt their gods, and their graven things, and their precious vessels of gold and silver: he shall prevail against the king of the north.
11:9 And the king of the south shall enter into the kingdom, and shall return to his own land.
11:10 And his sons shall be provoked, and they shall assemble a multitude of great forces: and he shall come with haste like a flood: and he shall return and be stirred up, and he shall join battle with his forces.
11:11 And the king of the south being provoked shall go forth, and shall fight against the king of the north, and shall prepare an exceeding great multitude, and a multitude shall be given into his hand.
11:12 And he shall take a multitude, and his heart shall be lifted up, and he shall cast down many thousands: but he shall not prevail.
11:13 For the king of the north shall return and shall prepare a multitude much greater than before: and in the end of times and years, be shall come in haste with a great army, and much riches.
11:14 And in those times many shall rise up against the king of the south, and the children of prevaricators of thy people shall lift up themselves to fulfil the vision, and they shall fall.
11:15 And the king of the north shall come, and shall cast up a mount, and shall take the best fenced cities: and the arms of the south shall not withstand, and his chosen ones shall rise up to resist, and they shall not have strength.
11:16 And he shall come upon him and do according to his pleasure, and there shall be none to stand against his face: and he shall stand in the glorious land, and it shall be consumed by his hand.
11:17 And he shall set his face to come to possess all his kingdom, and he shall make upright conditions with him: and he shall give him a daughter of women, to overthrow it: and she shall not stand, neither shall she be for him.
11:18 And he shall turn his face to the islands, and shall take many: and he shall cause the prince of his reproach to cease, and his reproach shall be turned upon him.
11:19 And he shall turn his face to the empire of his own land, and he shall stumble, and fall, and shall not be found.
11:20 And there shall stand up in his place, one most vile, and unworthy of kingly honour: and in a few days he shall be destroyed, not in rage nor in battle.
11:21 And there shall stand up in his place one despised, and the kingly honour shall not be given him: and he shall come privately, and shall obtain the kingdom by fraud.
11:22 And the arms of the fighter shall be overcome before his face, and shall be broken; yea also the prince of the covenant.
11:23 And after friendships, he will deal deceitfully with him: and he shall go up, and shall overcome with a small people.
11:24 And he shall enter into rich and plentiful cities: and he shall do that which his fathers never did, nor his fathers' fathers: he shall scatter their spoils, and their prey, and their riches, and shall forecast devices against the best fenced places: and this until a time.
11:25 And his strength and his heart shall be stirred up against the king of the south with a great army: and the king of the south shall be stirred up to battle with many and very strong succours: and they shall not stand, for they shall form designs against him.
11:26 And they that eat bread with him, shall destroy him, and his army shall be overthrown: and many shall fall down slain.
11:27 And the heart of the two kings shall be to do evil, and they shall speak lies at one table, and they shall not prosper: because as yet the end is unto another time.
11:28 And he shall return into his land with much riches: and his heart shall be against the holy covenant, and he shall succeed and shall return into his own land.
11:29 At the time appointed he shall return, and he shall come to the south, but the latter time shall not be like the former.
11:30 And the galleys and the Romans shall come upon him, and he shall be struck, and shall return, and shall have indignation against the covenant of the sanctuary, and he shall succeed: and he shall return and shall devise against them that have forsaken the covenant of the sanctuary.
11:31 And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall defile the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the continual sacrifice, and they shall place there the abomination unto desolation.
11:32 And such as deal wickedly against the covenant shall deceitfully dissemble: but the people that know their God shall prevail and succeed.
11:33 And they that are learned among the people shall teach many: and they shall fall by the sword, and by fire, and by captivity, and by spoil for many days.
11:34 And when they shall have fallen they shall be relieved with a small help: and many shall be joined to them deceitfully.
11:35 And some of the learned shall fall, that they may be tried, and may be chosen, and made white even to the appointed time, because yet there shall be another time.
11:36 And the king shall do according to his will, and he shall be lifted up, and shall magnify himself against every god: and he shall speak great things against the God of gods, and shall prosper, till the wrath be accomplished. For the determination is made.
11:37 And he shall make no account of the God of his fathers: and he shall follow the lust of women, and he shall not regard any gods: for he shall rise up against all things.
11:38 But he shall worship the god Maozim in his place: and a god whom his fathers knew not, he shall worship with gold, and silver, and precious stones, and things of great price.
11:39 And he shall do this to fortify Maozim with a strange god, whom he hath acknowledged, and he shall increase glory and shall give them power over many, and shall divide the land gratis.
11:40 And at the time prefixed the king of the south shall fight against him, and the king of the north shall come against him like a tempest, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with a great navy, and he shall enter into the countries, and shall destroy, and pass through.
11:41 And he shall enter into the glorious land, and many shall fall: and these only shall be saved out of his hand, Edom, and Moab, and the principality of the children of Ammon.
11:42 And he shall lay his hand upon the lands: and the land of Egypt shall not escape.
11:43 And he shall have power over the treasures of gold, and of silver, and all the precious things of Egypt: and he shall pass through Libya, and Ethiopia.
11:44 And tidings out of the east, and out of the north shall trouble him: and he shall come with a great multitude to destroy and slay many.
11:45 And he shall fix his tabernacle Apadno between the seas, upon a glorious and holy mountain: and he shall come even to the top thereof, and none shall help him.
12:1 But at that time shall Michael rise up, the great prince, who standeth for the children of thy people: and a time shall come such as never was from the time that nations began even until that time. And at that time shall thy people be saved, every one that shall be found written in the book.
12:2 And many of those that sleep in the dust of the earth, shall awake: some unto life everlasting, and others unto reproach, to see it always.
12:3 But they that are learned shall shine as the brightness of the firmament: and they that instruct many to justice, as stars for all eternity.
12:4 But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time appointed: many shall pass over, and knowledge shall be manifold.
12:5 And I Daniel looked, and behold as it were two others stood: one on this side upon the bank of the river, and another on that side, on the other bank of the river.
12:6 And I said to the man that was clothed In linen, that stood upon the waters of the river: How long shall it be to the end of these wonders?
12:7 And I heard the man that was clothed in linen, that stood upon the waters of the river: when he had lifted up his right hand, and his left hand to heaven, and had sworn, by him that liveth for ever, that it should be unto a time, and times, and half a time. And when the scattering of the band of the holy people shall be accomplished, all these things shall be finished.
12:8 And I heard, and understood not. And I said: O my lord, what shall be after these things?
12:9 And he said: Go, Daniel, because the words are shut up, and sealed until the appointed time.
12:10 Many shall be chosen, and made white, and shall be tried as fire: and the wicked shall deal wickedly, and none of the wicked shall understand, but the learned shall understand.
12:11 And from the time when the continual sacrifice shall be taken away, and the abomination unto desolation shall be set up, there shall be a thousand two hundred ninety days,
12:12 Blessed is he that waiteth and cometh unto a thousand three hundred thirty-five days.
12:13 But go thou thy ways until the time appointed: and thou shalt rest, and stand in thy lot unto the end of the days.
13:1 Now there was a man that dwelt in Babylon, and his name was Joakim:
13:2 And he took a wife whose name was Susanna, the daughter of Helcias, a very beautiful woman, and one that feared God.
13:3 For her parents being just, had instructed their daughter according to the law of Moses.
13:4 Now Joakim was very rich, and had an orchard near his house: and the Jews resorted to him, because he was the most honourable of them all.
13:5 And there were two of the ancients of the people appointed judges that year, of whom the Lord said: Iniquity came out from Babylon from the ancient judges, that seemed to govern the people.
13:6 These men frequented the house of Joakim, and all that had any matters of judgment came to them.
13:7 And when the people departed away at noon, Susanna went in, and walked in her husband's orchard.
13:8 And the old men saw her going in every day, and walking: and they were inflamed with lust towards her:
13:9 And they perverted their own mind and turned away their eyes that they might not look unto heaven, nor remember just judgments.
13:10 So they were both wounded with the love of her, yet they did not make known their grief one to the other:
13:11 For they were ashamed to declare to one another their lust, being desirous to have to do with her.
13:12 And they watched carefully every day to see her. And one said to the other:
13:13 Let us now go home, for it is dinner time. So going out they departed one from another.
13:14 And turning back again, they came both to the same place: and asking one another the cause, they acknowledged their lust; and then they agreed upon a time, when they might find her alone.
13:15 And it fell out, as they watched a fit day, she went in on a time, as yesterday and the day before, with two maids only, and was desirous to wash herself in the orchard: for it was hot weather.
13:16 And there was nobody there, but the two old men that had hid themselves and were beholding her.
13:17 So she said to the maids: Bring me oil, and washing balls, and shut the doors of the orchard, that I may wash me.
13:18 And they did as she bade them: and they shut the doors of the orchard, and went out by a back door to fetch what she had commanded them, and they knew not that the elders were hid within.
13:19 Now when the maids were gone forth, the two elders arose, and ran to her, and said:
13:20 Behold the doors of the orchard are shut, and nobody seeth us, and we are in love with thee: wherefore consent to us, and lie with us.
13:21 But if thou wilt not, we will bear witness against thee, that a young man was with thee, and therefore thou didst send away thy maids from thee.
13:22 Susanna sighed, and said: I am straitened on every side: for if I do this thing, it is death to me: and if I do it not, I shall not escape your hands.
13:23 But it is better for me to fall into your hands without doing it, than to sin in the sight of the Lord.
13:24 With that Susanna cried out with a loud voice: and the elders also cried out against her.
13:25 And one of them ran to the door of the orchard, and opened it.
13:26 So when the servants of the house heard the cry in the orchard, they rushed in by the back door to see what was the matter.
13:27 But after the old men had spoken, the servants were greatly ashamed: for never had there been any such word said of Susanna. And on the next day,
13:28 When the people were come to Joakim her husband, the two elders also came full of wicked device against Susanna, to put her to death.
13:29 And they said before the people: Send to Susanna daughter of Helcias the wife of Joakim. And presently they sent.
13:30 And she came with her parents, and children, and all her kindred.
13:31 Now Susanna was exceeding delicate, and beautiful to behold.
13:32 But those wicked men commanded that her face should be uncovered, (for she was covered,) that so at least they might be satisfied with her beauty.
13:33 Therefore her friends and all her acquaintance wept.
13:34 But the two elders rising up in the midst of the people, laid their hands upon her head.
13:35 And she weeping looked up to heaven, for her heart had confidence in the Lord.
13:36 And the elders said: As we walked in the orchard alone, this woman came in with two maids, and shut the doors of the orchard, and sent away the maids from her.
13:37 Then a young man that was there hid came to her, and lay with her.
13:38 But we that were in a corner of the orchard, seeing this wickedness, ran up to them, and we saw them lie together.
13:39 And him indeed we could not take, because he was stronger than us, and opening the doors be leaped out:
13:40 But having taken this woman, we asked who the young man was, but she would not tell us: of this thing we are witnesses.
13:41 The multitude believed them as being the elders and the judges of the people, and they condemned her to death.
13:42 Then Susanna cried out with a loud voice, and said: O eternal God, who knowest hidden things, who knowest all things before they come to pass,
13:43 Thou knowest that they have borne false witness against me: and behold I must die, whereas I have done none of these things, which these men have maliciously forged against me.
13:44 And the Lord heard her voice.
13:45 And when she was led to be put to death, the Lord raised up the holy spirit of a young boy, whose name was Daniel.
13:46 And he cried out with a loud voice I am clear from the blood of this woman.
13:47 Then all the people turning themselves towards him, said: What meaneth this word that thou hast spoken?
13:48 But he standing in the midst of them, said: Are ye so foolish, ye children of Israel, that without examination or knowledge of the truth, you have condemned a daughter of Israel?
13:49 Return to judgment, for they have borne false witness against her.
13:50 So all the people turned again in haste, and the old men said to him: Come, and sit thou down among us, and shew it as: seeing God hath given thee the honour of old age.
13:51 And Daniel said to the people: Separate these two far from one another, and I will examine them.
13:52 So when they were put asunder one from the other, he called one of them, and said to him: O thou that art grown old in evil days, now are thy sins come out, which thou hast committed before:
13:53 In judging unjust judgments, oppressing the innocent, and letting the guilty to go free, whereas the Lord saith: The innocent and the just thou shalt not kill.
13:54 Now then, if thou sawest her, tell me under what tree thou sawest them conversing together. He said: Under a mastic tree.
13:55 And Daniel said: Well hast thou lied against thy own head: for behold the angel of God having received the sentence of him, shall cut thee in two.
13:56 And having put him aside, he commanded that the other should come, and he said to him: O thou seed of Chanaan, and not of Juda, beauty hath deceived thee, and lust hath perverted thy heart:
13:57 Thus did you do to the daughters of Israel, and they for fear conversed with you: but a daughter of Juda would not abide your wickedness.
13:58 Now therefore tell me, under what tree didst thou take them conversing together., And he answered: Under a holm tree.
13:59 And Daniel said to him: Well hast thou also lied against thy own head: for the angel of the Lord waiteth with a sword to cut thee in two, and to destroy you.
13:60 With that all the assembly cried out with a loud voice, and they blessed God, who saveth them that trust in him.
13:61 And they rose up against the two elders, (for Daniel had convicted them of false witness by their own mouth,) and they did to them as they had maliciously dealt against their neighbour,
13:62 To fulfil the law of Moses: and they put them to death, and innocent blood was saved in that day.
13:63 But Helcias and his wife praised God, for their daughter Susanna, with Joakim her husband, and all her kindred, because there was no dishonesty found in her.
13:64 And Daniel became great in the sight of the people from that day, and thenceforward.
13:65 And king Astyages was gathered to his fathers, and Cyrus the Persian received his kingdom.
14:1 And Daniel was the king's guest, and was honoured above all his friends.
14:2 Now the Babylonians had an idol called Bel: and there were spent upon him every day twelve great measures of fine flour, and forty sheep, and sixty vessels of wine.
14:3 The king also worshipped him, and went every day to adore him: but Daniel adored his God. And the king said to him: Why dost thou not adore Bel?
14:4 And he answered, and said to him: Because I do not worship idols made with hands, but the living God, that created heaven and earth, and hath power over all flesh.
14:5 And the king said to him: Doth not Bel seem to thee to be a living god? Seest thou not how much he eateth and drinketh every day?
14:6 Then Daniel smiled and said: O king, be not deceived: for this is but clay within, and brass without, neither hath he eaten at any time.
14:7 And the king being angry called for his priests, and said to them: If you tell me not, who it is that eateth up these expenses, you shall die.
14:8 But if you can shew that Bel eateth these things, Daniel shall die, because he hath blasphemed against Bel. And Daniel said to the king: Be it done according to thy word.
14:9 Now the priests of Bel were seventy, besides their wives, and little ones, and children. And the king went with Daniel into the temple of Bel.
14:10 And the priests of Bel said: Behold we go out: and do thou, O king, set on the meats, and make ready the wine, and shut the door fast, and seal it with thy own ring:
14:11 And when thou comest in the morning, if thou findest not that Bel hath eaten up all, we will suffer death, or else Daniel that hath lied against us.
14:12 And they little regarded it, because they had made under the table a secret entrance, and they always came in by it, and consumed those things.
14:13 So it came to pass after they were gone out, the king set the meats before Bel: and Daniel commanded his servants, and they brought ashes, and he sifted them all over the temple before the king: and going forth they shut the door, and having sealed it with the king's ring, they departed.
14:14 But the priests went in by night, according to their custom, with their wives and their children: and they ate and drank up all.
14:15 And the king arose early in the morning, and Daniel with him.
14:16 And the king said: Are the seals whole, Daniel? And he answered: They are whole, O king.
14:17 And as soon as he had opened the door, the king looked upon the table, and cried out with a loud voice: Great art thou, O Bel, and there is not any deceit with thee.
14:18 And Daniel laughed: and he held the king that he should not go in: and he said: Behold the pavement, mark whose footsteps these are.
14:19 And the king said: I see the footsteps of men, and women, and children. And the king was angry.
14:20 Then he took the priests, and their wives, and their children: and they shewed him the private doors by which they came in, and consumed the things that were on the table.
14:21 The king therefore put them to death, and delivered Bel into the power of Daniel: who destroyed him, and his temple.
14:22 And there was a great dragon in that place, and the Babylonians worshipped him.
14:23 And the king said to Daniel: Behold thou canst not say now, that this is not a living god: adore him therefore.
14:24 And Daniel said: I adore the Lord my God: for he is the living God: but that is no living god.
14:25 But give me leave, O king, and I will kill this dragon without sword or club. And the king said: I give thee leave.
14:26 Then Daniel took pitch, and fat, and hair, and boiled them together: and he made lumps, and put them into the dragon's mouth, and the dragon burst asunder. And he said: Behold him whom you worshipped.
14:27 And when the Babylonians had heard this, they took great indignation: and being gathered together against the king, they said: The king is become a Jew. He hath destroyed Bel, he hath killed the dragon, and he hath put the priests to death.
14:28 And they came to the king, and said: Deliver us Daniel, or else we will destroy thee and thy house.
14:29 And the king saw that they pressed upon him violently: and being constrained by necessity he delivered Daniel to them.
14:30 And they cast him into the den of lions, and he was there six days.
14:31 And in the den there were seven lions, and they had given to them two carcasses every day, and two sheep: but then they were not given unto them, that they might devour Daniel.
14:32 Now there was in Judea a prophet called Habacuc, and he had boiled pottage, and had broken bread in a bowl: and was going into the field, to carry it to the reapers.
14:33 And the angel of the Lord said to Habacuc: Carry the dinner which thou hast into Babylon to Daniel, who is in the lions' den.
14:34 And Habacuc said: Lord, I never saw Babylon, nor do I know the den.
14:35 And the angel of the Lord took him by the top of his head, and carried him by the hair of his head, and set him in Babylon over the den in the force of his spirit.
14:36 And Habacuc cried, saying: O Daniel, thou servant of God, take the dinner that God hath sent thee.
14:37 And Daniel said: Thou hast remembered me, O God, and thou hast not forsaken them that love thee.
14:38 And Daniel arose and ate. And the angel of the Lord presently set Habacuc again in his own place.
14:39 And upon the seventh day the king came to bewail Daniel: and he came to the den, and looked in, and behold Daniel was sitting in the midst of the lions.
14:40 And the king cried out with a loud voice, saying: Great art thou, O Lord the God of Daniel. And he drew him out of the lions' den.
14:41 But those that bad been the cause of his destruction, he cast into the den, and they were devoured in a moment before him.
14:42 Then the king said: Let all the inhabitants of the whole earth fear the God of Daniel: for he is the Saviour, working signs, and wonders in the earth: who hath delivered Daniel out of the lions' den. | 77,823 | 463 |
393,026 | US 4563079 A
An image formation apparatus has a first feeder for feeding a copy sheet from a container containing a number of copy sheets therein, and a second feeder for feeding a copy sheet supplied manually thereto. Both feeders feed the copy sheet to an image formation station, and a scanner exposure-scans an original image to form a copy image. A first detector detects the size of manually supplied copy sheets, and a second detector detects the size of the copy sheets in the container. A controller controls the movement of the scanner in accordance with detection by the first and second detectors, so that the scanning stroke length of the scanner is station coordinated for the size of the copy sheet manually supplied to the image formation and supplied from the container.
1. A copying apparatus having:
a container for holding a number of copy sheets;
an image formation station;
first feed means for feeding a copy sheet from said container to said image formation station;
second feed means for feeding a manually supplied copy sheet to said image formation station;
means for exposure-scanning an original image with one of predetermined different scanning stroke lengths to form a copy image on a copy sheet at said image formation station;
first detector means for detecting the size of the copy sheets in said container and generating a first signal indicative thereof;
second detector means for detecting the size of a manually supplied copy sheet and generating a second signal indicative thereof; and
control means for controlling the movement of said scanning means by selecting one of first, second and third scanning stroke lengths in response to a first signal generated by said first detector means in the case of copying on a copy sheet fed by said first feed means, and by selecting one of said first and second scanning stroke lengths in response to a second signal generated by said second detector in the case of copying on the copy sheet fed by said second feed means.
2. A copying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said second detector means is positioned on a path along which the copy sheet is fed by said second feed means.
3. An image formation apparatus comprising:
means for exposure-scanning an original image;
means for forming an original image scanned by said scanning means on a sheet fed through a predetermined path;
a container for holding a number of copy sheets;
first feed means for automatically feeding sheets to said path from said container;
second feed means for feeding a manually supplied sheet to said path;
means for selecting one of said first feed means and said second feed means;
means for inhibiting, after the copy sequence for the sheet fed by said one of said feed means selected by said selecting means has been started, the feed operation by the other of said feed means; and
means for deactivating said inhibiting means at a predetermined time after exposure scanning of the original image but before completion of said copy sequence, thereby permitting the feed operation by said other feed means.
4. An image formation apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said exposure-scanning means comprises a movable element and said deactivating means is operated in response to the movement of said movable element.
5. An image formation apparatus comprising:
a cassette for holding a plurality of sheets;
an image formation station;
first feed means for feeding a sheet from said cassette to said image formation station;
second feed means for feeding a sheet manually supplied to said apparatus at an insert location to said image formation station, said cassette and said insert location being positioned at different distances from said image formation station;
detector means for detecting said sheet fed by said second feed means; and
control means for controlling said second feed means in accordance with the detection signal of said detector means, said control means comprising:
timer means operable in response to the detection signal of said detector means; and
means for interrupting the sheet feeding upon arrival of the leading end of a sheet at a predetermined position and again feeding said sheet to said image formation station in response to the function of said timer means.
6. An image formation apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising means for interrupting sheet feeding by said first feeding means, wherein said timer means comprises a timer corresponding to the amount of feed by said first feed means and by said interrupting means.
7. An image formation apparatus according to claim 5, further having second detector means for detecting the sheet and wherein said control means effects feed-on by said second detector means and effects feed-off by said timer means.
8. An image formation apparatus comprising:
an image forming station;
means for forming an image at said image forming station on a manually supplied sheet;
means for detecting the insertion of said sheet;
means for feeding said sheet to said image forming station; and
control means for driving said feeding means and initiating an image forming operation with a delay of predetermined time after the detection of said sheet by said detecting means, wherein the control means does not initiate said image forming operation even after the lapse of said predetermined time if the sheet is removed before the lapse of the predetermined time after the sheet detection by said detecting means.
9. A transfer type image formation apparatus comprising:
a rotatable member;
means comprising charging means and adapted for forming an image on said rotatable member and transferring the image to a transfer sheet;
means adapted for separating the transfer sheet from said rotatable member and comprising means for erasing surface charge from said rotatable member in a band-like area;
means for detecting a manually supplied transfer sheet; and
means for controlling the image formation operation in accordance with said detection means, wherein said detecting means is positioned in facing relation to the surface of said rotatable member from which the charge is erased by said erasing means.
10. A transfer type image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said erasing means comprises a light source for irradiating said rotatable member.
11. A transfer type copying apparatus comprising:
a transfer station;
means for feeding a manually supplied copy sheet to said transfer station;
means for exposure-scanning an original image;
a rotatable member for forming an image and transferring said formed image onto the manually supplied copy sheet at said transfer station;
first detector means for detecting the manually supplied copy sheet;
first control means responsive to detection by said first detector means for controlling said scanning means to initiate the scanning of the original image and for controlling said feeding means to initiate the feeding of the manually supplied copy sheet to a predetermined position before said transfer station;
second detector means for detecting the position of said scanning means; and
second control means responsive to detection by said second detector means for controlling said feeding means to advance the manually supplied copy sheet at the predetermined position to said transfer station.
12. A transfer type copying apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising:
a cassette for holding a plurality of sheets, wherein if the copy sheet is not manually supplied, said feeding means feeds the sheet from said cassette to said transfer station in response to detection by said second detector means, and the copying operation is initiated by a copy operation start command.
13. A transfer type copying apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said first control means causes said feeding means to initiate the feeding operation after a predetermined time from the detection by said first detector means.
14. A transfer type copying apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said rotatable member forms the image based on the exposure-scanning by said scanning means, and wherein said first control means further controls said rotatable member to rotate in response to detection by said first detector means and said first control means causes said scanning means to initiate the scanning of the original image when said rotatable member rotates a predetermined amount.
15. An image forming apparatus comprising:
an image forming station;
means for exposure-scanning an original image;
means for feeding a manually supplied sheet to said image forming station;
first detector means for detecting said manual supply of a sheet and generating a first signal indicative thereof;
second detector means for detecting feed of said sheet by said feed means and generating a second signal indicative thereof;
third detector means for detecting the position of said scanning means and generating a third signal indicative thereof; and
control means adapted to activate said feed means in response to a first signal generated by said first detector means, to stop said feed means in response to a second detection signal generated by said second detector means, and to re-activate said feed means in response to a third signal generated by said third detector means.
16. An image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said control means is adapted to control the operation of said scanning means in response to a second signal generated by said second detector means.
17. An image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said control means is adapted to reactivate said feed means in response to a third signal generated by said third detector means, in case said sheet is detected both by said first and second detector means.
18. A copy apparatus comprising:
a container for holding a plurality of copy sheets;
an image forming station;
first feed means for feeding a copy sheet from said container to said image forming station;
second feed means for feeding a manually supplied copy sheet to said image forming station;
means for exposure-scanning an original image to form a copy image on a copy sheet at said image forming station;
control means adapted for controlling said scanning means to operate at one of a first plurality of scanning stroke lengths when the copy sheet is fed by said first feed means and at one of a second plurality of scanning stroke lengths when the copy sheet is fed by said second feed means, wherein the number of said second plurality of scanning stroke lengths for copying operation using said second feed means is less than the number of said first plurality of scanning stroke lengths for copying operation using said first feed means.
19. A copying apparatus according to claim 18, wherein said control means controls said scanning means in accordance with a size of the copy sheet fed to said image forming station.
20. A copying apparatus comprising:
a reciprocable scanning means for scanning an original in a scanning stroke thereof;
image forming means for forming an image of the scanned original on a recording sheet medium fed into the apparatus;
first feed means operable in an automatic supply mode for feeding a recording sheet medium into the apparatus from a supply station;
second feed means operable in a manuaal supply mode for feeding a manually supplied recording sheet medium;
detector means for detecting the size of the recording sheet medium in said supply station; and
control means for controlling the scanning operation of said scanning means, said control means causing said scanning means to perform the scanning operation, in said automatic supply mode, by changing the scanning stroke thereof in accordance with the size detection by said detector means, and in said manual supply mode, with a predetermined scanning stroke without regard to the size detection by said detector means.
21. A copying apparatus according to claim 20, wherein said control means is arranged to control said scanning means so as to select one of plural scanning strokes, in said automatic supply mode, in accordance with the size detection by said detector means.
22. A copying apparatus according to claim 20, wherein, in said manual supply mode, said control means determines the length of the scanning stroke in accordance with the size of the manually supplied recording sheet medium.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 486,874 filed Apr. 21, 1983, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 149,430 filed May 13, 1980, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an image formation apparatus such as a copying apparatus or a recording apparatus having a mechanism for manually or automatically feeding sheets.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There are known apparatus in which a sheet is fed from a place such as a cassette containing a number of sheets therein and exposure or image transfer is applied to the sheet to obtain a copy image or a sheet is manually fed to obtain a copy image thereon.
It is particularly convenient to manually feed a sheet along another path and preferentially obtain a copy image on the sheet which is different in size or paper quality from the sheets contained in the cassette.
However, provision of independent and exclusive paths for manually supply and automatic supply from a cassette which lead to the image formation station would result in a bulky and complicated construction of the copying apparatus.
Also, feeding sheets by the use of a common path would cause jam of the sheets or apparatus trouble which would be inconvenient to the operator.
In a case where the cassette process sequence is controlled by the same control circuit in accordance with various signals from the cassette, the process sequence concerned with the manual supply may also be controlled by those signals and this may cause a process trouble or cause formation of an incomplete image on the manually supplied sheet.
It would also be convenient to make it possible to form an image on manually supplied sheets of different sizes. However, when a sheet of a width smaller than the width of the insertion bed is inserted, the sheet may be obliquely inserted with a result that an image is formed at an unsuitable position on the sheet or the sheet jams.
In a case where a sheet is supported and fed so as to be inserted into the apparatus and then a copy start button is operated, the operator is required to use both of his hands and this means very poor operability. Moreover, it is very difficult to insert a sheet for straight feed and it is often the case that the sheet is fed obliquely.
Particularly, in a transfer type copying apparatus, where the sequence control is effected by detecting a manually supplied sheet, it is necessary to select the position of the sheet detector to an optimal position so as not to harm the image transfer registration. This imposes a limitation on the compactness of the copying apparatus.
In a transfer type copying apparatus, if the path leading to the image transfer station is long, sheet jam or image transfer misregistration is liable to occur. For example, there are apparatus in which a sheet is stopped by stopped register rollers and image transfer registration is effected by driving a roller in synchronism with the image on the drum. In this case, the sheet is caused to strike against the register rollers to provide a flexure of the sheet, but if the path to the register rollers is long, an appropriate flexure may not be provided sometimes. This may lead to poor registration accuracy or occurrence of sheet jam.
Also, in a transfer type copying apparatus, if the photosensitive drum is made small, the time required for the leading end of the image on the drum to reach the image transfer station from the start of copying becomes so much shorter that there is not enough time allowed for good image transfer registration to be obtained, and this may result in poor registration accuracy.
Further, in a transfer type copying apparatus, an image has been formed on the photosensitive drum by reciprocal movement of an original platen to make the apparatus compact and to obtain copies of a relatively large size. However, a complicated mechanism is necessary to move the platen and automatically return it and thus, low cost and compactness of the apparatus have been difficult to provide.
Also, the compactness of the copying apparatus has been limited due to the size of its photosensitive drum and the length of the optical path of the original image relative to the drum.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus such as a copying apparatus capable of sheet feeding which eliminates the above-noted disadvantages.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus which is capable of forming an image at an appropriate position on a manually supplied sheet.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus in which a manually supplied sheet is prevented from jamming.
It is yet still another object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus in which an image can be formed on any sheet automatically fed from a cassette containing a number of sheets therein and a manually supplied sheet without disturbing the order of steps in the process sequence.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a copying apparatus in which the copying operation on a manually supplied sheet is enhanced.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus in which no limitation is imposed on the disposition of means necessary for sheet feeding.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a copying apparatus which is compact in size and capable of two modes of sheet feeding.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a transfer type copying apparatus of high speed and low cost which reduces the time required for continuous copying.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus which has a mode in which sheets are repetitively automatically fed from a cassette for image formation and a mode in which a sheet is manually fed for image formation and in which during one mode of operation, the other mode of operation is inhibited.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus in which the process sequence for the cassette sheets is controlled in accordance with the cassette mode while the condition signal of the cassette mode does not affect the process sequence of the manually supplied sheet.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a copying apparatus in which the exposure stroke control for cassette sheets and the stroke control for a manually supplied sheet are made to differ from each other and the copying time is shortened by a simple construction.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a transfer type copying apparatus in which occurrence of image transfer misregistration is prevented to the utmost in a case where the path of cassette sheets to a rotatable member and the path of a manually supplied sheet to the rotatable member are common to each other.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a copying apparatus in which the image formation operation is directly started by the insertion of a manually supplied sheet.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a copying apparatus in which the start of the operation is delayed so as to enable oblique insertion of a manually supplied sheet to be corrected.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus in which, in a case where sheet feeding is controlled by detecting a manually supplied sheet, the image transfer position adjustment is accurately effected without imposing limitations on the position of the detector and the length of the sheet path.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus in which the image transfer position adjustment is accurately effected even if the path along which is a manually supplied sheet or a cassette sheet passes to the image transfer station is longer than the length from the latent image formation station on the rotatable member to the image transfer station.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an image formation apparatus in which the image transfer position adjustment is accurately effected by using means for picking up a cassette sheet.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improvement in a copying apparatus wherein the sheet feed for the next copying is effected in the preceding copying cycle to shorten the continuous copying interval.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved process sequence control in a compact copying apparatus using a reciprocally movable original platen.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a low-cost, compact, transfer type copying apparatus in which occurrence of jam is reduced and a transfer image can be formed at an accurate position on a manually supplied sheet.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a compact copying apparatus in which an image is formed on a small drum consisting of a seamless photosensitive medium by a scanning system provided by an optical system having a shortened optical path length and a movable original platen, to thereby produce a transfer copy.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a compact copying apparatus, particularly a transfer type compact copying apparatus which is high in performance, short in copying interval and low in cost due to improved sheet feed control, change-over control of the optical path of the lamp and improved control of the platen movement.
The invention will become fully apparent from the following detailed description thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the image formation apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the original platen portion in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary plan view of the FIG. 1 apparatus.
FIG. 4 is an operation time chart for the apparatus of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the sheet feeding portion of the FIG. 1 apparatus.
FIG. 6 is a right-hand front view of the portion shown in FIG. 5.
FIGS. 7-1 and 7-2 are diagrams of the control circuit in the apparatus of FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is a control time chart of the circuit of FIG. 7-2.
FIG. 9 is a control time chart of the circuit of FIG. 7-1.
FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example of the display control circuit in the apparatus of FIG. 1.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the separating portion.
FIG. 12 is a plan view of the drum in the exposure portion.
FIG. 13 is a diagram of another circuit concerned with sheet feeding.
FIG. 14 shows the flexure of a sheet.
Embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described with reference to the drawings. Referring to FIG. 1 which is a cross-sectional view of the copying apparatus according to the present invention, the copying apparatus includes a reciprocable platen 1 for supporting an original thereon, a rotatable drum 2 having a seamless photosensitive medium on the periphery thereof, a lamp 3 for exposing the drum 2 to the original image on the platen 1, a corona charger 5 for precharging the surface of the photosensitive medium to the positive polarity, a corona charger 6 for discharging the surface of the photosensitive medium to the negative polarity with the exposure image, a developing device 8 for developing an electrostatic latent image, a charger 9 for transferring the developed image to transfer paper 10, a cassette 11 containing a number of sheets of transfer paper 10 therein and removably mounted on the apparatus body, a bed 12 for manually supplying transfer paper 10, a roller 13 for feeding the transfer paper from the cassette, a pair of rollers 14 for feeding the transfer paper from the manual supply bed 12, microswitches 15 and 16 for detecting the manually supplied transfer paper, a pair of register rollers 17 for registering the leading end of the transfer paper to the leading end of the image on the drum, a roller 18 for separating the transfer paper from the drum, a belt 19 for conveying the transfer paper, fixing rollers 20, rollers 21 for discharging the transfer paper into a tray 22, a blade cleaner 23 for removing any remaining toner from the drum, a magnet roller 4 for collecting the toner removed by the blade 23, a container 7 for containing the toner collected by the roller 4, a minus corona charger 24 for removing any remaining charge on the drum, a shutter 25 for imparting the light from the exposure lamp 3 directly to the exposured surface of the drum for a predetermined time, mirrors 26 and 28 for imparting the light from the lamp 3 directly to the surface of the drum, and a cellfock lens 27 for causing the light of the lamp 3 reflected from the original to be imaged on the surface of the drum.
Operation will now be described. When a main switch is closed, a motor for driving the drum 2 is energized and the lamp 3 is turned on and the shutter 25 is opened while, at the same time, the corona charger 6 is energized and the drum 2 is rotated. Thereby, the drum surface is pre-cleaned to remove any remaining toner and charge and memory therefrom. When the fixing rollers 20 are heated to the fixing temperature by an internal heater, a copy signal is generated. Where a copy switch is not closed or where a sheet is not manually inserted, the drum still continues to rotate thereafter and, when a predetermined number of pulses from a rotary encoder provided in the drum driving system and adapted to generate n pulses for one full rotation of the drum are counted, the drum is stopped from rotating. The above-described drum rotation is referred to as the first pre-rotation.
When the copy switch is closed or a sheet is manually inserted during the rotation or the stoppage of the drum, the shutter 25 is closed and the drum 2 makes substantially one full rotation (hereinafter referred to as the second pre-rotation), whereafter the platen 1 starts its forward movement and the original on the platen 1 begins to be slit-exposed. The drum is slit-exposed to the reflected image of the original through the cellfock lens. The photosensitive medium of the drum comprises, in succession from the surface thereof, an insulating layer, a photoconductive layer and an electrically conductive layer and, when the surface charged by the charger 5 reaches an exposure surface, plus charge is removed by the minus charger 6 and the optical image. When that surface reaches an uniform exposure surface, an electrostatic latent image of high contrast is formed on the drum surface by the light from the mirror 26. The latent image is imparted toner at the developing area and developed into a visible image. The visible image is transferred to transfer paper at the image transfer area by the plus potential of the image transfer charger. The transfer paper is one which has been fed there by the timing operation of the paper feed roller 13, and passes through the image transfer area at the same velocity as the peripheral velocity of the drum with the aid of the register rollers 17. After the image transfer, the transfer paper is separated from the drum by the roller 18 and conveyed to the fixing rollers 20 by the belt 19, whereby the image on the transfer paper is fixed, where after the transfer paper is discharged into the tray 22 by the roller 21. After completion of the image transfer, the drum surface is cleaned by the blade 23 and discharged by the charger 24 and the memory thereon is removed by the light from the lamp 3 through the mirror 28.
Where continuous copying is effected from the same original, the platen 1 repeats its reciprocal movement over a number of times set by the ten keys of the apparatus operating portion.
FIG. 2 shows a portion around the platen. The platen has a magnet 29 thereon, and reed switches 30, 31, 32 and 33 adapted to be actuated by the passage of the magnet are disposed along the path of movement of the platen. When the magnet actuates the reed switch 35, the platen is stopped at its initial position in the center of the body, and when the magnet actuates the reed switch 30, the platen is changed over to the rightward or forward movement for the exposure. The switch 31 is for feeding paper by the paper feed rollers 13 and 14, and the switch 32 is for feeding paper by the register rollers 17. In the case of continuous copying, when the first slit scanning is terminated and the platen is moved backwardly to actuate the switch 30, the platen again starts its forward movement and effects the second scanning. In this manner, a set number of copies are obtained. The lamp 3 and simultaneous charger 6 are turned on in synchronism with the rotation of the main motor, namely, the drum, and the primary charger 5 and pre-charger 24 are turned on except during the post-rotation cycle. The lamp 3 is controlled so as to emit a high intensity of light during the scanning movement of the platen.
In the case of manual supply copying, when a sheet is inserted from the bed 12, the detector 15 detects the sheet. Then, the feed rollers 14 are operated to introduce the sheet into the apparatus. However, the rollers 14 are not operated for a predetermined time (about two seconds) after the detector 15 has detected the sheet. This time allowance is for preventing oblique insertion of the sheet or for correcting the sheet to straight movement or enabling the sheet to be replaced by another one. When that time has elapsed, the rollers 14 are operated and also the drum 2 is rotated to carry out a process sequence similar to that in the case where the copy switch is closed. The drum 2 starts the second pre-rotation as soon as the detector 15 detects the sheet, whereby the copy starting time can be quickened. Also, when the sheet insertion is detected by the detector 15, the feeding of sheets from the cassette is stopped. In the manner described above, copying can be started simply by inserting a sheet without closing the copy switch of the operating portion, and the sheet is fed into the apparatus while maintaining an accurate sheet position, so that toner image can be transferred to the sheet at a predetermined location thereof and jam of the sheet can be prevented.
When the switch 16 detects that the trailing end of the sheet has passed, the rollers 14 are stopped, thus becoming prepared for the insertion of the next sheet.
Now, a plurality of such detectors 15 may be provided at a right angle to the direction of feed of sheets. These are for detecting oblique movement of a sheet and the rollers 14 are not operated until both such detectors 15 detect a sheet. Also, design may be made such that the second operation of the rollers 14 takes place only when there are outputs of both of the detector 15 and detector 16, as shown in FIG. 13. Thereby, jam can be prevented.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the operating portion of the FIG. 1 copying apparatus. It includes a main switch 39, a copy start key switch 40, a stop key switch 41 for interrupting continuous copy, a set of ten keys 42 for causing a number to be stored in a memory to set the number of continuous copies, a clear key 43 for clearing the number stored in the memory, a copy gradation setting lever 44, a 7-segment displayer 45 for displaying the memory number, a wait lamp 46 adapted to be turned on for display until the fixing temperature is reached, a lamp 47 for displaying the absence of the cassette and of sheets in the cassette, and a lamp 48 for displaying when the container 7 for collecting the used toner by the cleaner is filled with such toner. Designated by 49 is a displayer for displaying when a sheet jams. When a sheet is jamming, the clear key and the ten keys are not operable, but during the waiting, these keys are operable.
The segment displayer 45 displays a zero-suppressed 1, irrespective of the waiting time, upon closing of the main switch 39, displays the set number minus 1 upon termination of each copy, and again displays the set number upon completion of the set number of copies and thereafter, when 30 seconds elapses without the copying being started, it again displays 1. Thereby, one-sheet copying can be started without the number setting by the ten keys and the re-start of the copying can be executed smoothly.
The wait displayer 46 is turned on and off by the closing of the main switch 39, and is statically turned on when the temperature of the fixing rollers is not reduced below the fixing temperature, namely, when a short time has elapsed after the previous operator has opened the main switch 39, but is turned on and off when the temperature of the fixing rollers is below the fixing temperature (wait). The wait displayer is turned on also when the waiting time has elapsed after the fixing rollers have risen to the fixing temperature. When the main switch is opened, both the turn-on-and-off and the turn-on condition are extinguished and the wait displayer displays the main switch off condition. Further, when the copy switch is closed after wait-up, turn-on-and-off operation having a longer turn-on-and-off interval than that during the waiting is effected until the mode shifts to the post-rotation mode. That is, a single wait displayer can display four conditions, namely, the closed main switch condition, the wait condition during which copying is impossible, the ready-to-copy condition, and the copy cycle and thus, the number of displayers can be saved and this contributes to reduced cost of the apparatus.
An overflow displayer 48 detects and displays the overflow condition of the container 7 and also detects deficiency of toner in the developer container 33, whereupon it is statically turned on for display. In the former case, a lamp may be turned on and off and in the latter case, the lamp may be statically turned on.
The paper absence displayer 47 may be turned on and off in case of the absence of paper, and may be statically turned on in case of the absence of the cassette.
Also, when toner deficiency in a hopper 33 or the overflow of the collecting container 7 is detected and where the continuous copying for the number of sheets set by the ten keys is being executed, the copying is continued until the set number of copies is completed and thereafter, re-start of the copying is prevented. Thus, the display for warning is effected, but the copying is continued rather than immediately interrupted to make the series of copying operations stagnant and aggravate the substantial copying speed, because even if the toner is deficient or overflow takes place, the image will not be suddenly aggravated nor will the apparatus be contaminated. When transfer paper jams, the operation of the apparatus is immediately stopped to secure the safety of the apparatus. For the stop key, paper absence and cassette absence signal, the operation of the apparatus is not immediately interrupted but the current process cycle is permitted to be completed, whereafter the start of the subsequent cycle is prevented.
With reference to FIG. 4 which is an operation time chart of the FIG. 1 copying apparatus, the operation sequence of scanning and the operation timing will be described in detail.
Before the copy switch 40 is closed, the platen 1 is positioned centrally of the body as shown in FIG. 1. When the copy switch 40 is closed, the pre-discharging charger 24, the lamp 3, the primary charger 5, the secondary charger 6, the image transfer charger 9 and the shutter 25 are energized, so that pre-corona, primary corona, secondary corona, image transfer corona, pre-discharging exposure, blanket exposure and uniform exposure are imparted to the photosensitive medium, which thus becomes ready to start copying. The lamp 3 is turned on with weak light.
When said predetermined number of pulses are counted, namely, when the drum makes a predetermined rotation, the platen 1 begins to move from the position of FIG. 1 to the left, and thereafter when the drum has made substantially one full rotation, the switch 30 is closed and therefore, the platen is stopped, and then starts to move rightwardly for exposure. The lamp 3 is now turned on with intense light and the shutter is deenergized to stop the blanket exposure and effect the exposure. The blanket exposure is an exposure whereby, when image exposure is not taking place, light is applied to the image-exposed surface so as to prevent occurrence of irregularity in the potential on the photosensitive medium. Also, by changing over the lamp between the intense light and the weak light, various process exposures can be appropriately accomplished by a single lamp.
After image exposure has been done over substantially one full and half rotation, the movement of the platen 1 is stopped and then the platen is moved to the left. The start of this movement is effected by counting said predetermined number of pulses, and the number set in the memory is set in a register for copy counting and 1 is subtracted from that number. As a result, the content of the register becomes 0 in case of a single sheet copy and thus, the re-start of the subsequent copying cycle is prevented. During this rightward movement, the reed switch 31 of FIG. 2 is actuated to operate the paper feed roller 13 or 14 and the reed switch 32 is actuated to operate the register roller 17, thereby feeding a sheet. Even if the reed switches 31 and 32 are actuated during the platen movement at the other time than exposure, the rollers 13, 14 and 17 will not be operated.
When the platen 1 actuates the switch 35 in its initial position, it is stopped from moving. Then, the lamp 3 is controlled to its weak turn-on and the shutter is operated to start the blanket exposure by the weak turn-on of the lamp 3. Thereafter, the drum rotation is continued so that the photosensitive medium is electrically and mechanically cleaned and, after substantially one full rotation of the drum, the process load as shown in FIG. 4 is removed and the drum rotation is stopped. After this stoppage, the main switch on condition is continued.
In the case of continuous copying, even if the switch 35 is closed, the platen 1 is not stopped but continues to move leftwardly and when it actuates the switch 30, rightward movement of the platen 1 is again started and turns on the lamp 3 with intense light and deenergizes the shutter, thus re-starting the image exposure.
In the present embodiment, one cycle of exposure scanning is effected with the platen being changed twice in its direction of movement and therefore, as shown in FIG. 1, the platen can be set at the center during stoppage of the copying. Also, copies of a full size corresponding to the body size can be produced and this leads to compactness of the machine. Moreover, the control of the two changes in direction is effected by the platen position switches and pulse count timer and this eliminates the necessity of providing a complicated spring mechanism for changing the direction. Further, the reed switch 35 is provided with a plurality of functions which will later be described and thus, any cumbersomeness caused by the reed switch which would otherwise detract from the compactness of the machine may be prevented.
The time whereat the rightward movement for exposure should be stopped and the direction of movement should be changed is determined in accordance with the size of sheets in the cassette 10 and the size of the sheet manually supplied from the manual supply bed 12.
Some of the foregoing and the following embodiments of the present invention are also applicable to copying apparatus which have a first mirror movable at a velocity of V and a second mirror movable at a velocity of (1/2)V and in which exposure scanning is effected by reciprocal movement of these mirrors, and are also applicable to copying apparatus in which a roll of paper is cut into the length of the size carried on the platen and the thus cut paper is automatically fed, or to copying apparatus in which the latent image on the drum is transferred to a sheet and such sheet is developed. The present invention is also applicable to copying apparatus in which copy image is directly formed on a sheet without the intermediary of a drum or to copying apparatus in which other data than an original document is printed on a sheet.
FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the cassette portion and manual supply portion, and FIG. 6 is a plan view thereof. Designated by 15-1 is a photointerrupter constituting a manually supplied sheet detector 15, denoted by 15-2 is an actuator piece swingable upon insertion of sheet, and designated by 50 and 51 are microswitches adapted to be actuated by a cam provided on the cassette when the cassette is mounted in the apparatus body. When both of the switches 50 and 51 are in OFF position, there is generated a signal meaning the absence of a cassette; when the switches 50 and 51 are in ON and OFF positions, respectively, there is generated a signal meaning the presence of a cassette having sheets of the half-size, namely, A4 or B5 size; when the switches 50 and 51 are in OFF and ON positions, respectively, there is generated a signal meaning the presence of a cassette having sheets of B4 size; and when both of the switches are in ON position, there is generated a signal meaning the presence of a cassette having sheets of the full-size, namely, A3 or B4 size. The three different signals for these sizes are used to determine the exposure stroke of the platen 1.
With regard to manually supplied sheets, the full-size includes B4 size and so, the two sizes, i.e. the half-size and the full-size are detected by the sheet detector 15.
Accordingly, where sheets are continuously fed from the cassette to execute the production of multiple copies, the copying cycle is repeated as a stroke corresponding to each size, namely, in a minimum time, whereby the time required for the copying can be reduced. This, coupled with the aforementioned effect of making sheet pick-up for the next sequence prior to the completion of the present sequence to thereby reduce the copying interval, provides an excellent benefit. However, in the case of manual sheet supply, it is rare that sheets are continuously fed and therefore, two series of stroke controls suffice and this leads to simplification of the control circuit and reduced malfunctioning related to the size detection.
The actuator piece of the sheet detector 15 is provided at the left end, as is shown in FIG. 6. This position corresponds to a belt provided outside of the image formation area of the drum to separate transfer paper from the drum after image transfer. This enables judgement as to whether or not a manually supplied sheet has been inserted into a separable predetermined position.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing portions adjacent to the image transfer and separating station. Reference numeral 800 designates a fixed separating belt, and reference numeral 801 designates a keep roller. A sheet fed from the register rollers 17 moves with its left end portion passing under the belt 800 and the sheet contacts the moving drum due to the electrostatic attraction between it and the drum, whereby toner image is transferred to the sheet with the aid of the corona charger 9. The sheet having the toner image transferred thereto passes between the roller 18 and the belt 800 while being held down by the roller 801, and is separated from the drum. If the manually supplied sheet detector 15 or 16 is provided at a position corresponding to this belt 800 with respect to the direction of movement of the sheet on its path, the insertion of the manually supplied sheet can be detected by a single detector and also appropriate position setting of the sheet can be accomplished.
FIG. 12 is a fragmentary plan view of the drum, in which reference numeral 810 designates a sharp cut window for preventing adherence of toner in the separation width portion.
During the forward movement of the platen, the light from the original illuminating lamp 3 is applied through the sharp cut exposure window 810 to that portion of the drum which is in contact with the separating belt 800. Thus, the charge in that portion is erased to prevent adherence of toner and the separation width portion is secured. This is irradiated with light through a slit of the shutter portion and a fixed window to expose the shutter 25 to light even during the closed condition of the shutter 25. Accordingly, the sheet detectors 15 and 16 are provided so as to correspond to the belt 800 and the sharp cut optical path.
The sheet detector 16 is provided at the same left end position as the sheet detector 15 with respect to the photosensitive medium. This detector 16 has the following three functions. A first function is to detect the size of a manually supplied sheet and when the detector 16 does not detect a sheet at a predetermined time, the size of the sheet is judged as the half-size and when the detector 16 detects a sheet at the predetermined time, the size of the sheet is judged as the full-size. A second function is to render the length of the path from the leading end of a manually supplied sheet to the register rollers equal to the length of the path from the cassette sheet. Also, where the path to the register rollers is relatively long, the flexure of the sheet formed by the sheet striking against the register rollers is not always constant so that the image transfer registration is sometimes unstable. This can be prevented. That is, when the detector 16 detects a sheet fed by the manual supply rollers 14, these rollers 14 are deactivated after a predetermined time and wait while becoming prepared to feed the sheet to the register rollers. The rollers 14 are again operated by the signal from the reed switch 31 and begin to feed the sheet to the register rollers. A third function is to stop the rollers 14 when the detector 16 detects the trailing end of the sheet, and to become prepared for the next sheet.
The operation of the sheet detector 15 detecting a sheet to operate the rollers 14 and of the sheet detector 16 detecting that sheet to deactivate the rollers 14, namely, the preparatory feeding and waiting, is for preventing the function of the register rollers from being damaged and more particularly, for ensuring the mountain of the loop (flexure) of the sheet formed by the sheet striking against the stopped register rollers is kept down to a suitable range. Accordingly, there is little possibility of sheets being broken or jamming. Moreover, this is accomplished by a single roller, which leads to ease and lower cost and so that the machine may be made compact.
This also holds true with the paper feed from the cassette. That is, the paper feed roller 13 is operated for a little time by the closing of the copy switch to pull out a sheet from the cassette, and then the feed roller 13 waits. The reed switch 31 starts to feed the so pulled out sheet until the sheet reaches the register rollers.
FIG. 14 shows the form of a sheet near the register rollers 17. The cassette roller 13 is of a semicircular cross-section and makes a half rotation to effect preparatory feeding, and makes a further half rotation to effect main feeding.
The present embodiment, as described above, is an image transfer type copying apparatus which is constructed by using the image scanning system provided by the reciprocal movement of the seamless photosensitive drum 2 and the platen 1 and the image exposure system for the drum provided by the cellfock lens 27, namely, the one-to-one magnification bar lens and in which the construction is improved for the purposes of further compactness, higher performance and lower cost. That is, the copying apparatus of the present embodiment has been made compact with the copy interval reduced and with the image transfer registration well maintained by the control for the change-over of the optical path by using a single lamp for various exposures, the sheet feed control for preventing an increase in number of timing rollers resulting from the sheet path, and the smooth control of changes in direction of the platen by low-cost means. Moreover, in the construction of the present embodiment, the copy size is not fixed, two series of feed paths are provided so as not to restrict the types of copy sheet, malfunctioning is eliminated and sheet jam can be prevented to the utmost. If the cellfock lens 27 is provided in a space forming the shortest distance between the drum 2 and the platen 1, as shown in FIG. 1, it will be very effective to make the apparatus compact.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of the operation control circuit of the FIG. 1 copying apparatus. Q.sub.1 -Q.sub.6 designate flip-flops for operatively controlling a main motor (which operates the drum 2, various rollers and the belt 19), a clutch for operating the manual supply rollers 14, a clutch for operating the register rollers 17, a clutch for operating the cassette roller 13, a clutch for backwardly moving the platen 1, and a clutch for forwardly moving the platen 1. The flip-flops Q.sub.1 -Q.sub.6 are switched on by a pulse rising signal to a port S, and switched off by a pulse rising signal to a port R. Q.sub.7 designates a one-shot for effecting the wait control of the main motor and it generates an output of time limit T.sub.3 as shown in FIG. 8 after the closing of the main switch. Q.sub.8 designates a flip-flop for judging the manual supply mode and the functions of the ports S and R thereof are identical to those of the flip-flop Q.sub.1 except that it is not an edge trigger. Q.sub.9 denotes a timer for operating the manual supply rollers 14 and generating an output after a time limit T.sub.1 as shown in FIG. 9, and it is operable on condition that an input signal shall be ON for the time T.sub.1. That is, the timer Q.sub.9 can complete its timer operation as long as there is an input signal, and cancels its timer operation when the input signal disappears. Q.sub.10 -Q.sub.13 denote counters for counting clock pulses generated by the drum rotation from the point of time whereat the input signal has been entered and for generating a pulse output when the count reaches a predetermined count number. The counters Q.sub.10 and Q.sub.11 are for determining the deactivation of the manual supply rollers and of the cassette roller, and the counters Q.sub.12 and Q.sub.13 are for determining the number of pre-rotations and the number of post-rotations. N (a predetermined number) clock pulses DCK are generated at equal intervals per full rotation of the drum by the aforementioned rotary encoder. Q.sub.14 is a counter similar to the counters Q.sub.10 -Q.sub.13, but in case of the cassette mode, it selects a preset number in accordance with the size of the cassette and in case of the manual supply mode, it selects a preset number in accordance with the size of a manually supplied sheet in a mode different from the cassette mode. The counter Q.sub.14 is for controlling the stroke of the platen. G.sub.1 -G.sub.10 designate AND gates, G.sub.13 -G.sub.23 denote OR gates, and INV.sub.1 -INV.sub.6 designate inverters.
Signals M.sub.1, MRCl, RGCl, CRCl, FWCl and BWCl are the signals for operating the main motor, the manual supply roller, the register rollers, the cassette roller, the forward movement of the platen and the backward movement of the platen when these signals are 1, and for deactivating these members when the signals are 0; CLK is a clock pulse; BP is a signal for reversing the platen; and END is a copy cycle interrupting signal provided by signals STB, CTU, PEP and CEP for the stop key, count up, and paper/absence and cassette absence. "Manual Supply" is a signal indicative of the manual supply mode; JAM is a signal indicative of sheet jam and generated upon detection of jam; CTU is a count-up signal of the copy counter indicative of a preset number of copies having been completed; and SW is a main switch on signal put out upon detection of the condition of the switch SW. PS.sub.1 and PS.sub.2 are signals put out when a manually supplied sheet is detected by the detectors 15 and 16; PF and RG are a paper feed signal and a registration signal generated when the platen has actuated the reed switches 31 and 32 as aforementioned; CPB and STB are signals generated when the copy button and stop key of the operating portion are operated; and SP and HP are signals generated when the platen has actuated the reed switches 30 and 35 and indicative of the platen forward movement start position and stop position. PEP is a signal put out when the emptiness of the cassette 10 has been optically detected by a lamp 60-1 and a light-receiving member 60-2, and CEP is a signal indicative of removal of the cassette 10 and put out by microswitches 50 and 51 operatively controlled by the cassette ON. TEP is a signal indicative of the absence of toner in the developing device 34 and put out when it is detected by a toner level detector 61 in the developing device that the level of the toner has lowered below a predetermined level, and OVF is a signal indicative of the overflow condition of the collected toner in the collecting container 7 and put out when the overflow is detected by a level detector 62. WAIT is a signal indicative of the wait condition and put out by a thermistor Th which detects the temperature of the fixing roller.
Operation will now be described. During the duration of the wait signal WAIT generated upon closing of the main switch 39, the one-shot Q.sub.7 of FIG. 7-2 is operated and a main motor signal M.sub.1 is put out through the gate G.sub.26 for a time T.sub.3 to effect a first pre-rotation of the drum. Thereafter, if the copy button is depressed when the wait is up (WAIT is 0) and standby has come, the flip-flop Q.sub.1 is set and likewise the main motor is energized to start the process.
Now no sheet is being inserted from the manual supply bed 12 and therefore, the detector 15 is OFF and accordingly, the flip-flop Q.sub.8 is OFF and consequently, a manual supply signal is not put out. Accordingly, the gate G.sub.1 is OFF-controlled and the flip-flop Q.sub.2 is not set and thus, the manual supply rollers 14 are not operated.
Assuming that paper is not absent and toner is not absent and no overflow is occurring, a start signal is entered into the gate G.sub.2 through the gates G.sub.3, G.sub.25 and G.sub.16 upon depression of the copy key. Since wait and manual supply reversing signals (all being 1) are applied to the other port of the gate G.sub.2, the flip-flop Q.sub.4 is set on and the clutch of the cassette roller 13 is engaged. While the counter Q.sub.11 is effecting a predetermined pulse count through the gate 17, the roller 13 makes a half rotation and stops, thereby pulling out substantially one half of a sheet from the cassette and stopping the sheet. By this, the difference between the time from the copy start until image transfer and the time required for the movement of the sheet, which difference would occur where the drum is small, can be corrected.
Upon the output of this flip-flop Q.sub.4, the count CLK of clock pulses is started by the counter Q.sub.12 through the gate G.sub.22. A predetermined number of pulses counted corresponds substantially to one full rotation of the drum, and the flip-flop Q.sub.5 is set through the OR gate G.sub.24 is put out signal FWCl, which moves the platen leftwardly. When the platen actuates the reed switch 30, the flip-flop Q.sub.5 is reset through the gate G.sub.19 to disengage the clutch FWCl while the flip-flop Q.sub.6 is set to put out clutch signal BWCl, which moves the platen rightwardly. The image exposure lamp 3 is turned on and controlled in synchronism with the main motor M.sub.1, and the quantity of light thereof is controlled in synchronism with the control of this BWCl so that the light is intense when BWCl is ON. The reset time of the flip-flop Q.sub.6 for terminating the first slit exposure is determined by cassette switches 50 and 51.
That is, when the switches 50 and 51 are 1 and 0, respectively, sheets of size A4 are contained in the cassette and therefore, the exposure stroke is terminated at that width. That is, the preset number of the counter Q.sub.14 which counts clock pulses and determines the reversing position is determined to n1 which is suited for A4. In case of size B4, the switches 50 and 51 are 0 and 1, respectively, and therefore, n2 greater than n1 is preset. In case of size A3, the switches 50 and 51 are 1 and 1 and therefore, n3 which is greater than n2 is set. When the switches 50 and 51 and 0 and 0, cassette absence signal CEP is put out through the gate G.sub.5.
The counter Q.sub.14 effects pulse count after the register switch 32 has been closed and, when the count reaches the aforementioned number n1-n3, the counter puts out BP to reset Q.sub.6 and terminate the forward movement. On the other hand, Q.sub.5 is set by BP through the gate G.sub.24 to move the platen leftwardly and, when the platen actuates the reed switch 35, Q.sub.5 is reset to stop the backward movement.
Now, when the switch 31 is closed in the course of the forward movement of the platen, signal PF is applied to the gates G.sub.1, G.sub.2 and counter Q.sub.11 through the gates G.sub.15, G.sub.16 and G.sub.17. Since the gate G.sub.1 is OFF as aforementioned, Q.sub.2 is not set, but by the opening of the gate G.sub.2, the paper feed flip-flop Q.sub.4 is again set and the roller 13 is further rotated to further pull out the previously pulled out sheet. Then, the leading end of the sheet strikes against the register rollers 17 to thereby form a loop (slack) in the sheet. Thus, the sheet can be stopped by the register rollers with an appropriate amount of loop maintained in the sheet, thus eliminating the necessity of intricately taking into account the interval between the paper feed roller and the register rollers and also eliminating the necessity of providing any special means in the path, which contributes to compactness of the machine. Also, the loop can be made appropriate and constant and this can reduce jam of sheets as well as ensure stable and accurate registration between the drum image and the sheet to be accomplished by the register rollers 17. Such contrivance is also made in the case of manual supply (as will later be described).
Thereafter, by the closing of the register switch 32, the flip-flop Q.sub.3 is energized to operate the rollers 17. The rollers 17 continue to rotate until the start switch 30 is closed next time.
In the case of a preset number of multi-copies, the gate G.sub.10 is not opened even when one cycle of process has been terminated and therefore, Q.sub.3 is not reset even when the stop switch 35 is closed and accordingly, the backward movement is continued until Q.sub.5 is reset by closing of the start switch 30, whereupon the backward movement is stopped. At the same time, Q.sub.6 is again set to start the second forward movement exposure. The gate G.sub.10 is opened by an END signal provided by any of signal STB from the stop key 41, paper absence and cassette absence signals PEP and CEP and a signal CTU indicative of a preset number of copies having been completed. Accordingly, the gate G.sub.10 controls the outputting of signal HP so that scanning is repeated until a preset number of copy cycles is completed and until an interruption instruction is put out from the stop key or due to paper absence. Also, Q.sub.4 is set by signal HP through the gates G.sub.4, G.sub.25, G.sub.16 and G.sub.2 to feed the second and subsequent sheets. Where only one copy is desired, CTU is being put out and therefore, Q.sub.4 is not set even if this signal HP is detected. Also, even when the platen starts to move upon depression of the copy button and actuates the switch 35, Q.sub.4 is likewise not set.
The manual supply mode will now be described in detail. The operator places a sheet on the bed 12 and urges it toward the rollers 14. First, the detector 15 judges whether or not the sheet has been appropriately inserted. When signal PS.sub.1 is generated, counter Q.sub.9 is energized to start T.sub.1 time limiting operation. Before this time T.sub.1, the direction of the sheet is corrected and the sheet is caused to strike against the stopped rollers 14 so that the sheet is substantially at a right angle to the rollers 14. That is, for some time after the sheet has been inserted, the attitude of the sheet can be corrected to prevent jam thereof which would otherwise occur due to oblique movement of the sheet after feeding.
When the time T.sub.1 has elapsed, the flip-flop Q.sub.2 is set through the gates G.sub.15 and G.sub.1. Also, the flip-flop Q.sub.1 is set through the gate G.sub.27. The manual supply input to G.sub.3 is 1, since the flip-flop Q.sub.8 is set by the switch 15. Also, since the gate G.sub.2 is inhibited through an inverter, the driving of the cassette roller 13 is prevented even if signal PF is generated. The drum is rotated by Q.sub.1 and the manual supply rollers 14 are rotated by Q.sub.2 to introduce the sheet into the apparatus. The sheet arrives at the detector 16 provided behind the rollers 14. Then, the detector generates signal PS.sub.2 and the counter Q.sub.10 starts counting toward time T.sub.2. When the time T.sub.2 has elasped and the count is up, Q.sub.2 is reset through the gate G.sub.23 to stop the rollers 14, which thus wait for the next paper feed step. This corresponds to the preparatory paper feed from the cassette in the cassette mode, wherein the preparatory paper feed takes place as aforementioned when the detector 15 detects a manually supplied sheet irrespective of the forward or backward movement of the platen 1.
Also, upon operation of the rollers 14, the prerotation counter Q.sub.12 is started through the gate G.sub.22 and after a predetermined rotation, the flip-flop Q.sub.5 is set to move the platen leftwardly in the same manner as in the case of the cassette mode and, when the platen strikes against the start switch 30, the forward movement for exposure is started.
Thus, in the manual supply mode, a copy cycle can be entered without closing the copy switch 40, thereby facilitating the operation.
When the switch 31 is closed during the forward movement for exposure, Q.sub.2 is again set through the gates G.sub.15 and G.sub.1 to drive the rollers 14, which thus feeds the sheet to cause it to strike against the register rollers. When the next switch 32 is closed, Q.sub.3 is set in the same manner as in the case of the cassette mode, to rotate the register rollers 17, which thus feed the sheet to the image transfer station.
When the sheet leaves the detector 16, Q.sub.2 is reset through an inverter and gate G.sub.23 to stop the manual supply roller 14 from rotating. This is for the preparation for the feeding of the next sheet.
In the case of the manual supply mode, copying can be started or re-started even if there are generated paper absence, toner absence and overflow signals. In the manual supply mode, several sheets of copies at most are to be produced continuously and thus, even if 1 of TEP and OVF is generated, it will not adversely affect the image or the apparatus. Consequently, this technique sets a value on the simplicity of operation. However, it is possible to effect such a control that when TEP and OVF are 1, start of the copying (the first sheet) is permitted but the subsequent re-start is prevented or the copying is quite impossible from the first.
Even if the sheet is momentarily spaced apart from the detector 15 during the time T.sub.1 set by the counter Q.sub.9, the timing operation can continue and thereby prevent oblique movement of the sheet to the utmost.
The detectors 15 and 16 are disposed so as to be concerned with separation of sheets and can therefore serve also to position the sheets, and even small sheets such as postcards or the like can be copied at an appropriate position.
Detailed description will now be made of the control of the reversing of the platen in the case of manual supply. In FIG. 7, the signal PS.sub.2 of the sheet detector 16 and a predetermined count number signal x from the counter Q.sub.14 are applied to the input of G.sub.6. This is for selecting one of the preset numbers n1 and n3 of the counter Q.sub.14. That is, the counter Q.sub.14 judges the size of a sheet as the large size (full) such as A3 or B4 when a sheet is present at the rear counter 16 for a predetermined number of pulses after the count has been started from the registration signal RG, and judges the size of a sheet as the small size (half) such as A4 when a sheet is not present, thereby bisecting the scan stroke. That is, when x is 1 and if 1 is applied to the gate G.sub.6 through 0 of PS2, namely, through an inverter, n1 is preset in Q.sub.14. If the detector 16 is still detecting a sheet when x is 1, 0 is applied to G.sub.6 and n3 is preset through an inverter and gate. Accordingly, in the case of manual supply, the counter continues counting until n.sub.3 or n.sub.1 after x in accordance with the full-size or the half-size, thus putting out a reversing signal BP. Also, if manual supply again takes place during the backward movement, the output of the inverter INV2 will become 0 and so, G.sub.10 will stop putting out its output and consequently, the switch 35 will not stop the platen but the cycle will continue.
What is important here is that since the sheet has already been fed to the register rollers 17, the timing signal x which senses the sheet detector 16 is a pulse number smaller than n.sub.1 of A4 size and also is a timing generated before completion of the stroke corresponding to A4 size.
In this manner, the size data of manually supplied sheets can be sequentially judged at the interval between the process sequence controls without such data being applied in advance in any manner and this can contribute to the sequence control and simplify the circuit arrangement.
In the case of the cassette mode or in the case of the continuous multicopy operation, it is desired to increase the speed to the utmost and to set strokes corresponding to various copy sizes and therefore, three different presets are effected as shown, whereas in the case of the manual supply mode, the desired number of copies is several sheets at most and therefore, two different stroke modes suffice. In this manner, the control mode in the case of the manual supply is simplified as much as possible to reduce the trouble to the utmost.
Description will now be made of the copy interruption instruction in the cassette mode. Re-start by the copy key is prevented by PEP, TEP, CEP and OVF. Before completion of the multicopy operation, the gate G.sub.18 puts out a signal END by stop key STB signal and PEP and LEP signals to inhibit the gate G.sub.14 and prevent the subsequent preparatory operation of the paper feed roller 13. Accordingly, the multicopy operation is interrupted. In the case of the stop key, copying is re-started with the copy key ON. By TEP and OVF, the multicopy operation is not interrupted but is completed.
It is also possible to divide the sense timing of the detector 16 in the manual supply mode into x.sub.1 . . . x.sub.n and effect the sense to thereby effect various stroke controls and it is also possible to set a preset number different from that in the cassette mode in Q.sub.14.
When a sheet from the cassette or a manually supplied sheet has jammed, jam signal JAM is applied to the R ports of Q.sub.1 -Q.sub.6 and Q.sub.8 to deenergize all the clutches and the main motor without waiting for the completion of the process.
The flip-flop Q.sub.8 for setting the manual supply mode is reset by the reversing signal BP or the jam signal JAM. Also, during the time that the platen moves backwardly after completion of the exposure, manual supply or sheet pick-up from the cassette by the copy key 40 can be effected to enable quick re-start of the copying. By causing the timer Q.sub.9 to be started by the AND of the inverted toner absence signal from G.sub.21 and the detection signal PS.sub.1, the manual supply copying can be prevented when OVF and TEP are 1.
As described above, when the manual supply copying is started, the setting of Q.sub.4 which drives the cassette roller 13 is inhibited by the set output of Q.sub.8, so that the cassette mode is not entered even if the copy key 40 is depressed. However, when the manual supply mode exposure is terminated, Q.sub.8 is reset by the BP signal and thus, the inhibition of Q.sub.4 is released. Accordingly, sheet pick-up from the cassette can be effected by the copy key 40 before the platen comes to its rest position. Consequently, mode change-over can be achieved a little early.
Also, when a manually supplied sheet is inserted while copying is being repeatedly executed in the cassette mode, the setting of Q.sub.4 is inhibited and Q.sub.2 is set, so that the cassette mode copying is interrupted and the manual supply copying is carried out preferentially. If the copy key 40 is again depressed after termination of the manual supply copying, the remaining number of copies will be completed.
During the time that copying is being repeated in the cassette mode, it is also possible to inhibit manual supply until the BP signal for the last copy is generated and this can be accomplished by applying another CTU signal to the gate G.sub.2.
FIG. 10 shows an example of the circuit for displaying toner absence and overflow. Designated by Q.sub.50 -Q.sub.52 are operational amplifiers for detecting toner absence, overflow and paper absence, respectively. These operational amplifiers put out their outputs by comparing their detection results with a standard voltage V.sub.s. An element 61 judges the toner level in the developer container from the presence or absence of toner intervening between a lamp and a light-receiving member (CdS), and puts out TEP when the quantity of light received exceeds a predetermined level. An element 62 uses a lamp and a light-receiving member and detects toner in the same manner as the element 61 and puts out OVF when the quantity of light received is below the predetermined level. An element 60 puts out PEP in the same manner as the element 61 when the quantity of light received exceeds the predetermined level. G.sub.60 -G.sub.62 designate OR gates, G.sub.65 denotes an AND gate, and INV 20-21 designate inverters. CPU.sub.1 controls the start, stop and movement of a control unit CPU.sub.2 which applies the signals of the ten keys, stop key, copy key and clear key of the operating portion, effects the display operation of the displayer 45, causes the copy preset number by the ten keys to be stored in a register RST (memory) and controls the process sequence.
Operation will now be described. When the toner in the developing device becomes decreased during the copying, signal TEP is put out from the operational amplifier Q.sub.50. That signal is applied through the gate G.sub.61 to the toner absence displayer 48, which is thus turned on to give a warning. At the same time, that signal OFF-controls the gate G.sub.65 through an inverter. Accordingly, even if an attempt is made to re-start the copying by depressing the copy key after the termination of the copying, the copying cannot be re-started because STAT signal is OFF. However, the stop signal STB is not being controlled by TEP so that the preset number of copies set by the ten keys can all be completed even if the lamp 48 is turned on in the course of the copying.
When the toner in the toner collecting container 7 is increased approximately to an overflow condition, signal OVF is put out and like TEP, it controls the starting gate G.sub.65 through the gate G.sub.61. At the same time, this is displayed by a displayer which is originally adapted to display toner absence. In this case, the displayer may be caused to effect a display different from TEP which effects turn-on-and-off display. Again in the case of OVF, STB is not controlled but the preset number of copies are completed. The completion of the preset number of copies is accomplished by counting the signal BP (the reversed position of the platen) for each copy cycle by the preset number stored in the register RST and putting out the signal END. The copy interruption is such that by the stop key ON and jam, signal STB is put out and one process cycle during the stop key ON is terminated, whereafter the continuation of the next cycle is prevented, and not all of the preset cycle is executed.
Such prevention is effected during cassette absence or paper absence. That is, by the paper absence signal PEP and cassette absence signal CEP, signal STB is put out to CPU.sub.2 through the gates G.sub.62 and G.sub.60. Thereby, a treatment similar to that in case of the stop key ON is carried out. Also, PEP and CEP cause the same displayer 47 to display that effect. Alternatively, the display contents may be distinguished from each other by causing one to be turned on and off at a predetermined period and causing the other to be statically turned on.
When sheet jam has been detected, signal JAM is put out to turn on or turn on and off the displayer 49. At the same time, the power sources for dangerous load (high voltage, heater, etc.) are switched off. That is, the process cycle is interrupted in the course thereof so that copying for the preset cycle as well as for one cycle may not take place. However, the power source of CPU and RST can be held so that the preset number is not cancelled even if the main switch 39 is opened. In the case of such jam, the next process re-start can be accomplished by manually closing a switch which releases the jam and cannot be accomplished simply by depressing the copy key.
In addition, it is possible to put the end signal and the output of sensor 61 or 62 into an and gate, and put the output thereof into one of the operation amplifiers Q.sub.50 and Q.sub.51. By doing so, the toner absence and the overflow can be detected only after the termination of the preset number of copies, and then it is displayed and the resuming operation is stopped.
In this case, the lamp of sensor 61 or 62 can be controlled by the end signal. Additionally, by controlling the WAIT signal with END signal, the display and the resuming operation can be controlled. The method explained in this paragraph is very effective when the sequence, display and resuming operations are all controlled by a computer (e.g. when the circuits of FIG. 10 are all embodied by a computer). | 75,172 | 211 |
507,291 | In many cultures (notably Western, Middle Eastern, and African) the family name is typically the last part of a person's name. In some other cultures, the family name comes first. The latter is often called the Eastern order because Europeans are not familiar with the examples of China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Because the family name is normally given last in English-speaking societies, the term last name is commonly used for family name.
Family names are most often used to refer to a stranger or in a formal setting, and are often used with a title or honorific such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss, Dr., and so on. Generally the given name, Christian name, first name, forename, or personal name is the one used by friends, family, and other intimates to address an individual. It may also be used by someone who is in some way senior to the person being addressed.
The oldest use of family or surnames is unclear. Surnames have arisen in cultures with large, concentrated populations where single names for individuals became insufficient to identify them clearly. In many cultures, the practice of using additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals has arisen. These identifying terms or descriptors may indicate personal attributes, location of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation. Often these descriptors developed into fixed clan identifications which became family names in the sense that we know them today.
In China, according to legend, family names originated with Emperor Fu Xi in 2852 BC. His administration standardised the naming system in order to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. The surnames "Zhu," "Lee," "Chung" and "Chang" are most popular in Taiwan, and/or China. In Japan, family names were uncommon except among the aristocracy until the 19th century.
In Ancient Greece, during some periods, it became common to use one's place of origin as a part of a person's official identification. At other times, clan names and patronymics ("son of") were also common. For example, Alexander the Great was known by the clan name Heracles and was, therefore, Heracleides (as a supposed descendant of Heracles) and by the dynastic name Karanos/Caranus, which referred to the founder of the dynasty to which he belonged. In none of these cases, though, were these names considered formal parts of the person's name, nor were they explicitly inherited in the manner which is common in many cultures today. They did, however, survive with a vengeance as clan names as 'Greeks' or 'Hellenes' or 'Minoans', as opposed to the toponymic 'The Sea Peoples' used by the Egyptians, or 'Ionians', which is one of the names still used for the Greeks today by Arab-speaking people as 'Younanis'.
In the Roman Empire, the bestowal and use of clan and family names waxed and waned with changes in the various subcultures of the realm. At the outset, they were not strictly inherited in the way that family names are inherited in many cultures today. Eventually, though, family names began to be used in a manner similar to most modern European societies. With the gradual influence of Greek/Christian culture throughout the Empire, the use of formal family names declined. By the time of the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the Eastern Roman (i.e. Byzantine) Empire. In Western Europe where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy. The practice of using family names spread through the Eastern Roman Empire and gradually into Western Europe although it was not until the modern era that family names came to be explicitly inherited in the way that they are today.
In the case of England, the most accepted theory of the origin of family names is to attribute their introduction to the Normans and the Domesday Book of 1086. As such, documents indicate that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and only slowly spread to the other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility arriving in England during the Norman Conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) in front of the name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. In medieval times in France, those distinguishing themselves by this manner indicated lordship, or ownership, of their village. But some early Norman nobles in England chose to drop the French derivations and simply call themselves after the name of their new English holdings.
During the modern era, many cultures around the world adopted the practice of using family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the imperialistic age of European expansion and particularly from the 17th to 19th centuries onwards. Notably examples include the Netherlands (1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). Nonetheless, their use is not universal: Icelanders, Tibetans, Burmese, and Javanese do not use family names.
Most surnames of British origin fall into seven types:
The original meaning of the name may no longer be obvious in modern English (e.g., a Cooper is one who makes barrels, and the name Tillotson is a matronymic from a diminutive for Matilda). A much smaller category of names relates to religion, though some of this category are also occupations. The names Bishop, Priest, or Abbot, for example, may indicate that an ancestor worked for a bishop, a priest, or an abbot, respectively, or possibly took such a role in a popular religious play (see pageant play).
In the Americas, the family names of many African-Americans have their origins in slavery (i.e. slave name). Many of them came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master. Others, such as Muhammad Ali and Malcolm X changed their name rather than live with one they believed had been given to their ancestors by a slave owner.
In England and cultures derived from there (though not in France, for example), there has long been the patriarchal tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her birth name to her husband's last name. From the first known instance of a woman keeping her birth name, Lucy Stone in the 19th century, there has been a general increase in the rate of women keeping their original name. This has gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2004, roughly 60% of American women automatically assumed their husband's surname upon getting married. Even in families where the wife has kept her birth name, parents often choose to give their children their father's family name. In English-speaking countries, married women are traditionally known as Mrs [Husband's full name].
In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower-status family married an only daughter from a higher-status family, he would often take the wife's family name. In the 18th and 19th centuries in Britain, bequests were sometimes made contingent upon a man's changing (or hyphenating) his name, so that the name of the testator continued. It is rare but not unknown for an English-speaking man to take the name of his wife, whether for personal reasons or as a matter of tradition (such as among Canadian aboriginal groups, especially the matrilineal Haida and Kwakiutl); it is increasingly common in the United States, where a married couple may choose a new last name entirely. This has become more widely popular in Southern California since the election of Antonio Villaraigosa as Los Angeles mayor.
As an alternative, both spouses may adopt a double-barrelled name. For instance, when John Smith and Mary Jones marry each other, they may become known as John Smith-Jones and Mary Smith-Jones. However, some consider the extra length of the hyphenated names undesirable. A spouse may also opt to use his or her birth name as a middle name. An additional option, although rarely practiced, is the adoption of a last name derived from a portmanteau of the prior names, such as "Simones". Some couples keep their own last names but give their children hyphenated or combined surnames.
In some jurisdictions, a woman's legal name used to change automatically upon marriage. That change is no longer a requirement (except in South Africa), but women may still easily change to their husband's surname. Upon marriage, men can easily change their surname with the federal government, through the Social Security Administration, but may face difficulty on the state level in some states. In some places, civil rights lawsuits or constitutional amendments changed the law so that men could also easily change their married names (e.g., in British Columbia and California). (Note: many Anglophone countries are also common-law countries.)
Many people choose to change their name when they marry, while others do not. There are many reasons why people maintain their surname. One is that dropped surnames disappear throughout generations, while the adopted surname survives. Another reason is that if a person's surname is well known due to his or her particular family's heritage or prominence, he or she may choose to keep his or her birth surname. Yet another is the identity crisis people may experience when giving up their surname. People in academia, for example, who have previously published articles in academic journals under their birth name often do not change their surname after marriage, in order to ensure that they continue to receive credit for their past and future work. This practice is also common among physicians, attorneys, and other professionals, as well as celebrities for whom continuity is important. Though the practice of women's maintaining their surname after marriage is increasing, it has not caught on in the general population and there is great peer pressure for women to change their names. Practices among same-sex married couples do not at this point follow any discernible pattern, with some choosing to share surnames, while others do not.
In Southern gospel and folk music, families often perform together as groups. When female artists in these genres marry, they usually adopt double-barrelled surnames if the husband comes from a noted musical family as well (e.g. Allison Durham Speer, Kelly Crabb Bowling), or simply continue to go by their birth names if the husband is not from such a family (e.g. Karen Peck, Libbi Perry, Janet Paschal).
Spelling of names in past centuries is often assumed to be a deliberate choice by a family, but due to very low literacy rates, the reality is that many families could not provide the spelling of their surname, and so the scribe, clerk, minister, or official would write down the name on the basis of how it was spoken, or how they heard it. This results in a great many variations, some of which occurred when families moved to another country (e.g. Wagner becoming Wagoner, or Whaley becoming Whealy). With the increase in bureaucracy, officially-recorded spellings tended to become the standard for a given family.
In medieval times, a patronymic system similar to the one still used in Iceland emerged. For example, Álvaro, the son of Rodrigo would be named Álvaro Rodríguez. His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names and are some of the most common names in the Spanish-speaking world. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno ("tan"); occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller"), Rey ("King") and Guerrero ("warrior"); and geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German").
However, nowadays in Spain and in many Spanish-speaking countries (former Spanish colonies, e.g. Philippines, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guatemala, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Venezuela), most people have two family names, although in some situations only the first is used. The first family name is the paternal one, inherited from the father's paternal family name. The second family name is the maternal one, inherited from the mother's paternal family name. (As an example, Mexican boxer Marco Antonio Barrera's full name is Marco Antonio Barrera Tapia, though Barrera is the only one used in general conversation. In Spain, a new law approved in 1999 allows an adult to change the order of his/her family names, and parents can also change the order of their children's family names if they agree (if one of their children is at least 12 years old they need his/her agreement too).
Depending on the country, the family names may or may not be linked by the conjunction y ("and"), i ("and", in Catalonia), de ("of") and de la ("of the", when the following word is feminine). However, in many South American countries, people have now adopted the English-speaking custom of having a single family name (e.g., in Argentina). Sometimes a new father transmits his complete family name by creating a new one, combining his two family names, e.g., the paternal surname of the son of Javier (given name) Reyes (paternal family name) de la Barrera (maternal surname) may become the new paternal surname Reyes de la Barrera.
At present in Spain, women upon marrying keep their own two family names. In certain rare situations, especially the nobility, she may be addressed as if her maternal surname had been replaced with her husband's paternal surname, often linked with de. For example, a woman named Ana García Díaz, upon marrying Juan Guerrero Macías, could be called Ana García de Guerrero. This custom, begun in medieval times, is decaying and only has legal validity in Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, Panama, and to a certain extent in Mexico, where its use is becoming minor through time. In Mexico, women who got married kept their first family name followed by "de" and then the husband's last name. For example María Martínez López when married to Josué Vásquez Hernández would then be María Martínez de Vásquez; this usage is being discontinued and it's only used by elder women, or by adult females that knew that custom when they were little, also it's used to refer to a woman who one doesn't know her full name and use her husband's last name instead (like in the former example). In Peru and the Dominican Republic, women normally conserve all family names after getting married. For example, if Rosa María Pérez Martínez marries Juan Martín De La Cruz Gómez, she will be called Rosa María Pérez Martínez de De La Cruz, and if the husband dies, she will be called Rosa María Pérez Martínez Vda. de De La Cruz (Vda. is the abbreviation for Viuda, "widow" in Spanish). In Ecuador, a couple can choose the order of their children's surnames. Most choose the traditional order (e.g., Guerrero García in the example above), but some invert the order, putting the mother's paternal surname first and the father's paternal surname last (e.g., García Guerrero from the example above). Such inversion, if chosen, must be maintained for all the children. Spanish surnames are also based on location, for example, " De La Torre" is spanish for "Of The Tower" and is commonly used in Mexico, it is thought to be fom Spanish descent(from Spain) it may have been taken from Spanish conquistadors who settled in Mexico.
In Argentina only one family name, the father's paternal family name, is commonly used and registered, as in English-speaking countries (the real reason why many Argentinians [but by no means all, a large proportion of them use two as per Spanish usage] use one last name is because a large proportion of the dominant class come from Italian ascent, and therefore follow the conventions of this country). Women, however, do not change their family names upon marriage and continue to use their birth family names instead of their husband's family names.
In Cuba, both men and women carry their two family names (first their father's, and second their mother's). Both are equally important and are mandatory for any official document. Married women never change their original family names for their husband's. Even when they migrate to other countries where this is a common practice, many prefer to adhere to their Cuban heritage and keep their maiden name.
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There are about 1,000,000 different family names in German. German family names most often derive from given names, occupational designations, bodily attributes or geographical names. Hyphenations notwithstanding, they mostly consist of a single word; in those rare cases where the family name is linked to the given names by particles such as von or zu, they usually indicate noble ancestry. Not all noble families used these names (see Riedesel), while some farm families, particularly in Westphalia, used the particle von or zu followed by their farm or former farm's name as a family name (see Meyer zu Erpen).
Family names in German-speaking countries are usually positioned last, after all given names. There are exceptions, however: In parts of Austria and the Alemannic-speaking areas, the family name is regularly put in front of the first given name. Also in many - especially rural - parts of Germany, to emphasize family affiliation there is often an inversion in colloquial use, in which the family name becomes a possessive: Rüters Erich, for example, would be Erich of the Rüter family.
In Germany today, upon marriage, both partners can choose to keep their birth name or one of them can adopt a hyphenated name of their birth names (the latter case is forbidden for both partners and for the last names of children), or one of them can switch to their partner's name (if the partner keeps it). After that, they must decide on one family name for all their future children, by pretty much the same rules. (German name)
Changing one's family name for reasons other than marriage, divorce or adoption is only possible in Germany if the applicant can prove that they suffer extraordinarily due to their name.
In the case of Portuguese naming customs, the main surname (the one used in alphasorting, indexing, abbreviations, and greetings), appears last (reverse the order of Spanish surnames).
Each person usually has two family names: the first is the maternal family name; the last is the paternal family name. A person can have up to six names (two first names and four surnames — he or she may have two names from the mother and two from the father).
In ancient times a patronymic was commonly used — surnames like Gonçalves ("son of Gonçalo"), Fernandes ("son of Fernando"), Nunes ("son of Nuno"), Soares ("son of Soeiro"), Sanches ("son of Sancho"), Henriques ("son of Henrique") which along with many others are still in regular use as very prevalent family names.
Brazilians usually call people only by their given names, omitting family names, even in many formal situations (as in the press referring to authorities, e.g. "Former President Fernando Henrique", never Former President Cardoso), or "President Lula" ("Lula" was actually his nickname). When formality or a prefix requires a family name, the given name usually precedes the surname, e.g. João Santos, or Sr. João Santos.
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However, following the occupation of Azerbaijan by the Red Army, the coutry became part of the Soviet Union. As a result, Azeri people were forced to abandon their traditional Azeri surname suffixes and were then replaced by Russian "-ov", "-yev" for men and "-ova", "-yeva" for women suffixes.
In 1991, Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union. Since then, more and more Azeris are switching back to their original surnames.
In Western Finland, the agrarian names dominated, and the last name of the person was usually given according to the farm or holding they lived on. In 1921, surnames became compulsory for all Finns. At this point, the agrarian names were usually adopted as surnames. A typical feature of such names is the addition of prefixes Ala- (Sub-) or Ylä- (Up-), giving the location of the holding along a waterway in relation of the main holding. (e.g. Yli-Ojanperä, Ala-Verronen)
A third, foreign tradition of surnames was introduced in Finland by the Swedish-speaking upper and middle classes which used typical German and Swedish surnames. By custom, all Finnish-speaking persons who were able to get a position of some status in urban or learned society, discarded their Finnish name, adopting a Swedish, German or (in case of clergy) Latin surnames. In the case of enlisted soldiers, the new name was given regardless of the wishes of the individual.
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the overall modernization process and especially, the political movement of fennicization caused a movement for adoption of Finnish surnames. At that time, many persons with a Swedish or otherwise foreign surname changed their family name to a Finnish one. The features of nature with endings -o/ö, -nen (Meriö < Meri "sea", Nieminen < Niemi "point") are typical of the names of this era, as well as more or less direct translations of Swedish names (Paasivirta < Hällström).
In the 21st century Finland, the use of surnames follows the German model. Every person is legally obliged to have a first and last name. At most, three first names are allowed. The Finnish married couple may adopt the name of either spouse, or either spouse (or both spouses) may decide to use a double barrelled name. The parents may choose either surname or the double barrelled surname for their children, but all siblings must share the same surname. All persons have the right to change their surname once without any specific reason. A surname that is un-Finnish, contrary to the usages of the Swedish or Finnish languages or is in use by any person resident in Finland cannot be accepted as the new name, unless valid family reasons or religious or national customs give a reason for waiving this requirement. However, persons may change their surname to any surname that has ever been used by their ancestors, if they can prove such claim. Some immigrants have had difficulty naming their children, as they must choose from an approved list based on the family's household language.
In the Finnish language, the root of the surname can be modified by consonant gradation regularly when inflected to a case. In contrast, first names do not undergo qualitative gradation (e.g. Hilta - Hiltan), only quantitative gradation (Mikko - Mikon).
Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons.
Although surnames are static today, dynamic and changing patronym usage survives in middle names in Greece where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name.
Because of their codification in the Modern Greek state, surnames have Katharevousa forms even though Katharevousa is no longer the official standard. Thus, the Ancient Greek name Eleutherios forms the Modern Greek proper name Lefteris, and former vernacular practice (prefixing the surname to the proper name) was to call John Eleutherios as Leftero-giannis.
Modern practice is to call the same person Giannis Eleftheriou: the proper name is vernacular (and not Ioannis), but the surname is an archaic genitive.
Female surnames, are most often in the Katharevousa genitive case of a male name. This is an innovation of the Modern Greek state; Byzantine practice was to form a feminine counterpart of the male surname (e.g. masculine Palaiologos, Byzantine feminine Palaiologina, Modern feminine Palaiologou).
In the past, women would change their surname when married, to that of their husband (again in genitive case) signifying the transfer of "dependence" from the father to the husband. In earlier Modern Greek society, women were named with -aina as a feminine suffix on the husband's first name: "Giorgaina", "Mrs George", "Wife of George". Nowadays, a woman's surname does not change upon marriage, though she can use the husband's surname socially. Children usually receive the paternal surname, though in rare cases, if the bride and groom have agreed before the marriage, the children can receive the maternal surname.
Some surnames are prefixed with Papa-, indicating ancestry from a priest, i.e. ."Papadopoulos", the "son of the priest (papas)". Others, like Archi- and Mastro- signify "boss" and "tradesman" respectively.
Prefixes such as Konto-, Makro-, and Chondro-, describe body characteristics, such as "short", "tall/long" and "fat". "Gero-" and "Palaio-" signify "old" or "wise".
Other prefixes include Hadji- which was an honorific deriving from the Arabic Hadj or pilgrimage, and indicate that the person had made a pilgrimage (in the case of Christians to Jerusalem) and Kara- which is attributed to the Turkish word for "black" deriving from the Ottoman Empire era.
Arvanitic surnames are also common. For example, the Arvanitic word for "brave" or "pallikari" (in Greek) being "çanavar" or its shortened form "çavar" was pronounced "tzanavar" or "tzavar" giving birth to traditional Arvanitic family names like "Tzanavaras" and/or "Tzavaras".
Most Greek patronymic suffixes are diminutives, which vary by region. The most common Hellenic patronymic suffixes are:
Others, less common are:
In Hungarian, like Asian languages but unlike most other European ones (see French and German above for exceptions), the family name is placed before the given names. This usage does not apply to non-Hungarian names, for example "Tony Blair" will remain "Tony Blair" when written in Hungarian texts.
Names of Hungarian individuals, however, appear in Western order in English writing.
In Iceland, most people have no family name; a person's last name is most commonly a patronymic, i.e. derived from the father's first name. For example, when a man called Karl has a daughter called Anna and a son called Magnús, their full names will typically be Anna Karlsdóttir ("Karl's daughter") and Magnús Karlsson ("Karl's son"). The name is not changed upon marriage.
India is a country with numerous distinct cultures and language groups within it. Thus, Indian surnames, where formalized, fall into seven general types. And many people from the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala do not use any formal surnames, though most might have one.
In Northern India, most of the people have their family name after the given names, whereas in Southern India, the given names come after the family name.
The convention is to write the first name followed by middle names and surname. It is common to use the father's first name as the middle name or last name even though it is not universal. In some Indian states like Maharashtra, official documents list the family name first, followed by a comma and the given names.
It is customary for wives to take the surname of their husband after marriage. In modern times, in urban areas at least, this practice is not universal. In some rural areas, particularly in North India, wives may also take a new first name after their nuptials. Children inherit their surnames from their father.
In some parts of Southern India, no formal surname is used, because the family has decided to forgo its existing clan name. There has been a minor reversal of this trend in the recent times. This practice is prevalent in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. For example, people from the kongu vellala gounder community of Tamilnadu have in general two titles: the caste title Gounder and the clan name, example Perungudi. Nowadays it is common for people not to use any of these titles. So a Konguvel, son of Shanmuganathan, of say Erode, would call himself Konguvel Shanmughanathan, instead of the traditional Erode Perungudi Konguvel Gounder. This practise is of very recent origin though. Wife or child takes the given name of the husband or father (Usha married Satish, and may therefore be called Usha Satish or simply S. Usha). In many communities, especially Christian, names are formed by the given name as the first name, the family name and house name as the middle name(s) and the father's/husband's given name as the last name. Thus, the last name changes with each generation. The house name would also change as generations move out of their consanguineal family homes with the changing ownership of property upon the death of the patriarch. The Dravidian movement in the beginning of 19th century was instrumental in knocking off the concept of surnames in Tamil Nadu. Since many companies in the industrially rich Tamil Nadu managed to filter candidates just by looking at their names, the movement went on to such an extent that surnames/castenames were simply refused at primary school levels. The movement went so active that even Streets, roads and galis where names with caste name was published, road-tar was applied on caste names. For instance in a Ranganatha Mudaliar street, the
Mudaliar name was struck off with tar, leaving the street as Ranganathan Street. Similar was the case with almost all castes, Now it's hard to find a Mudaliar, Nadar, Pillai,
Goundar, Iyer, Chettiar etc in any public display. Only on arranged marriages, people feel proud to publish their caste names. In cases where people arrange their own marriages (intercaste / inter religion), the caste name almost vanishes. Hence the famous "ETHIRAJA MUDALIAR College" in Chennai is simply "ETHIRAJ COLLEGE" or "Kamaraja nadar road" is simply "Kamaraj road". This is being welcome my politicians from UP, Bihar etc.
Jains generally use Jain, Shah, Firodia, Singhal or Gupta as their last names. Sikhs generally use the words Singh ("lion") and Kaur ("princess") as surnames added to the otherwise unisex first names of men and women, respectively. It is also common to use a different surname after Singh in which case Singh or Kaur are used as middle names (Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Surinder Kaur Badal). The tenth Guru of Sikhism ordered (Hukamnama) that any man who considered himself a Sikh must use Singh in his name and any woman who considered herself a Sikh must use Kaur in her name. Other middle names or honorifics that are sometimes used as surnames include Kumar, Dev, Lal, and Chand.
The modern day spellings of names originated when families translated their surnames to English, with no standardization across the country. Variations are regional, based on how the name was translated from the local language to English in the 18th, 19th or 20th centuries during British rule. Therefore, it is understood in the local traditions that Agrawal and Aggarwal represent the same name derived from Uttar Pradesh and Punjab respectively. Similarly, Tagore derives from Bengal while Thakur is from Hindi-speaking areas. The officially-recorded spellings tended to become the standard for that family. In the modern times, some states have attempted at standardization, particularly where the surnames were corrupted because of the early British insistence of shortening them for convenience. Thus Bandopadhyay became Banerji, Mukhopadhay became Mukherji, Chattopadhyay became Chatterji etc. This coupled with various other spelling variations created several surnames based on the original surnames. The West Bengal Government now insists on re-converting all the variations to their original form when the child is enrolled in school.
Javanese people are the majority in Indonesia, and most do not have any surname. There are many individuals who have only name, such as "Suharto" and "Sukarno". These are not only common with the Javanese but also with ethnic groups who do not have the tradition of surnames. If, however, they are Muslims, they might opt to follow Arabic naming customs.
Many surnames in Ireland of Gaelic origin derive from ancestors' names, nicknames, or descriptive names. In the first group can be placed surnames such as McMurrough and McCarthy, derived from patronymics, or O'Brien and O'Grady, derived from ancestral names.
Gaelic surnames derived from nicknames include Ó Dubhda (from Aedh ua Dubhda - Aedh, the dark one), O'Doherty (from dochartaigh, "destroyer" or "obtrusive"), Garvery (garbh, "rough" or "nasty"), Manton (mantach, "toothless"), Bane (bán, "white", as in "white hair"), Finn (fionn, "fair", as in "fair hair"), and Kennedy (cinnéide, "ugly head").
In contrast to England, very few Gaelic surnames are derived from placenames or venerated people/objects. Among those that are included in this small group, several can be shown to be derivations of Gaelic personal names or surnames. One notable exception is Ó Cuilleáin or O'Collins (from cuileann, "Holly") as in the Holly Tree, considered one of the most sacred objects of pre-Christian Celtic culture. Another is Walsh (Breatnach), meaning Welsh.
In areas where certain family names are extremely common, extra names are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern. In Ireland, for example, where Murphy is an exceedingly common name, particular Murphy families or extended families are nicknamed, so that Denis Murphy's family were called The Weavers and Denis himself was called Denis "The Weaver" Murphy. (See also O'Hay.)
For much the same reason, nicknames (e.g. the Fada Burkes, "the long/tall Burkes"), father's names (e.g. John Morrissey Ned) or mother's maiden name (Kennedy becoming Kennedy-Lydon) can become colloquial or legal surnames. The Irish family of de Courcy Ireland became so-named to distinguish them from their cousins who moved to France in the 17th and 18th centuries.
In addition to all this, Irish speaking areas still follow the old tradition of naming themselves after their father, grandfather, great-grandfather and so on. Examples include Mike Bartly Pat Reilly ("Mike, son of Bartholomew, son of Pat Reilly"), John Michel John Oge Pat Breanach ("John, son of Michael, son of young John, son of Pat Breanach"), Tom Paddy-Joe Seoige ("Tom, son of Paddy-Joe Seoige"), and Mary Bartly Mike Walsh ("Mary, daughter of Bartly, son of Mike Walsh"). Sometimes, the female line of the family is used, depending on how well the parent is known in the area the person resides, e.g. Paddy Mary John ("Paddy, son of Mary, daughter of John"). A similar tradition continues even in English-speaking areas, especially in rural districts.
Some Irish surnames can be mistaken for non-Irish. Anglicization of many surnames has been so thorough that bona-fide Irish names such as Crockwell and Harrington appear to be English. Other Irish names can appear to be German (Bruder), Italian (Costello), or even Polish (Comiskey).
i, ian, deh, dust, fard, far, ju, iya, nia, nizhad (or nejad), oo, par, parast, pour, rad, vand, vard, yar, zadeh, zad, zand
Sometimes name of cities or towns are attached as the last word in the family name such as: Tehrani, Shirazi, Esfahani, Tabrizi, Zanjani, Angurani, Samani, Farahani
Some common Persian last names are: Afsar, Agassi, Alivandi, Alizadeh, Amanpour, Ansari, Anvari, Ariani, Arki, Ashtari, Azria, Bahari, Bahrami, Bakhtiari, Bateni, Bozorgi, Dashti, Davoodi, , Ebadi, Elmi, Emami,Esfahani, Fakoor, Farahani, Feiz, Firozi, Gharani, Gharibpour, Ghasemi, Golzari, Hosseini, Kalbasi, Karimi, Kashani, Kiani, Kiyanfar, Kiyanpour, Loghmani, Mehranzadeh,Milani, Mirzapour, Motallebzadeh, Najafi, Nakhudeh, Niyazfar, Omidifar, Ovisi, Ovasi, Rabiee, Rahimi, Rastinpour, Rezaei, Rouzrokh, Samani, Sarafpour, Sattari,Shirazi, Soltanzadeh, Souriani, Talebi, Tehrani, Teymourian, Yari, Yazdani, Zahedi, Zandi,and Zandipour.
Most, but not all last names that end in "ian" and sometimes "yan" are traditionally Persian last names. Armenian last names can also contain ian, but does not mean that they have to be Persian however they still hold the Persian suffix, "ian". This is the same for "-stan" which is a Persian noun-maker suffix used for country names such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, etc. which comes from Persian meaning "land" or "province" (Ostan in Persian).
In the old traditional Persian culture the wife did not take on the husband's surname. Although she kept her name, her husband's surname was used when she was referred to or addressed directly in a formal setting.
Italy has around 350,000 surnames. Most of them derive from the following sources: patronym or ilk (e.g. Francesco di Marco, "Francis, son of Mark" or Eduardo de Filippo, "Edward belonging to the family of Philip"), occupation (e.g. Enzo Ferrari, "Enzo the Smith"), personal characteristic (e.g. nicknames or pet names like Dario Forte, "Darius the Strong"), geographic origin (e.g. Elisabetta Romano, "Elisabeth from Rome") and objects (e.g. Carlo Sacchi, "Charles Bags"). The two most common Italian family names, Russo and Rossi, mean the same thing, "Red", possibly referring to a hair color that would have been very distinctive in Italy.
Both Western and Eastern orders are used for full names: the given name usually comes first, but the family name may come first in formal or administrative settings; lists are usually indexed according to the last name.
Women usually keep their surname when married but may also be addressed with the surname of the husband, especially when they become widows. Sometimes both surnames are written (the proper first), usually separated by in (e.g. Giuseppina Mauri in Crivelli). A woman using only her birth surname may add a giovane to the name (e.g. Mauri giovane) to indicate clearly that it is not her husband's name.
In a recently proposed law, a child may receive the surname of either the mother or the father.
Sicilian and Italian surnames are common due to the close vicinity to Malta. Examples include Bonello, Camilleri, Cauchi, Chetcuti, Dalli, Darmanin, Farrugia, Giglio, Gauci, Delicata, Licari, Magri, Rizzo, Schembri, Tabone, Troisi, Vassallo, etc.
English surnames exist due to Malta forming a part of the British Empire in the 19th century and most of the 20th. Examples include Bickle, Haidon, Harmsworth, Atkins, Mattocks, Martin, Wallbank, Smith, Jones, Sixsmith, Woods, Turner, Henwood.
Semitic surnames are common, due to the early presence of Eastern and Southern Mediterranean people in Malta. Examples include Sammut, Zammit, Said, Borg, Xuereb, Xerri, Grixti, Xriha, although the last three are also written in a Italianized form, i.e. Scerri, Griscti, Sciriha, due to Maltese being written in the Italian alphabet in the 19th century.
Spanish surnames exist too. Two common surnames are Calleja and Galdes and less common surnames are Enriquez, Herrera, Guzman, Inguanez, Carabez. A variant of Galdes exists and is Galdies, with only one family possessing it.
Such as Papagiorcopoulo, Dacoutros, Vasilopoulos, Vasilis, Trakosopoulos
Such as Depuis, Montfort.
Surnames from foreign countries from Middle Ages include German ones such as von Brockdorff, Engerer, Hyzler, Schranz, Craus, Fenech
The Jews have also left a relic of their presence on the island with the surnames of Abela, Ellul, Azzopardi and Cohen.
Some Maltese women, in order to preserve a rare surname from becoming extinct after marriage, add their maiden surname to their husband's. Sometimes, it becomes a sign of social status. These include: Spiteri-Gonzi, Fleri Soler, Mifsud-Bonnici, Sammut-Alessi, Sammut-Testaferrata, Cachia-Zammit, Caruana Curran, Vella-Maistre, Zarb Cousin, Fenech-Adami, Borg Olivier, Sant Fournier.
The few original Maltese surnames are those which show places of origin, for example, Chircop (Kirkop), Lia (Lija), Balzan (Balzan), Valletta (Valletta), Sciberras (Xebb ir-Ras Hill, on which Valletta was built) and possibly Curmi from Qormi.
Recently, due to asylum seekers from third world countries, new family names have been created. An example is Nwoko, following the naturalisation of footballer Chucks Nwoko. Others include Okoh, Ohaegbu, Yekoko, Stefanov, Bogdanovic, Giorev, Mohammed, Abu Shala, Abu Shamala.
Women take a man's surname upon marriage, and their name is written as: Maria Borg née Zammit in official documents, but only as Maria Borg in informal scenarios. However some celebrities retain their old name as a stage name. Generally children take the surname of their father, but some are given the name of their mother, either alone or combined to their father's.
The custom to address a family is to use the initial and surname of the male and refer also to the family. For example, if a letter is sent to a person named David Saliba and his family, one writes Mr. and Mrs. D. Saliba.
Except for the new surnames from foreign countries, and sometimes the long, combined and rare ones, generally the Maltese people do not give a lot of importance to the origins of their surnames, and cohabit hand in hand.
Some examples of surnames from Malta are:
Mongolians do not use surnames in the way that most Westerners, Chinese or Japanese do. Since the socialist period, patronymics - then called ovog, now called etsgiin ner - are used instead of a surname. If the father's name is unknown, a matronymic is used. The patro- or matronymic is written before the given name. Therefore, if a man with given name Tsakhia has a son, and gives the son the name Elbegdorj, the son's full name is Tsakhia Elbegdorj. Very frequently, the patronymic is given in genitive case, i.e. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. However, the patronymic is rather insignificant in everyday use and usually just given as initial - Ts. Elbegdorj. People are normally just referred to and addressed by their given name (Elbegdorj guai - Mr. Elbegdorj), and if two people share a common given name, they are usually just kept apart by their initials, not by the full patronymic.
Since 2000, Mongolians have been officially using clan names - ovog, the same word that had been used for the patronymics before - on their IDs. Many people chose the names of the ancient clans and tribes such Borjigin, Besud, Jalair, etc. Also many extended families chose the names of the native places of their ancestors. Some chose the names of their most ancient known ancestor. Some just decided to pass their own given names (or modifications of their given names) to their descendants as clan names. Some chose or other attributes of their lives as surnames. Gürragchaa chose Sansar (Cosmos). Clan names precede the patronymics and given names, i.e. Besud Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. In practice, these clan names seem to have had no really significant effect, and are not even included in Mongolian passports.
People claiming Iranian ancestry include those with family names Agha, Firdausi, Ghazali, Hamadani, Isfahani, Kashani, Kermani, Khorasani, Mir, Montazeri, Nishapuri, Noorani, Kayani, Qizilbash, Saadi, Sabzvari, Shirazi, Sistani, Yazdani, Zahedi, and Zand.
Tribal names include Abro Afaqi, Afridi, Amini, Ashrafkhel, Awan, Bajwa, Baloch, Barakzai, Baranzai, Bhatti, Bhutto,Ranjha, Bijarani, Bizenjo, Brohi, Bugti, Butt, Detho, Gabol, Ghaznavi, Ghilzai, Gichki, Jakhrani, Jamali, Jamote, Janjua, Jatoi, Jutt Joyo, Junejo, Karmazkhel, Kayani, Khan, Khar, Khattak, Khuhro, Lakhani, Leghari, Lodhi, Magsi, Malik, Mandokhel(MAYO, Marwat, Mengal, Mughal , Palijo, Paracha,Panhwar, Popalzai, Qureshi, Rabbani, Raisani, Rakhshani, Soomro, Sulaimankhel, Talpur, Talwar, Thebo, Yousafzai, and Zamani.
In Pakistan the official paperwork format regarding personal identity is as follows;
So and so, son of so and so, of such and such caste and religion and resident of such and such place. For example, Amir Khan s/o Fakeer Khan, caste Mughal Kayani or Chauhan Rajput, Follower of religion Islam, resident of Village Anywhere, Tehsil Anywhere, District.
In 1849, Governor-general Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa decreed an end to these arbitrary practices, the result of which was the Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos ("Alphabetical Inventory of Surnames"). The book contained many words coming from Spanish and the Philippine languages such as Tagalog and many Basque surnames, such as Zuloaga or Aguirre.
In practice, the application of this decree varied from municipality to municipality. Some municipalities received only surnames starting with a particular letter. For example, the majority of residents of the island of Banton in the province of Romblon have surnames starting with F such as Fabicon, Fallarme, Fadrilan, and Ferran. Thus, although there perhaps a majority of Filipinos have Spanish surnames, such a surname does not always indicate Spanish ancestry.
The vast majority of Filipinos follow a naming system which is the reverse of the Spanish one. Children take the mother's surname as their middle name, followed by their father's as their surname; for example, a son of Juan de la Cruz and his wife Maria Agbayani may be David Agbayani de la Cruz. Women take the surnames of their husband upon marriage; so upon her marriage to David de la Cruz, the full name of Laura Yuchengco Macaraeg would become Laura Yuchengco Macaraeg de la Cruz.
There are other sources for surnames. Many Filipinos also have Chinese-derived surnames, which in some cases could indicate Chinese ancestry. Many Hispanicised Chinese numerals and other Hispanicised Chinese words, however, were also among the surnames in the Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos. For those whose surname may indicate Chinese ancestry, analysis of the surname may help to pinpoint when those ancestors arrived in the Philippines. A hispanicised Chinese surname such as Cojuangco suggests an 18th-century arrival while a Chinese surname such as Lim suggests a relatively recent immigration. Some Chinese surnames such as Tiu-Laurel are composed of the immigrant Chinese ancestor's surname as well as the name of that ancestor's godparent on receiving Christian baptism.
In the predominantly Muslim areas of the southern Philippines, adoption of surnames was influenced by connexions to that religion, its holy places, and prophets. As a result, surnames among Filipino Muslims are largely Arabic-based, and include such surnames as Hassan and Haradji.
There are also Filipinos who, to this day, have no surnames at all, particularly if they come from indigenous cultural communities.
A common Filipino name will consist of the given name (mostly 2 given names are given), the initial letter of the mother's maiden name and finally the father's surname (i.e. Lucy Anne C. de Guzman). Also, women are allowed to retain their maiden name or use both her and her husband's surname, separated by a dash. This is common in feminist circles or when the woman hold a prominent office (e.g. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Miriam Defensor-Santiago). In more traditional circles, especially those who belong to the prominent families in the provinces, the custom of the woman being addressed as Mrs. Husband's Full Name is still common.
For widows, who chose to marry again, two norms are in existence. For those who were widowed before the Family Code, the full name of the woman remains while the surname of the deceased husband is attached. That is, Maria Andres, who was widowed by Ignacio Dimaculangan will have the name Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan. If she chooses to marry again, this name will still continue to exist while the surname of the new husband is attached. That, if Maria marries Rene de los Santos, her new name will be Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan de los Santos.
However, a new norm is also in existence. The woman may choose to use her husband's surname to be one of her middle names. Thus, Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan de los Santos may also be called Maria A.D. de los Santos.
Children will however automatically inherit their father's surname if they are considered legitimate. If the child is born outside wedlock, the mother will automatically pass her surname to the child, unless the father gives a written acknowledgment of paternity. The father may also choose to give the child both his parents' surnames if he wishes (that is Gustavo Paredes, whose parents are Eulogio Paredes and Juliana Angeles, while having Maria Solis as a wife, may name his child Kevin S. Angeles-Paredes.
In some Tagalog regions, the norm of giving patronyms, or in some cases matronyms, are also accepted. These names are of course not official, since family names in the Philippines are inherited. It is not uncommon to refer to someone as Juan anak ni Pablo (John, the Son of Pablo) or Juan apo ni Teofilo (John, the grandson of Theophilus).
Until the 19th century, the names were primarily of the form "[given name] [father's name] [grandfather's name]". The few exceptions are usually famous people or the nobility (boyars). The name reform introduced around 1850, had the names changed to a western style, most likely imported from France, consisting of a given name followed by a family name.
As such, the name is called prenume (French prénom), while the family name is called nume or, when otherwise ambiguous, nume de familie ("family name"). Although not mandatory, middle names (Romanian numele mic, literally, "small name") are common.
Historically, when the family name reform was introduced in the mid 19th century, the default was to use a patronym, or a matronym when the father was dead or unknown. The typical derivation was to append the suffix -escu to the father's name, e.g. Anghelescu ("Anghel's child") and Petrescu ("Petre's child"). (The -escu seems to come both from Old Slavonic -ьскъ and/or from Latin -iscum, thus being cognate with Italian -esco and French -esque.) The other common derivation was to append the suffix -eanu to the name of the place of origin, especially when one came from a different region, e.g. Munteanu ("from the mountains") and Moldoveanu ("from Moldova"). These uniquely Romanian suffixes strongly identify ancestral nationality.
There are also descriptive family names derived from occupations, nicknames, and events, e.g. Botezatu ("baptised"), Barbu ("bushy bearded"), Prodan ("foster"), Bălan ("blond"), Fieraru ("smith"), Croitoru ("taylor").
Romanian family names remain the same regardless of the sex of the person.
Although given names appear before family names in most Romanian contexts, official documents invert the order, ostensibly for filing purposes. Correspondingly, Romanians often introduce themselves with their family names first, especially in official contexts, e.g. a student signing a test paper in school.
Romanians bearing names of non-Romanian origin often adopt Romanianised versions of their ancestral surnames, such as Jurovschi for Polish Żurowski, which preserves the original pronunciation of the surname through transliteration. In other cases, as with Romanians of Hungarian origin, these changes were often mandated by the state, as was the practice during the period of communist rule.
In Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultures, the family name is placed before the given names. So the terms "first name" and "last name" are generally not used, as they do not in this case denote the given and family names.
Chinese family names have many types of origins, dating back as early as pre-Qin era:
In history, some changed their surnames due to a naming taboo (from Zhuang 莊 to Yan 嚴 during the era of Liu Zhuang 劉莊) or as an award by the Emperor(Li was often to senior officers during Tang Dynasty).
In modern days, some Chinese adopt a Western given name in addition to their original given names, e.g. Lee Chu-ming (李柱銘) adopted the Western name Martin, which can often be used as a nickname of Chu-ming. The adopted Western name can be put in front of their Chinese name, e.g. Martin LEE Chu-ming. In addition, many people with Chinese names have non-Chinese first names which are commonly used. Sometimes, the Chinese name becomes used as a "middle name", e.g. Martin Chu-ming Lee, or even used a "last name", e.g. Lee Chu-ming Martin. Chinese names used in Western countries may be rearranged when written to avoid misunderstanding, e.g. cellist Yo-Yo Ma. However, some well-known Chinese names remain in the traditional order even in English literature, e.g. Mao Zedong, Yao Ming (Note that the name on the back of Yao Ming's NBA jersey is "Yao," rather than "Ming," as the former is his family name). Most people from mainland China stick with their own national standard to present their names. For example, in all Olympic events all the PRC athletes' names are presented in the Chinese ordering even when they are spelled out phonetically in Latin alphabets. Chinese athletes from other countries especially those in the US team use the Western ordering. So the non-compliance to the Western ordering is not a matter of cultural convention but a national standard adopted by PRC.
Vietnamese and Korean names are generally stated in East Asian order (family name first) even when writing in English.
In English writings originating from non-English cultures (e.g. English newspapers in China), the family name is often written with all capital letters to avoid being mistaken as a middle name, e.g. Laurence Yee-ming KWONG or using small capitals, as Laurence KWONG Yee-ming or with a comma, as AKUTAGAWA, Ryūnosuke to make clear which name is the family name. Such practice is particularly common in mass-media reporting international events like the Olympic Games. The CIA World Factbook stated that "The Factbook capitalizes the surname or family name of individuals for the convenience of [their] users who are faced with a world of different cultures and naming conventions". For example, Leslie Cheung Kwok Wing might be mistaken as Mr. Wing by readers unaware of Chinese naming conventions.
Vietnamese family names present an added complication. Like Chinese family names, they are placed at the beginning of a name, but unlike Chinese names, they are not usually the primary form of address. Rather, people will be referred to by their given name, usually accompanied by an honorific. For example, Phan Van Khai is properly addressed as Mr. Khai, even though Phan is his family name. This pattern contrasts with that of most other East Asian naming conventions.
In Japan, the civil law forces a common surname for every married couple, unless in a case of international marriage. In most cases, women surrender their surnames upon marriage, and use the surnames of their husbands. However, a convention that a man uses his wife's family name if the wife is an only child is sometimes observed. A similar tradition called ru zhui (入贅) is common among Chinese when the bride's family is wealthy and has no son but wants the heir to pass on their assets under the same family name. The Chinese character zhui (贅) carries a money radical (貝), which implies that this tradition was originally based on financial reasons. All their offspring carry the mother's family name. If the groom is the first born with an obligation to carry his own ancestor's name, a compromise may be reached in that the first male child carries the mother's family name while subsequent offspring carry the father's family name. The tradition is still in use in many Chinese communities outside of mainland China, but largely disused in China because of social changes from communism. Due to the economic reform in the past decade, accumulation and inheritance of personal wealth made a come back to the Chinese society. It is unknown if this financially motivated tradition would also come back to mainland China.
In Chinese, Korean, and Singaporean cultures, women keep their own surnames, while the family as a whole is referred to by the surnames of the husbands.
In Hong Kong, some women would be known to the public with the surnames of their husbands preceding their own surnames, such as Anson Chan Fang On Sang. Anson is an English given name, On Sang is the given name in Chinese, Chan is the surname of Anson's husband, and Fang is her own surname. A name change on legal documents is not necessary. In Hong Kong's English publications, her family names would have been presented in small cap letters to resolve ambiguity, e.g. Anson CHAN FANG On Sang in full or simply Anson Chan in short form.
Chinese women in Canada, especially Hongkongers in Toronto, would preserve their maiden names before the surnames of their husbands when written in English, for instance Rosa Chan Leung, where Chan is the maiden name, and Leung is the surname of the husband.
In Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese, surnames are predominantly monosyllabic (written with one character), though a small number of common disyllabic (or written with two characters) surnames exists (e.g. the Chinese name Ouyang, the Korean name Jegal and the Vietnamese name Phan-Tran).
Many Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese surnames are of the same origin, but simply pronounced differently and even transliterated differently overseas in Western nations. For example, the common Chinese surnames Chen, Chan, Chin, Cheng and Tan, the Korean surname Jin, as well as the Vietnamese surname Trần are often all the same exact character 陳. The common Korean surname Kim is also the common Chinese surname Jin, and written 金. The common Mandarin surnames Lin or Lim (林) is also one and the same as the common Cantonese or Vietnamese surname Lam and Korean family name Lim (written/pronounced as Im in South Korea). Interestingly, there are people with the surname of Hayashi (林) in Japan too. The common Chinese surname 李, translated to English as Lee, is, in Chinese, the same character but transliterated as Li according to pinyin convention. Lee is also a common surname of Koreans, and the character is identical.
Before the 19th century there was the same system in Scandinavia as in Iceland today. Noble families, however, as a rule adopted a family name, which could refer to a presumed or real forefather (e.g. Earl Birger Magnusson Folkunge ) or to the family's coat of arms (e.g. King Gustav Eriksson Vasa). In many surviving family noble names, such as Silfversparre ("silver-sparrow") or Stiernhielm ("star-helmet"), the spelling is obsolete, but since it applies to a name, remains unchanged.
Later on, people from the Scandinavian middle classes, particularly artisans and town dwellers, adopted names in a similar fashion to that of the nobility. Family names such as the Swedish Bergman, Holmberg, Lindgren, Sandström and Åkerlund were quite frequent and remain common today. The same is true for similar Norwegian and Danish names.
Even more important a driver of change was the need, for administrative purposes, to develop a system under which each individual had a "stable" name - a name that followed the person from birth till the end. In the old days, people would be known by their name, patronymic and the farm they lived at. This last element would change if a person got a new job, bought a new farm, or otherwise came to live somewhere else. (This is part of the origin, in this part of the world, of the custom of women changing their names upon marriage. Originally it indicated, basically, a change of address, and there are numerous examples of men doing the same thing). The many patronymic names may derive from the fact that people who moved from the country to the cities, also gave up the name of the farm they came from. As a worker, you passed by your father's name, and this name passed on to the next generation as a family name. Einar Gerhardsen, the Norwegian prime minister, used a true patronym, as his father was named Gerhard Olsen (Gerhard, the son of Ola). Gerhardsen passed his own patronym on to his children as a family name. This has been common in many working class families. The tradition of keeping the farm name as a family name got stronger during the first half of the 20th century in Norway.
These names often indicated the place of residence of the family. For this reason, Denmark and Norway have a very high incidence of names derived from those of farms, many signified by the suffixes like -bø, -rud, -stuen, -løkken or even more predominantly -gaard -- the modern spelling is gård in Danish and has changed to gard in Norwegian, but as in Sweden, archaic spelling persists in surnames. The most well-known example of this kind of surname is probably Kierkegaard (original meaning: the farm located by the Church or also churchyard and cemetery [although this is unlikely in the context] which, with kierke, actually includes two archaic spellings), but many others could be cited. It should also be noted that, since the names in question are derived from the original owners' domiciles, the possession of this kind of name is no longer an indicator of affinity with others who bear it.
In many cases, names were taken from the nature around them. In Norway, for instance, there is an abundancy of surnames based on coastal geography, with suffixes like -strand, -øy, -holm, -vik, -fjord or -nes. A family name such as Dahlgren is derived from "dahl" meaning valley and "gren" meaning branch; or similarly Upvall meaning "upper-valley"; It depends on the Scandinavian country, language, and dialect.
Note: the following list does not take regional spelling variations into account.
If the name has no suffix, it may or may not have a feminine version. Sometimes it has the ending changed (such as the addition of -a). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, suffixless names, such as those of German origin, are feminized by adding -ová (for example, Schusterová), but this is not done in neighboring Poland, where feminine versions are only used for -ski (-ska) names (this includes -cki and -dzki, which are in fact -ski preceded by a t or d respectively).
The family names are usually nouns (Svoboda, Král, Růžička), adjectives (Novotný, Černý, Veselý), verbs in a past tense of the third person (Pospíšil) or they mean nothing particular (Dvořák, Beneš). There is also a couple of names with more complicated origin which are actually complete sentences (Skočdopole, Hrejsemnou or Vítámvás). The most common Czech family name is Novák / Nováková.
Most Russian family names originated from patronymics, that is, father's name usually formed by adding the adjective suffix -ov(a) or -ev(a)). Contemporary patronymics, however, have a substantive suffix -ich for masculine and the adjective suffix -na for feminine.
For example, the proverbial triad of most common Russian surnames follows:
Feminine forms of these surnames have the ending -a:
Such a pattern of name formation is not unique to Russia or even to the Eastern and Southern Slavs in general; quite common are also names derived from professions, places of origin, and personal characteristics, with various suffixes (e.g. -in(a) and -sky (-skaia)).
Places of origin:
A considerable number of “artificial” names exists, for example, those given to seminary graduates; such names were based on Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church or Christian virtues.
Great Orthodox Feasts:
Many freed serfs were given surnames after those of their former owners. For example, a serf of the Demidov family might be named Demidovsky, which translates roughly as "belonging to Demidov" or "one of Demidov's bunch".
Grammatically, Russian family names follow the same rules as other nouns or adjectives (names ending with -oy, -aya are grammatically adjectives), with exceptions: some names do not change in different cases and have the same form in both genders (for example, Sedykh, Lata).
In Poland and most of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, surnames first appeared during the late Middle Ages. They initially denoted the differences between various people living in the same town or village and bearing the same name. The conventions were similar to those of English surnames, using occupations, patronymic descent, geographic origins, or personal characteristics. Thus, early surnames indicating occupation include Karczmarz ("innkeeper"), Kowal ("blacksmith"), and Bednarczyk ("young cooper"), while those indicating patronymic descent include Szczepaniak ("Son of Szczepan), Józefowicz ("Son of Józef), and Kaźmirkiewicz ("Son of Kazimierz"). Similarly, early surnames like Mazur ("the one from Mazury") indicated geographic origin, while ones like Nowak ("the new one"), Biały ("the pale one"), and Wielgus ("the big one") indicated personal characteristics.
In the early 16th century, (the Polish Renaissance), toponymic names became common, especially among the nobility. Initially, the surnames were in a form of "[first name] de ("z", "of") [location]". Later, most surnames were changed to adjective forms, e.g. Jakub Wiślicki ("James of Wiślica") and Zbigniew Oleśnicki ("Zbigniew of Oleśnica"), with masculine suffixes -ski, -cki, -dzki and -icz or respective feminine suffixes -ska, -cka, -dzka and -icz on the east of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Names formed this way are adjectives grammatically, and therefore change their form depending on gender; for example, Jan Kowalski and Maria Kowalska collectively use the plural Kowalscy.
Names with masculine suffixes -ski, -cki, and -dzki, and corresponding feminine suffixes -ska, -cka, and -dzka became associated with noble origin. Many people from lower classes successively changed their surnames to fit this pattern. This produced many Kowalskis, Bednarskis, Kaczmarskis and so on. Today, although most Polish speakers do not know about noble associations of -ski, -cki, -dzki and -icz endings, such names still sound somehow better to them.
A separate class of surnames derive from the names of noble clans. These are used either as separate names or the first part of a double-barrelled name. Thus, persons named Jan Nieczuja and Krzysztof Nieczuja-Machocki might be related. Similarly, after World War I and World War II, many members of Polish underground organizations adopted their war-time pseudonyms as the first part of their surnames. Edward Rydz thus became Marshal of Poland Edward Śmigły-Rydz and Zdzisław Jeziorański became Jan Nowak-Jeziorański.
Noted exception from patronymic rule was a family name of prominent 19th century Serbia family Babadudić from Baba (literally, granny) Duda.
In some cases family name was derived from a profession (e.g. blacksmith - "Kovač" → "Kovačević").
In general family names in all of these countries follow this pattern with some family names being typically Serbian, some typically Croat and yet others being common throughout the whole linguistic region.
Children usually inherit fathers family name. In older naming convention which was common in Serbia up until mid 19th century a persons name would consist of three distinct parts persons given name, patronymic derived from father's personal name and the family name, as seen in for example in the name of language reformer Vuk Stefanović Karadžić.
Official family names do not have distinct male or female forms. Somewhat archaic unofficial form of adding suffixes to family names to form female form exists, with -eva, implying "daughter of" or "female descendant of" or -ka, implying "wife of" or "married to".
Bosniak Muslim names follow the same formation pattern but are usually derived from proper names of Islamic origin, often combining archaic Islamic or feudal Turkish titles i.e. Mulaomerović, Šabanadžović, Hadžihafisbegović etc.
Also related to Turkish influence is prefix Hadži- found in some family names. Regardless of religion, this prefix was derived from the honorary title which a distinguished ancestor eared by making a pilgrimage to either Christian or Islamic holy places. Hadžibegić, being Bosniak Muslim example.
In Croatia where tribal affiliations persisted longer, Lika, Herzegovina etc., original family name came to signify practically all people living in one area or holding of the nobles. The Šubić family owned land around the Zrin River in the Central Croatian region of Banovina. The surname became Šubić Zrinski, the most famous being Nikola Šubić Zrinski.
Among the Bulgarians, another South Slavic people, the typical surname suffix is "-ov" (Ivanov, Kovachev), although other popular suffixes also exist.
In the Republic of Macedonia, the most popular suffix today is "-ski".
However some suffixes are more uniquely characteristic to Ukrainian and Belarusian names, especially: -chuk (Western Ukraine), -enko (all other Ukraine) (both son of), -ko (little [masculine]), -ka (little [feminine]), -shyn, and -uk. See, for example, Ukrainian Presidents Leonid Kravchuk, and Viktor Yushchenko, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, or former Soviet diplomat Andrei Gromyko.
In Burundi and Rwanda, most, if not all surnames have God in it, for example Hakizimana (meaning God cures), Nshimirimana (I thank God) or Havyarimana/Habyarimana (God gives birth). But not all surnames end with the suffix -imana. Irakoze is one of these. (technically meaning Thank God, though it is hard to translate it correctly in English or probably any other languages.)
The paternal grandfather's name is often used if there is a requirement to identify a person further, for example, in school registration. Also, different cultures and tribes use as the family's name the father's or grandfather's given name. For example, some Oromos use Warra Ali to mean families of Ali, where Ali, is either the householder, a father or grandfather.
In Ethiopia, the customs surrounding the bestowal and use of family names is as varied and complex as the cultures to be found there. There are so many cultures, nations or tribes, that currently there can be no one formula whereby to demonstrate a clear pattern of Ethiopian family names. In general, however, Ethiopians use their father's name as a surname in most instances where identification is necessary, sometimes employing both father's and grandfather's names together where exigency dictates.
Jewish names have historically varied, encompassing throughout the centuries several different traditions
The majority of Kurds do not hold Kurdish names because the names have been banned in the countries they primarily live in (namely Iran, Turkey and Syria). Kurds in these respective countries tend to hold Turkish, Persian or Arabic names, in the majority of cases, forcefully appointed by the ruling governments. Others hold Arabic names as a result of the influence of Islam and Arab culture.
Kurds holding authentic Kurdish names are generally found in Diaspora or in Iraqi Kurdistan where Kurds are relatively free. Traditionally, Kurdish family names are inherited from the tribes of which the individual or families are members. However, some families inherit the names of the regions they are from.
Common affixes of authentic Kurdish names are "i" and "zade".
Some common Kurdish last names, which are also the names of their respective tribes, include Baradost, Barzani, Berwari, Berzinji, Chelki, Diri, Doski, Jaf, Mutki, Rami, Rekani, Rozaki, Sindi, Tovi and Zebari. Other names include Akreyi, Alan, Amedi, Botani, Hewrami, Kurdistani (or Kordestani), Mukri, and Serhati.
Traditionally, Kurdish women did not inherit a man's last name. Although still not in practice by many Kurds, this can be more commonly found today.
Tibetan people are often named at birth by the parents, by a local Buddhist Lama or they may request a name from the Dalai Lama. They are often given two names, but they do not have a family name. Therefore all members of the family will have different names eg. Sonam Gyatso, Lhamo Drolma, Tenzin Choden etc. They may change their name throughout life if advised by a Buddhist Lama, for example if a different name removes obstacles. The Tibetans who enter monastic life take a name from their ordination Lama, which will be a combination of the Lama's name and a new name for them.
Most surnames of Adyge origin fall into six types:
"Shogen" comes from the Christian era and "Yefendi" and "Mole" come from the Muslim era.
In Circassian culture, women even when they marry, do not change their surnames. By keeping their surnames and passing that it on to the next generation, children come to distinguish relatives from the maternal side and respect her family as well as those from their father's side.
On the other hand, children cannot marry someone who bears the same surname as they do no matter how distantly related.
In the Circassian tradition, the formula for surnames is patterned to mean “daughter of ...”
Abkhaz families follow similar naming patterns reflecting the common roots of the Abkhazian, Adygean and Wubikh peoples.
Circassian family names cannot be derived from women's names and of the name of female ancestors.
BISON PRODUCTS CO. TO ADOPT BATTISTONI FAMILY NAME PEOPLE IN OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY ASSOCIATED 'BISON' WITH BUFFALO MEAT
Mar 20, 1994; When Umberto Battistoni started huckstering cold cuts and cheese from the back of his car in 1931, he had no idea that his sons,... | 73,041 | 184 |
919,495 | DARIUS ALKIRE RITES WEDNESDAY
Final rites for Darisus P. "Jerry" Alkire world War I veteran who died Monday in the Clarksburg VA hsopital were held from the John W. Lohr Funeral Chapel Wedneday morning at 11 o'clock. The Rev. Richard Boroff minister of the Valley Bend Church of Christ officiated at the services with interment following at Little Arlington Cemetery.
Active pallbearers were: A.D. Talbott, Bruce Marstiller, Blair McQuain, Thomas Gear, Billie M. Gear and Clarence GEar.
Graveside military rites were conducted by Tygarts Valley Post No. 3647, Veterans of Foreign Wars and H.W. Daniels Post No. 29, American Legion and were composed of John B. Chenoweth, Commander of Firing Squad; color Bearers; American Flag, Gerald Kelley; American Legion Flag, Harry Schmertzler; Color Guards were Eddie Falk and H. Kenneth Sell; Firing Squad. Paul Sponaugle, Robert Vint, Truman Weese, Watson E. Stark, Bugler, Jack Woolwine. Presentation of the American flag was made by DeWilton Fansler, 7th District Commander , V.F.W. and John B. Chenoweth.
Relatives attending the services from out-of-town were, Mr. and Mrs. Wade Gear, Dailey; Mr. and Mrs. William O'Brien, Beckley; Miss Mary Gear, Dailey; Mrs. Leona Alkire, Buckhannon; Mrs. Dema Lipscomb, Junior, Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Gear, Akron, Ohio; Tomas Gear, Akron, Ohio, and Billie M. Gear of Cleveland, Ohio. From Elkins Intermountain, 22 October 1959.
OPAL M. (SPONAUGLE) MCDANIEL ALKIRE
Opal M. (Sponaugle) McDaniel Alkire, 78, a former resident of Baltimore, MD and Hendricks, WV, passed away at 5:10 a.m. on the 10th, February, 2006, at the home of her daughter and son-in-law, Sharon and Michael Myers, Palm Coast FL, where she had made her home since becoming ill in 2003.
Born Sept. 24, 1927, in Norton, WV, she was the daughter of the
late Clarence W. and Vista B. Bodkin Sponaugle.
On May 22, 1946, she was united in marriage to Rodney Lee McDaniel, who
preceded her in death October 28, 1989.
Mrs. Alkire is survived by three daughters, Sharon Kaye Myers and husband, Michael, of Palm Coast, FL, Coleen Mae Buys and husband, Robert, of Alto, MI, and Bonnie Sue Raynor, of Baltimore, MD; one son, Kevin Lee McDaniel of Baltimore MD. and three sister Thelma Plaugher and husband Eldon of Hendricks, Edith Wilson of LaPlata, MD and Wanda Stahl and husband Bob of Baltimore, MD.
Also surviving are 7 grandchildren, 4 great-grandchildren, several nieces and nephews.
Preceding her in death besides her parents and husband was a sister Freddie Bennett.
Opal was a homemaker and former employee of Ray Machine Tool & Die. She was well known in the Middle River, MD and surrounding areas for her generous hospitality. She loved attending church, singing and working puzzles in her later days.
Opal was a member of the Middle River Baptist Church, Baltimore, MD.
She will be greatly missed by her family and friends and will remain in their hearts forever.
Bruzdzinski Funeral Home, of Baltimore, MD was in charge of the service. Internment was at Gardens of Faith Cemetery in Baltimore, Md.
Submitted by Sharon Myers: firstname.lastname@example.org
MRS. RANDOLPH ALLEN
Funeral services were conducted Tuesday afternoon at the Beverly Presbyterian church by the Rev. Robert Williamson of Huttonsville and the Rev. William B. Ward of the Davis Memorial church for Mrs. Lila A. Scott Allen, aged 38, wife of Randolph Allen of Beverly who died last Saturday evening at an Elkins hospital where she had been ill for only a few days. Her death brought expressions of regret.
Mrs. Allen who was a daughter of Clifford Scott and of the late Mrs. Anna Channel Scott, was born in Missouri on October 27th 1907. Surviving her are her husband; a son Randolph Scott Allen, and a daughter, Margaret Allen. There is also one surviving sister, Lt. Mary Louise Scott now stationed in France.
Interment was made in the Odd Fellows cemetery at Midland.
At the time of her death, Mrs. Allen was Secretary of Randolph Chapter, United Daughters of the confederacy and had always taken an active part in the affairs of the Women's Auxiliary of the Presbyterian church at Beverly. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
PVT. KEITH BASIL, KILLED IN ACTION
Pvt. Keith Basil, was killed in action on March 2, 1945.
Pvt. Basil was a member of the graduating class of Elkins High School of 1944 and received his basic training at Fort Eustis Va., and Fort Jackson, S.C. He had been overseas since 1944 and was in the Third Army, 87th Infantry Division. He is survived by his father, Carl Basil, Sr., a veteran of World War I, his mother, the former Virgie Poling, and one brother, Carol, Jr., who is in the Army Aircraft Artillery in Belgium. His entire life was spent in or near Elkins with the exception of one year when the family lived in Columbus, O. He was a member of the Laurel Hill Methodist Church. He was one of ten grandchildren of Mrs. Ira C. Poling, of this city, serving in the Armed Forces. The parents received the letter this morning from the commanding officer stating that their son was killed Neider Selters Germany, and was buried in a U.S. Military cemetery at Stromberg Germany, with the Protestant chaplain officiating at the last rites. From Elkins Intermountain, 28 April 1945.
LAWRENCE BEAL, FATHER OF ELKINS RESIDENT DIES
Mrs. Bruce Phillips, of this city was called to Cumberland, Md., this morning by the death of her father, Lawrence Beal, 76, who died suddenly yesterday afternoon.
Mr. Beal was born June 21, 1868. He had bee in ill health for sometime. His wife died two years ago. He is survived by ten children.
funeral services will be held Sunday afternoon with interment in the Porter Cemetery. From Elkins Intermountain, 28 Apr 1945.
FIRST SERGEANT CHARLES H. BRIGGS KILLED
Charles H. Briggs received a telegram from the war Department this morning stating that his son, First, Sgt. Charles R. Briggs, was killed in action on Okinawa, April 6.
The telegram stated: "The Secretary of war desires me to express his deep regret that your son, First Sgt. Charles R. Briggs was killed in action on Okinawa April 6. Confirming letter follows."
Sgt. Briggs was born in Elkins Dec. 16, 1918, and spent all of his life in this city. he attended Elkins High school and was employed by his father until he enlisted in the service. He left here in January, 1941, with the Elkins National Guard Company and spent 17 months in Alaska.
After returning to the States, he was stationed in Oregon for sometime and went to the south Pacific 21 months ago.
He was an only child of Mr. Briggs and the late Mrs. Briggs. He is survived by his father and step-mother. From Elkins Intermountain, 28 April 1945.
MAUDE BULLIVANT PASSES YESTERDAY HAD RESIDED HERE FOR PAST 35 YEARS.
Mrs. Maude (Twigg) Bullivant, 76, widow of the late Walter S. Bullivant, died Monday afternoon at 1:25 o'clock at the home on South Kerens avenue. Mrs. Bullivant had been ill for the past year and had been critically ill for the past two months.
She was born in Springfield, Hampshire county, on Dec 31, 1874, a daughter of the late Norman and Mary (Bortz) Twigg. She married Walter S. Bullivant on October 6, 1902 in Cumberland, Md., and had been a resident of this city for the past 35 years. Mr. Bullivant died on May 7, 1945.
Member of Methodist Church. Mrs. Bullivant was a member of the First Methodist Church and of Randolph chapter No. 74, Order of the Eastern Star.
She is survived by two sons, Walter Kenneth Bullivant of Binghamton, N.Y., and Joe Elton Bullivant of Falls Church, Va.; four daughters, Mrs. George B. Manning of Alexandria, Va; Mrs. James B. Bruffey of this city; Mrs. John W. Filler of Chester,Va., and Mrs. J. Fountain Butcher of falls Church.
Also surviving are two brothers, Oliver O. Twigg of Davis; Wilbur W. Twigg of Athens, W. Va., three sisters, Mrs. J.H. Babb of Bristol, Tenn.; Mrs. George H. Eshelman of Davis and Miss Pearl Twigg of Davis and the following grandchildren; Gene and John Filler, Beverly Ann Butcher, Kenneth, William, Elizabeth Ann and Mary Jo Bullivant.
Funeral Thursday. Randolph chapter, Order of the Eastern Star, will conduct services at the family residence Wednesday evening at 7:30 o'clock.
Final rites will be held from the residence Thursday afternoon at 2 o'clock by Dr. Ross Culpepper of the First Methodist Church with interment in Maplewood cemetery.
The remains will be removed from the John W. Lohr Funeral home to the residence Wednesday afternoon at 2 o'clock. From Elkins Intermountain, 12 Dec 1950.
BULLIVANT FUNERAL SERVICE IS LARGELY ATTENDED
Impressive last rites for Mrs. Maude (Twigg) Bullivant were held yesterday at 2 p.m. from the residence at 100 S. Kerens avenue. The Rev. Dr. Ross Culpepper of the First Methodist church officiated at the services which were largely attended.
Mrs. Culpepper played appropriate organ selections during the entire service. The floral tributes were numerous.
The honorary bearers were: Mrs. Ernest Sleeth, Mrs. Alvin Perry, Mrs. C.A. Twigg, Mrs. F.H. Robinson,Mrs. Earlie Godwin, Mrs. R.D. Emrick, Mrs. C. C. Carter, Mrs. N.J. Skinner, Mrs. Elmer Powers, Mrs. L.L. Bennet and Mrs. John Vanscycle.
The active bearers were: L.L. Bennett, C.A. Twigg, Elmer Powers,ERsin Harrold,Ernest Sleeth and Forest H. Robinson.
Interment was in charge of the John W. Lohr Funeral Home, followed in Maplewood cemetery. From Elkins Intermountain, 15 Dec 1950.
MISS MARGERET OLIVE BURKE
Mass ws solemnized Saturday morning at 10 o'clock at St. Brendan's Catholic Church by the Rev. J.R. Seiber for Miss Margaret Olive Burke, popular cashier of the A&P supermarket for several years, who died last Thursday morning at an Elkins hospital following a ten day illness.
The daughter of the late Patrick F. Burke and of Mrs. Ellen Rafferty Burke, she was born in this city on May 14, 1903. In addition to her mother she is survived by three brothers and four sisters as follows: Joseph of Aberdeen, MD., Cletus and Clyde of Elkins; Mrs. Elmo Mark and Mrs. A.S. Daniels of Elkins, Retta at home and Mrs. Earl Denver of Cleveland Ohio.
Interment was made in the St. Brendan's cemetery. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
WHITMER RESIDENT DIES THIS MORNING. MRS. HATTIE CONRAD PASSES AT 4 A.M.
Mrs. Hattie Conrad, 60, of Whitmer, died yesterday afternoon at 4 o'clock in a local hospital.
The deceased was born May 16, 1890, a daughter of the Late William and Elizabeth (Hedrick) Jordan.
She is survived by her husband, Henry Conrad; three half brothers, James H. Hoffman of Elkins, Felix Hoffman of Whitmer and Sampson Jordon of Hambleton. Mrs. Nancy Simmons, a niece, live in Hambleton.
The remains will be removed from the Runner Funeral home to the Methodist church at Whitmer Wednesday afternoon a 1 o'clock to lie in state for one hour before the services which will be held at 2 o'clock by Stell Teter with interment in the Hedrick Cemetery near Wymer. From Elkins Intermountain, 12 Dec 1950.
COX FUNERAL HELD THIS AFTERNOON
Funeral services for Roy Oliver Cox, 66, who died Thursday morning in a local hospital, was conducted this afternoon at 3 o'clock from the Runner Funeral home. Dr. H.W. Ware, of the First Methodist church was in charge.
Interment followed in the I.O.O.F. Cemetery. From Elkins Intermountain, 28 Apr 1945.
EILEEN ANNE (FEENEY) DAY
Eileen Anne (FEENEY) Day, 58, of Hendricks, W.Va., died Monday
May 28, 2001, at Memorial Hospital, Cumberland.
Born April 16, 1943, in Washington D.C., she was the daughter of (Elizabeth) Betty Bailey-Feeney and the late John Wright Feeney. She was also preceded in death by one brother, Patrick Feeney.
She attended the St. Bernadette Catholic School, in Gaithersburg and Wheaton High School, Maryland. She was a coal miner with the local 1289, having worked for Island Creek Coal Company, Republic Steel coal Company, Grand Badger Coal Company, and the coal mine at Laurel Run (Tucker County, WV).
In addition to her mother, she is survived by her former husband, William D. Day, Holly Meadows, WV; one son, William Earl Day, Parsons, WV; three daughters, Peggy Louise Fulk, Bayard, WV., Maureen Regina Day, Oakland, MD, and Betty Anne Day, Etam, WV; two brothers, Mike Feeney, Gaithersburg, MD, and John Feeney, Barnesville, MD; one sister Kathy Cottrell, Olney; and four grandchildren.
Friends were received at the Barb-Greenlief Funeral Home, Parsons, where a service was conducted earlier today, May 31, with the Rev. Joseph Mininger officiating. Interment was in the Parsons City Cemetery.
From: The Republican, Oakland, Maryland Thursday, 31 May 2001
Obituary for Eileen Anne Feeney-Day
Transcribed by daughter, Maureen Regina Day-Moore: email@example.com
Lloyd Day dies in Silver Springs, MD
Word was received in Parsons, Wednesday of the death of Lloyd Day, formerly of Parsons, who died Wednesday morning in the home of a son, Theadore Day of Silver Springs, MD
The body was returned to Parsons Wednesday evening. Funeral arrangements were incomplete yesterday, Wednesday." From: The Parsons Advocate, July 23, 1953, Page 4. Contributed by Máirín Moore, firstname.lastname@example.org
Day Services Held Saturday
Funeral Services were conducted Saturday for Lloyd G. Day, 72, of Hambleton, who died last Wednesday in the home of a son, William Theodore Day of Silver Springs, MD., following an illness of one year.
The Rev. J.M. Garnes of College Park, MD., assisted by Rev. G. Bland Brady of Parsons, officiated at the services which were held in the Greenlief Funeral Home at 2 p.m. Interment followed in the Parsons Cemetery.
A son of the late Francis and Sarah Catherine Waldron Day, he was born October 31, 1880 at Dry Fork. Mr. Day was a retired railroad agent.
Survivors include his widow, Mrs. Minnie Long Day of Hambleton; three sons, William Theodore Day of Silver Spring, MD; Harry Day of Glen Burnie, MD; and Charles Day of Durbin; four daughters, Mrs. Hazel Tine of Washington; Mrs. Willis Hertig of Barboursville; Mrs. Hudson Hull of Atwater, Calif; and Mrs. Woodrow Parsons of Martinsburg; 26 grandchildren and four great grandchildren." From - The Parsons Advocate, July 30, 1953, Front page. Contributed by Máirín Moore, email@example.com
MRS. MINNIE M. DAY
Funeral services were conducted from the
Parsons Evangelical United Brethren Church Saturday June 13, at 2 p.m. for Mrs.
Minnie M. Day, 82 of Hambleton, who died Wednesday afternoon, June 10, in
the Tucker County Hospital following a long illness. The Rev. Blair Burr,
EUB minister of Riverton, officiated, assisted by the Rev. Gordon Nestor, EUB
minister of Belington. Burial was in the Parsons Cemetery with Greenlief
Funeral Home in charge of arrangements.
Mrs. Day was born Sept. 7, 1876, in Randolph County, a daughter of the late James M. and Louisa Mullenax Long. Her husband, Lloyd Day, died in 1954 and a daughter, Geraldine Day, also preceded her in death.
Surviving are three sons, Charles Day of Glen Burnie, Md., Harry Day of Severn, Md., and William Day of Washington; four daughters, Mrs. Hazel Sines of Washington, Mrs. Marie Hergig of Barboursville, Mrs. Mabel Hull of Napa, Calif. and Mrs. Elva Parsons of Martinsburg; one sister, Mrs. Stella Roby of Job; 27 grandchildren and 33 great-grandchildren.
Mrs. Day was a member of the Parsons EUB Church. From: Parsons Advocate, June 18, 1959, page 8. Contributed by Máirín Moore, firstname.lastname@example.org
MRS. SUSAN DUGGER BURIAL ON FRIDAY
Funeral service for Mrs. Susan Dugger, 70, of Whitmer, who died Wednesday morning in a local hospital will be held Friday at 1 o'clock from the Whitmer Methodist Church. The REv. Stellman Teter will officiate. Interment will follow in the Laurel Hill Cemetery with the John w. Lohr Funeral Home in charge.
The remains were removed this afternoon at 2 o'clock to the late resident of Jacob Simmons in Whtmer and will be removed to the church at 12 o'clock noon on Friday. From Elkins Intermountain, 22 Oct 1959.
MARTHA JANE PHILLIPS FITZWATER
Phillips Fitzwater was the daughter of John W. S. Phillips and Mary MOORE. She
was born April 21, 1850, in Randolph Co., WV and died April 12, 1925, in Tucker
County. She is buried at Mt. Pleasant Cemetery. The following is her obituary
from a Tucker Co. newspaper: "Martha Jane Fitzwater, wife of Silas J.
Fitzwater, died April 10th (1925) at the home of her son, Tilden (Matthew John
Tilden Fitzwater), from dropsy of the heart. Deceased was nearing her 70th year
when the Master called. She is survived by her husband and three children: M.J.T.
Fitzwater, of Clover, where she died; Mrs. Lena ("Lona" a/k/a
Massalona) Bryan, near Philippi; Mrs. Mary B. (Mary Bessie) Phillips, of
Greenville, Ohio. One brother, R. K. Phillips, of this city, also survives. One
child, a girl (Sylvia Octava) died in infancy. Funeral services were held Sunday
at 10:30 a.m. at Mt. Pleasant church by Rev. Jackson of M. E. Church, South, St.
George, with interment immediately following in the cemetery near by. Mrs.
Fitzwater was one of the county's best women. A kind and loving mother and an
obliging neighbor and her going will be deeply mourned by all who knew her. We
extend sympathy to the bereaved ones." Source unknown, Contributed
MATTHEW JOHN TILDEN FITZWATER
Matthew John Tilden Fitzwater, also known as Tilden Fitzwater, was the son of Silas James Fitzwater and Martha Jane Phillips Fitzwater. He was born July 16, 1876 and died June 8, 1935. The following obituary is from a Tucker County newspaper: "Last Saturday evening about 9:30 o'clock death relieved the suffering of one of Clover District's best and most widely known citizens when M.J.T. Fitzwater died after a lingering illness of the past several months following an injured leg, which he received when kicked by one of his horses. For the past two months Mr. Fitzwater had been confined to his bed, although Saturday he seemed to be feeling very well and had enjoyed his meals that day. Upon retiring Saturday night he suffered a heart attack and before medical aid could be secured the end came. Matthew John Tilden Fitzwater was born July 16, 1876 and was 58 years, 10 months and 22 days old at the time of his sudden passing. He was a son of Silas J. and Martha J. Fitzwater. On December 14, 1902, he was united in marriage to Mary J. Runner and to this union eleven children were born, ten of whom with their mother survive. Three grandchildren also survive. Several years ago he was converted and united with the M.E. Church, South, of which he remained an active member until death. He was a kind, loving father, husband, brother and neighbor and will be greatly missed by all who knew him so well. "Tilden", as he was familiarly known throughout the county, had lived in this section [Clover District] all his life. He attended the schools of this district, afterwards being elected to the presidency of the board of education of Clover district several terms, was also a former road foreman in his district and was one of the most progressive farmers in the county. Surviving are his widow, Mary J. (Runner) Fitzwater and the following children: Mrs. Ellis Moore and Mrs. Engle Moore, of Clover District; Mrs. Don Garber of Parsons; Howard, of Montrose; Willie, of Pifer Mountain; Bessie, Lessie, Troy, Roy and Mildred, at home. One son, Ira, is deceased. Two sisters survive, namely, Mrs. Bessie Phillips, of Greenville, Ohio; and Mrs. Lona Bryan of near Philippi. Funeral services were held Tuesday morning at ten o'clock, the Rev. Nay Gainer of Barbour County officiating. Interment was made in Mt. Pleasant Cemetery [also known as the Texas Mountain Cemetery]." Source unknown, Contributed by: MaryHitt@aol.com
CHARLES FLINT IS FOUND DEAD
Charles Flint, 75, was found ded Sunday evening at his home on Diamond street, where he lived alone. He died sitting ina chair apparently from a heart attack.
The deceased was born in Randolph county, Sept. 18, 1869, a son of the late George and Elizabeth (Flemings) Flint.
He is survived by one son, Herbert Flint of Everett, Pa.; two daughters, Mrs. Charles Kittle and Mrs. Clifford Dolly of Valley Bend, and one sister, Mrs. Ellis Loudion of Clarksburg.
Funeral services will be held Tuesday afternoon at 2 o'clock from the Runner Funeral Home by Dr. H.W. Ware of the First Methodist church, followed by interment in Mt. VErnon cemetery. From Elkins Intermountain, 11 Dec 1944.
EILEEN RENNIX GILLIS
Eileen Rennix Gillis, 83, passed away Friday, Nov.29, 2002, in Wilmington,
DE, where she had resided for the past six years. She was a resident of
Williamsport, PA, for 34 years and taught first grade at Duboistown Elementary
School until her retirement in 1984.
Born in Parsons, WVA, she was the daughter of James French and Nora Digman Rennix. She attended Davis-Elkins College and taught school at the Parsons Elementary School until her husband was transferred to PA with Armour Leather Co.
Eileen is survived by a son, James Patrick Gillis; daughter-in-law, Candice and granddaughter, Erin Eileen Gillis, all of Newark, DE; and a sister, Leecy Flanagan of Alexandria, VA.
She was preceded in death by her husband, James P., and by two grandsons, Jamie and Matthew Barrett Gillis.
Eileen was buried at Resurrection Cemetery in Montoursville, PA. Memorial contributions may be made to Central Elementary School Library, c/o So.Williamsport School District Office, South Williamsport, PA 17702. Published in: The Williamsport (PA) SunGazette and the Wilmington (DE) NewsJournal. Submitted by: Jim Gillis
MARY E. JOHNSON
Mary Esther Johnson, 37, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. T.M. Johnson, well known and highly respected colored residents of this city , died Sunday morning in a New York City hospital, following a several months' illness.
A former student and teacher of the Riverside high school, Miss Johnson was a graduate of West Virginia State college and did graduate work and obtained a master's degree in English from Columbia University. After completing several successful teaching years here, she went to New York City and obtained similar work there, where she remained until stricken with ill health.
Her mothers, Mrs. Lula Hall Johnson, two sisters, Mrs. Helen Bagley, of Newark, N.J., Mrs. Josephine Whorton of New York City, and a brother Staff Sgt. Thomas M. Johnson, Jr., were at her bedside when her death occurred. In addition, she is survived by her father, two brothers, Cpl. Harry H. Johnson, stationed somewhere in the south pacific, Ralph W. Johnson, who resides in Chicago, Ill., and two nephews, Ralph W. Johnson, Jr., and Godfrey Michael Bagley.
The remains accompanied by her mother, sister and brother, will arrive her tomorrow.
Funeral arrangements are incomplete. Elkins Intermountain, 11 Dec 1944.
MRS. EVELYN JONES
Mrs. Evelyn Shrader Jones, 72, former resident of Thomas, died June 5 at Presbyterian Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pa.
She was born April 28, 1908 in Davis, a daughter of the late Charley and Mae Hockman Shrader. Her mother was the first baby born in Davis.
Mrs. Jones was preceded in death by her husband Ray Jones who died in 1972.
She is survived by two sons, William Jones Jr. of Wexford, Pa., and Robert L. Jones of Glen Burnie, Md.; three daughters, Mrs. Ruth Marie Arnold of Morgantown, Mrs. Delores Hartz of Bay village, O. and Mrs. Sandra K. Lilja of Bethel Park, Pa.; three sisters, Mrs. Doris Jordan and Mrs. Jeraldine Petrucci, both of Pittsburgh and Mrs. Eddie McCauley of Mill Creek; 18 grandchildern and eight great-grandchildern. Two children also preceded her in death.
She was a member of the Eastern Star of Pittsburgh.
Funeral services were conducted from Thomas Methodist Church June 8 with the Rev. Halley Baldwin and John Kenneth Mann officiating. Interment followed in Davis Cemetery. Hinkle Funeral Home in Davis was in charge of arrangments.-The Parsons Advocate 6-11-80
Contributed by Ellen Jean Jones McCaskey email@example.com
FREDERICK D. JONES
Funeral services were conducted Saturday, January 13, at 2 p.m. in the Chapel at the Hinkie Funeral Home
in Davis for Fredrick Dewey Jones, 69 of Davis, who died Tuesday January 9, in the West Virginia Medical Center Hospital in Morgantown where he had been a patient for the past 4 wks. The Rev. Harry Atzenhofer, pastor of the Methodist Church, officiated and burial was in the Rose Hill Cemetery in Thomas.
Full military rites were accorded at the grave by Blue Ridge Post 22, American Legion of Thomas.
Mr. Jones was born in Thomas, July 18, 1898 a son of the Late William A. & Mary Ellis Jones. He is survived by 1 brother, Hubert Jones of Davis with whom he resided. Two sisters, Mrs. Louise Watkins, of Erie, PA and Mrs. Eva White of Edinburg, PA and a number of nieces and nephews.
From: The Parsons Advocate, 18 Jan 1968
Contributed by Ellen Jean Jones McCaskey firstname.lastname@example.org
RICHARD PAUL JONES,THOMAS CHILD IS BURIED MONDAY
Funeral service were conducted at the residence in Thomas by the Rev. Andrew B. Mann. Pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Thomas Monday afternoon for Richard Paul Jones 11 months old son of Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Jones. Who died in an Elkins Hospital following a five week illness.
He was born in Thomas on February 13, 1943. The son of William Ray Jones trustee of the Thomas V.F.D. and an employee of the Davis Coal & Coke Company of Thomas and Mrs. Evelyn Pearl Sharder Jones of Thomas.
He is survived by his parents and the following brothers and sisters, William Ray Jr., Robert Lee, Dolores Jane, and Ruth Marie all at home.
Internment in the Davis Cemetery
From : The Parsons Advocate, Thursday February 1, 1945
Submitted by: Ellen Jones McCaskey niece: ejmac@access995
WILLIAM R. JONES
William Ray Jones Sr., 68, formerly of Thomas, died March 11 at his home in Pittsburgh, Pa.
Jones was born Nov. 12, 1903, the son of the late Stella Nazelrod Jones and William Henry Jones,
He was employed for the past 19 years by Superior Valve Company of Washington, Pa., and prior to that was employed by the Davis Coal and Coke Company of Thomas. He was a Past Grand of IOOF Lodge, No. 103, of Davis; a 32nd degree Mason; Past Master of William P. McIlory, Lodge 758 Am & Fm; a member of St. Clair Royal Arch Chapter, No. 305; Chartiers Commandery, No. 78, Knights Templar; and a member of FOE, No. 936, of Davis.
Jones served on the board of elders of the United Presbyterian Church.
He is survived by his wife, Evelyn Pearl Shrader Jones, of Pittsburgh; two sons, William Jr.; Pittsburgh, and Robert of Odenton, Md.; three daughters, Mrs Junior (Ruth) Arnold of Morgantown, Mrs John (Delores) Hartz of Cleveland, and Mrs Arthur (Sandra) Lilja of Pittsburgh; one half brother, Roy Yankee of Rockford, Ill; 13 grandchildern and one great-grandchild. He was preceded in death by one son, one daughter and two grandchild.
Funeral services were conducted from Hinkle Funeral Chapel in Davis, March 15, with the Rev. Harry Atzenhofer officiating. Interment followed in Davis Cemetery.-The Parsons Advocate 4-6-72
Contributed by Ellen Jean Jones McCaskey email@example.com
Maxine C. Judy - born July 26, 1930, died November 24, 2005.
MRS. ROLANDUS KERR
Funeral services were held Saturday afternoon at 2 o'clock at the Runner Funeral Chapel for Mrs. Jessie Kerr, aged 51, wife of Rolandus Kerr of Wilson Street; who died on last Thursday morning at an Elkins hospital after an illness of long duration.
The daughter of James W. and Cora Chenoweth Gum, she was born in this county on April 4, 1894.
Surviving are her husband; one son, Seaman 1-c James Neil Kerr now in Japan; two brothers--Ralph and Clyde Gum of Elkins; two half brothers---Oscar Gum of Pittsburg and Mike Gum of Elkins; also a half-sister, Mrs. Wayne Kennedy of R-1, Elkins. Interment was made in the Odd Fellows Cemetery at Midland. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
MISS KETTERMAN DIES IN TENNESSEE
Miss Okedera Ketterman died Sunday about noon, in a Chattanooga, Tenn., hospital, where she had been ill for some time.
Miss Ketterman, who was born at Davis, had resided in Elkins for many years. Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ketterman left here Saturday for her bedside, upon learning of her serious illness.
She is survived by her father and mother; one brother,Glenn, of this city; and two sisters, Nell Ketterman of Savannah, Ga., and Josie Ketterman of chicago.
Funeral services are incomplete awaiting the arrival of the remains. From Elkins Intermountain, 11 Dec 1944.
Nellie V. Kozar, beloved wife of the late Steve Kozar; loving mother of
Michael (Penny) Kozar and the late Karen; devoted grandmother of Gerald (Lisa)
Matthew; fond great-grandmother of Gregory and Kaitlyn. Funeral service Friday
11 a.m. at John V. May Funeral Home, 4553-61 Milwaukee Ave. Visitation
Thursday from 3:30 until 9 p.m. Interment St. Joseph Cemetery. In lieu of
flowers please make contributions to Rainbow Hospice, 444 N. Northwest Hwy.,
Park Ridge, IL 60068. 773-545-2115.
Published in the Chicago Tribune on 11/17/2004. Submitted by MSL at: firstname.lastname@example.org
Note added: Nellie V. Kozar was born Nellie Loughry in 1919 the daughter of Marshall and Maggie Lena Collett Loughry. She was preceded in death by her brother Guy Richard, and sister Ruth. Marshall Loughry (b. 1884) her father was a son of Aaron Loughry Jr.
MRS. MARY BUTLER LANG
Funeral services were held at the rose Hill Cemetery at Cumberland last Friday afternoon, with the Rev. H.T. Bowersox, pastor of St. Paul's Lutheran church officiating for Mrs. Mary Bertha Butler Lange, wife of Herman Lange of New York City, and a sister of Mrs. Clara B. Keim of Elkins, whom she had visited here upon numerous occasions. Mrs. Lange died last Wednesday morning at a New York City Hospital. Upon the occasion of a visit here a little more than a year ago, Mrs. Lange was operated upon by the City Hospital.
She was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy H. Butler, and for many years had lived in Cumberland. Mrs. Lange had been a member of the Lutheran church during the greater part of her life. She was also a member of the D.A.R. and of the Colonial Dames.
Surviving are her husband; one son, Col. Herman Wright Lange, of Washington, D.C.; one sister, Mrs. Clara B. Keim, Elkins; a brother, Karl H. Butler, of Cumberland. Captain Howard H. Keim, now at Camp Perry, Ohio, was Mrs. Lange's only nephew.
The services at Cumberland were attended by Mrs. Keim, by Mr. and Mrs. W.H. Keim and Mrs. Geo. E. Brown, who left here Friday morning for Cumberland. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
MARY ELLEN MARSHALL
10/27/1955 - 3/22/2006
Mary Ellen Day-Marshall, age 50, of Purcellville, VA; died Wednesday, March 22, 2006 at Loudoun Hospital Center, Leesburg, VA. Born October 27, 1955 in Spokane, Washington, she was the daughter of the late Kenneth and Irene Day. (Kenneth was the son of the late William Theordore Day & Nellie Elizabeth Hinkle-Day, both of Hambleton, WV).
Mrs. Marshall received her Bachelor's Degree in Nursing from Barry University, Miami, FL and practiced at Arlington Hospital as a Registered Nurse. She was a member of Blue Ridge Bible Church, Purcellville, VA and was very active within the home school community.
She is survived by her husband James Marshall of Purcellville, VA; four sons Wesley Marshall, Grant Marshall, Stuart Marshall, Cameron Marshall of Purcellville, VA; three daughters Laura Marshall, Leah Marshall, Elena Marshall, of Purcellville, VA; one brother Lance Day of Dothan, AL; and one sister Leesa Day- Harlan of Lawrenceburg, TN.
The family will receive friends on Sunday, March 26, 2006 from 3:00-5:00 P.M. and 7:00-9:00 P.M. at Hall Funeral Home, Purcellville, VA. Services will be held at Blue Ridge Bible Church, Purcellville, VA, 1:00 P.M. on Monday, March 27, 2006 with Pastor Joe Holman officiating. Internment will follow at Ebenezer Cemetery, Bluemont, VA. Source unknown. Transcribed by: email@example.com
LEE MASTERS DIES IN ACTION
Mrs. Mary Miller of Norton has received a letter from the adjutant general's office confirming the death of her brother, Pfc. Paul F. Lee Masters of Elkins and Norton.
The letter stated that Pfc. Lee Master was killed in action in Germany on February 2, 1945. NO further details were given.
Pfc. Lee Masters was married after leaving Elkins.
Another sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Woods, resides at Junior and a brother, Norman, lives at Mannington. From Elkins Intermountain, 28 Apr 1945.
SCOTT MCBEE RITES HELD THIS MORNING AT FUNERAL CHAPEL
Funeral services for Scott McBee, who died yesterday morning in a local hospital, were held this morning at 11 o'clock form the John W. Lohr funeral home. The Rev. Warner Dubose, Jr., pastor of the Davis Memorial Presbyeterian Church officiated.
Interment will be made Saturday afternoon at 1:30 o'clock in the Alpena cemetery.
Mr. McBee, a life long resident of Randolph county, suffered injuries in an automobile accident last Labor Day, and had been hospitalized since. From Elkins Intermountain, 5 Oct 1951.
JOHN MCCOLLAM DIES THIS MORNING, DEATH ATTRIBUTED TO HEART ATTACK
John McCollam, 65, owner and operator of a restaurant at Valley Head, died this morning at 6:30 o'clock of a heart attack.
The deceased was born at Mill Creek on August 11, 1885, a son of the late Mr. and Mrs. James Robert McCollam. He married Miss Bessie Teter of Belington on August 15, 1910, and resided in Belington until 1943, when he moved to Valley Head, where they had since resided.
Mr. McCollam traveled for several years for the Hornor-Gaylord Company of Clarksburg, and for 13 years for the Gulland-Clarke company of this city. H was widely known in Randoph and adjoining counties.
Widows survives. Surviving are the widow, two children, Virginia, wife of Adonis S. Hunt of Belington and Mary, wife of Bert Harter of Doylestown, O. There is one grandchild, Thomas Hunt. Also surviving are two brothers and one sister, Clarence McCollam of this city; J.C. McCollam of Hagerstown, Md., and Mrs. Lucy Blankenship of Wheeling.
Funeral services will be held Friday afternoon at 2 o'clock from the Runner Funeral Home in Belington with the Rev. W. Gay Feathers of the Methodist church officiating. Intemrent will follow in the Fraternal cemetery at Belington. From Elkins Intermountain, 4 Oct 1950.
JAMES WILLIAM MCKIMMY
1856 - 1947
The Rev. James William McKimmy died at the home of his son, Ottomar McKimmy in Beaverton on Saturday July 5, his 91st birthday anniversary. Funeral services were held on Monday afternoon at 3:30 o'clock at the Butman Brethren church, with the Rev. E. S. Hollinger officiating. Burial was in the Dale Cemetery.
Mr. McKimmy was born in Preston county, West Virginia, on July 5, 1856 and was the last living member of a family of 14 children. He married Miss Lucinda Margaret Fint in West Virginia in 1877. She passed away on July 13, 1938. About 64 years ago they moved to Lenawee county, Michigan and shortly afterward he was elected to the ministery in the Fairview Church of the Brethren. In 1898 he and his family moved to Coleman and through the efforts of Enos Crowell and David Mote he came to Beaverton and was the first minister to preach in this community. He held services in the Old Log school house , and later in the Knoxvill school in Tobacco township, built in 1900. In 1902 he moved his family to Beaverton and was an active minister for over 50 years in the church which he helped build in 1905, and was a charter member.
Funeral services were held from this Home church. He was the father of eleven children, three of whom died in infancy. Surviving are six sons, Edson of Hudson, Elmer and Leee of Detroit, Charles of Ludington, Ottamar and Jay of Beaverton; two daughters, Mrs. Elva Feltault of Pontiac and Mrs. Bertha Yager of Beaverton; 23 grandchidren and25 greatchildren and a number of nieces and nephews.
Source: Gladwin County Record Obituary, dated: 07-09/1947, Col-6 Page-1. Submitted by Thomas Ladner: firstname.lastname@example.org
LUCINDA MARGARET (FINT) MCKIMMY
1860 - 1938
Mrs. Lucinda McKimmy, of Beaverton, died Wednesday morning at 2 a.m. She was born in Preston county, West Virginia, December 16, 1860, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George Fint. Shortly after her marriage to James Wm. McKimmy of Preston county, West Virginia, they moved to Michigan.
Mrs. McKimmy was the mother of 11 children. She is survived by her husband, eight children, two sisters, three brothers, and 22 grandchildren. Funeral services will be held Sunday at 2 p.m. at the Brethren church with rev. Nicodemus conducting them.
Source: Gladwin County Record Obituary, dated: 07-13/1938, Col-1 Page-4. Submitted by Thomas Ladner: email@example.com
1841 - 1931
Perry McKimmy, was born March 3, 1841, in Preston county, West Virginia, and died Oct 3, 1931, at his residence in Beaverton, Michigan. At the date of his death he was 90 years and 7 months of age. The funeral was held at Fairview, Oct. 5, at 2. p.m., and the funeral services were conducted by Rev. Perry Arnold. The pall bearers were: Archie VanDyke, D. M. Sterns, D. B. Mote, Henry Mishler and A. Ohmart. His body was interred in Zion cemetery, Odgen township, Lenawee county.
Mr. McKimmy was a minister of the Church of the Brethren. He was married to Caroline Wootring, who died in Beaverton in 1920. To this union were born J. Luthur McKimmy, Theodore McKimmy, Fred McKimmy, Alvin McKimmy, Salvina Cowell and Addie Corbin, who survive him and Nathan McKimmy and John McKimmy, who preceded him in death.
Sources: Gladwin County Record Obituary, dated: 10/08/1931, Col-2 Page-1. Submitted by Thomas Ladner: firstname.lastname@example.org
SARAH ROCKWOOD (OBER) MCKIMMY
1862 - 1951
Funeral Services for Sarah Ober McKimmy, age 89, were held at the Beaverton Church of the Bretheren on Sunday afternoon. Rev. Arthur Whistler officiated and burial was made at the Dale Cemetery.
Sarah Rockwood was born in Indiana on January 9 1862, the daughter of Mr. And Mrs. J. Rockwood. She came to Gladwin County in 1909. She was married to James Ober on September 2 1894 in Geneva, Indiana. He died in 1922. On July 12, 1924, she was married to Rev. Perry McKimmy who passed away on Oct. 2, 1931. Mrs. McKimmy was the last of a family of 11 children and has no living survivors. Paulbears were Paul Mckimmy, Hurley McKimmy, Loren McKimmy, Ivan McKimmy, Ottomar McKimmy and J. Ray McKimmy.
Sources: Gladwin County Record Obituary, dated: 05/21/1951, Col-7 Page-1. Submitted by Thomas Ladner: email@example.com
JASPER NEWTON MCKIMMY
1859 - 1930
Jasper Newton McKimmy was born in Preston county, West Virginia, April 20, 1859, at his home at Beaverton, Mich., June 21, 1930, age 71 years, 2 months and 1 day. At about the age of 12 years his father died. When but 18 years old Jasper came to Lenawee county, Michigan and worked for his brother Perry and others. After a few years he returned to West Virginia and soon brought his mother back to Michigan with him.
When but a young man he united with the Church of the Brethren and lived a faithful christian life to the end. On Sept. 23, 1883, he was married to Caroline Scholl. To this union were born eight children, six boys and two girls. Three sons and one daughter have preceeded him to the spirit world.
About 25 years ago he was first afflicted with rheumatism. This latter affecteed his feet, and for the past 17 years he had not been able to walk unaided. This affliction had constantly grown worse until for many months before his death he was confined to his bed entirely. He was always of a chearful disposition and bore his afflication very patiently.
Although confined to his home for these many yers, excepting when he was occassionaly taken out on his wheel chair, yet he was widely known and respected. He will be greatly missed in the home and in the community.
Surviving him are his wife, three sons, Clarence of Beaverton, Raymond and Willard of Cleveland, Ohio, one daughter, Alta, at home, two brothers, Perry and William of Beaverton, and a host of other relatives and friends.
Sources: Gladwin County Record Obituary, dated: 07-10/1930, Col-4 Page-8. Submitted by Thomas Ladner: firstname.lastname@example.org
JOSEPH E. MENEAR
Funeral services were conducted Saturday afternoon at 2 o'clock at the United Brethren Church by the Rev. Troy Brady, the pastor, for Joseph E. Menear, aged 82, who died last Wednesday night at the home of his daughter Mrs. CArrie Shaffer of 106 Chestnut street.
Mr. Menear who was the son of the Lemuel and Elizabeth Smith Menear was born in Monogahelia county on February 4, 1863. He is survived by four sons and two daughters, as follows; Layton of Bridgeport, Ohio; Glen and Wade of Elkins; Roy of Clarksburg; Mrs. Dewey Hibbs, of Akron, Ohio and Mrs. Carrie Shaffer of Elkins.
Interment was in the Odd Fellows cemetery at Midland. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
MRS. PAUL NEFFLEN FUNERAL FRIDAY
Funeral services for Mrs. Paul Nefflen, 86, who died Tuesday afternoon at her hoe on High Street following a long illness, will be held Friday morning, at 11 o'clock from grace Episcopal Church of which she was a member. The Rev. Charles E. Wiant, rector, will officiate, with interment by the John W. Lohr Funeral home in Maplewood Cemetery.
Mrs. Nefflen had been a resident of Elkins for the past 55 years and was one of the best known and best liked residents of Elkins.
Friends are being received at the residence, 40 High St.
JAMES H. NORMAN
Abt. 1847 - 1930
James H. Norman, a Civil war veteran, 83 years old, died Feb. 12, 1930, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Mary Malcomson, at Beaverton, after an illness of several months. Mr, Norman was born in West Virginia and was married June 17, 1869, to Katherine McKimmy; Seven children, Mrs. Mary Malcomson, of Beaverton, Mrs. Lillian Reynolds, of Harrison; Mrs. Bessie Vis, of Lansing; Mrs. Minnie Meach and Archie Norman, of Moddersville, and Henry Norman, of Montrose, were born to them.
Funeral services were held at the Latter Day Saints church, of Beaverton, Saturday at 10 a.m., conducted by Rev. Perry Arnold. Burial took place at Harrison.
Source: Gladwin County Record Obituary, dated: 02-20/1930, Col-6 Page-1. Submitted by Thomas Ladner: email@example.com
SARAH KATHERINE (MCKIMMY) NORMAN
1851 - 1926
Katherine Norman died at her home in Beaverton March 16, 1926, aged 75 years, 5 months and 19 days. She was born in West Virginia, and was one of a family of 14 children, of whom only three are still living, Elder Perry McKiimmy, William and Jasper McKimmy. She was married to James Norman, a veteran of the Civil war in Tucker county, West Virginia, June 17, 1869, who survives her, and they came to Michigan in December 1914.
To this union were born 14 children, of whom seven survive, five girls and two boys, Mary E. Malcomnson of Beaverton, Lillian I. Reynolds of Harrison, Archie N. Norman of Moddersville, Alice V. Meade of Beaverton, Bessie K. Vis of Detroit, Minnie E. Meech of Moddersville; also 87 grandchildren, seven having died, and nine great grandchildren.
She joined the Church of the Brethen at an early age, and continued theirin until her death. Funeral services was held at the L.D.S. church, Beaverton, with interment in Gravel Hill cemetery, north of Harrison.
Source: Gladwin County Record Obituary, dated: 04-01/1926, Col-4 Page-4. Submitted by Thomas Ladner: firstname.lastname@example.org
"Death spreads his withering, wintry arms, and nature smiles no more. Ah, where are now those rising charms, that pleased our eyes before? He is not dead, but
Elihu PHILLIPS was born in Barbour County, WV, August 8, 1838, the only child of Israel and Sarah Phillips. When ten years old he moved with his parents to Tucker county, where he spent the remainder of his life. On April 16, 1858, he was married to Martha, oldest daughter of John M. and Mary Yoakum and to this union, six daughters were born, all of whom survive the aged father. Mrs. John Fitzwater, Mrs. John Strawderman and Mary Alice are residents of Tucker County, Mrs. S. H. Godwin, and Mrs. Lewis Moore are residents of Randolph County, and Ms. C. W. Shaffer is a resident of (unreadable), New Mexico. Under the administration of President James Buchanan, in 1858, Mr. Phillips was appointed postmaster at Texas, W.Va and held that position, continously, until two years ago, when the Texas post office discontinued for Rural Free delivery of mail. On August 19, 1871, he joined the Primitive Baptist church, near where is now Montrose in Randolph County and on Nov. 22, 1884, he was ordained Deacon of that church and remained such until his death. While it is known, that the Primitive Baptist Church will hold its members, and especially its official members, to a strict compliance with all the rules and practices of the church, yet the church records show that Deacon Phillips was never at any time charged with the violation of any ordinance or rule nor guilty of any disloyalty whatever, and the church will ever hold him in fond rememberance, as one of the most cherished members, and will often sigh: "O, for the touch of a vanished hand, and the sound of a voice that is stilled,". After spending a quiet and useful life and after patiently suffering for more than two years, at the age of 73 years 3 months and 20 days, he closed his eyes to earth, with all its sorrows and afflictions, and peacefully crossed over that silent river to the bourne, from which no traveler ever returns and we leave him in the hands of the God he so faithfully trusted. As firm belivers in the The Book that says: If a man die, yet shall he live again, we cannot look upon the 28th day of November, 1911, as the day on which Elihu Phillips died, but as the day on which he bagan to live. One more of the old land-marks is gone. The Church has lost a faithful member, the county, a good citizen and the community a trusty neighbor, but to all the friends and relatives, we would say: Weep not as those who have no hope, but in all meekness say: Thy will O God be done.
To the dear old wife and mother, who is left to finish life's journey alone, we extend our deepest sympathy and commend her to the one who has said that He would wipe all tears from their eyes.
The Lord giveth, and the Lord taketh away, blessed be the name of the Lord."
Contributed by Sharon Moore Stalker: GuyGuy95@aol.com
MARION JAMES PHILLIPS OBITUARY
(From The Parsons Advocate, September 1927)
Marion James Phillips, son of Moses and Lamira Phillips, was born February 26, 1852, departed this life September 15th, 1927, aged 75 years, 6 months and 19 days.
He was united in marriage to Martha Ann Jones, June 20, 1872, and to this union there were born seven children, Unice Phillips, Tacy Fitzwater, Zalma Phillips, of Parsons, Henrietta Sturms of Morgantown, Ira D. Phillips, of Minerva, Ohio, all who survive him, and Moses and Iva D. Phillips, who preceded him to the grave years ago. He is also survived by his aged widow who has been a faithful companion for nearly 56 years and who in her declining years administered to his wants as faithfully as she could until the angel of death summoned him to cross the river to that undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveler has ever returned.
He is also survived by one brother, A. F. Phillips, of Parsons, and two sisters, Addie Poling, of Parsons, and Beda C. Nestor, who still resides on the old home farm where the deceased spent most of his life; a part of the farm is the little cemetery that was deeded to the church by the deceased and his widow, in which cemetery his body was laid along by the side of the children, one of the children being the first to be buried in the little cemetery.
Early in life he united with the Methodist Protestant Church and lived a faithful member until called away, and always attended church when it was possible for him to do so.
Funeral services were conducted Saturday, September 17th. A short service was held at the home in Parsons by Rev. C. B. Johnson and the remains were taken to Mt. Zion Church and cemetery where the funeral was conducted by the Rev. W. T. Bosley assisted by the Rev. J. H. Arbogast and Rev. L. N. Auvil, all being his former pastors. The remains were laid at rest in the little cemetery after the services. Contributed by Sandra Fields: Flewens@swbell.net
MARTHA ANN (JONES) PHILLIPS OBITUARY
(From The Parsons Advocate November 1936)
PIONEER LADY DIES HERE LAST WEEK
IMPRESSIVE FUNERAL SERVICES HELD HERE FRIDAY
AFTERNOON FOR MRS. PHILLIPS
Mrs. Martha Ann Phillips, 90, one of the few remaining pioneers of Tucker County, was buried Friday afternoon in the Mount Zion Cemetery, Clover District. She died at her home here after a prolonged illness. She was born in Barbour County, March 14, 1846, a daughter of John and Eunice (DeMoss) Jones. While she was an infant, her parents moved to St. George, which was then a part of Randolph County, and when this section was a vast wilderness. She often enjoyed to tell about the rugged country in this area, saying there was only a small trail over the mountains. Her father carried the mail from St. George to the Mouth of Seneca.
Several months ago she talked about the Civil War period, the shooting of Lincoln, moving the courthouse from St. George to Parsons and told who had first built the courthouse in St. George. It was built by two brothers and their uncle, Steve, Sam and Deck Dumire, Mrs. Phillips said. She had three uncles in the Northern army and a brother-in-law in the Confederate army. She also told of hearing the battle at Corricks Ford and Laurel Hill.
On June 20, 1872 she was united in marriage to Marion J. Phillips at St. George. Mr. Phillips died September 15, 1927.
The following children survive: Mrs. Eunice Phillips, of Parsons; Mrs. Tacy Fitzwater, of Parsons; Mrs. Henrietta Sturms, of Gettysburg, Pa.; Zalma Phillips of Parsons; Ira, of Minerva, Ohio. One brother, John E. Jones lives Pifer Mountain, near this city.
Mrs. Phillips moved from Mount Zion to Parsons sixteen years ago. She never voted as she thought women had no right to vote. One of her sons, Ira, served throughout the World War.
Funeral services were held at the home and then interment was made in the Mount Zion Cemetery. Contributed by Sandra Fields: Flewens@swbell.net
TROY H. PHILLIPS
PHILLIPS, TROY H., beloved husband of Evelyn (nee Schoenberger) Phillips; devoted father of Elizabeth McDowell and Theodore A. Phillips; loving grandfather of Emily, Troy, Elizabeth, Tracy, Erin, Elaine and Todd; dear brother of Olive Alexander of Greenville, Ohio, Mary Ellen Wolf of Dayton, Beulah DeMoss of Lynchburg, Ruthmae Hamilton & Esther Lewis, both of Dayton, Leo Phillips of Miamisburg, and the late Ethel Moore, Mabel Burckle, Harry T. and Carl J. Phillips. Passed away Monday, April 19, 1993. Resident of Glendale (Ohio). Friends may call at St. Paul Lutheran Church, 106 Maple Ave., Reading, Friday, April 23 from 9:30 AM until service time at 10:30 AM. If desired, sympathy may be expressed by a memorial contribution to the church or the charity of one's choice. Vorhis Funeral Home, Cincinnati serving the family." Source: Cincinnati Enquirer on 22 April 1993. Contributed by Mary E. Hitt, email@example.com
ONEGO POSTMASTER, L.B. SITES DIES; RITES ON FRIDAY
L.B. Sites, merchant and postmater at Onego, Pendleton county, died Wednesday mornign Oct. 21, in the Newton D. Baker Hospital in Martinsburg. He was admitted to the hospital Tuesday night.
Mr. Sites, a veteran of World War I, was born March 22, 1895, in Pendleton County. He is survived by his mother, Mrs. Ephie Vance, his wife, Mrs. Gertrude (Huffman) Sites; one daughter, Mrs. Ruth Phares of Canton, Ohio, three sons, Roy W., of Onego, and James H., and Norman W., of Detroit, Mich., and six grandchildren.
Also surviving are the following brothers and sisters; Sylvia Vance of Kerens; Mrs. Myrtle Arbogast, Bessie Helmick and Mrs. Aphile Herron of Onego; Mrs. Guy Hrman [sic]of the Mouth of Seneca, and Charles Vance of Onego.
He was a member of the E.U.B. church of the Brethren at Onego.
Funeral services will be held from the Onego Nazarene Church with the Rev. Blair Burr officiating. Interment will follow in the North Fork Memorial Cemetery at Riverton by the Shaffer Funeral Home of Riverton.
The remains will be removed from the funeral home to the church Friday morning at 9 o'clock and lie in state until the hour of the services at 2 p.m. From Elkins Intermountain, 22 Oct 1959.
MARTHA YOAKUM, WIFE OF ELIHU PHILLIPS
"Another precious mother in Israel has paid the last great debt of humanity and gone Home.
Martha, daughter of John M. and Mary A. Yoakum, was born in Randolph County, W.VA., Sept. 8, 1841. In her early girlhood days, she removed with her parents to Tucker County where she spent the remainder of her life.
In 1858, she was united in marriage to Elihu, only son of Israel and Sarah Phillips. Fifty years ago she and her young husband united with the Primitive Baptist Church at Montrose. As they journeyed along life's rugged pathway, hand in hand, with hearts throbbing in unison, they never neglected their duties to the church nor to God, but lived quiet, peaceful, christian lives.
Her husband preceded her to the grave nine yeas ago. Her health had been rapidly failing for several months, and on Sunday before she died, she said to her family: "I am not going to be with you very long; I am going home to my Heavenly Father; Do not grieve after me, all is well."
Then, on Thursday, Jan. 20, 1921 as the winter sun was kissing the frost from her native hills, at the home of her grandson and (grand)daughter, Creed and Blanch Ashby, on the old homestead on Texas Mountain, she closed her eyes to earth and in the full triumphs of a living faith, she was transferred from the church militant to the church triumphant. On Saturday, January 22, 1921, her body was laid to rest in the Pleasant Grove Cemetery beside her sainted husband. Rev. L. N. Auvil of the Methodist Protestant Church, officiated paying a beautiful and loving tribute to her memory and offering many kind words of comfort and consolation to the bereaved ones, and admonishing them to mourn not as those who have no hope, but to keep their eyes steadily fixed on the star of Bethlehem, in anticipation of a glad reunion where death and sorrow will never come. Of this christian couple we can truly say: "In labor and in love allied, In death, they sleep now, side by side (unreadable)
Till Christ shall raise them up again"
Martha was the mother of six daughters: Selina E., wife of John Fitzwater, Clover district; Mary A., unmarried; Nancy E., wife of S. H. Godwin, Elkins; Rachel A., wife of C. W. Shafer, Dodge City, Kansas; Eliza O., (deceased wife of J. R. Strawderman) Barbour County and Sarah T., wife of Lewis Moore, of Montrose, all of whom survive her except Eliza, who preceded her to the grave two weeks. She also has two sisters surviving, twenty-four grandchildren and sixteen great grandchildren, besides a host of other relatives and friends, who will ever hold her in fondest memory.
Mother Martha was an industrious worker, a kind and affectionate wife, a loving mother, a good neighbor and an exemplary christian. Her busy hands were always extended to those in need and she will be greatly missed, expecially her vacant seat in church, and her empty chair around the family fireside, which will be silent reminders that earth has lost a friend and heaven has gained an angel. Mother Martha's pleasant smile, her kind and loving voice, the gentle touch of her hand, have made an impression on the wirter's heart that will last until he too, is numbered with that silent throng who have crossed over the silent river."
Contribute by Sharon Moore Stalker GuyGuy95@aol.com
Fred Price, age 89, of Mineral City, passed away Wednesday evening, May 9, 2001, in Hennis Care Center in Bolivar after an extended illness. He was born in
Tucker Co., WV, a son of the late William and Mary Kisner Price, and had been a Mineral City resident since 1941. He retired in 1977 from the U. S. Ceramic Tile Co. in East Sparta, after 32 years service, where he was a foreman. Mr. Price was a member of Mineral City United Methodist Church and the Mineral City Senior Center. Preceded in death by his wife, Alma J. (Skidmore) Price, on October 1, 1983; two sons, Richard on July 2, 1953 and Ben on March 12, 1998; a granddaughter, Roxelle Price in 1963; two daughters-in-law, Ruth Ann Price and Carol Price. Survived by three daughters and two sons-in-law, Joyce and Jack Moore of Mineral City, Rebecca Price of Dover, Julie and Steven Hoagland of Bolivar; one son and daughter-in-law, Franklin and Edith Price of New Philadelphia; a daughter-in-law, Trish Price of Bolivar; one brother, Dorsey Price of Parsons, WV; his special friend, Ora Jane Burk of Mineral City; 15 grandchildren, 20 great grandchildren, and two great-great grandchildren. Services will be conducted Monday at 11 a.m. in the
Finefrock-Gordon Funeral Home in Magnolia with Rev. Peggy A. Garner and Rev. William D. Wright officiating. Interment in Greenlawn Cemetery in
Sandyville. Friends may call Sunday 7-9 p.m. at the funeral home. Contributions in Mr. Price's memory may be made to Mineral City United Methodist Church,
P.O. Box 105, Mineral City, OH 44656.
From the Canton Repository (Canton OH) Contributed by Harry: firstname.lastname@example.org
WILLIAM BLAIR SCOTT
Funeral services were held here at the rowan church at Mabie a 10 o'clock Thursday morning, with the Rev. Sampson officiating for Willey B. Scott, aged 39, who died suddenly at Houston, Texas.
Born near Mabie, Mr. Scott was the son of the Rev. Paul and Cynthia Rowan Scott.
Surviving are the following brothers and sisters: Harold, Elkins; Paul Jr., Harrisville; Mrs. W. J. Geibel of Front Royal Va. and Mrs. Albert Phillips of Morgantown. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
MRS. ANNA AMERICA SHEETS
Funeral services were held last Thursday afternoon at Parkersburg for Mrs. Anna America Sheets, aged 94, an aunt of Mrs. E.L. Roberts, who upon hearing of her aunt's death left for Parkersburg to attend the funeral service.
Mrs. Sheets is survived by three sons-Frank, Ed and Ben of Parkersburg; by two daughters--Mrs. John Pfalzgraf and Mrs. Harry McLaughlin of Parkersburg. She is also survived by a sister, Mrs. Willia Coffman, agd, 94, who lives with her daughter, Mrs. Robert of this city. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
MRS. BENJAMIN F. SCOTT
Funeral services were held Thursday afternoon at 2:30 o'clock at the Gilman church, at Gilman, with the Rev. Mr. Arbogast officiating, for Mrs. Virginia Elizabeth Smith, of near Gilman who died Tuesday evening at the family home.
Surviving are her husband; one son, Vernon d. Smith and eight daughters--Mrs. Florence Arbogast of Elkins; Mrs. Emma Phares, Glady; Mrs. Lena Eckhardt, Beverly; Mrs. Lulu Phares, Elkins; Mrs. Pauline Arbogast, Bowden; Mrs. Hazel Lambert, Durbin; Mrs. Rita Roy, Elkins; Mrs. Ruby DeMotto, Coalton. She is also survived by four sisters. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
Obituary for Henrietta (Phillips) Sturm : Press Notice
MRS. HOMER STURMS
Mrs. Henrietta Sturms, wife of Homer Sturms, 507 High Street, died at her home this morning at 1:15 o’clock, at the age of 70 years. She was a daughter of the late Marion and Martha Ann Jones Phillips, and was born August 9, 1876. Surviving are her husband; four children, H.A. Sturms, New Oxford, R.D.1; J. A. Sturms, Thomas, W. Va.; Mrs. John Thomas, 507 High Street; and Mrs. William H. Fisher, Abbottstown, R.D.1; five grandchildren; four great-grandchildren; two brothers, Zalma Phillips, Parsons, W. Va.; and Ira D. Phillips, Minerva, O., and one sister, Mrs. Robert Phillips, Parsons, W. Va. The funeral will be held Sunday afternoon with services conducted at 2:00 o’clock at her late residence, followed by further services in St. Paul’s (The Pines) Lutheran Church, near New Chester. The Rev. Drumm, pastor of the New Chester Lutheran Charge, will officiate. Interment will be made in The Pines Church Cemetery. Friends may call at the residence from Saturday noon until the time of the funeral. (From The Evening Sun, February 06, 1947 Edition) Contributed by Sandie Ewens: email@example.com
Press Notices : BURIALS
MRS. HOMER STURMS
The funeral of Mrs. Henrietta Sturms, wife of Homer Sturms, 507 High Street, who died early Thursday morning at her home, was held Sunday afternoon. Services were conducted at her late residence at 2:00 o’clock, followed by further obsequies in St. Paul’s (The Pines) Lutheran Church, near New Chester. The pastor, the Rev. Elmer Drumm, officiated. Burial was made in the Pines Church Cemetery. Serving as pallbearers were Charles Milhimes, George Milhimes, Cletus Milhimes, Franklin Millar, Walter Brame and John Thomas. (From The Evening Sun, February 06, 1947 Edition) Contributed by Sandra Ewens: firstname.lastname@example.org
Obituary for HOMER OLIVER STURMS
PEDESTRIAN FATALLY STRICKEN ON STREET
Homer Sturms, 71, Brookside Avenue, a retired farmer, died this morning at 1:07 o’clock in the Hanover General Hospital, where he had been admitted yesterday at 12:35 PM. Mr. Sturms had been removed to the hospital after collapsing while walking on Ridge Avenue. Death was due to a cerebral hemorrhage.
Mr. Sturms was a son of the late Henry and Artemisia Black Sturms. His wife, Henrietta Phillips Sturms, died February 6, 1947. Surviving are four children, H.A. Sturms, Ne Oxford; Mrs. Lenna Thomas, Brookside Avenue, where he made his home; James Sturms, Thomas, W Va.; and Mrs. William Fisher, Abbottstown; five grandchildren, six great-grandchildren and one brother, Reason Sturms, West Virginia.
Mr. Sturms retired five years ago as a farmer.
Funeral services will be held Monday morning at 10:30 o’clock at the William A. Feiser Funeral Home, Carlisle Street. The Rev. Samuel Clarke will officiate. Interment will be in The Pines church cemetery, New Chester. Friends may call at the Feiser Funeral Home on Sunday evening. (From The Evening Sun, Hanover PA March 05, 1949 Edition) Contributed by Sandra Ewens: email@example.com
Burial for Homer Sturms
Last rites were held this morning for Homer Sturms, 71, Brookside Avenue, who died Saturday morning at 1:07 o’clock in the Hanover General Hospital from a cerebral hemorrhage. Services were conducted at the William A Feiser Funeral Home, Carlisle Street, by the Rev. Samuel Clarke. Interment was in The Pines Church Cemetery, New Chester. Serving as pallbearers were Claude Bankert, Walter Brame, Dale Wolf, George Wolf, Roy Middleton and Ray Klunk. (From The Evening Sun, March 07, 1949 Edition) Contributed by Sandie Ewens: firstname.lastname@example.org
Obituary for Howard Archie Sturms
Howard Archie Sturms, 74, New Oxford, R.D.1, died today at the Hanover General Hospital. He was born in West Virginia*, son of the late Homer and Henrietta (Phillips) Sturms. Surviving is his wife, Ella V. Brame Sturms, New Oxford R.D.1; eight step-children, Clair H. Brame, Berkshire, NY; Mervin L. Brame, Homer, NY; Luther E. Brame, Tully, NY; Mrs. Tehelts Weaver, Muncy; Mrs. Dale Wolf, Harrisburg; Walter G. Brame, Hanover; Mrs. Ray Klunk, R.D. 1, New Oxford and Mrs. Jacob Kramer, Gardners R.D. 1; and a sister, Mrs. Lenna Thomas, Hanover R.D. 4; 34 step-grandchildren and 25 step-great-grandchildren. He was a member of The Pines Lutheran Church, New Chester. Funeral services will be held at 2 p.m. from the Feiser Funeral Home, New Oxford. The Rev. Kenneth James will officiate. Interment will be in The Pines Church Cemetery. Friends may call at the funeral home Monday evening. (From "The Evening Sun" of Hanover, York County, PA Saturday, December 23, 1972 Edition)
*Born in Tucker County, W. Va. on March 10, 1898. Submitted by Sandra Fields: email@example.com
BESSIE E. SUMMERFIELD
Mrs. Bessie Ellen Summerfield, 82, a resident of Rt. 2, Philippi, died Saturday at her home following an extended illness.
She was born Jan, 19, 1908, at Dryfork in Tucker County, a daughter of the late Guss T. Long and Lottie Mae Rhoades Long Summerfield.
Her husband, Odis R. Summerfield, preceded her in death Mar. 4, 1981.
She is survied by eight sons, Jack Summerfield and Benny Summerfield, both of Philippi, Doyle Summerfield, Charles Summerfield and Golden Summerfield all of Kason, Carl Summerfield, Parson, Lonnie Summerfield, Pittsburgh, Pa., and Roger Summerfield, Belington; five daughters, Mrs. Dale (Freddie) Triplett, Philippi, Mrs. William (Flora) Jones, Slippery Rock, Pa., Mrs Rachel Irene Gragg, North Braddock, Pa., Mrs. Danny (Ruby) Kisamore, Parsons, and Mrs. Barbara Steele, Belington; four half brothers, Cecil Summerfield, Parsons, Joseph Long, James Long and William Long, all of North Carolina; one sister Susie Teter, Virginia; seven half sisters, Inis Roy and Sarah Nestor, both of Parsons, Bonnie Hartpence, Border, Texas, Elsie Lipscomb, Mt. Storm, and Lola Bryson, Dorothy Perry and Louise Holland, all of North Carolina; 60 grandchildren; 60 great-grandchildren and six great-great-grandchildren.
Mrs. Summerfield was also preceded in death by one son Odis William Summerfield, one daughter Alberta Frederick, one sister, one brother, two half-sisters, three half-brothers and eight grandchildern.
She was a homemaker and Protestant by faith.
Date of Death was Nov. 24, 1990.
Submitted by Ellen J. Jones McCaskey (granddaughter) firstname.lastname@example.org.
Charles D. Summerfield, 63, a resident of Route 2, Philippi, passed away at 10:30 a.m. Wednesday, May 21, 2003, at his residence following an extended illness.
He was born Oct. 16, 1939, at Hendricks, Tucker County, the son of the late Odis and Bessie Long Summerfield.
He was united in marriage on Nov. 22, 1958, to the former Betty Clark, who survives.
Also surviving are five daughters, Cathy and husband, Bob Linger, Buckhannon, Donna and husband, Jim Marshall, and Debra and husband, Ronnie Foster, all of Philippi, Margaret Summerfield, at home, and Ginny and husband, Bud Stoehr, Pittsburgh; two sons, John and wife, Teri Summerfield, Huttonsville, and Chuck Summerfield, Tennessee; five sisters, Freddie "Sis" Triplett and Rachel Gragg, both of Philippi, Flora and husband, Bill Jones, Slippery Rock, Pa., Ruby and husband, Danny Kisamore, Parsons, and Barbara Steele, Norton; six brothers, Roger and wife, Barbara Summerfield, Belington, Carl and wife, Barbara Summerfield, Bretz, Ben Summerfield, Doyle Summerfield and Golden Summerfield, all of Philippi, and Lonnie and wife, Rosemary Summerfield, Pittsburgh; 16 grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.
He was preceded in death by two brothers, Jack and Odis Summerfield; and one sister, Alberta Frederick.
Before becoming disabled in 1970, he was employed as a driller for Pennsylvania Drilling Co. He was a member of Evangelical Bible Church.
Friends will be received at Wright Funeral Home, 216 N. Walnut St., Philippi, after 11 a.m. today. Funeral services will be conducted at 2 p.m. Saturday in the funeral home chapel with the Rev. Eugene Carey and the Rev. Jim Marshall officiating. Interment will follow in the Marsh Cemetery at Tacy. From The Elkins Intermountain, 23 May 2003 and the Parsons Advocate, 11 Jun 2003.
Submitted by Ellen J. Jones McCaskey (niece) email@example.com
CHARLES V. TAYLOR FUNERAL IS HELD
Final rites for Charles Vincent Taylor, 49, resident of Elkins, who died in a local hospital Monday morning following a brief illness were held Wednesday afternoon at 2 o'clock from the Mill Creek Methodist Church. The Rev. Arnold Bickel, pastor of the church, officiating.
During the service, which was largely attended, the Cutright Gospel Singers, accompanied by Mrs. Albert Skinner at the piano, sang "Sometime, Sunlight and the Shadows," and "Beyond the Gates".
Active pallbearers were; Ralph Hughes, Robert Long, Norman Pritt, Don Taylor and Eugene Harris.
Interment by the Cupp Funeral Home followed in the Brick Church Cemetery with F.E. (June) Runner and Robert J. Anderson directing. From Elkins Intermountain, 22 Oct. 1959.
Obituary for Lenna Iva (Sturms) Thoma
LENNA I. THOMAS
Lenna I. Thomas, 98, of 432 N. 3rd St., McSherrystown, died at 1:05 p.m. Tuesday afternoon at Michael Manor Nursing Home, Gettysburg.
Born Oct. 22, 1899, in Parsons, W.Va., she was the daughter of the late Homer and Henrietta (Phillips) Sturms.
She was a member of St. Paul’s (The Pines) Lutheran Church, New Chester. She was retired form the former Hanover Shoe Co. in Hanover.
Surviving are a son, Dr. John B. Thomas of Santa Marguerita, Calif.; a daughter, Doris M. Wagner of Hanover; 13 grandchildren; 27 great-grandchildren and five great-great-grandchildren.
The funeral service will be held 2 p.m. Friday at Hicks Funeral Home, 501 Ridge Ave., McSherrystown, with the Rev. John Fehringer officiating. Burial will be in St. Paul’s (The Pines) Cemetery, New Chester. Friends may call Thursday evening at the funeral home from 7 to 9 p.m.
Memorial contributions may be made to the American Cancer Society, 51 Frederick St., Hanover, PA 17331.
Submitted by Sandra Fields: firstname.lastname@example.org (From "The Evening Sun", Hanover, York County, PA, Thursday, October 23, 1997 Edition)
MRS. ANGELA SCOTT WARD
Funeral services were held at the family home at Beverly, at 2:30 o 'clock Thursday, conducted by the Rev. J.L. Marques, pastor of Beverly Methodist church, for Mrs. Angelia Scott Ward, aged 84, widow of the late J.B. Ward, well known Randolph county attorney, who died Tuesday morning at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Susan Elizabeth Ward, a teacher in the Bayard schools, of Bayard, W.Va.; who she was visiting.
Mrs. Ward, who was the daughter of Andrew and Susan Foggy Scott, was born near Elkins on January 18, 1861, but had lived in Beverly for the last 60 years. A member of the Methodist church, Mrs. Ward was always active in church circles. She was a devoted mother, a loyal friend, and a good neighbor whose passing will be missed by a host of friends.
She is survived by her daughter, Susan Elizabeth Ward, at the home she died; by another daughter, Miss Mary Genevieve, a teacher in the Beverly schools, and by a son John BaylisWard, Jr., of Beverly.
Interment was made in the Beverly cemetery. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
Accidental Shot Fatal to Mrs. Herbert Wilson at her Home.
Tragedy results from accidental discharge of shell from shotgun at apartment in Wilt Building.
The accidental discharge of a 12-guage shotgun while it was laying across her husband's lap, resulted in the instantaneous death last Friday night about11:30 of Mrs. Herbert Wilson at the apartment of Mr. and Mrs. Wilson in the Wilt building.
The husband, preparatory to a hunting trip, had been cleaning the gun and checking it and it is understood that a shell had lodged in the gun. A nephew "Buckey" Wilson, aged 7, son of Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Wilson was in the apartment at the time and had been questioning his uncle about the gun when suddenly it went off. Mrs. Wilson who was sitting at some distance from her husband and nephew was in the line of fire and the charge struck her in the face, inflicting instant death, as determined by a physician.
The husband, who had returned to his home here on September 24 on a 45-day leave after a long service in the European Theatre of operations, was prostrated by the accident and spent the night at the home of his parents, Mr. and Mrs. N.M. Wilson on Elm Street.
Wounded in action and awarded the Silver Star for gallantry in service he expects to be discharged from the army at the expiration of his leave.
Mrs. Herbert Wilson was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. A. N. Marstiller. She was born in Elkins on June 4, 1920 and in 1939 became the wife of Herbert Wilson.
While her husband was in the army, she remained here and in preparation for his return had secured and fitted most comfortably the apartment in the wilt building where she and her husband expected to reside.
She is survived by her husband; by her parents, Mr. and Mrs. A. N. Marstiller and by a brother, Jerry, who is still with the armed forces in the European area.
Funeral services were conducted Monday afternoon at 2 o'clock at the Davis Memorial Church with the Rev. William B. Ward, the pastor officiating. Final services were conducted at Maplewood Cemetery. From Randolph Review, 18 Oct 1945.
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113,145 | US 6987263 B2
Systems for analyzing multiple samples in parallel using mass spectrometric preferably coupled with fluid phase separation techniques are provided. A multi-analyzer mass spectrometer includes multiple inlets, multiple mass analyzers, and multiple transducers to conduct mass analyses of multiple samples in parallel. A modular mass analyzer may include a vacuum enclosure, a chassis, and multiple mass analysis modules disposed within the chassis. Modules are preferably disposed in a spatially compact two-dimensional array. A common multi-stage vacuum system may be utilized in conjunction with baffles or partitions disposed within and between modules to maintain differential vacuum conditions within the spectrometer utilizing a minimum number of pumps. Common control inputs may be provided to multiple modules or other components within a multi-analyzer spectrometer. Fluid phase separation devices for use with a multi-analyzer spectrometer may be microfluidic devices utilizing chromatographic, electrophoretic, or other separation methods.
1. A system for analyzing a plurality of samples in parallel, the system comprising:
a plurality of fluid phase separation process regions;
a plurality of ionization sources; and
a mass spectrometer having a plurality of sample inlets and a plurality of transducers; wherein:
each separation process region is in fluid communication with the mass spectrometer through a different ionization source of the plurality of ionization sources and through a different inlet of the plurality of inlets; and
each transducer of the plurality of transducers is associated with a different ionization source of the plurality of ionization sources and is associated with a different inlet of the plurality of inlets.
2. A system for analyzing a plurality of samples in parallel, the system comprising:
a plurality of fluid phase separation process regions;
a plurality of ionization sources; and
a mass spectrometer having a plurality of sample inlets, a plurality of mass analyzers, and a plurality of transducers; wherein
each separation process region is in fluid communication with the mass spectrometer through a different ionization source of the plurality of ionization sources and through a different inlet of the plurality of inlets;
each ionization source of the plurality of ionization sources supplies ions to a different mass analyzer of the plurality of mass analyzers through a different inlet of the plurality of inlets; and
each transducer of the plurality of transducers is associated with a different ionization source of the plurality of ionization sources and is associated with a different inlet of the plurality of inlets.
3. The system of
4. The system of
the mass spectrometer comprises a chassis and plurality of discrete modules retained by the chassis; and
each module of the plurality of modules comprises a mass analyzer of the plurality of mass analyzers and at least one of a transducer of the plurality of transducers and a focusing element of the plurality of focusing elements.
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
the chassis includes a plurality of electrical conductors; and
each module of the plurality of modules is in electrical communication with at least two conductors of the plurality of conductors.
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. The system of
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. The system of
20. The system of
21. The system of
22. The system of
23. The system of
24. The system of
25. The system of
26. A modular mass spectrometer device for analyzing a plurality of samples in parallel, the device comprising:
a vacuum enclosure defining a plurality of sample inlets;
a chassis disposed at least partially within the vacuum enclosure;
at least one vacuum pump for evacuating the vacuum enclosure; and
a plurality of modules adapted to mate with the chassis within the vacuum enclosure, the plurality of modules including a plurality of mass analyzers disposed downstream of the plurality of sample inlets and including any of:
a plurality of focusing elements disposed between the plurality of sample inlets and the plurality of mass analyzers; and
a plurality of transducers disposed downstream of the plurality of mass analyzers.
27. The device of
28. The device of
29. The device of
30. The device of
31. The device of
32. The device of
the chassis includes a plurality of electrical conductors; and
each module of the plurality of modules is in electrical communication with at least two conductors of the plurality of conductors.
33. The device of
34. The device of
35. The device of
36. The device of
37. The device of
38. The device of
39. The device of
40. The device of
41. A high throughput analytical system comprising:
a plurality of fluid phase separation process regions; a plurality of ionization elements in fluid communication with the plurality of separation process regions; and
the device of
42. The system of
43. The system of
44. The system of
45. The system of
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/433,449, filed Dec. 13, 2002.
The present invention relates to systems and methods for analyzing multiple samples in parallel using mass spectrometric and/or fluid phase separation techniques.
Recent developments in the pharmaceutical industry and in combinatorial chemistry have exponentially increased the number of potentially useful compounds, each of which must be characterized in order to identify their active components and/or establish processes for their synthesis. To more quickly analyze these compounds, researchers have sought to automate analytical processes and to implement analytical processes in parallel.
Various chemical and biochemical fluid phase separation processes are known, including chromatographic, electrophoretic, electrochromatographic, immunoaffinity, gel filtration, and density gradient separation. Each of these processes is capable of separating species in fluid samples with varying degrees of efficiency to promote their analysis.
One particularly useful fluid phase separation process is chromatography, which may be used with a wide variety of sample types and encompasses a number of methods that are used for separating ions or molecules that are dissolved in or otherwise mixed into a solvent. Liquid chromatography “LC”) is a physical method of separation wherein a liquid “mobile phase” (typically consisting of one or more solvents) carries a sample containing multiple constituents or species through a separation medium or “stationary phase.” Various types of mobile phases and stationary phases may be used. Stationary phase material typically includes a liquid-permeable medium such as packed granules (particulate material) disposed within a tube (or other channel boundary). The packed material contained by the tube or similar boundary is commonly referred to as a “separation column.” High pressure is often used to obtain a close-packed column with a minimal void between each particle, since better resolution during use is typically obtained from more tightly packed columns. As an alternative to packed particulate material, a porous monolith or similar matrix may be used. So-called “high performance liquid chromatography” “(HPLC”) refers to efficient separation methods that are typically performed at high operating pressures.
Typical interactions between stationary phases and solutes include adsorption, ion-exchange, partitioning, and size exclusion. Examples of types of stationary phases to support such interactions are solids, ionic groups on a resin, liquids on an inert solid support, and porous or semi-porous inert particles, respectively. Commonly employed base materials include silica, alumina, zirconium, or polymeric materials. A stationary phase material may act as a sieve to perform simple size exclusion chromatography, or the stationary phase may include functional groups (e.g., chemical groups) to perform other (e.g., adsorption or ion exchange separation) techniques.
Mobile phase is forced through the stationary phase using means such as, for example, one or more pumps, gravity, voltage-driven electrokinetic flow, or other established means for generating a pressure differential. After sample is injected into the mobile phase, such as with a conventional loop valve, components of the sample will migrate according to interactions with the stationary phase and the flow of such components are retarded to varying degrees. Individual sample components may reside for some time in the stationary phase (where their velocity is essentially zero) until conditions (e.g., a change in solvent concentration) permit a component to emerge from the column with the mobile phase. In other words, as the sample travels through voids or pores in the stationary phase, the sample may be separated into its constituent species due to the attraction of the species to the stationary phase. The time a particular constituent spends in the stationary phase relative to the fraction of time it spends in the mobile phase will determine its velocity through the column. Following separation in an LC column, the eluate stream contains a series of regions having an elevated concentration of individual component species. Thus, HPLC acts to provide relatively pure and discrete samples of each of the components of a compound. Gradient separations using conventional HPLC systems are typically performed within intervals of roughly five to ten minutes, followed by a flush or rinse cycle before another sample is separated in the same separation column.
Following chromatographic separation in a column (or other fluid phase separation), the resulting eluate (or effluent) stream contains a series of regions having elevated concentrations of individual species, which can be detected by various flow-through techniques including spectrophotometric (e.g., UV-Visible absorption), fluorimetric, refractive index, electrochemical, or radioactivity detection. Fluid phase separation with flow-through detection generally provides signal response that is proportional to analyte amount or concentration. As a result, fluid phase separations are often well-suited for quantitative analyses, but less suited for identifying or characterizing individual components-particularly when novel or previously uncharacterized compounds are used.
To provide increased throughput, parallel fluid phase separation systems including multi-column LC separation systems and multi-channel electrophoretic separation systems have been developed.
Another important analytical technique that can complement fluid phase separation is mass spectrometry “MS”), a process that analyzes ions utilizing electromagnetic fields. More specifically, MS permits molecular mass to be measured by determining the mass-to-charge ratio “m/z”) of ions generated from target molecules. A system for performing mass spectrometry typically includes an ionization source that generates ions from a sample and delivers them into the gas phase, one or more focusing elements that facilitate ion travel in a specific direction, an analyzer for separating and sorting the ions, and a transducer for sensing the ions as they are sorted and providing an output signal, along with vacuum pumping means and a vacuum enclosure surrounding at least the focusing elements and analyzer. MS is a fast analytical technique that typically provides an output spectrum displaying ion intensity as a function of m/z. One benefit of using MS is that it can provide unique information about the chemical composition of the analyte—information that is much more specific than that can be obtained using flow-through detection technology typically employed with most fluid phase separation processes. The ability to qualitatively identify molecules using MS complements the quantitative capabilities of fluid phase separations, thus providing a second dimension to the analysis.
Various mass spectrometric techniques are known, including time-of-flight “TOF”), quadrupole, and ion trap. In a TOF analyzer, ions are separated by differences in their velocities as they move in a straight path toward a collector in order of increasing mass-to-charge ratio. In a TOF MS, ions of a like charge are simultaneously emitted from the source with the same initial kinetic energy. Those with a lower mass will have a higher velocity and reach the transducer earlier than ions with a higher mass. In a quadrupole device, a quadrupolar electrical field (comprising radiofrequency and direct-current components) is used to separate ions. An ion trap (e.g., quadrupole-based) can trap ions and separate ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio using a three-dimensional quadrupolar radio frequency electric field. In ion trap instruments, ions of increasing mass-to-charge ratio successively become unstable as the radio frequency voltage is scanned.
Various conventional ionization techniques may be used with mass spectrometry systems. One prevalent technique is electrospray ionization (ESI), which is a “soft” ionization technique. That is, ESI does not rely on extremely high temperatures or extremely high voltages to accomplish ionization, which is advantageous for the analysis of large, complex molecules that tend to decompose under harsh conditions. In ESI, highly charged droplets of analyte dispersed from a capillary in an electric field are evaporated, and the resulting ions are drawn into a MS inlet. Other known ionization techniques include: chemical ionization (which ionizes volatilized molecules by reaction with reagent gas ions); field ionization (which produces ions by subjecting a sample to a strong electric field gradient); spark-source desorption (which uses electrical discharges or sparks to desorb ions from samples); laser desorption (which uses a photon beam to desorb sample molecules); matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization or “MALDI” (which produces ions by laser desorbing sample molecules from a solid or liquid matrix containing a highly UV-absorbing substance); fast atom bombardment or “FAB” (which uses beams of neutral atoms to ionize compounds from the surface of a liquid matrix); and plasma desorption (which uses very high-energy ions to desorb and ionize molecules in solid-film samples).
By coupling the outputs of one or more fluid phase separation process regions to a MS instrument, it becomes possible to both quantify and identify the components of a sample. There exist challenges, however, in providing efficient integrated fluid phase separation/MS systems. MS instruments are typically extremely complex and expensive to operate and maintain, due primarily to the need to precisely control the electromagnetic fields generated within such devices and the need to maintain vacuum conditions therein. Integrated fluid phase separation/MS systems including a single fluid phase process region coupled to a mass spectrometer instrument by way of an ESI interface are known, but they suffer from limited throughput since they can only analyze one sample at a time—and the upstream fluid phase separation process is typically much slower than the downstream mass analysis process. In other words, a fluid phase separation/MS analyzer system having only a single fluid phase separation process region fails to efficiently utilize the rapid analytical capabilities of the MS analyzer portion.
More efficient systems including multiple fluid phase separation process regions coupled to a single MS analyzer are also known and provide higher throughput compared to systems having only a single fluid phase separation process region, but these improved systems still suffer from limited utility. Examples are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,915 to Bateman, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,191,418 to Hindsgaul, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,848 to Kassel, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,010 to Karger, et al., each showing some variation of a multiplexed fluid phase (e.g., LC) separation/MS systems where the outputs of multiple simultaneously-operated fluid phase separation regions are periodically sampled by a single MS device. In these multiplexed systems, however, the MS can sample an effluent stream from only one fluid phase separation process region at a time. While one stream is being analyzed, the others must continue to flow, as these systems have no storage capacity. This inherently results in data loss. To mitigate this data loss, MS sampling must occur very quickly. The MS analyzer thus receives very small plugs of sample-containing effluent, reducing the ability of the MS instrument to integrate data in order to eliminate noise and resulting in reduced signal clarity. Additionally, such conventional systems typically utilize mechanical gating for directing desorbed effluent into a single MS inlet. Mechanical gating components limit the scalability and increase the complexity and cost of the resulting system.
Accordingly, there exists a need for improved analytical systems that permit parallel analysis of multiple samples. Advantageous system characteristics would include scalability to permit a large number of samples to be analyzed simultaneously at a relatively low cost per analysis with a minimal loss of data and/or signal clarity. Ideally, an improved system would be comparatively simple and inexpensive to build, operate, and maintain.
The terms “column” or “separation column” as used herein are used interchangeably and refer to a region of a fluidic device that contains stationary phase material and is adapted to perform a chromatographic separation process.
The term “fluid phase separation process region” refers to any region adapted to perform a fluid (i.e., liquid or gas) phase chemical or biochemical analytical process such as chromatographic, electrophoretic, electrochromatographic, immunoaffinity, gel filtration, and/or density gradient separation.
The term “interpenetrably bound” as used herein refers to the condition of two adjacent polymer surfaces being bound along a substantially indistinct interface resulting from diffusion of polymer chains from each surface into the other.
The term “mass analyzer” as used herein refers to an analytical component that serves to separate ions electromagnetically based on their charge/mass ratio.
The term “microfluidic” as used herein refers to structures or devices through which one or more fluids are capable of being passed or directed and having at least one dimension less than about 500 microns.
The term “parallel” as used herein refers to the ability to concomitantly or substantially concurrently process two or more separate fluid volumes, and does not necessarily refer to a specific channel or chamber structure or layout.
The term “plurality” as used herein refers to a quantity of two or more.
The term “transducer” as used herein refers to a component capable of detecting ions and generating a signal based on such detection.
The term “two-dimensional array” as used herein refers to a grouping of elements having at least two rows and at least two columns.
Fluid Phase Separation Devices
As noted previously, various types of fluid phase separation devices are known, with such devices being capable of separating species in fluid samples utilizing techniques such as chromatographic, electrophoretic, electrochromatographic, immunoaffinity, gel filtration, and/or density gradient separation. Devices including multiple fluid phase separation process regions are also known. Fluid phase separation devices may include both liquid and gas phase separation devices, although liquid phase separation devices are preferred.
Various methods may be used to construct fluid phase separation devices. Simple devices may be fabricated by filling fluidic conduits such as tubes with separation media, with the separation media preferably being retained within the tube using porous screens, filters, or other conventional means.
In preferred embodiments, fluid phase separation devices are microfluidic. Conducting analyses in microfluidic scale offers numerous advantages including reduced sample and reagent usage, reduced waste generation, and improved reaction kinetics. Additionally, microfluidic devices permit a large number of separations to be conducted within a single compact device.
Traditionally, microfluidic devices have been fabricated from rigid materials such as silicon or glass substrates using surface micromachining techniques to define open channels and then affixing a cover to a channel-defining substrate to enclose the channels. There now exist a number of well-established techniques for fabricating microfluidic devices, including machining, micromachining (including, for example, photolithographic wet or dry etching), micromolding, LIGA, soft lithography, embossing, stamping, surface deposition, and/or combinations thereof to define apertures, channels or chambers in one or more surfaces of a material or that penetrate through a material. In addition to silicon and glass, microfluidic devices may now be fabricated from other materials including metals, composites, and polymers.
A preferred method for constructing microfluidic devices utilizes stencil fabrication, involving the lamination of at least three device layers including at least one stencil layer or sheet defining one or more microfluidic channels and/or other microstructures. A stencil layer is preferably substantially planar and has a channel or chamber cut through the entire thickness of the layer to permit substantial fluid movement within that layer. Various means may be used to define such channels or chambers in stencil layers. For example, a computer-controlled plotter modified to accept a cutting blade may be used to cut various patterns through a material layer. Such a blade may be used either to cut sections to be detached and removed from the stencil layer, or to fashion slits that separate regions in the stencil layer without removing any material. Alternatively, a computer-controlled laser cutter may be used to cut detailed patterns through a material layer. Further examples of methods that may be employed to form stencil layers include conventional stamping or die-cutting technologies, including rotary cutters and other high throughput auto-aligning equipment (sometimes referred to as converters). The above-mentioned methods for cutting through a stencil layer or sheet permits robust devices to be fabricated quickly and inexpensively compared to conventional surface micromachining or material deposition techniques that are conventionally employed to produce microfluidic devices.
After a portion of a stencil layer is cut or removed, the outlines of the cut or otherwise removed portions form the lateral boundaries of microstructures that are completed upon sandwiching a stencil between substrates and/or other stencils. The thickness or height of the microstructures such as channels or chambers can be varied by altering the thickness of the stencil layer, or by using multiple substantially identical stencil layers stacked on top of one another. When assembled in a microfluidic device, the top and bottom surfaces of stencil layers mate with one or more adjacent layers (such as stencil layers or substrate layers) to form a substantially enclosed channel-containing device, typically having at least one inlet port and at least one outlet port. The resulting channel(s) typically have substantially rectangular cross-sections.
A wide variety of materials may be used to fabricate microfluidic devices with sandwiched stencil layers, including polymeric, metallic, and/or composite materials, to name a few. Various preferred embodiments utilize porous materials including filtration media. Substrates and stencils may be substantially rigid or flexible. Selection of particular materials for a desired application depends on numerous factors including: the types, concentrations, and residence times of substances (e.g., solvents, reactants, and products) present in regions of a device; temperature; pressure; pH; presence or absence of gases; and optical properties. For instance, particularly desirable polymers include polyolefins, more specifically polypropylenes, and vinyl-based polymers.
Various means may be used to seal or bond layers of a device together. For example, adhesives may be used. In one embodiment, one or more layers of a device may be fabricated from single-or double-sided adhesive tape, although other methods of adhering stencil layers may be used. Portions of the tape (of the desired shape and dimensions) can be cut and removed to form channels, chambers, and/or apertures. A tape stencil can then be placed on a supporting substrate with an appropriate cover layer, between layers of tape, or between layers of other materials. In one embodiment, stencil layers can be stacked on each other. In this embodiment, the thickness or height of the channels within a particular stencil layer can be varied by varying the thickness of the stencil layer (e.g., the tape carrier and the adhesive material thereon) or by using multiple substantially identical stencil layers stacked on top of one another. Various types of tape may be used with such an embodiment. Suitable tape carrier materials include but are not limited to polyesters, polycarbonates, polytetrafluoroethlyenes, polypropylenes, and polyimides. Such tapes may have various methods of curing, including curing by pressure, temperature, or chemical or optical interaction. The thickness of these carrier materials and adhesives may be varied.
Device layers may be directly bonded without using adhesives to provide high bond strength (which is especially desirable for high-pressure applications) and eliminate potential compatibility problems between such adhesives and solvents and/or samples. For example, in one embodiment, multiple layers of 7.5-mil (188 micron) thickness “Clear Tear Seal” polypropylene (American Profol, Cedar Rapids, Iowa) including at least one stencil layer may be stacked together, placed between glass platens and compressed to apply a pressure of 0.26 psi (1.79 kPa) to the layered stack, and then heated in an industrial oven for a period of approximately five hours at a temperature of 154° C. to yield a permanently bonded microstructure well-suited for use with high-pressure column packing methods. In another embodiment, multiple layers of 7.5-mil (188 micron) thickness “Clear Tear Seal” polypropylene (American Profol, Cedar Rapids, Iowa) including at least one stencil layer may be stacked together. Several microfluidic device assemblies may be stacked together, with a thin foil disposed between each device. The stack may then be placed between insulating platens, heated at 152° C. for about 5 hours, cooled with a forced flow of ambient air for at least about 30 minutes, heated again at 146° C. for about 15 hours, and then cooled in a manner identical to the first cooling step. During each heating step, a pressure of about 0.37 psi (2.55 kPa) is applied to the microfluidic devices. Further examples of adhesiveless methods for directly bonding layers of polyolefins including unoriented polypropylene to form stencil-based microfluidic structures are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/313,231, filed Dec. 6, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth fully herein.
Notably, stencil-based fabrication methods enable very rapid fabrication of devices, both for prototyping and for high-volume production. Rapid prototyping is invaluable for trying and optimizing new device designs, since designs may be quickly implemented, tested, and (if necessary) modified and further tested to achieve a desired result. The ability to prototype devices quickly with stencil fabrication methods also permits many different variants of a particular design to be tested and evaluated concurrently.
In addition to the use of adhesives and the adhesiveless bonding methods discussed above, other techniques may be used to attach one or more of the various layers of microfluidic devices useful with the present invention, as would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in attaching materials. For example, attachment techniques including thermal, chemical, or light-activated bonding steps; mechanical attachment (such as using clamps or screws to apply pressure to the layers); and/or other equivalent coupling methods may be used.
One example of a microfluidic device including multiple fluid phase analytical process regions is provided in
The device 400 is constructed with twelve device layers 411–422, including multiple stencil layers 414–420 and two outer or cover layers 411, 422. Each of the twelve device layers 411–422 defines five alignment holes 423–427, which may be used in conjunction with external pins (not shown) to aid in aligning the layers during construction or in aligning the device 400 with an external interface (not shown) during a packing process or during operation of the device 400. Press-fit interconnects may be provided with either gasketed or gasketless interfaces. Preferably, the device 400 is constructed with materials selected for their compatibility with chemicals typically utilized in performing high performance liquid chromatography, including, water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and mixtures thereof. Specifically, the device materials should be substantially non-absorptive of, and substantially non-degrading when placed into contact with, such chemicals. Suitable device materials include polyolefins such as polypropylene, polyethylene, and copolymers thereof, which have the further benefit of being substantially optically transmissive so as to aid in performing quality control routines (including checking for fabrication defects) and in ascertaining operational information about the device or its contents. For example, each device layer 411–422 may be fabricated from 7.5 mil (188 micron) thickness “Clear Tear Seal” polypropylene (American Profol, Cedar Rapids, Iowa).
Broadly, the device 400 includes various structures adapted to distribute particulate-based slurry material among multiple separation channels 439A–439X (to become separation columns upon addition of stationary phase material), to retain the stationary phase material within the device 400, to mix and distribute mobile phase solvents among the separation channels 439A–439X, to receive samples, to convey eluate streams from the device 400, and to convey a waste stream from the device 400.
The first through third layers 411–413 of the device 400 are identical and define multiple sample ports/vias 428A–428X that permit samples to be supplied to channels 454A–454X defined in the four layer 414. While three separate identical layers 411–413 are shown (to promote strength and increase the aggregate volume of the sample ports/vias 428A–428X to aid in sample loading), a single equivalent layer (not shown) having the same aggregate thickness could be substituted. The fourth through sixth layers 414–416 define a mobile phase distribution network 450 (including elements 450A–450D) adapted to split a supply of mobile phase solvent among twenty-four channel loading segments 454A–454X disposed just upstream of a like number of separation channels (columns) 439A–439X. Upstream of the mobile phase distribution network 450, the fourth through seventh layers 414–417 further define mobile phase channels 448–449 and structures for mixing mobile phase solvents, including a long mixing channel 442, wide slits 460A–460B, alternating channel segments 446A–446V (defined in the fourth and sixth layers 414–416) and vias 447A–447W (defined in the fifth layer 415).
Preferably, the separation channels 439A–439X are adapted to contain stationary phase material such as, for example, silica-based particulate material to which hydrophobic C-18 (or other carbon-based) functional groups have been added. One difficulty associated with prior microfluidic devices has been retaining small particulate matter within separation columns during operation. The present device 400 overcomes this difficulty by the inclusion of a downstream porous frit 496 and a sample loading porous frit 456. Each of the frits 456, 496 (and frits 436, 438) may be fabricated from strips of porous material, e.g., 1-mil thickness Celgard 2500 polypropylene membrane (55% porosity, 0.209×0.054 micron pore size, Celgard Inc., Charlotte, N.C.) and inserted into the appropriate regions of the stacked device layers 411–422 before the layers 411–422 are laminated together. The average pore size of the frit material should be smaller than the average size of the stationary phase particles. Preferably, an adhesiveless bonding method such as one of the methods described previously herein is used to interpenetrably bond the device layers 411–422 (and frits 436, 438, 456, 496) together. Such methods are desirably used to promote high bond strength (e.g., to withstand operation at high internal pressures of preferably at least about 100 psi (690 kPa), more preferably at least about 500 psi (3450 kPa)) and to prevent undesirable interaction between any bonding agent and solvents and/or samples to be supplied to the device 400.
A convenient method for packing stationary phase material within the separation channels 439A–439X is to provide it in the form of a slurry (i.e., particulate material mixed with a solvent such as acetonitrile). Slurry is supplied to the device 400 by way of a slurry inlet port 471 and channel structures defined in the seventh through ninth device layers 417–419. Specifically, the ninth layer 419 defines a slurry via 471A, a waste channel segment 472A, and a large forked channel 476A. The eighth device layer 418 defines two medium forked channels 476B and a slurry channel 472 in fluid communication with the large forked channel 476A defined in the ninth layer 419. The eighth layer 418 further defines eight smaller forked channels 476D each having three outlets, and twenty-four column outlet vias 480A–480X. The seventh layer 417 defines four small forked channels 476C in addition to the separation channels 439A–439X. In the aggregate, the large, medium, small, and smaller forked channels 476A–476D form a slurry distribution network that communicates slurry from a single inlet (e.g., slurry inlet port 471) to twenty-four separation channels 439A–439X (to become separation columns 439A–439X upon addition of stationary phase material). Upon addition of particulate-containing slurry to the separation channels 439A–439X, the particulate stationary phase material is retained within the separation channels by one downstream porous frit 496 and by one sample loading porous frit 456. After stationary phase material is packed into the columns 439A–439X, a sealant (preferably substantially inert such as UV-curable epoxy) may be added to the slurry inlet port 471 to prevent the columns from unpacking during operation of the device 400. The addition of sealant should be controlled to prevent blockage of the waste channel segment 472A.
As an alternative to using packed particulate material, porous monoliths may be used as the stationary phase material. Generally, porous monoliths may be fabricated by flowing a monomer solution into a channel or conduit, and then activating the monomer solution to initiate polymerization. Various formulations and various activation means may be used. The ratio of monomer to solvent in each formulation may be altered to control the degree of porosity of the resulting monolith. A photoinitiator may be added to a monomer solution to permit activation by means of a lamp or other radiation source. If a lamp or other radiation source is used as the initiator, then photomasks may be employed to localize the formation of monoliths to specific areas within a fluidic separation device, particularly if one or more regions of the device body are substantially optically transmissive. Alternatively, chemical initiation or other initiation means may be used. Numerous recipes for preparing monolithic columns suitable for performing chromatographic techniques are known in the art. In one embodiment a monolithic ion-exchange column may be fabricated with a monomer solution of about 2.5 ml of 50 millimolar neutral pH sodium phosphate, 0.18 grams of ammonium sulfate, 44 microliters of diallyl dimethlyammonium chloride, 0.26 grams of methacrylamide, and 0.35 grams of piperazine diacrylamide.
To prepare the device 400 for operation, one or more mobile phase solvents may be supplied to the device 400 through mobile phase inlet ports 464, 468 defined in the twelfth layer 422. These solvents may be optionally pre-mixed upstream of the device 400 using a conventional micromixer. Alternatively, these solvents may be conveyed through several vias (464A–464F, 468A–468C) before mixing. One solvent is provided to the end of the long mixing channel 442, while the other solvent is provided to a short mixing segment 466 that overlaps the mixing channel 442 through wide slits 460A–460B defined in the fifth and sixth layers 415, 416, respectively. One solvent is layered atop the other across the entire width of the long mixing channel 442 to promote diffusive mixing. To ensure that the solvent mixing is complete, however, the combined solvents also flow through an additional mixer composed of alternating channel segments 446A–446V and vias 447A–447W. The net effect of these alternating segments 446A–446V and vias 447A–447W is to cause the combined solvent stream to contract and expand repeatedly, augmenting mixing between the two solvents. The mixed solvents are supplied through channel segments 448, 449 to the distribution network 450 including one large forked channel 450A each having two outlets, two medium forked channels 450B each having two outlets, four small forked channels 450C each having two outlets, and eight smaller forked channels 450D each having three outlets.
Each of the eight smaller forked channels 450A–450D is in fluid communication with three of twenty-four sample loading channels 454A–454X. Additionally, each sample loading channel 454A–454X is in fluid communication with a different sample loading port 428A–428X. Two porous frits 438, 456 are disposed at either end of the sample loading channels 454A–454X. While the first frit 438 technically does not retain any packing material within the device, it may be fabricated from the same material as the second frit 456, which does retain packing material within the columns 439A–439X by way of several vias 457A–457X. To prepare the device 400 for sample loading, solvent flow is temporarily interrupted, an external interface (not shown) previously covering the sample loading ports 428A–428X is opened, and samples are supplied through the sample ports 428A–428X into the sample loading channels 454A–454X. The first and second frits 438, 456 provide a substantial fluidic impedance that prevents fluid flow through the frits 438, 456 at low pressures. This ensures that the samples remain isolated within the sample loading channels 454A–454X during the sample loading procedure. Following sample loading, the sample loading ports 428A–428X are again sealed (e.g., with an external interface) and solvent flow is re-initiated to carry the samples onto the separation columns 439A–439X defined in the seventh layer 417.
While the bulk of the sample and solvent that is supplied to each column 439A–439X travels downstream through the columns 439A–439X, a small split portion of each travels upstream through the columns in the direction of the waste port 485. The split portions of sample and solvent from each column that travel upstream are consolidated into a single waste stream that flows through the slurry distribution network 476, through a portion of the slurry channel 472, then through the short waste segment 472A, vias 474C, 474B, a frit 436, a via 484A, a waste channel 485, vias 486A–486E, and through the waste port 486 to exit the device 400. The purpose of providing both an upstream and downstream path for each sample is to prevent undesirable cross-contamination from one separation run to the next, since this arrangement prevents a portion of a sample from residing in the sample loading channel during a first run and then commingling with another sample during a subsequent run.
Either socratic separation (in which the mobile phase composition remains constant) or, more preferably, gradient separation (in which the mobile phase composition changes with time) may be performed. If multiple separation columns are provided in a single integrated device (such as the device 400) and the makeup of the mobile phase is subject to change over time, then at a common linear distance from the mobile phase inlet it is desirable for mobile phase to have a substantially identical composition from one column to the next. This is achieved with the device 400 due to two factors: (1) volume of the path of each (split) mobile phase solvent substream is substantially the same to each column; and (2) each flow path downstream of the fluidic (mobile phase and sample) inlets is characterized by substantially the same impedance. The first factor, substantially equal substream flow paths, is promoted by design of the mobile phase distribution network 459. The second factor, substantial equality of the impedance of each column, is promoted by both design of the fluidic device 400 (including the slurry distribution network 476) and the fabrication of multiple columns 439A–439X in fluid communication (e.g., having a common outlet) using the slurry packing method disclosed herein. Where multiple columns are in fluid communication with a common outlet, slurry flow within the device is biased toward any low impedance region. The more slurry that flows to a particular region during the packing process, the more particulate is deposited to locally elevate the impedance, thus yielding a self-correcting method for producing substantially equal impedance from one column to the next.
While the embodiment illustrated in
Mass Spectrometer Components and Systems
To overcome drawbacks associated with conventional systems including multiple fluid phase separation process regions coupled to a single MS analyzer, preferred embodiments herein utilize a mass spectrometer having multiple inlets, multiple mass analyzers, and multiple transducers to conduct parallel mass analyses of multiple samples. Preferably, the number of mass analyzers equals the number of fluid phase separation process regions to eliminate the need for periodic sampling of different sample streams into the mass spectrometer and thus eliminate the loss of data, the loss of signal clarity, and the need for fluidic switching components. Significant economies can be realized by utilizing common vacuum components and control components, thus reducing the volume and net cost per analyzer of the multi-analyzer mass spectrometer as compared to multiple single-analyzer mass spectrometers.
In one embodiment, a multi-analyzer mass spectrometer is modular, wherein the spectrometer includes a vacuum enclosure, a chassis disposed substantially within the vacuum enclosure, and multiple modules retained by the chassis, with each module including a discrete mass analyzer. Preferably, the chassis includes electrical connectors and each module is adapted to mate with a different connector such that electrical wiring within the spectrometer is greatly simplified. A preferred arrangement for the modules is in a spatially compact two-dimensional array, thus minimizing the footprint of the mass spectrometer and minimizing differences in the requisite path lengths from each fluid separation process region to each corresponding inlet of the multi-analyzer mass spectrometer.
Various multi-analyzer mass spectrometers, associated components, and related analytical systems will be discussed in more detail below.
One example of a high throughput analytical system 100 is provided in
The liquid phase separation subsystem 101 may be configured to permit any suitable type of liquid phase separation. In one embodiment, the liquid phase separation subsystem 101 is configured to perform parallel liquid chromatography. The subsystem 101 includes fluid reservoirs 111, 112 (e.g., containing mobile phase solvents such as water, acetonitrile, methanol, DMSO, etc.), a fluid supply system 114 (itself preferably including at least one conventional HPLC pump such as a Shimadzu LC-10AT HPLC pump (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Inc., Columbia, Md.) for each fluid reservoir 111, 112), sample injectors 116 such as conventional loop-type sample injection valves or a bank of dispensing needles, and multiple separation columns (or other separation process regions) 120A–120X. (While only four columns 120A–120X are illustrated, it will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the system 100 may be scaled to include components to perform virtually any number of simultaneous analyses.) Conventional pre-column injection may be used, or more preferably if the columns are integrated into a microfluidic device such as the device 400 described previously, then direct on-column injection may be used. Capillary conduits (e.g., capillary tubes) 128A–128X are in fluid communication with the columns 120A–120X to convey eluate streams to the flow-through detection subsystem 102. Capillary conduits 128A–128X are particularly preferred over larger-scale tubes if the separation columns 120A–120X are microfluidic to reduce band broadening of the eluate (effluent).
The flow-through detection subsystem 102 may be adapted to perform any suitable type of flow-through detection. Preferred flow-through detection methods include absorbance detection and fluorescence detection. As illustrated, the flow-through detection subsystem 102 includes a radiation source 132, optical elements 134, a wavelength selection element (or, if fluorescence detection is used, interference filter) 136, optional additional optical elements 138 (possibly including a fiber optic interface), flow cells 140, and optical detectors 141. One or more common reference signals may be provided to one or more sensors of the detectors 141. If absorbance (e.g., UV-Visible) detection is used, then the flow cells 140 preferably include an enhanced optical path length through the effluent streams received from the columns 120A–120X. The detectors 141 preferably include multiple sensors disposed in a two-dimensional array. In one example, the detectors 141 are embodied in a multianode photomultiplier tube having sensors disposed in an 8×8 anode array, Hamamatsu model H7546B-03 (Hamamatsu Corp., Bridgewater, N.J.). Further details regarding flow-through detection systems are provided in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/699,533 filed Oct. 30, 2003 and No. 60/526,916 filed Dec. 2, 2003, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Following optical detection, the sample-species-containing effluent streams are directed to the ionization and mass analysis subsystem 103, preferably by way of additional capillary conduits 129A–129X. The ionization and mass analysis subsystem 103 includes multiple ionization elements 142A–142X and a multi-analyzer mass spectrometer 150. The spectrometer 150 includes multiple inlets 144A–144X to a vacuum enclosure 145 along with multiple modules 146A–146X and transducers 148A–148X disposed within the enclosure 145. One or more common vacuum pumps 149, preferably disposed in a multi-stage arrangement, serve to evacuate the enclosure 145. Each module 146A–146X preferably includes an ion trap, at least one focusing element, and a mass analyzer. If desired, the transducers 148A–148X may be further integrated into the modules 146A–146X. Preferably, each module 146A–146X and transducer 148A–148X is in electrical communication with the controller 110 by way of a plug or other suitable electrical connector (not shown). One or more common power supplies (not shown) for use with the mass spectrometer 150 may be integrated into the system controller 110 or disposed between the controller 110 and the spectrometer 150.
In operation of the analytical system 100, samples each containing multiple species are provided to the columns 120A–120X by way of the sample injectors 116. The samples are separated into eluate (or effluent) streams each containing a series of elevated concentrations of individual species. The eluate streams are supplied to the flow cells 140 of the flow-through detection system 102 to permit suitable (e.g., optical such as absorbance and/or fluorescence) detection of the species therein. After flowing through the flow cells 140, the fluidic effluent streams are supplied to the ionization elements 142A–142X where they are ionized. While any suitable ionization technique may be used, a preferred ionization technique is electrospray ionization. The ions are supplied through the inlets 144A–144X into the mass spectrometer 150. Each ion stream is preferably supplied to a different analyzer module 146A–146X that serves to separate and sort ions based on charge to mass ratio. The ions are finally detected by the transducers 148A–148X, which supply output signals to the controller 110.
Another high throughput analytical system 200 is illustrated in
Preferably, a common pressurization and control system 206 is used with the separation device 204. The pressurization and control system 206 may include any one or more suitable pumps or pressurization devices to distribute the mobile phase solvent to the columns 220A–220X to perform the separations. Alternatively, fluid movement may be initiated electrokinetically by the application of voltage. Samples to be analyzed are obtained from a sample source 208, which may be a conventional automated system for retrieving samples from a library, from a particular well-plate, or from any other suitable or desirable source. The sample source 208 may be automated or operated manually.
A flow-through detection apparatus 221 (encompassing elements 221A, 221B) may be included to provide a first analysis of each eluate (effluent) stream. For example, on-board optical windows (not shown) may be included in the device 204 to allow optical detection such as absorbance detection, fluorescence detection, or other desirable optical detection techniques. In a preferred embodiment, the flow-through detection apparatus 221 includes a conventional ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) optical detector, including a radiation source 221A and detector 221B. Alternatively, effluent from the device 204 may be routed through one or more external flow cells (such as the flow cells 140 described in connection with
Multiple fluid conduits 222A–222X carry the effluent from each of the separation columns 220A–220X to the multi-channel secondary analysis apparatus 203. The conduits 222A–222X may include capillary tubing connected to the separation device 204 and/or the multi-channel secondary analysis apparatus 203 using low volume connectors, such as those described in co-pending and commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/282,392, which is hereby incorporated by reference. In one example, the conduits 222A–222X are 14.2 mils (about 360 microns) polyimide-coated fused silica tubing. The conduits may be made of any suitable material including, but not limited to, aluminum, stainless steel, glasses, polymers (such as poly[ether ether ketone] [PEEK] or polyimide), or combinations thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the multi-channel secondary analysis apparatus 203 includes a multi-analyzer mass spectrometer 203. Alternatively, the secondary analysis apparatus 203 may include analytical components adapted to perform any other suitable type of secondary detection technique, such as but not limited to: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), evaporative light scattering, ion mobility spectrometry, electrochemical detection, capacitive measurement, or conductivity measurement.
The mass spectrometer 203 includes multiple parallel analysis channels 232A–232X—preferably with one channel 232A–232X being associated with each liquid phase separation process region 220A–220X. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), one mass spectrometry channel 232A–232X may be provided for some number of liquid phase separation process regions (e.g., chromatographic separation columns) 220A–220X and multiplexed. For example, one mass spectrometry channel may be provided for a set of four separation columns with a multiplexing interface. In this manner, if the liquid phase separation apparatus 291 includes twenty-four or ninety-six columns, only six or twenty-four mass spectrometry channels would be required. Of course, the limitations attendant to sampled multiplexed mass spectrometric analyses would arise. One skilled in the art may select the appropriate combination of liquid phase separation process regions, mass spectrometry channels, and interfaces therebetween to accommodate the desired and/or acceptable degree of precision and system complexity.
In a preferred embodiment, each mass spectrometry analysis channel 232A–232X includes a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. In a preferred embodiment, a single vacuum enclosure 238 surrounds all of the channels 232A–232X. A multi-stage vacuum system 244 is provided to evacuate the vacuum enclosure 238 to the desirable level of vacuum.
Each channel 232A–232X includes an ionization element 234A–234X, which may be disposed inside or outside the vacuum enclosure 238. In a preferred embodiment suitable for analyzing complex large, complex molecules, each ionization element 234A–234X preferably includes an electrospray injector. Electrospray is a “soft” ionization technique. That is, electrospray does not rely on extremely high temperatures or extremely high voltages (relative to other techniques) to accomplish ionization, which is advantageous for analyzing large, complex molecules that tend to decompose under harsh conditions. Electrospray uses the combination of an applied electric field and compressed gas to generate charged droplets of the sample solution. Applying dry gas in conjunction with a vacuum causes the sample droplets to grow increasingly smaller until desolvated, charged sample molecules are produced.
One or more voltage sources 246 provide an electric potential to focusing elements (or “ion optics”) 236A–236X to accelerate the ionized sample molecules along the flight path 239A–239X of each channel 232A–232X. Each focusing element 236A–236X preferably includes one or more charged plates each defining a central aperture through which ions are directed. The voltage source 246 also may provide an electric potential to the enclosure 238 to minimize, neutralize, or eliminate any undesirable electromagnetic fields within the enclosure 238. In addition, the voltage source 246 may provide the desired potential to the ionization elements 234A–234X. Alternatively, independent voltage sources (not shown) may be provided for each function.
Multiple transducers 240A–240X are provided for detecting ions, with one each transducer 240A–240X preferably corresponding to a different analysis channel 239A–239X. The transducers 240A–240X may include photomultiplier tubes or other suitable ion detectors. The transducers 240A–240X communicate with a processor 242 that preferably processes and stores signals received from the transducers 240A–240X. In one embodiment, each transducer 240A–240X may include an individual sensor of a multi-channel detector having multiple discrete detection regions. Of course, various focusing elements, mass analyzers, and transducers are known and understood by those skilled in the art, and any combination thereof may be selected to provide the most desirable operating characteristics for the particular application.
In a preferred embodiment where the secondary analysis apparatus performs TOF mass analysis, high voltage (typically about ten to twenty kilovolts) may be applied the focusing elements 236A–236X to accelerate and “focus” the ions so that the ions form a substantially linear beam along each flight path 239A–239X through the channels 232A–232X to the transducers 240A–240X. In an alternative embodiment utilizing quadrupole analysis (discussed below), the flight path for each ion is selectively altered to determine ion content; however, focusing may still be desirable to assure that each flight path begins at a desirable point within the apparatus 203. Once the ions have passed the focusing elements 236A–236X, the voltage of the enclosure 238 may be held at a potential that allows ions to float freely down a flight path 239A–239X with little or no electrostatic interaction with the enclosure 238, the outside environment, or ions traveling in adjacent channels 232A–232X.
Because external forces are substantially neutralized, ions travel down a flight path 239A–239X at a velocity proportional to the force applied by the focusing elements 236A–236X, and the charge and mass of the ions. Thus, smaller ions pass from the focusing elements 236A–236X to the transducers 240A–240X faster than larger ions. The charge of an ion also affects the duration of its travel from an ionization element 234A–234X to a transducer 240A–240X. A transducer 240A–240X is preferably provided for each ionization element 234A–234X and is controlled by time-resolved electronics included in the processor 242 so that each stream of ions may be analyzed separately.
Also, vacuum is preferably maintained within the enclosure 238 to prevent the ions from colliding with ambient molecules, which would distort their flight paths. Thus, the enclosure 238 is preferably capable of maintaining sufficient vacuum to prevent such undesirable interactions (typically below about 10−4 Torr). In a preferred embodiment, two or more vacuum ports 245A, 245B are positioned at different points on the enclosure 238 and connected to a multi-stage vacuum pumping apparatus 244. In this manner, initial pumping can occur near the inlet portion of the enclosure 238 where new fluid is being introduced into the enclosure 238. The second (and/or third) stage pumps can be used to lower the vacuum within the enclosure 238 to a level appropriate for detection. Additional pumps (not shown) may be provided as necessary. In a preferred embodiment, the liquid phase separation apparatus 201 is microfluidic to reduce the amount of fluid to be injected into the secondary analysis apparatus 203 by a factor of ten to ten thousand as compared to conventional liquid phase separations such as liquid chromatography utilizing tubular columns, thus enabling the maintenance of vacuum conditions within the enclosure 238 without unduly large and costly vacuum pumping systems.
It is critical that the focusing elements 236A–236X, transducers 240A–240X and the enclosure 238 are positioned and controlled so that the ion beams are independent and free of electrostatic interaction. Any substantial interaction between the ion beams (electrostatic or otherwise), focusing elements 236A–236X and transducers 240A–240X may alter ion flight paths sufficiently to induce error. Additionally, if the flight paths are not carefully controlled, cross-talk between channels 232A–232X of the secondary analysis apparatus 203 may occur.
One way to provide the desired channel isolation is to provide a suitable distance between flight paths 239A–239X and sufficiently precise focusing elements 236A–236X to avoid electrostatic or physical interaction between the ion beams. Referring to
Tables 1 and 2 below show the anticipated beam deflection of beams having charges of 500,000 electrons (e.g., 500,000 ions having a charge of one electron) and 1,000,000 electrons, respectively. The deflections are calculated for a range of travel distances and ion optic voltages.
Preferably, the distance δx is less than half the width W of the transducer 240G, 240X associated with the ion beam. In certain embodiments, the transducers 240A–240X can be miniaturized even further with the use of technologies such as micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) where the minimization of interaction between ion beams will become even more critical.
Physical interaction (i.e., collision between ions in the ion streams due to dispersion at the ionizer) may be minimized by providing sufficiently precise focusing elements 236A–236X to focus ion streams before they have the opportunity to disperse over the distance between adjacent channels 232A–232X. The dimensions of conventional focusing elements 236A–236X are such that the distance between channels 232A–232X, which is dictated by the physical constraints of the focusing elements 236A–236X, is typically larger than the dispersal permitted by such elements 236A–236X. Of course, more advanced or miniaturized focusing elements 236A–236X may allow a higher channel density; however, the precision of the focusing elements 236A–236X may be adjusted accordingly if necessary.
Referring to Table 2, for a 0.1 cm diameter detection region, in order to keep the deflection within about one percent of the total detector area of a transducer, each detector needs to be at least about one centimeter apart. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, each detector is at least about one centimeter apart from every other detector. In a more preferred embodiment intended to further reduce deflection, each detector is at least about two centimeters apart from every other detector.
For example, as illustrated in
In another embodiment, such as shown in
In preferred embodiments, portions of a parallel analysis apparatus such as multi-analyzer mass spectrometer can be modularized to simplify manufacturing and facilitate scalability.
As shown by the dashed lines in
In preferred embodiments, a spectrometer includes multiple modules arranged to permit parallel analysis of multiple samples. One example of a multi-analyzer spectrometer 500 constructed with multiple modules 510A–510X is illustrated in
The spectrometer 500 preferably includes multiple vacuum pump stages 549A–549B. While only two vacuum pump stages 549A, 549B are illustrated, more vacuum stages may be provided. Preferably, differential levels of vacuum are maintained within the spectrometer 500, with progressively higher levels of vacuum being maintained along the direction of each ion path 511A–511X. In other words, a lower level of vacuum may be maintained within the enclosure 519 adjacent to the sample inlets 503A–503X than adjacent to the transducers 508A–508X. To facilitate the maintenance of different vacuum states, the enclosure 519 is preferably partitioned into multiple subchambers using internal partitions or baffles 538 disposed substantially perpendicular to the ion paths 511A–511X. As illustrated, partition elements 538 may be disposed between various guide members 531A–531X, 535A–535X. The guide members 531A–531X, 535A–535X preferably define passages 532A–532X, 536A–536X to permit fluid (vacuum) communication with a common vacuum stage 549. Each module 510A–510X preferably includes partitions or baffles 507X—507X corresponding to the partition elements 538, and includes passages or other openings (as described previously) also in communication with the vacuum stage 549. Thus, both the enclosure 519 and modules 510A–510X include appropriate physical baffles or partitions 538, 507A–507X for maintaining differential levels of vacuum within the spectrometer 500 using a minimum number of (e.g., common) vacuum pump stages 549A, 549B. Seals 533A–533X, 537A–537X within the enclosure 519 between the partitions 538 and the modules 510A–510X prevent vacuum leaks and facilitate maintenance of differential vacuum conditions.
The chassis 530, including the guide members 531A–531X, is preferably fabricated with suitably rigid materials to support the modules 510A–510X. In one embodiment, the chassis 530 or at least a portion thereof is fabricated with an electrically insulating material such as non-conductive polymers, ceramics, or composites to promote electrical isolation of the chassis 530 from the modules 510A–510X. Alternatively, if the chassis 530 or at least a portion thereof is constructed with conductive materials, then electrically insulating spacers or standoffs (not shown) may be disposed between the chassis 530 and the modules 510A–510X.
Multiple conductors 525A–525X, 526A–526X, 527A–527X may be grouped into a bundle or electrical bus 528 to minimize the number of physical penetrations through the enclosure 519. In one embodiment, the bus 528 comprises an etched circuit board. Additionally, one or more conductors 525A–525X, 526A–526X, 527A–527X may be common to multiple modules 501A–510X (e.g., ground conductors and/or other conductors if multiple modules 510A–510X are subject to coordinated control through common control inputs) to permit such common conductors to be electrically disposed in series (e.g., “daisy-chained”) rather than requiring unnecessarily long parallel conductors for each module 510A–510X.
Each module 510A–510X includes a housing 501A–501X, an ion trap 504A–504X, one or more focusing elements 505A–505X, an analyzer 506A–506X, and a transducer 508A–508X. Each transducer 508A–508X may include an integrally formed plug with multiple conductors 515A–515X, 516A–516X, 517A–517X for mating with corresponding conductors 525A–525X, 526A–526X, 527A–527X in the chassis plugs 522A–522X. Although only three conductors 515A–515X, 516A–1516X, 517A–517X are illustrated for each module 510A–510X, it is to be appreciated that additional conductors may be provided. Additionally, each plug may be distinct from its associated transducer 508A–508X, and each module 510A–510X may include multiple plugs (not shown). Any of the various module components 504A–504X, 505A–505X, 506A–506X, 508A–508X may be aligned with one another within and mounted to their corresponding module housing 501A–501X. Partitions or baffles 507A–507X may be provided within each module 510A–510X, with each module 510A–510X preferably having multiple partitions or baffles disposed along the direction of ion travel 511A–511X through the modules 510A–510X. Each module housing 501A–501X preferably also defines multiple peripheral vacuum openings or passages (not shown) to permit fluid (vacuum) communication between interior portions of the modules 510A–510X and the vacuum pump stages 549A, 549B.
In operation, samples are supplied from external ionization elements (not shown) to the inlers 503A–503X of the spectrometer. Each (sample) ion stream is analyzed in parallel by a different module 510A–510X. Communication between the spectrometer 500 and external control components (not shown) is provided by way of the conductor bundle or bus 528.
In one embodiment, fluid connections between multiple fluid phase separation process regions and a modular multi-analyzer spectrometer are provided with minimal and substantially equal path lengths. To facilitate minimal and substantially equal path lengths, a preferred arrangement for the analyzer modules is in a spatially compact two-dimensional array. Multi-analyzer spectrometers 550, 560 having large numbers of modules disposed in one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays, respectively, are illustrated in
As noted previously, components facilitating analysis of different ion streams may be subject to common control. In one embodiment, components used with different spectrometer channels may be integrated. For example,
In certain embodiments, a mass analyzer module includes internal conductors leading to a common connector plug. An example of such a module 610 is provided in
In still other embodiments, mass spectrometers may be fabricated with modular sub-assemblies each containing components for multiple analyzer channels such as illustrated in
The channels of a particular mass spectrometer may be arranged within a vacuum enclosure or regions thereof in any desirable pattern. For instance, as shown in
In another embodiment illustrated in
High throughput analytical systems according to various embodiments of the present invention provide numerous benefits. For example, continuous output streams from multiple fluid phase separation process regions may be analyzed in parallel by different mass analyzers, thus permitting high throughput operation without the data loss problems typically created by sampling methods. Moreover, because each analyzer of a multi-analyzer mass spectrometer may be disposed within a common vacuum enclosure, fewer vacuum pumps may be required to provide the necessary vacuum conditions. Modular construction provides numerous advantages including more efficient fabrication along with ease of maintenance and servicing. Additionally, control functions and components may be consolidated. The use of common control components not only simplifies fabrication, but also ensures consistent operation from one mass analyzer to the next.
It is also to be appreciated that the foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and explanation and is not intended to limit the invention to the precise manner of practice herein. It is to be appreciated therefore, that changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention and that the scope of the invention should be interpreted with respect to the following claims. | 69,783 | 165 |
547,215 | Rocket was named properly based on his energy level and spunk. He is always happy and ready for fun - his mood is contagious. Rocket was seen by a family who recently lost a dog very similar to him - and the connection was made. He was adopted by the family shortly after and he is doing great with them. He loves going on car rides with his Dad, playing in the yard, and spending time with his doggie sibling.
Sweet Tina came to us from a shelter in NC. She did great in her foster home and gained many friends. She was soon adopted by a lovely couple with another dog and Tina took to them right away. Tina is doing great in her new home and they love her dearly.
Ellie Mae came to us from Chesapeake Animal Control where she was surrendered by her owner who was not able to care for her anymore. She had a lot of missing hair due to flea allergies and her nails were overgrown. After a bath, flea prevention, time, and TLC - Ellie was showing the world how beautiful she was. Already trained with great manners, it only took an adoption video posted online for her new family to spot her and fall in love. She lives the relaxed life with her new parents and enjoys every minute of it.
Biscuit came to us when he was hit by a car and badly injured. His family couldn't afford his care so surrendered him over to the the shelter where we stepped in to help him. Biscuit spent several months with us recovering from his injuries, and after time and TLC, he was ready for adoption. Biscuit found a great new home with a loving family. He loves kids and has two little ones to watch over. He is so happy and we equally thrilled at his successful recovery and adoption.
Bowie was 1 of 4 dogs surrendered by their family when they were unable to care for them anymore. Bowie found a great new home and he fits in wonderfully. He has a k9 sibling and a big family to make sure he stays entertained. They embraced his quirky ways and he took to them quickly. Yay Bowie!
Playful Petey came to us from a crowded shelter in NC. This happy boy did great in his foster home and had a blast at the adoption events. A lucky family spotted him at one of our events and they knew he was the new addition they were looking for. Petey now lives with two older doggie siblings and has been learning a lot on training class.
Zorina (now named "Zoe") came to us from a shelter in NC. She was a timid girl who needed to gain confidence and learn some more house manners. After a short time in her foster home Zoe blossomed into a happy, confident girl and stole the hearts of her fosters. They decided to make Zoe a permanent member of their family and she is so happy with them. She has two k9 siblings and a feline one too. She loves to play in her back yard and get all the attention she could ask for.
Cassidy came to us from a crowned shelter in NC where she needed help to find her forever home. After some time in a foster home learning all about home life, a great family spotted her at one of our adoption events and fell in love. She has a great little kid as a playmate and has a ton of fun. Have a great life Cassidy!
Annie came to us from a shelter in NC. Young and adorable - we knew this girl needed just a little bit of exposure before getting adopted. She now lives with her family and gets to go on road trips with them often and gets tons of attention. Her "Dad" makes sure she gets groomed often and always looks her best.
Poppy (now named "Lily") came to us from a crowded shelter in NC. She was with us for only a short time before being adopted into the home of her dreams. Lily is her Mom's constant companion and even gets to go to work with her at the office. She is so spoiled and we love getting all of the updates and cute photos of her enjoying her new life!
Elmer (now named "Alfie") came to us from a crowded shelter in NC. This playful guy needed some in home experience and training. He was spotted online by a family who lived a few hours away and they made the trip down here to meet him. It was a great fit and they adopted him the same day! Alfie is now top dog and has so much fun with his family. He gets to go exploring, take trips to the dog park, and snuggle on the couch!
Stella was 1 of 4 dogs surrendered by their owner when their family could no longer care for them. Stella found a great home with a loving family. She has a doggie companion and a little girl. Stella enjoys her new family and is spoiled rotten!
Chunk and Punk were 2 of 4 dogs who were surrendered to us when their family could no longer care for them. These boys were adopted together and have a new Mom. They also share their home with a wonderful older gentlemen who loves their companionship every day. These two goofy boys always bring a smile to their faces and they have so much fun.
Peaches (now named "Ellie Mae") was taken into the rescue after spending a couple of months at the overcrowded Isle of Wight County shelter. She spent a few months in a foster home learning house manners and visiting multiple K9JL adoption events. Adoption events became second nature, but Peaches was still looking for her forever home. It wasn't until one day at our Petco adoption event that a family came into the store looking for the perfect dog to add to the family. Their son, who has some special needs, gravitated towards Peaches immediately, and she took to him right away! Within minutes of meeting, they were two peas in a pod! Our docile Peaches lit up around her new friend! Just as fate would have it, Peaches found her for forever family including a very boy of her own. Peaches now enjoys a huge backyard, the company of her favorite child, and two amazing parents who spoil her rotten!
Sprite (now named "Phoebe") came to us from a shelter in NC. She won over every person that met her with her with her goofy antics and sweet demeanor. It took her several months to get adopted - but once she met her family we knew they were meant to find each other! She has kids who love her, another dog to play with, and they love her to pieces!
Roux was a happy go lucky boy who came to us from our local animal shelter. He was missing a lot of hair and suffering from demodex mange - so we took him in where he could recover and get the treatment he needed. It only took a few weeks before he was fully recovered and found a fabulous home perfect for any Lab! He has a pool to swim in, a huge house to call his own, and tons of attention and love!
Sir Arthur came to us from our local animal control. He was cage aggressive and wasn't showing well, so we took him into foster care where he was more comfortable and happy. His foster family fell in love and ended up adopting him - which made three K9JL dogs in their home. We love repeat adopters!
Janice (now named "Weezie") came to us from a shelter in NC where she lived for a year without any luck at adoption. She was a wonderful dog who adjusted to family life immediately - we had no idea why no one had adopted her. With just a little bit of networking Janice was noticed and adopted. She has two homes to enjoy (one in the country and one in the city) and has a blast going everywhere with her family.
Stuart Little came to us from a shelter in NC. He came to the shelter as an emaciated puppy with an I-Pod cord and hanger wrapped around his neck. With TLC and time, this shy pup came out of his shell and was ready for adoption! His family spotted him at one of our adoption events and fell in love. He has 2 doggie siblings and has so much fun playing with them and enjoying the good life.
Wild child Sally (now named "Zeva") was found abandoned in the woods in NC covered in ticks, dirty, and underweight. In no time she was recovered and ready for her forever home. This active gal needed a special home that could keep up with her energy and spunk. She found the perfect fit and has another Lab sibling and a very active Mom. Zeva loves the water and will participating in DockDogs this year. How fun!
Little Evie was our special little "chewbaca" dog. She came to us in very bad shape from our local animal control. After proper vet care to fix her all up she was adopted by a sweet lady to have a constant companion. They enjoy sitting on the porch on nice days, going to walks around the block, and relaxing at home. What a perfect match!
Goofy Priscilla was a fun puppy who came to us from a crowded NC shelter. She had a skin condition which took several months for her to fully recover from. In perfect timing, her family met her at an adoption event and fell in love! She has a little girl as her companion and playmate and enjoys going many places with her family and learning new things.
Gina was a scared little girl who was at our local animal shelter and needed help to gain confidence and learn how to live in a family environment. She blossomed in her foster home and learned quickly, and was adopted in no time by a loving family who was experienced with her breed and shyness. She loves her two furry siblings, playing in her nice yard, and snuggling up on the couch.
Miley (now named "Roo") came to us when her owners dropped her off at our vet with a badly broken leg that was not properly cared for. It took several weeks for her leg to heal, but because of the lack of care she received before coming to us her leg would always be a bit "special". Her foster mom (also a vet tech and Sheltie owner) adopted her and gives her the best life ever. She rules the home that she shares with 2 other Shelties and cats. This little firecracker never lets her special leg get her down and she is always ready for fun.
Adorable little Charlotte (now named "Ginknee") came to us when her family was not able to adequately care for her when she started having seizures. She received a lot of care from our vet but we knew she was going to be a special needs dog indefinitely. She was adopted by her foster family who loved her dearly and spoiled her rotten. Her seizures were never able to be controlled - but she lived a great life before her condition worsened and she crossed the rainbow bridge. We all loved this girl so much and were happy to have given her the best care and quality of life while she was with us.
Tammy came to us from a rural shelter in NC. She was with us for only a short while before being adopted into a loving home. She has a little boy as her best friend and gets all the attention and play time that she could ask for. What a happy girl she is with her family!
Sweet Lucille (now called "Lucy") came to us from a shelter in NC where she was found as a stray with a badly injured leg. Her leg had to be amputated, but Lucy recovered and did not let her handicap affect her spirit. After a few months in our rescue, her family saw a photo of her online and fell in love. Lucy now has 3 other doggie siblings to look after, jump over, and chase. She is getting tons of attention and gets to snuggle in bed. Lucy is a water dog in training, too - how fun!
Trinity came to us from a shelter in NC. This happy girl caught the attention of a wonderful family who had been searching for the right dog for a year. After they met her they knew she was the one they were waiting for and adopted her the same day. Trinity was welcomed with open arms and we know she is going to live a great life. She loves playing in her yard, swimming in the pool, and snuggling with her family.
Myra came to us from our local animal control shelter where she arrived as a stray and no owner claimed her. This mature girl was in rough shape and had some medical issues that we corrected. After some time and good TLC she was fully recovered and ready for adoption. Myra found her forever home with loving family who spoil her rotten. She loves to snuggle in bed, go for walks, get dressed up, and be with her family. We are so happy for Myra!
Millie is an awesome girl who came into the rescue in need of a new home. Her new family met her at an adoption event and couldn't stop thinking about her - so they adopted her. She now has a doggie brother to chase and steal toys from, she gets run of the house including couches and beds, and access to a wonderful fenced yard. Millie is in doggie heaven in her new home!
Our special boy Tiny came to us from our local animal control shelter in very poor condition. He was underweight, had severe heart-worm disease, and was suffering from an eye condition that needed surgical correction. He spent many months with his foster family getting the medical attention he needed. He responded great to all treatments and was given a clear bill of health and was then ready for adoption. In no time a family spotted his picture and story and they fell in love. Tiny has the home of his dreams. Two young boys to play with, a fenced yard to romp in, daily walks, and trips to the park. Our big gentle giant has some great years ahead of him. Have fun buddy!
Mia (now named "Lightning") and her sisters came to us from a shelter in North Carolina. She was adopted by a loving family and is very spoiled. Lightning and "her boy" and a great pair and she is a much loved member of the family.
Tia (now named "Shelby") and her sisters came to us from a shelter in North Carolina. This large breed girl was quickly adopted by a wonderful family. She now has two doggie siblings that she loves to play with. She enjoys her beautiful backyard and playing with her family.
Lia and her sisters came to us from a shelter in North Carolina. This large breed girl was quickly adopted by a past adopter of ours. She now has two doggie brothers and a very loyal family to raise and love her. We can't wait to see how big and beautiful this girl gets as she gets older.
Matilda came in with her two sisters when they were just a week old. Their mother passed away and the puppies were left for days on their own before being discovered and brought to us. All three were very ill and it took a lot of TLC to help them pull through. Matilda has a large, loving family with a doggie brother. She is having so much fun and we are so happy for her.
Zuzu (now named "Gracie") came in with her two sisters when they were just a week old. Their mother passed away and the puppies were left for days on their own before being discovered and brought to us. All three were very ill and it took a lot of TLC to help them pull through. She did suffer from an infection early in her life which caused her to loose function of one of her eyes. Gracie now lives with a wonderful family and a doggie brother. The two dogs are best friends and do most things together. We can't wait to watch her grow up and enjoy a long and happy life.
Lola (now named "Kasa") came in with her two sisters when they were just a week old. Their mother passed away and the puppies were left for days on their own before being discovered and brought to us. All three were very ill and it took a lot of TLC to help them pull through. Kasa found a wonderful home and her family spoils her rotten. She enjoys doing everything with them and has lots of fun adventures ahead of her. She recently went to the beach for the first time and loved it.
Terrie came to us from the Isle of Wight County Shelter where her chances of adoption were limited. She was very nervous/skittish and suffered from some traumatic experiences in her past. It took her several weeks in foster care to adjust and learn how a dogs life should really be. A wonderful family saw Terrie online and knew she was meant to be their new addition. Terrie is now happily a member of their loving family and has fully adjusted to spoiled life. She has a doggie sister, a large yard to run in, and all the treats and affection she could ask for.
Besas (now named "Bailey") came to us from the Isle of Wight County Shelter where her chances of adoption were limited. She spent several weeks with us learning the basics of living an indoor dog lifestyle and recovering from some minor medical issues. She grabbed the attention of her new "Dad" at one of our adoption events and the rest was history. Bailey and her Dad are a great pair and are learning together. They enjoy going on walks, trips to the park, and lounging at home. We look forward to watching their relationship grow and to see Bailey enjoy her new lease on life.
Foxy is a sweet little girl who was abandoned and left to fend for herself at a local apartment complex for at least 10 days. The caring complex manager called us for help and together we were able to locate Foxy and take her to safety. It did not take long for Foxy to find a family wanting to make her a permanent addition to their home. Foxy now has a doggie brother and a wonderful home where she is spoiled. We are so happy for Foxy and her new family!
Pearl came to us from our local animal control after she was found in horrible condition roaming as a stray. She was underweight, heavily matted, and scared. It did not take long with us for her to get a nice hair cut, gain some weight, and come out of her shell. Pearl found her forever home with a prior K9JL adoptive family and now lives with three other poodles and is spoiled rotten.
Fella (now named "Max") came to us when his owners surrendered him over to our local animal control with a large open tumor on his foot that they were unable to care for. He went into surgery the next day to remove the tumor and after a few weeks he was fully recovered and doing great. He was adopted by a loving couple looking for a laid back companion - and Max fit the bill. He is very much loved by his new family and he fit in his new home quickly. We love you Max and family!
Loki came to us from our local animal control shelter where he arrived as a stray and no owner claimed him. This sweet boy settled into his foster home so well that he became a permanent member of their family! He has a doggie sister to play with, gets trips to the dog park often, and has many other human and doggie friends. Loki will be helping to welcome future foster dogs into the home and will be a helpful aid in their training/socialization.
Our sweet girl Audrey (now named "Bella") was one of our "New Years 10" rescues from a NC shelter. We don't know what kind of life she lived before coming to rescue but she was terrified of the whole world and seemed very under socialized. Her foster home worked very hard to gain her trust and show her the great life a spoiled dog lives. Within no time Audrey's sweet face captured the attention of a very special family who instantly fell in love and adopted her. She now has a big doggie brother to help teach/guide her and very a patient Mom and Dad to love her unconditionally. We are so happy for our special girl!
Jordan came to us from a shelter in NC where he was having trouble finding his forever home. After a few weeks in our rescue a family met him at one of our adoption events and fell in love. He is now the happily spoiled boy of a great family. He gets to spend lots of time snuggling on the couch, playing outside, and going for walks. He is already in obedience training classes with the goal of becoming a therapy dog. Way to go Jordan and family!
Biggie Smalls is one of our "New Years 10" rescues! He was surrendered to the NC shelter after living his entire life on a chain. This big boy was so loving and easy tempered and we knew the right family would find him. It didn't take long for Biggie to be adopted into a great home with three children who instantly fell in love with him. He gets to go running with his Dad, play dress up with his girls, and be the loyal companion their whole family was looking for. From life on a chain to living the spoiled life - this boy hit the doggie lottery!
Reva (now named "Soraya") was one of our "New Years 10" rescues. She spent many months at the NC shelter with no luck at adoption. After a month in her foster home she was well adjusted to indoor dog life and blossomed into the special girl she is. A great family spotted her online and fell in love! She has been doing well with the family kitties and has a youthful doggie sister to play with. They even got her doggie bows for her hair! :)
Gary (now named "Bandit") is one of our "New Years 10" rescues! He arrived at the NC shelter hairless and in rough shape. After spending a couple months at their shelter we pulled him to safety so he could finish his recovery and find a forever home. He was such a quick learner in his foster home and loved everyone he met... we knew it wouldn't take long for a beagle loving family to find him. Bandit now enjoys life with his loving owners and fellow doggie companion. He has such a great future and we couldn't be happier for him! Have a fun life Bandit!
Rex was found at our local animal control after his owner left him there. This older boy had some skin issues which quickly resolved in our care. It took him a few months, but the right family saw him and instantly fell in love. Rex now has the forever home of his dreams. He has a canine companion, two kids to snuggle/play with, and a yard to explore. We are so thrilled about his adoption and know he will be loved unconditionally.
Houston was one of our "New Years 10" rescues. This adorable boy was with us for a few short weeks before finding his adoptive home. He gets to be with his Mom most if the day and go play with lots of other dogs and enjoy trips to the beach. Have fun buddy!
Wallace (now named "Wally) was one of our "New Years 10" rescues. This sweet playful pup adjusted to family life easily and was such a quick learner. It only took a few weeks for Wally to find his new home. Wally joins a loving family with a young son and an older (but spry) doggie brother. He has a great yard to play in, a park nearby, and a little boy to be a best friend to. Good luck Wally and have fun!
Georgia came to us as part of the "New Years 10" group from North Carolina. She was at the shelter over 6 months with no luck at finding her forever home. It took her a little while to learn what home life was like in our foster program, but she picked up quickly. After a few weeks with us Georgia found her new family! She makes the 2nd K9JL dog adopted by this family and the two dogs are going to be best buddies. Georgia has already made herself at home by sleeping in the bed and snuggling on the couch. We are so happy that Georgia's long journey led her to a wonderful home.
Emmie was a poor senior girl dumped at our local animal control when her owners didn't want her anymore. She was at the shelter for a little while with no luck at adoption. A family spotted Emmie online and instantly fell in love. They offered to foster her through our organization, but quickly made the announcement that she would be a permanent member of their family. She lives with two other dogs and is living the life of luxury now. Great success story for a great older gal!
Louie was part of our "New Years 10" rescues! He arrived at the shelter bald and homeless - we stepped in to help him because his chances of getting adopted at the shelter not looking his best would be tough. After a couple weeks with K9JL and a trip to the vet his hair was almost fully grown in. He found a great home and made a young boys dream come true - he wanted a dog of his own. Louie takes turns sleeping in "his boys" room and sleeping with the parents. He gets to play fetch to his hearts content and loves going for car rides with his new Mom. :)
Bebe (now named "Moanna") was part of our "New Years 10" rescues! This little cutie is a little firecracker and we knew it wouldn't take long to get her adopted. She found a loving home with another doggie sibling to be with. She has already taken over the house and seems to be very spoiled. Have fun Moanna, can't wait to see you grow up!
Petunia came to us from a shelter in North Carolina. She is a pint sized girl full of spunk and confidence. She was in her foster home for a short time before her foster family decided to make her a permanent member of their home. They cant get enough of her tiny sweet self! This makes 2 dogs that this family has adopted from K9JL and they will still be fostering. YAY!
Tippy came to us from our local animal control agency where he was for quite a while with no luck at finding his new home. We had him in our rescue for a couple months when he surprised us by having a few seizures. Once we discovered that he was epileptic we started him on a daily medication to help control his seizures. With him being older and having special medical needs, we thought finding him a new home was going to be difficult. To our surprise the most perfect family fell in love with him and adopted him on Christmas Eve! Tippy makes the 2nd K9JL dog they have adopted and they were not phased by his special medical needs. He now has a k9 sibling and is in doggie heaven. He is loved dearly by his large family and has already made himself at home!
Zoey came to us from a family who could not give her the attention and care she deserved. After a few months with us this fun loving girl found her forever home with a great family. She has a wonderful yard to play in, a couch to sleep on and a loving family to care for her. Her family will be adding another doggie addition to their family so Zoey can have a constant canine companion too!
Our special girl Addison came to us from a rural shelter in NC. She arrived at the shelter in horrible shape. She was skinny, heart worm positive, and her body ached from being bred too much. She stayed at the shelter for several months while she underwent heart worm treatment and to get healthier. We then welcomed her into our rescue so she could learn what a loving home environment was like and help her find her forever home. After several months with us, she found her adoptive family. She now lives with a great family and two young boys for her to keep watch over. She has a huge yard to play in, toys and squirrels to chase, and a comfy home to relax in. We couldn't be happier for our Addie girl and hope she has many happy years with her family.
Paulie came to us as a result of his family moving and not willing to take him with. He was without much training when he first came to us, but his foster Mom worked very hard to teach him manners and proper home etiquette. Within a few weeks Paulie was adopted by a loving family! He is now the only "child" and receives lots of play time and attention. His new Mom reports that he has settled in well and brings the excitement into the home that they were missing. :)
Norman (now named "Kane") came to us when he was found abandoned in the woods. He was sick, in need of some good medical attention, and seeking love. It took several months to get him all fixed up and ready for adoption... but the time came when he was ready and found his forever family. Kane is already a much loved member of his family. He has two bigger doggie brothers and they are best friends. He aspires to be a certified therapy dog when he is older so he can help people and show how good a bully breed can be.
Lily came to us from a shelter in NC and in need of some training and in-home experience before finding her forever home. After some time and training Lily found her new home with a loving family. She has a k9 companion to play with, a yard to enjoy all she wants, and kids to love and protect. Lily has settled into her new home well and is very loved. We look forward to watching Lily blossom with her family and enjoy the good life.
Boris came to us as a product of divorce. This middle aged boy had so much love and dedication to give a family, but also had some behavioral quirks that required a special family willing to accept him. It took him several months before he found his family - but it was worth the wait. He is now a country boy - enjoying open space and a loving family who will be spoiling him rotten. With lots of attention, constant companionship, and daily exercise - Boris will be in heaven. We are so happy for our boy Boris and hope he has nothing but the best here on out.
Jacob came to us when he was found abandoned in the woods. He was sick, in need of some good medical attention, and seeking love. It took several months to get Jacob all fixed up and ready for adoption... but the time came when he was ready and found his forever family. He now lives with two other k9 buddies, several cats, and two loving parents. He has settled into his home very well and is a much loved addition to their family. He loves exploring their large yard, snuggling in bed, and playing with his animal friends.
Austin came to us from an over crowded shelter in need of some help to find his forever home. It wasn't long before an amazing family saw his picture on our website and fell in love. Austin now lives with a large loving family and is spoiled rotten. Austin will be a running partner, playmate, and companion for many years to come. He is also an aspiring agility dog!
Bailey and her brother were surrendered to our rescue to help find them a forever home. Both dogs came from a hoarder/breeder situation and had never been socialized or trained. Bailey was so scared of people when we first took her in that she would go to the bathroom on herself just if we were around her. With time and patience we worked with Bailey and taught her to trust people and enjoy their companionship. Within a short amount of time Bailey was adopted into a very loving home. She now lives with an older brother poodle and has a patient Mom who loves her unconditionally. Bailey has already made great improvements with her socialization and even went on her first camping trip! She sleeps in the bed with her mom and brother dog and meets new friends often. She is one spoiled girl!
Mocha and his sister were surrendered to our rescue to help find them a forever home. Both dogs came from a hoarder/breeder situation and had never been socialized or trained. Mocha was so scared of people when we first took him in that he would go to the bathroom on himself just if we were around him. With time and patience we worked with Mocha and taught him to trust people and enjoy their companionship. Within a short amount of time Mocha found an amazing home with a family from Pennsylvania! Mocha joined his new home of poodle lovers and has a little doggie brother to bond and learn from. Mocha has become his "Mom's" shadow and goes with her everywhere.
Tony is our senior boy who we pulled from a local animal shelter where he was having trouble finding his forever family. We spent several weeks working to get his medical needs met and once he was fully healthy he was adopted by his dream family. He now lives with a retired couple who enjoy a relaxed lifestyle. Tony enjoys his walks, bird watching, and laying on one of his several beds scattered throughout the house. We couldn't be happier for Tony and his new family - and hope he has many years of joy ahead of him.
Harley came to us from a local shelter where his family was seized from his owners when he was very young. We took him into our care to give him some home experience and socialization before finding his forever home. He is now a Richmond boy and lives with his new "Mom". He enjoys playing in the river right by his house and going for walks. Harley aspires to grow up to be a very well trained boy to show everyone how great pit bulls can be!
Prince William (now named "Gus") and his two brothers were found sick and abandoned in the woods. They were covered with parasites, all had skin infections, were anemic, and too young to survive on their own. It took several weeks in our care to get them fully healthy and ready to move on to their forever homes... but when the time came Gus had a family ready to adopt him. Gus is now a great companion for his owner who is a park ranger and they have plans for many outdoor adventures and an active lifestyle. We look forward to hearing of their fun times together.
Penny (now named "Siouxsie Sioux") was abandoned at a local vet clinic by her owner. We were able to take her into our rescue until a forever home was found for her. After several weeks the best family found her photo online and knew she was meant to be with them. She is now in her forever home and has two brother dogs (a pug and a boston terrier) and they all bonded right away. She keeps her family on their toes with her wild antics but they love her dearly already!
Darrin (now named "Fender") came to us from an over-crowded shelter in North Carolina. He was skinny, heart worm positive, and in need of some good TLC. He stayed with the shelter for several weeks as well as getting his much needed heart worm treatment. He stayed with us for several more weeks learning house rules and fully recovering from his years of neglect. Fender found the home of his dreams with his new "Mom" and "Dad" and doggie brother. He gets tons of attention and is spoiled silly. Enjoy your life buddy!
Mimi is our little squirt who was surrendered to us by her family due to personal family troubles. She had never been allowed outdoors so it took her some time to learn how to walk on a leash and to get some potty training underway. It wasn't long before she found her forever home with one of her foster families close friends. Mimi has a big doggie sister and great doggie parents who will make sure she grows up to be a well socialized chihuahua. Mimi's favorite game is to play tag with her sister.
Theo is one of our special boys rescued from an over crowded shelter in NC. He grew up at the shelter with no luck at finding a home so we took him in to help him along. He was originally found wandering the streets after a hurricane. He was skinny, sick, and had a severe injury to one of his eyes which resulted in permanent loss of sight in that eye. Theo was such a good boy despite his past and within a couple months found his forever home with a loving family. He is now a beach dog and loves his kids to pieces. We are so happy that our Theo found such a perfect family.
Chewy (now named Piper) is a super loving girl who came to us from an over-crowded shelter in NC. She was at the shelter for a couple months and even received her much needed heart worm treatment there. Time was running out for her so we stepped in to help. Chewy was with us for several weeks to learn what an inside dog lifestyle was like and when she was ready she found a great home with a loving couple. Chewy now lives with a cat sibling and will enjoy lots of walks, play days with other dogs, and TONS of spoiling from her family.
Bentley is a handsome boy who fell on hard luck when he was abandoned and ended up at a shelter in NC. He was extremely thin, had open wounds on him, and needed some good TLC. After several weeks in our care Bentley grew into a wonderful boy and is now a new addition to a loving home. He has a sister dog and two great owners who will enjoy taking him running, trips to the beach, and play times at the local dog parks. Bentley is a great dog and we can't wait to hear of his adventures.
Lonnie is a great boy who came to us from a crowded shelter who needed him to move on to a safe place. He spent several weeks with us learning how to live as an indoor house dog, and once his training was complete he found the most perfect home for him! He has a loving family with three children to entertain, a HUGE yard to run to his hearts content, and a wonderful home to feel safe and secure in. They are willing/able to help him through his nervous tendencies and they already love him dearly. Now we just need to convince them to adopt another... or three! Haha :)
Lars (now named "Rex") is a special bully boy who came to us when his owners were not able to provide proper care for him. He had a broken toe which needed to be splinted for several weeks before he was ready for his forever home. He searched and searched for the family he wanted to call his own, and finally found the perfect fit. He now has a great "Mom" and "Dad" and 3 kitty siblings. He is already underway with his obedience training and making great progress. We see a Canine Good Citizen Certification in the making!
Reese (now named "Emma") came to us from an over crowded shelter. She is such a great girl and quickly stole the hearts of her new forever family! She is now a beach dog and enjoys her daily walks/romps by the ocean. She gets to play with other dogs and is spoiled rotten by her owners. She has a great life ahead of her!
Mitzie (now named "Ava") is a cute little girl who came to us when her owner became allergic to her. She was in our rescue for few weeks before finding her forever home. She has a great new "Mom" and "Dad" and an older doggie brother. She made herself right at home instantly and has been having tons of fun. We can tell that she is spoiled already! :)
Watson came to us from an over crowded shelter in NC. This young boy is a total sweetheart and he found his forever home very quickly once in our care. Watson was at an adoption event with us and his new "Mom" saw him and knew that she wanted to add him to her family. A few days later the adoption was finalized and he was in his new home! He has a big doggie brother and a loving family who already spoils him. We are very happy for our boy Watson and we know he has a great life ahead of him.
Anakin came to us a stray puppy found roaming the woods all alone. He was too young to survive on his own and he was covered in "bugs" and in need of some medical attention. After a few weeks in our care we were able to get him healthy and happy. He stayed with us for several more weeks before finding his new family! He joins a very loving home with an older doggie sister who loves him already. We look forward to watching him grow up in his new home.
Boldger is one of our special boys who we found abandoned at our local animal control after we lost contact with his adopter some months ago. We have no idea why his adopter chose not to contact us before sending him to the pound (we will ALWAYS take back our rescue dogs if an adoption doesn't work out) but the important thing is that we found him and were able to adopt him into the best home he could ask for! Boldger has a fellow bully breed sister so they can wrestle with each other, a large fenced yard so he can run as much as he wants, lots of comfy couches and beds to relax on, and a family full of love and kisses for him. We know he is one happy boy!
Dooney (now named "Dunes") is a great little girl who was surrendered to us when her owners could not provide the best home for her. She found the most amazing home with Leslie and her family. She is spoiled rotten and has two adorable doggie sisters. Dunes loves her new forever home and gets as much love and attention that her heart desires. Her family says that she settled into their home right away and has stolen the hearts of everyone that has met her.
Mandy (now named Mable) was rescued from a shelter in NC where she was going to be euthanized. Mandy stayed with us for a few months learning social skills and gaining confidence. Once she was ready she found her adoptive family and is happily enjoying her new life. Mable lives with two cats and has a wonderful "mom" and "dad" to spoil her. She will enjoy all the fun activities she desires... walking/running, hiking, swimming, snuggling, cat chasing, and trips to the beach!
Polly came to us from a high kill shelter in NC. She was very shy when we first got her and it took several weeks of positive reinforcement training to help her come out of her shell. Polly graduated beginner puppy classes and was a totally different dog by the time she was ready for adoption. She found a great home with Matt and they are a great team together! Polly has enjoyed taking trips to Mt. Trashmore, the dog park, and enjoys sprawling out on the couch after a good play.
Jan (now named "Sasha") came to us when she was just days old. Someone found her and her litter-mates as newborns in a field. Their mother was not able to be caught with them and we had to hand raise the litter until they were old enough for adoption. Sasha has a super "Mom" and "Dad" and they love her very much. She is very spoiled and loves her family and life. We can't wait to hear updates as she grows up!
Cindy came to us when she was just days old. Someone found her and her litter-mates as newborns in a field. Their mother was not able to be caught with them and we had to hand raise the litter until they were old enough for adoption. Cindy has a very great family with kids for her to play with. She enjoys playing outside and being a much loved member of their family.
Marsha (now named "Raven") came to us when she was just days old. Someone found her and her litter-mates as newborns in a field. Their mother was not able to be caught with them and we had to hand raise the litter until they were old enough for adoption. Raven lives and goes to work with her "Dad" and is a much loved addition to his home. We look forward to more updates and photos as she grows up with him.
Bobby (now named "Jake") came to us when he was just days old. Someone found him and his litter-mates as newborns in a field. Their mother was not able to be caught with them and we had to hand raise the litter until they were old enough for adoption. Jake joins the family of another K9JL adoptee (Tucker) and another rescue dog (Brina). Bobby's family recently moved to Florida and purchased a larger home to accommodate for their doggie kids. These dogs are very lucky and have a wonderful life ahead of them. Miss you guys!
Candy (now named Penelope) was rescued from a shelter in NC where she was going to be euthanized. Candy stayed with us for a few months learning social skills and gaining confidence. Once she was ready she found her adoptive family and is happily enjoying her new life. Penelope has a doggie sister and many other doggie friends for her to play with. We can't wait to watch her grow up in her forever home.
Simon (now named "Zeppy") was a tiny puppy when we rescued him from a shelter in NC. After a few days of being with us he became ill and was diagnosed with the dreaded parvo virus. Several days of hospitalization and intensive care resulted in Simon pulling through and making a full recovery. After staying with us for several months he finally found his adoptive family! He lives with a cat sister (they are learning to be "friends") and has a great Mom and Dad who already spoil him. This fun boy will enjoy trips to the park, beach, and sleeping in bed with his family.
Ozzy is a super fun energy filled boy who found his way back to our rescue when his initial adopter wasn't willing to provide the right home/care for him. After a few weeks of medical care and some additional training Ozzy was adopted into his TRUE forever home. His family traveled several hours to meet him and fell in love! He now lives with 2 children and and doggie big sister. Ozzy continues to keep his family on their toes with his crazy antics but his family still loves him dearly!
Obidias AKA Obie came to us when his owner brought him to a local vet clinic asking to have him euthanized. Obie had horrible wounds all over his body and had a very bad infection as a result. Thankfully the Vet knew that Obie didn't deserve to be euthanized due to his owners neglect and had him surrender the dog to us. After a few months of intensive care and medical treatments Obidias was fully recovered and ready to move into a forever home. He found his perfect family with John and his 2 other Shih tzu's. Obie has adjusted wonderfully to his new home and is John's shadow. They enjoy going for car rides, going for walks, and spending time at home hanging out on the couch.
DJ found his way to our rescue when his family could no longer provide the attention and care he needed. He was with us for a few months before he found his perfect forever home. DJ lives with a very loving family and is the new best friend of a 14 year old girl named Tyme who has cerebral palsy. He goes for runs with his "Dad" and enjoys spending time at home playing with his family. We can't wait to watch Dj grow up with Tyme and to hear of the adventures they have together.
Greg (now named "Ty") came to us when he was just days old. Someone found him and his litter-mates as newborns in a field. Their mother was not able to be caught with them and we had to hand raise the litter until they were old enough for adoption. Ty leads a very exciting life traveling to horse shows, going to the beach, and meeting lots of new people and animals with his family. When Ty grows up they hope to have him be certified as a therapy dog... we know he has the potential!
Peter (now named "Zeke") came to us when he was just days old. Someone found him and his litter-mates as newborns in a field. Their mother was not able to be caught with them and we had to hand raise the litter until they were old enough for adoption. Zeke found his forever home with one of our foster families and has been a great addition to their lives. He helps welcome new foster dogs that enter their home and guides them to learn proper house etiquette.
George was a great little pit bull puppy we took in from another shelter in North Carlina. He was adopted last year into a wonderful home where he goes to work daily with his "daddy" and loves to snuggle with his cat housemates. George has grown up to be a great bully embassador and we are excited to share his updated pictures of him enjoying his life!
Eva (now named "Maggie") and her siblings were rescued from an over crowded shelter in NC where they were going to be put to sleep due to lack of space. After a few weeks with us she found her forever home! Maggie has an older doggie sibling and a family that loves her very much. She is having so much fun and her favorite game is playing with the water hose (see last photo) :).
Fonzie and his siblings were rescued from an over crowded shelter in NC where they were going to be put to sleep due to lack of space. After a few weeks with us Fonzie was adopted by a great family! He has an older doggie brother who welcomed into their home and is helping him learn the rules of the house. Fonzie also has two adorable kids who love playing with him in their sandbox. He has been doing great in his home and we hope noting but the best for the whole family!
Blake (now named Gaston) was rescued from an over crowded shelter in NC where he was going to be put to sleep. He was with our rescue for a couple weeks before he was adopted into his dream home! He is a spoiled member of their family and has a great life ahead of him. Gaston settled into his new home fabulously and loves sleeping in the bed and playing with all of his toys (he has TONS of them). We can't wait to watch him grow up :).
Memphis came to us on Christmas Eve from a shelter that was closing down due to poor conditions. After a couple weeks with us we noticed he was having trouble keeping his food down. After several vet visits and x-rays, we discovered that he had a medical condition called "esophageal diverticulitis". This medical condition requires special care and medical treatments through the course of his life. Despite his special needs, Memphis found an amazing family willing to offer him a loving home and give him the special daily care that he needs. He has been settling in very well and loves the kids and to run in the back yard. He is also quite the couch dweller and enjoys his snuggle time. We are so happy to see Memphis with the family he so desperately deserves.
Princess Buttercup (AKA Ree Ree) came from a neglectful past. She spent 23 hours a day locked up in a laundry room with no attention or love. A concerned family member alerted us to her plight and her owner signed her over to us so we could give her a chance at a better life. Buttercup stole the heart and was adopted by the same family who adopted our special needs chihuahua Roo! Buttercup now has the home of her dreams and will get all the love and attention she desires.
Sweet Annabelle was abandoned by her owners at a local vet clinic. As a senior dog with some medical issues we knew she needed our help. After a few weeks of medical treatments and T.L.C. Annabelle got adopted! She now lives with a little sister beagle, a cat, and a loving family. Adopting a senior dog is a very special thing to do and we thank them immensely for offering her a great retirement home. <3
Honey came to us from a shelter in North Carolina. She was turned into their shelter by an elderly owner who could no longer care for her. She settled into our rescue well and in no time had a family wanting to adopt her. After a few home visits to allow the current dog and her to make friends, the adoption was finalized! She is reported to be dong very well and getting along great with her new brother dog Minus.
Harpo is our "special needs" boy who was found as a stray in Chesapeake and taken into the local animal control. They quickly discovered that Harpo could not open his mouth, and after x-rays discovered that a previous untreated injury caused his jaw bones to fuse together. Harpo required half of his lower jaw to be removed in order for him to be able to open his mouth again. He fully recovered from his ordeal and found the most perfect home! He is loved dearly by his family, LOVES to play with all types of toys, and enjoys a good snuggle under the covers on the couch. We couldn't be happier for our special boy Harpo!
*** A very special thanks to all of those who fostered, spread the word, donated, and supported Harpo.
YOU made it possible for him to live the life he deserves!***
Lady (now named Norah) came to us due to her owner having too many animals. She stole the hearts of a previous adopter and they welcomed her into their home as their second K9JL dog! She now lives with Odin and they are best buds. Norah loves to snuggle with them in bed and will be going on her first camping trip soon!
Piper was rescued from living a life on a chain with no shelter or love. She took to the spoiled life quickly and was adopted into a loving home where she will continue to be pampered. She was adopted on New Years Eve and will enjoy her new life for many years to come. We love you Piper!
Paws (now named Sadie) is one of our 9 rescued pit mix puppies from a cruelty case. We hand raised the litter from 3 week's of age on and we all grew very attached to these babies. Sadie has a new loving family with a doggie sister to play with. She has a bright future and we will enjoy watching her grow up.
Sherlock Holmes came to us from a small shelter in NC where he didn't have a chance at finding a new home. He was such a good boy and in no time he was adopted into a loving home. Unfortunately, due to unforeseen circumstances, Sherlock found his way back into our rescue needing to find a new home...again. It must have been fate because we had a family looking for a dog just like him and it was a perfect match. He is living a very happy life with his new family and is enjoying being a spoiled member of the family.
Chance came to us from a shelter in NC where his opportunities of finding a new home were limited. He was only with us a short time before finding a great family ready to adopt him. He went to his new home on Christmas Eve and has been enjoying his new home since then. He has a great big fenced in yard to play in and a husky brother to get into mischief with. Have a great life Chance!
Dexter is one of our 9 rescued pit mix puppies from a cruelty case. We hand raised the litter from 3 week's of age on and we all grew very attached to these babies. Dexter has a great family who spoils him silly. He loves sleeping on the couch and getting into trouble. We can't wait to watch Dexter and his brother and sister's grow up in their forever homes.
Hope found her way to our rescue when she was found in North Carolina as a stray trapped in a swimming pool. Our old girl "Princess Hope" was in pretty bad shape when she came to us and it took a lot of time and fund's to get her back to good health. She had blood work done, a dental cleaning, 7 teeth pulled, 2 tumor's removed, ear infection's treated, urinary tract infection treated, seizure's addressed/maintained, and skin issues addressed. WOW! We thought that finding a forever family who would be willing to adopt an older dog with additional medical needs was going to be close to impossible... but Hope found her family in no time at all! Hope couldn't have found a more perfect home and we are so thankful for them opening up their home and heart's to our special girl.
Roo is our adorable little chihuahua girl who came to us with a bad case of demodex mange and a leg deformity. After 3 month's of medical care and lot's of TLC she was back to good health and ready for her new home. Roo found the perfect family with 2 older sister chihuahua's. She quickly took over the home and enjoys living the spoiled life.
Charlie (now named Diesel ) is one of our 9 rescued pit mix puppies from a cruelty case. We hand raised the litter from 3 week's of age on and we all grew very attached to these babies. Diesel is having a lot of fun with his new doggie sister and their goofy antics are amusing to watch. We can't wait to watch Diesel and his brother and sister's grow up in their forever homes.
Zoe is our fun loving goofy girl who found herself needing a home due to her prior owners not taking adequate care of her. After a few week's of training and medical attention from us Zoe's story stole the heart of a shiba loving family. She now has two shiba brother's, a huge yard to play in, and an active family who love's her deeply! It was a match made in heaven and we know Zoe will have the best life from now on.
Tiana (now named Shelby) is one of our 9 rescued pit mix puppies from a cruelty case. We hand raised the litter from 3 weeks of age on and we all grew very attached to these babies. Shelby is doing great in her new home and enjoy's playing with the kid's and sleeping on the couch! We can't wait to watch Shelby and her brother's and sister's grow up in their forever homes.
Lush is one of our 9 rescued pit mix puppies from a cruelty case. We hand raised the litter from 3 weeks of age on and we all grew very attached to these babies. Lush found a great home where she is a total "Momma's girl"! She enjoy's being pampered and will hopefully turn into a water loving boat dog! She also recently made friends with the vacuum cleaner. We can't wait to watch Lush and her brother's and sister's grow up in their forever homes.
Amelia (now named Henna) is one of our 9 rescued pit mix puppies from a cruelty case. We hand raised the litter from 3 weeks of age on and we all grew very attached to these babies. Henna was adopted into a wonderful home where she is loved dearly. She has a doggie sister and they are the best of friends. We can't wait to watch Henna and her brother's and sister's grow up in their forever homes.
Toshi (now named Kora) is one of our 9 rescued pit mix puppies from a cruelty case. We hand raised the litter from 3 weeks of age on and we all grew very attached to these babies. Kora has been welcomed into a large pit bull loving family and has already made tons of new friends. She has a big brother and they love each other very much. Kora is a spoiled baby who even gets to go to work with her Mom! We can't wait to watch Kora and her brother's and sister's grow up in their forever homes.
Tootsie (now named Bailey) is one of our 9 rescued pit mix puppies from a cruelty case. We hand raised the litter from 3 weeks of age on and we all grew very attached to these babies. Bailey has two new dog siblings and enjoys going everywhere with her new Mom and Dad. We can't wait to watch Bailey and her brother's and sister's grow up in their forever homes.
Sheba (now named Lyla) is one of our 9 rescued pit mix puppies from a cruelty case. We hand raised the litter from 3 weeks of age on and we all grew very attached to these babies. Lyla's foster mom grew so attached that she couldn't let her go and decided to make her a permanent member of her family. Lyla joins a house of 4 legged friends and loves having all the playmates! We can't wait to watch Lyla and her brother's and sister's grow up in their forever homes.
Allie was our final Alabama 7 dog to be adopted! Shortly after we got her an unknown illness almost took her life, but with lots of care and T.L.C. she pulled through and made a full recovery. After a few months of rehabilitation and training Allie found a wonderful family where she enjoys going on walks, hiking, and trips to the dog park!
Bella was one of our Alabama 7! She quickly stole the hearts of her foster family and became a permanent member of their family. Her new name is Dixie and she enjoys spending time with her doggie sisters and going camping and hiking with the family. She also welcomes new K9JL foster dogs into her home and makes sure they learn the house rules.
Tiger (now named Bacchus!) is one of our "Alabama 7" dogs rescued from euthanasia in a crowded shelter in AL. After being with us for close to two months he finally found his new owner Molly! Bacchus is doing great in his new home and they both enjoy an active lifestyle, especially going to the beach! They will be starting up obedience classes soon and we all know Bacchus will be the star of the class!
Penelope is our very special "momma" girl! She was saved from euthanasia and came to us heavily pregnant. She gave birth to 6 beautiful puppies a week after we got her... all of which have been adopted into great homes. It was evident that Penelope had not been treated properly by people in the past and had major trust issues. It took a lot of time and patience, but once we won her over she became a happy, loving, and goofy girl! Finding a family who was willing to overlook her skittish exterior and give her time to adjust was difficult, but after 6 months with us she finally found the perfect family! Lorie and Steve saw the potential in Penelope and knew that she was the right dog for them. With love and amazing patience they welcomed her into their home with open arms and are giving her the great life that she deserves. We are all so thrilled to see her doing so well and we know that she will have a very bright future with them.
Sassy is one of our "Alabama 7" dogs rescued from euthanasia in a crowded shelter in AL. It didn't take long for this sweet girl to find her forever home with a great family! Her new name is Stella and she is loving her new life. She enjoys being spoiled and getting tons of attention from family and friends! We look forward to seeing her grow with her family!
Joey is another of our "Alabama 7" dogs. He stole the heart of everyone he met including his new mom Allyson! He now enjoys being a happy puppy and having lots of fun adventures. He recently took his first trip to the beach and while he was a bit scared by the water he enjoyed hanging out in the sand with his family and friends! Joey is a very special boy and we know he has a great life ahead of him.
Libby came to us from a crowded shelter in NC. She grew up in a pen outside and never knew what a loving home was like... until her adoptive family took her home! She is now a much loved member of a family and has a great life ahead of her! She is reported to be a fantastic addition to their home and everyone loves her very much. Libby is 1 year old now and has grown into a large beautiful lady (see last 2 photos). Her family has also begun fostering with us and Libby will be a great play mate and teacher for the dogs they will foster.
Ginger is our spunky little girl who was one of the "Alabama 7" crew. She was placed with a foster family and fit in so well that they decided to make her a permanent member of their family! Ginger makes friends wherever she goes and loves going to the dog park and playing in the water. We are looking forward to having her be a mentor to new rescue dogs entering our K9JL family! Ginger recently received her therapy dog certification and will be going to nursing homes with her "Mom". Great job guys!
Winston lived a very sad existence before coming to us. He lived his whole life in an outdoor pen without any attention or affection. Due to his past he carries some emotional baggage... but that didn't stop his new family from bringing him home! When they heard his story they fell even more in love and knew that he was the dog for them! Winston loves going on his daily walks and trips to the dog park. We love our little scruffy man and we are so happy that he found his family! His family added a new addition to their home (a senior corgi) and the two dogs are good friends. Winston also celebrated his 1 year adoption anniversary!
Daisy Mae is our special little girl who came to us from a shelter in NC. She had a badly injured leg requiring amputation. Once she fully recovered from her surgery she returned to her active lifestyle and found a great new home! She now has a rat terrier sister and is very spoiled and loved - 3 legs and all! :)
Oswald (now named "Tuxi") came to us as a 10 pound puppy abandoned at a vet clinic. He was suffering from internal parasites but was quickly rehabilitated and ready to be adopted. He found his dream home with a great family who love him dearly. He is now fully grown and HUGE compared to the small baby we remember saving. He loves his family, playing with his toys, running in his big yard, and is a well adjusted member of their family.
Grandpa Albert is our very special senior boy! He was abandoned in the woods in very bad shape and we took him into our care to get him healthy. Several surgeries and a few months of quality care allowed Albert to feel young again. He stole the heart of his new mom Christina and his new dog brother Beans! Albert now has a loving home where he can live the remainder of his life in happiness! We hope he will have many great years left and we will miss him always!
*Special thanks to Cindy for fostering our grandpa and helping him recover from his years of neglect!*
Lacey came from a shelter in NC where she lived unwanted for many months. When we met Lacey we instantly fell in love. She was so loving and sweet tempered we knew we could find a great home for her. Lacey now lives in a beautiful home with a great family and a new doggy sister. She has her choice of beds to sleep in at night and enjoys relaxing outside next to the pool.
Princeton (now named "Tucker") was born in our rescue only a week after we saved his Mom from a shelter. He grew up in a safe loving environment with his 5 other siblings and he found a great home right away! He has a very devoted "Mom" and "Dad" and they are a very happy family! He is totally spoiled and loves sleeping in his back on the couch! We have enjoyed watching him grow up and we know he has a great life ahead of him.
P. Diddy (now named "Ziggy") was born in our rescue only a week after we saved his Mom from a shelter. He grew up in a safe loving environment with his 5 other siblings and he found a great home right away! He has dedicated owners who spoil him well. Ziggy has an adorable under-bite which makes him even more special!
Paxton was born in our rescue only a week after we saved his Mom from a shelter. He grew up in a safe loving environment with his 5 other siblings and he found a great home right away! He has a large loving family and a great "grandpa dog" as a companion! Paxton was a perfect fit for their family and we are so happy he found them!
Pierre is one of six puppies born into our rescue only one week after we saved their mom from a shelter. His new name is Timmy and he has a doggie sister named Butters! :) His family reports that he is very smart and having a lot of fun with them!
Lucy came to us from a small over crowded shelter in NC where she was out of time. She found her adoptive family just days after we took her in! Her new mom reports that she is incredibly smart and a very fast learner. She has adjusted to her spoiled lifestyle and has a great life ahead of her!
Max is a beautiful husky who had a bad start at life. He grew up attached to a short chain which resulted in him chewing his own tail off due to boredom and frustration. He was taken to the Norfolk SPCA where he was cared for and adopted, but his new family could not provide him with exercise or attention. After escaping their yard he was found by a local gas station who called us for help. After receiving permission to re-home Max, he found the perfect home for him to grow old in. His new dad is an avid soccer player and coach and Max enjoys his new active lifestyle with him. We can tell Max is already spoiled and loving his new life!
Odin is a very special guy who we rescued from a little shelter in Gloucester, VA. He was in pretty bad shape and was missing an eye and we knew he needed more help. After being with us for several months he finally found his forever family. He has a doggie sister and is a very much loved member of the family! We can't wait to get more updates from Odin's family and hear about his new life experiences!
Georgia is our special senior girl who came to us in bad shape. It took several months and several surgeries for us to get her back on track. Shortly after her recovery she found an amazing home with a caring family and fellow dog and cat companions. Georgia Sophia (her new full name) is living the life she deserves and we couldn't be happier for her!
Daphne found herself in a bind when her owners abandoned her at a bus stop. Kind animal lovers took her in and contacted us to help in finding Daphne a safe, loving, permanent home. With many interested families she found herself a dream home with a large loving family that welcomed her into their lives with open arms. She is a great little girl and we know she has a great home where she will be spoiled rotten!
Peanut entered our rescue when he was found wandering the streets alone. When no one came forward to claim him he quickly stole the heart of Candy Cole and her family. He is living the life of luxury with his new parents and doggie brothers! He is completely adored and couldn't have found a better family.
Special thanks to Candy for her continued support of our rescue. You are truly a K9JL Hero!
Kelly Lynn came to us from a very bad "shelter" where she lived for several years. She was suffering from some behavioral issues related to her pent up energy and lack of stimulation. Once we brought her into our foster program Kelly blossomed into a wonderful girl. We did not have any behavioral issues from her and she quickly found a home. She bonded quickly to her new owner and has been a great companion to him.
Benji is enjoying his new life with Mike and his family. Mike reports that one of Benji's favorite games is soccer! We are very happy to see Benji doing so well and wish his family the best!
Bailey is a great little dog who's been adopted by a fantastic lady! He has a great home and owner and we know they will have many great years together! We were so happy that Bailey was able to find a home right before Christmas!
Little Bear was a stray puppy found wandering the streets. He quickly found a great home where he is having a blast and enjoying life! His new name is Brutus and he has a wonderful Mom, Dad, and a doggie sister! We love Brutus and are looking forward to watching him grow up with his new family!
This is Molly! She is our fastest success story ever! We knew exactly who to call when she entered our rescue and was adopted the same day. It's been a perfect match and her family is so happy to have her in their lives.
Siren came to our rescue due to her previous owners not being able to give her the attention she needed. After a few weeks in foster care she found the home of her dreams! Siren was adopted by a loving family with two daughters who spoil her happy! Her new name is Laney and is a loved member of their family and we receive updates frequently.
Titan came to us with an injured leg requiring extensive surgery. After much care and several successful fund raising events we were able to repair his leg. After several weeks of post operative recuperation Titan was able to be placed up for adoption and quickly found a new forever family! He is now living happily in his new home and they couldn't imagine a greater dog for their family!
The K9 Justice League worked with the Norfolk SPCA by fostering two litters of puppies that were too young for adoption. The first litter was a group of lab mix pups and the second group were Rottweiler mix's. We loved all of them so much and they ALL received great adoptive homes!
Rosie, Regina, Rita, and Ralph were 4 little pups who had BIG personalities! They are now living with families of there own! Here are some pics while they were in our foster care :).
Cleavland, Clyde, Bonnie, and Steamer were barely a week old when they entered our care. With a lot of T.L.C. the puppies thrived and grew big and strong. Cleavland and Clyde stole the hearts of Jessica and Tiffany and they decided to make them permanent members of their family! Steamer and Bonnie were adopted by friends of the K9 Justice League and are living wonderful lives of their own!
Here are some pics of them as babies while they were in foster care!
Here are Cleavland and Clyde at one year! :D | 69,388 | 160 |
190,761 | College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
Important Note: This is the archived version of the 2013–2015 Undergraduate Catalog. The information on these pages was archived on August 6, 2013 and will not be updated as requirement and/or program changes are approved. Please see www.uic.edu/ucat for the most up-to-date requirements.Table of Contents
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
- Department of African American Studies
- Department of Anthropology
- Asian American Studies
- Asian Studies
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Classics and Mediterranean Studies
- Department of Communication
- Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
- Department of Economics
- Department of English
- Department of French and Francophone Studies
- Gender and Women's Studies Program
- Department of Germanic Studies
- Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies
- Department of History
- International Studies
- Jewish Studies Program
- Latin American and Latino Studies Program
- School of Literatures, Cultural Studies, and Linguistics
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science
- Moving Image Arts
- Department of Philosophy
- Department of Physics
- Department of Political Science
- Department of Psychology
- Religious Studies
- Department of Slavic and Baltic Languages and Literatures
- Department of Sociology
- Statistics and Operations Research
- Preprofessional Studies
- Semester Hour Requirement
- Course Requirements
- Other Requirements
- Secondary Education Program Requirements
- Academic Load
- Academic Probation and Dismissal Rules
- Change of Course Schedule
- Change of Major
- Class Attendance
- Closed Courses
- Course Prerequisites
- Credit/No Credit Option
- Declaring a Major
- Double Major, Double Degrees, and Second Bachelor’s Degree
- Rules Governing the Major
- Graduate-Level Courses for Undergraduate Credit
- Cross-Listed Courses
- Independent Study
- Petition Procedure
- Proficiency Examinations
- Retroactive Credits in Foreign Language
- Registration Approval
- Repeat Policy for Standard Graded Courses
- Certification of Major for Nondegree Students with Bachelor’s Degree
- Cooperative Education and Internship Program
- Individual Plan of Study
- Study Abroad Programs
Dean, Astrida Orle Tantillo
Third Floor, University Hall (UH)
Student Academic Affairs Office: Senior Associate Dean, Emanuel D. Pollack, Third Floor, UH
Academic Advising: (312) 996-3366
The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (LAS) offers a wide range of programs and courses in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. The offerings of LAS contribute to the educational quality, breadth, and vitality of UIC. The tradition of the liberal arts emphasizes holistic intellectual development rather than vocational and professional training. An understanding of human cultures, the natural universe, and social sciences provides the foundation for comprehending the complex and evolving world in which we live.
LAS undergraduate degree programs encompass a broad-based general education experience, a student-selected field of specialization, and elective courses to round out a student’s interests. Students are encouraged to participate in faculty-led research and scholarly opportunities, as well as internships and study abroad. Graduates are prepared to pursue nearly any career path and further education.
To earn a College of Liberal Arts and Sciences degree from UIC, students need to complete University, college, and department degree requirements.
Changes to graduation requirements and related policies are announced online. If requirements are changed, continuing students in LAS and those whose attendance at UIC has been interrupted for no more than two years may complete the current graduation requirements or may continue to meet those requirements in effect at the time of initial registration in the college. Students who return to UIC after an absence of more than two years are responsible for meeting the requirements of the University and college as well as of the major or curriculum in effect at the time of the student’s reenrollment. For all students, however, if courses originally required are no longer offered or if external accrediting or certifying agencies modify their requirements, the college or department will specify substitutes.
University and college degree requirements for all College of Liberal Arts and Sciences students are outlined below. Students should consult their department section for additional degree requirements.
Each of the degree programs listed below minimally requires a total of 120 semester hours.
|African American Studies||African American Studies||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Anthropology||Anthropology||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Biochemistry||Interdepartmental||BS in Biochemistry||
|Biological Sciences||Biological Sciences||BS in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Chemistry—BA||Chemistry||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Chemistry—BS||Chemistry||BS in Chemistry||
|Chemistry—Teacher Education||Chemistry||BS in the Teaching of Chemistry||
|Classical Studies||Classics and Mediterranean Studies||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Communication||Communication||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Criminology, Law, and Justice||Criminology, Law, and Justice||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Earth and Environmental Sciences||Earth and Environmental Sciences||BS in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Economics||Economics||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|English||English||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|English—Teacher Education||English||BA in the Teaching of English||
|French and Francophone Studies||French and Francophone Studies||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|French—Teacher Education||French and Francophone Studies||BA in the Teaching of French||
|Gender and Women’s Studies||Gender and Women’s Studies||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Germanic Studies||Germanic Studies||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|German—Teacher Education||Germanic Studies||BA in the Teaching of German||
|History||History||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|History—Teacher Education||History||BA in the Teaching of History||
|Italiana||Hispanic and Italian Studies||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Latin American and Latino Studies||Latin American and Latino Studies||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Mathematics||Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science||BS in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Mathematics—Teacher Education||Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science||BS in the Teaching of Mathematics||
|Mathematics and Computer Science||Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science||BS in Mathematics and Computer Science||
|Neuroscience||Interdepartmental||BS in Neuroscience||
|Philosophy||Philosophy||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Physics—BA||Physics||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Physics—BS||Physics||BS in Physics||
|Physics—Teacher Education||Physics||BS in the Teaching of Physics||
|Polish||Slavic and Baltic Languages and Literatures||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Political Science||Political Science||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Psychology||Psychology||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Russian||Slavic and Baltic Languages and Literatures||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Sociology||Sociology||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Spanish||Hispanic and Italian Studies||BA in Liberal Arts and Sciences||
|Spanish—Teacher Education||Hispanic and Italian Studies||BA in the Teaching of Spanish||
|Spanish-Economics||Hispanic and Italian Studies||BA in Spanish-Economics||
|Statistics and Operations Research||Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science||BS in Statistics and Operations Research||
a Until further notice, the BA with a Major in Italian program is not accepting applications for admission.
Note: Degrees in teacher education generally require additional courses for teacher licensure beyond the 120 semester hours.
General Education and Writing-in-the-Discipline
Students are required to complete the following course requirements in order to earn a degree in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Proficiency in academic writing and quantitative reasoning is essential to success in all degree programs. Therefore, all LAS undergraduate students shall, in their first year, register for courses that satisfy the University Writing and Quantitative Reasoning requirements, or for such preparatory courses as may be indicated by placement tests, and shall continue to register in such courses until the requirements have been satisfied. Students who fail to follow these guidelines will be subject to academic probation and other sanctions. The remaining course requirements, with the exception of the Writing-in-the-Discipline requirement, should be completed as early in the college career as feasible.
Note: The table below outlines LAS General Education and Writing-in-the-Discipline requirements. The number of credit hours a student is required to take to fulfill these requirements will vary. Please read the explanatory notes that follow on General Education Core, General Education Proficiencies, and Writing-in-the-Discipline for more information on fulfilling these requirements.
|General Education and Writing-in-the-Discipline||
Requirement (Typical Hours)
|Analyzing the Natural Worlda||
Two laboratory courses (6–10)
|Exploring World Culturesa||
One course (3)
|Understanding the Creative Artsa||
One course (3)
|Understanding the Individual and Societya||
One course (3)
|Understanding U.S. Societya||
One course (3)
|Understanding the Pasta||
One course (3)
|Two elective courses from any General Education Core categorya||
Two courses (6)
Four semesters of a single foreign language at the college level (0–16)
One course (3–5)
|University Writing Requirement||
ENGL 160 and 161 (6)
One course (0–3)
a Students should consult the General Education section of the catalog for a list of approved courses in this category.
General Education Core
General Education at UIC is designed to serve as a foundation for lifelong learning. The following General Education Core requirements for the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences satisfy the University’s minimum requirements. Students in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences are required to take a total of nine courses. Of those, seven are prescribed: two laboratory courses in Analyzing the Natural World and one course in each of the other five categories. The remaining two courses may be chosen freely from among any of the six categories.
Students who register for a course that is listed in more than one category will have the flexibility of deciding which category the course will satisfy. They do not have to decide right away but may wait to see how their plan of study develops over time. The course, however, will fulfill the requirement of only one category. In other words, the course will not satisfy the requirement of two categories just because it is listed in two categories.
The General Education Core categories are as follows:
- Analyzing the Natural World
- Understanding the Individual and Society
- Understanding the Past
- Understanding the Creative Arts
- Exploring World Cultures
- Understanding U.S. Society
For a description and list of courses for each General Education Core category, students should consult the General Education section of the catalog.
Note: Up to two courses in the major may count toward fulfillment of General Education Core requirements. Students should see their department sections to determine if their major includes any approved General Education Core courses.
General Education Proficiencies—Foreign Language Requirement, Quantitative Reasoning Requirement, and University Writing Requirement
Foreign Language Requirement
The basic requirement is proficiency in a language that has a recognized literature or culture. The level of proficiency must be the equivalent of that expected of the student who has completed the elementary and intermediate levels of language study (i.e., the first two years) at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Students studying foreign language at UIC are strongly encouraged to register for required language courses in consecutive semesters until the requirement is met. Students may satisfy the requirement in any one of several ways:
- By presenting qualifying scores on Advanced Placement examinations in foreign language or a qualifying score on a UIC foreign language placement test or other authorized proficiency test for languages not offered at UIC.
- By transferring credit for two years of a single language at the college level. With college approval, a student transferring from another university or another UIC college who has never been enrolled in LAS, who is admitted with senior standing and who has not satisfied the language requirement may do so by passing one course in a language sequence during each term in enrollment residence at UIC. Seniors admitted with foreign language transfer credit must consult a dean for application of this rule.
- By completing four semesters of language courses at UIC. The college currently offers complete sequences in Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Modern Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, and Spanish.
- By completing a partial sequence of language courses as determined by the results of a placement test or placement by a language department. The college determines eligibility for credit in a recommended course.
- By presenting evidence of secondary education completed in a country where the language of instruction was other than English. No elementary- or intermediate-level course or proficiency credit will be given for that language. The language requirement, however, will be considered fulfilled only if the student consults a dean for application of this rule and receives conditional approval.
- By transferring four semesters of credit in American Sign Language courses from an accredited U.S. college or university. Courses must include the study of deaf culture.
Quantitative Reasoning Requirement
Students in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences must demonstrate competency in quantitative reasoning to earn a degree. Such competence can be demonstrated in any one of the following ways:
- Achievement of a score on the mathematics placement examination high enough to qualify for enrollment in Mathematics 180. Placement in Mathematics 180 may be by other means determined by the Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science.
- Grade of C or better in any one of the following courses: Mathematics 121, 123, 145, 160, 165, 180, Statistics 101.
- Grade of C or better in a mathematically oriented course in a department in LAS other than Mathematics. Such courses must require Mathematics 090 or 118 as a prerequisite. At present, such courses include Communication 201; Criminology, Law, and Justice 262; Political Science 201; Psychology 343; and Sociology 201.
- Grade of C or better in a logic course in the Department of Philosophy: Philosophy 102 or 210.
- Transfer students may present equivalent courses taken elsewhere, for which they have received a grade of C or better, to satisfy this requirement.
University Writing Requirement
Each student must demonstrate proficiency in written expression by the successful completion of English 160 and 161. The student’s performance on the writing placement test determines whether English 070, 071, ESL 050, or 060 must be completed as a prerequisite to English 160. Students may receive 3 hours of proficiency credit in English 160 based on the ACT English subscore. All students must complete English 161.
No graduation credit is given for ENGL 070 or 071, which are preparatory courses for UIC’s required academic writing sequence. Upon completion of either of these courses, however, the English Department may recommend a waiver of ENGL 160 based on final course assessment. Students who receive this waiver earn 3 hours of proficiency credit for ENGL 160 and placement into ENGL 161.
As part of the major, students must successfully complete at least one course that requires extensive writing. This course should be taken before the beginning of the student’s last semester. A required Writing-in-the-Discipline course is included in each degree program.
Course Level Requirement
A student must earn a minimum of 40 semester hours in advanced-level courses (those numbered 200 and above at UIC) at any accredited four-year college or university. At least 12 semester hours of these 40 advanced hours must be taken in the major field while in enrollment residence at UIC. Community college work, regardless of the course number or level, is not considered advanced for the purposes of this requirement.
Course Work Limitations
Course work completed at UIC and other accredited institutions is not automatically applicable toward graduation requirements. The final decision regarding the acceptance of credit and courses that apply toward degree requirements is made by the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Course work considered by the college office as nonbaccalaureate or remedial is not accepted toward the degree. Course work that duplicates previous work is counted toward graduation, whereas the original course work does not count. No credit is given for a course in which a failing grade was received. Credit for prerequisite courses will not be granted if prerequisite courses are taken after advanced course work in the same area.
The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences restricts degree credit as follows:
- No more than 3 semester hours of credit in basic kinesiology activity or designated military science courses may apply toward the degree. Basic activity courses at UIC include all kinesiology courses numbered 100–149 and all courses numbered 200–248. Acceptable military science courses are those numbered 101–121.
- A maximum of 6 semester hours of credit in advanced military science courses (those numbered at the 200- and 300-levels at UIC) may apply toward the degree.
- Credit in individual performance courses is limited to 8 semester hours.
- No credit is given for doctrinal and canonical course work taken in seminaries or any other institution that provides religious or sectarian training.
- No more than 16 semester hours of independent study may apply toward the degree. The maximum degree credit in independent study in an individual department or program is 8 semester hours. Fieldwork and internship courses that are formally required for the major are excluded from this limitation.
- A maximum of 24 semester hours in courses offered by other UIC colleges and acceptable by the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences may be applicable toward the degree. Transfer courses from other liberal arts colleges must be equivalent to those offered by other UIC colleges to be acceptable. In cases where majors, minors, and curricula require courses not offered in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the student may take no more than 24 hours of non-LAS courses in addition to those non-LAS courses required for the program.
Together, the major and LAS course requirements generally do not provide the entire 120 semester hours required for graduation. Known as electives, those hours remaining should serve to enrich a student’s educational background either through work allied to the major or in courses that can generally increase knowledge and understanding. Elective courses should always be chosen by a student for educational reasons, not simply for convenience or for credit hours.
Grade Point Average (GPA) Requirement
A student must earn a cumulative grade point average of at least 2.00/4.00 in all work taken at UIC. In addition, the combined average of a student’s transfer work and work taken at UIC must be at least 2.00. A minimum grade point average of 2.00 is required for all courses in the major field. In addition, the combined average of transfer work and work taken at UIC in all courses in the major field must be at least 2.00. Some majors may require a higher grade point average. Failure to maintain the required minimum grade point average in the major may result in the student's dismissal from that major.
Graduation Declaration/Filing to Graduate
Students declare their intent to graduate online using my.UIC. Students who do not have access to my.UIC should contact the LAS Student Academic Affairs Office to file the Intent to Graduate form. The deadline for submission to the Pending Degree List is the end of the third week (fall and spring) or second week (Summer Session 2) of the term in which graduation is sought. Failure to submit the request at this time may delay the awarding of the degree. A final review will be made following the close of the term. If a student has satisfactorily completed all the degree requirements, the student’s name will be placed on the official degree list.
The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences reserves the right to recommend the awarding of a degree once degree requirements have been fulfilled without prior request or approval of the student.
Enrollment Residence Requirement
For the major, a student must complete at least one-half of the course work required for the major, excluding collateral course requirements, in enrollment residence at the University of Illinois at Chicago. The major course work completed in enrollment residence must include at least 12 semester hours at the advanced level.
For all course work, either the first 90 semester hours or the last 30 semester hours of degree work must be completed in continuous, uninterrupted enrollment residence at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Concurrent attendance at the University of Illinois at Chicago and another collegiate institution, or enrollment during the summer at another institution, when approved by the student’s college, does not interrupt the UIC enrollment residence requirement.
Work taken at the Springfield and Urbana-Champaign campuses of the University of Illinois does not satisfy these requirements. Credit earned through proficiency examinations including the College Level Examination Program (CLEP), UIC extension courses, and Urbana-Champaign distance-learning courses does not apply toward the minimum 30-semester-hour enrollment residence requirement. Study abroad and distance-learning courses that have been approved by the student’s major department and by the college are not considered an interruption of enrollment residence for students in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.
Course work completed at other colleges and universities may apply toward partial fulfillment of graduation requirements and may be used as prerequisites for courses at UIC. The University of Illinois at Chicago is a participant in the Illinois Articulation Initiative (IAI), a statewide agreement that allows for the transfer of the IAI-approved General Education Core Curriculum between participating institutions. Please consult Illinois Articulation Initiative in the Admissions section of the catalog. The final decision, however, regarding the acceptance of credit and courses that apply toward degree requirements is made by the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.
Students who transfer course work may anticipate some loss of credit. This might require more time to complete the degree than had been originally planned. When the loss of credit occurs, it does not imply a negative evaluation of a student’s transfer work but rather a lack of appropriateness for the programs of the college. After admission to the University, students must consult an advisor in the LAS Academic Advising Center.
Transfer Credit for Continuing Students
Continuing students who want to take course work for credit at another institution, either concurrent with UIC enrollment or during the summer term, must obtain prior written approval from the college and, where appropriate, the relevant department. Students will have to provide justification for the request.
If prior approval is not obtained from the college, credit will not be allowed, and the Office of the Registrar will be advised to exclude the transfer work from the student’s academic record. Students are obligated to report all work from other institutions once enrolled at UIC.
When transferring credit from a community college after attaining junior status, a student must earn at least 60 of the required semester hours either at the University of Illinois at Chicago or any other accredited four-year college or university. The enrollment residence requirements must also be met. Thus, students ordinarily should not register at a community college after completing the
Secondary Education Program Requirements
Students who are preparing to teach on the secondary level enroll in programs supervised by the departments offering the various majors. These programs, which have state approval and differ in some respects from those of the arts and sciences programs, prepare the student for State of Illinois licensure.
Completion of a secondary education curriculum leads to either the Bachelor of Arts or the Bachelor of Science in the teaching of the field of specialization. The choice of a major determines the particular degree that will be awarded. Those who complete a secondary education curriculum may not pursue a second major or curriculum; only secondary education majors may elect a teacher education minor or endorsement. A student must choose a major field from the following academic disciplines: Chemistry, English, French, German, History, Mathematics, Physics, or Spanish. Detailed information is available online http://www.uic.edu/ucat/catalog/ED.shtml.
Secondary Licensure for Students with Bachelor's Degrees
Postbaccalaureate students interested in completing the approved program leading to licensure at the secondary level should consult the College of Education.
All students in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, whether enrolled as full-time, part-time, nondegree, or visitor, are subject to all rules of the college.
In the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, students may enroll in either a part-time or full-time program of study, in either day or evening classes. During the fall and spring semesters, a minimum full-time program is 12 semester hours. A program of 19 semester hours or more must be approved by a college dean or academic advisor. For Summer Session 1 (four-week) and Summer Session 2 (eight-week), UIC considers a total aggregate of 6 semester hours (5 hours for graduate students) as the minimum number necessary to constitute full-time enrollment. A program of 13 semester hours or more during the summer session must be approved by a college dean or academic advisor.
A student will be placed on academic probation in any term in which either a cumulative or semester grade point average of less than 2.00/4.00 is earned. The probation rules apply to all College of Liberal Arts and Sciences students. Academic probation at UIC cannot be removed by course work from other colleges or universities, including programs of the Springfield and Urbana-Champaign campuses.
A student on probation is expected to earn at least a 2.00 in the next term if the UIC cumulative grade point average is a 2.00 or higher. If the UIC cumulative grade point average is below a 2.00 at the time of probation, the student must earn greater than a 2.00 during the next term and have a UIC cumulative grade point average of 2.00 by the end of the second term on probation.
Students failing to earn a cumulative grade point average of 2.00 by the end of two terms on probation will be dismissed from the University. In any term, a student may be dismissed for one or more of the following reasons:
- First-term students will be dismissed after their first term of enrollment if they earn zero credit, a grade point average of less than 1.00/4.00, or obtain a deficit of -15 points or more. Deficit points are calculated as follows; multiply the number of credit hours for each course taken by the points for the grade received, A=+2, B=+1, C=0, D=-1, F=-2. Add the points for each course taken during the semester. The total equals the deficit points used to determine probation status. Each deficit point equals one hour of B.
- Continuing students will be dismissed at the end of any term in which their cumulative deficit points (see above) are -15 or more.
- Failure to earn any credit.
- Failure to earn at least a 1.00/4.00 (D) average for a term.
- Failure to earn at least a 2.00/4.00 (C) average while on probation.
- Failure to meet conditions of probation.
- Failure to meet conditions specified at the time of admission.
- Failure to make progress toward completion of an LAS degree.
- Failure to declare and make progress in a major after having earned 60 credit hours.
- Two or more consecutive terms of University withdrawals.
A student dismissed from a major may not enroll in courses in that major department. Such enrollments will be cancelled on notification from the offering department.
The dean may waive the dismissal rules in extraordinary circumstances.
Appeal of a Dismissal Decision
Students who have been dismissed by the college may apply for readmission after two terms (excluding the summer session). Students who can document that poor academic performance was the result of significant extenuating circumstances, such as a long-term or debilitating illness or personal crisis, may petition for immediate reinstatement. The student must schedule an interview with an advisor or dean prior to the first day of instruction of the new term and provide supporting documentation.
Students may add courses for which they have met the prerequisite(s) if seats are still available during the first two weeks of the fall and spring semesters, the first Wednesday of Summer Session 1, or the first Friday of Summer Session 2. Students should seek approval of the instructor to enroll in a class after the fifth day of the semester since some courses prohibit enrollment during the second week in accordance with college policy.
Undergraduate students may drop courses using my.UIC through the end of the second week of classes for fall and spring semesters, or through the first Wednesday of Summer Session 1 and the first Friday of Summer Session 2. During weeks 3 through 10 of the fall and spring semesters semesters (first Thursday through the second Wednesday of Summer Session 1 or weeks 2 through 5 of Summer Session 2), students may drop courses with the permission of the college. If the drop occurs between 0–2 weeks in fall and spring, there will be no notation on the transcript. If the drop occurs during weeks 3 through 10 in fall and spring, a W is noted on the transcript. During their entire undegraduate degree program, undergraduate students may drop a maximum of 4 UIC individual courses that result in a W notation on their transcript. These drop requests are approved, regardless of the circumstances, provided that the student meets with an LAS academic advisor or dean within the designated period and that the student has not exceeded the limit of four late drops. The merits of the student’s request are not a factor in determining eligibility to late drop.
Because only four exceptions to the designated deadlines are available to students over the entire period in which they are enrolled at UIC, students are advised to evaluate their academic standing in the course with the instructor before requesting to exercise one of these four late drops.
Requests to drop a course after the tenth week of the fall and spring semesters, or requests to drop a course within the approved exception period in excess of the four automatic drops are not routinely granted unless there are exceptional circumstances outside of the student’s control that can be documented. Requests require a written petition and are reviewed by the committee on petitions. Poor performance in a course is not a sufficient reason to approve a request.
Course drop deadlines that apply to summer sessions are announced by the Office of Admissions and Records on its website http://www.uic.edu/depts/oar/registration/policies_procedures.html.
Students seeking to change or add a major should declare the new major with the department offering that major. Some programs require that specific requirements be fulfilled in order to declare and/or be retained as a major.
Each instructor may establish his/her own attendance policy, including penalties for nonattendance. Failure to attend class does not result in automatic withdrawal from a course. The college expects that students will attend all classes.
Overenrollment into a closed course or attendance in such a course is prohibited. Retroactive registration is not allowed.
A student must satisfy the prerequisites before enrolling in a course. A student enrolling in a course without having met the prerequisites may be withdrawn from the course without prior notification. Course prerequisites are listed in both the Course Descriptions section of the catalog and the Schedule of Classes in my.UIC. Only the instructor may waive a prerequisite, if given evidence that the student is adequately prepared to pursue the subject. Warning: Registration in a course without meeting prerequisites does not imply approval of the registration.
Credit/No Credit Option
The credit/no credit option allows the student to complete a course with a grade of credit (CR) or no credit (NC) instead of a letter grade. Courses completed with a grade of CR carry credit and apply toward degree requirements. In general, grades of CR and NC are final and cannot be changed to letter grades. College policy coincides with campus policy with the following conditions:
- Only students in good standing may elect to take a course under the credit/no credit option. Students on probation and those whose status is undetermined at the time at which they elect the option are not eligible.
- A student may request only one course per term as credit/no credit.
- No more than two courses in a single discipline may be taken as credit/no credit.
- Only elective courses may be taken on a credit/no credit basis; courses being used to meet any graduation course requirements must be taken for letter grades.
- The following describes the restrictions that apply to all students, regardless of major or curriculum:
- Students may not take English 160 or 161 as credit/no credit.
- Students may not take any course used to satisfy the foreign language requirement as credit/no credit.
- Students may not take any course used to satisfy the General Education Core requirements as credit/no credit. Until students have completed the minimum requirement in each General Education Core category, courses from these areas may not be taken as credit/no credit.
- Students may not take any course used to satisfy the Quantitative Reasoning requirement as credit/no credit.
- Students may not take any course being used to satisfy the requirements of the major, minor, or the required prerequisite and collateral courses of the major as credit/no credit.
- Students in the health sciences curricula are advised not to complete required science courses under the credit/no credit option.
- A student may earn no more than 21 semester hours of credit at UIC under the credit/no credit option.
Students must apply to take a course credit/no credit at the college office, third floor, University Hall, no later than the tenth day of the term (first Wednesday of Summer Session 1 or first Friday of Summer Session 2). After that date, students may not request courses on a credit/no credit basis nor may they change a credit/no credit request previously submitted. It is the responsibility of the student to determine eligibility under the regulations. Students requesting a course under the credit/no credit option will be informed if they are ineligible and will receive a grade for the course. Students with questions concerning their eligibility should make an appointment with a college advisor. Instructors are not informed that a student has elected this option; the final grade is converted to CR/NC.
While a student may begin taking courses in the major at any time, a student must declare a major no later than the completion of 60 semester hours. Transfer students entering with 60 semester hours or more must declare a major by the end of their first term at UIC. Some majors, however, require department approval for admission into the program. Currently, this special approval is only required for the secondary education program in Mathematics and for all programs in the Departments of Biological Sciences; Communication; and Criminology, Law, and Justice. To declare a major, the student should visit the office of the department offering the major and complete a major declaration form. Failure to declare a major after earning 60 semester hours will result in a registration hold for the following semester, unless an exception has been approved by an LAS advisor.
The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences reserves the right to restrict enrollment of students into its academic programs based on space availability. Enrollment restrictions may be placed during the University admission process or on undeclared continuing students.
A student may declare a second major with the approval of the college office. An additional major will not be approved if the first major and the proposed second major involve similar study or substantial duplication of course work. With few exceptions, an additional major will not be approved if the first major and proposed second major are in the same department. Students in a specialized curriculum cannot have a second major. A student declaring a degree program defined as a specialized curriculum may not have a second specialized curriculum program. Minors that have substantial overlap with the specialized curriculum content are not allowed.
A student may receive two degrees concurrently from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. The student must complete 30 semester hours of credit at UIC beyond the requirements for the first degree in courses not offered for the first degree. In addition, the student must complete all degree requirements of the college and the major department. For specific information on these requirements, consult the department listings in the catalog.
Double degrees will not be approved if the first degree and the proposed second degree involve study of a similar area or substantial duplication of course work. The student must consult an academic advisor in the college office to initiate a request for double degrees. The college does not approve requests for more than two bachelor’s degrees.
Second Bachelor’s Degree
A student with a bachelor’s degree from UIC or another institution may receive a second bachelor’s degree from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences subsequent to the first undergraduate degree. The student must complete 30 semester hours of credit at UIC beyond the requirements for the first degree in courses not offered for the first degree. In addition, the student must complete all degree requirements of the college and the major department. For specific information on these requirements, consult the department listings in the catalog.
A second bachelor’s degree will not be approved if the first degree and the proposed second degree involve study of a similar area or substantial duplication of course work. The student must consult an academic advisor in the college office to initiate a request for a second degree. The college does not approve requests for more than two bachelor’s degrees, nor for bachelor's degrees subsequent to a graduate degree.
The major consists of discipline-specific courses, excluding required prerequisite and collateral courses outside of the major department. Specialized curricula include all courses required for the undergraduate degree. Elective courses within a specialized curriculum may be used toward a minor. Degree program listings in the department sections address these differences.
A liberal arts and sciences degree program may not include less than 27 or more than 40 semester hours of course work in the major field and 36 semester hours of prerequisites and collateral course work. For those departments and programs that require prerequisites and collateral courses, the total field of specialization may not exceed 72 semester hours. Writing-in-the-Discipline courses may be excluded from this limitation. The major, exclusive of collateral courses, must include 14 semester hours of upper-division (200-, 300-, or 400-level) courses. Specialized curricula must meet the minimum requirements for graduation in the college. The maximum number of hours allowed in a specialized curriculum will be considered on a case-by-case basis.
Cross-listed courses may count toward specific requirements in each major; however, in such cases a cross-listed course counts toward the total hours required in only one of the majors. A student need not repeat course work or duplicate requirements to complete the second major.
Students Enrolled in Other Colleges
Students in other UIC colleges may not officially complete an LAS major or curriculum. These students may, however, be eligible to receive at the time of graduation a letter of certification verifying completion of the program of study provided that all course requirements are satisfied and that the student has met the minimum grade point average requirements. A letter of certification will not be authorized if the student’s program in the primary college and the proposed LAS program involve similar study or include substantial duplication of course work. Students in other UIC colleges can complete an LAS minor when approved by the student’s college.
With department approval, an undergraduate student may enroll in a course in the Graduate College (500-level) for undergraduate elective credit. Prior to enrollment, students must obtain approval and must have met course prerequisites.
Students should understand that graduate-level courses taken by an undergraduate student are generally not applicable toward a graduate degree, except in designated joint degree programs.
Courses cross-listed in two or more departments have equivalent standing in each department and are treated as the same course regardless of the department under which the registration occurs.
A number of departments offer independent study course options (research, field experience, internship, and independent study) in which a student’s special interests may be pursued under the direction of a faculty member. To enroll in such a course in any UIC college, the LAS student must have a minimum 2.50/4.00 grade point average in all course work taken at UIC and must obtain consent of the instructor and the department offering the course prior to registration. No student may enroll in an independent study course option after the tenth day of the term without approval of the department and the dean’s office.
A maximum of 8 semester hours in any of the independent study course options in a given department or program may count toward the degree. No more than 16 semester hours of independent study credit may apply toward the degree. Because many of these courses may not be repeated, students should consult the catalog for specific credit limitations. Please note fieldwork and internship courses that are specifically required in the major as stated in this catalog are excluded from this limitation.
Any rule, regulation, or action of the college may be appealed in writing. Petitions are submitted to the Office of the Dean, LAS Student Academic Affairs, third floor, University Hall. It is the student’s responsibility to provide documentation in support of a petition. Submission of a petition does not imply approval.
LAS departments may offer proficiency examinations, which are similar in content to regularly scheduled final course exams. To take such an exam, however, a student must meet the eligibility requirements of both the college and department. Consideration for such approval includes a careful review of the student’s secondary and postsecondary records. If approval is granted, the minimum passing grade that a student must earn is a C, although a department may require a higher passing grade. When credit is awarded, a grade of P (Pass) is assigned. The Pass grade is not included in a student’s grade point average, but the credit may apply toward the total hours required for graduation. Note that proficiency credit does not apply toward nor interrupt the 30-hour enrollment residence requirement for graduation.
Although other limitations apply, proficiency exams may not be taken by a student who has credit for more than one course in the subject above the level of the course in which the exam is required. For more detailed information on eligibility criteria, consult Proficiency Examinations for Enrolled Students in the Academic Standing section.
A student who has placed into the 104 or higher level of a foreign language taught at UIC as the result of the UIC administered placement tests may receive academic proficiency credits for prerequisite courses.
- Placement into the 104-level provides four hours of proficiency credit for the 103-level course if the student completes the 104 course with a grade of B or higher.
- Placement at the 200-level, i.e., student has satisfied the college foreign language requirement through placement testing, provides four hours of proficiency credit for the 103-level course and four hours of proficiency credit for the 104-level course if the student completes the 200-level course with a grade of B or higher. These credits also apply for placement into the last semester of a heritage basic language course sequence.
- These credits are awarded only for courses taught at UIC and only on the basis of new student placement test results for those with no prior college-level foreign language credits. The credits may be applied only to the first language course taken.
- Proficiency credits appear as “P” on the transcript and are not calculated into the grade point average. Proficiency credit does not apply to placements based on AP, SAT, or IB scores for which credits are applied in a prescribed manner or to international students for their native language. CLEP credits are not accepted for foreign language courses.
- Students to whom this section applies must initiate the request for the credits after the completion of the required course by obtaining the appropriate request form from an academic advisor in the LAS Academic Advising Center, third floor, University Hall.
All new students are required to attend an orientation program prior to registration. Certain students or groups of students may be required to see an advisor prior to registration. Freshmen are required to meet with a college academic advisor during their first two semesters in order to register for the following semester, unless specifically exempted. The LAS Academic Advising Center is located on the third floor of University Hall.
Students may repeat a course to increase their knowledge of the subject matter. There are circumstances under which repeating a course is advisable and to a student’s advantage. There are also circumstances in which repeating a course may disadvantage a student and narrow a student’s options. Some colleges require students to discuss any plan to repeat a course with their academic advisor before they register to repeat the course.
Courses in which a student earned a grade of A or B may not be repeated. In LAS, courses with a C grade may not be repeated. Courses with D or F grades may be repeated once without written permission. In all cases, the original grade for the course and the grade for each repeat will appear on the transcript. The original grade will be calculated into the grade point average, unless the student initiates a request for Repeating a Course with Grade Point Average Recalculation as described below. Only one registration for the course counts toward the total number of credits required for graduation. A student may not repeat a course after receiving credit in a course for which the repeat course is a prerequisite.
To repeat a course more than once requires written permission from the student’s college dean. Students who have been dismissed may not appeal on the grounds of intention to repeat courses. Certain courses may not be repeated; students should consult their college before repeating a course.
Important Note: Grade point average recalculation for a repeated course is not automatic. The student must initiate a request in the college office as outlined below.
For the grade point average recalculation policy to apply, a student must declare to his or her college the intent to repeat a course for a change of grade. Students must submit this request to their college before the end of the official add/drop period, no later than the second Friday of the fall and spring semesters, the first Wednesday of Summer Session 1, or the first Friday of Summer Session 2. The course must be repeated within three semesters of the receipt of the original grade, and it must be taken at UIC. Only one registration for the course counts toward the total number of credits required for graduation.
Undergraduate students are allowed grade point average recalculation in a maximum of four repeated courses. Under the course repeat policy, all courses taken and their grades appear on the transcript in the semester in which they were taken. Under the grade point average recalculation policy, the grade earned the first time the course was taken will be dropped from the calculation of the cumulative GPA and the grade(s) earned when the course was repeated will be used in the calculation. This rule holds, even if the second grade is lower than the first. If a course is repeated more than once, the first grade is not counted in the GPA, but all other grades for that course are calculated in the cumulative GPA.
Intercollege Transfer Students
Students currently enrolled at UIC who want to transfer into the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences should complete an Intercollege Transfer Application available at LAS Reception, third floor, University Hall. Students are welcome to discuss possible admission to LAS with an academic advisor. Requests must be initiated by the Friday of the eleventh week of the fall and spring semesters and the fourth week of the summer session. Admission to LAS is generally limited to those students in good academic standing who have a UIC grade point average of at least 2.00/4.00 and whose combined UIC and transfer grade point average is at least 2.00. Those students who are accepted into LAS are expected to enroll immediately in courses that fulfill LAS degree requirements.
Transfer Students from Other Colleges and Universities
Students applying to the college as transfers—those who will have earned at least 36 semester hours or 54 quarter hours of credit by the time of enrollment—must submit complete transcripts from all postsecondary institutions. Provided space is available, a minimum 2.50/4.00 grade point average is required for consideration. Please consult the Admissions section of the catalog for more information.
Transferring out of the College
An LAS student who wants to transfer into another UIC college must follow the procedures of that college. Most UIC health sciences programs admit students only in the fall semester. For information on application procedures and deadlines, consult the admissions office serving the UIC health sciences colleges or the LAS Academic Advising Center, third floor, University Hall. Students interested in colleges other than the health sciences should contact those colleges directly.
Preprofessional studies are designed for students who intend to pursue their undergraduate or graduate education in professional schools of the University of Illinois. Preprofessional areas are not major areas of study for the proposed degrees and are designated as educational goals in student records. Preprofessional study is offered in the following areas:
- Pre-Health Information Management
- Pre-Occupational Therapy
- Pre-Physical Therapy
- Pre-Public Health
- Pre-Urban and Public Affairs
- Pre-Veterinary Medicine
Advisors for students in these areas are available in the LAS Academic Advising Center to answer students’ questions about admissions requirements and procedures and to assist students in planning their programs of study. Many of the professional schools encourage prospective students to visit their college offices in order to obtain more detailed information on the programs. Preprofessional students should consult an LAS advisor regarding any changes in professional school admissions requirements.
Designation of a preprofessional area does not guarantee admission to a professional school, nor does completion of the required course work or attainment of the minimum grade point average. Preprofessional students should follow an LAS degree program whether or not a bachelor’s degree is required for admission to the professional program. Once 60 semester hours are earned, an LAS major must be declared.
Because application procedures as well as deadlines vary among the professional schools of the University of Illinois, students are encouraged to consult both an LAS preprofessional advisor and the individual program to which application is planned. Students who are members of underrepresented groups in the health professions and plan to enter one of the health science fields should also consult the Urban Health Program information in the Academic Planning and Progress section of the catalog.
- Pre-Occupational Therapy
- Pre-Physical Therapy
- Pre-Veterinary Medicine
LAS students in these areas of the health sciences complete all requirements for the bachelor’s degree, including a major, in addition to their preprofessional studies at UIC. Preparatory course work for these fields is listed in the Preprofessional Studies section of the catalog. If admitted, students complete the professional degree in the professional college.
- Pre-Health Information Management
- Pre-Public Health
Students in these areas of the health sciences complete all of the basic preparatory course work in LAS prior to admission to the professional college. Preparatory course work for these fields is listed in the Preprofessional Studies section of the catalog. If admitted, students complete the bachelor’s or professional degree in the professional college. Students in these areas are advised to follow LAS degree program requirements along with preprofessional study.
Students in this area complete a minimum of two years of preparatory course work in LAS prior to admission to the professional school. Preparatory course work for this field is listed in the Preprofessional Studies section of the catalog. If admitted, students complete the bachelor’s degree in the professional college.
LAS students in pre-law complete all requirements for the bachelor’s degree, including a major, at UIC. More information on pre-law is provided in the Preprofessional Studies section of the catalog.
LAS provides active support for students interested in pursuing careers in law. To take advantage, students interested in pre-law should see the pre-law advisor in the college as soon as possible and consider joining the student Pre-Law Society. Both provide important information about pre-law academic preparation, careers in law, the LSAT admissions test, strategies for applying to law school, etc.
UIC has a Guaranteed Professional Program Admissions arrangement with John Marshall School of Law for entering freshmen. More information on this program is available in the Admissions section of the catalog.
The University of Illinois at Chicago and the Chicago-Kent of College of Law offer a six-year program that leads to the bachelor’s degree from UIC and the Juris Doctor degree from Chicago-Kent. The Accelerated Degree Program is designed for students with a commitment to academic excellence who pursue a rigorous academic program including the completion of an LAS major and additional undergraduate work chosen in consultation with the pre-law advisor in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Students apply before the beginning of the junior year. Admission to the program is highly competitive. Among other requirements, applicants must have a cumulative grade point average of 3.25/4.00 and have completed 60 semester hours. Students interested in this program must consult with the LAS pre-law advisor during the sophomore year. Students should see the Preprofessional Studies section of the catalog for more information.
Although a minor is not required, a student may elect to complete one or more minors. The number of semester hours required for the LAS minor is 12 to 21. LAS students may complete a minor in another college, with the approval of that college. A teacher education minor, however, may be completed only by a secondary education major. Also, with few exceptions, a minor will not be approved if the student’s major and proposed minor are in the same department. The following are minors offered by LAS. Additional rules governing the minor are as follows:
- Cross-listed courses used toward the minor must be distinct from the courses used to satisfy the major.
- Courses used for the major may not be used to fulfill semester hour requirements of a minor.
- A minor accompanying a specialized curriculum or teaching curriculum may use elective courses only from the curriculum toward that minor.
|African American Studies||African American Studies||
|Asian American Studies||Interdepartmental||
|Biological Sciences||Biological Sciences||
|Classical Studies||Classics and Mediterranean Studies||
|Criminology, Law, and Justice||Criminology, Law, and Justice||
|Earth and Environmental Sciences||Earth and Environmental Sciences||
|French and Francophone Studies||French and Francophone Studies||
|Gender and Women’s Studies||Gender and Women’s Studies||
|Germanic Studies||Germanic Studies||
|Human Capital and Labor Markets||Economics||
|Italian and Italian American Studies||Hispanic and Italian Studies||
|Latin American and Latino Studies||Latin American and Latino Studies||
|Law and Society||Criminology, Law, and Justice||
|Mathematics||Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science||
|Mathematics and Computer Science||Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science||
|Moving Image Arts||Interdepartmental||
|Polish||Slavic and Baltic Languages and Literatures||
|Political Science||Political Science||
|Russian||Slavic and Baltic Languages and Literatures||
|Spanish||Hispanic and Italian Studies||
|Teaching of English||English||
|Teaching of Physics||Physics||
a Suspended effective Fall 2010.
At least 9 semester hours in the minor field must be at the advanced level (200-, 300-, or 400-level courses), except in a foreign language, where a minimum of 6 semester hours is required. Of the 9 semester hours at the advanced level, 6 must be in enrollment residence at the University of Illinois at Chicago. A minimum grade point average of 2.00/4.00 is required for the minor field.
A student must complete at least one-half of the course work required for the minor field in enrollment residence at UIC.
The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences encourages the intellectual growth and development of the student as an individual. To arrange an advising appointment, students may call (312) 996-3366, or come to the LAS Academic Advising Center, third floor, University Hall.
Newly admitted students are required to participate in an orientation advising session prior to their initial registration. Students should consult a college advisor at least once during their first term in residence and at least once an academic year thereafter. Students with a declared major should consult regularly with their departmental advisor as well. Some students may be required to consult an advisor in order to register for a subsequent term. Unless specifically exempted, all LAS freshman are required to meet with a college advisor during their first two semesters in order to register for the following semester.
Students are encouraged to take advantage of the full services of the college advising office prior to the time of registration and at other times when assistance might prove fruitful. The college strongly recommends that students with junior standing meet with a college academic advisor for a review of progress toward the degree. Students who have chosen a major must also consult with a departmental advisor prior to registration.
LAS advisors assist students not only in individual program planning and course selection, but also are able to discuss with the student the feasibility of various career paths based on interest and academic performance. Additionally, advisors can explain college rules and requirements as they pertain to various programs and can help resolve special registration problems. In conjunction with this, advisors refer students to additional sources of help on campus.
Students who want help in choosing a major or who want to examine various career, vocational, and professional options should arrange to see one of the specialized counselors who provide such guidance. These counselors are available in the Counseling Center and Career Services located in the Student Services Building.
The responsibility for selecting courses and meeting graduation requirements rests with the students, who must plan intelligently to make their programs consistent with their goals and with college requirements. All LAS students should obtain a Degree Audit Report System (DARS) analysis from an academic advisor in the college at least annually. This analysis of earned credits can assist students in planning their program of study. DARS reports obtained online should be confirmed by a college advisor.
The student who has demonstrated outstanding academic excellence throughout the entire undergraduate program may be eligible for graduation with College Honors. College Honors will be awarded at the time of graduation to those students with a cumulative grade point average of at least 3.50/4.00. A student must meet one of the following conditions to graduate with College Honors:
- All course work has been entirely in residence at UIC and the UIC cumulative GPA is at least 3.50/4.00.
- The UIC cumulative GPA (based on at least 30 graded hours) and the combined UIC plus transfer cumulative average is at least 3.50/4.00.
Exceptional academic achievement in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences is recognized each term by inclusion on the Dean’s List. Eligibility is based on a 3.50/4.00 term GPA with a minimum program of 12 semester hours, exclusive of basic military science and basic activity courses in physical education. At least 9 semester hours must be earned for letter grades, in addition to a grade of Credit earned in any course taken on a credit/no credit basis.
A student who has a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution of higher learning may receive, with approval of the college office, a letter of certification upon completion of department requirements for a major. A letter of certification will not be issued if the student’s first degree and proposed LAS major involve study of a similar area or substantial duplication of course work. The student must consult an academic advisor in the college office to initiate a request for a letter of certification at least one term prior to the intended completion date.
The LAS Internship Program
provides liberal arts and sciences students with the opportunity to combine their classroom study with periods of paid or unpaid career-related work experiences. Students interested in participating in the program may apply as early as the second semester of their sophomore year and should have declared a major and have earned a minimum grade point average of 2.50/4.00. Students in the program will be registered each semester in LAS 289—LAS Internship. Credit is granted for this program. For more information, contact the Internship Office at (312) 996-0425, 318 University Hall,
http://www.las.uic.edu/students/current-undergraduate/las-internship. Consult major department for information regarding departmental internship opportunities that award credit.
The Individual Plan of Study (IPS) serves those students whose wide-ranging and multidisciplinary interests are not met through study in a traditional major. Applications for IPS are approved by and completion is certified by the IPS Committee, which is comprised of three faculty members representing the humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences. Students applying for IPS must meet the following criteria:
- They must have a minimum grade point average of 2.50/4.00.
- They must have completed less than 90 hours at the end of the term in which they apply, or they must propose a program that includes at least 30 hours of courses to be taken.
- They must present a proposal that:
- explains the goals of the proposed program;
- lists all courses for the proposed program (indicating which courses have already been completed) and explains how the selection fulfills the goals;
- explains why the program cannot be pursued under an existing major;
- identifies a faculty member who has been consulted in drawing up the program and has agreed to serve as the advisor; and
- includes a transcript showing all previous course work and a schedule showing courses currently being taken.
The following criteria must also be met:
- The major proposed must meet all University and LAS requirements.
- The major proposed must require at least 33 hours of course work, 30 of which must be above the 100-level.
- Since the major represents advanced work, no more than 6 hours of the major can be fulfilled by courses taken outside of UIC.
- Students will not be allowed to major in both an existing major and the IPS.
The procedures for proposing an IPS are as follows:
- Proposals will be accepted by the Office of the Dean between the beginning of classes and the end of the fifth week of each term and will be evaluated by the IPS Committee between the fifth and tenth weeks of each term. If necessary, the IPS Committee may seek additional information from the student either orally or in writing. The IPS Committee will inform students in writing of the acceptance or rejection of their proposals.
- Students must meet with their advisor at least once each term and by the tenth day of each term must file an approval form signed by their advisor attesting that the proposal is being followed.
- Students must make an appointment once a year for a credit check with the IPS advisor.
The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences offers study abroad programs for students studying or fluent in French, German, or Spanish. These programs do not interrupt enrollment residence and with department and college approval, students may apply credit earned in the program toward the degree. More detailed information on these programs is available from the individual department. Extensive study abroad opportunities are offered by the UIC Study Abroad Office. For more information, please visit the Study Abroad website http://www.uic.edu/depts/spec_prog/studyabroad/.
Students may also pursue studies independently at accredited foreign universities with approval of the college. For details contact an LAS academic advisor, third floor, University Hall. | 67,833 | 370 |
83,027 | This application is a divisional of 10/324,392, filed on Dec. 18, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/716,851, which was filed on Nov. 17, 2000, and which claims priority to International Application number PCT/US99/11225, which was filed on May 21, 1999 and which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/086,284, filed on May 21, 1998, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Certain embodiments of this invention relates to a tissue anchor and applicator for supporting a suture, sling member, or other device for use in a surgical procedure. In particular, certain embodiments relate to tissue anchors for use in surgical treatment of urinary incontinence.
One problem this invention intends to address is urinary incontinence, but the invention is applicable to a broader range of problems. The background, however, will discuss urinary incontinence as an example.
Urinary incontinence is an involuntary release of urine when increases in abdominal pressure, caused by sneezing, coughing, or exercising, are not uniformly transmitted to the proximal urethra, resulting in urine “leakage.” Moderate stress urinary incontinence (“SUI”) is inconvenient and can be a social and hygienic problem, while severe SUI can be disabling. SUI occurs in women and is caused by either hypermobility of the bladder neck and proximal urethra (excessive downward and rotational movement of the bladder neck) or intrinsic sphincter deficiency.
Several defects can result in loss of support of the bladder neck. Examples of these defects are: (a) breakage or abnormal stretching of the passive supports of the bladder and urethra (those connective tissues supporting these structures); or (b) loss of the active support of the bladder neck, vagina, and rectum provided by the levator ani muscle. For instance, one example of passive support failure is paravaginal “defects” caused by separation of the vaginal wall from the pelvis caused by breakage or stretching of connective tissue (pelvic organ prolapse). Such separation results in downward rotation of the vaginal wall, which in turn results in downward rotation of the bladder neck because the bladder is partially supported by the vagina. An example of loss of active support is loss of muscle tone in the levator ani muscle. This muscle operates as a floor, or platform, supporting the bladder during standing and normal activity. Normal muscle tone of the levator ani relieves the passive support of the pressures caused by overlaid abdominal viscera. Loss of muscle tone may result in downward rotation of the bladder.
Treatment of SUI caused by hypermobility of the bladder and proximal urethra requires supporting the bladder neck, generally at the urethrovesical junction (“UVJ”). Correction requires support of the UVJ area, which helps balance increased abdominal pressures and which allows the bladder neck to properly compress and close in response to increased pressures, thus preventing urine leakage. Support may be provided in various surgical procedures, including anterior colporrhaphy, retropubic urethropexy, vaginal needle urethropexy, and suburethral sling procedures. One particular type of surgery is briefly discussed-retropubic urethropexy (“RU”). In RU, a series of sutures are used to support the UVJ. The ends of the sutures attach at various points in the body cavity depending upon the type of failure (loss of active support, failure of a portion of passive connective tissue, etc.). The sutures support and properly elevate the bladder neck at the UVJ to maintain the compressibility and pliability of the urethra and to avoid compromising the urethral sphincteric mechanism.
In various RU procedures, different anchoring tissues are used to support the sutures. These anchoring tissues include, but are not limited to, soft tissues such as pubocervical fascia, pubourethral ligaments, Cooper's ligaments, and rectus fascia. One RU procedure, generally known as the Marshall-Marchetti-Kantz procedure, uses several sutures, with the one end of each suture being attached to the vaginal wall adjacent to the urethra straddling the UVJ bilaterally. The opposite suture end passes through the retropubic periosteum.
In another RU procedure, known as the Burch procedure, the first end of a series of sutures is positioned in both sides of the vagina wall (straddling the urethra) below Cooper's Ligament 602, and the other end of the sutures is positioned in Cooper's Ligament 602, thereby supporting the vaginal wall and the UVJ.
RU procedures generally support an area by using sutures, and additional support is provided by using slings (either man-made materials or tissue grafted material) placed under the area to be supported and sutured into an anchoring tissue, such as in suburethral sling procedures (e.g. a Goebell-Stoeckel procedure).
Problems associated with surgical correction of the failed support mechanisms include under- or over-correction of the UVJ. The surgeon must determine the degree of support necessary to properly elevate and support the UVJ to properly address the SUI problem. This determination must be made both pre- and intra-operatively. Too little elevation causes SUI to remain, although the degree of SUI may be reduced. Too much elevation can result in voiding dysfunction (reduced capacity or inability to void), prolonged catheterization, and the need for postoperative correction.
The incidence of postoperative urinary retention can be as high as 30% at two weeks after surgery, and 5% of patients have postoperative urinary retention that persists. Many patients with less severe cases of postoperative obstructive symptoms also benefit greatly. Symptomatic detrusor instability represents the bladder's response to increased outlet resistance caused by an improperly tensioned sling. The incidence of postoperative irritative symptoms secondary to detrusor instability can be as high as 20%. Appropriate tensioning of the sling minimizes persistent incontinence and voiding dysfunction.
Generally, all of the above procedures require placement of sutures into an anchoring tissue or tissues and may also require placement of sutures into supporting devices, such as slings. Placement is provided through suturing needles, either straight or arcuate, or the use of needle suturing devices, such as push and catch systems, or non-adjustable fascial attachment systems. The suture placement in the tissue can be completely through the tissue or partially through the tissue.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the invention is a tissue anchoring system, including a tissue anchoring device and tissue anchors. At least one embodiment of the tissue anchoring system will be used in soft tissue. The tissue-anchoring device includes housing and a tissue anchor. The tissue anchor is placed on the tissue-anchoring device that is advanced into a tissue. The device may optionally have a plunger assembly slidably positioned in the housing to assist advancing the anchor into a tissue. The tissue anchor has a barb end and a shaft. The barb end is adapted to resist removal from a tissue after it is inserted. The tissue anchor shaft and the barb end may be hollow. The shaft of the anchor has an attachment member distal from the barb end so that the attachment member may attach directly to tissue or attach to tissue using sutures or a sling. The tissue anchors may be adjustable.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide a tissue-anchoring device that does not require suturing to attach to tissue.
It is an object of the invention to provide a tissue-anchoring device that may be repeatedly reloaded with anchors.
It is an object of the invention to provide a tissue-anchoring device that may insert completely through a tissue or partially through a tissue.
It is an object of the invention to provide an alternative to sutures in relatively inaccessible areas.
It is an object of the invention to provide a tissue-anchoring device that can be hand-held or used with endoscopic surgery techniques and devices, especially flexible endoscopes.
It is an object of the invention to provide an adjustable tissue-anchoring device to adjust the placement of devices or tissues attached to the anchor postoperatively without further invasive surgery.
It is an object of the invention to provide an adjustable tissue-anchor device attachable to tissue using sutures or staples when a surgeon deems it more suitable.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a tissue-anchor delivery device.
FIG. 1 a illustrates another embodiment of a tissue-anchor delivery device.
FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of a tissue-anchor delivery device having a plunger with the delivery device shown as a cross-section.
FIG. 3 a illustrates a thimble-like embodiment of a tissue-anchor delivery device.
FIG. 3 b illustrates another embodiment of a tissue-anchor delivery device that may be used in connection with an endoscope wherein the delivery device is shown in cross-section to illustrate the plunger positioned therein.
FIG. 3 c illustrates the configuration of the tip used in connection with the tissue-anchor delivery device shown in FIG. 3 b.
FIG. 4 a illustrates an anchor having a ringed attachment member and finger projections for a barb.
FIG. 4 b illustrates an anchor having an umbrella-like barb.
FIG. 4 c illustrates an anchor having an attachment member a disk barb and an attachment member comprising holes.
FIG. 4 d illustrates an anchor having an arrow shaped barb and finger-like barbs.
FIG. 4 e illustrates an anchor having a T-shaped barb having holes in the attachment member.
FIG. 4 f illustrates an anchor having a star-shaped barb.
FIG. 4 g illustrates the anchor shown in FIG. 4 b having a barb retaining device in the form of a collar positioned over the umbrella-shaped barb.
FIG. 4 h illustrates another barb retaining device, namely a sleeve positioned over the barb.
FIG. 5 a illustrates an embodiment of an anchor having a ratcheting device configured therein as a groove.
FIG. 5 b illustrates an embodiment of an anchor having a shaft positioned therein, wherein ratcheting devices are positioned on only one side of the anchor and a corresponding side of the shaft.
FIG. 5 c illustrates the embodiment of the anchor shown in FIG. 5 a shown with a shaft inserted therethrough, illustrating first and second ratcheting devices engaged.
FIG. 6 a illustrates an embodiment of an attachment member having holes extending therethrough.
FIG. 6 b illustrates another embodiment of an attachment member wherein holes are configured with a tab near the bottom of the shaft.
FIG. 6 c illustrates another embodiment incorporating a ring-shaped attachment member.
FIG. 6 d illustrates another embodiment of an attachment member in the form of a clamp.
FIG. 6 e illustrates another embodiment of an attachment member comprising finger-like projections and holes.
FIG. 6 f illustrates another embodiment of an attachment member having annular projections positioned on the shaft.
FIG. 6 g illustrates another embodiment of an attachment member having indentations configured in the shaft.
FIG. 7 a illustrates an embodiment of the delivery device having a plunger and using a T-shaped anchor.
FIG. 7 b illustrates another embodiment of the delivery device having a plunger with a disc-like end designed to engage the shaft of the anchor and anchor head.
FIG. 8 a illustrates an embodiment of an adjustable tissue-anchoring device.
FIG. 8 b illustrates another embodiment of an adjustable tissue-anchoring device.
FIG. 8 c illustrates another embodiment of an anchor body with the barbs removed and having annular projections thereon to engage a retaining device.
FIG. 9 a illustrates an embodiment of a tissue-anchor retaining device shown as a disk.
FIG. 9 b illustrates another embodiment of a tissue-anchor retaining device shown as disk having suture apertures therein.
FIG. 10 a illustrates an embodiment of a shaft having annular projections as ratcheting devices wherein the attachment member is rotatably attached.
FIG. 10 b illustrates an embodiment of a shaft similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 a wherein the ratcheting devices are finger-like projections.
FIG. 11 a illustrates an embodiment of a thimble-shaped delivery device wherein sutures are attached near the barb.
FIG. 11 b illustrates another embodiment of a delivery device.
FIG. 11 c illustrates another embodiment of a delivery device having a pen-shaped housing.
FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of a delivery device wherein the anchor slides onto the housing and the shaft slides through the housing and the anchor.
FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of a delivery device comprising two plungers.
FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of an adjuster cylinder.
FIG. 15 illustrates an exploded view of an embodiment of the invention incorporating an adjuster cylinder.
FIGS. 16 a-16 g illustrate the steps of placement of an adjustable anchor and shaft within a tissue. In each FIG. 16 a-16 g, the plunger, anchor body, the sleeve, and the adjuster cylinder are shown as cross-sections. The shaft and interleaving members are shown in full view against those cross-sections.
FIG. 17 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an adjustable anchor using threads to allow adjustment of the shaft wherein the shaft is shown in full view.
FIG. 18 a illustrates an adjustable anchor attached to Cooper's Ligament 602.
FIG. 18 b illustrates a close-up view of the embodiment in FIG. 18 a.
FIG. 18 c illustrates a close-up view of the embodiment in FIG. 18 a wherein corresponding threads are configured on the shaft and housing to allow the shaft to be adjustable.
FIG. 18 d illustrates an adjustable anchor having a body that accommodates multiple shafts.
FIG. 19 a illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention wherein the shaft and attachment member are not connected, and wherein the ratcheting device comprises corresponding threads positioned on the housing and on the shaft. FIG. 19 a also illustrates the attachment member as rotatable about the housing. The shaft is shown in full view, and an attachment member is shown operatively attached to the housing.
FIG. 19 b illustrates an embodiment similar to that shown in FIG. 19 a wherein the ratcheting device on the shaft comprises annular projections. The shaft is shown in full view.
FIG. 20 illustrates a schematic view of an anchor deployed within a flexible delivery device that also incorporates a micro-video camera and video screen.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Illustrations of construction, design, and methods of operation of the invention are set forth below with specific references to the Figures. However, it is not the intention of the inventor that the scope of his invention be limited to these embodiments.
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the tissue-anchor delivery device 1. Delivery device 1 comprises a housing 2 and one or more finger grips 3, which comprise flats 4 on opposing sides of housing 2 designed to enable a surgeon to hold device 1. Finger grips 3 may be rings 6 (see FIG. 3 b) through which the surgeon inserts fingers, a thimble (see FIG. 3 a), a handgrip, or any other shape that enables a surgeon to hold delivery device 1. Finger grips 3 are unnecessary if housing 2 is adapted to be hand-held, such as a pen-shaped housing 11 shown in FIG. 1 a.
FIGS. 1 a and 3 a illustrate an anchor stay 50. Anchor stay 50 comprises a portion of housing 2 adapted to retain an anchor 20 (not shown) thereto, as described below. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 a, anchor 20 (not shown) will slip over anchor stay 50, while in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, anchor 20 will clip onto stay 50 using clip member 12.
Anchor stay 50 is a rigid projection extending away from the plane of the finger grip flats 4. Anchor stay 50 may have a clip member 12 positioned near tip 57 to removably couple anchor 20 to stay 50. Clip member 12 may include a compression-fit C-type ring for gripping the shaft of an anchor 20. Anchor stay tip 57 may also be designed to reversibly mate with an anchor 20 that is positioned on or against tip 57.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2, delivery device 1 may include a plunger 5 slidably positioned in hollow barrel portion 7 of housing 2 and operated by a surgeon. Plunger 5 has an anchor end 10 adapted to engage an anchor 20. Anchor end 10 may be a flat end to push anchor 20, a pointed end adapted to engage a hollow shaft portion of an anchor 20 (see FIGS. 3 a and 11 c), a clip member 12 (see FIG. 1) positioned on end 10 designed to couple to anchor 20. Though not shown, clip member 12 may alternatively be positioned on anchor shaft 120 (seen in FIGS. 4 a-4 h). Anchor end 10 can have any structure engaging anchor 20 that allows plunger 5 to advance anchor 20 into a tissue and uncouple therefrom, leaving anchor 20 in tissue.
Other embodiments of delivery device 1 are shown in FIGS. 3 a and 3 b. These embodiments also comprise a housing 2 and finger grip(s) 3. As shown in FIG. 3 a, housing 2 and finger grips 3 comprise a thimble 3 a, while FIG. 3 b shows finger grips 3 as rings 6. Viewing FIG. 3 b, housing 2 has a flexible hollow barrel portion 7. A flexible plunger 5 a is slidably positioned in hollow barrel portion 7, which comprises a sleeve within which flexible plunger 5 a slides. This embodiment is suitable where the invention will be used in conjunction with an endoscope or in anatomic areas that are hard to reach manually with a rigid device. Hollow barrel portion 7 may be rigid, but is preferable flexible so that it may be used in conjunction with an endoscope. The hollow barrel portion 7 length may range from ¼-inch to one or more feet, depending upon the particular application, and the length of flexible plunger 5 a is constructed accordingly.
Viewing FIG. 3 b, hollow barrel portion 7 has a detachable tip 8. Tip 8 screws onto hollow barrel portion 7 using corresponding threads 8 b, 8 c which allows a surgeon to change tips 8. Viewing FIG. 3 c, tip 8 has a knife-edge 13 to penetrate tissue. Tip 8 may have a slot 9 starting at the edge 8 a of tip 8 and extending down tip 8, substantially along the longitudinal axis α shown in FIG. 3 c.
Viewing FIG. 1 a, delivery device 1 may also comprise a stop 60, shown as an outwardly projecting ridge 60 a, that is shown located on the external walls 7 a of the hollow barrel portion 7 in FIG. 1 a. Ridge 60 a controls the extent of insertion of hollow barrel portion 7. Alternatively, viewing FIG. 1, finger grips 3 can act as stop 60. The need for a separate delivery device 1 may be eliminated if anchor 20, later described, is itself constructed to guide the placement of anchor 20 into tissue by hand.
As shown in FIG. 4 a-f, anchor 20 can have a wide variety of shapes depending upon the application. Anchor 20 has a barb end 21 and a shaft 120 and may also comprise an attachment member 23 (see FIGS. 4 a, 4 c, and 4 e) positioned on shaft 120 distal from barb end 21. Inclusion of shaft 120 is optional. Please note that in later embodiments, the anchor shaft is also referred to as shaft 120 (e.g. FIGS. 16 a-16 g). Viewing FIG. 11 a, if anchor 20 lacks shaft 120, attachment member 23, later described, should be placed on barb end 21 (not shown), or the sutures 450 should directly attach to barb 102. Shaft 120 may be from ¼ inch to a foot or more in length, depending upon the application.
Viewing FIG. 4 a, barb end 21 is adapted to resist removal of anchor 20 after anchor 20 has been inserted in or through a tissue and anchored by barb 40. For example, barb 40 may comprise: a series of downwardly-pointing fingers 30 (also referred to as wing-like projections 30) (see FIG. 4 a); a downwardly-pointing conical umbrella 31 (see FIG. 4 b); a flat area 32, such as a disk 32 a (see FIG. 4 c) or an arrow end 32 b (see FIG. 4 d); a T-shaped head 33 (see FIG. 4 e); a star-shaped head 34 (see FIG. 4 f); or any other head shape that will resist removal of anchor 20 from tissue. Barb 40 may be flexible or collapsible, such as the umbrella 31 shown in FIG. 4 b. Preferably, umbrella 31 is collapsible.
Viewing FIGS. 4 g and 4 h, when barbs 40 are collapsible (generally, foldable inward toward anchor shaft 120), a barb retaining device 94, such as a ring 95 (see FIG. 4 g), or a sleeve 96 (see FIG. 4 h and FIG. 15), may slide over shaft 120 to collapse barbs 40. Retaining device 94 is retractable down shaft 120, and may be placed over a collapsed barb 40 to hold barb 40 in a collapsed position. When barb end 21 is inserted into tissue, barb-retaining device 94 move down shaft 120 as barb 40 slides through barb-retaining device 94 and deploys into the tissue. Barb 40 stays collapsed, however, as long as the barb sidewalls contact tissue. After penetration of tissue, barb 40 expands, and resists removal from the tissue. Barb 40 also creates resistance by the counter-traction that occurs when barb 40 is imbedded within the tissue.
Materials of construction for anchor 20 are preferably biologically-inert plastics, thin stainless steel, or other non-reactive materials that can co-exist within a tissue with little or no adverse patient reaction. Portions of anchors 20, however, should be sufficiently rigid to insure that anchor 20 cleanly and precisely penetrates the tissue at the desired location and that a deployed barb 40 will resist removal from tissue. Generally, the portion of shaft 120 attached to plunger 5 or attached to anchor stay 50 should be fairly rigid.
Barb end 21 may also be shaped to penetrate a tissue, such as is shown in FIGS. 4 a, 4 b, 4 f, and 4 h. When anchor 20 has a barb end 21 that is ill-suited to penetrate a tissue (see FIGS. 4 c and 4 e), anchor 20 is preferably used with delivery device 1 having hollow barrel portion 7 that is shaped to penetrate a tissue. For example, see sharp end 125 a shown in FIG. 7 a.
Viewing FIG. 7 a, if barb 40 comprises a T-shaped head 33, anchor 20 may be loaded into delivery device 1 using forceps. Shaft 120 is a flexible material that allows placement of T-shaped head 33 as shown. Sharp end 125 a of hollow barrel portion 7 is adapted to penetrate a tissue. A portion of shaft 120 extends through slot 9 configured in housing sidewalls 9 a. Preferably, barb end 21 has a larger cross-section than shaft 120, and prevents removal of barb end 21 through slot 9. Plunger 5 engages anchor 20. Though not shown, anchor end 10 of plunger 5 may comprise a clip member 12 designed to partially encircle shaft 120 (see FIG. 1 a for example).
Viewing FIG. 7 b, anchor end 10 of plunger 5 may comprise circular-shaped disk 43 with a slot 41 into which shaft 120 is slidably inserted. Shaft 120 passes adjacent to plunger 5 and exits the bottom of delivery device 1, eliminating the need for slot 9. Alternatively, but not shown, anchor end 10 may have slot 41 that works in conjunction with slot 9 located on sidewalls 9 a. In such an embodiment, slot 41 aligns with slot 9, enabling shaft 120 to exit hollow barrel portion 7 below anchor end 10.
Viewing FIGS. 6 a-6 g, attachment member 23 is a structure generally located on shaft 120 for engaging a material, such as a suture or tissue sample, a second barb end, or a tissue-retaining device 27 (shown in FIGS. 9 a and 9 b). Tissue-retaining device 27 may comprise a disk-like washer or button 62 (see FIGS. 9 a and 9 b) or simply a lip that operates in conjunction with attachment member 23 and reversibly mates with attachment member 23. Viewing FIGS. 6 a-h, attachment member 23 comprises one or more openings 50 a in shaft 120 (or a tabbed portion 23 c thereof) (see FIGS. 6 a and 6 b); a ring 51 (see FIG. 6 c), a tissue clamp 52 (see FIG. 6 d), ratcheting devices, such as series of projection fingers 55 (see FIG. 6 e) or annular projections 56 (see FIG. 6 f) extending radially from shaft 120, or a series of indentations 58 in shaft 120 (see FIG. 6 g), all of which comprise attachment members.
Alternatively, viewing FIG. 6 e, attachment member 23 may comprise a combination of the above, such as openings 50 and fingers 55. Viewing FIG. 6 d, clamp 52 has first and second reversibly interlocking surfaces 53, 54 that may clamp onto tissue. As shown in FIGS. 6 e and 6 f, fingers 55 or projections 56 may attach a tissue-retaining device 27 (not shown, see FIG. 16 f) onto shaft 120, thereby allowing retaining device 27 to compress and retain a tissue between barb end 21 (or tip 130) of the anchor shaft 120 and retaining device 27. This embodiment is well-adapted to support organs whose connective supportive tissues have weakened or failed, such as the transvaginal sacral or sacrospinous colpopexy later described.
Viewing FIGS. 9 a and 9 b, tissue-retaining device 27 is an annular disk-like structure, sometimes referred to herein as a “porcupine” button 62. Button 62 has a center hole 404 sized for positioning around shaft 120 and attachment member 23. The top surface 27 a of button 62 may be arcuate-shaped, and have a series of projections 29 extending outwardly from top surface 27 a. Projections 29 grasp tissue to prevent button 62 from migrating. Viewing FIG. 9 b, to resist migration of button 62 relative to tissue, button 62 may have a series of holes 61 extending therethrough around the periphery for suturing button 62 to tissue. Alternatively, button 62 may be constructed of a mesh material, allowing sutures to extend therethrough. A surgeon must ensure contact between button 62 and shaft 120 does not interrupt blood supply to that area in contact with tissue-retaining device 27.
If attachment member 23 is as a ratcheting device, such as fingers 55 projecting from the exterior sidewalls of shaft 120 as shown in FIG. 6 e, or a series of indentations 58 (see FIG. 6 g), and tissue-retaining device 27 is button 62, button 62 may slide up or down shaft 120. However, button 62 is retained in a given position on shaft 120 by the inter-mating of the ratcheting devices on shaft 120 and within button center hole 404. Center hole 404 may have a series of fingers 402, or other projections, extending outwardly to interact with the interleaving members or ratcheting devices on shaft 120 to accomplish the same function. Generally, button 62 has a first interleaving member (fingers 402) on the interior walls of hole 404, while anchor 20 will have a second interleaving member (such as projections 701 in FIG. 8 c) positioned thereon. The first and second interleaving members cooperate to resist movement of button 62 relative to anchor 20. Alternatively, a C-clip or other clip member 12 on delivery device 1 may be used as a retaining device 27 to keep anchor 20 properly positioned relative to the tissue.
Viewing FIGS. 4 a, 4 c, and 4 e, if sutures are placed through attachment member 23, they are preferably installed when anchor 20 is loaded into delivery device 1 so that: (a) the surgeon does not have to position sutures through openings 50 a after anchor 20 is attached, and (b) if the sutures are sufficiently long to reach back to the surgeon during placement of anchor 20, the surgeon will not fish for the sutures in the body cavity. To assist a surgeon in tailoring anchor 20 to a particular application, attachment member 23 may be detachable from anchor 20 (e.g., threaded onto shaft 120, or clipped onto shaft 120 or the base of barb end 21, etc). Shaft 120 has a small cross section at tip 130, much like a needle tip, such as 1-3 mm, to allow easy penetration into tissue.
Viewing FIG. 19 a, anchor 20 and attachment member 23 may comprise separate elements. Anchor 20 has a barb 102 positioned on a shaft 120. Attachment member 23 comprises a housing 1000, and shaft 120 is movably inserted through housing 1000. Housing 1000 comprises an upper portion 1005 and a lower portion 1006 rotatably engaged using interlocking lips 1007, 1007 a. Interlocking lips 1007, 1007 a are slidably engaged, and to assist rotation, a bearing 1009 or other suitable device may be included. Shaft 120 is movably positioned within housing 1000 via corresponding threads 1004, 1004 a.
An alternate embodiment is shown in FIG. 19 b. Housing 1000 and shaft 120 engage each other with interleaving members, or ratcheting devices 140, 150, such as grooves 1001 in housing 1000 and corresponding projections 1001 a positioned on shaft 120. Interleaving members 1001, 1001 a allow the position of shaft 120 to be fixed relative to housing 1000. Shown on shaft 120 is an attachment member 23 and holes 50 a for attaching sutures or other suitable items.
The embodiment shown in FIGS. 19 a and 19 b, allows a surgeon to adjust the position of shaft 120 relative to attachment member 23 and items attached to attachment member 23 during placement of the tissue-anchoring system. The embodiment in FIG. 19 b can be adjusted using an adjuster cylinder 90, and the embodiment in FIG. 19 a can be adjusted by rotating shaft 120, causing shaft 120 to move up or down.
Examples of Use of the Anchoring System
Viewing FIG. 7 a, to set anchor 20 in tissue, a surgeon positions a loaded delivery device 1 against the tissue to be penetrated for insertion of anchor 20. If the delivery device 1 has a hollow barrel portion 7 designed to penetrate tissue, then hollow barrel portion 7 is placed against the tissue, and delivery device 1 is advanced with hollow barrel portion 7 penetrating tissue. When hollow barrel portion 7 has advanced so that sharp end 125 a clears the tissue or is embedded therein, plunger 5 is advanced, releasing anchor 20. Hollow barrel portion 7 is withdrawn from the tissue, leaving anchor 20 supported within the tissue or by a tissue surface 601 (not shown). If delivery device 1 has a hollow barrel portion 7 that will not penetrate tissue, then anchor 20 should be equipped with a sharp end 125 (not shown, see FIG. 8 a) designed to penetrate a tissue. In this embodiment, hollow barrel portion 7 is placed against the tissue, and plunger 5 advanced, forcing anchor 20 into tissue. When anchor 20 has advanced sufficiently into tissue or through tissue, delivery device 1 is withdrawn, leaving barb 40 embedded into tissue, or inserted through tissue.
Viewing FIGS. 11 a-11 c, if delivery device 1 has no hollow barrel portion 7, (for example, the anchoring system as shown in FIG. 1 a) then barb 102 of anchor 20 is adapted to penetrate a tissue. In such an embodiment, anchor 20 is placed against the tissue to be penetrated, the delivery device 1 advanced (or if it is plunger-equipped, plunger 5 is advanced), until anchor 20 has advanced sufficiently into tissue or through tissue, at which time the delivery device 1 is withdrawn.
This anchoring system may also be used in less surgically technical operations for surgeons who are not comfortable with transvaginal approaches in laproscopically-assisted sacral colpopexy operations. The surgeon may place anchor 20 into the anterior longitudinal ligament of the sacrum laproscopically or endoscopically and secure the vaginal vault to the sacrum transvaginally in a laproscopically assisted sacral colpopexy. Alternatively, the system may be used with a microscopic video camera 65 located near tip 8 of delivery device 1 as seen in FIG. 20. The anchoring system would be placed into and or through the apex of the vaginal vault using a rigid or flexible delivery device 1, either endoscopically or transvaginally, to fix anchor 20 to suspend the vault to the sacrum. The anchoring system can also be used endoscopically with an operative single port laparoscope thereby obviating the need for multiple puncture sites in the abdomen when performing this procedure. The anchoring system obviates the need for other bulkier surgical instruments currently used for retropubic bladder neck suspension, retropubic Goebell-Stoeckel sling procedures, and multiple abdominal scope port sites. This anchoring system also obviates the need for using bone anchors and obviates the associated well-known complications. In addition, by using the tissue anchoring system and an intervening connector to attach to a sling of harvested tissue, the size of the material harvested or used in the sling can be decreased in size, thereby minimizing the amount of graft tissue or donor tissue needed to be used. In turn, this minimizes the amount of graft tissue and operative harvesting technique, thereby minimizing complications, such as hematoma formation, pain, infection and decreased strength of the upper leg. In addition, the retropubic Goebell-Stoeckel sling could be used using a smaller fascia sling graft or donor graft using an umbrella shaped anchor head 31 with an extended anchor shaft 120 armed at both ends creating a u-shaped anchor that seats into the rectus fascia 603 via an exclusively transvaginal approach.
As indicated, the system can be used with a tissue clamp 52 as attachment member 23 (see FIG. 6 d). Clamps 52 fix the ends of a fascia sling for the Goebell-Stoeckel fascia sling procedure and obviate the need for sutures. A general outline of the transvaginal-endoscopic-sacralcolpolexy procedure using an endoscope-adapted tissue anchor system follows. The patient is placed into the dorsal lithotomy position and undergoes general or spinal anesthesia. The vaginal cuff is visualized using angled surgical retractors. A transverse incision is made just inside the hymenal ring on the posterior wall and extended down the mid-line of the posterior vaginal wall, sharply and bluntly dissecting the vaginal mucosa from the underlying supportive tissue of the vagina to the apex of the vault. The retroperitoneal space would be accessed using sharp and blunt dissection revealing the sacral promontory to the S2 and S3 areas of the sacrum and the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament.
The vaginal cone speculum is inserted up to the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament. The middle sacral vessels are visualized and isolated to the exterior of the cone using blunt retraction. If this is impossible and there is a significant risk for damage to these vessels, the vessels may be ligated using a hemoclip-extended applicator transvaginally through the vaginal cone superior and inferior to the operative sites. If bleeders are encountered in the retroperitoneal space while dissecting the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament, they could be fulgurated using a Klepinger electrocautery device or hemoclip. The surgeon secures the tip and rim of the vaginal cone against the sacrum maintaining isolation of the operative site while inserting a flexible fiberoptic endoscope into the vaginal cone at the sacrum loaded with the flexible tissue-anchor applicator. The tissue anchor 20 is loaded onto a delivery device 1. The shaft of the anchor is advanced into and parallel to the under surface of the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament for approximately one centimeter. The appropriate angle of insertion is facilitated by the manipulation of the flexible tip of the anchor/anchor applicator and/or endoscope by the surgeon at the operator end of the endoscope. The delivery device 1 is advanced through the operative port of the endoscope thereby advancing the anchor with barb end through the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament to the desired depth. Plunger 5 is depressed and advances anchor 20 into the space anterior to the sacrum but just beneath the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament. Delivery device 1 is withdrawn into the endoscope.
The surgeon visualizes anchor 20 in the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament. The endoscope is withdrawn trailing the sutures which are attached to anchor 20 back into the vaginal cone speculum and towards the surgeon at which time they are grasped in a clamp for later attachment to a synthetic mesh, fascia lata or rectus fascia 603 graft for later suspension of the vaginal vault to the sacrum. If necessary, several anchors 20 may be placed into the anterior longitudinal spinal ligaments in this fashion.
An extended suction device is used to enhance visualization of the space at the operative site. A suction irrigator device is preferred. The synthetic graft is attached to the trailing sutures from the anchor(s) 20 and then advanced up the vaginal cone speculum, applied to the sacrum and tied in a fashion similar to that done during an endoscopic procedure with an extended knot pusher. This secures the proximal portion of the graft at the anterior longitudinal spinal ligament. The distal portion of the graft is secured to the vaginal vault apex using: (a) the standard transvaginal surgical instruments that one would use during a vaginal hysterectomy, or (b) the adjustable tissue anchor clasp and adjustable suture connector for attachment and adjustment of the vaginal cuff. The graft application is performed entirely in the retroperitoneal space. Before placing the sutures at the vaginal vault apex, the surgeon ensures that the sutures are placed into the graft at a site that allows appropriate length between the vaginal apex and the sacrum minimizing any excessive tension on the mesh or fascial graft. The vaginal cuff is then closed in a manner used in the standard posterior-colporhaphy procedure, well-described in the gynecologic surgical literature. Because this procedure is carried out endoscopically (or manually) in the retroperitoneal space, there is no need for abdominal entrance and/or closure of the parietal peritoneum over the mesh or fascial graft. This ensures that there are no internal hernias postoperatively, and the operation is totally extra-peritoneal thereby minimizing ileus. The surgeon should be careful and concerned about hemostasis and ensuring that the colon and ureter are not damaged during the procedure. The vaginal cone at its apex should be padded with a soft silicone gasket to ensure that tissues are not unduly traumatized.
Tissue anchor 20 can also be used in the post-operatively adjustable transvaginal-sacrospinous-colpopexy procedure as follows. The patient is placed in a dorsal lithotomy position after undergoing general or spinal anesthesia. This procedure may be performed using local anesthesia for patients who have medical conditions that may be complicated by either spinal or general anesthesia. A weighted speculum is placed in the posterior vault. A Sims retractor is placed anteriorly. The cuff apex is visualized if the uterus and cervix have been removed. In the lateral vaginal fornices, a 0.5-1.0 centimeter (cm) vaginal mucosa incision is made, and a 1-2 cm2 area of vaginal mucosa undermined at these sites. This reveals the underlying submucosal vaginal-supportive tissue. Tissue-anchor delivery device 1 is placed into the surgeon's hand and advanced into the vagina. The tissue-anchor delivery device 1 with a loaded tissue anchor 20 is advanced up the vagina and punctures the vaginal tissue through the lateral fornices of the vagina on the patient's right side directly through the area which was previously undermined. Tissue-anchor delivery device 1 places anchor 20 into the sacrospinous ligament as follows. The sacrospinous ligament is located after the surgeon palpates the ischial spine, and anchor 20 is placed approximately 2 cm medial to the ischial spine through the sacrospinous ligament mid-portion. Tissue-anchor 20 deploys into and/or through the sacrospinous ligament, and delivery device 1 is withdrawn from the vagina leaving anchor 20 in position transfixing the vagina vault apex to the sacrospinous ligament. The chosen anchor 20 depends on the surgeon's desires.
Anchor 20 may be adjustable or non-adjustable. Viewing the embodiments shown in FIGS. 16 a-16 h or FIG. 17, adjustable tissue anchors 20 are used as follows. Anchor 20 is positioned as previously described, transfixing the lateral vaginal cuff apex to the sacrospinous ligament. Delivery device 1 is then removed. This leaves the adjustable shaft 120 in anchor 20 trailing from the lateral vaginal apex into the vaginal canal. A 1-1.5 cm2 “porcupine” button 62 is then advanced onto shaft 120 and ratcheted into place using the interleaving members 303,304 or ratcheting devices 140, 150 positioned on shaft 120 and in some instances using the interleaving members (fingers 402) positioned in center hole 404, thereby opposing the lateral vaginal cuff apex to the sacrospinous ligament. The vaginal cuff apex may be clasped or sutured alternatively to anchor 20. The same procedure is carried out on the opposite side. This suspends the vaginal cuff apex to the sacrospinous ligament either unilaterally or bilaterally. The trailing end of shaft 120 may be used for adjusting the vaginal cuff tension postoperatively and then trimmed flush with anchor body 99 when the appropriate tension is achieved. If the surgeon does not want a foreign body in the vagina, a standard adjustable tissue anchor 20 could be used, the vaginal cuff apex sutured to anchor 20, and vaginal suspension tension adjusted postoperatively to ensure patient comfort.
The vaginal mucosa is closed using either running- or interrupted-absorbable sutures over button 62 at the lateral vaginal cuff apices. In addition, button 62 may be sutured to the submucosal vaginal tissue along its circular perimeter before closure of the vaginal mucosa to ensure its appropriate fixation in the tissues. The lateral circular rim of button 62 may be composed of a mesh-like synthetic material, to facilitate penetration of fibroblasts and granulation tissue to ensure fixation of the button in the subvaginal mucosal tissue.
The procedure is preceded by the appropriate preparation of the surgical site with an antiseptic solution such as iodine or other antiseptic and appropriate draping to ensure sterile technique. The patient should also receive pre-operative prophylactic antibiotics, approximately one to two doses, and one to two doses postoperatively after closure of the vaginal mucosa to prevent postoperative infection from a foreign body.
This procedure obviates the need for extensive vaginal dissection as described in other techniques used in vaginal vault suspension such as sacrospinous ligament fixation using the tendon sheath punch, or the hook-like suture carriers. Other vaginal vault suspension procedures require a more extensive dissection of the posterior vaginal vault and submucosal tissue. This more extensive dissection can result in serious hemorrhage. The procedure is done with a minimal amount of vaginal dissection—approximately 4 cm2 divided at two locations.
There is also minimal manipulation of the sacrospinous ligaments and surrounding tissue. This procedure requires only a single puncture of the sacrospinous ligament. The operative time would be substantially decreased as a result of the simplicity of operative dissection insertion of the tissue anchor system and the ability to adjust vaginal suspension tension postoperatively, as later described. This procedure could be used on an outpatient basis.
Adjustable Tissue Anchor
An embodiment of an adjustable anchoring system is shown in FIGS. 8 a-8 c. FIG. 8 a illustrates an anchor 20 comprising a body 99 having a hollow chamber 100 therein and a shaft 120 insertable within body 99. Shaft 120 is sized to be at least partially insertable into hollow chamber 100 and moveable relative to hollow chamber 100. Hollow chamber 100 may pass completely or partially through body 99. Viewing FIG. 8 b, if hollow chamber 100 extends partially through body 99, body 99 preferably has a slot 89 that allows shaft 120 to exit hollow chamber 100 through sidewall 89 a. Shaft 120 has a tip 130 adapted to penetrate a tissue. Tip 130 should be fairly rigid to ease tissue penetration, although a flexible tip 130 is preferred for certain procedures, such as transvaginal sacral colpopexy. Viewing FIGS. 16 a-16 g and FIG. 18 b, shaft 120 may have indicia markings 80 thereon (e.g. millimeter (mm) markings or color change markings) as indicators that allow a surgeon to determine the extent of tension adjustments. Shaft 120 may have a cross-section that is round, flat, rectangular, or any other suitable shape.
The end of shaft 120 opposite tip 130 has an attachment member 23 attached thereto or constructed as part thereof. Hollow chamber 100 has a barb end 101 with at least one barb 102 positioned thereon. Barb 102 resists removal of anchor 20 from a tissue after anchor 20 has been inserted into or through tissue. Barb end 101 may be a variety of shapes but is easily insertable into tissue, generally having a sharp end 125 and a collapsible barb 102 for use in conjunction with a barb retainer 94, as previously described.
Viewing FIG. 8 c, body 99 may also have a ratcheting device 701 positioned on body outer walls 703 distal from barb end 101. Ratcheting devices 701 may comprise a series of fingers, annular projections 702, indentations, or threads to adjustably and matingly engage tissue-retaining device 27, such as button 62. Alternatively, tissue-retaining device 27 may comprise a washer-like structure that snaps or clips onto shaft 120 where desired. Though not shown, body 99 may also have a stop 70 projecting away from body walls on the end distal from barb end 101 to prevent the body 99 from inserting completely through the desired anchoring tissue.
Viewing FIGS. 5 a-5 c, the interior walls 121 of hollow chamber 100 may have a first ratcheting device 140. First ratcheting device 140 may be a series of annular ridges, threads, projections, indentations or other shapes designed to interlock or interleave with a second ratcheting device 150 located on exterior of shaft 120 (such as interlocking male and female threads, indentations and corresponding projections (see FIG. 5 b), interleaving sidewall fingers 303 shown in FIGS. 16 a-16 h, interleaving annular projections 1001 a shown in FIG. 19 b, and FIG. 5 c). Variation in the number or type of interleaving members or ratcheting devices or their materials of construction will vary the load-support capability of a particular anchor 20. Ratcheting devices 140, 150 create a two-way ratcheting-type mechanism that positions shaft 120 relative to body 99. Shaft 120 may be adjusted in steps by pulling or pushing shaft 120 relative to body 99 (or turning, in the case of interlocking threads). If ratcheting devices 140, 150 comprise male and female threads, it is desirable that shaft 120 have a ball bearing 15 or other pivotally rotatable mechanism 14 located in attachment member 23 as shown in FIGS. 10 a and 10 b.
Mechanism 14 allows shaft 120 to turn independently of the bottom of shaft 120 where attachment member 23 is located. Mechanism 14 prevents twisting of sutures, slings, or other devices attached to attachment member 23. This twisting may occur during later tension adjustments, either intra- or post-operative.
Anchor 20 is set by first setting outer hollow chamber 100 and then shaft 120 with the surgeon's hand or with a delivery device 1. A delivery device 1 is preferred because anchor 20 may be relatively small. Viewing FIG. 12, delivery device 1 may comprise a housing 2 and finger grips 3, but other previously-described embodiments may also work.
Alternatively, anchor delivery device 1 may include a hollow barrel portion 7 wherein at least a portion of shaft 120 is positionable therein. Hollow barrel portion 7 has a lip section or edge 300, sized to fit within hollow chamber 100. Though not shown, a stop member may be positioned on body 99 to prevent body 99 from being deployed completely through tissue. Though not shown, delivery device 1 may optionally include a plunger 5 slidably positioned in hollow barrel portion 7. Inclusion of a plunger 5 in the embodiment of FIG. 12 requires that plunger 5 adapt to allow shaft 120 to pass through or by plunger 5 (e.g., plunger 5 as shown in FIG. 7 b). In such an embodiment, plunger 5 alone activates shaft 120.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 13, housing 2 may have a hollow barrel portion 7 that is adapted to have anchor 120 positioned at least partially therein. Hollow barrel portion 7 should have a sharp end 125 a adapted to penetrate a tissue. This embodiment is appropriate when barbs 102 are ill-suited to penetrate a tissue. Delivery device 1 may further comprise one, two or no plungers. In a two-plunger embodiment, a first plunger 301 activates body 99 after hollow barrel portion 7 has penetrated a tissue, and second plunger 302 activates shaft 120 after barbs 102 deploy. FIG. 13 illustrates a two-plunger embodiment comprising concentric first and second plungers 301, 302. A single-plunger embodiment may be used if either plunger 301 or 302 activates either body 99 or shaft 120. However, if a single plunger is adapted to activate shaft 120, the surgeon should rely on the friction between first and second ratcheting devices 140, 150 on body 99 and shaft 120 to cause deployment of body 99 when the plunger is depressed. After barbs 102 deploy, shaft 120 may be accessed through the skin surface 601 (see FIG. 16 f) by a surface incision as will be later described. Though not shown, housing 2 may also have a projecting ridge 60 a located on the external side of hollow barrel portion 7 to act as a stop 60.
Shaft 120 is adjustable upwardly or downwardly, with or without the aid of adjuster cylinder 90 shown in FIG. 14. As used herein, upward and downward shall indicate movement substantially along the central axis a of anchor 20 or housing 2 as shown in the Figures. FIG. 15 illustrates an exploded view of the invention that shows how adjuster cylinder 90 inserts into hollow chamber 100. Viewing FIG. 15, adjuster cylinder 90 is a hollow tube having an inner and outer diameters sized so that the adjuster cylinder 90 may slide over shaft 120 but slide inside of hollow chamber 100, thereby disengaging the interleaving members 303, 304 or ratcheting devices 140, 150. Adjuster cylinder 90 has a lower end 90 a, and may have a cutting edge 90 b.
Alternatively, the tissue-retaining device may be as shown in FIGS. 18 a-18 d. Viewing FIG. 18 a, pelvis 600 is shown from a retropubic view. Cooper's ligament 602 is located on pelvis 600. Sutured to Cooper's ligament 602 is anchor 20, which has a hollow portion 66 extending therethrough. Shaft 120 inserts through anchor 20 and is shown exiting skin surface 601. Anchor 20 may be configured with one or more suture holes 67 that allow anchor 20 to be attached to Cooper's ligament 602. In this embodiment, anchor 20 lacks a barb 102. Shaft 120 inserts through hollow portion 66. Shaft 120 is adjusted using a shaft 120 having threads 68 (see FIG. 18 c) corresponding to threads position in the hollow portion 66, or by placing corresponding interleaving members or ratcheting devices 140 within hollow portion 66 and corresponding interleaving members or ratcheting devices 150 on shaft 120. Shaft tip 120 b may be sharp so that it can penetrate a tissue and skin surface 601.
Shown in FIG. 18 b is an enlarged view of FIG. 18 a, to more clearly show ratcheting devices 150 (interleaving members) on shaft 120. Ratcheting devices 150 (interleaving members) shown in FIG. 18 b are annular projections similar to those shown in FIGS. 5 c and 8 a. Shown in FIG. 18 c is the same device as shown in FIG. 18 b, but shaft 120 has threads 68 positioned thereon allowing shaft 120 to rotatably engage corresponding threads on the interior walls of hollow portion 66. Attachment member 23 rotatably attaches to shaft 120 and is shown as a ball and socket 15. FIG. 18 d illustrates an embodiment wherein anchor 20 has multiple hollow portions 66 so that two shafts 120 can engage anchor 20.
Examples of Use of Adjustable Tissue Anchor
Referring to FIGS. 16 a-16 g, one of the procedures where the adjustable anchor is advantageous is the retropubic bladder neck suspension or retropubic Goebell-Stoeckel sling procedure. In this procedure, it is necessary to support the neck of the bladder through the use of a sling. The following application will demonstrate the use of the adjustable tissue anchor in this procedure, using two anchors: one non-adjustable anchor and one adjustable anchor. If the sling is to be tacked to the bladder neck, it is desirable to use two adjustable anchors. The procedure could be performed transvaginally or by laparotomy.
The surgeon first sets a non-adjustable anchor into a suitable connective tissue on one side of the bladder neck, Cooper's Ligament 602 or rectus fascia using the procedure(s) previously described. Anchor 20 may have a sling attached thereto by sutures. The sling is suspended under the urethra and fixed with sutures. The surgeon attaches a second adjustable anchor to the other end of the sling (by use of sutures or by use of a tissue clamp 52 as attachment member 23 on shaft 120) and loads the adjustable anchor 20 onto delivery device 1. Alternatively, the adjustable tissue anchor 20 shown in FIGS. 18 a-18 c could be sutured to Cooper's Ligament 602, rectus fascia 603, or tendon bilaterally and subsequently adjusted postoperatively. This is accomplished using ratcheting devices 140, 150 ratcheted or thread and screw adjustment mechanism (i.e., interleaving members). The surgeon proceeds to set adjustable anchor 20 into a suitable location on the other side of the bladder neck using a delivery device 1 as shown in FIG. 12 or in FIGS. 5 a-5 c.
Viewing FIGS. 16 a-16 g, delivery device 1, with the tissue anchor 20 located therewithin or thereupon, is positioned next to the area where attachment is desired. Delivery device 1 is then advanced forcing shaft tip 130, and the sharp end 125 of body 99 to penetrate into tissue. The barb 102 is retracted or collapsed by barb retainer 94. Retainer 94 remains stationary as the surgeon pushes body 99 into the tissue, and barb 102 moves into or through the tissue via the opening created by body 99. Body 99 and shaft 120 then penetrate and insert through the rectus fascia 603 (tendon or other desired tissue), until barbs 102 are located in the soft subcutaneous tissue between the rectus fascias and the skin surface 601 and deploys. Shaft 120 trails from the tissue into which anchor 20 is embedded. At this point, delivery device 1 may be removed (if desired), and anchor 20 may be anchored at the inferior border of the rectus fascia 603 or underneath the rectus fascia 603 in a sandwich-like fashion by applying a tissue-retaining device 27, such as button 62.
Next, shaft 120 is advanced by hand or with a hemostat, or using adjuster cylinder 90 until shaft 120 contacts the underside of skin surface 601. Adjuster cylinder 90 may comprise a cutting edge 90 b for tissue penetration as shown in FIGS. 16 a-16 c. For instance, the adjuster cylinder 90 could be advanced over shaft 120 from below and completely through delivery device 1 until adjuster cylinder 90 advances into and punctures skin 601.
Alternatively, if shaft 120 is adapted to penetrate a tissue, shaft 120 may be advanced through skin surface 601 by moving shaft 120 upward or moving the abdominal wall downward, forcing shaft 120 through skin surface 601.
In another method, the surgeon locates the exit point of shaft 120 by pressing the abdominal wall until it contacts shaft 120 and makes a small incision with a scalpel at the exit point. By further depression of the abdominal wall, the surgeon causes shaft 120 to exit through the abdominal wall incision. The surgeon grasps and holds the protruding shaft 120 and removes pressure on the tissue and abdominal wall, thus fully deploying adjustable anchor 20. If this particular procedure is followed, shaft tip 130 need not be adapted to penetrate skin surface 601. Delivery device 1 and anchor 20 shown in FIG. 12 or 15 may deploy in this fashion.
Yet another method would be applicable with delivery device 1 having a plunger 5 adapted to activate shaft 120. In such an embodiment, shaft 120 is advanced by operation of plunger 5.
After shaft 120 passes through skin surface 601, it is held above skin surface 601, and the tension on the sutures or sling is adjusted by pulling or pushing shaft 120, using adjuster cylinder 90 to disengage the interleaving members, if needed. Once proper tension is achieved, the adjuster cylinder 90 is removed, and the interleaving members/ratcheting devices 140, 150 engage, fixing shaft 120 in place. Shaft 120 is left trailing above skin surface 601 for further postoperative adjustment.
Viewing FIG. 16 a, to ease movement of shaft 120 through hollow chamber 100, ratcheting devices 140, 150 (interleaving member 303, 304) are disengaged using adjuster cylinder 90 inserted into hollow chamber 100 between shaft 120 and interior walls 121 (see FIG. 5 a) of body 99. Alternatively, when shaft 120 first protrudes from the incision, adjuster cylinder 90 may be positioned through the abdominal wall (see FIG. 16 g). When anchor 20 fully deploys, adjuster cylinder 90 is removed, and shaft 120 is left trailing through skin surface 601 as previously described.
An alternative procedure using a plunger-adapted delivery device 1 follows, using a two-plunger delivery device 1 shown in FIG. 13. Initially, delivery device 1 is positioned adjacent to the area to be anchored and housing 2 and hollow body portion 7 pushed upward penetrating the tissue (note the sharp end 125 a of hollow body portion 7 may be adapted to penetrate a tissue). Once sharp end 125 a is properly positioned for deployment of anchor 20, (generally above the surface of the penetrated tissue), the surgeon will deploy at least first plunger 301 to activate body 99, although it may be desirable to operate both plungers 301, 302. This deploys barb 102 in the soft subcutaneous tissue, superior or exterior to the rectus fascia 603 or other tissue involved. Shaft 120 is advanced by plunger 302, until shaft 120 penetrates skin surface 601. The surgeon may assist by pressing downward on the abdominal wall, thus reducing the distance that second plunger 302 must be depressed. Sharp end 125 and/or tip 130 should be adapted for tissue penetration as described.
Once shaft 120 advances through the abdominal wall, the surgeon grasps it with a hemostat. Pressure is removed from the abdominal wall, delivery device 1 is removed, and anchor 20 is fully deployed. Shaft 120 is exposed above skin surface 601 and barb 102 is set within or on the rectus fascia 603 or other appropriate tissue for later adjustment.
The surgeon may now pull (or push) on shaft 120 to raise (or lower) the attached sling until the sling is properly positioned under the bladder neck with suitable tension. Upward movement of shaft 120 may be difficult due to resistance caused by the interleaved first and second ratcheting devices, 140 and 150 (interleaving members 303, 304). When resistance is a problem, the surgeon may position adjuster cylinder 90 around shaft 120, push adjuster cylinder 90 down over shaft 120 through skin surface 601 until adjuster cylinder 90 contacts and disengages first and second ratcheting devices 140, 150 (interleaving members 303, 304) located within body 99. Adjuster cylinder 90 eases resistance. When the sling is properly tensioned, adjuster cylinder 90 is removed, allowing the first and second ratcheting devices 140, 150 (interleaving members 303, 304) to interleave, resisting movement of shaft 120 with respect to body 99 and setting the sling tension at this point. Note that it is desirable for several inches of tip 130 to protrude from the abdominal wall to assist in later adjustments. Tension adjustments may be gauged by having indicia markings 80 placed on shaft 120 (see FIGS. 16 a-16 h and FIG. 18 b).
The exposed end of shaft 120 is taped against the abdominal wall. Postoperatively, the tension on the sling could be adjusted through the operation of the interleaved ratcheting devices 140, 150 (or interleaving members 303, 304) by adjusting the shaft 120 of the tissue anchor protruding through the abdominal skin incrementally, as described above. The patient could be brought back one to several weeks later, and the sling could be adjusted at that time in order to achieve appropriate tension minimizing urethral obstruction postoperatively. The tension is adjusted by axially pulling up or pushing down on shaft 120. Again, if too much resistance is encountered because of the interleaved ratcheting devices 140, 150 (or interleaving members 303, 304), the resistance can be eased by using adjuster cylinder 90 as described above. The tension is adjusted to the desired level, and adjuster cylinder 90 is removed, allowing ratcheting devices 140, 150 (or interleaving members 303,304) to again interleave, resisting movement of shaft 120 relative to body 99. Anchor 20 is now once again substantially fixed in position.
The patient's progress is followed, and when a surgeon believes that appropriate tension has been placed, shaft 120 is cut below skin surface 601. This is done with a hollow needle (e.g. 21 gauge beveled) which slides down shaft 120 and cuts shaft 120 in the subcutaneous tissue at the junction with body 99, leaving anchor 20 behind with the sling at the appropriate tension. Alternatively, the exposed portion of the shaft 120 may be cut below skin surface 601 by depressing the skin around shaft 120 and cutting shaft 120. The skin is then released and recoils leaving the cut tip remote from skin surface 601.
The ability to adjust the tension postoperatively obviates the need for postoperative long-term catheterization. It also obviates the need for re-operation for obstructive uropathy by adjusting the sling postoperatively when the patient is awake and experiences normal daily activities without tissue inflammation. This gives the surgeon a realistic appraisal of the true tension that is needed for optimum correction of incontinence.
Referring to FIGS. 17 and 18 c-d, adjustment of tissue or sling tension is accomplished by rotation of anchor shaft 120 clockwise or counterclockwise (for increasing or decreasing tissue tension respectively) along the 120 axial shaft. This moves shaft 120 up or down, through body 99 secured to or within tissue by the action of corresponding threads 801 on shaft 120 and threads 802 on the interior walls of body 99. After appropriate tensioning adjustments were made to shaft 120 trailing through the skin or tissue could be trimmed as previously described with the ratcheted anchor 20. FIG. 17 illustrates a similar anchor 20 to the one used in FIGS. 16 a-16 g, except the interleaving members on this embodiment include interleaving threads 801, 802. When using interleaving threads 801, 802, however, it is desirable that shaft 120 freely rotate while attachment member 23 does not. For this reason, attachment member 23 connects to shaft 120 using a ball and socket joint 15.
FIGS. 16 a-16 g illustrate a series of drawings depicting one particular embodiment of an adjustable tissue anchor 20 being positioned within a tissue. FIG. 16 a illustrates anchor 20 placed against the underside of the rectus fascia 603. Delivery device 1 includes shaft 120 having first interleaving members 303 (or ratcheting devices 150) on its exterior and an attachment member 23. Shaft 120 is positioned within adjuster cylinder 90. Adjuster cylinder 90 and shaft 120 are positioned within hollow chamber 100. Hollow chamber 100 has second interleaving members 304 (or ratcheting devices 140) positioned on its interior walls 121 for interleaving with first interleaving members 303 on shaft 120. Adjuster cylinder 90 keeps first and second interleaving members 303, 304 from engaging. Barb 102 is shown as a set of deployable wings. Surrounding barbs 102 is a sleeve 96, which is slidably positioned over barbs 102 to keep barbs 102 from deploying before they insert into a tissue.
Viewing FIG. 16 b, anchor 20 begins to penetrate the rectus fascia 603. The first penetration may occur by cutting edge 90 b of adjuster cylinder 90, by sharp end 125 of anchor 20, or by both as shown. Viewing FIG. 16 c, barb 102 penetrates the rectus fascia 603, slides through sleeve 96, which remains below the rectus fascia 603. Barb 102 advances into the subcutaneous tissue and deploys.
Viewing FIG. 16 d, the surgeon pushes adjuster cylinder 90 or anchor shaft 120 to advance cylinder 90 against and through skin surface 601. Alternatively, cylinder 90 may be pressed against the underside of skin surface 601, and the surgeon then accesses cylinder 90 using an exterior incision on skin surface 601. Alternatively, tip 130 may penetrate skin surface 601. Viewing FIG. 16 e, shaft 120 extends through skin surface 601 where shaft 120 has been pushed through the protruding adjuster cylinder 90 while in the position shown in FIG. 16 d.
Viewing FIG. 16 f, the adjuster cylinder 90 has been removed by a surgeon by withdrawing it away from skin surface 601. A button 62 has been positioned relative to shaft 120 and interleaving members 401 on shaft 120 engage interleaving members 402 in center hole 404 of button 62. The interleaving members 401, 402 affix button 62 to shaft 120. As now depicted, anchor 20 is fully set, and barbs 102 resist downward displacement. Upward displacement is resisted by button 62. Shaft 120, however, protrudes through skin surface 601 and may be pulled to increase tension, or pushed to release tension on any device attached to attachment member 23.
FIG. 16 g illustrates an adjuster cylinder 90 having a funneled upper end 403. Cylinder 90 is reinserted through skin surface 601 to allow shaft 120 to be easily moved without resistance from interleaving members 303, 304. The use of the adjuster cylinder 90 in positioning of shaft 120 is optional.
Finally, shown in FIG. 20 is a long anchor shaft 120 deployed within a flexible delivery system, such as an endoscope. Generally, anchor 20 will be placed against the desired placement location, and advanced through the scope, using a rigid or flexible plunger 5 (not shown). Also shown are the video camera 65 and a screen for remote viewing of the procedure.
The terms ratcheting devices and interleaving members are used coextensively throughout. It should be noted that interleaving members may be substituted for ratcheting devices and vice versa, depending on a surgeon's desires. As used in the claims, interleaving members is intended to include ratcheting devices. In either case, ratcheting devices or interleaving members include elements that will substantially fix the position of anchor 20 or of shaft 120 positioned within anchor 20. The ratcheting devices and/or interleaving members also allow movement of anchor 20 or shaft 120 so that tension on the sling can be increased by moving shaft 120 or anchor 20 upward or decreased by moving shaft 120 or anchor 20 downward. Ratcheting devices do not exclude elements or configurations that allow shaft 120 or anchor 20 to move in multiple directions.
Although the preferred embodiment has been described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains that modifications, changes, and improvements may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention defined by the claims. | 67,283 | 146 |
758,029 | TRENT UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES
Fonds Level Description
Munro family fonds. -- 1856-1975. -- 3 m of textual records and related materials. -- 49 maps.
BIOGRAPHY / HISTORY
William Hamilton Munro (1882-1976) was born in Peterborough, Ontario, the oldest son of George and Euphemie Hamilton Munro. He attended public school and high school in Peterborough and later entered the School of Practical Science, University of Toronto, from which he graduated in 1904. He joined the engineering staff of his grandfather's firm, the William Hamilton Manufacturing Company, for a short time and later worked for other engineering companies, first with John B. McRae of Ottawa and later with Smith, Kerry & Chase of Toronto. During this period, Munro gained wide experience in dam and power house construction. In 1909, W.H. Munro was transferred to the Electric Power Company of Ontario and in 1910 was appointed manager of the Peterborough Light & Power and Radial Railway Companies, branches of Electric Power. He then joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force and went overseas as a transport officer. On his arrival in England, W.H. Munro was stationed at a reception and training base at Shorncliffe, Kent. Here he remained for eight months before being posted to northern France early in 1916. He was still in northern France on Armistice Day, 1918 and was with the Canadian Forces during their brief occupation of Germany in 1919. On May 29, 1919, Munro married Angele Melina Marie Pouille of Bruay, Pas de Calais, France. He took his military discharge in England and joined Vickers Limited of London and Barrow-in-Furness. This invloved him in water turbine engineering and sales which led to a good deal of travel. Munro left Vickers in 1926 to become manager of the Nova Scotia Tramways and Power Company in Halifax. He remained in this position until 1928 when he was appointed manager of the Bolivian Power Company Limited in La Paz, Bolivia. In 1933, W.H. Munro returned to Canada and joined International Utilities Limited as general manager of one of its divisions, the Ottawa Light, Heat & Power Company. He remained as manager of International Utilities until his retirement in 1951 when he and his wife returned to Peterborough, Ontario. W.H. Munro died in 1976. George Reid Munro (Reid), 1887-1920, was the second son in the Munro family. He graduated from the School of Practical Science in 1905, and in 1907, he joined the survey party of the Hudson Bay Railway Company. During the World War I, he remained in Peterborough, taking care of the William Hamilton Company and looking after the Munro family affairs. He died in 1920, a victim of an influenza epidemic. (Note that some of George Reid Munro's papers relating to his work are located at the National Archives of Canada - MG 30.) Euphemia Margaret Munro (Effie), 1885-1950, was the only daughter in the Munro family. She attended St. Hilda's College and later graduated from from the University of Toronto in modern languages in 1906. In 1918, she graduated from the Training School for Librarianship in Toronto and was appointed librarian of the Peterborough Normal School, a position she retained until her retirement. The youngest Munro child, Alan Hugh Munro, 1889-1948, graduated from the Faculty of Applied Science, University of Toronto in 1911. On graduation he worked for a succession of power companies on power development construction including the Dominion Department of Railways and Canals, Rice Lake Division of the Trent Canal at Campbellford, Ontario. During the World War I, he served with the 6th Field Company, Canadian Engineers from 1914-1919 and was wounded in 1917. After the World War I, he again worked for a variety of companies on construction projects but appears not to have established himself firmly with any one of them, a situation which was exacerbated by the coming of the Depression. Many letters between 1918 and 1921 mention the influenza epidemic and the many deaths.
The fonds was created members of the Munro family and remained in the custody of the Munro Estate until it was donated to the Trent University Archives.
SCOPE AND CONTENT
This fonds consists of the family and personal papers of William Hamilton Munro, his brothers Reid and Alan and his sister Effie. The materials in the fonds make reference to World War I; Peterborough County; hydro-electric companies in Canada and the third world; photographs, postcards, maps and plans of the Trent Canal; City of Peterborough; and locations in Bolivia, Europe and North America.
Title based on the creators of the fonds.
The fonds includes 49 maps, ca. 500 photographs, and ca. 300 postcards.
The fonds was donated by the Munro Estate via Sheila Currier.
Finding aids: Y
Associated material (George Reid Munro) located at the National Archives of Canada (MG 30) and at the Peterborough Centennial Museum and Archives.
Addition to the fonds: 80-033.
For related records see: 69-001, 72-001 and 78-1001.
Note that there are unaccessioned artifacts which were received with this collection. They are located in the vault.
Maps are located in Map Cabinet - Drawer 4.
Large materials are located in Large
Materials Cabinet - Drawer 26.
Comments on the Collection
William Hamilton Munro was a prolific letter writer and keeper of diaries and an ardent collector of family and business records. The collection which he has retained and preserved covers a time span from 1901 to 1970 and touches every facet of a developing Canadian nation. The early papers are especially rich in local history, casting much light on Peterborough in the early twentieth century in its social, economic, political, religious and business affairs. Families who are still well-known in the community figure prominently in the correspondence. There are lively vignettes on student life at the University of Toronto. Munro's key position from 1910 to 1915 involved him heavily in the urban development and the construction of a street railway system.
The war time letters reveal the lives of two soldiers, one a transport officer, the other a sapper living under conditions of war overseas. They describe their training, camp and barracks life, unit organization, transportation systems, trench life and construction of trenches, hospital life, German raids and atrocities, the food, censorship and social amenities. They discuss and compare the conditions of England and Canada in wartime. From the home front comes news of Canadian reaction to the war, civilian efforts on behalf of the soldiers, the raising of local battalions and the grieving problems of recruitment, the conscription crisis and union government.
The later correspondence and other documents relate to W.H. Munro's personal and business life and follow his progress through a series of increasingly important positions until his appointment as general manager of the Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company. During his career he was twice involved in projects in developing countries, Nigeria and Bolivia. The correspondence produced during these interludes would be useful in assessing the impact on the social, political and economic structures of Third World Countries made by foreign firms seeking to develop their natural resources. Also, Munro was manager of the Peterborough Light and Power Company and general manager of Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company when these firms were expropriated by Ontario Hydro. There might be material for a study of Ontario Hydro's interrelationship with local power companies before their expropriation. Artifacts received with this collection are in the vault in a box labelled "Munro Artifacts 79-006".
1: Letters, cards, telegrams of
condolence to Mrs. George Munro on the death of her husband: Feb 19, 1901 to
May 31, 1902
Several letters are highly descriptive of Varsity life during the period. One letter in particular from Reid, dated Nov 2, 1902, gives a full account of a student event, a night at the theatre which ended in a march and a riot which had to be broken up by the police armed with whips.
2: Munro family letters: July 9,
1901 to Dec 14, 1902
In the fall of 1901, W. H. Munro enrolled in the School of Practical Science, University of Toronto and was joined by his brother, G. R. Munro in 1902.
3: Family letters: Jan 11 to Oct
In the fall of 1903, Effie Munro enrolled at St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto. There are several letters from Fred O. Orr to Reid Munro describing student activity at Queen's University, Kingston.
4: Family letters: Nov 1 to Dec 14, 1903
5: Family letters: Jan 1 to Feb 21, 1904
6: Family letters: Mar, 1904
7: Family letters: Apr, Oct, Dec, 1904 Two undated letters
1: Letters to W.H. Munro: Mar 6
to Sept 6, 1905
During this period, Hamilton worked for the James Leffel & Co., Springfield, Ohio. One letter to Reid and two to Effie from Hamilton
2: Letters to W.H. Munro: Oct, 1905
Includes two letters from Hamilton to his mother.
3: Letters to W.H. Munro: Nov, Dec
One letter from Reid to his mother
4: Letters to W.H. Munro: Jan 8
to July 25, 1906
One letter from Reid to his mother
5: Family letters: Mar 7, 1907,
Oct 7 to Nov 17, 1907, Feb 5 to June 30, 1908
Includes three letters from Alan at the School of Practical Science, University of Toronto, to his mother. During 1908, Hamilton joined the firm of McDougall & McRae, Consulting Engineers, Ottawa.
6: Letters to W.H. Munro: July 9 to Dec 10, 1908
7: Miscellaneous family letters:
Seven letters written in 1909 Four letters written in 1910
8: Letters to and from G.R. Munro:
Sept 24, 1907 to Nov 14, 1908
During this period, Reid joined the survey party of the Hudson Bay Railway Company.
9: Letters to and from G.R. Munro:
Mar 13, 1909 to Aug 21, 1910
The letters pertain to Reid's experience during his employment with the Hudson Bay survey party. At the end of the file there is some miscellaneous material including a couple of newspaper clippings outlining the history of the Hudson's Bay Railway. Also, a government document, J.A.J. McKenna, The Hudson Bay Route.
1: Letters to and
from W.H. Munro: Mar 23 to Sept 29, 1915
Hamilton was commissioned in the Canadian Army Service Corps in March, 1915 and proceeded overseas in July. He was stationed in Shorncliffe, Kent, a permanent British Army camp turned over to the Canadians as a reception and training base. The letters describe barrack life and messing arrangements at the base, war time shipping the Port of Dover (Letter Aug 16), troop movements, especially those of the Second Division preparing to embark for France, modifications which had to be made in the Ross rifle, a second had account of a Zeppelin raid on London (Letter Sept 13). These and letters in subsequent files give a Canadian's impression of English society in war time. There is a brief will of W.H. Munro, dated July 7, 1915.
2: Letters to and
from W.H. Munro: Oct, 1915
Oct 3 - Mrs G. Munro to Hamilton which reveals Canadian civilian reaction to the war.
Oct 5- Hamilton to Mrs Munro describing a naval action which he witnessed off the Port of Dover.
Oct 6 - Reid to Hamilton, informing him of the local shell manufacturing production and his dealings with the Shell Committee. There is also much on local recruitment and enlistments, references to various battalions and their locations, a note that Sam Hughes had interfered in the affairs at Shorncliffe and had upset the officers. There is also a description of the newly constructed section of the Peterborough Street Railway.
Oct 8 - Effie to Hamilton. She tells him of a letter received from a nurse stationed at Lemnos Island off Gallipoli in which she describes the terrible conditions there. This should be checked with Helen Fowlds description in the Marryat Papers.
Oct 10 - Hamilton to Reid, writing an experimental letter to check out rumours that mail to Canada is being censored in Canada and sloppily handled by the censors.
Oct 10 - Hamilton to Effie, referring the Sir Max Aitken (later Lord Beaverbrook) the official Canadian reporter, who is living with family nearby at Hytte.
Oct 15 - Hamilton to Reid, describing a Zeppelin attack on a nearby camp.
Oct 19 - Hamilton to Reid, with more on censorship.
Oct 25 - Hamilton to Mrs. Munro, describing an embarkation of troops for France. He comments briefly on the military activities of the Second Division and congratulates Reid on the success of the shell manufacturing. He notes that his commanding officer, is an imperial regular officer, Major Stafford, an ex-Canadian who used to work with Canadian General Electric and installed the Nassau Power Plant.
Oct 25 - Mrs G. Munro to Hamilton, commenting on the shells made at the Hamilton shops. She writes also about the new battalion being formed in Peterborough.
Oct 31 - Hamilton to Reid, describing the shipwreck of a Dutch schooner on the shore near Shorncliffe, which he witnessed, and the work of the local rocket brigade in rescuing the crew.
Oct 31 - Hamilton to Mrs. Munro
Oct 31 - Reid to Hamilton, reassuring him that his letters have been received in good condition and that there is no sign of censorship. More also on shell manufacturing and the Shell Committee.
3: Letters to and
from W.H. Munro: Nov to Dec 1915
Nov 1 - Effie to Hamilton, discussing the Peterborough street railway line. Describes also the campaign by the Ontario Red Cross to raise money for he British Red Cross.
Nov 1 - W.H. Munro Officer's Record.
Nov 3 - Reid to Hamilton, mentions that two companies of the new 93rd Battalion will be stationed in Peterborough during the winter. Comments on the complement of officers of the battalion.
Nov 5 - Reid to Hamilton
Nov 6 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, telling of a second-hand account he heard of the way in which they camouflaged the North Sea Fleet. Comments on Englishmen who are trying to escape conscription.
Nov 14 - Hamilton to Reid, describing his experience in addressing a British Police court in defence of one of his men who had to appear before it on a petty charge.
Nov 16 - Hamilton to Effie, recounting some officers' mess politics and general remarks on life in the army.
Nov 21 - Hamilton to Reid, describing a routine day.
Nov 24 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro
Nov 27 - Hamilton to Effie, commenting on the calibre of politicians presently forming the governments of Great Britain and Canada. A list of Canadian donors who have provided ambulances to the army.
Dec 1 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro
Dec 7 - Hamilton to Effie
Dec 11 - W.H. Munro Officer's Record.
Dec 12 - Hamilton to Reid, comments on commissioning officers, purpose of officers wearing swords, a close description of Shorncliffe camp.
Dec 19 - Hamilton to his Aunt Jessie Hamilton, recounting a few current army jokes.
Dec 27 - Hamilton to Effie, a few days in London staying at the Savoy Hotel, Christmas in an army camp.
4: Letters to and
from W.H. Munro: Jan to Aug 1916
Jan 4 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, describing Christmas and New Year celebrations at Shorncliffe. Comments on the Munro clan in Scotland.
Jan 9 - W.H. Munro, Recommendations for Appointment or Promotion.
Jan 9 - To Hamilton and signed "Jack". describing a 93rd Battalion band concert in Peterborough.
Jan 9 - J.F. Harvey to Hamilton.
Jan 10 - Hamilton to Effie, commenting on the difficulty of promotion once one is out of Canada.
Jan 19 - Hamilton to Reid
Jan 24 - Hamilton to Effie, commenting on German air raids.
Jan 27 - Hamilton to Reid, telling of his promotion to captain.
Feb 3 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, telling her of his encounter with Lord Kitchener in London. Mentions a German air raid.
Feb 9 - Hamilton to Reid, this letter and the one above were written on a train and describe a trip to Portsmouth and Southampton on duty.
Feb 9 - E.T.B [Ellsmore] to Hamilton, commenting on Canadian officers.
Feb 10 - Hamilton to Effie, telling of a nursing sister who had been stationed at Lemnos Island near Dardanelles.
Feb 20 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, telling her of a visit by his brother Alan.
Feb 26 - Hamilton to Reid, describing the trip to Scotland which he and Alan made. Description of the North Sea Fleet in Edinburgh harbour.
Feb 28 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro
Mar 10 - Hamilton to Aunt Jessie Hamilton. He has received his embarkation orders for France.
Mar 11 - W.H. Munro embarkation orders for Le Havre.
Mar 19 - Mrs G. Munro to Hamilton, news that Alan has been wounded.
May 4 - M. Harkon to Hamilton.
July 4 - Jessie H. McRae to Hamilton, mentioning an Ottawa street fair in aid of the Prisoners of War Fund.
July 9 - Elizabeth S. Henderson to Hamilton, describing a send-off of troops leaving Ottawa.
Aug 11 - Alan to Hamilton, describing the routine at Shorncliffe and criticizing its tedium. Mentions that Sam Hughes has visited the troops at John Moore's Plain.
5: Letters to W.H.
Munro: Sept to Dec 1916
Sept 29 and 30 - Letters and telegrams concerning Arthur Ackerman being wounded.
Oct 6- Effie to Hamilton, commenting on the dreadful casualty lists. She mentions the deaths of Grandma and Aunt Jessie and the necessity of giving up the house at 459 Reid Street and moving into their Brock Street house. Much news concerning Peterborough people and affairs.
Oct 7 - Reid to Effie.
Oct 9 - Effie to Hamilton, telling him that Arthur Ackerman has been badly wounded. Expresses a civilian's worries that so many local boys are in such danger.
Oct 12 - Mrs G. Munro to Hamilton, mentioning that the Canadians are again in action on the Somme.
Oct 12 - Effie to Hamilton, saying that recruiting seems to be slacking lately.
Oct 13 - Effie to Hamilton, informing him of Arthur Ackerman's death. She mentions again the terrible casualty lists lately and encloses an editorial from a recent Globe criticizing the lack of artillery preparation for the Canadian attack north of the Somme.
Oct 13 - Alan to Hamilton, telling him that he has applied for a commission.
Oct 16 - Mrs G. Munro to Hamilton
Oct 18 - Effie to Hamilton, expressing her deep distress at the loss of so many fine young men and her special grief over the death of Arthur Ackerman, M.C., her profound anger that young men like Ackerman are called upon to do so much for their country while strong, able- bodied men stay and home and do nothing. It's a touching, powerful, passionate letter from gentle Effie.
Oct 20 - E.T.B.G. to Hamilton informing him that his job will be Workshop Officer in the Troops Supply Column.
Oct 20 - Effie to Hamilton, informing him that a new battalion, the 247th, was formed in Peterborough two months ago. Recruiting is at a very low ebb and the government must do something decisive soon.
Oct 21 - Mrs G. Munro to Hamilton.
Oct 26 - Mrs G. Munro to Hamilton.
Oct 27 - Effie to Hamilton, enclosing a letter from Jessie H. McRae to Effie.
Oct 30 - C. Currier to Hamilton, regretting the enormous losses of manpower in France.
Nov 1 - Alan to Hamilton, informing him that he is now in camp at Crowborough, Sussex.
Nov 4 - Mrs G. Munro to Hamilton
Nov 5 - Jessie H. McRae to Hamilton
Nov 14 - Reid to Hamilton, commenting on Sam Hughes' resignation. Note that Alan is probably back in France again.
6: Letters from
W.H. Munro: 1917
Jan - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, describing the Christmas dinner which was provided for the men.
Mar 6 - Confidential official letter noting that W.H. Munro has been appointed Officer Commanding, No.3 Canadian Ammunition Sub Park.
Mar 8 - W.H. Munro, Certificate of Transfer.
June 30 - Programme for the Canadian Corps Ammunition. Park field day.
Sept 3 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro
Sept 5 - Hamilton to Reid, describing a Pierrot company which had entertained the troops.
Sept 11 - Hamilton to Reid
Sept 12 - Canadian Corps Fall Championship programme
Oct - Hamilton to Effie, telling her that Alan is attending a non- commissioned officer's school of instruction. Describes a four day leave in Paris.
Oct 18 - Hamilton to Effie, explaining the system for promotion in France. Describes the bombing of a hospital.
Nov 10 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro
Dec 6 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, discussing the imminent Canadian general election and describing the election process at the war front.
Dec 9 - A.J. Rondeau to Private R. Coe and the latter's reply. An exchange of letters between a front line soldier and his minister.
Dec 20 - Hamilton to Effie, commenting again on the Canadian election and its results. Describes with some warmth the character of a number of Peterborough's citizens.
7: Letters from
W.H. Munro: 1918
Jan 4 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro. The letter is written from Tournai, Belgium. Hamilton becomes Officer Commanding the Canadian Engineers Motor Transport Company and has been ordered to join them in Bonn, Germany.
Jan 11 - Hamilton to Effie, asking for information on the Canadian Election.
Jan 21 - Hamilton to Reid, commenting on the value of Russian bonds. He speaks of the mutual understanding between British and German flyers to let each other know if one of the other side's pilots has been killed.
Feb 5 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, describing meals at the front and an encounter with an American officer.
Feb 11 - Major F.J. McLean, Commanding, Canadian Corps Ammunition Park, to W.H. Munro congratulating him and his unit on an excellent inspection.
Feb 14 - Hamilton to Effie, asking about the report of a bad fire in Peterborough.
Feb 26 - Hamilton to Effie
Mar 8 - Hamilton to Reid from London where he is on leave.
Mar 12 - Hamilton to Effie
Mar 15 - Hamilton to Effie from Nice.
Mar [ ] - Hamilton to Reid, discussing the reorganization of the business in Peterborough.
Apr 14 - W.H. Munro, Certification of Transfer.
Apr 25 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, telling her of French confidence in the Canadian Corps.
Apr [ ] - Hamilton to Reid, describing an air raid on Paris.
May 19 - Hamilton to Reid, informing him that the front has been overrun and imagining a scene of an average village's suffering under such circumstances. A very graphic description of what Peterborough and surrounding country might expect to suffer under similar conditions.
June 1 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, describing the shooting down of a Gotha bomber.
June 10 - Hamilton to Effie
June 29 - Hamilton to Effie, commenting on the Americans in England and evaluating English characteristics.
July 5 - Hamilton to Reid, telling him that Alan is in England going through for his commission.
July 8 - Hamilton to Reid.
Aug 16 - Reid to Hamilton, concerning his commission.
Aug 19 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, noting the recent Allied victories.
Sept 2 - Hamilton to Reid, discussing a water power development scheme and suggestions regarding making connections with a British firm.
Sept 29 - Hamilton to Effie, commenting on the success of the Canadian Corps.
Oct 17 - Hamilton to Effie, approving her plan for taking up work in the library. Describes a leave in Paris.
Nov 1 - Hamilton to Reid, describing his reception in a French village.
Nov 4 - W.H. Munro, a letter to his Officer Commanding regarding his seniority.
Nov 4 - Hamilton to Reid, more on his seniority.
Nov 8 - Hamilton to Reid, rumours of an armistice. Describes the country that had been the German rear sector. Comments on the German withdrawal from the area.
Nov 11 - Hamilton to Reid, "The War is Over."
"Nov 19, 1918--the kids in school for the rest of time will probably hang the rest of their history around it like our old friend 1066."
Nov 16 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, telling her that he is off to Germany and describing the end of the war. Comments on Borden and Wilson. Dec [ ] - Hamilton to Mrs Munro from Belgium.
Dec 4 - Hamilton to Reid from Belgium.
Dec 10 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro from Belgium, telling her that Alan is sailing for Canada. Comments on the 3rd Canadian Division's ball at Brussels.
Dec 18 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, describing Armistice Day.
Dec 18 - W.H. Munro, confirmation of his seniority.
Dec 26 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro.
Dec 26 - Reid to Hamilton
undated - W.H. Munro, application for promotion to the rank of major.
1: Letters from
Alan Hugh Munro: Nov 26, 1914 to Dec 17, 1915
Nov 26 - Alan to Captain Malcolm, O.C. 5th Canadian Engineers, Kingston, Ontario, volunteering for overseas service with the Second Contingent.
Nov 28 - Alan to Mrs Munro from Campbellford, Ontario, saying that he has been accepted.
Dec 3 - Alan to Mrs. Munro from Kingston, has drawn his uniform and equipment.
Dec 5 - Letter to Alan from the Superintending Engineer of the Department of Railways and Canals, Trent Canal, assuring Alan that every attempt will be made to find him a similar position to that he had occupied when he returns from the front.
Dec 6 - Alan to Mrs Munro, has been and training and outlines his routine.
Dec 14 - Alan to Effie
Dec 31 - Alan to Mrs Munro, telling her about a farewell dinner given to his unit by faculty members of Queen's University and their wives.
Jan 4, 1915 - Alan to Mrs Munro, leaving for Ottawa today.
Jan 7 - Alan to Effie from Landsdowne Park, Ottawa, describing the barracks and army life.
Jan 8 - Alan to Reid, telling him that his company is to be reorganized, dropping two sections that are French and making them up with Toronto recruits.
Jan 16 - Alan to Mrs Munro, describing a new field kitchen which is to be tried out.
Jan 21 - Alan to Effie.
Jan 25 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
Feb 1 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
Mar 22 - Alan to Mrs Munro, informing her that his unit has recently been inspected by the Duke of Connaught at Cartier Square and by Major-General Lessard, Inspector of Troops.
Mar 26 - Superintending Engineer, Department of Railways and Canals, to Alan.
Apr 11 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
Apr 16 - Alan to Mrs Munro, telling her that he is on the train for Halifax. He describes the troop movement.
Apr 17 - Alan to Mrs Munro, a telegram saying that he has arrived in Halifax.
Apr 30 - Alan to Mrs Munro bearing the return address Sandling Camp, Hythe, Kent County, England, describing the entry into Bristol Channel, the naval escort and the composition of the troops on board his ship the Northland. Also describes his trip from Halifax.
Apr 30 - Alan to Reid, a telegram telling of his safe arrival in England.
May 9 - Alan to Mrs. Munro, his address in Dibgate Camp, Thorncliff, Kent County, England.
May 18 - Alan to Mrs Munro, saying that he has heard that the Irish in Belfast are being armed by the Germans.
May 26 - Alan to Mrs Munro, is sorry to hear that so many Peterborough boys have been killed.
June 4 - Alan to Mrs Munro, the reserves of the 9th Battery of the First Contingent are camped in a valley below his camp. The Engineers were inspected by Major-General Steele, commanding Second Contingent.
June 9 - Alan to Reid, all the western battalions of the Second Contingent have arrived within the last week and are camped nearby. The Engineers and Signal Company are to be split up and attached to different brigades. Describes the digging of a trench and discusses the shortage of munitions.
June 30 - A. McPherson to Reid
July 12 - Alan to Mrs Munro, the 39th Battalion arrived a week ago and is camped near Shorncliffe. Another description of trench digging.
July 18 - Alan to Mrs Munro, the whole Second Contingent was inspected by Sam Hughes and Premier Borden yesterday. Describes the armed forces present.
July 25 - Alan to Mrs Munro, Hamilton has arrived in England.
Aug 1 - Alan to Effie, is on furlough in London and is going to Edinburgh.
Aug 24 - Alan to Mrs Munro, he is bivouacked in a temporary camp during a four day manoeuvre of the whole division.
Enclosed in the attached envelope are some loose leaves from his diary. These cover the period Aug 15 to 28.
Sept 5 - Alan to Effie, he expects to leave for France soon to a place just north of Armentieres in the line between there and Ypres. On Thursday the whole division was inspected by the King and Lord Kitchener. He describes the inspection and march past.
Sept 12 - Alan to Mrs Munro, Zeppelin air raids over London.
Sept 16 - Alan to Hamilton from Southampton at the point of embarkation.
Sept 16 - Alan to Mrs Munro from Southampton.
Sept 22 - Alan to Mrs Munro from Belgium, he is not allowed to give any information on his movements but describes his arrival in France and movement by train. He is comparatively near the firing line.
Sept 23 - Alan to Hamilton
Sept 28 - Alan to Hamilton, describing his arrival.
Oct 3 - Alan to Mrs Munro, commenting on recruiting at home. He has not been up to work on the trenches yet although part of his company has been. Can see the balloons used for observing artillery fire.
Oct 4 - Alan to Hamilton, describing the camp. He is working on improving communication trenches and discusses the working parties and military activity.
Oct 5 - Alan to Mrs Munro, giving her an account of the trip that he had taken to Scotland just before being posted to Belgium. Oct 19 - Alan to Hamilton, describing artillery activity. The letter is heavily censored.
Nov 1 - Alan to Effie, an official postcard.
Nov 2 - Alan to Reid, describing the artillery shells being used. Complains of the mud in the trenches.
Nov 4 - Alan to Hamilton, explaining the censored letter of Oct 19. More artillery and aircraft activity.
Nov 16 - Alan to Mrs Munro, mentioning some casualties.
Nov 22 - Alan to Hamilton, commenting on the differences between Saxon and Prussian troops when they attack the trenches.
Nov 29 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
Dec 2 - Alan to Hamilton, mentioning the loss of a hospital ship in the English Channel.
Dec 2 - Alan to Effie, describing a heavy artillery bombardment. Explains the difference between a field company and divisional engineer.
Dec 14 - Alan to Mrs Munro, commenting on the mail situation. Describes the mud, the trenches, the dug-outs and the experience of being bombarded.
Dec 17 - Alan to Effie, an official postcard.
2: Letters from
Alan Hugh Munro: Jan 9 to June 29, 1916
Jan 7 - Alan to Effie, an official postcard.
Jan 9 - Alan to Effie, mentioning Peterborough School Board investigation but not its nature. Describes conditions in the trenches.
Jan 11 - Alan to Hamilton
Jan 19 - Alan to Mrs Munro, everything quiet, thinks Canada will send a third contingent.
Jan 20 - Reid to Hamilton
Jan 30 - Alan to Mrs Munro, describing a dug-out in a wrecked farm building.
Jan 31 - Alan to Hamilton (noticed missing December 2003)
Feb 6 - Alan to Mrs Munro, commenting on the burning of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa. Describes the front line, its structure and organization. Notes that all of the regular infantry are out of the trenches for a rest.
Feb 8 - Alan to Hamilton, telling him that he expects to leave on furlough in England and Scotland.
Feb 21 - Alan to Reid from Glasgow, describing his company's position on the Western Front.
Feb 29 - Alan to Mrs Munro. Back in Belgium, mentions a charge made by Major Bennett and some Peterborough soldiers who were killed in the attack. Describes his leave in Britain.
Mar 3 -Stewart Laing to Hamilton, confirming the fact that Alan has been wounded in the leg.
Mar 7 -Telegraph to Hamilton telling of Alan's wound.
Mar 8 - Hamilton to Reid assuring him that Alan's wound is not serious.
Mar 8 - Alan to Mrs Munro from France, telling her that he is in a base hospital as a result of a shrapnell bullet wound above the left knee. Not serious. He is in a Canadian General Hospital. He narrates how he was wounded.
Mar 13 - Telegram from the Adjutant General to Mrs Munro concerning Alan's wound.
Mar 14 - Alan to Mrs Munro from Hospital in Oxford describing the hospital.
Mar 16 - Alan to Hamilton.
Mar 17 - David C. Lush to Mrs Munro, assuring her that Alan's wound is not serious and he is in good hands.
Mar 26 - Alan to Mrs Munro, Hamilton is at the front.
Mar 31 - Alan to Hamilton, congratulating him on getting to the other side.
Mar 31 - Claude Rogers to Reid, a telegram saying that Alan is better and walking around. .
Apr 2- Alan to Effie, hopes to be going into a convalescent home soon
Apr 7 - Alan to Mrs Munro from Canadian Convalescent Hospital, Bear Wood, Wokingham, Birks., describing life at the hospital. Mentions that Mrs. Pankhurst has been in Peterborough and probably shook up the ladies sewing circle.
Apr 9 - Alan to Hamilton, describing the hospital.
Apr 13 - Alan to Mrs Munro
Apr 23 - Alan to Reid from Canadian Convalescent Home, Bromley, Kent, to which he has been transferred at his own request. Comments on recruiting in England and describes the hospital.
Apr 25 - Alan to Hamilton.
Apr 29 - Adjutant General to Mrs Munro, reporting on Alan.
Apr 30 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
May 1 - Alan to Mrs Munro, discussing the canal at Peterborough. Mentions the Hydro taking over Trent Water powers.
May 7 - Alan to Hamilton, again mentioning the Hydro-Electric taking over the Electric Power Company.
May 14 - Alan to Mrs. Munro, discussing the difficulties of recruiting men for the 93rd Battalion at Peterborough. Mentions the rebellion in Ireland. Refers to Sam Hughes and a scandal over shell production.
May 18 -Alan to Hamilton, congratulating him on receiving his captaincy. Again refers to the rebellion in Ireland.
May 21 - Alan to Effie.
May 27 - The Adjutant General to Mrs Munro, reporting on Alan.
May 28 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
June 5 - Alan to Reid, referring to the naval battle that took place last week.
June 13 - Alan to Mrs Munro, noting that Lord Kitchener has been drowned on his way to Russia.
June 19 - Alan to Mrs Munro, describing hospital activities.
June 22 - Alan to Hamilton, discussing the possibility of getting a commission. Refers to Hydro taking over all generating stations, the Canadians at Ypres, the loss of Kitchener.
June 24 - Alan to Hamilton, again discussing a commission. Wants to return to duty with his company.
June 29 - Alan to Mrs Munro, he has heard that there are about 17,000 Canadians in hospitals around London following all the activity in the Ypres area.
3: Letters from
Alan Hugh Munro: July 7, 1916 to Jan 11, 1917
July 7 - Alan to Mrs Munro, heavy casualties in the London Hospitals, 2,000 prisoners of war arrived at Southampton including half a battalion of Prussians.
July 13 - Christine Baker to Mrs Munro.
July 16 - Alan to Effie, expects to be leaving hospital soon. According to reports the British have got four miles behind the German front line on a three mile front.
July 19 - Alan to Hamilton, from Canadian Casualty Assembly Centre, Folkestone, Kent.
July 23 - Alan to Hamilton, he's going on sick leave in Scotland. Composition of the Engineers at the training depot.
July 23 - Alan to Reid while on sick leave. At Charing Cross Station there were great crowds waiting for a convoy of wounded.
July 28 - Alan to Mrs Munro from Scotland where he is on sick leave.
Aug 5 - Alan to Mrs Munro from Canadian Engineers Training Depot, Shorncliffe, Kent, describing his trip to Scotland Sam Hughes has inspected the troops at Shorncliffe.
Aug 10 - Adjutant General to Mrs Munro, reporting Alan's dismissal from hospital.
Aug 14 - Alan to Munro on Reid Street, Peterborough, a telegram.
Aug 20 - Alan to Mrs Munro, describing training activities, reporting on his application for a commission.
Aug 20 - Alan to Hamilton, describing training camp activities.
Aug 30 - Alan to Hamilton, reporting hat his commission has been recommended. Comments on the death of his grandmother, Aug 7, 1916.
Sept 2 - Telegram from Alan to the family at Reid Street, Peterborough, expressing regrets for his grandmother's death.
Sept 3 - Alan to Reid, grandmother's death.
Sept 10 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
Sept 11 - Alan to Hamilton, the Canadian are the Somme area.
Sept 18 - Alan to Effie, commenting on the disappointing recruitment for the 93rd Battalion in the Peterborough area.
Sept 25 - Alan to Mrs Munro, Zeppelin raids on London.
Sept 30 - Alan to Hamilton, the Canadians are busy on the Somme. Comments on tanks. More on his commission.
Oct 4 - Alan to Effie, expressing shock at Aunt Jessie Hamilton's death. Mentions Eric Fowlds at Lympne Castle and his sister Helen, a nurse at Salonika (cf. Fowlds and Marryat Papers).
Oct 4 - Telegram from Alan to the Munro family on Reid Street regretting Aunt Jessie Hamilton's death.
Oct 11 - Alan to Reid.
Oct 24 - Alan to Mrs Munro, is moving to Crowborough, Sussex, and will go into huts there. On October 26, he added a note describing the camp.
Oct 30 - Alan to Effie
Nov 5 - Alan to Mrs Munro, expects to be called out on a draft for France on Friday.
Nov 11 - Telegram from Alan to the Munro family saying simply "On draft".
Nov 14 - Alan to Mrs Munro, an official postcard.
Nov 18 - Alan to Mrs Munro from France, describing the movement of troops. Asquith and Lloyd George crossed the channel on their ship. Sir Sam Hughes' resignation.
Nov 26 - Alan to Mrs Munro, describing camp life and the muddy conditions.
Nov 26 - Alan to Hamilton, describing the movement to France and the camp.
Dec 2 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
Dec 10 - Alan to Mrs Munro, the election of Lloyd George as Prime Minister.
Dec 13 - Alan to Hamilton, Lloyd George as Prime Minister and Sir Sam Hughes' resignation.
Dec 17 - Alan to Effie, commenting on the French people and their towns.
Dec 25 - Alan to Mrs Munro, describing Christmas dinner.
Dec 31 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
Jan 1, 1917 - [Source unknown]
Jan 4 - Alan to Hamilton, has not been returned to his company of sappers because it was discovered that he is also a surveyor which they are not sending to the front. Comments on the Quaker Oats Company being burned down with the loss of 16 men.
Jan 7 - Alan to Mrs Munro, the Quaker Oats fire.
Jan 11 - Alan to Mrs Munro.
Oct 25, 1919 - Alan's Certificate of Service, Canadian Expeditionary Force and an attached curriculum vitae.
Dec 20 - C.P. Cameron to Reid, an official postcard.
Jan 16, 1916 - Arthur F. Field to F.D. Kerr from a German prisoner of war camp describing how he was wounded and taken prisoner.
Jan 28, 1916 - A. Chew to Reid, noting a new auxiliary hospital which is being financed by the Massey-Harris people. Speaks of the recruiting drive in the Peterborough area. Notes that it is a mistake to fill up the regiment "with misfits and bums and jail birds." "The slogan should not be `to fill up the 93rd' but `to fill up the 93rd with men'".
Feb 4, 1916 - Stewart Laing to Mrs Munro, hoping this summer will see the end of the war.
Feb 4 - Cyril Giroux to Reid, a postcard.
Mar 8 - A. MacPherson to Reid, from Canadian Convalescent Hospital, Bromley, Kent, saying that he has had Alan transferred to his hospital.
Apr 15 - J.M. Lower to Reid, reporting the death of Corporal Jimmy Campbell who had won the Czar of Russia's medal for distinguished service in the field. Photograph of his grave behind German lines enclosed.
June 19 - Jack H. Cameron to Mrs Munro.
July 5 - Norman Geale to Mrs Munro, he is in Sheffield with Aeronautical Inspection Department and is not allowed to fly very much.
July 12 - F.W. Burnham to Gerry [ ], noting his appreciation of Bairns father's pictures because of his own experience at the front.
July 28 - W.A. Holmes to the William Hamilton Company, an official postcard.
Aug 15 - Cyril [ ] to Reid, an official postcard.
Sept 8 - Claude [Rogers] to Reid, he almost had a trip to France with Sir Max Aitken. Asks about shell production. Comments on the effects of Zeppelin raids.
Sept 14 - Keith G. Lech to Reid, a postcard of the 93rd Battalion, C.E.F.
Sept 21 - Ross [ ] to Reid, a postcard.
Sept 26 - C.R. Cameron to Reid, commenting on life in a training battalion and the English system of training which the Canadians have adopted. Notes that the 93rd Battalion is nearby.
Sept 30 - Claude [Rogers] to Reid, reporting on the wounding of Arthur Ackerman and commenting on the savagery of the slaughter. News of various soldiers from the Peterborough area.
Oct 1 - [Lawrence Bradley] Kingston writing from his artillery position near the front line in France. Discussion of the quality of his artillery training in England and the lack of equipment there. "Things are going rather well lately and we are at last able to give the Hun a taste of what our men have been getting for two years and I don't believe he likes it." Describes his artillery position near the line. Comments on the cooperation between the artillery and the air force and is impressed by the daring of the latter.
Nov 13 - Jack H. Cameron to Reid, reporting news of a draft for France which includes Alan.
Dec 3 - Larry [ ] to Reid, official postcard.
Dec 14 - Hayrie Groux to Reid, official postcard.
undated - Terry [ ] to Reid.
undated - Claude Rogers to Reid, saying that he is on the staff on Colonel Sir Max Aitken in France. Tells of his difference with Hamilton.
undated - Members of No. 8 Company enlisted for Overseas Service.
1: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
Jan to Apr 1919
Jan 12 - Hamilton to Effie from Bonn where he is stationed during the early occupation of Germany. He gives a vivid description of the countryside and contrasts its peace with the horrors and ruins that he has seen in France and Belgium.
Jan 19 - Hamilton to Mrs. Munro, referring to the terrible fighting which has taken place in the British sector of the front. German civilian reaction to the Canadian occupiers.
Jan 24 - Hamilton to Effie, more description of occupied Germany.
Jan 30 - Hamilton to Reid from Andenne, Belgium. The Canadians have left Germany, a description of the withdrawal, Belgian reactions to their return. German atrocities in Belgium.
Mar 8 - Hamilton to Reid, worrying that all the jobs will be snatched up because of the forced delay of his return. Discusses who has the right to war the "Mons ribbon". German atrocities against the Belgians.
Mar 18 - Hamilton to Reid, discussing problems at the Wm. Hamilton Co. Description of the people and social life in Flanders.
Mar 23 - Mrs G. Munro to Hamilton, return of Canadian soldiers from overseas. Discusses the street railway construction.
Mar 24 - Effie to Hamilton, Alan is at home and will apply for a position on the Trent or Welland Canal. Return of the troops. A church service, the unveiling of two memorial tablets.
Mar 29 - Reid to Hamilton, describing the changes at the Wm. Hamilton Co. The economic state of the country.
Mar 30 - Mrs Munro to Hamilton, commenting on the unrest in the world.
Mar 30 - Hamilton to Mrs Munro, he has been writing to various people on prospective jobs.
Mar 31 - Effie to Hamilton, she is working at the Public Library and describes it. There are also a number of letters of application which Hamilton sent off during April.
2: Letters to and from W.H. Munro,
May to June, 1919
May 7 - Reid to Hamilton, urging him not to take his discharge and find a job overseas.
May 21 - W.H. Munro, Dispersal Certificate showing a discharge in England and designating him as a major.
June 21 - W.H. Munro, passport. The other letters in the file are mostly applications for positions, letters of introduction and recommendation.
3: Letters relating to G.R Munro's
death. Reid died suddenly of influenza on Mar 1, 1920.
Letters: Nov 18, 1918 to June 22, 1928 Pertaining to Effie's career as a librarian.
4: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
Apr to Dec, 1919
Mostly letters pertaining to his attempts to find a job. They include a curriculum vitae, applications, letters of recommendation. He eventually took a position with Vickers Ltd. of London in Nov. Before taking up a permanent appointment, he had a temporary engagement with the company near the beginning of July to make a report on the power scheme being installed at Bukuru for the North Nigerian Tin Mines Limited. There are several letters congratulating him on his marriage.
5: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
1920 to 1923
Mostly business letters connected with his work at Vickers Ltd. In the summer of 1925, Hamilton was promoted to the position of sales manager at the Canadian Vickers Co. in Montreal.
6: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
Mostly letters and plans pertaining to the Vickers Co.
7: Various reports and plans pertaining to the Vickers Co.
8: Gatineau Power Co. water resources inventory of the Coulonge River.
1: Letters to Angele, mostly from
Hamilton: June 13 to Dec 14, 1919
Hamilton and Angele Melina Marie Pouille of Bruay, Pas de Calais, France were married at St. Pancras, London on May 29, 1919.
2: Letters to Angele, mostly from Hamilton: Jan 7 to June 29, 1920
3: Letters to Angele, mostly from Hamilton: July 3 to Aug 25, 1920
4: Letters to Angele, mostly from Hamilton: Oct 3 to Dec 18, 1920
1: Letters to Angele, mostly from Hamilton: Feb 8 to Apr 27, 1921, May 14, 15 and 22, 1922
2: Letters from Angele, mostly to Hamilton: June 17 to Sept 4, 1919
3: Letters from Angele, mostly to Hamilton: Feb 2 to June 29, 1920
4: Letters from Angele, mostly to Hamilton: July 1 to Dec 19, 1920
5: Letters from Angele, mostly to Hamilton: 1921 to 1925 There are 8 letters for Apr, 1921, 3 for May, 1922, 2 for Feb, 1923 and 2 for Nov, 1925.
6: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
1926 to 1927
7 letters for 1926, 15 letters, some of them from Angele in France for 1927. Early in 1926 Hamilton was appointed manager of the Nova Scotia Tramways and Power Co., Ltd., a position which he held untill the end of 1927.
1: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
Feb to May, 1928
At the beginning of 1928, Hamilton became manager of the Bolivian Power Company Ltd., La Paz. Most of the letters are to I.W. Killam of the Royal Securities Corporation Montreal, reporting on the Bolivian Power Company's activities, negotiations and development.
2: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
June to Dec, 1928
The correspondence again is mostly with I.W. Killam.
3: Letter to W.H. Munro: 1929 mostly
from Effie, but several from Angele.
In Letters of June 4 and June 8, Effie gives and interesting account of a trip to Washington, D.C., to attend an American Library Association conference. She was accompanied by Winifred Branstead who, for a great many years, was the head of the University of Toronto Library School.
4: Letters from W.H. Munro, mostly
to Mrs. G. Munro: 1930
Descriptions of Bolivia and of the ancient walled city, Cuzco, Peru. Also an exciting description of a Bolivian revolution which whirled around the Munros for several days.
5: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
A good deal of comment on South American political affairs and the Depression.
6: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
In the early part of the year, Hamilton resigned from the Bolivian Power Company and returned to Canada. The bad economic times are discussed in a number of the letters.
1: Documents relating to the Bolivian Power Company including a history of the company.
2: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
Jan to June, 1933
During this period, Hamilton was appointed General Manager, Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Co., Ltd. More discussion of economic and social problems during the Depression.
3: Letter to and from W.H. Munro:
July to Dec, 1933
Many of the letters concern the preparation of a couple of lectures which Hamilton was invited to give to fourth year engineering students at McGill University in Dec, 1933.
4: Letters and post cards from Effie:
1932 and 1934
The letters of 1932 are all from Effie describing her trip to Britain and Europe. See also her diary for the period. The folder contains her passport.
5: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
A number of letters from people looking for jobs. Letters of introduction.
6: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
Several interesting letters from Alan describing road construction in Northern Ontario where he is working. Alan's letter of June 23 recounts a visit to the Ignatieff family in Toronto.
1: Letters to and from W.H. Munro: 1936
2: Letters to and from W.H. Munro: 1937
3: Letters to and from W.H. Munro: 1938
4: Letters to and from W.H. Munro: 1939 Some of the letters mention the Royal Visit and the out break of war.
5: Letters to and from Effie: 1935 to 1940
6: Letters to Effie: 1939 to 1943 Wedding invitations, letters of thanks for gifts.
1: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
1940 to 1941
Pamphlets and articles on energy conservation and wood heating.
2: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
1942 to 1943
A few of the letters comment on the war. An interesting letter, Nov 9, 1943, from T.H. Theobald to Hamilton and bearing the Peterborough Examiner letterhead, describes the process by which Frank Dobbin collected and used local materials for articles on Peterborough history and for his book Our Old Home Town.
3: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
1944 to 1945
There is a letter, dated Apr 8, 1944, from William Lyon Mackenzie King.
A letter dated Jan 7, 1945 has attached to it a genealogical sketch of the Honourable Zacheas Burnham of Coburg, Ontario.
4: Letter to and from W.H. Munro:
1946 to 1947
Several letters discuss the possibility of a take-over of the Ottawa Light Heat and Power Company by the Ontario Hydro- Electric Commission.
5: Letters to and from W.H. Munro:
1948 to 1950
Alan Hugh Munro died on Aug 30, 1948 and his will is in the folder. Several interesting letters from Miss Edith B. Lewis of Hudson Heights, Quebec, giving information on a number of Peterborough People during her childhood.
6: Twenty-two letters to and from W.H. Munro: 1950 to Apr 1962
7: Miscellaneous undated letters and other papers. Contains a brief memoir on the Munro family by Mrs Hazel (Dean) Anderson of Anson House, Peterborough, who was a close friend of Effie's.
1: Documents relating to Munro family properties at 352 Brock street and 572 Weller Street, Peterborough.
2: Letters and other documents relating to the Bronson Company. Indentures between the Bronson Company and the Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company.
3: The Bronson Company: 1968. Much of the correspondence related to the collapse of the south wall of the Bronson Company Channel in Ottawa.
1: Work diary: 1909 - Two undated
work diaries in which internal evidence suggests that they were written while
W.H. Munro was carrying out engineering investigations for Smith, Kerry and
Chase, Consulting Engineers, Toronto, in 1909.
Work diary: July 20 to Oct 1, 1910
Work diary: Oct, 1910 - Sixteen numbered work diaries, numbers 1-6 (lacking number 13): Sept 21, 1911 to Feb, 1915 - During this period, W.H. Munro was manager in Peterborough of Electric Power Company in charge of Peterborough Radial Railway Company and Peterborough Light and Power Company.
Work diary: Sept 21 to Nov 28, 1911
2: Work diaries (continued)
No. 2: Nov 28, 1911 to Jan 15, 1912
No. 3: Jan 15 to Mar 11, 1912
No. 4: Mar 11 to May 13, 1912
No. 5: May 13 to July 18, 1912
No. 6: July 18 to Oct 30, 1912
No. 7: Oct 30, 1912 to Jan 21, 1913
3: Work diaries (continued)
No. 8: Jan 22 to Apr 1, 1913
No. 9: Apr 1 to June 20, 1913
No. 10: June 20 to Sept 25, 1913
No. 11: Sept 25 to Dec 26, 1913
No. 12: Dec 26, 1913 to Apr 29, 1914
No. 14: [sic!]: Apr 29 to Nov 5, 1914
4: Work diaries (continued)
No. 15: Nov 15, 1914 to Feb 10, 1915
No. 16: Feb 10, 1915
Military work diary, May 12, Aug 4, 1917
Military work diary, Dec 12, 1917 to Mar 8, 1918
Two undated military work diaries.
1: Work diary: June 22 to Nov 26,
1919 - This diary covers the period during which W.H. Munro was working for
the Vickers Company in Nigeria.
Work diary: Nov 8, 1919 to Apr 30, 1920 - Hamilton returned to Canada and Peterborough for a short visit.
Army correspondence book: Mar to July, 1916 July to Sept, 1916
As well as correspondence, these books contain technical notes relating to the running of a transportation unit.
Diaries: 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919 These should be used in conjunction with W.H. correspondence during the period.
2: Correspondence and notebook:
Feb 28, 1917 to Apr 17, 1918
Field message book:
May 6 to May 21, 1918
May 21 to July 1, 1918
July 3 to Aug 14, 1918
July 15 to Sept 13, 1918
Oct 1 to Nov 30, 1918
Dec 12, 1918 to Feb 12, 1919
Jan 22, 1920 to Dec 19, 1922
Mar 26, 1920 to Dec 17, 1922
4: Diaries (Continued):
Jan 1, 1923 to Dec 29, 1924
Jan 17 to Mar 6, 1923
1: Diaries (Continued):
Jan 2 to Mar 2, 1925
Mar 2 to Sept 9, 1925
2: Diaries (Continued):
Sept 11, 1925 to Nov 4, 1927
Nov 7 to Dec 31, 1927
Jan 1 to Mar 31, 1928
Apr 1 to June 30, 1928
July 1 to Sept 30, 1928
Oct 1 to Dec 31, 1928
3: Diaries (Continued):
Jan 1 to Mar 31, 1929
Apr 1 to June 30, 1929
July 1 to Sept 30, 1929
Oct 1 to Dec 31, 1929
Jan 1 to Mar 31, 1930
Apr 1 to June 30, 1930
July 1 to Sept 30, 1930
Oct 1 to Dec 31, 1930
4: Diaries (Continued):
Apr 1 to May 31, 1931
June 1 to Aug 31, 1931
Sept 1 to Dec 31, 1931
1: Work journals: 1935, 1936, 1939,
1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948
These journals were kept during the period in which W.H. Munro was manager of the Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company.
Diaries: 1947, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954 (two diaries), 1955, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
List of household effects, 392 South Street, Halifax: 1927
Expense book: 1949 Gasoline, oil expenses: 1937 to 1948, 1950 to 1954
Three undated notebooks
1: Effie Munro Diaries: 1901 1915
Describes activities on the home front, Red Cross activities, et cetera. During this period Hamilton and Alan both joined the army and left for overseas.
Mar 10 to Sept 9, 1917
Sept 10, 1917 to Dec 14, 1918
June 1, 1926 to May 4, 1927
May 7, 1927 to June 10, 1928
1931 to 1934
June 29 to Aug 17, 1932, diary of Effie's trip to Britain and Europe.
Expense book for the trip. 1941, 1943
Memoir, 1 page.
1: Photographs: 1908 to 1938
Contains also some post cards.
2: Photographs: 1908 to 1925
William Hamilton Foundry and special construction projects such as that at Chaudiere Falls in Ottawa.
3: Post cards: World War I, depicting battles and especially German atrocities. Also pictures of ocean liners of the period.
4: Post cards and photographs: World War I and immediately afterwards. Contains also some handsome, coloured mementoes of the war.
5: Post cards and photographs: England, Scotland, Ireland: circa 1926 to 1928.
6: Photographs: taken during a European trip: 1924
7: Photographs: 1925 to 1930
8: Post cards, Belgium.
9: Photographs: summer activities: 1901 to 1902
1: Photographs and post cards, Bolivia
2: Photographs, Bolivia: 1929 to 1930 Excellent views of the rugged country- side and construction sites.
3: Photographs, Bolivia: 1930 to 1931
4: Photographs, Bolivia: 1930 to 1931
5: Photographs, Bolivia
1: Clippings from Bolivian newspapers: 1928 mostly concerning the activities of the Bolivian Power Company.
1: Post cards, France, war period and shortly afterwards.
2: Post cards, Germany, at the end of the war, Spain: 1920
3: Photographs, family and friends: 1939
4: Photographs, 1943
5: "Post cards of places we lived in, or, travelled through."
6: Post cards, Britain and Europe.
7: Photographs, World War II period. Pictures of battleships, aircraft and other instruments of war.
1: views of Berwick-on-Tweed.
5: Natchez, Mississippi.
6: Notre-Dame de Lorette.
7: Notre-Dame de Paris.
8: La Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.
1: Peterborough and vicinity.
3: mostly British Columbia mountain scenery.
4: World War I.
5: the Alps.
7: Germany and Switzerland.
8 to 10: Scotland.
11: paintings and sculpture.
13: Ontario, Quebec.
14 to 16: United States.
17: United States and Canada.
18 to 20: United States.
1: W.H. Munro, work-related photographs. Photograph of Saint Luke's Anglican Church, Ashburnham. Convention and party photographs.
2: W.H. Munro, photographs of family, friends and trips.
3: W.H. Munro, photographs of family, friends and trips. Contains a number of pictures of camp and cottage life. Many taken by Alan Munro of one of his work sites.
4: Photograph of William Hamilton Shops, 1856. Hockey team: 1928. Collection of negatives, some of pictures taken by G.R. Munro, during the Hudson's Bay Railway Survey: 1908 to 1909.
5: Unidentified photographs.
1: A long photograph of the Queen's Engineers 2nd Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force, Kingston, Ontario, Dec 30, 1914, has been ripped. Alan Munro is in the picture.
2: A long photograph of La Paz, Bolivia which has been ripped.
3: Newspaper clippings mainly pertaining to events in W.H. Munro's career, especially during the period in which he was General Manager, Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company. Several articles on Peterborough. Two articles on the William Hamilton Company, one concerning the take-over, by Canadian Vickers Ltd., in 1933.
4: Five letters: 1965 to 1975
Miscellaneous writings, Christmas card, membership cards and other material. Biographical material. Career resumes.
Two family Bibles which provide genealogical information on the Munro and Hamilton families.
Map Folder 1: Maps 1 - 15.
Maps 1 - 3 were drawn by Alexander Gross, F.R.G.S.
1. The Daily Telegraph War Map of Europe, with inset map of the Western Front. Scale 3":100 miles, size 76 cm x 102 cm. Shows political boundaries, railways, roads, forts, etc.
2. The Daily Telegraph Map of Europe (Peace Conference Map #1), , with inset maps of Arabia, Finland, Africa and Australia. Scale [ ], size 76 cm x 102 cm. Shows armistice lines, landmarks, boundaries, etc.
3. The Daily Telegraph War Map #13 of the British Front. Scale [4"=5 miles], size 102 cm x 76 cm.
Maps 4 - 11 are war field maps. Most of the war field maps show contours of land, landmarks, transportation routes, boundaries, as well as providing keys to other contents.
4. Fragments of 3 war field maps, undated and unidentified.
5. Northwest Europe, (France), sheet 3, 1914, (Dieppe-Amiens-Havre). Scale 1:250 000, (1 cm = 2.5 km); size 64 cm x 79 cm.
6: Northwest Europe (France), sheet 11, 1914 (Metz). Scale 1:250 000; size 79 cm x 64 cm.
6a: France, sheet 6, 1914 (Coblentz-Frankfort). Scale 1:250 000, size 64 cm x 79 cm.
7. France, sheet 12, 1914 (Karlsruhe-Strasbourg), Scale 1:250 000; size 79 cm x 64 cm.
8. Northwest Europe (France) sheet 16, 1914 (Auxerre-Troyes-Clamecy). scale 1:250 000, size 64 cm x 79 cm.
9. France, sheet 18, 1914 (Colmar Basle). Scale 1:250 000, size 64 cm x 79 cm.
10. France: Calais, sheet 13, 1915. Scale 1:100 000, size 74 cm x 48 cm.
11. Belgium: Antwerp, sheet 3, 1911-1912. Scale 1:100 000, size 71 cm x 84 cm.
12. The Daily Telegraph Map of England and Wales, n.d. Scale 1":2 miles, size 94 cm x 76 cm. Drawn by A. Gross.
13. Plan des Lignes d'Autobus et Tramways de Paris, n.d. Echelle de 1:27 000 size 48 cm x 38 cm. Includes street guide and key.
14. Plan de Paris, Divise en 20 Arrondissements, n.d., dresse par L. Guillim. Echelle de 1:16 000, size 76 cm x 58 cm. Use key from map 13 for reference purposes.
15. Vickers Ltd., Plan of Naval Construction Works, Barrow-in-Furness, circa 1920-1923. Scale 1:1250, size 22 cm x 48 cm. Annotated by [W.H. Munro].
Map Folder 2: Maps 16 - 27 Includes maps of Ottawa and vicinity, many presumably accumulated during W.H. Munro's tenure as general manager of the Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company.
16. City of Ottawa, by Wards, 1932. 11 Sheets, plus 3 others - Key plan, indicator and top sheet. Size 33 cm x 46 cm.
17. Ottawa, Ontario. Map of Rideau Street between MacKenzie Avenue on the East and King Edward Avenue on the west size. Feb 26, 1936. Scale 1":50', size 157 cm x 48 cm.
18. Map of the City of Ottawa and Vicinity, Apr 27, 1936, 2 copies. Scale 1":800', size 71 cm x 130 cm.
19. Map of the City of Ottawa and Vicinity, revised Feb 1939, 3 copies. No Key, sheet size 38 cm x 51 cm.
20. Map of the National Capital Region ("Reproduced by Army Survey Establishment, R.C.E., 1959"). Scale 1":2 miles, size 79 cm x 79 cm.
21. N.C.C. Map of Ottawa, 1960 (for the tourist trade). Side "A" scale 1":2 miles; Side "B"(Ottawa and Environs) scale (with key) 6 cm = 1 mile, size 79 cm x 79 cm. (published by the Information and Historical Division of N.C.C.)
22. The National Capital and Environs, 1962. Side "A" scale (with key), 6 cm:1 mile; side "B" scale 1 cm:1 mile, size 79 cm x 79 cm. (published by the Information and Historical Division of N.C.C.)
23. Canada. Department of Interior. Water and Power Resources of the Ottawa River Drainage Basin (and St. Lawrence River), 1931. Scale 1.5 cm:5 miles, size 132 cm x 102 cm.
24. N.T.S., Buckingham, Quebec-Ontario, 1932. (provisional edition) Scale 2 cm:1 mile, size 61 cm x 76 cm. (Department of Mines and Resources) (sheet G ) NW )
25. Canada. Department of Interior. National Topographic Series (N.T.S.), Maniwaki, Quebec, 1933. (provisional edition) Scale 1":2 miles, size 61 cm x 76 cm. (Sheet 31 J ) SW )
26. N.T.S., Gracefield, Quebec, 1933. (provisional edition). Scale 1":2 miles, size 61 cm x 76 cm. (Canada. Department of Interior) (Sheet 31 K ) SE )
27. Canada. Department of National Defence. Geological Section. Ottawa: Ontario-Quebec, 1935 revision of 1923 survey. Scale 1":1 mile, size 61 cm x 76 cm. 2 copies.
Map Folder 3: Maps 28 - 45
Maps 28 - 38 are of the Trent Canal, Trent watershed and the Peterborough area. See also Map Folder 4.
28. Map of Clear Lake and Trent Canal lock 27 at Young's Point, Ontario, n.d. Scale [ ], size 74 cm x 53 cm.
29. Map of the Trent watershed area, cut and pasted together. Coloured [by river system] and enumerated. No date, no key, no scale, size 64 cm x 69 cm.
30. Trent Canal: Bay of Quinte to Balsam Lake. Oct 31, 1907. Scale 1":25 miles, size 66 cm x 74 cm.
31. Par of "Standard Topographical Map", sheet 2, N.E., . No scale (cut), size 51 cm x 65 cm. Victoria County to Price Edward County.
32. The Electric Power Co. Limited. Map of Part of the Province of Ontario between Toronto and Kingston. No date, but stamped "Received, Aug. 24, 1911", by the Peterborough Light and Power Co. Limited. Scale 1":3.95 miles, size 64 cm x 122 cm. (Water Powers on the Trent River)
33. Canada. Commission on Conservation. Forest Distribution in the Trent Watershed, 1913. Scale 1":1.97 miles, size 87 cm x 102 cm.
34. Trent Canal, Map Showing Canal Route and Watershed of Trent and Severn Rivers, 1913. Scale 1":3.95 miles, size 89 cm x 99 cm. Includes tables of watersheds and profile of canal.
35. Plan of a Subdivision in part of Island #107 Stoney Lake, Township of Dummer, (for Department of Indian Affairs, Canada), 1913. Scale 1":3 chains, size 41 cm x 66 cm. Surveyed by Fred W. Wilkins, D.T.S., Norwood, Ontario.
36. Canada. Department of Mines and Technical Services, (Canadian Hydrographic Service, Surveys and Mapping Branch). Trent-Severn Waterway, Bay of Quinte to Georgian Bay (with location chart and waterway profile), 1954. Scale [ ], size 71 cm x 107 cm.
37. Peterborough, Ontario. Map of City Bus Routes, n.d., no scale, size 38 cm x 36 cm. (Actual provenance, prior to W.H. Munro: Border Transit Limited). Reverse has index and bus schedule.
38. Peterborough, Ontario. Zoning Plan of the City of Peterborough, . Scale [ ], size 38 cm x 51 cm.
39. Canada. Department of Mines and Resources. Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Scale 1":35 miles, size 107 cm x 79 cm.
40. Canada. Department of Mines and Resources. British Columbia, 1942, preliminary revision. Scale 1":35 miles, size 79 cm x 86 cm.
41. Canada. Bureau of Geology and Topography, Mines and Geology Branch. Mining Areas Map 900A. (Canadian mineral production and values). Scale 2 cm:100 miles, size 64 cm x 86 cm.
42. Canada. Surveyor-General. Alberta, Highways, 1948. Scale 1":35 miles, 64 cm x 46 cm.
43. Canada. Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, 1952. The Travels of Vilhjalmur Stefansson in Northwestern North America, 1907- 1918. Scale 1 cm:50 miles, size 36 cm x 43 cm.
44. Royal Bank of Canada, Oil and Gas Department. Canada's Oil and Gas Fields and Pipelines. 1955. Scale 1":60 miles, size 61 cm x 112 cm. B.C. to Quebec.
45. Bolivian Power Company Limited, La Paz and Oruro. General Plan of Transmission (sic) Lines, Power House Positions and Principle Consumers. December 1931. Scale 1:100 000, size 90 cm x 334 cm. Map bears power company's designation B-1056.
Map Folder 4: Maps 46 - 48 are additional maps of Peterborough and the Trent Canal.
46. City of Peterborough, Zoning Plan, n.d., with tears top and bottom. Scale [ ], size 104 cm x 114 cm.
47. Plan of the City of Peterborough, Jan 1, 1966 revised to May 6, 1968. Scale 1":1 000 ft, size 104 cm x 114 cm.
48. Canada. Department of Railways
and Canals. Trent Canal Charts, 1933-1934 with Index Plan for Charts (Scale
1":6 miles, 1925) and Profile of the Trent Canal (Horizontal Scale 1":16 miles;
Vertical Scale 1":400 feet); sheet size 104 cm x 51 cm. Chart scale 4":1 mile,
unless otherwise noted. Produced in Superintending Engineer's Office, Peterborough,
Ontario. 25 Sheets.
-Chart 1: Trenton to Frankford (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from May 1918)
-Chart 2: Frankford to Glen Ross (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from May 1918)
-Chart 3: Glen Ross to Hickory Island (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from May 1918)
-Chart 4: Hickory Island to Campbellford (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from May 1918)
-Chart 5: Campbellford to Trent Bridge (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from May 1918)
-Chart 6: Trent Bridge to Hastings (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from May 1918)
-Chart 7: Hastings to Rice Lake (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from 1918)
-Chart 8: Rice Lake, 2":1 mile (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from 1918)
-Chart 9: Rice Lake to Bensfort Bridge (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from May 1918)
-Chart 10: Bensfort Bridge to Peterborough (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from 1918)
-Chart 11: Peterborough to Nassau (colour, corrected to Dec 1933 from 1918)
-Chart 12: Nassau to Lakefield (black and white, corrected to Apr 1934 from May 1923)
-Chart 13: Lakefield to Young's Point (black and white, corrected to Apr 1934 from May 1923)
-Chart 14: Young's Point to Burleigh (black and white, corrected to Apr 1934 from May 1923)
-Chart 14A: Stony Lake (2 copies, revised from aerial photos Apr 1934)
-Chart 15: Burleigh Falls to Buckhorn (Lovesick Lake and Deer Bay Channel), (black and white revised from aerial photos, Feb 1933)
-Chart 16: Buckhorn to Gannon's Narrows (Buckhorn Lake), (black and white, corrected to Apr 1934 from Dec 1923)
-Chart 17: Gannon's Narrows to Bobcaygeon (black and white, correct to Apr 1934 from Dec 1923)
-Chart 18: Bobcaygeon to Fenelon Falls (Sturgeon Lake, 2":1 mile (black and white, corrected to Apr 1934 from Dec 1923), with inset of channel at Bobcaygeon, 4":1 mile.
-Chart 18A: Sturgeon Point to Lindsay (black and white, corrected to Apr 1934 from Dec 1923)
-Chart 19: Fenelon Falls to Laidlaw's (Cameron and Balsam Lakes), 2":1 mile, (black and white corrected to Apr 1934 from Dec 1923)
-Chart 20: Simcoe-Balsam Lake Division: Plan Showing Route Between Balsam Lake and Lake Simcoe (As compiled from Old Plans), 2":1 mile, (black and white, corrected to Apr 30, 1934 from June 25, 1924)
-Chart 21: Plan of Lakes Simcoe and Couchiching, as compiled from Old Plans, 3/4":1 mile, (black and white, corrected to Apr 30, 1934 from June 25, 1924)
-Chart 22: Seven Division. Plan Showing Present Route, Lake Couchiching to Georgian Bay, 1":1 mile, (black and white, corrected to Apr 1934 from June 1924)
Folder 5: Contains public, secondary and post-secondary diplomas, degrees and certificates achieved by W.H., G.R., and M.E. Munro; military commissions; Masonic Lodge certificates; and School of Practical Science (U of T) practice sheets and exercises, 1901-1905. | 67,001 | 692 |
204,766 | US 5737395 A
A communication system comprising a voice message system for storing and retrieving voice messages and facsimile data, a computer database accessing system for storing and retrieving text messages from a separate computer system and for converting the text messages into voice messages, and a personal computer (including an Internet communications device, or "ICD") which allows a user to generate and receive voice messages, facsimile data, and text messages. The systems are integrated via a network which coordinates the functions of each individual system. Additionally, the input/output ports of the voice message system and the computer database accessing system are connected in a parallel fashion to a personal computer or ICD. In this configuration, a user may access voice messages, facsimile messages, and text messages through the personal computer or ICD, either locally or remotely.
1. A communication system comprising:
(a) message means including:
(1) voice message means for storing and retrieving voice messages;
(2) facsimile means for storing and retrieving facsimile data;
(3) a text message system for storing and retrieving text messages from a computer system;
(4) internal network communication means for coordinating operation of the voice message means, facsimile message means, and text message system responsive to commands originating externally from the message means;
(b) network interface means, coupled to the message means, for generating at least one summary page of entries referencing voice messages, facsimile data, and text messages stored in the message means, for responding to commands to retrieve and forward voice messages, facsimile data, and text messages corresponding to selected ones of such entries, and for generating commands to the message means responsive to such commands to retrieve and forward;
(c) computer processing means coupled to the network interface means through an interface device, the computer processing means including a browser function for displaying a graphical user interface to coordinate access to the network interface means, for retrieving and viewing at least one summary page, for selecting one or more entries from at least one summary page and transmitting such selections to the network interface means, and for viewing forwarded voice messages, facsimile data, and text messages from the network interface means.
2. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the interface device includes a telephone line connected to a private branch exchange that is connected to the message means and the network interface means.
3. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the interface device includes a telephone line connected to the message means and a wide area network connected to the network interface means.
4. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the interface device includes a local area network connected to the network interface means.
5. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the interface device includes a wide area network connected to the network interface means.
6. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the computer processing means includes a microphone, a speaker, and audio processing means to generate and play voice messages.
7. The communication system of claim 6, further comprising a text-to-speech translator for playing text messages over the speaker.
8. The communication system of claim 1 further comprising a telephone coupled to the message means through the interface device, the message means being responsive to commands entered at the telephone.
9. The communication system of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of telephones coupled to the message means through a corresponding plurality of interface devices.
10. The communication system of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of individual computer processing means coupled to the message means through a corresponding plurality of interface devices.
11. The communication system of claim 1 wherein each summary page is composed using hypertext markup language and transferred by the network interface means to the browser function in the computer processing means.
12. The communication system of claim 1 wherein each summary page entry references a corresponding voice message, facsimile data, and text message stored in the message means by means of a universal resource locator address.
13. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the browser function determines a type for each forwarded voice message, facsimile data, and text message, and applies a viewer application corresponding to each such type.
14. The communication system of claim 13 wherein the browser function provides for display of streamed data.
15. A method for operating a communication system comprising (a) a message system including (1) voice message means for storing and retrieving voice messages; (2) facsimile means for storing and retrieving facsimile data; and (3) a text message system for storing and retrieving text messages from a computer system, (4) internal network communication means for coordinating operation of the voice message means, facsimile message means, and text message system responsive to commands originating externally from the message means, (b) a network interface, coupled to the message system, and (c) a computer processor coupled to the network interface through an interface device and including a browser for displaying a graphical user interface to coordinate access to the network interface, the method including the steps of:
(a) generating in the network interface at least one summary page of entries referencing voice messages, facsimile data, and text messages stored in the message system;
(b) retrieving and viewing the summary pages with the computer processor;
(c) selecting at least one entry from at least one summary page and communicating such selection from the computer processor to the network interface;
(d) retrieving from the message system the voice message, facsimile data, or text message corresponding to each selected entry;
(e) forwarding each retrieved voice message, facsimile data, and text message to the computer processor; and
(f) viewing such forwarded voice messages, facsimile data, and text messages with the computer processor.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the interface device includes a telephone line connected to a private branch exchange that is connected to the message system and the network interface.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the interface device includes a telephone line connected to the message system and a wide area network connected to the network interface.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the interface device includes a local area network connected to the network interface.
19. The method of claim 15 wherein the interface device includes a wide area network connected to the network interface.
20. The method of claim 15 wherein the computer processor includes a microphone, a speaker, and audio processing means to generate and play voice messages.
21. The method of claim 20, further comprising a text-to-speech translator for playing text messages over the speaker.
22. The method of claim 15 further comprising a telephone coupled to the message system through the interface device, the message system being responsive to commands entered at the telephone.
23. The method of claim 15 further comprising a plurality of telephones coupled to the message system through a corresponding plurality of interface devices.
24. The method of claim 15 further comprising a plurality of individual computer processors coupled to the message system through a corresponding plurality of interface devices.
25. The method of claim 15 wherein each summary page is composed using hypertext markup language and transferred by the network interface means to the browser function in the computer processing means.
26. The method of claim 15 wherein each summary page entry references a corresponding voice message, facsimile data, and text message stored in the message system by means of a universal resource locator address.
27. The method of claim 15 wherein the browser determines a type for each forwarded voice message, facsimile data, and text message, and applies a viewer application corresponding to each such type.
28. The method of claim 26 wherein the browser provides for display of streamed data.
Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.
Throughout this description, the preferred embodiment and examples shown should be considered as exemplars, rather than as limitations on the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, shown is a block diagram of a prior art office communications system. Shown are a text message system 100 (e.g., an interactive voice response (IVR) system), being distinctly separate from a voice message system 102 (e.g., a voice mail system). Each system is accessed via different telephone lines 104, 106 and requires the user to make two calls to access information stored within each system or to use a call transfer feature of the PBX to transfer the user's call from one system to the other. In a PBX, the transfer feature is known in the art as a flash hook transfer.
Generally, the text message system 100 provides access to a separate host computer 108 wherein the electronic mail or other database information is stored. The text message system 100 is, in general, a means to facilitate computer database access and should not be construed to be limited to text access alone. The database may store text messages as in an electronic mail system or it may store sales or other data, including graphics, video, and other types of data. The host computer 108 may be the server of a Local Area Network (LAN).
In operation, the user calls the system 100, logs in via a user number and password, and is prompted to use the touchtone keypad to command the system 100 to accomplish specific functions. Initially the user will be told by the system 100 how many text messages are addressed to the previously entered user number and how many of those have not been played previously. By touchtone command the user may request a message or messages be played via the text to speech translation subsystem. Replies to the messages are accomplished by requesting the system to send previously stored or "canned" messages to the sender's electronic mail address. These pre-stored messages are typically very simple acknowledgments such as "message received", "message received, I'll get back to you when I return to the office", etc.
Typically, the text message system 100 will be connected to one or more host computers 108 directly, but a modem 109 can also be used to permit the user to connect to remote computers 111 to read electronic mail or access databases stored therein. This arrangement provides the user with great flexibility in manipulating database information in a variety of locations via a telephone.
The apparatus and process of accessing the databases of a host computer via a telephone is old in the art. A representative patent of such a system is U.S. Pat. No 4,716,583, entitled VERBAL COMPUTER TERMINAL SYSTEM, issued to Groner et al. on Dec. 29, 1987 and assigned to Centigram Communications Corporation of San Jose, Calif. To provide telephone access to computer information, text to speech subsystems have become prevalent. A representative text to speech apparatus patent is U.S. Pat. No 4, 979, 2 16, entitled TEXT TO SPEECH SYNTHESIS SYSTEM AND METHOD USING CONTEXT DEPENDENT VOWEL ALLOPHONES, issued to Malsheen et al. on Dec. 18, 1990. Each of these patents are incorporated herein by reference.
In addition to the text message system 100, office communications systems typically include a voice message system 102 as depicted in FIG. 1. These systems are accessible via telephone such that voice messages may be retrieved and manipulated via touchtone commands. A patent which is representative of voice message systems in general and herein incorporated by reference is U.S. Pat. No 4,371,752, entitled ELECTRONIC AUDIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM issued to Mathews et al. on Feb. 1, 1983.
In addition to the standard voice message systems 102 which enable callers to record messages which are subsequently replayed, forwarded, or deleted by the user via a telephone 113, recent developments have enabled facsimile messages to be stored as image files within the voice message system storage (e.g., a disk drive), represented by reference numeral 110 in FIG. 1. These fax messages may be manipulated in the same manner as the voice messages. The user, upon being instructed by the system that a fax has been received, may forward the fax to any number to which a fax transceiver (in the form of a fax machine or other fax receiving system) is attached, forward the fax image file to another voice mail address, have a hard copy printed on the office fax machine 112, or delete the fax. These basic functions and more are available in the FaxMemo system manufactured by Centigram Communications Corporation of San Jose, Calif.
Referring to FIG. 2, depicting the preferred embodiment of the invention, a network 200 is disposed between a computer database accessing means for storing and retrieving text messages and a voice message means for storing and retrieving voice messages (voice message system 102). Interface apparatus for connecting each system to telephone lines (i.e., linecards 204, 206, TTS 202, and fax input/output ports 208) are connected together such that a single telephone line 210 may access both systems. In the depicted preferred embodiment, the computer database accessing means is a text message system 100 accessing a host computer 108 resident electronic mail system. Alternatively, the user, in addition to accessing electronic mail, can access specific database information that is stored in a text format. Additionally, the host computer system 108 does not have to be maintained as an external unit, but can be integrated into the text message system 100.
As will be more fully described below, a remote computer system 111 is coupled to the text message system 100 and the PBX via a modem 109. Alternatively, the remote computer system 111 is directly coupled to the host computer 108 through a local area network (LAN) bus 113. The remote computer system 111 will also be referred to as a "personal computer". As used herein, "personal computer" refers to any IBM-standard personal computer, Apple-standard computer, workstation, or Internet communications device. The personal computer 111 includes known components such as a monitor 111A, a keyboard 111B, a mouse 111C, a speaker 111D, and a microphone 111F. The personal computer also includes an Ethernet or other network card 111F, and a modem 109. The personal computer 111 is also supplied with a sound board 111G. The speaker 111D and microphone 111E may form a portion of the sound board. A Microsoft Multi-Media PC sound board may be used. The Microsoft MultiMedia PC sound board is sold by Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash.
FIG. 3A depicts in block diagram form the internal structure of the text message system 100 and the voice message system 102 as well as the local area network 200 which bridges between the two systems. These block diagrams are based upon the VoiceMemo II™ and Voice Gateway Systems however, the use of these systems as the basis for the following discussion should not be construed as limiting the invention to use with only these systems. As will be described, the local area network 200 which coordinates the operation of the systems and creates a comprehensive communications system having both text and voice message manipulation capabilities is applicable with almost any text message system and voice message system having sufficient memory and microprocessors to be host to the local area network software.
In operation, a caller can dial the phone number (or extension number) of a user and be connected to the voice message system 102 via the linecard 206 in the event the user does not answer the telephone. A number of prerecorded prompts and transient messages such as a greeting and instructions on how to reach a receptionist or leave a message are stored in disk memory 400. These are accessed by the speech file administrator 402, a subprogram which is executed by the voice message system microprocessor 404. The prompts are played in a sequence which leads the caller through the process of leaving a message for the user. The account administrator 406, a subprogram executed by the microprocessor 404, places the message in the user's mailbox which corresponds to the user's extension. Typically, the mailboxes are located upon one or more hard disk drives 408, but with advances in technology, it is foreseeable that optical disks or some other mass storage device will be useful for mailbox allocation in the future.
In addition to the voice message, a facsimile may be transmitted by a caller and stored in a mailbox. For instance, the caller may call an extension and be directed to the voice message system 102. The prompt menu will include a prompt which enables the caller to command the system 102, by depressing a specific key on the telephone touchtone keypad, to prepare to receive a facsimile. The caller may leave a voice message as an introduction and then send the fax to the desired mailbox. The faxcard 208 receives the facsimile data and the FAX RCV/SND administrator 410, a subprogram executed by the microprocessor 404, tags the digital image file which represents the facsimile as a speech file to be stored in a mailbox location on the disk drive 408. The file is stored in digital format at the user's mailbox address rather than automatically printing a hard copy as is done by most office fax systems.
Since the operation of electronic mail systems is old in the art, their operation will only be briefly reviewed. The host computer's electronic mail or E-mail system receives messages from senders, the functional equivalent to a caller in the voice mail system operation. Typically, the senders utilize personal computers (PC) or terminals which are connected directly to the host computer 108 or via a local area network (LAN). Each sender has a unique local address usually designated by a unique character string to identify the PC or terminal as well as a character string representing the host computer. This enables senders using other computers in other networks to connect to remote hosts via a modem and address messages to users on many networks other than the sender's own network.
The sender's text messages are stored on a hard disk associated with the host computer of the user to whom the message is addressed. Typically, the user may receive the message by connecting to the host computer and retrieving the text message via a computer or terminal. In addition, the network host computer may include communal databases which users may access with their terminals or PCs to update data stored therein.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, to retrieve any of the messages recorded by senders or callers, a user makes a single telephone call via a touchtone telephone 113 or through a computer 111. As previously stated, the computer 111 is equipped with a microphone 111C, a speaker 111D, and a sound board 111G to process audio input and output data. In this embodiment, the keyboard 111B operates as a touchtone keypad. In other words, instead of relying upon the numerical input of a touchtone keypad on a telephone, the numerical entries on the keyboard 111B are used for this function. FIG. 3B depicts a menu which may be displayed on monitor 111A. The menu provides a number of options which may be used to operate computer 111 effectively as a touchtone telephone 113. These features will be described below.
In the preferred embodiment, a call is initially handled by the voice message system 102 via linecard 206. However, in the alternative, the call can be handled initially by the text message system 100 via linecard 204 and the following description of the master-slave arrangement would function with the voice message system 102 being the master and the text message system 100 being the slave. Thus, voice and fax messages may be manipulated as before without interaction with the text message system 100 via the network 200. However, the network 200 is constantly utilized to update the message counter 412 in the voice message system 102 with the number of text messages which are stored and the number that have not been previously read. Thus, the text message system 100 constantly monitors the electronic mail system on the host computer 108 for message activity. When a message is added, read, or deleted an updated count is sent via the network 200 to the voice message system message count memory 412 corresponding to the user's address where the change occurred.
Referring to FIG. 4, the user logs into the voice message system 500 by entering their voice mailbox number and password 502, either through the touchtone digits of the telephone 113 or the keyboard 111B of computer 111. FIG. 3C depicts an interface structure which may displayed on monitor 111A to obtain the required Mailbox ID and Password information, which is entered through keyboard 111B. The voice message system 102 informs the user of the number of text, voice, or fax messages 504 which are stored and how many have not been played previously. This may be done audibly over the telephone 113 or through the sound board 111G of computer 111. Alternatively, the monitor may visually display the various messages, as shown in FIG. 3D. The prompt menu 506 enables the user to connect to the text message system 100 by depressing a single touchtone key or remain within the voice message system 102 to manipulate voice messages and facsimile messages as described previously. Boxes 505 and 507 shown in FIG. 4 list the primary functions of the voice message system 102. These primary functions may be displayed on monitor 111A, as shown in FIG. 3D. Selection of these functions may be achieved through standard graphical user interface techniques such as "pointing and clicking" with a mouse 111C or entry of a letter corresponding to a designated function. The user interface of FIG. 3D allows one to select a voice message by pointing with a mouse 111C or manipulation of the cursor through keyboard 111B operations. Each message may be played through speaker 111D of computer 111 by using a text-to-speech (TTS) program, as previously described.
Upon depression of a predetermined key, communications system control is passed to the microprocessor or microprocessors 414 in the text message system 100 via the network, step 508. Alternatively, the system can be configured such that control is passed automatically, without user action, upon call connection to the voice message system 102. In addition to passing control, the voice message system passes the user's mailbox number and password to the text message system. Subsequently, the text message system uses a cross reference table 510 as shown in FIG. 5 to correlate the voice message mailbox number 600 to a text message system user ID 602. If the correlation is not found, the user is told so via a verbal error message 604 over telephone 113, or through a verbal message played on speaker 111D, or by a text message displayed on monitor 111A. If the ID 602 is found, the text message system 100 will automatically log the user into the user's electronic mail account on the host computer 108 (step 512) via the communications card 416. If the user has more than one electronic mail account on the same host or different hosts, the text message system 100 will request that the user depress a special key combination to access the desired host and account.
At this point a description of the network operation is necessary. The network 200 is a commercial software product which provides multi-tasking, multi-user, and local area network (LAN) capabilities entitled QNX Operating System that is produced by QNX Software Systems Ltd. of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. QNX resides in the RAM memory 418, 420 of both the text message system 100 and the voice message system 102. QNX is used in this application for its multi-tasking and LAN capabilities which enable QNX to coordinate the various tasks executed on each of the message systems via an ARCNET local area network link between the systems in such a way that a substantially seamless, integrated text and voice communication system is created.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, control of the integrated system is passed from the microprocessor(s) 404 in the voice message system 102 to the microprocessor(s) 414 in the text message system 100. Thus, a master-slave relationship is established via the network operating through the ARCNET LAN link between the systems. More specifically, the main voice message application program 422 enters a slave mode, ready to execute any commands sent to it via the ARCNET LAN connection. The commands are issued by the text message system microprocessor(s) 414 as the text message system 100 becomes the master entity controlling call processing. Typically, the first command issued is a request for the voice message system 102 to send the user's voice mailbox number to the text message system 100.
Subsequent to the initialization of the master-slave relationship, the script processor program 424 becomes the main application program within the text message system 100. The QNX network or QNET function establishes a control system to execute functional tasks in either of the message systems in a coordinated fashion. In other words, tasks which are programmed to be executed by the operating systems of the individual message passing operating systems, e.g., UNIX, are executed by QNET in an administrative role.
To implement the QNET coordinating function, each of the basic tasks accomplished by the text and voice message systems 100, 102 is assigned a unique task identification number. The task D is assigned by the QNX Operating System using its "clearing house" feature. Upon system initialization, each task is published by name within the "clearing house" and is assigned a task ID. If either system does not know the task ID of a task it desires to execute, it goes to the clearing house and uses the task name to find the task ID used to execute the task. Once this process is completed for an individual task, the requesting system remembers the task ID number and does not use the clearing house on subsequent executions.
A script or scripts 426 are executed by the script processor 424 in the text message system 100 to control the step by step process of retrieving and playing text messages or interacting with a database as the user requests such activity via the touchtone keypad, or keyboard 111B. The scripts 426 may be uniquely tailored for a specific user or set of users. For instance, a user or group of users who never use the sales database would have a script assigned to their user IDs which does not provide them the prompt option of accessing the sales database.
As discussed above in reference to FIG. 4, QNX operating system control is initiated upon special command of the user at the main menu 506. Thereafter, functions of both message systems can be executed in any order via QNET as indicated by arrows 514 in FIG. 4. The functions or tasks listed in FIG. 4 are meant to be exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any manner. Similarly, the functions shown in FIGS. 3B, 3C, and 3D are exemplary in manner.
FIG. 6 depicts the process of playing an electronic mail text message and responding to the message via both a pre-stored written message(s) and a voice message to the electronic mail sender's voice mailbox. User log-in and transfer of control is accomplished as discussed above in connection with FIG. 4, steps 500, 502, 504, 506, 508, and 510. If the look up table does not find a proper user ID for the host computer 700, a SAY command will be sent to the voice message system to preload an error message in the telephone linecard common memory and a PLAY command will play the error message to the user 702. The message may be played to the user over speaker 111E. Alternatively, the SAY command may be used to generate a text message which is displayed on monitor 111A.
When the message is complete, the system operation continues in the text message system at step 704. The DONE command, executed automatically, releases control of the system from QNET and returns the user to voice message system control in the same logical step where the user pressed the digit for text message system access within the main menu 506.
If the proper ID is returned, host log-in is accomplished at step 512 Referring to FIG. 3, in operation the speech file administrator 428 retrieves and plays the stored prompts 430 as commanded by the support system algorithm 432. The support system 432 coordinates the TTS card 202 operation with the prompt operation to choose text messages to be played. As the prompts are played, the user interacts with the system 100 via either linecard 204 or 206. The linecards interpret user touchtone commands and equivalent keyboard 111 B commands, and are capable of dialing out-going calls at the user's request. The task management operation of the network 200 controls which linecard is used for user interaction during each task execution. The TTS card 202 will read each E-mail message as requested (step 706 in FIG. 6). If one is accessing the system from a computer 111, the E-mail message may be either displayed on monitor 111A or be played over sound board 111G.
Afterwards, the system 100 will prompt the user about the mode of response 708. The user may request that one of the pre-stored text responses stored on disk memory 434 be sent via electronic mail to the address of the sender 710. Choice of the response is menu driven. However, if the user desires to respond to the sender via a voice message 712, QNET will initiate the voice message recording task (REC.sub.-- VM) in the voice message system 714. The voice mailbox of the sender is determined via the correlation table, FIG. 5, and the voice message system connects the user automatically to the proper mailbox. Once the message has been recorded and saved in the recipient's voice mailbox, QNET returns to the text message system and requests whether the user wishes to read another message 716. If not, the user is finished and hangs up the receiver, or logs off the computer 111. This act initiates the BYE command which returns control to the voice message system 718 and initiates the HANG UP task 720. From here, the voice message system awaits the next call, or log on.
FIG. 7 depicts the process of forwarding an electronic mail message to a fax transceiver. The process is essentially identical to that which is shown in FIG. 6 through to step 512. After log-in to the host computer is accomplished, the user, through a menu driven process through the telephone or computer monitor 111A, selects an electronic mail message and indicates to the system the desire to forward that message via facsimile transmission (step 750). Note that the voice message system contains the faxcard; therefore, all facsimile transceiving functions are conducted through that system. The voice message system requests from the user the telephone number to which the fax is to be sent or whether the default fax machine should be used (step 752). The electronic mail message is transferred from the text message system to the voice message system 753 and converted from a text format into a facsimile format 754. Finally, the voice message system connects via the phone system to the desired fax machine and sends the facsimile (step 756). Upon accomplishing the transmission, the process continues within the text message system. The user may continue text message manipulation 758, e.g., read mail, fax other messages, etc., or hangup (steps 718, 720).
TABLE 1 summarizes the tasks which the text message system may request the voice message system to accomplish.
GET.sub.-- USER--retrieves mailbox number of user
GET.sub.-- RECIPIENT--retrieves mailbox number of voice message recipient
DONE--return control to voice message system without exit
BYE--summarize mailbox contents to user and exit
LINE CONTROL TASKS
ANSWER--go off hook
HANGUP--go on hook
WAIT.sub.-- FOR.sub.-- RINGING--Wait for an incoming call
GET.sub.-- INPUT--retrieve caller DTMF digits
FLUSH--flush out any pending DTMF digits
SAY--preload a voice message prompt or message
SAY.sub.-- NUM--say a number up to 6 digits long
SAY.sub.-- EXT--say an 11 digit mailbox number
SAY.sub.-- DATE--say date/time (long format)
SAY.sub.-- ASCII.sub.-- DATE--say date/time (ASCII format)
PLAY.sub.-- NAME--say the name from a mailbox
PLAY--output preloaded speech
RECORD--record a message
REC.sub.-- VM--record a message to a mailbox from user
REC.sub.-- OUT--record a message to a mailbox
APPEND--append a message
GET.sub.-- DATE--retrieve a date/time
SND FAX--send a fax from a text file using voice message system faxcard.
RCV FAX--receive a fax via voice message system faxcard
The foregoing table of tasks should not be considered to limit the invention in any manner. The tasks which the text message system can request the voice message system to accomplish can encompass any task the voice memo system can accomplish independently.
FIG. 8 depicts the high level message structure 800 of a task command sent by a typical QNX task during system operation. This structure 800 contains the task identification number (TID) 802 of the destination program, the contents of the request 804 and a reply field 806. In essence this structure 800 operates as an envelope specifying the destination routine address as a TID 802 and including a specific task request within the request field 804 as the envelope contents. The TID 802 is the address of the main routine capable of executing the specific request contained in the request field 804. The reply field 806 carries text indicative of whether the message was received or not by the destination task associated with the TID address.
The communication protocol between the voice message system 102 and the text message system 100 is such that the request field 804 is loaded with ASCII text numbers relating to the types of requests as shown in FIG. 8, as reference numerals 822 through 830. For example, a "16" in the command field 808 requests the execution of the GET.sub.-- USER command. The subsequent reply from the voice message system, also packaged in the envelope form shown in FIG. 8A, will contain in the general reply field 806 a message indicating that the task was received by the proper routine. Within the request field 804 of the envelope is the specific reply message 810 shown at 822. Therein is the reply ASCII character "0" indicating the task was executed, followed by a set of parameters 812 containing the requested information (in this instance, mailbox number 3516).
However, if the mailbox number was not found, the parameter field 812 would contain a "3", indicating an error. An appropriate error message would then be played or displayed to the user. Envelopes 824, 826, 828, and 830 depict the message structures for playing a particular message. Once the text message system 100 has been informed of the error, it requests the voice message system 102 to load a specific prerecorded error message. Command "6" is the SAY command and the parameter field contains "1911" which indicates the appropriate message to be played, e.g., "mailbox not found." The voice message system replies with "0", indicating that the message has been loaded. Subsequently the PLAY command is requested by the text message system indicated by command number "10" and after playing the previously loaded message the voice message system replies with "0".
The foregoing discussion focused upon the operation of the invention with respect to a single caller and a single user; however, as a practical matter, a plurality of telephone lines and/or a PBX connected to a telephone trunk line are necessary for the creation of a fully functional system. FIG. 9 depicts such a system in block diagram form. Therein, two voice message systems 900, 902 are parallel connected via QNET 200 to expand voice message handling capacity. Each user is allocated both a faxcard and a linecard shown as a single element 904 for simplicity. The fax and linecards are connected to individual telephone lines 906 via a PBX 908. Correspondingly, the telephone lines 906 and PBX 908 are connected to the text message system 910 via linecard and TTS card pairs. The multi-tasking function of the QNET 200 enables the depicted comprehensive communication system to handle multiple calls from callers and users at the same time. Functionality of the multi-user system is similar to the operation of the single user system discussed previously.
In FIG. 10 is shown an alternative embodiment of the invention. Therein, the voice message and text message systems are integrated into a single system 950 eliminating a number of redundant circuits and software routines. For instance, only a single linecard, faxcard, and TTS combination circuit 952 is necessary. A combination circuit can be constructed upon a single circuit card using a digital signal processor (DSP) such as the TMS320C31 from Texas Instruments as the central component. In addition, the speech file administrator program 952 function which is accomplished in both systems in the preferred embodiment is accomplished as a single program in this alternative embodiment. Transparently over the network, the operating system maintains the cooperation between the main application programs 424, 422 as it accomplished in the preferred embodiment. The single system 950 operates in an identical manner to the dual systems described previously.
The entire system of the invention has now been disclosed. Attention presently turns to additional details associated with the operation of the personal computer 111 associated with the invention. Exemplary graphical interfaces were disclosed in relation to FIGS. 3B, 3C, and 3D. The graphical interfaces of the invention may rely upon Microsoft Windows graphical user interface standards.
One skilled in the art will recognize a number of additional interfaces which may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, FIG. 11 depicts an interface menu which may be used for recording and distributing messages. The sound recorder 960 has an intuitive interface. To record a message, the microphone button 962 is "depressed" by "pointing and clicking" with mouse 111C. After a message is recorded, the stop button 966 is "pressed". The message may be rewound by button 968. Special effects may be added to the message through the "effects" menu selection at the top of the screen. File and edit functions may also be selected from the top of the screen.
A preferable interface will include an "address book" 970 with a list of common addressees, as shown in the FIGURE. A separate list 972 may be provided to enumerate the particular addressees for a particular message. "Pointing and clicking" to a name from the address book 970, and the subsequent "pointing and clicking" to the add button 974, will move a name from the address book to the message list 972. A name may be removed from either list in a similar fashion, by using the "remove" button 976.
One skilled in the art will recognize that other features may be supported by the apparatus of the invention. For example, FIG. 12 depicts an interface which may be used to support an automatic wake-up calling feature. A user will enter information through the keyboard 111B to establish a wake-up call. As indicated in FIG. 12, the interface may include a field 978 for the telephone number to dial, a field 980 for the number of times to call, and a field 982 for the time between calls. An overlapped window 984 may be used to display a field 986 for the time of the call, and a field 988 for the date of the call. In view of the apparatus previously described herein, execution of the automatic wakeup calling feature will be straight-forward to one skilled in the art.
FIG. 13 provides a more detailed representation of the important elements associated with a computer 111 which operates in accordance with the invention. The computer 111 executes a call administrator program 1010 which coordinates the E-Mail, voice mail, and fax processing functions which are realized in accordance with the invention. The call administrator 1010 interacts with the E-mail program 1012 which receives text files from the text message system 100. The E-mail program 1012 formats the received E-mail data to comply with the operating system running on the computer 111. The call administrator 1010 is then used to coordinate the display of the E-mail data on monitor 111A. In other words, the call administrator 1010 resolves contention issues for the use of monitor 111A, and therefore oversees which function will be displayed on monitor 111A.
The call administrator 1010 also coordinates fax processing. As reflected in FIG. 13, a fax file from voice message system 102 may be received by a fax view program 1014. Call administrator 1010 receives the data from the fax view program 1014, resolves monitor contention issues, and then directly presents the data on monitor 111A. That is, the fax is presented on monitor 111A in the format in which it was received, therefore no text handling of the fax data is possible through the fax view program. Text handling of fax data is possible with the fax OCR program 1016, which provides text recognition of the fax data. Such fax OCR programs are known in the art. The text file 1018 generated by the fax OCR program may be conveyed to a word processing program 1020. The word processing program 1020 acts in conjunction with the call administrator 1010 to display the word processing data on monitor 111A.
In addition to controlling access to monitor 111A, the call administrator 1010 supervises the audio processing associated with the invention. As reflected in FIG. 13, speech files, either from voice message system 102 or text message system 100 (when text files are converted to speech through TTS linecard 202), are received by a speech-to-voice converter 1020. The speech-to-voice converter must be tailored for the particular speech format and the particular voice format being utilized. That is, a variety of approaches are known in the art for encoding speech. The encoded data must be decoded and then re-encoded for the particular voice program being used. Just as there are a number of speech encoding techniques known in the art, there are also a number of voice programs 1022 known in the art. As previously stated, in one embodiment of the invention, a Microsoft Multi-Media PC sound board 111G, with its corresponding voice program, is used. Speech-to-voice converted data is processed by board 111G and played over speaker 111D.
Speech data may also form input to the computer 111 through microphone 111E. Voice data received by microphone 111E is converted to speech data by voice-to-speech converter 1024. Again the particular details associated with the voice-to-speech converter 1024 will be contingent upon the voice program 1022 being used and the speech format being used.
FIG. 14 provides a high-level representation of the operation of the call administrator 1010. Access to the call administrator commences with a log-in function (block 1030) which is executed in conjunction with monitor 111A. FIG. 3B shows a user interface which may be used to log-in to the call administrator, and FIG. 3C represents an interface which may be used to obtain mailbox information and password information required for access to the call administrator. This password is maintained in the user's voice mailbox database residing in the voice messaging system 110.
After an appropriate log-in sequence, a main menu may be displayed to the user over monitor 111 (block 1032). The main menu provides a number of user options. For instance, one option may be to access received messages (block 1034). FIG. 3D, previously discussed, depicts an interface which may be used to access received messages. Another selectable option from the main menu is "create messages" (block 1036). In the case of E-mail and fax messages, the message creation process is in accordance with prior art techniques. In creating voice messages, the present invention allows one to generate such messages through computer 111. FIG. 11, previously discussed, depicts an appropriate interface which may be used for the purpose of creating and distributing voice messages through a computer 111. As previously discussed, sound board 111G and microphone 111E are used to create voice messages.
The main menu may also provide access to additional features (block 1038) which may be supported by computer 111. The wake-up calling feature discussed in relation to FIG. 12 represents one such feature which may be employed in accordance with the invention.
After each menu selection is completed, the call administrator 1010 inquires whether a return to the menu is required (decision block 1040). If so, control returns to the main menu, otherwise a logoff from the call administrator is effected (block 1042).
Alternative Network Embodiment
FIGS. 15A-15C are block diagrams of a several alternative embodiments of the present invention designed for use over a local area network or a wide area network. An important aspect of these embodiments is that they use a browser-type program to interface with the voice/fax/text message system described above. This permits the invention to be easily used on disparate platforms, thus broadening its applicability.
FIG. 15A is block diagram of a first alternative embodiment of the present invention designed for use with personal computers coupled over a local area network, such as Ethernet. A voice/fax/text message system 1500 (which may be similar to the integrated system 950 shown in FIG. 10) is coupled to a front-end server 1502 supporting the well-known HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The HTTP server 1502 is in turn coupled to a local area network (LAN) 1504 to a variety of LAN compatible personal computers 1506 (including conventional PCs 1506a, terminals 1506b, and workstations 1506c) having voice input and sound output capabilities.
FIG. 15B is block diagram of a second alternative embodiment of the present invention designed for use with remote personal computers. A voice/fax/text message system 1500 is coupled to an HTTP server 15D2. The HTTP server 1502 is in turn coupled to a local area network (LAN) 1504. Remote personal computers 1506 (including conventional PCs, terminals, and workstations) having voice input and sound output capabilities, and/or telephone type equipment 1508, are coupled through a network 1510, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or the Internet, to a telephone system that may include a private exchange (PBX) 1512. The PBX 1512 is coupled directly to the voice/fax/text message system 1500 for voice and fax functions, and to the LAN 1504 through a conventional terminal server 1514. The remote personal computers 1506 are configured with appropriate software (e.g., conventional PPP or SLIP programs) to simulate a direct LAN connection, so that operation is the same as the embodiment shown in FIG. 15A.
FIG. 15C is block diagram of a third alternative embodiment of the present invention designed for use with remote personal computers. A voice/fax/text message system 1500 is coupled to an HTTP server 1502. The HTTP server 1502 is in turn coupled to a local area network (LAN) 1504. Remote personal computers 1506 (including conventional PCs, terminals, and workstations) having voice input and sound output capabilities, and/or telephone type equipment 1508, are coupled to a network 1510, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or the Internet. The HTTP server 1502 is coupled to the network 1510 through a gateway server 1516 via the Internet 1514. In addition, the network may connect to a telephone system that may include a PBX 1516, which in turn is coupled directly to the voice/fax/text message system 1500 for voice and fax functions.
If desired, the embodiment shown in FIGS. 15A-15C can be combined to allow one system to accommodate a variety of connection types.
In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 15A-15C, the user of a personal computer coupled to the HTTP server 1502 communicates using HTTP commands and conventions, including the HyperText Markup Language (HTML). Thus, the user is presented with the well-known "world-wide web" paradigm in which a browser is used to (1) create "books" by collecting "pages" from the HTTP server and (2) direct the functions of the HTTP server 1502 via interactive backward links or references to universal resource locator (URL) addresses. These URL references can point to both voice and fax messages, as well as to other "objects" such as distribution lists, recipients, receipts, etc. The HTTP server 1502 generates URL references and composes pages by inserting HTML commands at appropriate points in pre-defined text (e.g., headers, titles, etc.) and in variable text (e.g., message identification information retrieved from the voice/fax/text message system 1500), in known fashion.
If the user needs to "view" these pages, a request is made by selecting (e.g., by clicking a mouse) a URL associated with a desired page displayed on the user's personal computer 1506 (as used herein, "view" includes playback of audio or video files). The request is passed to the HTTP server 1502 which converts the request to a file transfer request compatible with the voice/fax/text message system 1500. The file is then transmitted to the user's personal computer 1506 for display or playback. The browser is configured in
known fashion to recognize file types and use an appropriate viewer application to decode the transferred data and play it back or display it. For example, the browser may examine a header block in the network data stream to determine file type, using the MIME (Multimedia Internet Message Exchange) standard. If necessary, conversion from one file format to another is done before playback or display. However, the invention encompasses a browser that has the ability to playback or display "streamed" data from the network, allowing essentially real-time playback.
For example, a browser configured to operate on a Windows-based personal computer preferably would convert a sound file in a standard format from the voice/fax/text message system 1500 to the Windows native sound format (i.e., WAV), while a browser configured to operate on a Macintosh personal computer preferably would convert a sound file to the Macintosh native sound format (i.e., AIFF). Similarly, a fax file would be transferred as a raw G3 TIFF type 3 file and converted by the browser resident in the user's personal computer to a desired display format. A text file could be displayed as conventional E-mail text.
FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a preferred method of using the embodiments of FIGS. 15A-15C. In use, when a user accesses a mailbox within the voice/fax/text message system 1500 from a remote personal computer 1506 (Step 1600), the HTTP server 1502 sends a summary page to the personal computer 1506 showing all outstanding voice, fax, and text messages addressed to the user (Step 1602). The summary page may include, for example, entries comprising an icon indicating message type (voice, facsimile, or text), a date and time stamp, the author or source of each message, etc. Each entry is coupled to a URL that references or points to a logical location at which the associated message or object is stored within the voice/fax/text message system 1500.
The user may then select a message to view (Step 1604). By, for example, clicking on an entry with a mouse, the associated URL is sent as a request to the HTTP server 1502 (Step 1606). The HTTP server 1502 converts the URL to a file request to the voice/fax/text (VFT) message system 1500 (Step 1608), which returns the associated file to the HTTP server 1502 (Step 1610) for transmittal to the personal computer 1506 (Step 1612). The resident browser within the personal computer 1506 determines the file type (for example, by examination of a file extension or flag bits within a file header, or MIME standard ID information in a network header packet) (Step 1614) and activates the appropriate viewer application (Step 1616). In the preferred embodiment, the browser also marks the selected entry as having been accessed (for example, by changing the display color of the entry) (Step 1618). This provides an easy way for differentiating between played and unplayed messages.
For recording voice responses, in the preferred embodiment, the user activates a "record message" button. The URL associated with that button is sent as a request to the HTTP server 1502. The HTTP server 1502 converts the URL to a file request to the voice/fax/text message system 1500, which returns a "blank" voice file, preferably of a type compatible with the user's personal computer 1506 operating system, for transmittal to the personal computer 1506. Receipt by the browser in the personal computer 1506 of the blank file causes the local playback/record application associated with that file type to be loaded. Thus, the playback/record application "pops up" and allows the user to record a response. The completed recording is then attached to a header file and transmitted back to the voice/fax/text message system 1500 via the HTTP server 1502.
The browser resident in the personal computer 1506 is implemented in accordance with known techniques. Typically, a family of viewer/playback modules is provided with a basic browser interface. The browser determines an incoming file type, as indicated above, and loads the appropriate viewer or playback program module. In some cases, the browser activates separate a viewer/playback applications. One well-known browser implemented in this fashion is Netscape Navigator from Netscape Communications Corporation. Thus, if any unusual file formats are transmitted to the personal computer 1506, the developer using such formats would make a suitable viewer/playback module or application available to users.
Telephonic connections to the voice/fax/text message system 1500 from telephone type equipment 1508 would be in accordance with the description given above with respect to FIGS. 2-14.
While the present invention has been described with reference to a few specific embodiments, the description is illustrative of the invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention. Various modifications may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited by the specific illustrated embodiment, but only by the scope of the appended claims.
The details of the preferred embodiment of the present invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Once the details of the invention are known, numerous additional innovations and changes will become obvious to one skilled in the art.
Additional objects and features of the invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description and appended claims when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art apparatus depicting the separate access paths required to interact with a voice message system and a text message system.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3A is a detailed block diagram of the invention depicted in FIG. 2.
FIGS. 3B, 3C, and 3D depict computer interfaces which may be employed in the apparatus of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram depicting the operation of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram showing the process by which a voice message system mailbox number is correlated with the host computer user identification to facilitate automatic log-in to the host computer.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the process by which electronic mail messages are received and answered using the invention.
FIG. 7 Is a flowchart of the process by which an electronic mail message is forwarded as a facsimile transmission using the invention.
FIG. 8 depicts the network message format.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the invention incorporated into a practical, multi-user system.
FIG. 10 depicts an alternative embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 11 depicts a computer interface which may be used in conjunction with the messaging function of the invention.
FIG. 12 depicts a computer interface which may be used in conjunction with a wake-up feature which may be used in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 13 depicts an apparatus for providing an interface between a text message system, a voice message system, and a personal computer.
FIG. 14 provides a top-level description of the control sequence which may be exercised in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 15A is block diagram of a first alternative embodiment of the present invention designed for use with personal computers coupled over a local area network.
FIG. 15B is block diagram of a second alternative embodiment of the present invention designed for use with remote personal computers.
FIG. 15C is block diagram of a third alternative embodiment of the present invention designed for use with remote personal computers.
FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a preferred method of using the embodiments of FIGS. 15A-15C.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to integrated voice, facsimile, and electronic mail systems. More particularly, this invention relates to a system which allows a user to input, access, and manipulate voice, facsimile, and electronic mail data through a personal computer.
2. Description of Related Art
Typically, office communications are stored in two formats, voice messages and text messages (electronic mail, or E-mail). Recently, a third format, facsimile communication, has become prevalent in the business community. Generally, voice messages are stored and accessed via a dedicated voice mail system connected to a private branch exchange (PBX) or directly to the local telephone system. Text messages are usually stored and accessed on a computer system separate from the voice message system and are usually only accessible via another computer or terminal. Recent advances in text to speech (TTS) conversion systems have made it possible to access previously stored text messages via a telephone. However, these systems are usually dedicated to text message access and to retrieving other database information stored in text form within the computer system. As depicted in FIG. 1, each of the office communications systems must be separately accessed by a remote user.
Voice message systems, also known as voice mail systems, have become common modes of communication amongst business persons and consumers alike. Typically, a business organization will have a PBX direct a caller's telephone call to an appropriate extension within the organization. If the connection is not completed, the call is forwarded to a voice mail system wherein the caller may leave a voice message in a "mailbox" having an address corresponding to the extension called.
A commercially available system which provides the above basic messaging functions plus a number of optional functions such as automated dispatch, automated reception service, verbal bulletin boards, and paging is the VoiceMemo II™ voice processing system. VoiceMemo II™ is a trademark of Centigram Communications Corporation, San Jose, Calif. The stand alone VoiceMemo II™ is capable of storing up to 960 hours of messages in support of up to 10,000 users utilizing up to 120 telephone lines.
Design of voice mail systems, as in the VoiceMemo II™ system, incorporates one or more microprocessors to control call distribution, mailbox allocation, and user prompt upon playback. Typically, the voice messages are digitized and stored on one or more hard disk drives. A user may subsequently request the voice messages which the voice mail system has stored. Upon user request, the microprocessor will access the disk drive and have the digitized message or messages retrieved and converted into an analog signal which is then played to the user. The user may then command the system via the touchtone keypad of the telephone to delete the message, forward it to another mailbox, or save it.
Optionally, the VoiceMemo II™ system can be integrated with a faxcard for receiving and transmitting facsimile ("fax") transmissions. The system, known as FaxMemo™, is capable of storing, retrieving and manipulating facsimile messages in much the same manner in which voice messages are handled. Using this arrangement, a user can call the VoiceMemo II™ system and be notified that a facsimile addressed to the user has been received. The user may optionally save the fax, delete it, print it to a default printer located near the user's office, or have the fax sent to any fax transceiver (machine) which the user designates by entering the transceiver's telephone number.
In addition to voice mail systems and fax machines, many offices have electronic mail systems. Typically, a central computer system serves as the host to the electronic mail system and the users interface with the computer via terminals or a network of personal computers (PCs). Each user has a mailbox within the system. The users of the central computer may send messages amongst themselves by typing a message and addressing it to the mailbox address of another user. Users outside of the network that are not directly connected to the central computer may connect to the central computer via a modem. Thus, outsiders using other electronic mail systems may send messages to any known address within an organization's electronic mail system via the modem.
However, until recently, the electronic mail systems could only be accessed by a PC or terminal via direct connection or a modem. To overcome this access hindrance, text to speech (TTS) translators are used to enable a remote user to use a telephone to contact the electronic mail system and have previously stored messages "read" to the user over the telephone. Using the touchtone keypad, the user may optionally forward the message to another electronic mail address, delete the message, or save it. These systems are known in the art as interactive voice response (IVR) systems.
A commercially available IVR system which provides the foregoing basic features is the Voice Gateway System (VGS) Communications Corporation, San Jose, Calif. VGS is a registered trademark of the manufacturer. In addition to the standard features of a text to speech system, VGS enables the user to respond to messages by sending previously stored text passages to the sender of the message via the electronic mail system to acknowledge receipt of the message. Also, the IVR system can be used to select and access database information other than electronic mail, such as catalog and sales information. The user may enter data into the selected database via the touchtone telephone keypad. For instance, the data entry capability is useful for sales persons to enter order information from remote locations. In this form, information residing in the database is accessed for read out as well as modified (written to) by the user's touchtone keypad input.
An office having both an electronic mail system with a TTS translator, i.e., an IVR system, and a voice mail system forces the users to remember a number of separate commands and access codes for each system. In addition, separate phone calls must be placed or call transfer used to access each system, which is a cumbersome approach.
It is therefore a primary objective of the present invention to provide a system and method of integrating voice mail systems and IVR systems such that a single call can be placed to access information stored in both systems.
Another object of the invention is to enable a single instruction set to be used to retrieve and manipulate voice and text messages within a comprehensive voice mail/electronic mail system.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a system and method of integrating voice mail systems, and their corresponding facsimile handling features, with a text message system through a personal computer so that information from both systems may be entered, retrieved, and manipulated through the personal computer.
In summary, the present invention is a communication system comprising a voice message system for storing and retrieving voice messages and facsimile data, a computer database accessing system for storing and retrieving text messages from a separate computer system and for converting the text messages into voice messages, and a personal computer (including an Internet communications device, or "ICD") which allows a user to generate and receive voice messages, facsimile data, and text messages. The systems are integrated via a network which coordinates the functions of each individual system. Additionally, the input/output ports of the voice message system and the computer database accessing system are connected in a parallel fashion to a personal computer or ICD. In this configuration, a user may access voice messages, facsimile messages, and text messages through the personal computer or ICD, either locally or remotely.
This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/482,608 filed Jun. 7, 1995, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,740 on Jun. 25, 1996, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INTEGRATING VOICE, FACSIMILE AND ELECTRONIC MAIL THROUGH A PERSONAL COMPUTER, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/033,520, filed Mar. 18, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/783,686, filed Oct. 28,1991, entitled INTERFACE SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INTERCONNECTING A VOICE MESSAGE SYSTEM AND AN INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM, now abandoned. | 66,618 | 170 |
241,806 | TYPE DESIGN INFORMATION PAGE last updated on Tue Dec 10 02:12:51 EST 2013
Another *$#@!*& collection of fonts, offered by Manay Software. Their web page is tricky: first fill out some form, giving away all your private details, because the CD is "free". Then click "continue" and learn that it is not so free after all. Only, too late--you have already given away your information. This scam should be prosecuted in some country. Luckily, some time between 2005 and 2012, Manay's link disappeared. [Google] [More] ⦿
Type outfit in Dallas, TX, with some free fonts, some commercial fonts (BOSS fonts: 4000 fonts for 30 USD), and some typography essays on anti-aliasing. There seems to be a connection withComputer Support Corporation. It released at one point in 1996 a big CD of fonts called Arts&Letters, which I believe is related to Bay Animation. These were renamed fonts from elsewhere. About 100 fonts were at this site. A sampling of the free fonts: Amos-Normal, ArcherNormal, Asia-Extended-Bold, Banco-Normal, Barrett-Condensed-BoldItalic, CallimarkerItalic, Cane-StripedNormal, Cane-Hollow, CoffeeSackExtendedItalic, CraneNormal, Dominon-Normal, Enview-Bold, Glaze-Normal, Gorgio-Normal, Leo-Normal, Orient2Normal (oriental simulation), PennantNormal, Plank-ExtendedNormal, RoninNormal, ShalomNormal (Hebrew simulation), Tangiers-Normal, ThreeDeeNormal, WampumNormal. The list of about 2000 fonts I am aware of, all made between 1995 and 2001, is here. [Google] [More] ⦿
Company based in Sussex, UK, active ca. 2001: AtomicType is a distributor of the International TypeFounders library and CD-ROMs. Founded in 1995, ITF's goal is to provide a unique opportunity for the world's best independent small type foundries and typeface designers to display and distribute their fonts. Over 10,000 typefaces are available. Also some custom design work. [Google] [More] ⦿
Bay Fonts (or: Bay Soft, or: Bay Animation, Inc.)
BaySoft or BayFonts (was: Bay Animation Inc) is a font vendor from Annapolis, MD. Charles Biddle established Bay Animation Inc there in 1994. They claim to have 8000 fonts, but clearly, these are mostly renamed fonts. I can not believe that they till operate. Interestingly, according to Ulrich Stiehl, Charles Biddle built up his collection with the help of Hans Fremuth, who had a similar collection marketed in Germany, called Profi-Schriften Business (Kelly Media). Still according to Stiehl, the majority of the Bay Animation fonts are doctored copies of Bitstream fonts (which in turn were knock-offs of Linotype fonts). The italics are merely awful computer-generated slants of romans, and thus, the collection is sub-par. [Google] [More] ⦿
Wilhelm Welsch's Cologne-based outfit that sells all the standard fonts, many under new names. Typically about 1DM per font (in packs of 500). Goes also under the name Quick Brown Fox (QBF), and is related to (identical to?) Softmaker. In the seventies, they made some original fonts at Brendel Type Studio such as Diamante and Dragon, but what is the relationship between Brendel Type Studio and Brendel Informatik? Their collection grew and included many semi-clones from major foundries (example: Equipe is like Emigre's Mason, and so forth). In 2000, FontShop sued them for placing 17 of their fonts on their CD, and Brendel lost and had to cough up a lot of money. Mark Johannson explains: "The B+P fonts seem to be the earliest and now float freely between Brendel Informatik and Softmaker 's, sometimes renamed, sometimes not. Brendel also did fonts for Serif software (Page Plus, Draw Plus etc.) using the SF suffix. It is not unusual, if you open the SF/Softmaker/Brendel/BP fonts up with a font editor, that you'll find one of the other company's names for it still buried in there in either the TT or T1 ID field!! I'm guessing Softmaker (in Nuremberg) was a software publisher who acquired some type of rights along the lines. They still make software (Softmaker Office is their biggie) and still sell fonts. Brendel still operates out of Cologne and still sells fonts under the "Quick Brown Fox" foundry name. The catalogs between them are pretty identical even down to most font names."
A shady company that sold a 10,000+ truetype font CD, ClickArt Fonts 2, for 20 USD, in the late 1990s, early 2000s. Most of these fonts are shamelessly renamed fonts from elsewhere. Some have made it to the free site Dafont: Varsity Regular (1996, athletic lettering), Continuum (monoline squarish sans), Tabitha (script), Stars&Stripes. [Google] [More] ⦿
Castcraft [3649 W Chase Ave Skokie, IL 60026], showed off a comprehensive library of fonts, all with extended character sets for multi-language typography. OptiFont is a trademark filed in 1990 by Fredric J. Kreiter of Castcraft. Castcraft sold a CD-ROM Type Library Volume 1 at 200 USD. Its entire font collection was sold for 1000 USD. It also made some custom fonts. Most post-1990 fonts have the prefix OPTI. For example, OPTI-Peking is an oriental simulation font. OPTI-Favrile is a copy of Tom Carnase's Favrile (WTC).
A visitor warned me that there is absolutely zero security when you order from this outfit, so you are warned--this is a dangerous site! It seems that Manny Kreiter (d. 2005) was the last President&CEO, and that his family (Abe, Harry and Ned Kreiter) have been at it since the days of metal type (1936) starting as Type Founders of Chicago. I found this on their pages: Castcraft has licensing [sic] the entire 20,000 TypeFaces from "Type Films of Chicago" and the entire "Solotype Alphabets" collection. Mike Yanega claims that most of their fonts are clearly not original any more than most of Bitstream's are original, and like them they re-name many of their fonts to avoid copyright issues. Their fonts all appear to be a 'dead collection' of copies of relatively old designs that have already appeared in many other collections from the likes of WSI and SSi.
In 2010, John Brandt reports: Castcraft, aka Type Founders of Chicago, moved decades ago from Hubbard St in Chicago to a close-in suburb (Skokie? Niles?) and was still operating within the past few years when I happened to drive by. I failed to find any current incarnation, but they used several names even years ago as a prominent pirate. Besides pirated fonts (Typositor to later, generally poor digital), they were a big metal vendor (I have a partial metal set of Helvetica gifted as they left downtown in the 1970s), and also had a guy (whose name escapes me) who did fabulous high-end signage, from sand-blasted glass to the created-on-building inscribed metal logo for a well-known Michigan Ave mall. Longtime owner Manny Kreiter died in 2005, but whether Boomie or any of the others who may still be around kept it going is unknown. Aside from simply having ANY version of their many offerings, most would consider their collection worthless. Anyone who has a digital "OPTIfont" and a font editor can readily view the problems, including usually several times too many Bezier points within any character. I counted 78 control points on a minimal character, for instance, that should have had less than a dozen.
Listing of Castcraft fonts (compiled by myself). The 802 fonts listed here are all dated between 1990 and 1994. I know there are at least 1,000 digital fonts made by them, so my list is incomplete.
This link maintained by alt.binaries.fonts regulars contains most OPTI fonts for free download. It contains in particular some scans of one-line listings (i, ii, iii), and lists of name equivalences (i, ii).
Picture of Ned, Abe, Harry and Manny Kreiter.
Download and archive site created by a number of font enthusiasts at alt.binaries.fonts.
ClickArt is a trademark that was acquired by Broderbund Software. ClickArt was the name used on many cheap font CDs sold during the mid nineties, such as ClickArt Personality Fonts (a handwriting font collection). See also here for the ClickArt Fonts 2 CD with over 10,000 truetype fonts for 20 USD. [Google] [More] ⦿
I was floored last week when I saw the New York Times (February 28, 2005) list of top five Windows software products sold in January 2005. In fifth position, after various versions of Office, was COSMI's "1000 Best Fonts" CD, which retails for 8 or 9 US dollars. I refuse to pay any money to this company, so I would appreciate any help from readers about the contents of this CD so that I can make an informed opinion. About themselves, COSMI writes: "COSMI Corporation is a privately held leading developer and publisher of software for the home and office. With corporate headquarters in Carson, CA, COSMI is the #1 publisher in productivity software as tracked by NPD Techworld, an independent research company. Since 1982, COSMI has been committed to delivering quality products and customer service for a value price. With products covering all major categories including: productivity, business, utilities, education, entertainment and PDA software, COSMI has proven itself to be a formidable player in the market. Building upon its relationships with customers and its distribution strengths, COSMI is poised for continued growth in all consumer software categories. With the evolution of new technologies and the resulting consumer needs, COSMI will continue to provide products that meet and exceed their needs." Check their font 66 (1994, blackletter). [Google] [More] ⦿
Creative Market is a platform for handcrafted, mousemade design content from independent creatives around the world. Cofounded in 2012 by Aaron Epstein (New York City), Darius Monsef (Waimea, HI), and Chris Williams (Portland, OR). Part of the business consists in selling typefaces. [Google] [More] ⦿
British font service company located in London. They have barcodes, a handwriting and signature font service, and sell all famous font families. As an example, from 1992-1994, they made Garamond-No-100-Bold, Garamond-No-100-Italic, Garamond-No-100, Garamond-No-49-Bold-Italic, Garamond-No-49-Bold, Garamond-No-49-Italic, Garamond-No-49. One source claims that this Garamond family was made by Compugraphic and that Datascan merely changed the name in the font information field. Maybe that is the way its collection grew so mysteriously and quickly to thousands of fonts. And here is the beauty: each font is priced at 320 US dollars for a single user. There are 30,000 fonts listed. Their collection, on paper, can be had for 9.6 million US dollars. For five users, cost doubles. [Google] [More] ⦿
Font Shop font outlet man in Toronto. Used to be at 401 Wellington St W, Toronto, Ont M5V 1E8 Canada, and is very knowledgeable about fonts in general---Toronto is very lucky! He runs Swipe Books there. He will do custom font design work.
Now, David was the man in Toronto. Let me just replay this sweet testimony of Nick Shinn which explains how he got into type design: I too had a John Bull set. And played with Letraset. But there are many things "I started to become interested in" that didn't end up as my career(s). With type, I would say in retrospect that an accumulation of influences and circumstances made me an art director and subsequently a type designer. Had I been a better art director, I would no doubt have worked at an agency doing broadcast ads rather than B2B type-heavy print, directed commercials, and eventually become a movie director like Ridley Scott. Rather than a serial accumulation of prods in this direction, there may well have been a turning point when two or more influences coincided. I can certainly attribute my career as a (successful) type designer to one person. In the mid 1980s I gave up on type design, having had a couple of faces published a lot of work and precious little remuneration. Then in 1993 David Michaelides, the manager of the FontShop store in Toronto, organized a type event with Carter and Brody speaking; he then suggested I present some type concept ideas to FontFont, which I did, and they published Fontesque, which became very popular. Had it not been, I would probably not have pursued type design any further. A lot of turning points, serendipity, personal inspiration, opportunities opened up by new technology, and so on. [Google] [More] ⦿
It is difficult to avoid the confusing jibberish that companies keep throwing at us. Ascender Corporation is especially good at this. In this extraterrestrial-sounding 2007 announcement of the Droid type family, there are many beauties.
DTC (Digital Typeface Company, est. 1999, closed in 2004) was a Hungarian outfit founded and run by printer-typographer Attila Derecskei that developed and sells OpenType, truetype and Type 1 fonts on CDs or via downloads for just about every platform. One of their products was called ProFonts Library. An earlier name of the company was ScanDer Ltd, established by Derecskei in 1993. Other typographers at ScanDer included Leslie Egerer and Cathy Saufert. They said: "2500 TrueType&PostScript font for Windows 3.1x / 95 / 98 / Me / NT / 2000 / XP / OS2 / Linux / MacOs with Unicode. Some fonts with Cyrillic, Greek and Hebrew characters. Special pack is the PixelFonts Library for Flash. Developed by Digital Typeface Co. USA. Managed by Jon Stern." MyFonts link. [Google] [MyFonts] [More] ⦿
Electronic Font Foundry
The Electronic Font Foundry (EFF) in Ascot, Berkshire, UK, sells most classical fonts at about 15 dollars per weight, and makes custom fonts. Established in 1984, the foundry had 1300 fonts by 2012.
The font designer is Edward Detyna.
On July 4, 2002, Apostrophe wrote this: I'm currently having a difficult time trying to predict the past of EFF LondonA, EFF Liz, EFF Eric and EFF Formal, to name a few. I have a feeling that these folks just happen to be twins with entities that are currently across the Atlantic from them, namely Adobe Garamond, Cooper Black, Gill Sans and Copperplate Gothic. A friend of Detyna's writes this: When I met him at least twenty years ago, Edward and his associates had a font design studio based in Ascot, near London. He is a mathematician/statistician turned typographer, and was really on top of type design at the time. There are academic articles published on mathematical subjects on the internet. He's an old man now, but still a very smart guy. When he started, with fonts for Acorn RISC-OS (now defunct, but leading-edge British computer of mid-eighties to -nineties), he had very advanced and sophisticated algorithms for anti-aliasing and hinting, and his hand-hinting is still better than almost any other fonts I have used for screen work. He still sells fonts and adapts to user requirements promptly. I recently asked him to adjust the hinting on a font and he turns it around in a day.
Closed captioning fonts for TV, made according to the EIA 708-B specifications, include EFF Sans Serif CC, EFF Serif CC, EFF Sans Serif Mono CC, EFF Serif Mono CC, EFF Casual CC, EFF Script CC, EFF Small Caps CC.
EFF also has fonts for Vietnamese, Greek, Hebrew, and Cyrillic.
EFF Primary is a large family of educational fonts.
German type foundry in Hamburg established in 1986 by Veronika Elsner and Günther Flake. They offer original fonts as well as improved versions of classical fonts. There are many non-Latin fonts as well. In-house designers include Jessica Hoppe (Carpediem), Verena Gerlach (Aranea), Petra Beisse (PetrasScript), Uwe Melichar, Manuela Frahm (Fritz Dittert), Ralf Borowiak, Lisa von Paczkowski, and Achaz Reuss.
Additions in 2005 include the dingbat faces Beautilities EF Alpha, Ornamental Rules EF, Diavolo Rules EF, Squares EF (Alpha, Beta and Gamma), Topographicals EF Alpha, Typoflorals EF Alpha, Typographicals EF Alpha, Typomix EF Alpha, Typosigns EF Alpha, Typospecs EF Alpha and Beta (which have several fists), Typostuff EF Alpha, Diavolo EF, Schablone EF, Gigant EF, Maloni EF, OCRA EF, EF Unovis (a 16-weight family inspired by Quadrat).
In the hand-printed category, let us mention Filzerhand.
Their blackletter collection includes some bastardas (Alte Schwabacher, Lucida Blackletter), some frakturs (Fraktur, Fette Fraktur EF, Justus Fraktur, NeueLutherscheFraktur, Walbaum-Fraktur), some rotundas (Weiss-Rundgotisch), and some texturas (Gotisch, Old English).
Commissioned fonts include Castrol Sans (2007).
Clip art and brush script fonts at this Beaverton, OR-based outfit run by Fritz Richard. From the web page: The ImageFonts UltraPak (CD) features over 600 one-of-a-kind typefaces for Windows and Macintosh. ImageFonts come in four flavors, Mac TrueType, Mac Postscript, Windows TrueType and PC Postscript. Some claim that the fonts are rehashed public domain fonts. The enStep font collection found mostly on archives (such as here) is dated 1997. It is largely worthless, though. As an exercise, see if you can recognize which original fonts are were used to obtain these enStep fonts: Casmira, Ellis, Excess, Justice.
Slovak IT company, est. 1990. It is a vendor for Monotype fonts, among other things. It also sells Central and Eastern European fonts developed under license from Bitstream. Some of their typefaces are sold on a CD called Fontotéka. [Google] [More] ⦿
Sells a 2000 font (TT and T1) CD called Fantastic Fonts for 13USD. Plus 300 truetype handwriting fonts for 13USD. And 300 funky fonts for 13USD. Font Magician (13USD) lets you create special effects. Kid's Fonts (300 truetype fonts) for 13USD. Based in Rockland, DE. Footnote: Expert Software is one of the world's largest font cloners. I doubt that they ever made an original font. For example, under the label Ly's Media, they renamed all the WSI "Hand-Plain" series LEHN001 through LEHN283, and sold them once again. It is a real mess. Download that collection here. [Google] [More] ⦿
Formerly Image Club Graphics. Was Adobe Studios until late 1998. Calgary-based foundry and font vendor. Free fonts Pacifica Condensed and Mini Pics Digidings. In February 2003, Eyewire was acquired by Agfa/Monotype: big fish eats small fish. [Google] [More] ⦿
Sells lots and lots of fonts for other foundries and designers. Some of the fonts are shareware at other places, so please do some comparison-shopping. Great presentation. Designers clearly identified. Vendor for Brian Sooy&Co., Carpenter Type, Jack Yan&Associates, Scriptorium, Francesco Griffo, Giovanantonio Tagliente, Paulo Roberto Purim, Michael Scarpitti, Brian Sooy, and Jack Yan. [Google] [More] ⦿
Font vendor and foundry set up in 2006 in Minneapolis by Stuart Sandler (of Font Diner fame) and his partner, Mike Ibach. Companies selling through Font Bros include Font Diner, Astigmatic One Eye, ByAndreas, Chank, Mark Simonson Studio, Alphabet Soup, Fonthead Design, Wilton Type, CBdO, Sideshow, Blue Vinyl, Font-O-Ville, Outside-The-Line, Sparkytype, Typadelic, and Fontalicious. New 2007 fonts: Bamboozle (letters made out of pieces of wood), Silverstein and Seasoned Hostess (scripts by Crystal Kluge of the Tart Workshop), Woody (wood plank font) and Sweetheart Script (Ronna Penner). [Google] [More] ⦿
A web site set up in 2007 by Ray Larabie. It contains three things:
FontHaus, or DsgnHaus, was located in East Fairfield, CT, and is now in Westport, CT. It offers a 1200-font collection of original fonts. They also sell fonts from the libraries of Adobe, Agfa, Berthold, Bitstream, FontFont, ITC, Linotype, Monotype, [T-26] and many others.
On their DsgnHaus Exclusives CD, we find fonts by the following individuals or foundries: Al Brantner, Frank Heine (UORG), Munich Type, Altemus, Franta Storm, Patricking, Ampersand, Galapagos Design, Pepper Tharp, Andrew Smith, Gary Munch, Robert Knopf, Andy Stock, Graphics by Gallo, Robert Petrick, Ann Pomeroy, Haig Bedrosian, Rodrigo Cavazos, Apply Design, Holly Goldsmith, Self Build, Bill Fletcher, Jack Tom, Spiece Graphics, Blue Sky Graphics, Jason Sutton, Swordfish Design, Casey Cheeseman, Jens Gelhlaar, Terminal Design, Christian Scwartz, Joe VanDerBos, Tintin Timen, Circus Design, John Alfonso, Wolfer Type, DsgnHaus, Kayde Fonts, Wolfgang Wagner, Kurt Roscoe, Woodrow Phoenix, Emma Smith, Mark Jamra, Faruk Ulay, Mondrey (Castcraft).
FontHaus (was: DsgnHaus)
Vendor that started off as FontHaus in 1990, est. by Mark Solsburg. Ir briefly became DsgnHaus, then ForDesigners.Com, and then went back to FontHaus. It sells for 2 Rebels, FontHaus, Intellecta, Adobe, FontShop, Alphabets, ITC/Fonttek, Berthold-Adobe, Linotype, Berthold, Lunchbox, Bitstream, Scangraphic, Carter&Cone, T-26, Dennis Ortiz-Lopez, Font Bureau, Elsner&Flake, and so forth. At the end of 2010, it was offering over 75,000 fonts.
Todd Adkins' fonts: Shatterfont, Chaotix, AortalHard, CaniptionFit (1996, alternative for Treefrog), LeprocyFace (1996), Mercurial and SuessFont (1996) are free. Mac and PC. They also sell font packages in all formats. [Google] [More] ⦿
Established in 1989 in Berlin by Erik Spiekermann, Joan Spiekermann and Neville Brody. Also offices in San Francisco, Australia, Austria and Norway. It has a formidable collection of fonts, better known as the FontFont collection. It is a major source of new type, and organizes a Conference in Berlin each year, called TYPO Berlin.
Online font site run by Sean Cavanaugh (b. Cape May, NJ, 1962) out of Camano Island, WA. This used to be called Title Wave Studios. In the archives, find essays on writing style, rules of typography, and a comparison by Thomas Phinney (program manager of Latin Fonts at Adobe) of T1 and TTF. The Fontsite 500 CD (30 USD) offers 500 classical fonts with the original names, plus a few names I have not seen before, such as Bergamo (=Bembo by Francesco Griffo), Chantilly (=Gill Sans), Gareth (=Galliard), Palladio (=Palatino, Savoy (=Sabon), URWLatino, Unitus, Toxica, Publicity, Plakette, Pericles, Opus (=Optima), Melville, Function, Flanders, Cori Sans, Binner. Uli Stiehl provides proof that many of the fonts at FontSite are rip-offs (identical to) of fonts in Martin Kotulla's collection. Free fonts: Bergamo, CartoGothic (1996-2009), CombiNumerals. At MyFonts, the CombiNumerals Pro and CombiSymbols dingbat families are available since 2010. The site has a number of fonts with the acronym FS in the name, so I guess these are relatively original (but I won't swear on it): Allegro FS, Beton FS, Bodoni Display FS (+ Bold, Demibold), Bodoni No 2 FS (+ Ultra, Bodoni Recut FS (+Bold, Demibold), and so forth. His 500 Font CD has these fonts:
David Jones (Pasco, WA) proposes a font service based on purchasing individual glyphs---comparing the model with that of Apple's iTunes model in which music tracks are purchased. I am a bit worred about announcements like that one week before April 1. [Google] [More] ⦿
Company located in Fareham, Hampshire, UK, and (possibly) run by David Gibbins. 150 truetype-font collection: go here, here, here, here, here, and here. The 150 fonts have no copyright information other than the date, 2001. Here are the names of this collection: Aston-Italic, Aston, AstonPoster, Barker, Bentine, Brancusi-Italic, Brancusi, Burns, ButlerCaps, Cambridge-Bold, Cambridge-BoldItalic, Cambridge-Italic, Cambridge, CambridgeOpen, Chaplin, Charterhouse-Bold, Charterhouse, Cleese, Constable, Cooke, Corbett, CorpusChristi-Bold, CorpusChristi-Italic, CorpusChristi, Crosby, DaVinci, Dali, Degas, Dodd, Donnatello, Durham-Bold, Durham-Italic, Durham, DurhamPoster-Bold, DurhamPoster-Italic, Edinburgh-Bold, Edinburgh-BoldItalic, Edinburgh-Italic, Edinburgh, Epstein, EpsteinFat, Eton-Italic, Eton, Exeter-Bold, Exeter-Italic, Exeter, Formby, Gainsborough, Gauguin, Gilbert, Gordonstoun-Bold, Gordonstoun-Italic, Gordonstoun, Hancock, Hardy, Harrow-Bold, Harrow-BoldItalic, Harrow-Italic, Harrow, Harvard-Bold, Harvard, Hepworth-Bold, Hepworth, Hope, Keaton, KebleBlack, KebleBoldOutline, KebleCondensed, KebleCondensedBlack, KebleCondensedLight, Keele-Bold, Keele, KingsCollege-Bold, KingsCollege-Italic, KingsCollege, Laurel, Leighton, LeightonCondensed, LeightonExtended, Lloyd, Manet, Marceau, Marlborough-Bold, Marlborough, Matisse, Michaelangelo, Miller, Millfield, Milligan-Bold, Milligan-BoldItalic, Milligan-Italic, Milligan, Miro, Monet, Moore, Morecambe, Peterhouse-Bold, Peterhouse-BoldItalic, Peterhouse-Italic, Peterhouse, Picasso, PicassoLite, Pollock, Pryor, QueensCollege-Bold, QueensCollege-BoldItalic, QueensCollege-Italic, QueensCollege, Raphael, Rembrandt, Rodin, Roedean-Bold, Roedean, Rubens, Secombe, Sellers, Seurat, Sorbonne-Bold, Sorbonne-BoldItalic, Sorbonne-Italic, Sorbonne, StAnnes-Italic, StAnnes, StPauls-Bold, StPauls, Stowe, Sykes, ToulouseLautrec, Turner, Upminster-Bold, Upminster, VanGogh, Verrochio, Warhol, WarholHeavy, WarholLight, Warwick-Bold, Warwick-BoldItalic, Warwick-Italic, Warwick, Wellington, WellingtonHeavy, Winchester-Bold, Winchester-Italic, Winchester, Wisdom, Wise, Yale-Bold, Yale-Italic, Yale. This free font collection may or may not be produced in agreement with Qualitype. Commercial font services, including barcode solutions (about 500 USD for Barcode2000, which includes 3 of 9, Code 93, Interleaved 2 of 5, EAN/UPC, MSI/Plessey, Code 128, Codabar, MICR/E13B, CMC-7&USPS Barcode, and OCR A, OCR B, Letter Gothic, Line Draw&the Euro Currency Symbol) and TrueType logo and signature fonts (200 USD per font in 6 weights). Sells Barcode Assistant. Free barcode demo fonts. Free copy of Fontaware (Windows 3.1 font management). Free font recognition service. Font vendor for Bitstream. Barcodes sold:
Older font vendor and occasional font developer. From their 2008 web page: type.co.uk is the online arm of Fontworks UK Ltd, part of the Creative Publishing Solutions (CPS) Group who own the Fontshop brand in the UK. With an online presence since 1994 we represent over 100 foundries worldwide, offering a huge range from industry favourites (Adobe, Linotype, Monotype, Berthold, ITC, Bitstream), leading independents (Emigre, Font Bureau, T-26) and cutting edge collections such as Virus, Alias, ACMEFONTS, ShinnType, G-Type, and Device. We are a leading provider of custom fonts and type design services to the corporate, advertising and design sectors. Their foundries. [Google] [More] ⦿
Sells fonts by Chank Diesel, Joseph Coniglio, Joseph Essex, Rodney Sheldon Fehsenfeld, Peter Girardi, Gary Hustwit, Nancy Mazzei, Adam Roe, Brian Kelly, Carlos Segura, Susan Townsend, Mark Thomas, Rick Valenti, and Mouli Marur. [Google] [More] ⦿
German publisher of the Windows XP Profischriften 2003 CD, which since 2004 has been entitled 1.800 Schriften für Windows (20 Euro at Amazon). Ulrich Stiehl studied this company, and offers a list of name analogies with commercial fonts here. This CD contains most fonts of the "Berthold Types" collection and also fonts by Adobe, Monotype, Linotype and other foundries. Stiehl writes that "the Franzis CD includes many fonts not contained in the MegaFont CD" [by Softmaker]. Stiehl's analyis shows that the 1774 font CD contains (i) Classic Fonts (copyright ClassicFontCorporation, USA RWE, typefaces of the former H. Berthold AG), and (ii) Modern Fonts and Display Fonts (copyright Christine Mauerkirchner and Rainer Grunert RWE, typefaces of Adobe, Agfa/Monotype, Linotype, Bitstream, Compugraphic and others). Stiehl says: Franzis Verlag GmbH was formerly a reputable independent technical book publishing house in Munich. It is located today in Poing, and publishes this above fonts CD which has fonts by "PrimaFonts alias ClassicFontCorporation alias Christine Mauerkirchner alias Rainer Grunert". [Google] [More] ⦿
Jerrett Taylor's archive containing about 200 TrueType fonts. Simple presentation, easy downloads. Equivalent address. Sells a 6000-font CD with fonts obtained from the web/net at 15USD a pop. Is he sending that money to the type designers, most of whom allow the distribution but not the sale of their fonts. If there is any font on this CD you like, let me know, and I will tell you where to find it for free. [Google] [More] ⦿
Font vendor in the UK. Initial designers in 2013 include Emily Mahon herself (second in command at FreshComFonts), but also Vanessa Bays, Alex Tomlinson, Ray Meadows, Jack Fisher, Nermin Kahrimanovic, Spider Rays Fonts, William Suckling, Andrew McCluskey and Cat Neligan.
5USD for about 120 display and decorative fonts. My problem with this site is that these fonts are standard shareware and freeware fonts, and that Gini Schmitz is profiting from other people's sweat and tears. [Google] [More] ⦿
Font vendor. Custom font design in most languages. MS Arabic Windows distributor in US: additional fonts for $79. P.O. Box 134, Andover, MA 01810, USA. Also sells Hebrew fonts. Seels for Agfa, Alagha Associates, Arthur Baker Designs, ITC, Maverick Designs, Boutros International, and Sakkal Designs. Headed by Steve Reef. For 89USD, get 16 beautiful Arabic fonts: ITC Boutros Rokaa, Koufi, Ousbough, Arabic Borders, Diwani, Architect, ITC Boutros Modern Kufic, AGA Andalus (some of these in multiple weights). For 72USD, get 13 Hebrew fonts (some in multiple weights): Khadeysh, Ktav, Rashi, and Mesorati. The latter fonts, plus Diwani and Architect, are original fonts by Glyph Systems. [Google] [More] ⦿
Defunct. Bertrand Morel's type site had fonts and information of a commercial nature. Good categorization of over 30,000 commercial fonts. Comparison with MyFonts: Graphic Obsession is slower, requires more clicks to navigate, and offers fewer specimen graphics. Until about 2006, they were known as FontShop-France, but after they lost that contract, things went sour, and Graphic Obsession ceased operations in December 2008. [Google] [More] ⦿
Lisa Johns from Orlando, FL, runs Graphx Edge Fonts, a foundry in Altamonte Springs, FL, offering "high quality pictorial fonts". Their 250-odd collection is surely not made from scratch, especially not their body, script and display fonts. One used to be able to find four great free dingbats here: GE Nautica, GE Zoom, GE Zodiac, GE Holiday Sampler. In the Font Services section, they will make custom pictorial, signature (10USD), or logo (20USD) truetype fonts. For 20 USD, get also packages of 20 fonts such as Absolute Fun Fonts, Absolute Dingbats (60 dingbats, 129USD) or Absolute Script Fonts. Now also called ScriptFonts.Com. Alternate site. Deco fonts, a collection of 4 dingbat fonts for 30 USD. Alternate URL. At this archive, you can find the following fonts: GEBanners, GEClipz, GEComedy, GECurviture, GEElegantScript, GEFiestaMarquee, GEFleet, GEFreeForm, GEFrills, GEGlob, GEHandyScript, GEMontage, GENervousTwitch, GERomanesse, GESheerScript. Partial list of dingbats: GEAngels (I to III), GECarouselHorses, GECelticArt, GEChineseArt, GEChristmasJoy, GEComicalChristmas, GECurviture, GEEdibles, GEEgyptianArt, GEElementsofNature (I and II), GEFloralStencils, GEHolidaySampler, GEIttyBittys, GEJapaneseArt, GEMerryChristmas, GENativeAmericanArt, GENautica, GEOutToSea, GEPennsylvaniaDutch (I and II), GESheerScript, GESnowmen, GESpringtime, GEStorybookTales, GEWhimsicalAnimals (I to IV), GEWildKingdom, GEZodiac, GEZoom. Another alias: Megadownloads. At Joz's Smallwares, you may find Fleet, Romanesse, Frills, Free Form and Comedy, Curviture, Elegant Script, Handy Script, Montage and Sheer Script, Fiesta Marquee, Nervous Twitch, Banners, Clipz and Glob. The list of fonts is long:
All right, 15 dollars a shot for renamed fonts. If you are going for this stuff, you are much better off with the Bitstream collection or the SSi collection (1 cent per font, or 150 times cheaper). If you buy from this outfit, you are a double loser. [Google] [More] ⦿
Company incorporated in Delaware. Markets fonts from Garagefonts, Letter-Perfect, Polytype, Maverick Designs, Christian Schwartz Design, Phil's Fonts, TypeArt, Font Bureau, T-26, Red Rooster, Fontek, NIMX, Font Boy, Lanston, Page Studio Graphics, Arthur Baker Designs, P22, RT: Russian Typefoundry, Castle Systems, Type Revivals, Galapagos. "International TypeFounders Inc., is a coalition of over 50 unique, small independent foundries featuring the work of dozens of designers who bring over 3,000 of their typefaces together from one central source." Alternate URL. Contact: Steve Jackaman. [Google] [More] ⦿
Russian company which sells CDs with ornaments (not in font format though) designed by Dubina Nikolay. There is also a free font archive. All fonts designed or codesigned by Dubina Nikolay, and most are Cyrillizations of well-known Latin fonts. A partial list: AirportCyr, Anarchy-Normal, BMspiralCapCyr, BMstampCyr-Normal, CranberryCyr, DPix_8pt, DS-Diploma-Bold, DS-Diploma, DSArabic, DSArmyCyr, DSAyaks-Normal, DSBroadBrush, DSBrushes-Normal, DSCenturyCapitals, DSComedyCyrBold, DSCoptic, DSCrystal, DSCyrillic, DSDiploma-Bold-Outline-DBL, DSDiplomaArt-Bold, DSDots-Medium, DSDownCyr, DSEraser2, DSEraserCyr, DSFlashSerif, DSGoose, DSGreece, DSHiline, DSIzmir-Normal, DSJapanCyr--Normal, DSJugendSCDemo, DSKolovrat, DSKork, DSMechanicalBold, DSMoster, DSMotionDemo-Italic, DSMotterStyle, DSNarrow-Extra-condensedMedium, DSNote, DSNova-Black, DSOlymPix, DSPoddCyrLight, DSPoster, DSPosterPen, DSProgress-SemiBold, DSQuadro-Black, DSRabbit-Medium, DSRada, DSRada_Double, DSReckoningCyr, DSRussiaDemo, DSSharper, DSSholom-Medium, DSShowBill, DSSofachrome-Italic, DSSonOf-Black, DSStain, DSStampCyr, DSStamper, DSStandartCyr, DSSupervixenCyr, DSThompson, DSUncialFunnyHand-Medium, DSUstavHand, DSVTCoronaCyr, DSVanish-Medium, DSYermak_D, DSZombieCyr, DS_Cosmo-Semi-expandedSemiBold, DefWriter|BASECyr, DisneyPark, Eh_cyr, Etude, Frant-Bold, InavelTetkaCyr, Matrix_vs_Miltown, MicroTech, MisirlouCyr, Nadejda-Bold, NewDeli, PixelCyr-Normal, QuakeCyr, Runic, RunicAlt, RunicAltNo, Scrawl, SeedsCyr-Medium, StillTimeCyr, Stylo-Bold, ZrnicCyr-Normal, hooge05_55Cyr2, supercarcyr. [Google] [More] ⦿
A German company in Ellerbek which in 2007 released a DVD containing 31,006 TrueType fonts. The contents, listed by Ulrich Stiehl, is here and here. It sells for 13.79 Euros on Ebay. The contents consists of fonts from nearly every known foundry and type designer in the world, including freeware, shareware and commercial fonts. Yet another crooked company exposed by Stiehl. [Google] [More] ⦿
Tim McGuinness runs McGuinnessDesigns.com. He published several cheap font CDs such as Expresiv Art Fonts (1995), Expresiv Brush Script Fonts (1995), Expresiv Classic Fonts (1994), Expresiv Ornamental Fonts (1994), and Expresiv PhotoLettering Fonts (1994). Typophile has a discussion in which these collections are called cheap knock-offs. [Google] [More] ⦿
Based in Coon Rapids, MN, and run by Peter Ward, this outfit sells hundreds of fonts that seem nothing but (tweaked and) renamed (all names start with MC) fonts--check here, and tell me if Microgetics designed these fonts! Sleazy slogans such as "Everyone should have these fonts" complete the picture. On the newsgroups, Peter Ward states that he found font XXX (fill in any name you like) at the Microgetics site---well, a bit dishonest isn't it? Ward runs the site! There are free downloads, but even those are done in a questionable manner--they make you feel like you are getting something for free by giving your coordinates, but in fact, remember that the font design was not theirs in the first place. Only positive note: the company seems to have made an effort improving the outlines of the fonts (those on MCAngelBrush improve over its "parent", BrushScriptMT, for example), but the fonts are inferior in other respects (MCAngelBrush has no kerning pairs, for example). Partial list: MC57, MCAlbany, MCAngelBrush, MCBuzz, MCCEO, MCCanfieldBold, MCCanfieldBoldItalic, MCCanfieldItalic, MCCanfield, MCCaponeCondensed, MCCaponeExtended, MCCaponeOutline, MCCapone, MCCargoCompressed, MCCargoItalic, MCCargo, MCCave, MCChancellorLightItalic, MCChancellorLight, MCChancellorMediumItalic, MCChancellorMedium, MCCheers, MCCookieCutter, MCCould, MCCowPoke, MCCrateOutline, MCCrate, MCCudaCondensed, MCCudaOutline, MCCuda, MCDoggieOutline, MCDoggie, MCDoodads, MCDotOutline, MCDotShadow, MCDot, MCEATShadow, MCEAT, MCEclectic, MCEuro, MCEyeChart, MCFatBrush, MCFinesse, MCFreeloader, MCFruitBasket, MCGadget, MCGilbert, MCGrooveEOutline, MCGrooveE, MCHAL, MCHeadStone, MCHobbesBold, MCHobbesOutline, MCHobbes, MCHouseBandOutline, MCHouseBand, MCImpressBold, MCImpress, MCIvy, MCJack, MCJoeFuture, MCKirkHall, MCKlaus, MCKoko, MCLCD, MCLappleBold, MCLappleDemi, MCLappleLight, MCLappleMedium, MCLateen, MCLetterSweater, MCLetterbook, MCLohengrin, MCLongbranch, MCLullaby, MCMahall, MCMars, MCMax, MCMershia, MCMist, MCModa, MCMonoManBold, MCMonoManBoldItalic, MCMonoManItalic, MCMonoMan, MCNixBold, MCNixCondensedBold, MCNixCondensedBoldItalic, MCNixCondensedItalic, MCNixCondensed, MCNix, MCOktoberfest, MCOpalBold, MCOpalBoldItalic, MCOpalItalic, MCOpal, MCOrchidBold, MCOrchidLight, MCOrchidMedium, MCPartridge, MCPearl, MCPeeWeeOutline, MCPeeWee, MCPerspective, MCPorkie, MCPriceTag, MCPuffy, MCQuill, MCRSVP, MCRagtop, MCRegulaSansItalic, MCRegulaSans, MCRobinhood, MCSchoolhouseInline, MCSchoolhouse, MCSiagon, MCSitcom, MCSlimJim, MCSquaredOutline, MCSquared, MCSterling, MCStratford, MCTape, MCTassel, MCTechnobop, MCTight, MCToothpaste, MC-Twinkle-Star, MCUnisyms, MCValentinePlush, MCValentine, MCWhatsits, MCWhimsy, MCWizz, MCWrightItalic, MCWright, MCYikesShadow, MCYikes, MCZamboni, MCZyphanyBold, MCZyphanyBoldItalic, MCZyphanyItalic, MCZyphany. [Google] [More] ⦿
Frank Hainze (Emeryville, CA) used to sell typefaces such as Adorable, Artisan, Celebrity, Crescent, Duchess, Elegance, Formal, Heather, Imperial, ImperialBold, ImperialBoldItalic, ImperialItalic, Legend, MajesticBold, MasonBook, MasonBookOblique, MasonDemi, MasonDemiOblique, Opera, Salsa, Samurai, Victorian (blackletter, 1994), Wedding.
No longer in business. The fonts are still out there, however. For example, check Samurai here.
Ulrich Stiehl documents all forged fonts on the PrintMaster CD and reports that the quality is remarkably good. Examples: Advantage = ITC Avant Garde Gothic, Architect = Adobe Tekton, Editor = ITC American Typewriter, Enchanted = ITC Korinna, Fantasy = ITC Tiffany, Gallery = ITC Galliard, Geneva = Linotype Helvetica, Gourmand = ITC Garamond, Imperial = ITC New Baskerville, Manuscript = Linotype Palatino, Mason = ITC Lubalin Graph, Mirage = ITC Benguiat, Optimum = Linotype Optima, Tiempo = Monotype Times. [Google] [More] ⦿
Until June 2002, distributors for many foundries, such as 2rebels (Montréal, Québec); 3 Island Press (Rockland, Maine); Daggar Design (Brooklyn, New York); Lagartija Desino Grafico (Puerto Rico); Radiateurfontes (Lille, France), Synfonts (Omaha, Nebraska); Union Type Supply - now "AboutType" (Houston, Texas). In June 2002, it closed its doors. Jeff Gillen himself, the principal, designed these fonts: BLIND FAITH, BLUELINE, BLUEPRINT, BUREAUCRACY FAMILY, CLOUD9, FAITH, GREED, GROOVY FAMILY, HERSCHEL KRUSTOFSKY, HYMAN KRUSTOFSKY, JOBLESS, JOKER, MELTDOWN, MARTIAN HOLIDAY FAMILY, MISSING LINK, NUCLEUS, RAYGUNS, REPUBLICRAT, RIDDLER, ROLLOVER FAMILY, SIBLEY POTATO FAMILY, SLACKER BOOKSTORE&TRIBAL MASKS. [Google] [More] ⦿
Foundry and font vendor in Austin, Texas, created in 1995. As a vendor, it offers an outlet for twelve formerly autonomous font makers: 2 Rebels, 3 Island Press, Abouttype, Brainreactor, Emboss, Mindcandy, Lagartija, Lunchbox, Plazm, Radiateur, Synfonts and Verge. One of the designers is Jeff Gillen. List of Mindcandy's own fonts: Blind Faith, Blueline, Blueprint, Bureaucracy+Municipal, Bureaucracy+State, Bureaucracy+Federal, Cloud 9, Delirious, Delirium, Faith, Groovy, Groovy+Oultine, Herschel Krustofsky, Hyman Krustofsky, Invacuo+Bones, Invacuo+Cloak, Invacuo+Valid, Jobless, Joker, Meltdown, Missing Link, Contamination (borders), Phace, Smacky, Bureaucracy+Electoral, MartianHoliday, Nokius (pixel font family), Nucleus, Rayguns, Riddler, Rollover, Rollover+Outline, Sibley Potato+AuGratin, Sibley Potato+Baked, Sibley Potato+Fried, Sibley Potato+Mashed, Sibley Potato+Salad (Mayo), Sibley Potato+Salad (Mustard), Slacker+Bookstore, Tribal Masks. Simon Daniels at Microsoft writes: "Despite using a Flash font viewer and having posted a claim that they 'embrace the latest technologies to deliver your message in virtually any medium', Mindcandy restricts others from embedding their fonts within Web pages. This is particularly strange given the fact that their free fonts are set to 'installable embedding'." TypoViewer is nice. Mindcandy, the vendor decided in June 2002 to sell the fonts in their collection at 1 USD a shot, but I wonder if that does not violate the agreements with the designers. They also state that they are ready to get out of the font business altogether. And at the end of June 2002, the doors are closing on Mindcandy. [Google] [More] ⦿
Chisel fonts (five fonts at 20 USD a shot), Serials type collection (1000 fonts) on as CD, EuroFonter (software to place the Euro symbol in truetype fonts), FontExpert 2.0 (type recognition software). The Serials CD looks very much like Brendel/Softmaker: 175 USD worth of mostly renamed fonts. [Google] [More] ⦿
MyFonts is a division of Bitstream Inc., located in Marlborough, Massachusetts. Its mission is to make it simple for everyone to find and buy fonts. In pursuit of this mission, MyFonts has pioneered new ways to search for fonts when one does not have an exact font in mind. The concept of MyFonts was born in 1999 when Charles Ying, Bitstream's Chairman of the Board, wanted to find a font for a particular project. He was horrified to discover that the only way to find fonts on the web was to know the name of the font you were looking for, or browse a flat alphabetical list. Why can't I just search for wedding fonts, he asked. This should be as easy as shopping for shoes! I should be able to point at a font in a magazine and say, Show me fonts like this. Charles reasoned that making it hard to find and buy fonts for the average computer user meant turning away 99.9% of the potential market for fonts. He called for an open marketplace, where fonts from many vendors could compete side-by-side. Charles personally hired the initial team and commissioned a site design from (now defunct) Calgary-based Fusion Media Group. MyFonts began selling the Bitstream library on March 20, 2000 through the MyFonts.com website. It now has over 60,000 fonts from about 800 foundries. It includes WhatTheFont (was Identafont) (send scanned images to the site for automatic recognition), "Show me more like this", TypeXplorer (font space browser), type designer and foundry info. The project manager is Laurence Penney. List of designers.
Font seller and typographical services in Detroit. This page lists all PostScript fonts available at this bureau. They coincide roughly with the Adobe list. Beebe's list of their 2065 fonts. [Google] [More] ⦿
Original designs, and a great general site on typography. Sells over 65,000 fonts from over 55 foundries. Font families (typically 4 faces) in the 100USD to 300USD range. Makes custom fonts as well. Run by Ralph Smith. Browse by foundry or by designer. [Google] [More] ⦿
Platz Wien (or: adfontes)
New concept for the pricing and distribution of fonts suggested by Platz Wien, a graphic design group from Vienna. Email contact: Martin Tiefenthaler from Atelier Tiefenthaler. Martin Tiefenthaler teaches typography and semiotics at die Graphische in Vienna, Austria, and has been running his studio ID IID IIIDesign for 25 years, is co-founder of the Typographic Society Austria (tga), and currently works on his PhD on the implications of capitalization in the Latin writing system on European thinking. [Google] [More] ⦿
Font vendor active from 1994 until 2004, when it closed. It was located at 47 Mall Drive, Commack, NY 11725, USA, and distributed the fonts of hundreds of designers. Michel Bujardet from Match Software whose fonts are partially sold by them complained that no sales were reported to him. His posting on a type list: "since TypeCon 98, the word was in the type design community that they never seemed to report any sales to the authors." Contact: Brenda Newman.
This site reports the following in May 2006: Protocall Technologies Incorporated (OTCBB: PCLI) http://www.protocall.com/ today announced that Bruce Newman, the company founder and a member of the board of directors, has assumed the post of President and Chief Executive Officer, effective immediately. Mr. Newman succeeds former Chief Executive Officer Donald J. Hoffmann, who will continue in an advisory capacity with Protocall. [...] Protocall to Focus on Developing Opportunities in Entertainment DVD Market. [...] During Mr. Newman's earlier tenure at Protocall, he assembled the company's management, product development, operations and sales teams; managed equity financings; and secured first-time ever licensing agreements from Symantec, Intuit, Corel, Atari, Vivendi Universal and many other software companies to reproduce their products at point-of-sale locations. Additionally, Mr. Newman structured first-time electronic distribution deals with CompUSA and other major resellers. Prior to Protocall, Mr. Newman founded a software distribution company that became one of the world's largest niche distributors of high-end font software products to the book publishing and professional design industries. Mr. Newman is an inventor of record on two U.S. patents in the area of electronic product delivery and co-author of a book on computer typeface software for professional users. [Google] [More] ⦿
Three CDs with 5000 fonts from Adobe/Linotype, Agfa Type, Agfa Logos, Alphabets Inc., Andersen, Bear Rock, Bitstream, Carter&Cone, Diehl Volk, EmDash, FontBureau, TheFontCompany, FranklinTypeFound, Galapagos, HandcraftedFonts, Harris Design, Headliners Int., Intecsas, Int.Typeface Cor., Isis Imaging, Jack Yan&Ass., Key Borders, Lanston Type, Letraset, Letter Perfect, Monotype, NewYorkDesign, NIMX Graphics Page Studio, PolyType, Red Rooster, Russian Type, Christian Schwartz, Stone Type, Torah, Treacyfaces, [T-26], URW, Vanguard Media, ABC Design, Adagio, Addict Inc., Aerotype, Arthur Baker, Castle Systems, Coniglio, Design Lab, DS Design, Justified Type, Lunchbox Design, Maverick Design, mindCANDY, P22, Plazm Media, Psy/Ops Type, Richard Beatty, Synstelien Design. The book "Precision Type Font Reference Guide" by Jeff Level, Bruce Newman and Brenda Newman shows more than 13,000 typefaces. [Google] [More] ⦿
International TypeFounders, Inc's shop front. Type vendor, est. 2004, which sells type for Letraset, Red Rooster, ITF/URW++, Arthur Baker, Exploding Type Co, Font Boy, Maverick Designs, Type Revivals, Synfonts, Mecanorma and Prime Graphics. [Google] [More] ⦿
Commercial Khmer font producer. Salika Ltd is located in Tokyo. Their Khmer fonts are named Khm-1 through Khm-4. They also have fonts for Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, Latin, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Nepali, Cyrillic, Tamil, Thai and Vietnamese. [Google] [More] ⦿
Schriftenpaket Osteuropa is a CD of 245 fonts sold mainly in Germany. Each font is a renamed Adobe Font Folio font. The fonts were "made" by the Hemming company, that is, the copyright notices were all changed to Mon Ami 1994, and the fonts were renamed in a predictable manner: Arial became Adorea, Courier is Cora, Futura is Fulv, Eurostile became Europa, Gill Sans is Gisela, and so forth. Thirdly, Hemming insured that all diacritics for East-European languages were available. Ulrich Stiehl, the consummate font detective, collected all Adobe name equivalences in this PDF file. The "Firma Hemming" (later renamed Hemming AG) was founded in 1989 by Olaf Hemming in Landau (Pfalz, Germany). The Schriftenpaket Osteuropa CD went to market in 1994. Olaf Hemming (b. 1967 or 1968) was murdered in May 2001. His body was found near Andenne in Belgium. His Audi was found on highway A27 in Polleur, Belgium. Hans-Joachim Ulrich and Ralf Wetzel took over the company. In 2002, his company went bankrupt and was officially liquidated in 2003. The public prosecutor in Landau may have placed copyright charges against the two men (but the internet source for this is not 100% reliable). In 2003, the murder trial of Olaf Hemming took place. We learned that he was killed by a 22-year old German woman who was born in Madagascar. She had been influenced by a 48-year old sectarian (Indian/Islamic) partner who forced her into drugs and prostitution. She also murdered someone else and was accused of two attempted murders as well. The following stores (and probably others too) still sell the CD: Pearl, Multi-Media-Schnäppchen (owned by Daniel Grigat, 51588 Nuembrecht), and Schütz Neue Medien GmbH. [Google] [More] ⦿
Seong Ah Choi
Japanese font distributor. Both Japanese and roman fonts. Carries fonts from Extra Designs, Hideki Inaba, G2System, Waap Designs, Hyperion Graphics (who made Capsule3), GEI, Maniackers Design, and Fontage / Kivart, and Fontstudio. Mac and PC. [Google] [More] ⦿
SkyFonts is Monotype's font rental service, launched in beta form on September 18, 2012. From the web site: The SkyFonts service is a cloud-based font rental solution that lets you experiment with type like never before. Browse a selection of over 1,500 professional, quality fonts. Try fonts for 5 minutes for free. Rent fonts for a day or for a month. [Google] [More] ⦿
SoftMaker Software GmBH (now: freefont.de)
SoftMaker, Martin Kotulla's German foundry in Nürnberg, is selling the 10,000-TrueType font Megafont XXL CD (50 USD, www.megafont.de). Every month, a different font or font family (TT and T1) is given away for free. The MegaFont XXL has most standard Monotype/Adobe/Linotype families (up to 1995/1996). They say that most fonts are licensed from URW++ and Brendel Informatik (Cologne). Contents of MegaFont XXL's predecessor, MegaFont Profi CD, here. Since early 2001, you can download one font family from the CD MegaFont XXL here. Martin Kotulla also started infiniType, a collection of 5050 fonts at a good price (Mac and PC). The XXL series has character sets for Western and Central European languages, Turkish, and Celtic, and comes with many expert sets. For historical accuracy: older packages by Softmaker include the 3333-font (TT and T1) MegaFont Profi CD-2.0 (99DM), the 5000-font MegaFont Euro (50 Euro), the Truepack Profi-CD and the 500-font TypeMaker 5.0 Profi-Pack (10DM).
Their early fonts were renamed and had the attribute Serial in the name. Samples of some of these fonts/families: Adelon Serial (1996, after Albertus MT), Melbourne Serial, Nashville Serial (+Heavy), Nevada Serial, On Stage Serial, Ornitons Serial, Penthouse Serial, Plakette Serial, Priamos Serial, Quadrat Serial, Quebec Serial, Riccione Serial, Rochester Serial, Salzburg Serial, Stafford Serial, Sunset Serial, Sydney Serial, Thames Serial, Toledo Serial, Valencia Serial (Heavy), Valencia Serial (Xlight), Verona Serial, Volkswagen Serial, Wichita Serial.
In 2008, SoftMaker started selling fonts on MyFonts: fonts there include the 28-style Suetterlin family (2008), based on the handwriting taught in German schools in the first half of the 20th century, Harald Handwriting (2009), Agilo Handwriting (2009), Wally Handwriting (2009), Vittorio Handwriting (2009), Turandot Handwriting (2009), Tommi Handwriting (2009), Veneto Handwriting (2009), Tolomeo Handwriting (2009), Sarx Handwriting (2009), Salew Handwriting (2009), Roxana Handwriting (2009), Renate Handwriting (2009), PizPaz Handwriting (2009, Mexican style), Schneid Handwriting (2009), Pietro Handwriting, Phil Handwriting, Nadine Handwriting, Kuno Handwriting, Larissa Handwriting, Lizzy Handwriting, Juri Handwriting, Jeff Handwriting (2009), Josh Handwriting (2009), Jelena Handwriting (2009), Jaro Handwriting (2009), Jacques Handwriting (2009), Hilly Handwriting (2009), Harico Handwriting (2009), Hakon Handwriting (2009), Stone Handwriting (2009), Federico Handwriting (2009), Fabio Handwriting (2009), Emmi Handwriting (2009), Davio Handwriting (2009), Alec Handwriting (2009), Brian Handwriting (2009), Armand Handwriting (2009), Claude Handwriting (2010), Cathy Handwriting (2010), Clay Handwriting (2010), Danielle Handwriting (2010), Feliks Handwriting (2010), Foster Handwriting (2010), Giorgio Handwriting (2010), Giovanna Handwriting (2010), Guga Handwriting (2010), Giuliano Hanriting (2010), Carlo Handwriting (2009), Brouet Handwriting (2010), Bjarne Handwriting (2009), Agnieszka Handwriting (2009) and Thery Handwriting (2009).
Additions in 2010: Tabasco (a geometric based on the phototype font by John Schaedler), Tabasco Twin (a bilined face after John Schaedler's Paprika), Advertisers Gothic (a revival of a 1917 face by Robert Wiebking), Ad Lib (a revival of a quirky 1961 face by Freeman Craw for ATF), Accent (brush face), Flagstaff (oblique techno face), Cornered (with angular pieces), Abilene (Western; caps only), Comix, Cathedral Open (nice open face), Boa Script (2010), Bryce (2010, brush script), Brush Script (2010, after the original ATF font by Robert E. Smith from 1942), Bernhard Fashion (2010), Abbott Old Style (2010, after a 1901 semi-Victorian font by Joseph W. Phinney), Artistic (2010, after Ariston, a 1933 face by Martin Wilke), Elegant Script (2010, a revival of Berthold's Englische Schreibschrift), Garamond Serial (2011), the Suetterlin family.
The typefaces remastered in 2012 include Chandler Pro (this is Rofer Excoffon's 1955 brush face Choc; see also Staccato 555 by Bitstream and Chalk by Corel), Cheltenham Pro, Cleargothic Pro (after Morris Fuller Benton's flared version of Clearface, Clearface Gothic, 1907), Cooper Black Pro (+Stencil), Tioga Script Pro (after Georg Trump's 1956 script by that name, but aka Time Script).
Free download: Huntington-Bold [-> Handel Gothic], Huntington-Light, ImperialStd-Bold [-> URW Imperial] ImperialStd-BoldItalic, ImperialStd-Heavy, ImperialStd-HeavyItalic, ImperialStd-Italic, ImperialStd-Medium, ImperialStd-MediumItalic, ImperialStd-Regular, ImperialStd-Xbold, ImperialStd-XboldItalic, KremlinScript-Bold [-> Kuenstler Script], RaleighSerial-Bold, RaleighSerial-Heavy, RaleighSerial-Regular, Scott [-> Stop], TiogaScript-Bold [-> Time Script], TiogaScript-Light, TiogaScript-Medium.
Handwring fionts shown at MyFonts in 2013: Allan Handwriting, Andrew Handwriting, Eleanor Handwriting, Enrico Handwriting, Estelle Handwriting, Jay Handwriting, Jaz Handwriting, Jesco Handwriting, Justine Handwriting, Kris Handwriting, Laszlo Handwriting, Lennart Handwriting, Luitpold Handwriting, Manolo Handwriting, Marbo Handwriting, Marcello Handwriting, Murielle Handwriting, Pablo Handwriting, Paolo Handwriting, Pascal Handwriting, Picto Handwriting, Rainer Handwriting, Reyno Handwriting, Ronaldo Handwriting, Teje Handwriting, Theo Handwriting, Valerian Handwriting, Vincent Handwriting, Vogel Handwriting, Volker Handwriting, Wilma Handwriting.
Booooooohh!!! I am trying to find out who/where Duane Nason's Solotech is, but I know this for sure: some of their fonts (if not all) are exact unaltered copies of other people's fonts. For example, LovelyHand is identical to Brian Wilson's 3IP font Treefrog. And, to top it off, the copyright line reads: Copyright \251 1995 Solotech Design. All Rights Reserved. Read Don Synstelien's account of what can be found on the Solotech 299USD CD, where many freeware or shareware fonts are misrepresented as being original. And Duane Nason is making money off them! This company is at the bottom of the barrel. Chris MacGregor's opinion of Solotech: watch out though--if you email Solotech, a copy of that email goes to Chris. [Google] [More] ⦿
Ulrich Stiehl writes about this company: "The shady company "Solus GmbH" in Iserlohn (Germany), also known as "New Media Agency GmbH" in Menden, is selling a font collection CD which is the worst collection I have ever seen. The files on this Herlitz CD have been ripped off from private BBS and from the CDs of commercial font companies." Included are Stone Sans, Aachen Bold, AvantGarde, City, Eurostile and many others. Do not buy this CD (4000 fonts for 20 Euro). [Google] [More] ⦿
Sprint Software (Niall Ginsbourg, Australia) used to sell a rip-off CD under the name Super Oz Shareware Fonts from 1994-1996. It ceased to exist then, but Niall Ginsbourg continued with other companies and products. It had about 3000 truetype fonts, from Linotype, Agfa, Monotype, URW and so forth, often using original names, and it also contained many shareware fonts by artists such as David Rakowski. Ulrich Stiehl's font by font analysis. [Google] [More] ⦿
According to Phil Martin, Storch Fonts [Leonard Storch Soft Fonts, 15403 East Alondra Blvd. (HP/IBM) La Mirada, CA 90638 (714) 739-2478] sells pirated fonts. Still according to Phil, Storch placed an ad for their pirate font CD in "The Typographer", a mag for which Phil Martin wrote editorial articles, and from which he promptly resigned. [Google] [More] ⦿
Studio Rosenberg (or: Masterfont)
Zvika Rosenberg (b. 1949, a graduate from Bezalel Academy of Design in Jerusalem) designs the Hebrew fonts at Tel-Aviv's Studio Rosenberg (est. 1975, his own design studio) and Masterfont Ltd (est. 1986 in Tel-Aviv). Commercial Hebrew, Arab, Latin and barcode fonts for Mac and PC. Included in the 1300+ font library are Akvarel (oriental simulation), Evyatar, Eventov, Elizov, Aspeset, Nisha, Rahav, Ego, Edgar, Muly, Adam, Aharony, Autograph, Hugo, Alexandra, Grafity, Hafgana, Ura, Rahat, Oron, Iguana, Eyal, Junior, Ayalon, Internet, Interes, Litam, Stempa, Copyfax, Ishit, Panda, Arava, Dror, Algom, Elegant, Erela, Aristo, Eshkol, Golda, Pola, Azmaout, Diploma, Gnuzot, Midbar, Mizrahi, Margaliot, Azmaout, Partom, Papaya (Bukvaraz 2001 award), Universe, Mekorot, Koren, Shmuel, Frankruhl, Gilboa, David, Narkis, Ada, Abetka, Hadassa, Yarden, Meteor, Miriam, Naama, Skitza, Petite, Cola, Yalon, Rosenberg, Tamrurim, Agada, Efrat, Arbel, Arsenal, Beresheet, Bruto, Bat Sheva, Greifer, Hut, Hatzvi, Zorea, Hermon, Architekt, Junior, Klilit, Rubin, Chocolade, Handwriting, Marhaba, Poster, Inbal, Media, KtivaTama, Jeep, Asam, Ecology, Dalia, Johnni Lasso, Hiroshima, Harakiri, Lahmaniot, Sapir, Haim. A signature font at 45 USD. Logo font service as well. Vendor of the Boutros Arabic fonts. Vendor for Bitstream, Agfa, Adobe and many others. MyFonts page. Designers at Masterfont include Zvi Narkiss, Yaakov Agam, Asher Oron, Pini Hamou, Asher Gat, Yigal Feurstein, Ada Yardeni and many others. Zvika Rosenberg himself designed these faces: Abirim MF, Agada MF, Agudal MF, Aharoni Polished MF, Alilon MF (2009, handprinted), Almenat MF (2008), Balonim MF (2005), Etzada MF (2005), Ribuim MF (2009), Selihot MF, Tachsheet MF (2008), Aluma MF, Autograph, Ayalon, Azmaout, Balora MF, Banim MF, Bat Sheva MF, Braun MF, Broadway, Brosh MF, Brutto MF, Butterfly MF, Capital MF, Chilli MF, Chips, Circle Numbers MF, Comics MF (1997), Copy Fax, Darbuka MF, David MF, Dimdumim, Emda MF, Enzoagada MF, Esheet MF, Eyal, Fantazia MF (a house font---I am not sure Rosenberg did this himself), Finish MF, Garinim Shehorim MF, Graffiti (1993), Greifer MF, Hafgana, Haim Arukeem MF, Haim MF, Havazelet MF, Interes MF, Jeans, Katava MF, Kilshon MF, Klaf, Klemantina MF, Ktiva MF, LeBe MF, Linoleum MF, Lippa MF, Litam MF, Lueeza MF, Magazine MF, Marhaba, Marker, Mechola, Melach Haaretz MF, Mishpatim, Molecule MF, Ovech MF, Panda MF, Papaya MF, Parmezan MF, Pergula MF, Petit MF, Pigama MF, Pitka MF, Poema MF, Portal MF, Pronto MF, Protocol MF, MF Ramot (1993), Remington, Rimon, Rosenberg, Rosenberg Naot Square MF, Rosenberg Promo MF, Rosenberg Ski MF, Rosenberg Solo MF, Rosenberg-Naot MF, Rosenberg Textile MF (2010), Shablona, Shanti MF, Shavit MF, Shiboota MF, Shmulik Yael MF (2010, handprinted), Shmulik Three Egozim MF (2010), Shmulik Kibutz MF (2010), Shmulik Katz MF (2010), Shmulik Hasamba MF (2010, painted letters), Shmulik Dorit MF (2010, signage face), Shmulik Diralehaskir MF (2010), Shooma, Shopping MF, Skitsa, Square Numbers MF, Stempa MF, Sucariot, Sweeta MF, Tapuz MF, Tambour MF (2010), Taxi MF, Terminal MF, Tiltan MF, Turmus MF, Unplugged MF, Zeebra MF, Zlafim, Zoola MF. PDF file showing these 2009 fonts: MFTVilna-Bold, MFTVilna, MFTDavid-Bold, MFTDavid, MFTNarkisClassic-Bold, MFTNarkisClassic, MFTNarkisClassicLight, MFTNarkisClassicMedium, MFTNewLivorno-Bold, MFTNewLivorno. These fonts feature Nikud, justification alternates and cantillation marks (in Hebrew, Teamim or Teamey Hamiqra), which are used with Biblical texts as notes for reading the text in public. [Google] [MyFonts] [More] ⦿
British font service house: can sell you most of the commercial fonts. Sells also fonts for Albanian, Arabic, Bengali, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Estonian, Farsi, Greek, Gujurati, Hindi, Hungarian, Japanese (Katakana, Hiragana, Kanji), Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Punjabi, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Welsh. Has barcode fonts, and is a special distributor of the Royal Mail Barcode font. [Google] [More] ⦿
Over 6000 fonts from freeware font makers for 5 USD. Haven't seen the collection, but I can imagine what is going on here. This collection is identical to that offered by The Font Foundry. [Google] [More] ⦿
The Quick Brown Fox GmbH
Run by Willi Welsch out of Köln, Germany, this foundry sells the SERIALS type library, consisting of 2,000 professional typefaces on the CD-ROMs Typecollection, DesignerCollection, CreativeTypeCollection (500 Brendel Informatik fonts for 499DM), and the new StyleCollection. Their program FontExpert automatically identifies typefaces from a scanned document out of a database of 25,000 typefaces. A quick check reveals however that many fonts are just renamed designs.
The TypeShop Collection is also owned by them. MyFonts writes: The originator of the big TypeShop Collection was Walter Florenz Brendel (1930-1992). As far back as 1972, he had the idea of an electronic and digital system for typeface plotting and cutting, as well as automatic modification and reproduction. Before 1972, when type users demanded their type color to be a little lighter or little darker, Brendel, as the owner of over 28 type shops across Europe employing about six hundred people, could not meet their demands with the existing typefaces. Consequently Brendel developed a method to satisfy their needs. Brendel was the originator of the concept, and contributor and partner in the development, of IKARUS by Dr. Peter Karow. He cut typefaces based on mathematical increments that would allow type weights to be graduated in equal steps. Thanks to his perfectionism, type users can have the luxury of choosing a specific type weight out of seven from as many as 65 font families in the TypeShop Collection. Mr. Brendel was an accomplished professional type designer. Lingwood, Montreal, Volkswagen, Derringer, and Casablanca and many more were his creations. He was a design collaborator of Congress, Litera, Worchester and others. [Google] [MyFonts] [More] ⦿
The fonts on the TigerWorks CD of 1994: AlteSchD, DomCasualD, EnglischeSchT, URWAntiquaT series, URWBaskerT series, URWBodoniT series, URWClarendonT series, URWEgyptienneT series, URWGaramondT series, URWGroteskT series, URWImperialT series, URWLinearT series, URWTypewriterT series. [Google] [More] ⦿
Swiss vendor of Berthold, Bitstream, Galla, Ingram and Jack Yan fonts. Includes a logo/signature service, and font conversion consulting. Swiss type pages by Peter H. Singer, the Berthold man in Zürich. Commercial links, mainly to Berthold. They provide some corporate identity font services as well as font conversions with Fontmonger (??). They also sell a 300 handwriting font collection. Alternate URL. List of type designers. [Google] [More] ⦿
Vendor of Adobe, Alias, Red Rooster, Shinn Type, Letraset Fontek and Device fonts. Shinn Type's Morphica exclusively here.
In October 2003, Veer acquired Jason Walcott's Jukebox Type Foundry, and adds it to the Test Pilot Collective Foundry whose faces it also sells exclusively. One of the founding members is Calgary-based type designer Grant Hutchinson. One of the sub-collections is called Umbrella. In 2004, they added a few faces from Fountain and Font Bureau. New type announcements.
In 2007, Veer was bought by Corbis, a Bill Gates company. Typographers predicted that Veer would disappear soon after that, but this did not happen.
This outfit sells fonts after preview. From the looks of things, they are asking money for renamed shareware and freeware fonts, and even some other fonts. Selling so-called EFF fonts as well. When on Nov 27 1998, Mick Robinson wrote to advertise EFF LondonA, Tiro Typeworks' John Hudson blew his top and replied on alt.binaries.fonts: "EFF LondonA my arse! That's Adobe Garamond, complete and unadulterated. Thanks for the tip, I'm sure Adobe UK's lawyers will be contacting you. Don't you people read copyright laws?" List of names of fonts. [Google] [More] ⦿
At the Corporate Font Center of Xerox, you can buy just about any commercial font from the big foundries. Plus specialty fonts, such as, e.g., a bunch of UPCA barcode fonts at 150USD a family. Bitmap and scalable fonts. PCL fonts at 100USD a shot and standard fonts (from other sources, it seems) at varying prices. Seems to act as a vendor. Unclear if any fonts were made by Xerox itself. But there are five free fonts now by Xerox: Sigttf, Xerox logo, Bubbly, Glass-a-Breakin', and ModernGradate. [Google] [More] ⦿
For about 15 dollars, become a member of the YMUG library, and download over 1000 fonts. "The YMUG library is collected from on-line services, other users' groups, other universities' archives via the Internet, and our own members. All items are freely distributable and are one of the following: public domain, freeware, shareware, teaseware." [Google] [More] ⦿
Yoon Design Institute
Maker of (almost 300) Korean typefaces. Seoul's Seong Ah Choi is the Senior Developer. Check also the on-line Korean typeface magazine of the Yoon Design Institute. For a taste of their fonts, see YDICuckB-KSCpc-EUC-H, YDICuckM-KSCpc-EUC-H and YDIYheadL-KSCpc-EUC-H here. Other fonts include YDIWebDotum (2001), found here. Fonts include CheersB10, CheersB20, CheersB30, CheersM10, CheersM20, CheersM30, FreeB10, FreeB20, FreeB30, FreeL10, FreeL20, FreeL30, FreeM10, FreeM20, FreeM30, GroundB10, GroundB20, GroundB30, GroundL10, GroundL20, GroundL30, GroundM10, GroundM20, GroundM30, TaebekB10, TaebekB20, TaebekB30, TaebekCB10, TaebekCB20, TaebekCB30, TeensB10, TeensB20, TeensB30, TeensM10, TeensM20, TeensM30. [Google] [More] ⦿ | 66,514 | 114 |
865,570 | Nov. 17, 2010 | Vol. 111, No. 4
Search & Archives
A moment with...
From The Archives
From the Editor
On The Campus
Memorials by Class: 1941
James Waugh Adams '41
THE CLASS LOST a devoted member when Jim Adams died July 10, 1993, after a series of circulatory and heart problems forced him to cancel plans to attend our 52nd...
Hugh Wilmer Agricola Jr. '41
After a long bout with Alzheimer's disease, Hugh died Sept. 6, .A graduate of Woodberry Forest School, he was a member of Quadrangle Club at Princeton, but left after...
James Angus J. Aia '41
"Scotty" Angus lost a year's brave fight with cancer and died in his Janesville, Wis., home Jan, 28, 1996. He had been southern Wisconsin's leading architect.At...
William Brown Alexander V '41
Bill died Feb. 5, 2009, after a long illness. He came to Princeton from the Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C. At Princeton, Bill majored in chemical...
John R. Alexander '41
John died Dec. 29, 2008. He prepared for Princeton at Western Reserve Academy and Hotchkiss. At Princeton his major was history and he graduated with honors. He was on...
Rayford Wardlaw Alley Jr. '41
Chico died June 22, 2009, in Santa Fe, N.M. He came to Princeton from Phillips Exeter Academy and majored in modern languages. He roomed with Rod McAlpin and joined...
David M. Amberg '41
DAVE DIED in Grand Rapids, Mich., the city of his birth, on May 6, 1992. Although he had been in failing health for several years, he continued to display and enjoy his...
James Anderson Jr. '41
Jim, a lawyer, security analyst, and one of Houston's leading citizens, died at home June 3, 1995.Born in Shreveport, La., Jim attended the Los Alamos Ranch School. He...
Taliaferro Anderson '41
NEITHER PRINCETON nor the Class had known the whereabouts of Taliaferro Anderson for many years. Knowing that he had been in the Woodberry Forest school's Class of 1936,...
Archie Moulton Andrews Jr. '41
Archie died Jan. 3, 2010, after suffering from Alzheimer’s. A graduate of Phillips Academy, Andover, he took a postgraduate year at the Rugby School in England. At...
Harmon Hadley Ashley Jr. '41
Ash died Jan. 26, 2008. He prepared at the Hun School and Lawrenceville. At Princeton he majored in English and graduated with honors. Ash was a columnist and book...
Charles Weston Averill '41
Wes died Christmas Eve, 2001, after illness of several months. A lifelong resident of Barre, Vt., he graduated from Spaulding HS. At Princeton he majored in English...
Herbert David Axilrod '41
Herb Axilrod, a Ventnor, N.J., urologist of high distinction, died Dec. 12, 1996.He was a fellow of the American College of Surgeons and a diplomate of the American...
John Kramer Bagby '41
Jack died March 11, 2005, in Sarasota, Fla., after long illness.He came to Princeton from Birmingham, Mich., and after graduating from Exeter. He majored in economics...
William M. Barr III '41
Bill died of Lou Gehrig's disease Mar. 12, 1995, in Rochester Hills, Mich., where he and Dorothy had lived for a number of years. Virtually his entire career had been...
Robert Carey Bartlett '41
Bob died Jan 19, 2002. A graduate of Exeter, at Princeton he majored in chemical engineering, joined Elm Club, and roomed variously with Bob Eastman, Bill Barr, Jack...
Charles Newbern Barton '41
Worn out by aggressive cancer and its treatment, Charlie battled all the way but lost on Sept. 10, 1998. Following a family celebration for his great 80 years, he died...
William Frederick Bass II '41
EARLY THIS AUGUST Bill had chest pains and was taken to a hospital in Summit, N.J., where he was stricken by a heart attack so bad that only machines kept him alive....
William G. Bausch '41
Bill died June 30, 2006, at his home in East Aurora, N.Y., after a brief illness. A Loomis graduate, he majored in mechanical engineering at Princeton and graduated with...
John W. Beal '41
ARTIST, COLUMNIST, and wicked humorist John Beal died in a New Paltz nursing home Jan. 14, 1994. He and his wife, Mary Ramsdell Beal, had lived in Newburgh, N.Y. Born to...
John Abner Bell III '41
John (known to us as "Pappy") died Jan. 31, 2007, of pulmonary fibrosis. He prepared at Shady Side Academy and The Hill School. At Princeton, he majored in geology,...
Hugh Foster Bell '41
"CURLEY" BELL DIED April 5, 1991, in Hartford Hospital, after an illness of several months. He and his wife, Anne, lived in North Amherst, where he had taught early...
Bryan Bell '41
Bryan died March 4, 2009. Born and raised in New Orleans, he left only to attend Princeton and then go to war. A graduate of Northwood School, he majored in the...
Robert F. Benson '41
Bob died Sept. 25, 2010, at his home in Mount Lebanon, Pa. He prepared at Shady Side Academy and at Princeton was in SPIA and graduated with honors. He was active in...
Hugh Bond Lennox Bergland '41
Hugh Bergland died Mar. 8, 1997, at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, N.H. Elizabeth Howard Bergland, his wife of 53 years, lives in West Windsor, Vt. Born...
Samuel Biern Jr. '41
SAM BIERN died Jan. 5, 1992, of coronary arrest, following surgery at Cabell Huntington Hospital in Huntington, W.Va., where he had been chief of medicine for five...
Tallman Bissell '41
Tallman died Dec. 30, 1999. He was a widower.After graduation from Hotchkiss, he majored in the division of humanities at Princeton. He was Cannon Club's interclub...
William Allen Bittel '41
Bill Bittel, who was born Dec. 18, 1919, passed away at home in Monmouth Beach, NJ., Sept. 9, 1990, after a long illness.Bill prepared for Princeton at the Hackley...
Harry Amerman Bliss '41
Harry died Sept. 12, 2004.A graduate of the Nichols School in Buffalo, N.Y., he majored in chemistry at Princeton, where he was a member of Key and Seal. Harry roomed...
George Gordon Bonnyman '41
Bonny died July 30, 2004, after a long illness.A native of Knoxville, Tenn., he came to Princeton from the Portsmouth Priory School. He majored in civil engineering and...
Douglas Bonner Bowring '41
Tom died on Dec. 30, 2001, in Atlanta. Born on Staten Island, he graduated from St. George's School in Newport, R.I. At Princeton, he joined Colonial Club, was manager...
Baker Aldrin Bradenbaugh '41
Baker died Apr. 8, 1997, of congestive heart failure in Naples, Fla. Interment was to be in Arlington Natl. Cemetery. His wife of 37 years, Eleanore Dorothy Roman,...
Brian Kay Bradford '41
Brian died Nov. 5, 2004, in Toledo, Ohio.He came to Princeton from Blair Academy. He majored in biology, graduating with honors. He roomed with Frank Nagel his first two...
Frederic T. Brandt '41
Fred Brandt died on Dec. 10, 1999. His wife, Dorothy Kitchell Brandt, survives.Fred was an honors graduate in economics and joined Tower Club. After graduation, he went...
Luther Harry Bridgman '41
Luke died Nov. 8, 2006, after a struggle with Alzheimer's disease. He came to Princeton from Culver (Ind.) Naval School. He majored in English and was a member of...
Robert L. Brightman '41
Bob died Feb. 22, 2012, in Van Dyk Manor of Montclair, N.J. A graduate of Montclair Academy at age 15, Bob spent a postgraduate year at Exeter and graduated cum laude ...
Richard Fowler Brinckerhoff '41
DICK DIED in Charlottesville, Va., Dec. 29, 1992, following several strokes. He and his wife, Betty, had retired there after his 37 years of teaching at Phillips Exeter...
Roberts W. Brokaw Jr. '41
BOB BROKAW was killed instantly in an auto accident Jan 24, 1994, near his home in Greenville, Del. He had been retired for 15 years. His wife, Helen, passed away in...
Robert Warren Leute Bross '41
Robert Bross of Atlantic Beach, Fla., died Jan. 25, 2007. At Princeton he majored in modern languages and graduated with honors. Robert served 27 years in the Marine...
Ephraim Taylor Brown Jr. '41
E.T., a lifelong Birmingham, Ala., resident, died Oct. 10, 2006. He graduated from Lawrenceville and majored in economics at Princeton. He was a member of Whig-Clio,...
Zadoc White Brown '41
Zadoc White Brown, known as “Zed,” was a Hawaiian born and bred. He died at his home in Honolulu Sept. 11, 2006. After attending the Lanai School and Punahou School in...
Harold Gilmore Brown Jr. '41
"Red' Brown died of emphysema on Sept. 7, 1999, in Wilmington, Del. His wife, Barbara Buchanan Brown, died two years ago.Growing up in Westfield, N.J., he was big,...
Lowell Huntington Brown Jr. '41
Hunt died Oct. 16, 2012. He and his wife, Ann, were residents of the Retreat in Rio Rancho, N.M., where they moved in 2011. He was born in Spuyten Duyvil section of...
Frederick Herman Bruenner '41
Fritz died April 19, 2005, at his home in Port Washington, N.Y.He came to Princeton from the Kew Forest School. He was a history major who graduated with honors and was...
John Denton Brundage '41
THE CLASS LOST its president for the years 1963-68 when John Brundage died at 70 of liver failure on Oct. 27, 1989, at his home in Winnetka. He is survived by his widow...
Gibson P. Buchanan '41
Gib died peacefully Feb. 2, 2013. A graduate of Shady Side Academy, he majored in biology at Princeton and graduated with honors. He served as news editor and...
Davis Carlisle Burroughs Jr. '41
Dave died May 3, 2000, after a long battle with Parkinson's disease.Coming to Princeton from Taft, he roomed with Durham, Hillman, Off, and joined Cottage Club.Manager...
John Franklin Busch '41
Jack Busch died on Jan. 9, 2000, after a half-year's bout with leukemia. He is survived by his wife, Barbara Stephens Busch.Jack was valedictorian of his class at...
Robert C. Bush '41
BOB BUSH, an anesthesiologist and prominent citizen of Palo Alto, Calif., lost a twoyear fight with cancer at his home on Mar. 18, 1992. He and his wife, Phebe, had...
Malcolm Williams Callanan '41
PNEUMONIA TOOK BILL on Feb. 8, 1993, at the Greenleaf Nursing Home in Doylestown, Penn.Following early careers in banking and newspaper publishing, Bill said he took up...
David Arthur Campbell '41
Dave died Nov. 25, 2002, in Glen Cove, N.Y.A graduate of Lawrenceville, Dave majored with honors in the School of Public and International Affairs. He was sports editor...
William B. T. Carnahan '41
Bill died Oct. 9, 1998, in Milan. His widow, Elspeth Durie Carnahan, survives.When we last heard from Bill, he reported that he was happily working with his wife on a...
Rand Granville Carnahan '41
RAND CARNAHAN died of heart disease in Fresh Meadows, Long Island, Feb. 5,1991. He is survived by his widow, Olivia McDaniel Carnahan; a son, Randy Jr.; a daughter,...
William James Carney '41
Bill died April 21, 2005.A graduate of Chicago Latin School, he won honors in the Department of Economics at Princeton. He joined Cloister Inn and was captain of the...
Neil Carothers III '41
Neil died Mar. 6, 2001. He graduated summa cum laude from Princeton in electrical engineering. He was awarded the Triede Cup in wrestling (placing second in the Eastern...
John Robert Castles '41
Belatedly, we received the information that John died in Chicago on Mar. 30, 1979.He came to Princeton from Chicago's Morgan Park Military Academy but left in the fall...
Edward Tinsley Chase '41
Ned died June 9, 2005, at his home in New York after a long illness.He came to Princeton via Hackley School and Lawrenceville. Majoring in English, he graduated with...
Hawley Thomas Chester Jr. '41
Tommy died Sept. 28, 2008, in Greenwich, Conn. He attended St. Bernard’s School in New York City and graduated from St. George’s School in Newport, R.I., where he...
F. Philip Christian II '41
Following a fall, Phil died May 31, 2003, in Scranton, Pa. A graduate of the Loomis School, he majored in chemical engineering at Princeton, participated in the Civilian...
Fendall M. Clagett '41
FEN CLAGETT, a devoted spokesman for Maryland's thoroughbred horse owners and trainers, died of congestive heart failure Dec. 24, 1989, at Anne Arundel General Hospital....
Elbert St. K. Claire '41
On Nov. 5, 1998, the Rev. Elbert St. Claire died of heart failure. He prepped at Lawrenceville and was the son of an Episcopal priest.Saint had decided to go into the...
Alan William Clark '41
Alan died Feb. 22, 2010, in Naples, Fla., after a long battle with Parkinson’s disease. Most of his early life was in Chicago, where he became an Eagle Scout. He came...
Richard Penfield Clarke '41 *50
Dick died July 10, 2004, of complications from knee-replacement surgery.A native of Baltimore, he prepared at the Gilman School. At Princeton he majored in chemistry,...
John P. Cleaver '41
We have lost J.P. "Clipper" Cleaver; what a tremendous blow to our class. In many ways, he was the spark that constantly ignited '41. He served us as class president,...
Donald A. Cleaves '41
Don, one of our most loyal classmates, died on Oct. 31, just 10 days after attending the Harvard game with his son, Gerard '76.Don came to Princeton from Montclair...
John Burr Clevenger '41
John died Nov. 6, 2008, after a short illness in the hospital. He had lived in Carolina Shores, N.C., for the past 23 years. John prepared at the Hun School. At...
Philip Harrison Confer '41
Phil died Jan. 7, 2002, after a long illness. A native of Long Island, he attended St. Paul's School in Garden City, and then graduated from Andover. At Princeton, Phil...
Charles Davenport Cook '41
Dav died Sept. 4, 2011, in Old Lyme, Conn. A graduate of the Blake School, he majored in chemistry at Princeton, where he was elected to Sigma Xi and Phi Beta Kappa and...
James Dudley Copeland '41
Jim Copeland died June 25, 1998, of pancreatic cancer, in Chautauqua, N.Y., where he and his wife of 52 years, Barbara, kept a summer home. His closest longtime friend...
James G. Corbett '41
Born and raised in Bay City, Texas, Jim died April 29, 2010, in Houston. He came to Princeton from Woodberry Forest School, majored in geological engineering, and joined...
Norman Cosby '41
Norm died Feb. 9, 2007, in Ponte Vedra Beach, Fla. A graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy, where he was president of his class all four years, Norm majored in history at...
David Arthur Cowan '41
We lost Dave July 1, 2004.A native of Westchester, N.Y., he graduated from South Kent School in Connecticut. At Princeton, he majored in psychology and was a member of...
Charles Kennedy Cox '41
Charlie died on Oct. 25, 2002, at home in Moorestown, N.J., after a long illness. He came to Princeton from Haddonfield [N.J.] HS. At Princeton he majored in economics,...
Robert Emmet Cox '41
Bobs Cox of St. Michaels, Md., died July 25, 1994, after a long illness. His wife, Mary Louise Collier, survives. Bobs prepped at the Haverford School, majored in...
Frank James Coyle Jr. '41
Frank died Sept. 24, 2005, after a long illness.Coming to Princeton via Browning School and Polytechnic Preparatory School, he majored in the School of Public and...
Basil Long Crapster '41
"BAS" DIED May 17, 1991, in Gettysburg, Penn., after a brief illness. Born July 3, 1920, in Taneytown, Md., he entered Princeton from Mercersburg Academy, was in Campus...
George W. Creighton III '41
GEORGE W. CREIGHTON DIED in Baltimore Mar. 17, 1993, of multiple sclerosis, which set in shortly after be left Princeton in his sophomore year. George prepared at Gilman...
Gazaway Lamar Crittenden Jr. '41
Crit died April 8, 2008, at his home at Dover, Mass. An Exeter graduate, he majored in the School of Public and International Affairs. Crit played freshman and varsity...
Walter Daspit Jr. '41
JERRY DASPEI died of lung cancer in Sarasota Sept. 22, 1991. With the help of his children Linda and Jay he had been able to attend 1941's 50th Celebration last...
David Gray Davis '41
AFTER DAVE'S ACCIDENTAL death July 15, 1993, a memorial service was held for him in Denver's Evans Chapel, named for Dave's greatgrandfather John Evans, who was...
David Draper Dayton Jr. '41
It is said that shelter ranks with food in sustaining life, and there are precious few men who devote energy and resources to the growing worldwide problem of...
Peter Michael Dean '41
Pete died Jan. 28, 2003, of cancer. A lifelong resident of Greenwich, Conn., he came to us from Choate. In college he majored in biology and was a member of Cap &...
Joseph Hall Detweiler '41
Joe died in Gainesville, Fla., Feb. 8, 1997. Catherine "Cay," his widow, recalls that he was devoted to his class, the university, Elm Club, and his fellow engineers. He...
Donald D. Dingman '41
We recently learned that Don died Oct. 25, 2008, in Summerland, Fla. Don graduated from Ridgewood High School and was with us only through fresh man year...
William Rogers Diver Jr. '41
BILL DIVER died Mar. 11, 1993, in Rockford, Ill., where he had moved from Stuart, Fla. His wife, Mary Elizabeth, had passed away a year earlier.Bill came to Princeton...
Samuel Richmond Dorrance '41
Sam died June 22, 1997, while caught in a squall on Long Island Sound. His wife, Frances, who was on the boat with him, survived. They lived in Noroton, Conn., on land...
Paul M. Douglas '41 *48
Former class president Paul Douglas died Feb. 27, 2013, in Cathedral Village, a continuing-care retirement community in Philadelphia. He came to Princeton from...
Henry W. Doyle Jr. '41
Henry Doyle died July 20, 1998, after a long siege of prostate cancer.Henry grew up in Bronxville, N.Y., and graduated from Bronxville H.S. In college, he majored in...
Lawrence Drake '41
Larry died Aug. 30, 2001, in Gladwyne, Pa. Born and raised in Warrenton, Va., he prepared at St. Paul's School. His father was in the Class of 1897.Majoring in modern...
Lawrence Drake '41
Larry died Aug. 30, 2001, in Gladwyne, Pa. Born and raised in Warrenton, Va., he prepared at St. Paul's School. His father was in the Class of 1897.Majoring in modern...
Raymond W. Drake Jr. '41
ALTHOUGH WE HAD lost track of Ray in the 1950s, recently we learned of his death June 19, 1970, in Lincoln, Neb. The son of Raymond W. Drake '06, Ray came to Princeton...
Robert C. Draudt '41
ROB DRAUDT died in an instant, of heart failure, while working in his garden in Lake Havasu City, Ariz., Oct. 4, 1991. He and his wife, Frances, his high school...
Benedict James Duffy Jr. '41
On Jan. 18, 2005, we lost Ben, one of the most popular men in our class.Born in Rochester, N.Y., he attended the Aquinas Institute. Ben majored in modern languages at...
Edward Saul Dulcan '41
Ed died Mar. 18, 2001, of Alzheimer's. diseaseComing to Princeton from Mercersburg Academy, he majored in modern languages and literature, graduating with high honors,...
John Stokes Dunhill '41
Johnny died May 15, 2006. Born in Toronto, he prepared at New Trier High School in Winnetka, Ill. At Princeton he majored in classics, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa,...
Richard Hallenbeck Eastman '41
Prof. Richard Eastman died at his home on May 29 surrounded by his family. Son of Ford Eastman 1901, he was born and raised in Erie, Pa.At Princeton, Dick majored in...
Robert Earl Eastright '41
Bob died July 7, 2006, in Richmond, Va., after a short illness. A Blair Academy graduate, Bob majored in biology at Princeton, where he was a member of...
Robert Cushman Eberle '41
Bob died June 27, 2000, in Sarasota, Fla.A devotee of Wagner and Goethe, Bob showed early interest in Nietzsche at Brooklyn's Poly-Prep.He was Princeton Cane Spree's...
Robert Chapman Edwards '41
Bob Edwards died Oct. 12, 1996, in Sonoma, Calif., after suffering from Alzheimer's disease for several years. As v.p. of research and development for the Cook Electric...
WILLIAM Elfers '41
Bill died of a heart attack while vacationing in Oysterville, Wash., June 21, 2005.A Hotchkiss graduate, Bill was a member of Princeton's freshman 150-pound crew and...
James Anderson Elkins Jr. '41
Jim died in Houston Feb. 21, 2006.A Texan born and bred, he came to Princeton from The Hill School. He majored in economics and graduated with honors. A member of...
James Parsons Ellis '41
JIM ELLIS died of heart disease June 26, 1993, in a hospital near his Silver Spring, Md., home. Until 1989, he worked for the U.S. and D.C. governments as a realestate...
Alfred Ely Jr. '41
Al Ely died Mar. 20, 1998. The son of Alfred Ely '05 and great-grandson of Alfred Ely 1804, he came to us from the Harvey School and St. Mark's.A member of Colonial...
Laurence Driggs Ely Jr. '41
Larry died on Dec. 8, 1987, and is survived by two sons, including Laurence III '67, and one daughter. A brother, John M. '42, is deceased.Unfortunately, we were not in...
Dudley Evans '41
A SERIES OF STROKES stilled the big heart of amiable, loyal, and dependable Dudley Evans on Aug. 24, 1993, in Cresswill, N.J. Dud's life linked his Princeton heritage...
Robert Simmons Ewing '41
Bob died Oct. 24, 2006, a month after heart surgery. Raised in England, he attended schools there and in Lausanne and St. Gallen, Switzerland, finishing at Andover....
Vernon Boyd Farr '41
Vern died May 3, 2005.A graduate of the Hun School, at Princeton he majored in chemical engineering and chemistry. He played freshman football and joined Key & Seal...
Lloyd Crosser Felton '41 *44
Lloyd died April 22, 2009, at Glen Meadow Retirement Community in Glen Arm, Md. He prepared at Browne Nichols School and then Gilman. At Princeton, he majored in...
Edward Ridley Finch Jr. '41
Ridley died Sept. 4, 2011, in Westhampton Beach, N.Y. He was born in New York City and lived there his whole life. He prepared for Princeton via Horace Mann School and...
John Phillips Fitz-Gibbon '41
John P. Fitz-Gibbon died Feb. 6, 2004, in Tucson, Ariz. He was 84.John was born in NYC and graduated from the Choate School. At Princeton he majored in English, was...
Alan Parker Fleming '41
Alan, a financial adviser and well-known tennis player, died July 22, 1997--indirectly from a fall suffered at home. A memorial service was held at the Church of Our...
Charles Watts Flynn III '41
Pete died Sept. 25, 2004, of lung cancer at his home in Dallas.A fourth-generation Dallasite who entered Princeton from The Hill School, he majored in English and joined...
Joseph G. Fogg Jr. '41
ON APR. 2, 1992, Joe died at home in his native Cleveland, although he had been resident of Naples, Fla., for dozen or so years.To know Joe was to enjoy him. He was...
Samuel Reid Folger '41
Sam died Mar. 6, 2002, of Parkinson's. Born in Brooklyn and raised in Summit, N.J., he prepared at Summit HS.At Princeton, Sam majored in electrical engineering, played...
Griswold Forbes '41
Gris Forbes died Mar. 11, 1998, at the Danbury [Conn.] Hospital. He is survived by his wife, Martha. They had lived at "Oak Knoll" in Ridgefield, which has now been the...
Robert Wright Forsyth Jr. '41
Bob Forsyth died from pneumonia in Retreat Hospital in Richmond, Va., Aug. 12, 1996. He was a great-great-great grandson of Chief Justice John Marshall, and his father...
Hugh Murray French '41
Hugh died Nov. 10, 2006, after long illness. Born in St. Louis, he lived there all his life, coming to Princeton from Hotchkiss. At Princeton he majored in history...
Theodore Fuller '41
Ted died June 20, 2009, at Greenwich (Conn.) Hospital. He prepared at The Choate School and graduated with honors from Princeton, where he majored in economics, joined...
George Victor Genzmer Jr. '41
George Genzmer died Jan. 14, 1996, in Los Angeles, Calif., of colon cancer. His wife, Patricia, had passed away four years ago. Their sons, Michael, Geoffrey, and George...
John Moller Gilbreth '41
Jack died Christmas Day, 2002. A native of Montclair, N.J., he was the 10th of the 12 children of the famous industrial engineers, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, about whom...
George H. Gleeson Jr. '41
Born in South Orange, N.J., in 1918, George died in the Aspinwall, Penn., Veterans Affairs Hospital Mar. 29, 1995. For 45 years he was a stockbroker in Pittsburgh,...
Thorp Dusen Van Goodfellow '41
Thorp died Jan. 13, 2004, after suffering from Parkinson's disease.Philadelphia born and bred, he came to Princeton via Chestnut Hill Academy and St. George's School....
George Selbie Gordon '41
ON JAN. 16, 1993, George succumbed to pancreatic cancer at Martha's Vineyard Hospital, on whose board he had served.After Phillips Exeter, George majored in chemistry;...
William Stuart Gorton Jr. '41
A LIFELONG BACHELOR, Bill died of a stroke alone in his Athens, Ga., home on Nov. 3, 1992.Bill came to Princeton from Columbia High in Maplewood, N.J., the nation's...
Donald L. Grant '41
Don died Oct. 31, 2009, in Alpharetta, Ga. He prepared at White Plains (N.Y.) High School and Phillips Exeter Academy. At Princeton he majored in the SPIA. He was on the...
James Albert Green III '41
PRINCETON LOST one of its most loyal sons when the powerful voice of Big Jim Green was stilled June 9, 1990. Jim's death resulted from the onset of Alzheimer's, combined...
Alfred Cecil Griffin '41
Al died in San Rafael, Calif., on June 5, 2001. Born in Portland, Oreg., he attended Grant HS before entering Princeton. In college Al was in the School of Public and...
Frederick D. Haffner '41
To borrow a phrase he had used, Fred (“Fritz”) Haffner “died reluctantly” Dec. 4, 2011. He was 92. A lifelong Cincinnatian, Fritz prepared at Walnut Hills High School...
Richard M. Hager '41
DICK HAGER, who spent most of his life in the enchanted land of Santa Fe, N.Mex., died in Valley Cottage, N.Y., Feb. 2, 1994, after a long illness, and was buried in his...
Aubrey M. Haines '41
Mac died Sept. 20, 2010, at his home at Langdon Place in Exeter, N.H. He had prepared for Princeton at Phillips Exeter Academy. At Princeton he majored...
Sheffield J. Halsey '41
Shef died Nov. 5, 2012, at his home in New London, N.H. He was 92. He prepared at Canterbury School in New Milford, Conn. At Princeton he majored in art and archaeology...
Alexander Davidson Hargrave '41
Alex died Oct. 12, 2001, in Rochester, N.Y., of Alzheimer's disease. He graduated from Exeter. At Princeton, he majored in public and international affairs, joined...
Arthur Edwin Harper Jr. '41
Hoopoo died on Dec. 27, 2001. Born of missionary parents in Lahore, India, his preparatory schooling was at Woodstock HS, in India.He had a distinguished academic career...
Edward James Harrigan '41
We have just learned of the death of Ned Harrigan on Sept. 14, 2006. A native of New York City, he prepared at Brooklyn Preparatory School, Staten Island Academy,...
Benton Neal Harris Jr. '41
Neal died of kidney failure in Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 16, 1995. A retired manufacturing executive, he will be remembered for having organized a...
John Ives Hartman Jr. '41
Jack died on Aug. 7, 2000.A member of the Andover contingent, he was a politics major, won the New York Herald Prize, and graduated with highest honors.After midshipmen...
Earl I. Heenan Jr. '41
Earl died at home on Aug. 7, 2001, from complications of cancer. A lifelong resident of Detroit and Grosse Pointe, Mich., he graduated from Detroit U. School, and at...
Robert Waugh Henderson '41
Bob died Feb. 21, 2004, after a long bout with Alzheimer's.A New Trier HS graduate, he majored in politics at Princeton, was a member of our ROTC contingent, was active...
David Baines Higginbottom '41
Dave died March 15, 2008. The son of missionary parents, he was born in Landour, Mussoorie, India. He prepared at the Haverford School and Mount Hermon (Mass.)...
Ralph G. Hill Jr. '41
Ralph Hill died Nov. 26, 1998, in Wyomissing, Pa., just outside Reading, where he was born. Except for the war years, he spent his entire life in that area, of which he...
Norman J. Hilton '41
Norm died Oct. 31, 2011. Formerly a resident of Rumson, N.J., Norm had resided at Sea Island, Ga., since 1995. Born April 13, 1919, he enrolled at Harvard Business...
John D. Hinchliffe Jr. '41
John died Apr. 14, 1998, after a long illness. He had been married almost 56 years to Beatrice Millicent Jamieson, who survives.Coming to college from the Romford School...
Wells Atherton Hobler '41
On Oct. 30, 2003, we lost Wells from a dissection of the aorta following heart bypass surgery.He came to Princeton via Bronxville [N.Y.] HS and the Hill School. An...
Frederick Herbert Hoffman Jr. '41
Herb died Feb. 18, 2005.A lifelong native of Columbus, Ohio, he prepared at Columbus Academy. At Princeton he majored in economics and graduated with honors. A member of...
Harry Albert Holland Jr. '41
Harry died on Thanksgiving, Nov. 27, 2003. A California resident for 50 years, he was born in Chestnut Hill, Pa., and attended Chestnut Hill Academy and the Kent...
Peter C. G. Hoppin '41
We have just learned of the Dec. 13, 2011, death of Pete Hoppin on Pawleys Island, S.C. Pete came to Princeton from Staten Island, N.Y., and was a graduate of Phillips...
William Wallace Hubbell '41
Bill died May 23, 2004.A native of Buffalo, he graduated from the Nichols School. At Princeton, Bill majored in politics, played freshman football and basketball, and...
Walter Edward Hugins '41
WALT, A PROMINENT professor of history, died of congestive heart failure June 20, 1992, in a Chico, Calif., nursing home. He had suffered several strokes five years...
Thomas Eastman Hustead '41
Tom died March 26, 2008, at Indian River Medical Center in Vero Beach, Fla. He was a graduate of Lawrenceville and majored in mechanical engineering at Princeton. Tom...
Morrison C. Huston '41
Morrie suffered a debilitating stroke May 7, 2001, and died peacefully at home Feb. 14, 2008. He had prepared at Episcopal Academy and St. George’s School. At Princeton...
James Sterling Hutcheson '41
Hutch died Mar. 1, 2001. He was born in Nanking, China, but came to Princeton from Houston as part of the large Hill School contingent in our class. He majored in...
Robert M. Hutchinson '41
Robert M. "Hutch" Hutchinson died Jan. 13, 1999, from injuries sustained in an automobile accident. Hutch was professor emeritus of geology at Colorado School of...
J. Laurence Hutton Jr. '41
Laurie Hutton died Feb. 14, 1998, at Morristown [N.J.] Memorial Hospital after a long illness. His wife, Clarisse, survives in Mendham, N.J.Born in NYC and coming from...
Simeon Hyde Jr. '41
Sim died Dec. 26, 2011, in Hopewell House in Portland, Ore. A graduate of Andover, he majored in modern languages at Princeton, earning highest honors. He was scenery...
Edmund Waldemar Ill Jr. '41
TED ILL DIED Nov. 2, 1990, of congestive heart failure in the Point Pleasant, N.J. hospital. He was 72.Ted was graduated from Lawrenceville. As a freshman he ran on our...
Thomas Hughes Ingle '41
THE CLASS had lost touch with Tom way back in 1950 when he asked that Princeton not send him mailings. Adding a final note to this sadness, we have now learned that he...
Howard Isherwood '41
Ish died in Jupiter, Fla., Nov. 26, 2004.Coming to Princeton from Newark [N.J.] Academy, he majored in modern languages and joined Cannon Club. Senior year he roomed...
David B. Jackson '41
Dave died June 11, 2004.He prepared at the Gunnery School, where he was an avid baseball and ice-hockey player, as well as a music lover. The son of Dr. Arthur H....
Robert Kinsley Jackson '41
We lost Bob July 20, 2009. He prepared for Princeton at Whitman (Mass.) High School, followed by a postgraduate year at Exeter. At college he majored in biology and...
Michael Ernest Jenkins Jr. '41
Ern died April 10, 2009, of pulmonary edema at Greater Baltimore Medical Center. A native of Maryland, he graduated in 1937 from the Canterbury School in New Milford,...
Harold Anderson Jerry Jr. '41
Jerry died June 9. Coming from Plattsburgh [N.Y]. H.S., he majored in politics at Princeton, graduating Phi Beta Kappa with high honors. He joined Cloister Inn and...
Manuel Gillet Johnson '41
Manny died Mar. 23, 2000, of a massive stroke.A graduate of Deerfield Academy, he majored in biology at Princeton. He was vice president of Colonial Club, and his...
Hugh George Johnson '41
Hugh Johnson died July 5, 1998, in Vero Beach, Fla., after a brief illness.Born in Brooklyn, he moved to Vero from Cold Spring Harbor in 1993. At college he majored in...
Arthur Martin Joost Jr. '41
Art died unexpectedly Sept. 22, 2006, at his home on Verona Island, Maine. Art came to Princeton from Exeter. He majored in classics, winning numerous awards for his...
JOHN MONTAGUE ELY JR '41
Jy died March 30, 2007, from complications following surgery, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. A descendant of one of Cedar Rapids’ founding families, his father was in the Class...
William Robert Milnor Jr. '41
Bill died Jan. 3, 2008, at the Gilchrist Center for Hospice Care in Baltimore. Bill prepared for Princeton at Wilmington's Pierre duPont School and Tower Hill School. A...
Thomas Marshall Judd '41
Tom died July 10, 2006, after a brief illness, at his home in Monterey, Calif. He was a graduate of Principia School in St. Louis. At Princeton, he majored in the...
Irving J. M. Kaplan '41
IRVING KAPLAN, a former V.P. and member of the board of directors of Copperweld, died of lymphoma on July 22, 1989, in Pittsburgh's Presbyterian Univ. Hospital.He came...
Louis F. Kendall Jr. '41
Lou died Feb. 2, 2012, in Santa Rosa, Calif. He prepared at Phillips Exeter Academy majored in chemistry at Princeton, where he played interclub hockey squash...
William R. Kesler '41
Bill Kesler died as a result of Alzheimer's on June 9, 1999, at Governors Park nursing home in Barrington, Ill. He is survived by his wife, Joyce Brinkman Kesler. He...
Gordon Thomas Kinder Jr. '41
Gordy died Dec. 17, 2009, in Naples, Fla., after a lifetime of health problems. He came to Princeton from Gilman School and majored in art and archaeology,...
Joseph Baker Dill King '41
Joe died Oct. 15, 2005, after a long bout with cancer.A graduate of Boys Latin School in Baltimore, he majored in biology at Princeton. He joined Charter Club and roomed...
Robert Ruffin King III '41
Bob R. King -- we had two Bob Kings -- died Feb. 2, 1992, in the Greensboro, N.C., Moses Cone Memorial Hospital. There was a service of remembrance at his First...
Richard M. Kip '41
Dick died Oct. 18, 2010, in Silver Spring, Md. He came to Princeton from the Middlesex School. He majored in psychology, was member of the ski club and the Typing...
George Knauer Jr. '41
George died May 12, 2008, in Naples, Fla., after a long bout with Alzheimer’s disease. A native of Elizabeth, N.J., he prepared at the Pingry School. At Princeton he...
Dana Smith Knowlton '41
Dana died Nov. 28, 2003, of complications from leukemia.A graduate of the Pawling School, at Princeton he majored in chemical engineering and was active in intramural...
Daniel Palmer Kreer '41
Dan died March 9, 2008, at home in Evanston, Ill. He attended North Shore Country Day School and graduated from New Trier High School. At Princeton, he...
John Elliott Krome '41
Jack died Sept. 8, 2007, at his home in Norfolk, Va. Born in Homestead, Fla., he came to Princeton from Indian River School in New Smyrna Beach, Fla. Majoring in civil...
John Edward Krout '41
John died April 15, 2008, in Miami, Fla., following a fall at his home in the Bahamas. Born in 1920 in Narberth, Pa., he graduated cum laude from the Haverford...
David Claire Lake '41
Dave died at home in Vero Beach on May 18, 2000. His widow, Jean Compo Lake, survives.After Lawrenceville, he majored in public affairs at Princeton and was a reserve...
Samuel Jackson Lanahan '41
Sam died May 29, 1998, at his home in Dartmouth, England, having been stricken while crossing on the Q.E.II. Having prepared at St. Paul's School, Sam -- also known as...
Allison Booth Landolt '41
Al died May 15, 2000. He prepared at the Ashville School and White Plains [N.Y.] H.S. At Princeton he majored in chemistry, graduating with honors. A member of Campus...
William George Larsen '41
On Sept. 26, 1995, the class lost one of its most popular members with the death of Bill Larsen.Bill grew up in Lima, Ohio, and attended Lawrenceville School. At...
Robert William Lees '41
Bob died April 29, 2004, after a long illness.A native of Haddon Heights, N.J., he came to Princeton from Moorestown [N.J.] Friends School and majored in history. He...
Robert Leibowitz '41
Bob died Jan. 27, 2009, after a long bout with Alzheimer’s disease. He came to Princeton from James Madison High School Brooklyn, N.Y. At Princeton, Bob majored...
William Olier D Lippincott '41
We lost a most illustrious classmate with the death of Bill Lippincott on Nov. 25, 2000.Graduating from St. Georges School, he roomed with Brooks Wall all four years,...
Thomas M. Longcope III '41
Shorty died in Essex, Conn., Dec. 30, 1997. He had suffered from Alzheimer's disease. His wife of 46 years, Elizabeth Lefferts, survives.A son of '05, Tom prepped at St....
William Thacher Longstreth '41
Our most enthusiastic classmate, Thacher, died Apr. 11, 2003, of heart failure. Crippled with Parkinson's disease his last few years, he maintained a warm personality to...
Harvey Norman Lothringer '41
Harvey died May 22, 2006, in his home in Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y. The youngest member of our class, he had hoped to attend our 65th reunion. He prepared at the Richmond...
Francis Henry Love Jr. '41
Frank died Dec. 18, 2003, in Vero Beach, Fla. He came to Princeton after attending All Hollows HS in NYC and then Lawrenceville.He was on the freshman football and...
James Roberton Maccoll III '41
Jim died on Dec. 5, 2001, of heart failure complicated by diabetes. Son of James R., Jr. '14, he prepared at St. Paul's. At Princeton, he majored in English, was vice...
Allan Macdougall Jr. '41
Allan died of a cerebral hemorrhage Oct. 3, 2004, at UCLA Medical Center.He prepared at Taft School and then St. Paul's. At Princeton, he majored in economics. He played...
Frederick Benjamin Mackinnon '41
Ben died on Sanibel Island, Fla., Apr. 20, 2003, after a long siege with lymphatic cancer. Coming to Princeton from New Trier High School, he played freshman football,...
John P. Maguire Jr. '41
Jack died March 11, 2011, in Creve Coeur, Mo. He transferred to Princeton from Babson Institute in 1938 and majored in the School of Public and International...
William Andrew Mahlow '41
Bill died Feb. 14, 2004, at the Quarryville [Pa.] Presbyterian Retirement Community.A Lawrenceville School graduate, he majored in classics at Princeton, rowed on the...
John Dismukes Mallett '41
John died of heart trouble on May 15, 2002, in Pacific Palisades, Calif. He prepared for Princeton at the Asheville [N.C.] School and the Allen Stevenson School in NYC....
Joseph Howard Marcy '41
Joe died May 31, 2005.He prepared at Wilkinsburg (Pa.) High School. At Princeton he majored in modern languages and literature, graduating with honors. He was a member...
Augustus Kinloch Maxwell Jr. '41
GUS MAXWELL DIED in Chicago May 22, 1991. He was a lifelong bachelor and his nextofkin are unknown to the Class.Gus prepared at Chicago Latin, roomed alone at 23...
Robert McCook Maxwell '41
We have learned of Bob’s death Aug. 13, 2004, at Glenview Nursing Home in Old Saybrook, Conn. Bob was a graduate of Shadyside Academy. He left Princeton after...
David Gordon Mcaneny '41
Dave died peacefully Oct. 1, 2005, at home in Granada Hills, Calif.A native New Yorker, he was the son of the late Marjorie and George McAneny. Dave's father was...
Fairfax Sheild McCandlish '41
Sheild died Jan. 6, 2007, after a long bout with Alzheimer’s disease. A native of Fairfax, Va., he came to Princeton from Episcopal High School in...
Robert Gunther McCullam '41
Bob died March 21, 2007, after a long and courageous bout with cancer. He came to Princeton from the Pingry School, where he was president of his class. He majored in...
John Ambrose McManus '41
Jack died March 14, 2007, at Harlingen (Texas) Medical Center. Born in Elizabeth, N.J., he was a longtime New Jersey resident before moving to Eliot,...
George Batten Mcneill '41
George McNeill died peacefully Jan. 5, 1995, after several years of declining health, in Orange Lake, Fla.Born in Haddonfield, N.J., George entered Princeton from...
Aaron L. Mercer Jr. '41
Slugger died Aug. 7, 2012, at Meramec Bluffs Senior Living Community in Ballwin, Mo. Born in Buffalo, he grew up in Scarsdale, N.Y., Maplewood, N.J., and Rockford,...
Samuel Stewart Mitchell Jr. '41
SAM MITCHELL died Oct. 13, 1992, in Buffalo General Hospital, following a long illness. He had lived in Buffalo all his life. In addition to his widow, Martha Worrall,...
John Moffat '41
John died June 19. A Hill School graduate with an illustrious Princeton heritage: father, Class of '13; grandfather, Class of 1875; great-grandfather, Class of 1835; a...
Jack L. Mohler '41
Jack died of heart failure on Sept. 29, 1996, at Ashbrook Nursing Home near his Scotch Plains, N.J., home. Virginia Nixon, his wife of nearly 56 years, survives....
Sydney Hart Moore '41
Hart died March 28, 2007, after a series of illnesses. A Florida native, he came to Princeton from the Asheville School. He majored in architecture and graduated with...
Howard Elbert Moore Jr. '41
Bud was killed in a pedestrian accident on June 4, 2002. After preparing at the Peddie School, he was very active in intramural sports at Princeton and a member of the...
Walter Bedford Moore III '41
"Bep" Moore died in his Charlottesville home July 21, 1995. Until his retirement in 1988, he taught in the English department and the humanities division of the...
Richard James Morcom '41
Dick died peacefully July 20, 2005, of leukemia and congestive heart failure.He was a graduate of Kingswood School in West Hartford, Conn. At Princeton he majored in...
Roger Stokes Morris '41
We have just learned of Roger’s death March 2, 1998. He came to Princeton from the Peddie School, but left after freshman year and did not maintain contact with the...
Raymond Inslee Mount Jr. '41
Ray died Aug. 10, 2009. He graduated from Lawrenceville in 1937. At Princeton, he majored in English (winning the Wanamaker Prize his junior year) and was a member...
George E. Muehleck Jr. '41
George died June 7, 2011, in St. Helens, Ore. He prepared at the Pomfret School. At Princeton he majored in classics, was on the freshman cross-country squad, and was...
John Freeman Mueller '41
We have just learned that Johnnie died Feb. 4, 2005, in a nursing home in Charlottesville, Va. A graduate of Gilman School, he majored in geology at Princeton and...
Harold N. Munger Jr. '41
Hal died of respiratory failure Feb. 9, 2011, at his home in Osterville, Mass. He graduated from Lawrenceville and spent a postgraduate year at Andover. At...
Alfred Hedges Munkenbeck Jr. '41
Al died June 21, 2005, in Greenwich (Conn.) Hospital, where he served on the board for 25 years, including terms as treasurer and president.A graduate of Brooklyn...
Wallace C. Murchison '41
Wally Murchison died June 2, 2013, at his home in Wilmington, N.C. He prepared for Princeton at South Kent School. In college he majored in the School of Public and...
Frank Conrad Nagel Jr. '41
Frank died of a heart attack Sept. 4, 2001, while driving home to Malibu, Calif., after a trip East that began with our 60th reunion.He entered Princeton from Glen...
Abbott Lawrence Nelson '41
Abbott died April 5, 2006. He graduated from New Trier High School in Winnetka, Ill. Abbott evidently left Princeton the latter part of junior year, but not before...
Alan Ingraham Newhouse '41
Alan died Jan. 2, 2008, at home in Vero Beach, Fla. He prepared for Princeton at Choate, majored in psychology, was a member of Sigma Xi, joined...
Edward Mac Ford Nichol Jr. '41
Ted died March 14, 2004, after a distinguished career in science.He came to Princeton from South Hamilton, Mass. At college he majored in physics and was a member of...
Frank Robert Noonan '41
Bob died of prostate cancer on Oct. 18, 2002, in Rochester, Mich. Born in Minneapolis, he attended the Blake School before graduating from Lawrenceville. With us for...
Clifford Off Jr. '41
Cliff died Jan. 28, 2000. Cliff came to Princeton from The Gunnery. He majored in geology, was on The Tiger business board, and joined Cottage Club. He roomed alone the...
L. Rodman Page Jr. '41
Rod died Sept. 18, 2000, at home in Bryn Mawr, Pa., after a long illness. His father was a member of the Class of 1912.A graduate of St. George's School, Newport, R.I.,...
James Graham Paterson '41
Jim died June 11, 2008, in Wilmington, N.C. A New Jersey native, he prepared at The Gunnery. At Princeton he majored in economics, joined Cottage Club, became a...
Stanley Webster Pearson Jr. '41
Stan died Feb. 8, 2004, after a long illness.A graduate of Chestnut Hill Academy and Lawrenceville, he majored in geology at Princeton and joined Ivy Club. He roomed...
Wilder Graves Penfield Jr. '41
Wilder died of leukemia in Montreal on Oct. 1, 1988. He was one of two Canadians who joined our class in the fall of 1937. His family is replete with Princetonians: his...
D. Hugh Peniston '41
Hugh Peniston died July 18, 2012, at the age of 92. He was born in Rutherford, N.J., and grew up in Los Gatos, Calif. He majored in English at Princeton and earned a...
William Hamilton Phipps '41
Bill died Nov. 10, 2001. He came to Princeton from Northwood Academy and Lawrenceville. At college he roomed with Dave Wolcott and was on the freshman crew.Bill left at...
Francis Theodore Phllips Jr. '41
TED PHILLIPS had a brother in '43, a father in '13, and uncles in '17 and '22, all of whom have passed on. And now so has Ted, who, as a It. col. (ret.), U.S.A.F., was...
Shelton Pitney Jr. '41
Shel died on Oct. 21, 2001, after a long illness. Son of Shelton Pitney '14 and grandson of Mahlon Pitney 1879, he graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy.At Princeton,...
Henry Luther Pitts Jr. '41
Henry died May 6, 2005.Son of a Navy admiral, Henry grew up on a variety of bases and graduated from San Diego High School.He majored in politics at Princeton and...
Richard Blackwood Plumer '41
THE CLASS LOST devoted member when Dick Plumer died of lymphoma Nov. 15, 1990.After high school in Miami, Dick spent year at Exeter, not for academic reasons but to...
Samuel E Pogue '41 *68
SAM WAS BORN and raised Cincinnati, and died there Mar. 19, 1994, after a short bout with a virulent case of pneumonia. Entering Princeton from Hotchkiss, Sam lived...
Richard Gerrit Poole '41
Pickle died June 13, 2007, at his retirement home, Stonebridge, just outside Princeton. He was a graduate of the Hotchkiss School and majored in geology at Princeton. A...
Henry Posner Jr. '41
After a short illness, Henry Posner died March 23, 2011, in Pittsburgh, Pa. He came to Princeton from Shady Side Academy, where he was valedictorian of his class. At...
Edward Joseph Posselius Jr. '41 *42
Ed died Nov. 19 at his home in Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich.Coming from the U. of Detroit H.S., he majored in chemical engineering at Princeton, achieving Phi Beta Kappa...
Joseph Potts Jr. '41
We lost "Philadelphia" Joe Potts Feb. 28, 2005.A native of Philadelphia, he prepared at Haverford School and majored in modern languages at Princeton. A member of the...
Lunsford Richardson Preyer '41
The Honorable L. Richardson Preyer died Apr. 3, 2001. A lifelong resident of Greensboro, N.C., he graduated from Woodberry Forest.At Princeton, Rich majored in English,...
John Hurst Purnell '41
Hurst died Mar. 11, 1999, of natural causes, in Chestertown, Md. He is survived by Eleanor Clark Gummey Yerkes, whom he married in 1992. Two stepchildren also survive.He...
Louis Apgar Pyle Jr. '41
On Jan. 14, Lou died at home from cancer. A native of Jersey City, he prepared at Newark Academy. At Princeton he majored in philosophy, joined Tower, and was an...
William Conant Quinby '41
Bill died at home in Greenwich, Conn., on Sept. 24, 1997, after years of valiant struggling with prostate cancer. Constance Pierce Quinby, his wife of 53 years,...
Stuart Francis Raleigh Jr. '41
Pete died Oct. 1, 2009, in Syracuse, N.Y. Graduating from Loomis in 1936, he took a postgraduate year at Westminster School in London. Majoring in history at...
Alexander Randall IV '41
Alex died on Oct. 22, 1997, of heart failure, having not been sick. He came to college from Wm. Penn Charter, where he was president of the science club. He majored in...
H. Ward Reighley '41
Ward died March 21, 2011, in Hobe Sound, Fla. He prepared at Montclair Academy and Exeter Academy. At Princeton, he majored in modern languages. He was a member of the...
Samuel Stokes Rembert Jr. '41
Sam died May 10, 1997, from cancer, after a long illness. He came to Princeton from Hotchkiss and to leave after his sophomore year, as his father died and he...
Alexander Dodson Rhea III '41
Alex died on Sept. 1, 2000. Entering Princeton in the fall of 1939 as a transfer from Texas Christian U., he was a member of Gateway and graduated with high honors in...
Charles Leslie Rice Jr. '41
Les Rice died Feb. 11, 1997, in Red Bank, N.J. His last six years were spent in a wheelchair after back surgery, but his optimism never dimmed.He was our class's Pyne...
Arthur E. Rice Jr. '41
ART DIED SUDDENLY from a heart attack Jan. 28, 1991, while on vacation in Costa Rica with his wife, Muriel.Art grew up in Adams County, Penn., the son of a...
Ralph Latimer Richards '41
Ralph died Feb. 7, 2008, at his daughter Ann Hartig's house in Fair Haven, N.J., after a long illness. Coming to Princeton from the Wooster School in Danbury, Conn.,...
George Lynde Richardson '41
George died June 29, 2003, after a long, debilitating illness.He came to us sophomore year, having spent his freshman year at Williams College. He previously graduated...
Malcolm H. Roberts '41
We lost Mac Dec. 23, 2012. He was a resident of Medford Leas, a long-term care facility in Medford, N.J. Mac prepared for Princeton at Moorestown Friends School and...
Donald S. Robertson '41
Don died July 17, 2005, one month after retiring from medical practice.A remarkable man, he won the Aurelian Cup while at The Hill School. At Princeton he was elected...
Edward Adams Robie '41
Bud died July 11, 2005, at home in Orono, Maine.A graduate of Andover, be took a postgraduate year at Westminster School in London, before joining us for sophomore year....
William Otis Rockwood '41
We lost Rocky Oct. 23, 2005.A native of Poughkeepsie, N.Y., he prepared at Hotchkiss. At Princeton, he majored in English and French. He played polo and golf, lettering...
Willard E. Roe '41
Willard died of heart failure Oct. 28, 2006. A lifelong resident of Winter Haven, Fla., he majored in politics at Princeton. He was on the freshman...
Stanley Herbert Rose Jr. '41
Stan died Jan. 18, 2010, in Vero Beach, Fla. He was 90. Born in Philadelphia, he attended schools in Switzerland and New York, graduating from Roosevelt High...
Edmund Burke Ross '41
Ned died Jan. 17, 2005.A graduate of St. Paul's School, he majored in geology at Princeton, was a member of Cottage Club, and enlisted in ROTC. He was on the freshman...
Charles E. Rounds '41
Chuck died Jan. 15, 2011, at the Life Care Center of the South Shore in Scituate, Mass., where he had spent his last years. A graduate of Andover, he majored in biology...
Robert Beakes Rowley '41
BOB ROWLEY DIED suddenly of a massive heart attack on April 17, 1991 in Fort Pierce, Fla. The son of James B. Rowley '13, he came to Princeton from Middletown, (N.Y.)...
Hamilton H. Salmon III '41
"Tad" Salmon of Ponte Vedra Beach died Aug. 18, 1997, after an extended illness. His wife, the former Barbara Thompson Welch, survives.Born in Brooklyn, Tad attended...
Charles Loy Sanders Jr. '41
Chas died Jan. 1, 2007, in Sacramento, Calif. Coming from Jamaica (N.Y.) High School, he majored in SPIA at Princeton and graduated with highest honors. While at...
William B. Sanford '41
We have learned that Ben died of Alzheimer’s disease Sept. 8, 2008, in Dallas, Texas. Ben came to Princeton from the Peddie School, majored in architecture, joined...
Rudolph Edward Schirmer '41
Rudy died Nov. 19, 2000. A member of Terrace Club, he left Princeton at the end of his sophomore year to attend the Curtis Institute of Music, in Philadelphia, and...
Kenneth Baker Schley '41
K.B. died Sept. 21, 2001. He had been ill and legally blind for more than 15 years. Although born in NYC, he grew up in Far Hills, N.J. He attended the Aiken Preparatory...
Cooper M. Schley Sr. '41
Cooper died May 27, 2011, in Nashville, Tenn., of complications from a fall. Coop was a graduate of Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Va. He entered Princeton...
George F. Schmucki '41
Our class president, George “Bud” Schmucki, died Aug. 2, 2010, from a fatal fall at his home in Morristown, N.J. Although Bud was born in Rochester, N.Y., he grew up in...
Louis Schwab '41
Lou died Aug. 8, 2007. A native of Cincinnati, he graduated from the Walnut Hills School. At Princeton, Lou majored in chemistry and graduated with honors. A member of...
William Wallace Scott '41
Bill died in St. Louis on Nov. 29, 1999, at Missouri Baptist Center after a brief illness.He went to Mercersburg and majored in chemistry at Princeton. Bill was a member...
John L. Scott '41
Scotty died Feb. 28, 2012, in Santa Barbara, Calif. Known to his family as “a quintessential gentleman of the greatest generation,” he prepared at Exeter before...
John William Sease '41
John died on Nov. 12. After attending Rutgers Preparatory School, he came to Princeton and immediately immersed himself in the chemistry department, earning Sigma XI,...
Louis Lauther Seivard '41
Lou died Feb. 22, 2010, in Baltimore, Md. A graduate of Thomas Jefferson High School in Elizabeth, N.J., he majored in chemical engineering at Princeton, where he was...
John Henderson Selby '41
As the San Francisco Chronicle reported, "Jack Selby, joke teller, golfer, Navy pilot, and longtime Bay resident, died peacefully at home at 84" on Nov. 25, 2003. He was...
William Sykes Shee '41
Bill died March 30, 2010. A longtime resident of Woodbridge, Conn., he and his wife, Winetta (“Bebe”), had moved to Evergreen Woods in North Branford, Conn., in 1999. ...
Robert W. Shell '41
Bob died Dec. 3, 2001. A graduate of Asheville (N.C.) School, he left Princeton at the end of sophomore year. We lost touch with Bob until the publication of our...
Wilbur Jay Shenk Jr. '41
Bill died Dec. 27, 2012. He was a resident of Bentley Village in Naples, Fla. Among his relatives who attended Princeton were Wilbur Shenk ’28, Charles Shenk ’30,...
William Snyder Sherman '41
Bill died Sept.12, 2002, after a long illness. A native of Albany, N.Y., he attended the Albany Academy and graduated from Andover in 1937.Freshman year he roomed with...
William Snyder Sherman '41
Bill died Sept. 12, 2001, after a long illness. A native of Albany, N.Y., he preppred Andover. At Princeton, Bill roomed with Al Van Court, but then left after one year....
Daniel Levin Shimshoni '41
Dan died March 15, 2009, in Herzeliah, Israel, his home for 50 years. After graduating from the English independent school of Dulwich College in London, Dan came to...
Walter Seymour Shingle '41
Sy Shingle died Aug. 29, 1995, in Honolulu, Hawaii. His wife, Priscilla, had passed away a scant month before he did. Sy didn't graduate with us, and there is little we...
James Randolph Simpson '41
RANDY SIMPSON DIED of a heart attack on Nov. 9, 1993, in Washington, D,C. He retired as a scientific officer with the Office of Naval Research (O.N.R.).Brought up in...
Donald Mather Skidmore '41
Don (“Skid”) died in a nursing home near Cincinnati Nov. 30, 2009, from lymphoma, which was diagnosed only a few weeks earlier. A native of Elizabeth, N.J., Skid came...
William R. Smart '41
Bill died March 21, 2012, at his home in Gilford, N.H. Born in Scotland, he and his family moved to Schenectady, N.Y., when he was 5. He prepared at Mount Pleasant High...
Max Truman Smith Jr. '41
Red died Sept. 2, 2002, in Naples, Fla. A native of Wallace, Idaho., he graduated from Lawrenceville. At Princeton he majored in chemistry, joined Cannon, and roomed...
Maynard E. Smith '41
Maynard died April 17, 2012. Smitty, as he was usually known, came to Princeton from Hempstead (N.Y.) High School. He roomed with Van Flynn during freshman year, with ...
Harris F. Smith '41
Harris died Jan. 26, 2013, at home in Tewksbury Township, N.J., where he was a lifelong resident. At Princeton he majored in English and joined Campus Club....
Kimball Spahr '41
Kim died Apr. 6, 1996, at Manor Care in Palm Harbor, Fla. He was 79. His wife, Mary Beth, survives in their Tarpon Springs home. All four children live nearby.Born in...
Thomas Marshall Spencer '41
Tom died Dec. 28, 2007, at Hospice of Arizona in Peoria. He came to Princeton from Duluth, Minn. Joining the Army Air Corps in 1942, Tom won his wings and was...
Robert L. Spillman '41
On Oct. 11, 1998, Bob Spillman died in his winter home in Sebring, Fla.A lifelong resident of Columbus, Ohio, he came to Princeton from Columbus Academy, majored in...
Edward Macgregor Stack '41 *50
Ned died at home in his sleep Dec. 22, 2004.He prepared at Ponce de Leon School in Florida and Utica Academy. At Princeton he majored in modern languages, won the Alden...
Howard Jack Stanley '41
Howard died Dec. 11, 2006, at home in Southern Pines, N.C., after a long illness. Born in Bayonne, N.J., and raised in Cranford, N.J., Howard graduated from the Hun...
William Stanley Jr. '41
BILL STANLEY died of cancer May 21, 1992, at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C. He was a senior partner in the law firm of Covington & Burling, where he had...
Henry Lee Staples III '41
LEE STAPLES died in his sleep of cancer on Jan. 21, 1990, at the Bethesda Nursing Home in Chevy Chase, where he had lived the last three years. Lee was an honors...
Henry Carrington Stevens II '41 *47
Steve died at home in West Chester, Pa., on May 9, 2002. Son of John M. Stevens '17, and great-great-grandson of Henry Carrington 1814, he prepared at the Haverford...
R. Wayne Stickel '41
DICK STICKEL DIED at home on Hilton Head Island Jan. 4, 1991, following years of suffering from neurological disease. He and his wife Anita had moved there from NJ....
Richard Ernest Stifel II '41
THE CANCER that took a leg in 1986 finally took Dick Stifel's life on Mar. 31, 1993. He had been senior partner at Goodsill, Anderson, Quinn, and Stifel, one of Hawaii's...
Harold James Stokes Jr. '41
Jim died on Aug. 16, 2000.One of our great Exeter contingent, at Princeton, he was on the football team, majored in political science, and was a member of Colonial Inn.A...
James L. Stone Jr. '41
Jim died Nov. 10, 2010, in Cincinnati. He came to Princeton from Chestnut Hill Academy and the Hun School. At Princeton he majored in biology and roomed with Bob...
J. Franklin Supplee III '41
FRANK SUPPLEE, a specialist in internal medicine, died Aug. 21, 1991, in Baltimore's Union Memorial Hospital, after a short illness. He had planned to attend our 50th...
Robert Tindall Tate Jr. '41
BOB DIED Oct. 15, 1992, in Wilton, Conn. Our hearts go out to his dear widow, Connie, and his three fine sons, Bob '72, Jerry, and Randy.Bob came to Princeton from...
Charles Henry Tenney II '41
Mike died April 10, 2008, at home in Chestnut Hill, Mass., after a bout with influenza and pneumonia. He prepared at St. Paul’s School and Andover. At Princeton he...
Hugh McKelvey Tomb '41
Hugh McKelvey Tomb ’41 Hugh died April 27, 2007, in Newton, Mass., where he had lived his entire life. A graduate of Newton High School, he majored in SPIA at...
Henry Prout Tomlinson '41
Henry died July 10, 2001, in Vero Beach, Fla. A native of Princeton, he attended Princeton Country Day School and St. Paul's School. His father was a member of the Class...
Russell E. Train '41
On Sept. 17, 2012, we lost our distinguished classmate Russ Train, who died on his farm in Bozman, Md. Russ was one of the most highly regarded American...
Eugene Lauderdale Turner '41
Gene died Dec. 22, 1998, after a massive stroke. The son of E.L. Turner '12 and grandson of Thomas W. Coleman 1856, he prepared at McCallie School in Chattanooga,...
Oliver Allen Vietor '41
THE CLASS LOST one who had done much for it when Oli Vietor died Jan. 13, 1993, at his home in Dorset, Vt. Born and raised in New York, he prepared for Princeton at St....
Thaddeus Hovenden Walker '41
Thad died Nov. 2, 2007, in Casper Wyo., his lifelong home. He prepared at Choate and came to Princeton with his younger brother, Dick Walker ’41. He...
Robert Gill Walker '41
Bob died Nov. 5, 2008, at Meadow Lakes in Hightstown, N.J., after a long bout with emphysema. A graduate of the Taft School, he majored in history at Princeton, where...
Frederick Brooks Wall '41
Brooks died peacefully Dec. 18, 2008, at his home Little Compton, R.I. He prepared at St. George’s School Newport and spent a postgraduate year at Radley College...
Robert F. Wallace '41
THE CLASS lost Bob Wallace just three months after he had lost his wife Mary. Bob died on Nov. 19, 1989, in the Norwalk, Conn., hospital after putting up a great fight...
Peirce Colton Ward Jr. '41
PEIRCE WARD died Oct. 29,1991, at the Rosary Hill Homein Hawthorne, N.Y., after a long illness. He had lived in Greenwich for most of his life and is survived by a...
George H. Watkins '41
George died Feb. 8, 2011, at the Cheshire Medical Center-Dartmouth Hitchcock Keene after a brief illness. He had lived in Walpole, N.H., for 30-odd years. He prepared...
Charles M. Waugh '41
On Dec. 13, 2012, we lost our class historian, Chuck Waugh, who died in Post Falls, Idaho. Chuck prepared at Germantown (Pa.) High School and Mercersburg Academy. At...
Robert W. Weber '41
Bob died Aug. 3, 2010. A graduate of the Nichols School in Buffalo, N.Y., he majored in economics at Princeton and graduated with honors. He was connected with the...
J. Spencer Weed '41
SPENCEWEED died July 28, 1989, in Scottsdale, Ariz. He had lived in Paradise Valley, with his wife, Mabel Ruth Viney. She survived him until Aug. 23, 1989. There are...
William Seward Weeks '41
Bill (known to many of us as "Sammy") died Jan. 6, 2004, after a brief illness.At Princeton he majored in philosophy, joined Tower Club, and roomed all four years with...
Kendrick Vernon Weisbrod '41
Kendrick Vernon "Bill" Weisbrod, fondly called "VK" by classmates, died Mar. 4, 1998, in Huntington, Long Island, of cancer.He prepared at Solebury [Pa.] School, and at...
Frederick Eckel Wetherell III '41
Fred, a lifelong resident of the Syracuse area, died unexpectedly Aug. 20, 2003.He came to Princeton from the Pebble Hill School. A member of Campus Club, Fred majored...
Thomas Courtenay Jenkins Whedbee '41
Courtenay died of Alzheimer's disease June 11, 2007, at his longtime Baltimore County home, Shawan Farms. He prepared at Gilman Country School. At Princeton he was on...
Edward Bruce Whitesell '41
Bruce died Feb. 2, 2004, from congestive heart failure. He had moved several months before his death to the home of his son, David, in East Hartford, Conn.He came to...
Herbert Lockwood Willett '41
Herb died Aug. 6, 2009, in Falmouth, Mass. A graduate of the Hill School, he majored in geology and joined Dial Lodge. He was the first member of the sixth...
Charles S. Williams Jr. '41
Charles died May 8, 2012, in Albuquerque, N.M. He left Princeton after two years to assist in the family’s abstracts business. He enrolled at the University of...
Frederick B. Williamson III '41
Beas died peacefully at home in New Hope, Pa., Aug. 6, 2005.One of our most loyal classmates, he came from Lawrenceville, majored in engineering, joined Charter Club,...
William Daniel Wilson '41 *48
Bill died Apr. 12, 2001. The son of missionaries, he grew up in Osaka and Tokyo, coming to Princeton by way of South Pasadena, Calif., and Westfield [N.J.] H.S.He...
Jacques David Wimpfheimer '41
Jack died in Oct. 2000. A graduate of Lawrenceville, at Princeton he majored in psychology, played football, and was a member of Tower.A B-25 pilot, Jack flew 54...
Charles Scudder Winston Jr. '41
Chuck died Feb.15, 2010, in St. Simons Island, Ga. He came to Princeton from Joliet (Ill.) High School. At Princeton he majored in psychology, was a member of Tiger...
William Allyn Wright '41
Bill died Aug. 1, 2005, after a brief illness.He was born in Floral Park, N.Y., Feb. 11, 1920. He was student body president of St. Paul's School in Garden City. At...
Mortimer Dickinson Wright '41
"GENTLE, KIND, goodnatured, Mr. Wright ... also had a black belt in the martial art of politics (and) the end of politics for him was to make life enjoyable." These...
Lester E. Wurfel '41
Les died Sept. 29, 2006. Born in Elizabeth, N.J., he came to Princeton from the Peddie School. He majored in chemistry, was a member of the crew, and...
Eugene A. Yates Jr. '41
GENF. YATES died June 5, 1992, in Atlanta, Ga. Surviving him are his widow, the former Jane Henderson Alford; daughters Mrs. Ginger Morrison, Mrs. Margaret Jorgensen,...
Stuart Adams Young Jr. '41
Stu died Apr. 19, 2002, after a long illness. He prepared at Newark Academy and St. Paul's School. At Princeton, he majored in English with honors. Stu played freshman...
George Cook Young '41
George died June 13, 2001, just one month to the day after the death of his wife, Fran.Arriving at Princeton via the Princeton Country Day School, Rumsey Hall School,...
Samuel Howell Zeigler '41
We have just learned that Sam died Apr. 8, 2000, in Edinburgh, Scotland, after a long illness.A graduate of the Haverford School, he majored in the school of public and...
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650,303 | US 20090121144 A1
Methods, systems, devices, and computer program products include positioning single-use radiation internal dosimeters with MOSFETs into a patient to evaluate the radiation dose delivered during a medical procedure or treatment session. The MOSFETs can be unpowered during irradiation.
1. A portable medical radiation dose reader, comprising:
a portable housing; and
a circuit held in the portable housing, the circuit configured to communicate with an electronic memory of at least one single use internal dosimeter to obtain voltage threshold data corresponding to a dose amount of radiation exposure that the at least one dosimeter is exposed to during irradiation and to prompt a user to input predetermined data associated with dose evaluation, patient data and/or clinic data.
2. The reader of
3. The reader of
4. The reader of
5. The reader of
6. The reader of
7. The reader of
8. The reader of
radiation dosimeter, the dosimeter comprising:
at least one radiation sensor circuit with a MOSFET having an associated threshold voltage that changes when exposed to radiation to provide quantifiable radiation exposure data, wherein the radiation sensor circuit is unpowered during irradiation;
electronic memory having radiation calibration data for the MOSFET; and
a reader contact zone on the dosimeter configured to allow the portable reader to electrically engage the dosimeter to obtain radiation exposure and calibration data, wherein the single-use dosimeter is configured for use during a single medical treatment session.
9. The reader and dosimeter combination of
10. The reader and dosimeter combination of
11. The reader and dosimeter combination of
12. The reader and dosimeter combination of
13. The reader and dosimeter combination of
14. The reader and dosimeter combination of
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/865,312, filed Jun. 10, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/303,591, filed Nov. 25, 2002, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/334,580, entitled Disposable Single-Use External Dosimeters for Use in Radiation Therapies, filed Nov. 30, 2001, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention generally relates to the assessment and/or quantitative evaluation of the amount of radiation exposure a patient undergoing therapy receives.
Conventionally, radiation therapies are carried out over one or a successive series of treatment sessions. For certain radiation therapies, high-energy photons and/or electrons are carefully directed and/or focused from an ex vivo radiation source so that they travel into a targeted treatment area in a patient's body. In other radiation therapies, the radiation is delivered internally via planted radioactive seeds, radioactive analytes, and the like.
Generally stated, the size, shape, and position of the treatment area (typically where a tumor is or was) as well as its anatomical location in the body and its proximity to sensitive normal tissues are considered when generating a particular patient's treatment plan. That is, the treatment is planned so as to deliver a suitably high dose of radiation to the tumor or targeted tissue while minimizing the dose to nearby sensitive tissue that typically cannot be completely avoided. Directing radiation into non-affected regions may produce undesired side effects, particularly as it relates to tissue that may be sensitive to certain dosages of radiation. Unfortunately, even when the patient plan is carefully constructed to account for the location of the cancerous tissue and the sensitive non-affected regions, even small errors in set-up due to beam angle or patient position during delivery of the radiation therapy can inadvertently misdirect radiation into those regions or can influence the dose amount that is actually received by the targeted tissue. Further, the demand for radiation treatment equipment is typically relatively high and this demand may limit the set-up time allowed or allocated in the treatment room between patients.
In the past, implantable devices for oncology applications have been proposed to evaluate the radiation dose amount received in vivo at the tumor site. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,402,689 to Scarantino et al., the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Measuring the radiation at the tumor site in vivo can provide improved estimates of doses received. However, for certain tumor types or situations, alternatively configured internal radiation dosimeters may be desirable and sufficient for clinical purposes.
In view of the foregoing, there remains a need for improved economical and easy to use internal radiation dosimeters.
Certain embodiments are directed to cost-effective internal radiation dosimeters that can be used to evaluate radiation dose exposure delivered to a patient in a single treatment session.
Some embodiments of the present invention provide a memory storage device on a radiation dosimeter probe that can be used to record the dose history of the dosimeter probe. The dosimeter probe can be a single-use (used to obtain radiation data during a single treatment session) disposable, elongate internal probe that includes a memory storage device may be queried by a reader in order to obtain a record of the dose. Other information, such as patient identification, time, date, hospital, therapist, state of the device, dosed/undosed and calibration data may be stored in the memory storage device.
The internal probes can be used to provide an economic method of determining the amount of radiation delivered to a patient undergoing a medical treatment, such as an oncology patient in situ.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a disposable, single-use internal radiation dosimeter that and operates in a relatively easy to operate and read manner without requiring the use of lead wires (or even power) during irradiation.
The internal dosimeter may include at least one radiation sensor, each comprising a single MOSFET. The dosimeter can be positioned in the patient so as to place at least one of the radiation sensors in a location that is generally proximate to the target treatment site.
In some embodiments, the dosimeter radiation sensor may be pre-dosed and/or calibrated before the dosimeter probe is inserted into the patient. Certain data obtained may be stored in an electronic storage device provided on/in the dosimeter itself. The storage device may be, for example, an EEPROM. Other information, such as the patient's name, the doctor's name, the test or treatment date and the like, may also be stored in the storage device provided in/on the dosimeter probe. Alternatively, the data can be stored on a computer readable memory integrated on a physical record sheet that can be placed in the patient's file.
Some embodiments are directed to methods for monitoring radiation exposure for a patient undergoing a medical procedure. The methods include: (a) inserting a single-use dosimeter into a patient; (b) exposing the patient to radiation in a medical procedure during a treatment session, wherein the at least one dosimeter comprises at least one radiation sensor circuit with a MOSFET and electronic memory that holds calibration data for the MOSFET; (c) transmitting data from the dosimeter to a dose-reader device after the exposing step to obtain the calibration data and data associated with a change in an operational parameter in the MOSFET of the dosimeter radiation sensor circuit; (d) removing the dosimeter from the patient proximate in time to and end of the treatment session; and (d) determining radiation received by the patient during the exposing step based on the change in the operational parameter of the MOSFET and the calibration data.
The internal dosimeter probe body can be configured to reside within a natural lumen or cavity, such as a mouthpiece and/or bite block, an ear plug, a nasal plug, a rectal plug, a male genourinary catheter, a female geno-urinary plug or catheter, and the like. In other embodiments, the dosimeter probe can be configured as a transcutaneous device.
Other embodiments are directed to systems for monitoring radiation administered to a patient during a diagnostic and/or therapeutic treatment. The systems include: (a) at least one single-use internal dosimeter, the internal dosimeter comprising at least one radiation sensor circuit comprising a MOSFET having an associated threshold voltage that changes when exposed to radiation and electronic memory comprising calibration data for determining radiation dose; and (b) a portable dose-reader configured to obtain voltage threshold data and calibration data from the at least one internal dosimeter corresponding to a dose amount of radiation exposure received during irradiation exposure.
The dosimeter can be configured with a body holding the at least one radiation sensor circuit having a MOSFET (typically a single unbiased MOSFET) and the electronic memory can include stored calibration coefficient for the respective MOSFET in the radiation sensor circuit for determining radiation dose. During irradiation, the dosimeter radiation circuit can be quiescent and unpowered with a perimeter that is devoid of outwardly extending loose lead wires. The radiation circuit and memory may be disposed on a substrate that is removeable from the probe body and may be retained in a patient data record/file allowing the probe body to be discarded.
In some embodiments, the system can also include at least one an external skin mounted patch dosimeter. The patch can include at least one radiation sensor circuit, each having a respective one MOSFET. Each MOSFET in respective radiation sensor circuits can be configured to independently detect radiation, and each of the radiation sensor circuits may share certain operative components, such as memory, or may operate independently.
Still other embodiments are directed to internal single-use radiation dosimeters. The dosimeters include: (a) at least one radiation sensor circuit with a MOSFET having an associated threshold voltage that changes when exposed to radiation to provide quantifiable radiation exposure data, wherein the radiation sensor circuit is unpowered during irradiation; (b) electronic memory having radiation calibration data for the MOSFET; and (c) a reader contact zone on the dosimeter configured to allow a portable reader to electrically engage the dosimeter to obtain the radiation exposure and calibration data. The radiation dosimeter is a single-use dosimeter configured for use during a single medical treatment session.
The calibration data can include a zero temperature coefficient and the electronic memory may include electronic instructions for automatically directing a remote reader on how to communicate with the dosimeter.
Other embodiments are directed to portable medical radiation dose readers. The readers include: a portable housing and a circuit held in the portable housing. The circuit is configured to communicate with an electronic memory of at least one single use internal dosimeter to obtain voltage threshold data corresponding to a dose amount of radiation exposure that the at least one dosimeter is exposed to during irradiation and to prompt a user to input predetermined data associated with dose evaluation, patient data and/or clinic data.
In some embodiments, the reader is also configured to communicate with an electronic memory of at least one single use external skin mount radiation dosimeter patch to obtain voltage threshold data corresponding to a dose amount of radiation exposure that the at least one patch is exposed to during irradiation and to prompt a user to input predetermined data associated with dose evaluation, patient data and/or clinic data.
The reader can include computer program code for identifying what type of dosimeter is undergoing evaluation, and computer program code that provides a selectable list of differently configured dosimeters, including an external skin mount patch and a plurality of different internal dosimeters, all configured to be evaluated by the same dose reader.
Another embodiment is directed to a computer program product for evaluating a radiation dose delivered to a patient. The computer program product comprises a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied in the medium. The computer-readable program code comprises: (a) computer readable program code for receiving pre-irradiation threshold voltage data associated with an internal dosimeter having at least one (but can have a plurality of spaced apart) radiation sensor circuit(s) (b) computer readable program code for directing a reader to communicate with the dosimeter to obtain radiation data from the at least one (or plurality of different) radiation sensor circuit(s); and (c) computer readable program code for determining the voltage threshold shift of the at least one radiation sensor circuit(s) after radiation to determine the radiation exposure.
In still further embodiments of the present invention, a dose-reader may be adapted to communicate with the dosimeter via a sensor port. The dose-reader can be a pocket or palm sized portable device. The dose-reader may also include a communications port, for example, a universal serial port (USB), RS 232 and the like, for downloading obtained data to a computer application or remote computer. The dose-reader functionality may be incorporated into a personal digital assistant (PDA) or other pervasive computer device.
In particular embodiments, the dose-reader may be a multi-purpose reader configured to communicate with surface mount sensor patches as well as the internal dosimeter configurations contemplated by embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, both a surface mount dosimeter patch and an internal dosimeter can be used and read by the same reader.
In further embodiments the dosimeter may be configured to communicate with the dose-reader wirelessly. For example, the sensor patch and the dose-reader may both be equipped with a radio frequency (RF) interface so that information may be shared between the two devices.
The foregoing and other objects and aspects of the present invention are explained in detail in the specification set forth below.
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying figures, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. In the figures, certain components, features, or layers may be exaggerated for clarity. In the block diagrams or flow charts, broken lines indicate optional operations, or features unless stated otherwise. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense expressly so defined herein.
With reference to certain particular embodiments, the description of a radiation sensor circuit having a single operative MOSFET means that the circuit may include a semiconductor component that has more than one MOSFET thereon/therein, but only a single MOSFET is operatively required to obtain the radiation data for a single radiation circuit (biasing of two MOSFETS is not required). The term “probe” describes a body member that is sized and configured for internal positioning inside an object, typically an animal, and more typically a human subject. The term “probe” is meant to be broadly interpreted and includes, but is not limited to, catheters (slender, flexible tubes), stents, plugs, suppository and/or tampon-like bodies that hold at least one radiation sensor circuit thereon or therein. The probes can be sized and configured for intracavity or natural lumen placement. In some embodiments the probes are configured to be releasably securable and/or in a generally fixed target location in the body, in a natural lumen or cavity during the irradiation. In other embodiments, the probes may be sized and configured for transcutaneous and/or subcutaneous placement. Biocompatible materials and/or coatings can be used to allow for placement in an in vivo body. The term “genourinary” includes the gender-specific natural lumens and cavities, such as, for females, the vagina, the cervix, the uterus, the urethra, and the bladder, and for males, the urethra and the bladder (including the urethra proximate the prostate). However, in certain embodiments, the probes of the present invention may be alternately configured and adapted as appropriate for insertion in other natural lumens or body cavities such as, but not limited to, the rectum, the colon, the uterus, the cervix, the throat, the mouth, the ear, the nose, the esophagus or other fluid or respiratory passages, and the like.
The statements characterizing one or more of the priority applications as a “continuation-in-part” application of a prior application listed under the “Related Applications” section above is used to indicate that additional subject matter was added to the specification of the prior application but does not necessarily mean that the entire invention described and claimed in the present application is not supported in full by the prior application(s).
In some embodiments, the internal dosimeters 30 i contemplated by the instant invention can be used in Quality Assurance evaluations of planned radiation therapies for dose verification. Thus, the internal dosimeters can be used during a dose planning session (such as for Quality Assurance in set-up, confirmation-to-plan analysis, and the like, whether in a phantom and/or an actual subject to compare the planned dose to the actual dose) and/or used during active radiation therapy sessions.
In the embodiment shown in
It is noted that the memory 67 may be located proximate the MOSFET 63 m such as shown in
To help monitor or estimate the amount of radiation that is delivered to the patient during a treatment session, at least one disposable single-use dosimeter 30, 30 i can be used. As used herein, “single-use” is used to refer to a use for a single patient during a treatment session. The internal dosimeter 30 i is typically used only once proximate in time and during a treatment. The internal dosimeter 30 i may be removed after the treatment or sometime during the treatment, typically removed at the end of a single treatment session. It will be understood that a treatment session may include an active radiotherapy administration during a single treatment session or serially spaced apart treatment sessions. The treatment session may have a duration of minutes, hours, days and the like. The memory 67 or other electronic components may be configured to inhibit or prevent reuse. Furthermore, a calibration dose obtained before the external sensor 30 and/or internal dosimeter 30 i is positioned on/in a patient is not to be considered the “single-use.” The dosimeters 30 i can be configured from biocompatible materials and sterilized prior to use. The dosimeters 30 i can be packaged in sterilized packages for medical use. The dosimeters 30 i can be packaged in a medical kit of at least one external mount skin patch 30 and at least one internal dosimeter 30 i, and can, in certain embodiments, include two differently configured internal dosimeters (i.e., one for the mouth cavity and one for the ear cavity).
As discussed above, the internal dosimeter 30 i is configured to change in an operational parameter in a predictable manner that correlates to the radiation dose it receives, as will be discussed further below. The internal dosimeter 30 i can be configured so as to be self-contained and discrete and devoid of dangling lead wires extending to a remote power source or operating system during irradiation in position on the patient. As such, a reader, for example, reader 75 (
As used herein, the reference number “75” will be used to refer generally to a reader device according to embodiments of the present invention. Particular embodiments of a reader device 75 may be referred to using the reference number 75 and followed by one or more apostrophes (or primes) attached thereto. For example, particular embodiments of the reader device may be denoted 75′ or 75″. This convention may similarly be used with respect to other features of the present invention. For example, the reference number “30′” will be used to refer to particular embodiments of an external skin mountable sensor patch and “30 i” will be used to refer to embodiments of an internal dosimeter, herein. It will be understood that features discussed with respect to any embodiment of the present invention may be incorporated into other embodiments of the present invention even if these features are not discussed specifically with reference to each individual embodiment.
In some embodiments, the MOSFET 63 m is embedded as an integral component in the body of the mouthpiece. In other components, the MOSFET 63 m and radiation circuit 30 c can be held on a substrate that can be inserted into the mouthpiece (cutting into the body of the mouthpiece or into a channel formed into the mouthpiece). The mouthpiece can be configured to fit over the upper bite or lower bite of the user. The MOSFET 63 m can be positioned in the body 531 so that the body shape and/or body tissue provides a suitable build-up therefor (see below for more discussion of build-up configurations).
In some embodiments, as shown in
As shown in
The catheter dosimeter 730 can be provided in a range of different sizes (with the widths varying as well as the placement/size of the balloon) to accommodate different size males and different size prostates, particularly where the treatment under evaluation is the prostate. For example, the catheter 730 can be sized as an elongated tubular body with a relatively small cross-sectional area having a thin outer wall so as to be able to be inserted into and extend along a length of the desired lumen to reach the desired treatment site. As used herein, the term “thin outer wall” means a wall having a thickness of about 2 mm or less, and preferably about 1.2 mm or less, and can be, in certain embodiments about 0.5 mm or less. For prostate or male urinary applications, the cross-sectional width or outer diameter of the catheter tubular body, is typically between about 6-8 mm (18-24 French). Of course, as noted above, the flexible catheter 730 can be alternatively sized and dimensioned to fit other lumens, cavities and/or treatment applications.
In the embodiment shown in
The internal dosimeter is typically removed during, at the end of, or after the first treatment session (providing a single use evaluation) (block 126). A clinician can be automatically prompted by the reader to enter specific data into the reader, some of which can be stored in the memory in the dosimeter (block 121). In addition, at least one skin mounted dosimeter patch may be placed on the subject (block 122) and the same reader can be used to contact the patch to obtain additional radiation data, that may be used to determine a radiation dose (block 123). The prompting operation can be carried out prior to, during, and/or after the treatment session. Similarly, the dosimeter can be removed prior to reading by the reader or read in position in the body.
In certain embodiments, as noted above, the internal dosimeter may be calibrated and/or pre-dosed and/or the zero temperature coefficient can be measured and stored in the memory before being inserted into the patient. The calibration and/or pre-dosing of the sensor patch may be done on an individual patch basis or many sensor patches may be calibrated and/or pre-dosed in batches simultaneously as discussed further below.
In certain particular embodiments, the reading may be able to be obtained in situ during the treatment session (without removing the sensor patch(es) from the patient) to provide real-time feedback to the clinician estimating whether the desired dose is being administered to the patient. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the sensor patch (such as at a location adjacent the circuitry) or of the subject (skin or core body) can also be ascertained or obtained and taken into account when calculating the radiation dose. In any event the dose reading can be obtained without requiring external powering or externally applied biasing of the MOSFET 63 m in the sensor circuit 30 c during the radiation treatment.
In certain embodiments, a plurality of discrete sensor patches 30 can be positioned to cover a region on the skin that is in the radiation beam path so as to reside over a target treatment site (typically diseased tissue associated with a tumor site). Further, in particular embodiments, one or more sensor patches 30 can also be positioned in radiation sensitive areas of the body to confirm stray radiation is not unduly transmitted thereto. Sensitive regions include, but are not limited to, the thyroid, the spine, the heart, the lungs, the brain, and the like.
In any event, radiation is administered to the patient in a first treatment session. Data associated with a change in an operational parameter in the patch radiation circuit and the internal dosimeter radiation circuit may be obtained from the sensor patch using the reader after/during administering the radiation to the patient. In further embodiments, the reader may contact the sensor patch as discussed further below. However, it is noted, that in other embodiments, the reader may transfer data from the internal dosimeter and/or sensor patch wirelessly. The radiation dose received by the patient can be determined based on the obtained data.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the obtained data may include a voltage threshold of a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) included in the radiation circuit 30 c of the internal dosimeter 30 i and, where used, on the at least one sensor patch 30. In these embodiments of the present invention, a pre-radiation voltage threshold of the MOSFET and a zero temperature coefficient of the MOSFET may be measured before the patient undergoes radiation therapy. The pre-radiation threshold voltage and the zero temperature coefficient of the MOSFET may be stored in the electronic memory of the dosimeter. The stored zero temperature coefficient may be used to bias the MOSFET on the internal dosimeter 30 i and the least one sensor patch 30 (where used) after the patient undergoes radiation therapy and before the post-radiation threshold voltage is measured as discussed further below.
It will be understood that the radiation dose may be automatically determined by the reader 75 without any input by a doctor or technician. However, in some embodiments of the present invention, the doctor or technician may be prompted for additional information by the reader 75 to determine the radiation dose. For example, the reader 75 may prompt the technician for a correction factor related to a particular set-up or radiation equipment type employed or a particular configuration of the dosimeter (i.e, whether internal 30 i or external 30). Once the clinician supplies the requested additional information, the reader 75 may automatically determine the radiation dose using the additional information provided. The obtained data, as well as other information, may be stored in an electronic memory (memory device) included on the dosimeter (patch or internal).
In particular, the electronic memory may include methodology data that instructs the reader 75 how to interface with, i.e., obtain data from the radiation circuit 30 c. Thus, for example, if the radiation circuit 30 c changes electronic configuration, the memory 67 can be configured to automatically instruct the reader 75 on how to obtain the radiation and other patch data of interest, allowing the reader 75 to operate with different versions of patches. In other embodiments, the reader 75 can be periodically upgraded with software to communicate with the different versions of patches. Combinations of these configurations may also be used.
The electronic memory may further include radiation-dose data, patient data, time and date of a radiation reading, calibration data and the like. Furthermore, as discussed above, the electronic memory may include the zero temperature coefficient of a MOSFET included in the radiation circuit 30 c. This zero temperature coefficient may be used to bias the MOSFET after the radiation treatment before a post-radiation threshold voltage is obtained as discussed further below.
The internal dosimeter 30 i (and, where used, the sensor patch 30) does not require lead wires extending from a remote power source or computer system to operate (i.e., is basically inactive and/or unpowered) during irradiation. For example, where a MOSFET-based radiation sensor circuit is used, the MOSFET is generally passive but collects a permanent space charge as a result of the passage of ionizing radiation. After radiation exposure or at a desired evaluation time, the biosensor(s) can be inductively powered and the MOSFET-based radiation data can be transferred to a remote reader.
In some embodiments, the dosimeter 30 i can transmit or relay radiation data upon contact with and/or insertion into a reader device 75 and may store data in an electronic memory device 67 included in the dosimeter 30 i. As discussed above, in other embodiments, the internal dosimeter 30 i may be configured to communicate wirelessly with the reader 75. The radiation dose received by the dosimeter 30 i and/or sensor patch 30 can be determined and used to estimate the dose received by the patient during the radiation therapy session based on the data obtained by the reader. The reader 75 itself can be a handheld portable unit that may or may not require wires to connect with a remote controller or computer or may use a standard communication port as will be discussed further below. The reader 75 can include a user input such as a touch screen and/or keypad entry. In any event, the operations can be carried out for each or a selected radiation treatment session. If the operations are repeated for each treatment session, a cumulative amount of delivered radiation can be estimated/confirmed to allow a clinician to evaluate whether additional treatments are desired.
In certain embodiments, data may be included in the memory storage device 67, for example, an electrically programmable memory such as an electrically erasable read only programmable memory (EEPROM), for each dosimeter 30 i. The memory storage device 67 may include information such as patient identification, time, date, hospital, therapist, state of the device, dosed/undosed sensor data and calibration data. The memory storage device 67 may further be used to store bias parameters and/or information with respect to measurement methodology for a particular individual dosimeter 30 i. For example, the measurement methodology may include instructions for the reader 75 on how to communicate with the radiation circuit 30 c in the dosimeter 30 i. Including these instructions in the memory storage device may allow the reader 75 to operate with any version of the dosimeter 30 i and/or sensor patch 30 as the reader 75 may not have to be configured for the specifications of a particular dosimeter. The memory 67 may also include data that identifies the type of internal dosimeter it is. In some embodiments of the present invention, the memory storage device 67 of the sensor patch 30 may have at least 2K of storage thereon.
The MOSFET 63 m in the radiation circuit 30 c can have an individual calibration coefficient, dose data or characterizing data. In other embodiments, those MOSFETS produced in a common production run (off of the same wafer or chip) with substantially similar characterizing data may have common single calibration characterizing data. In certain embodiments, the calibration related characterizing data can include the pre-irradiation threshold voltage value of a MOSFET(s) that is measured at an OEM and provided in the memory 67.
In some embodiments, the memory storage device 67 may include a zero temperature bias parameters associated with the MOSFET included in the dosimeter 30 i. The zero temperature coefficient of the MOSFET may be measured prior to administration of radiation therapy to the patient and stored in the memory storage device 67. The zero temperature coefficient of the MOSFET may be used to bias the MOSFET before obtaining a post-radiation threshold voltage value of the MOSFET as discussed further below.
Referring now to
In certain embodiments, a first set-up pre-dose verification protocol can be carried out to deliver a first radiation dose and a first radiation dose value can be obtained for at least one selected patch 30 and/or internal dosimeter 30 i to confirm that the radiation beam focus location is correct or suitable (or whether a sensitive area is receiving radiation). In addition, the system can be configured to map a dose gradient by correlating the determined radiation dose values at each patch location to the anatomical location on the subject of each patch.
In certain embodiments, the storage or memory device 67 (
Referring now to
The function of the reader 75 may be incorporated into any portable device adapted to communicate with an internal dosimeter 30 i (and, in certain embodiments also a sensor patch 30). For example, the reader 75 functionality/circuitry could be disposed in a personal digital assistant (PDA) that is adapted to include a radiation sensor port 32. The reader 75 may further include a remote computer port 33. The port 33 may be, for example, RS 232, infrared data association (IrDA) or universal serial bus (USB), and may be used to download radiation and/or other selected data from the internal dosimeter 30 i to a computer application or remote computer.
In certain embodiments, the reader 75 may be configured to obtain data stored in the memory device 67 of the dosimeter 30 i using, for example, electrical contacts on the reader 75 and the dosimeter 30 i, to transfer the data stored in the memory device 67. This data obtained from the memory device 67 may, for example, be stored locally on the reader 75 or be downloaded to an application on, for example, a remote computer using a port 33 provided in the reader 75. The memory device 67 may serve as a permanent record of the radiation dose and may contain a real time clock such that the obtained data may include a time and date stamp.
An exemplary block diagram of a reader 75 and an internal dosimeter 30 i including a RADFET 63 and an electronic memory 67 according to some embodiments of the present invention is provided in
The sensor patch(es) 30 can be configured as a discrete, low profile, compact non-invasive and minimally obtrusive device that conforms to the skin of the patient. The sensor patch(es) may be less from about 0.25 to about 1.5 inches long and wide and have a thin thickness of from about 1 to about 5 mm or less. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the sensor patch 30 can be attached to the patient so that it makes and retains snug contact with the patient's skin. Air gaps between the sensor 30 and the patient's skin may cause complications with respect to obtaining the estimated dosage data.
Some embodiments of the present invention include the placement of an overlay material over the sensor patch 30 to, for example, simulate placement of the sensor patch 30 beneath the patient's skin. This type of simulation may inhibit scatter of the radiation beam and/or establish electronic equilibrium in proximity to the sensor patch 30 and, therefore, increase the reliability of radiation measurement. Radiation measurement using the sensor electronics may be optimal at from about 0.5 to about 3 cm beneath the patient's skin, but typically is from about 1 to about 1.5 cm beneath the patient's skin. Accordingly, the overlay material may be from about 0.5 to about 3 cm thick to simulate subsurface depth measurement conditions. The presence of this overlay material may decrease the influence of air gaps between the sensor 30 and the patient's skin. The overlay material may be, for example, a resilient flubber like or flexible material that will conform to the skin such as an elastomeric or the like. Some embodiments of the present invention include the placement of a buildup cap over the sensor patch 30 to, for example, simulate placement of the sensor patch 30 beneath the patient's skin. This type of simulation may help to focus a narrow portion of the radiation beam in proximity to the sensor patch 30 and, therefore, increase the reliability of radiation measurement. The buildup cap may have a hemispherical shape and may simulate placement of the sensor patch 30 inside the body to a depth called “Dmax”. Dmax may be, for example, from about 1 to about 3 cm and is the depth at which the absorbed dose reaches a maximum for a given energy. The buildup cap may include a material equivalent to water and a metallic material. For example, the buildup cap may include a layer of polystyrene having a diameter of from about 6 to about 7 mm and a layer of copper on the polystyrene have a thickness of about 0.5 to about 1 mm. The buildup cap may include a small lip (not shown) that hooks onto the front edge of the patch for consistent alignment. The buildup cap may have a medical grade adhesive that would stick well, but not permanently, to the top face of the sensor patch 30. In some embodiments of the present invention, the geometry of the cap could be made to help with isotropy. The buildup cap may be placed on the sensor patch 30 separately based on the energy range of the buildup cap, thereby allowing the underlying sensor patch 30 to be used with different buildup caps for different energy ranges. In some embodiments of the present invention, the buildup caps may be provided in different colors, the colors indicating the energy range of the buildup cap. Thus, in some embodiments of the present invention, the bulk of the buildup cap may be injection molded polystyrene that is coated with a copper layer and some rubbery or elastomeric surface paint applied in different colors corresponding to the different energy ranges provided by the buildup cap. The buildup cap can also be shaped to provide a measurement that is independent of X-ray beam entry angle. With respect to the discussion in the preceeding paragraphs, it is noted that for internal dosimeters 30 i, their build-up can be provided by shape and material of the probe body, alone or in combination with the tissue at the target internal location.
In other particular embodiments, the sensor circuit 30 c can be configured with two or more MOSFETS. In embodiments configured to have two MOSFETS, one may be positioned over the other on opposing sides of the substrate in face-to-face alignment to inhibit orientation influence of the substrate. (not shown). Additionally, other materials, e.g., certain epoxies, can be used to both encapsulate the MOSFETs and provide further scattering influence to facilitate isotropic response of the MOSFETs (this feature may particularly apply to the skin patch dosimeters 30). In addition, there are well known influences of radiation backscatter from the surface of patients on whom surface-mounted dosimeters are used. The backscatter effect can be taken into account when calculating an entrance or exit dose or sufficient build-up may be provided on the top of the dosimeter to promote the equilibration of scattered electrons. See, Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology, 3d edition, ed. VT DeVita, S. Hellman, and S A Rosenberg (JB Lippincott Co., Phila., 1989), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein. The underside or bottom of the sensor patch 30 may include a medical grade releasable adhesive to allow the sensor patch 30 to be secured to the skin during the treatment session and then easily removed without harming the skin.
Radiation circuits 30 c according to embodiments of the present invention may be provided individually or in sheets containing multiple circuits 30 c. In particular, the sensor flex substrates 30 s may be fabricated in high-density sheets. As used herein, “high density” refers to multiple sensor patches provided on a unitary sheet. High density is intended to encompass very large sheets containing, for example, hundreds or thousands of sensors, as well as, for example, 3×3 regions of these very large sheets typically including 6 or more sensors per region. Providing the sensor circuit substrates 30 s including memory devices 67, for example EEPROMs, on high density sheets 200 as illustrated in
As further illustrated in
Each of the sensors 30 c or the entire sheet 200 of sensor circuits 30 c may be calibrated by providing a wire(s) 205 illustrated in
As discussed above, the sensor circuits 30 c may be pre-dosed, i.e. dosed prior to placement on the patient. Dosing a sensor patch may include, for example, setting the amount of radiation to be delivered to a patient and the particular region(s) on the patient to which the radiation should be delivered. This process is typically performed by a physicist and can be very time consuming. The possibility of accurately pre-dosing a sensor circuit 30 c may reduce the need for a physicist to be involved in the dosimetry confirmation process. In other words, using reliable dose patches can reduce the time a physicist expends to confirm the treatment beam and path dose.
It will be understood that dosimeters 30 i adapted to be received by a reader 75 are not limited to the configuration illustrated in the figures provided herein. These figures are provided for exemplary purposes only and are not meant to limit the present invention.
Some embodiments of the present invention provide a test strip 2200 as illustrated in
As stated above, the test strip 2200 may be similar to the sensor patch 30 and/or selected internal dosimeter 30 i, except the RADFET may be replaced with a series combination of a voltage reference and a resistance, for example, a 1.2V shunt reference (specified at 0.1% tolerance such as an LM4051-1.2) and a 10 KΩ resistor (0.1% tolerance). In some embodiments of the present invention, the gate/drain connection may have a 39 KΩ, 0.1% tolerance resistor coupled to ground on the test strip 2200. The 39 KΩ resistor may provide an additional 52 μA bias to the series 1.2V reference and 10 KΩ resistor.
The test strip 2200 may include a memory map, which may include, among other things, the defaults from the base load (at the ZTC process), i.e. the pre-radiation data. Table 7 of
The reader 75 may interrogate the test strip memory and request that a doctor technician perform a “zeroing operation” discussed further below. The test strip 2200 may be zeroed and the resulting digital to analog conversion (DACB) value may be compared to the DACB value determined at the factory. The result may indicate, for example, “Reader OK” if the DACB value is within a set of limits provided or “Reader needs Cal” if the DACB value is outside the set of limits. It will be understood that the limits may be determined on a per-reader basis during factory calibration.
In certain embodiments of the present invention, the test strip 2200 may be configured to prevent modification by the reader 75. In some embodiments of the present invention, the reader may be configured to indicate “Reader OK” when the test strip 2200 is inserted and a predetermined reference voltage, such as about 4.096 V, is within a predetermined range. The reader may be further configured to indicate “Reader needs Cal” if the reference voltage is outside of the predetermined range. In some embodiments of the present invention, the predetermined range may be from about 4.075 to about 4.116V. The tolerance on the limits may be about +/−0.005V.
It is noted that the remainder of the specification may discuss the sensor circuit 30 c and/or MOSFET 63 m in relation to the sensor patch 30, but the same concepts and/or functions can be used for certain embodiments of the circuit 30 c of the internal dosimeters 30 i.
As shown in
As shown by the graph in
As shown in
In some embodiments of the present invention, the zero temperature coefficient of the MOSFET/RADFET 63 m (
The memory device 67 may include a memory map identifying memory locations and contents thereof. In some embodiments of the present invention, the memory map may resemble a spreadsheet. The memory map may include one or more fields containing data, such as serial numbers, calibration factors, dose records, time stamps, biasing parameters, factory calibration information and the like. The reader 75 may access data stored in the memory map using, for example, a standard I2C protocol as discussed further below. Details with respect to memory maps will be understood by those having skill in the art and will not be discussed further herein.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the dose may be calculated using Equation 1 set out below:
Vshift is the voltage difference (as seen by the 24-bit A/D converter) between the pre-radiation and post-radiation threshold voltage when measured at the zero temperature coefficient current (IBiasZTC) discussed below. kenergy (Energy), krate (Dose Rate), kSSD, kfieldsize (Field Size), ktemp (Temperature), kwedge (Wedge Angle), kfade (Fade Time) (See
As necessary, correction factors may be applied for energy, dose rate, field size, temperature, wedge factors, fading or other user-defined corrections. The reader 75 can be configured to provide automatic prompts to a user or a station to obtain the desired patient-specific or equipment inputs. Coefficients for the correction factors may be stored in the electronic memory 67. User-input correction factors may also be stored in the reader 75 non-volatile memory and may be copied into the electronic memory 67 as a record if the correction factors are used in the dose calculation. A graph set out in
In particular, temperature correction factor coefficients may be stored in the memory locations of the memory map stored in the electronic memory 67. In some embodiments of the present invention, the temperature correction factor coefficients may be stored in a floating point format. The coefficients may be stored in the order illustrated in Table 3 of
The standard temperature may be normalized to about 20° C. The correction factors may be curve-fitted to a 3rd-order polynomial and the coefficients may be stored in the memory map 67. The default values may be, for example, set to 0, 0, 0, 1 for a, b, c, and d, respectively. The input to the equation may be the temperature in ° C. determined by calculating the temperature (° C.). This is calculated from the difference in a diode reference voltage and a diode voltage measured during the post-radiation process. The difference may be multiplied by the diode temperature coefficient stored in the memory 67 and added to 27° C. plus 1/10th of TOffset discussed below.
For example, the patch temperature may be determined according to Equations 2 and 3 set out below:
Furthermore, fade correction factor coefficients, i.e., coefficients of the correction factors for fading of the RADFET voltage, may be stored in the memory locations of the memory map stored in the electronic memory 67. In some embodiments of the present invention, the fade correction factor coefficients may be stored in a floating point format. The coefficients may be stored in the order illustrated in Table 4 of
The standard time may be normalized to about 300 seconds (5 minutes). The correction factors may be curve-fitted to a 3rd-order polynomial and the coefficients may be stored in the respective locations in the patch memory 67. The default values may be set to 0, 0, 0, 1 for a, b, c, and d, respectively. The input to the dose equation (Equation 1) is the difference in time (seconds) between the Dose-End timestamp and the Reading Time versus the 300 second normalized time. For example, if the reading takes place 5 minutes and 30 seconds after the dose end time, the input to the dose equation (Equation 1) would be 30 seconds. If the reading takes place 4 minutes after the dose end time, then the input to the equation would be −60 seconds.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the user may be prompted to input, such as via a touch sensor or a keypad, to indicate the end of the dose treatment. If there are multiple fields of radiation involved, the user may be instructed to press the timestamp button during the last treatment field. The time difference may be calculated (in seconds) between the dose end time and the reading time and may be used to correct for fade. If the prompt for dose time is not configured (in the reader) then the Zero-reading time plus 300 seconds may be used as the dose end time. A graph set out in
The cells of the memory map may further include a standardized hex-coded D/A Converter value that may be used to bias the RADFET 63 to the factory-determined zero temperature bias current (ZTC). The value of the ZTC current may be determined at the factory and may be stored in the memory device 67 during the calibration process for each individual sensor. The value that may be stored in the memory device 67 is the D/A value and would be written if the particular reader reference voltages, D/A (assume 16-bit), resistor values, offset voltages and bias currents are ideal. For example, if the factory determined ZTC current is:
The value of the ZTC current stored in the memory device 67 (IBiasZTC) during the calibration process for each individual sensor may be calculated using Equation 5 set out below.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the parameters used in this calculation may be: V4.096=4.096 V, V2.048=2.048 V and RBias=10.00 KΩ. Inserting these values into Equation 5, IBiasZTC may be 79 COH.
The actual DAC value that may be used for a particular reader 75 depends on the reader calibration coefficients. The actual DAC value may be adjusted so that the effects of the non-ideal, such as 4.096 and 2.048 VDC references, 10.00 KΩ resistor, op-amp input offset voltage and/or bias current of each particular reader 75 may be corrected. In some embodiments of the present invention, the reader calibration coefficients for the IBiasZTC current are “IBias
Table 5 of
In some embodiments of the present invention, the bias current accuracy for any individual reader 75 may be specified at about +/−100 nA. The trans-conductance of the RADFET may be specified at about 1/100 KΩ max at the ZTC bias current. If the bias current changes between the “pre-radiation” and “post-radiation” dose readings due to, for example, switching readers, there may be a potential voltage error of about 100 nA*100 KΩ=10 mV. Since the initial sensitivity of the RADFET may be specified at about 0.25 mV/cGy, this represents a potential 40 cGy error. The specified error for the system may be about +/−1 cGy for a 20 cGy dose. The repeatability of the bias current (between “pre” and “post” dose measurements) on an individual reader 75 may be specified at about +/−1 nA so that the error due to a “trans-conductance effect” may be limited to about 1 nA*100 KΩ=100 μV.
The reader 75 may initially “zero” an un-dosed sensor patch 30 by adjusting the output of a digital to analog converter (DAC) so that the analog to digital (A/D) converter input is near zero. The DAC is the standardized bias current setting that may be used for the A/D readings for the pre-radiation and post-radiation threshold voltage measurements. The “zeroed” value may be stored in the electronic memory 67 and the patch status register may be updated to indicate that the patch has been “zeroed”. The zeroing operation may limit the range of the RADFET bias current source. After the patch has been dosed and reinserted, the reader 75 may reset the DAC-B channel to a previous level using data stored in the memory location of the electronic memory 67 so that the voltage measured by the A/D converter may represent the shift in voltage due to radiation. The scaling may be arranged in hardware so that the voltage generated by the DAC-B is approximately ⅓ of the threshold voltage at the RADFET. The A/D conversion result and the standardized bias current (DAC or DAC-A) may be stored in cells of the electronic memory 67.
The Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) may provide two functions. The first is to establish the bias current in the RADFET based on a factory-derived bias current setting. This current may be established so that there is a minimum influence of temperature on the RADFET threshold voltage. The second DAC, OFFSET DAC, may provide a means to offset the RADFET initial threshold voltage in the “zeroing” procedure. In other words, prior to dosing, the patch may be zeroed by adjusting the OFFSET DAC so that the output of the summing amplifier is about 2.048V+/−100 mV when the patch RADFET is connected. The summing amplifier subtracts the voltage from the OFFSET DAC from the RADFET and applies the difference to the A/D Converter. This DAC setting may be stored in electronic memory 67 and reused after dose is applied to bias the RADFET. The difference in the pre-dose and post-dose RADFET threshold voltages measured by the A/D Converter may be used to calculate the measured dose.
The memory map may also include a memory cell including Toffset, which may be, for example, a byte representing the temperature at which the diode voltage of the RADFET may be measured. In some embodiments of the present invention, the offset may be based on a nominal temperature of about 27.0° C. Accordingly, if, for example, the actual temperature during the RADFET diode measurement (during the ZTC process) is 27.0° C., then the offset will be 00 h.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the diode voltage may be measured (at the IBias
This value may be stored in memory locations of the memory map in the electronic memory 67.
As noted above, the MOSFET bias parameters, along with customized calibration coefficients, are stored in the EEPROM memory provided on each patch. The patch memory also includes a patch identifier or serial number, and instructions on how the reader interfaces with the patch. Provision of these instructions allows the reader to work with multiple generations of patches without necessitating upgrades to the reader. The patch memory also stores the detected and calculated radiation dosages, the date and time of the treatment, and a clinician-entered patient identifier and/or record number. After use, the patch can be placed in the patient file or medical record to form a part of the archived patient treatment history, or may be discarded.
In the embodiment shown in
As shown by the dotted line boxes in
In some embodiments, in operation, the reader 75 can be configured to supply a bias current to the RADFET by attaching to the sensor patch 30 and electrically contacting the conductive probe region 30 p or the electrical contacts 31. The reader 75 can measure the voltage shift response of the RADFET on the sensor patch 30 and calculate radiation dose based on the shift and the dose conversion algorithm. The reader 75 can display the results to the clinician (such as on an integrated LCD screen 75 d incorporated into the body of the reader) and may be configured to download or upload the data to another device (such as a computer or computer network) for electronic record generation or storage.
The reader may include an electronic memory map identifying memory locations and contents thereof. In some embodiments of the present invention, the memory map may resemble a spreadsheet. The memory map may include one or more fields containing data, such as serial numbers, revision number, reader calibration data, A/D gain correction, A/D offset correction, D/A gain correction, D/A offset correction, hospital ID and the like. In some embodiments of the present invention, the reader memory may be large enough to store at least 100, typically about 250 dose records of about 64 bytes each. The dose record may include items listed in Table 6 of
The dose amount can be calculated for each sensor 30 c and/or dosimeter 30 i used. In particular embodiments, the system can be configured to generate an average or weighted average of the dose amount determined over a plurality of the patches. In certain embodiments, where there is a large variation in values (or if it departs from a statistical norm or predicted value) the system can be configured to discard that sensor value or to alert the clinician of potential data corruption. Of course, much smaller values are predicted in sensitive areas away from the targeted zone and the system can be configured to evaluate whether the sensor is in a primary location or in a secondary zone as regards the radiation path.
It is noted that features described with respect to one embodiment of the sensor, reader and/or system may be incorporated into other embodiments and the description and illustrations of such features are not be construed as limited to the particular embodiment for which it was described.
As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the present invention may be embodied as a method, data or signal processing system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable storage medium having computer-usable program code means embodied in the medium. Any suitable computer readable medium may be utilized including hard disks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, or magnetic storage devices.
The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM). Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted or otherwise processed in a suitable manner if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory.
Computer program code for carrying out operations of the present invention may be written in an object oriented programming language such as LABVIEW, Java7, Smalltalk, Python, or C++. However, the computer program code for carrying out operations of the present invention may also be written in conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or even assembly language. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user=s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user=s computer through a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
As shown in
While the present invention is illustrated, for example, with reference to the radiation estimator module 350 being an application program in
For example, the radiation estimation module 350 may also be incorporated into the operating system 352, the I/O device drivers 358 or other such logical division of the data processing system. Thus, the present invention should not be construed as limited to the configuration of
In certain embodiments, the radiation estimation module 350 includes computer program code for estimating radiation dose based on the measured threshold voltage shift. The I/O data port can be used to transfer information between the data processing system and the reader data acquisition system 320 or another computer system or a network (e.g., the Internet) or to other devices controlled by the processor. These components may be conventional components such as those used in many conventional data processing systems that may be configured in accordance with the present invention to operate as described herein.
While the present invention is illustrated, for example, with reference to particular divisions of programs, functions and memories, the present invention should not be construed as limited to such logical divisions. Thus, the present invention should not be construed as limited to the configurations illustrated in the figures but is intended to encompass any configuration capable of carrying out the operations described herein.
The flowcharts and block diagrams of certain of the figures herein illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of radiation detection means according to the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flow charts or block diagrams represents a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved.
The reader 75 also includes pre-radiation (zero dose) threshold voltage data 440, post radiation threshold voltage data 441, and a radiation estimation module 458. The pre-radiation threshold voltage data 440 and the post radiation threshold data 441 may be obtained when the MOSFET is biased with the zero temperature bias current discussed above. The zero temperature bias current may be obtained before the administration of the radiation therapy, stored in the sensor patch memory 67 (
Tables 8 and 9 of
Although primarily described for oncologic therapies, the devices can be used to monitor other radiation exposures, particularly exposures during medical procedures, such as fluoroscopy, brachytherapy, and the like.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses, where used, are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments, as well as other embodiments, are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein. | 65,424 | 144 |
886,627 | Patent application title: ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW FABRICATION METHODS
Mark A. Collins (Foster City, CA, US)
Ronald M. Parker (Bellingham, WA, US)
Robert T. Rozbicki (San Jose, CA, US)
Dhairya Shrivastava (Los Altos, CA, US)
IPC8 Class: AG02F1153FI
Class name: Electro-optic electrochromic transmission-type (e.g., windows)
Publication date: 2012-02-02
Patent application number: 20120026573
Methods of manufacturing electrochromic windows are described. An
electrochromic device is fabricated to substantially cover a glass sheet,
for example float glass, and a cutting pattern is defined based on one or
more low-defectivity areas in the device from which one or more
electrochromic panes are cut. Laser scribes and/or bus bars may be added
prior to cutting the panes or after. Edge deletion can also be performed
prior to or after cutting the electrochromic panes from the glass sheet.
Insulated glass units (IGUs) are fabricated from the electrochromic panes
and optionally one or more of the panes of the IGU are strengthened.
1. A method of manufacturing an electrochromic window unit, the method
comprising: (a) fabricating an electrochromic device on a non-tempered
glass sheet; (b) defining a cutting pattern for cutting the non-tempered
glass sheet in order to create one or more electrochromic window panes,
said cutting pattern defined, at least in part, by characterizing one or
more physical features of the non-tempered glass sheet and/or
electrochromic device after fabrication of the electrochromic device; (c)
cutting the non-tempered glass sheet according to the cutting pattern to
create said one or more electrochromic window panes, including a first
electrochromic window pane; (d) fabricating an insulated glass unit (IGU)
comprising the first electrochromic window pane; and then (e)
strengthening the first electrochromic window pane by laminating a second
pane to the first electrochromic window pane of the IGU.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more physical features are selected from the group consisting of: 1) identifying one or more low-defectivity areas on the electrochromic device, 2) identifying one or more areas of non-uniformity in the electrochromic device, 3) identifying one or more areas where materials used to make the electrochromic device were deposited on the back side of the non-tempered glass sheet; 4) identifying one or more performance characteristics of the electrochromic device; and 5) identifying one or more defects in the non-tempered glass sheet.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein characterizing the one or more physical features of the non-tempered glass sheet and/or electrochromic device comprises identifying one or more low-defectivity areas in the electrochromic device by scribing one or more isolation trenches near one or more edges of the non-tempered glass sheet, applying a temporary bus bar to the electrochromic device, and activating the electrochromic device in order to evaluate the electrochromic device on the non-tempered glass sheet for defectivity.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein characterizing the one or more physical features of the non-tempered glass sheet and/or electrochromic device comprises testing the electrochromic device to determine its leakage current and/or the resistivity of a transparent conducting oxide.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after (a): (i) creating a first mapping data set based on said one or more low-defectivity areas on the electrochromic device; (ii) creating a second mapping data set based on another one or more low-defectivity areas on a second electrochromic device on a second non-tempered glass sheet; and (iii) comparing the first and second mapping data sets; wherein defining the cutting pattern employs a comparison of the first and second mapping data sets generated in (iii).
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the comparison is used to match at least two electrochromic window panes for use in a single IGU configured for minimal alignment of defects of said at least two electrochromic window panes.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising scribing isolation trenches for said one or more electrochromic window panes after (b) and prior to (c).
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising applying bus bars to the one or more electrochromic window panes.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the bus bars are non-penetrating bus bars.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more electrochromic window panes are architectural scale non-tempered glass panes.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrochromic device is all solid state and all inorganic.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein (c) comprises laser induced scoring by tension.
17. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a transparent conducting oxide layer on the non-tempered glass sheet before forming the electrochromic device.
20. A non-tempered glass electrochromic window pane comprising: (a) an all solid state and inorganic electrochromic device; and (b) at least one non-penetrating bus bar.
21. A method of manufacturing an insulated glass unit (IGU), the method comprising: (a) fabricating an electrochromic device on a non-tempered glass sheet; (b) cutting the non-tempered glass sheet in order to create an electrochromic window pane; (c) fabricating an insulated glass unit (IGU) comprising the electrochromic window pane; and (d) laminating a second pane to the electrochromic window pane while in the IGU.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein laminating the second pane to the electrochromic window pane comprises a liquid resin lamination procedure.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the liquid resin lamination procedure comprises applying a resin selected to have a compensating optical property.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the resin imparts a blue color.
25. The method of claim 21, further comprising defining a cutting pattern for cutting the non-tempered glass sheet, wherein said cutting pattern is defined, at least in part, by identifying one or more low-defectivity areas on the electrochromic device.
26. The method of claim 25, further comprising cutting the non-tempered glass sheet according to the cutting pattern to create the electrochromic window pane.
FIELD OF INVENTION
The invention relates generally to electrochromic devices, more particularly to electrochromic windows.
Electrochromism is a phenomenon in which a material exhibits a reversible electrochemically-mediated change in an optical property when placed in a different electronic state, typically by being subjected to a voltage change. The optical property is typically one or more of color, transmittance, absorbance, and reflectance. One well known electrochromic material is tungsten oxide (WO3). Tungsten oxide is a cathodic electrochromic material in which a coloration transition, transparent to blue, occurs by electrochemical reduction.
Electrochromic materials may be incorporated into, for example, windows for home, commercial and other uses. The color, transmittance, absorbance, and/or reflectance of such windows may be changed by inducing a change in the electrochromic material, that is, electrochromic windows are windows that can be darkened or lightened electronically. A small voltage applied to an electrochromic device of the window will cause them to darken; reversing the voltage causes them to lighten. This capability allows control of the amount of light that passes through the windows, and presents an opportunity for electrochromic windows to be used as energy-saving devices.
While electrochromism was discovered in the 1960's, electrochromic devices, and particularly electrochromic windows, still unfortunately suffer various problems and have not begun to realize their full commercial potential despite many recent advancements in electrochromic technology, apparatus and related methods of making and/or using electrochromic devices.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Methods of manufacturing electrochromic windows are described. An electrochromic (or "EC") device is fabricated to substantially cover a glass sheet, for example float glass, and a cutting pattern is defined based on one or more areas in the device from which one or more electrochromic panes are cut. In various embodiments, the cutting pattern is defined, at least in part, only after the electrochromic device has been fabricated and characterized. In some cases, the cutting pattern is defined after taking into account the overall quality of the electrochromic device and/or the location of defects in the device. For example, the electrochromic device may be probed to determine the location of all defects or certain types or classes of defects. The cutting pattern then excludes those defects from usable window panes, resulting in an overall high-quality product and a high-yield process. In another example, the complete device sheet is inspected to determine the leakage current of the EC device or the resistivity of one or both of the EC device's electrode layers. If the leakage current is higher than a threshold or the resistivity of a TCO layer is higher than a threshold, the size of the electrochromic panes is limited to ensure that the resulting windows perform adequately in spite of the device's high leakage or the TCO's high resistivity.
In certain embodiments, inspection of the glass sheet and/or individual panes is performed at one or more points in the fabrication process. Various optical, electrical, chemical and/or mechanical metrology tests may be used to probe the product, for example, after EC device formation in order to define a cutting pattern for the glass sheet and/or after the individual panes are cut to test the individual panes. Individual layers of the EC device, the underlying substrate, etc. may be inspected. Inspection may include, for example, detection of defects in the EC device and/or edges of the glass.
One or more edge portions of the glass sheet may be removed prior to and/or as part of the patterning process to remove potential edge-related defects. Additionally, edges may be modified for strength, for example, by removing defects in the glass through mechanical and/or optical treatment. Separately, defective areas throughout the electrochromic device may be removed or mitigated by, for example, localized laser heating.
Laser scribes for isolating individual electrodes of EC devices on the individual electrochromic panes may be added prior to or after cutting the panes. Similarly, bus bars for delivering power to the EC device electrodes can be made before or after cutting the panes. A technique known as edge deletion (described below) can also be performed prior to or after cutting the electrochromic panes from the glass sheet.
Insulated glass units (IGUs) are fabricated from the cut electrochromic panes and optionally one or more of the panes of the IGU are strengthened. In certain embodiments, strengthening is accomplished by laminating glass or other reinforcing substrate to the cut panes. In a specific embodiment, the lamination is performed after the IGU is assembled.
A method of manufacturing one or more electrochromic panes may be characterized by the following operations: (a) fabricating an electrochromic device on a glass sheet; (b) defining a cutting pattern for cutting the glass sheet in order to create the one or more electrochromic panes, the cutting pattern defined, at least in part, by characterizing the glass sheet and/or electrochromic device by one or more physical features (characteristics) after fabrication of the electrochromic device; and (c) cutting the glass sheet according to the cutting pattern to create the one or more electrochromic panes. In one embodiment, characterizing the glass sheet and/or electrochromic device includes identifying the one or more low-defectivity areas, scribing one or more isolation trenches near one or more edges of the glass sheet, applying a temporary bus bar to the electrochromic device, and activating the electrochromic device in order to evaluate the electrochromic device for defectivity. Other methods of identifying defects, including areas of non-uniformity, in the EC device include application of polarized light to the glass pane and the like. In one embodiment, mapping data sets are created based on the one or more low-defectivity areas and/or non-uniform areas on the electrochromic device and the data sets are compared in order to maximize efficient use of the glass sheet.
In some embodiments, electrochromic devices employ all non-penetrating bus bars on the individual electrochromic panes. In this way, more viewable area is available in the electrochromic panes. The improved electrochromic panes may be integrated in IGUs and one or more of the panes may contain a strengthening feature such as a laminated substrate of glass, plastic or other suitable material.
These and other features and advantages will be described in further detail below, with reference to the associated drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following detailed description can be more fully understood when considered in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIGS. 1A-B depict process flows describing aspects of fabrication methods of the invention.
FIGS. 2A-B are schematics depicting aspects of fabrication methods of the invention.
FIG. 3A depicts liquid resin lamination of a reinforcing sheet to an IGU.
FIG. 3B depicts a cross section of the laminated IGU as described in relation to FIG. 3A.
FIGS. 4A-B are cross section schematics depicting two side views of an electrochromic device.
FIG. 4C is a schematic top view of the electrochromic device described in relation to FIGS. 4A-B.
FIG. 5A is a cross section schematic showing the device described in relation to FIGS. 4A-C integrated into an IGU.
FIG. 5B is a cross section schematic showing the IGU as in FIG. 5A, where the EC pane is strengthened by lamination.
For window applications, it is important that electrochromic panes be both strong and relatively free of defects. Conventionally, glass panes are strengthened by tempering. Unfortunately, the tempering process can introduce defects in an electrochromic device. Hence, most efforts to produce electrochromic windows employ a fabrication sequence of first cutting a glass pane to size, then tempering the glass, and finally forming the electrochromic device on the tempered window pane. The electrochromic device is typically formed by depositing a sequence of thin layers on one side of the pre-cut and tempered glass pane. Unfortunately, the described sequence of cutting and then forming the EC device frequently gives rise to some low quality electrochromic windows because modern fabrication processes often produce one or more visible defects on an electrochromic device. Of course, the manufacturer may refuse to tolerate low quality devices, but rejection of low quality panes corresponds to a reduction in yield.
As described herein, various fabrication methods can improve yield and quality. In these methods, initially an electrochromic device is fabricated to substantially cover a glass sheet. Only later is a cutting pattern for multiple electrochromic panes defined on the glass sheet. The cutting pattern may take into account various considerations including utilization of the sheet, defects in the EC device as fabricated, economic demand for particular sizes and shapes of EC panes, non-uniformity in the device and/or glass sheet, etc.
Frequently, problematic defects occur in only a very small or limited region or regions of the glass sheet. Once identified, these regions can be excluded when defining electrochromic panes in the cutting pattern. In this manner, the cutting pattern may account for high (or low) defectivity regions of the glass sheet. While it is often desirable to probe the EC device on the large glass sheet to identify and exclude regions of defects, it may sometimes be appropriate to exclude certain regions without probing the device. For example, it is sometimes observed that defects are concentrated around the perimeter of the large glass sheet. Therefore it is sometimes desirable to exclude the perimeter region from the pattern of electrochromic panes. In one example, between about 1 inches and about 10 inches around the perimeter of the glass sheet is removed after the electrochromic device is fabricated on the glass. In various embodiments, such perimeter regions are excluded as a matter of course, with the exact amount of excluded perimeter region being based on a knowledge of the quality control (QC) of a well-defined production fabrication process.
Scribes and/or bus bars for the individual panes are provided at some point after the cutting pattern is defined. As mentioned, these features may be provided to individual EC panes before and/or after the glass sheet is cut into one or more electrochromic panes according to the pattern. The cutting itself may employ a procedure that improves the strength of the resulting cut panes. Further, as explained below, the edges may be "finished" to mitigate problems created by cutting. Additionally, in some embodiments, IGUs are fabricated from the cut electrochromic panes and optionally one or more of the panes of the IGU are strengthened. More details of aspects of the invention are described below and with respect to the Figures.
FIG. 1A depicts a process flow, 100, including a sequence of operations for manufacturing one or more electrochromic panes. First a glass sheet is received, see 110. For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, a large glass sheet is intended to be cut into smaller panes at a later stage of the process. Typically, the panes are intended to be used as windows, so the physical dimensions as well as the optical and mechanical properties of the substrate should be appropriate for the intended window application. In a typical example, the large glass sheet employed at operation 100 is a piece of glass of between about 3 meters and about 6 meters in length on at least one side. In some cases, the glass is rectangular, being about 3 to 6 meters high and about 1.5 to 3 meters wide. In a specific embodiment, the glass sheet is about 2 meters wide and about 3 meters high. In one embodiment, the glass is six feet by ten feet. Whatever the dimensions of the glass sheet, the EC pane fabrication equipment is designed to accommodate and process many such sheets, fabricating EC devices on such sheets, one after another in succession.
Suitable glass for the glass sheet includes float glass, Gorilla® Glass (a trade name for alkali-aluminosilicate sheet glass available from Dow Corning, Corp. of Midland, Mich.) and the like. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that EC devices can be formed on other than glass substrates. Methods described herein are meant to include other substrates besides inorganic glass, for example, plexiglass would also work in some instances. For the purposes of simplicity, "glass sheet" is used from herein to encompass all types of window substrate, unless otherwise specifically qualified.
In one embodiment, the glass sheet is float glass, optionally coated with a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) and a diffusion barrier layer. Examples of such glasses include conductive layer coated glasses sold under the trademark TEC® Glass by Pilkington, of Toledo, Ohio and SUNGATE® 300 and SUNGATE® 500 by PPG Industries of Pittsburgh, Pa. The glass sheet has a size that is at least equal to the largest EC glass pane contemplated for manufacture. TEC® Glass is a glass coated with a fluorinated tin oxide conductive layer. Such glass typically also has a diffusion barrier layer between the TCO and the float glass to prevent sodium from diffusing from the glass into the TCO. In one embodiment, the glass sheet does not have a preformed TCO or diffusion barrier on it, for example, in one embodiment the diffusion barrier, a first TCO, an electrochromic stack and a second TCO are all formed in a single apparatus under a controlled ambient environment (infra). The glass sheet may be heat strengthened prior to fabrication of an electrochromic (EC) device thereon.
Next in the depicted process, an electrochromic (EC) device is prepared on the glass sheet, see 120. In the event that the glass sheet includes a pre-formed diffusion barrier and TCO, then the EC device uses the TCO as one of its conductors. In the event the glass sheet is float glass without any pre-formed coatings then typically 120 involves initially depositing a diffusion barrier layer, then a transparent conductor (typically a TCO) layer, and thereafter the remainder of the EC device is formed. This includes an EC stack having an electrochromic (EC) layer, a counter electrode (CE) layer and an ion conducting (IC) layer. After forming the EC stack, another transparent conductor layer (typically a TCO layer) is deposited as a second conductor (to deliver power to the EC stack). At this point, the EC device is completed and operation 120 is concluded. One or more capping layers may also be applied. In one example, a hermetic layer is applied to keep moisture out of the device. In another example, a low-E (emissivity) coating is applied.
As is understood by those of skill in the art, many different types of electrochromic devices exist, each having its own construction, electrode compositions, charge carrier, etc. Any of these devices may be employed in the windows described herein. Certain embodiments are described in relation to all solid state and inorganic electrochromic devices. Such all solid-state and inorganic electrochromic devices, and methods of fabricating them, are described in more detail in the following U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/645,111, titled, "Fabrication of Low-Defectivity Electrochromic Devices," filed on Dec. 22, 2009 and naming Mark Kozlowski et al. as inventors; Ser. No. 12/645,159, titled, "Electrochromic Devices," filed on Dec. 22, 2009 and naming Zhongchun Wang et al. as inventors; Ser. Nos. 12/772,055 and 12/772,075, each filed on Apr. 30, 2010, and Ser. Nos. 12/814,277 and 12/814,279, each filed on Jun. 11, 2010--each of the latter four applications is entitled "Electrochromic Devices," each names Zhongchun Wang et al. as inventors. Each of the above patent applications is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. In one embodiment, the electrochromic device is a low-defectivity all solid state and inorganic electrochromic device as described in the above applications. In one embodiment, the EC device is manufactured on the glass sheet in apparatus having a controlled ambient environment, that is, an apparatus in which the layers are deposited without leaving the apparatus and without, for example, breaking vacuum between deposition steps, thereby reducing contaminants and ultimately device performance. This manufacture may include deposition of a diffusion barrier on the glass sheet and the EC device including both electrodes (TCO layers).
As mentioned, inspections may be conducted internally at various points in the fabrication flow. For example, one or more of the TCO, EC, IC, CE layers may be inspected during processing. Optical, electrical, chemical, or mechanical inspections may be employed to characterize one or more parameters of the layers. Such parameters include, for example, optical density, sheet resistance, thickness, defectivity, morphology, and the uniformity of any of these across the glass substrate surface. Separately one or more inspections may be performed after the entire EC device is fabricated on the glass sheet surface. As explained elsewhere herein, such inspection may characterize defectivity at regions on the surface and/or non-uniformities in the EC device.
It would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that other switchable optical devices besides electrochromic devices may be employed in the described process. Many such devices are formed as layers on an underlying substrate. Examples of suitable optical devices include various liquid crystal devices and electrophoretic devices including rotating element and suspended particle devices. Any of these can be fabricated or otherwise provided on a large glass sheet and then processed as described herein.
Referring again to FIG. 1A, once the EC device is prepared, a cutting pattern is defined, see 130. As explained, defining a cutting pattern after depositing the electrochromic device affords considerable flexibility in determining which regions of the fabricated device are used and which are not used in the cut panes. It also, affords flexibility in determining appropriate sizes of the panes based on the overall quality of the fabricated electrochromic device. Of course, there are a range of considerations that drive the cutting pattern, and only some of them pertain to the quality or condition of the as fabricated device. Overall, the characteristics used in defining a pattern of EC panes on the glass sheet may include any one or more of the following: (1) local defectivity or other measure of local quality (for example, a local non-uniformity in sheet resistance), (2) demand for particular grades of product (for example some end users specify a particular grade or quality of EC pane), (3) demand for particular sizes and shapes of products, (4) remake demand (caused by breakages and/or low yield fabrication of certain types of EC panes), (5) current inventory of EC device types on the glass sheets and/or individual EC panes, (6) utilization of the area of the overall glass sheet, and (7) global properties of the EC device (for example, EC device leakage current and electrode (TCO) resistance). A global property might dictate the appropriate size or grade of the final EC pane(s). For example, high EC device leakage current or high TCO resistance might indicate that the resulting EC panes must be relatively small (for example, not greater than about 20 inches). Stated another way, the glass sheets, each with a fabricated EC device thereon, are binned based on global properties.
In some embodiments, one or more of the panes defined in the pattern are sized and shaped for residential window applications. In some cases, one or more of the panes defined in the pattern are sized and shaped for commercial window applications.
Based on the considerations above, defining a cutting pattern for cutting the glass sheet in order to create the one or more electrochromic panes can include characterizing one or more physical features of the glass sheet and/or electrochromic device after fabrication of the electrochromic device. In one embodiment, characterizing the one or more physical features include at least one of: 1) identifying one or more low-defectivity areas on the electrochromic device, 2) identifying one or more areas of non-uniformity in the electrochromic device, 3) identifying one or more areas where materials used to make the electrochromic device were deposited on the back side of the glass sheet; 4) identifying one or more performance characteristics of the electrochromic device; and 5) identifying one or more defects in the glass sheet. Identifying one or more low-defectivity areas in the electrochromic device is described in more detail below. Non-uniform areas in the EC device are, for example, areas where, for example, the coloration is not uniform due to variation in thickness of layers of the EC device, variation in properties of the device, for example, due to uneven heating during formation of the EC stack, and the like. Non-uniform areas thus may be independent of the number of, for example, short related optical defects. It may be desirable to remove these areas from the cutting pattern or include them in the cutting pattern but identify them as, for example, being areas from which a different quality of EC pane will be cut. Also, depending on the process conditions, materials used to make the electrochromic device can be deposited on the back side of the glass sheet due to overspray. This is undesirable and therefore the presence of backside deposition is a useful characteristic of the glass sheet after EC device formation. Areas with backside materials may be cleaned to remove the unwanted material and/or these areas are excluded from the cutting pattern. Performance characteristics of the electrochromic device are also an important parameter for characterizing the EC device. As described above, for example, an EC device may be used in different ways depending on whether it falls into a certain specification category. Identifying one or more defects in the glass sheet is also important, for example, irrespective of the EC device's performance, there may be a defect in the glass sheet, like a bubble or fissure trapped in the glass, that would be excluded from the cutting pattern due to its undesirable optical properties.
In a specific embodiment, the cutting pattern is defined (operation 130 of FIG. 1A) by first detecting and mapping the defectivity of the device across the glass sheet and then excluding or relegating areas of high defectivity from one or more electrochromic panes in the cutting pattern. FIG. 1B provides an example process flow for this embodiment. First, as depicted in block 131, the glass sheet's device is scribed in order to define a usable area, which is typically substantially the entire area of the device as prepared on the glass sheet. The scribing may serve two purposes. First it electrically isolates the two electrodes to provide a functioning device, and second it removes clearly defective portions of the EC stack. In some cases, deposited EC films in edge regions of the glass sheet exhibit roll off and/or other imperfections, and thus present the very real issue of short circuits. To address this problem, the edge regions of the device are isolated or removed. Techniques for accomplishing this include scribing (presented in FIG. 1B), edge deleting, or simply removing the glass sheet and associated device over some fraction of the perimeter.
After the scribe, temporary bus bars are applied, see 132. Then the device is activated by application of electrical energy to color or otherwise change the optical properties of the device so that the device can be characterized and any defects can be detected, see 133. Then device is characterized including identifying any defects and optionally classifying the defects as to type and/or severity, see 134. In some embodiments, non-uniformities in the EC device are characterized at this stage as well. and taken into account when defining the cutting pattern. In some embodiments this characterization includes the glass pane as well as the EC device on the glass pane. In some examples, the identification and/or classification is performed by the naked eye. In other examples, this operation is performed by an automated scanning device. In one embodiment, larger short-type visual defects are mitigated by application of electrical or optical energy. In a specific embodiment, such defects are circumscribed by laser ablation to create smaller pin-hole type defects. These mitigated defects may be included in the defect count when identifying regions of low defectivity. In another embodiment, this ablation or other mitigation is performed after the panes are cut from the glass sheet.
It should be understood that activating the EC device and scrutinizing the device is only one way to detect and identify defects. Other methods include using diffraction, reflection, or refraction of various forms of electromagnetic radiation that interact with the EC device, for example, polarized light and/or lock-in infrared (IR) thermography. Lock-in IR thermography is a non-destructive and non-contacting technique for the spatially resolved detection of small leakage currents in electronic materials that involves applying a temperature source to the material (in this case the EC device) and detecting leakage current induced temperature variations with, for example, an infrared camera. Thus, embodiments include not only activating the EC device to identify defects, but also may include, or use in the alternative, other methods of identifying defectivity.
As indicated, the cutting pattern defined on the glass sheet may exclude one or more high-defectivity areas of the electrochromic device provided on the glass sheet. Thus, the fabrication sequences contemplated herein frequently involve identifying regions of low or high defectivity prior defining a cutting pattern. In certain embodiments, "low-defectivity" areas are regions of the electrochromic device with fewer than a threshold number or density of defects. Defects may be identified and characterized in various ways. In certain embodiments, defects are identified and/or classified as described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/645,111 and 12/645,159, both previously incorporated by reference.
In certain specific embodiments, only visual defects are considered when defining a cutting pattern. Visual defects include short-type defects that produce a halo when the device is darkened. A halo is a region in the device where an electrical short across the electrochromic stack causes an area around the short to drain current into the short and therefore the area surrounding the short is not darkened. These short defects are conventionally treated after fabrication of the electrochromic device, for example laser circumscribed to isolate them and remove the halo effect, which leaves smaller short-related pinhole defects. In a typical example, defects visible to the naked eye are on the order of 100 μm in diameter. In one embodiment, for defects of the size regime greater than 100 μm, the total number of visible defects, pinholes and short-related pinholes created from isolating visible short-related defects, in a low-defectivity area is less than about 0.1 defects per square centimeter, in another embodiment less than about 0.08 defects per square centimeter, in another embodiment less than about 0.045 defects per square centimeter (less than about 450 defects per square meter of electrochromic pane). Smaller defects, for example defects not visible to the naked eye (on the order of 40 μm or less), may be tolerable in higher densities in some embodiments.
The defects that are detected and optionally classified in the glass sheet are mapped, see operation 135 of FIG. 1B. This can be done, for example, by marking the glass to show where the defects are located once the device is inactive, and/or by storing the defect pattern in a memory as a map. This mapping information is analyzed to identify one or more low-defectivity regions from which to cut the one or more EC panes, see 136. One embodiment of the depicted method defines the cutting pattern by (a) creating a first mapping data set based on the one or more low-defectivity areas on the electrochromic device; (b) creating a second mapping data set based on another one or more low-defectivity areas on a second electrochromic device on a second glass sheet; (c) comparing the first and second mapping data sets; and (d) defining the cutting pattern using the comparison of the first and second mapping data sets to maximize efficient use of the glass sheet. For example, the mapping may be used to match two compatible EC sheets for use in a single IGU so that defects in the respective panes do not align. In one implementation, the first and second mapping data sets are stored in a memory and (c) and (d) are performed using an appropriate algorithm or other logic. Thus, these mapping data sets and comparisons thereof define the most efficient use of the glass sheet's device. For example, mapping data for two glass sheets may indicate that the most efficient use of the glass would be to cut the two sheets to accommodate different customers' specifications due to defectivity patterns that, if not present, would otherwise dictate cutting the sheets according to a single customer's specifications. Additionally, the logic may define panes of varying sizes from each glass sheet in order to supply electrochromic panes for a variety of window types and end users, for example, by pane size, defectivity level and the like. Once the one or more low-defectivity regions are used to define the cutting pattern and process flow 130 ends.
FIG. 2A depicts a glass sheet, 200, for example about 3 meters by about 2 meters, or about 120 inches by 72 inches, with an EC device (not shown separately) thereon. In this example, in accord with process flow 100, a cutting pattern (as indicated by the dotted lines) is defined for cutting one or more electrochromic panes from glass sheet 200. Depending upon, for example, the defectivity, demand or other parameters described above, the cutting pattern can be regular, such as pattern 202, or irregular, such as pattern 204. Pattern 204 shows, for example, areas 206a and 206b, which collectively make a strip of glass that is to be discarded due to, for example, roll off and/or higher defect levels than the rest of the glass sheet. These perimeter areas may also be removed because of back side contamination of EC device materials due to overspray. From a single glass sheet, the one or more EC panes can be of the same size, or varying size depending on the need.
In some embodiments, prior to cutting the glass sheet, some or all edges of the sheet may be removed. In some embodiments about 1 to 10 inches of glass are removed around some or all of the glass sheet's perimeter. This edge trimming can be done for a variety of reasons. For example, the quality of the EC device may be inferior around the perimeter of the glass sheet. This low quality around the perimeter may be due to rolloff of the EC device stack, imperfections in the edge of the glass sheet (which can interfere with the EC device fabrication), propagation of such edge defects (e.g. fissures), and cathode dimensions as they relate to the glass sheet dimensions during deposition. Also, deposition of materials on the back side of the glass sheet due to overspray may necessitate trimming the edges of the glass. Non-uniformities in the EC device may occur due to contact of the support pallet during processing of the EC device or non-uniform heating near the edges of the glass. Some of these defects can be appreciated without powering the EC device and therefore edge trimming may be performed prior to testing the device. Thus edge trimming may be performed as a matter of course or as a result of, for example, performing test runs of the EC formation and finding that the process parameters require that edge trimming be performed post device fabrication to remove non-uniformities and/or back side overspray.
Referring again to FIG. 1A, after the cutting pattern is defined for the one or more EC panes, scribes are performed according to the needs of each individual EC pane to be cut from the glass sheet, see 140. A more detailed description of scribes used to fabricate individual EC panes is described below in relation to FIGS. 3A-C. In this process flow, the scribes are made prior to the individual EC panes being cut from the glass sheet. This saves time and resources that would otherwise be needed in order to scribe the individual panes, since a wide variety of pane sizes are contemplated as arising from the single glass sheet. In other embodiments, the scribes are made after the glass sheet is cut into individual EC panes (infra).
In the depicted example, after the EC devices on the glass sheet have been scribed, they are cut from the glass sheet according to the cutting pattern, see 150. The cutting can be accomplished by any suitable process. In some cases, the cutting is accompanied by an edge finishing operation. Mechanical cutting typically involves scoring the glass with a hard tool, such as a diamond tip on a wheel, followed by snapping the glass along the score line. Thus, mechanical cutting includes "scoring" and breaking. Sometimes the term "scoring" is referred to as "scribing" in the glass window fabrication industry. However, to avoid confusion with other operations described herein, use of "scribe" will be reserved for these other operations.
Cutting can produce microcracks and internal stresses proximate the cut. These can result in chipping or breaking of the glass, particularly near the edges. To mitigate the problems produced by cutting, cut glass may be subject to edge finishing, for example, by mechanical and/or laser methods. Mechanical edge finishing typically involves grinding with, for example, a grinding wheel containing clay, stone, diamond, etc. Typically, water flows over edge during mechanical edge finishing. The resulting edge surface is relatively rounded and crack free. Laser edge finishing typically produces a flat, substantially defect free surface. For example, an initial cut through the glass, perpendicular to the surface of the glass, may make a substantially defect free cut. However the right angle edges at the perimeter of the glass are susceptible to breakage due to handling. In some embodiments, a laser is used subsequently to cut off these 90 degree edges to produce a slightly more rounded or polygonal edge.
Examples of cutting and optional edge finishing processes include the following: (1) mechanical cutting, (2) mechanical cutting and mechanical edge finishing, (3) laser cutting, (4) laser cutting and mechanical edge finishing, and (5) laser cutting and laser edge finishing.
In one embodiment, the panes are cut from the glass sheet in a manner that actually strengthens and/or improves the edge quality of the resulting panes. In a specific example, this is accomplished using laser induced scoring by tension. In this method, a gas laser, for example a CO2 laser with a wavelength of 10.6 μm, is used to heat the surface of the glass along a cut line to produce a compressive stress in the glass along the cut line. A cooling device, for example a gas and/or water jet, is used to quickly cool the heated line. This causes a score to form in the glass along the cutting line. The glass is then snapped by, for example, a conventional mechanical breaking device along the score. Using this method, the cut lines are extremely clean, that is, there are minimal if any defects in the glass that can propagate and cause further breakage due to stresses applied to the pane. In one embodiment, the edges are subsequently mechanically and/or laser finished to remove the 90 degree edges to create a more rounded and/or polygonal edge.
Referring again to FIG. 1A, optionally, edge deletion is carried out on the individual EC panes, see 160. Edge deletion is part of a manufacturing process for integrating the electrochromic device into, for example an IGU, where edge portions of the EC device, for example roll off (where layers of the device can make contact due to non-uniformity near the edge of for example a mask) and/or where a cut is made, are removed prior to integration of the device into the IGU or window. Where unmasked glass is used, removal of the coating that would otherwise extend to underneath the IGU frame (which is undesirable for long term reliability) is removed prior to integration into the IGU. Edge deletion is also used when a pane is cut from the glass sheet, as the panes will have EC material running to the edges of the pane. In one embodiment, isolation trenches are cut and the isolated portions of the EC device on the perimeter of the panes is removed by edge deletion. Edge deletion can be performed at any stage post formation of the EC device in the process flows described. The process of performing edge deletion is, in some embodiments, a mechanical process such as a grinding or sandblasting process. An abrasive wheel may be employed in for grinding. In one embodiment, edge deletion is done by laser, for example, where a laser is used to ablate EC material from the perimeter of the pane. The process may remove all EC layers including the underlying TCO layer or it may remove all EC layers except this bottom TCO layer. The later case is appropriate when the edge delete is used to provide an exposed contact for a bus bar, which must be connected to the bottom TCO layer. In some embodiments, a laser scribe is used to isolate that portion of the bottom TCO that extends to the edge of the glass from that which is connected to the bus bar in order to avoid having a conductive path to the device from the edge of the glass.
When edge deletion is to be used, it can be done before or after the EC panes are cut from the glass sheet. In certain embodiments, edge deletion may be carried out in some edge areas prior to cutting the EC panes, and again after they are cut. In certain embodiments, all edge deletion is performed prior to cutting the panes. In embodiments employing "edge deletion" prior to cutting the panes, portions of the EC device on the glass sheet can be removed in anticipation of where the cuts (and thus edges) of the newly formed EC panes will be. In other words, there is no actual edge yet, only a defined area where a cut will be made to produce an edge. Thus "edge deletion" is meant to include removing EC device material in areas where an edge is anticipated to exist.
Referring again to FIG. 1A, after the optional edge deletion, bus bars are applied to the one or more EC panes, see 170. As with edge deletion, the addition of bus bars can be performed after the EC panes are cut from the glass sheet or before, but after scribing. By performing the scribe, edge deletion and bus bar application prior to cutting the panes from the glass sheet, the associated special handling steps for a variety of EC pane sizes are avoided. That is, performing various manipulations and/or component integrations before the individual panes are cut from the glass sheet allows use of apparatus for handling the glass sheets of uniform size for maximum efficiency. However, in one embodiment, the glass sheet is cut according to 150, then edge deletion is performed according to 160, and thereafter the EC devices are scribed according to 140. In this embodiment, edge deletion is performed at the edges of the individual EC panes, and then the scribes are applied. In another embodiment, the glass sheet is cut according to 150, then the EC devices are scribed according to 140, and then edge deletion is performed according to 160. One advantage of scribing and deleting post cutting is uniformity in the edge deletion process, since only material from the perimeter where actual cut edges (rather than from areas where an edge is anticipated to exist post cutting) is removed. This method may include higher quality control since the edge of the glass can be used as a guide for the edge deletion.
After the panes with fully assembled EC devices are completed, IGUs are manufactured using the one or more EC panes, see 180. Typically, an IGU is formed by placing sealing separator, for example, a gasket or seal (for example made of PVB (polyvinyl butyral), PIB or other suitable elastomer) around the perimeter of the glass sheet. In some embodiments, the sealing separator includes a metal, or other rigid material, spacer and sealant between the spacer and each glass pane. After the panes are sealed to the spacer, a secondary seal is provided around the outer perimeter of the spacer, for example a polymeric material that resists water and that adds structural support to the assembly. Typically, but not necessarily, a desiccant is included in the IGU frame or spacer during assembly to absorb any moisture. In one embodiment, the sealing separator surrounds the bus bars and electrical leads to the bus bars extend through the seal. Typically, but not necessarily, the IGU is filled with inert gas such as argon. The completed IGU can be installed in, for example, a frame or curtain wall and connected to a source of electricity and a controller to operate the electrochromic window.
Referring to FIG. 2B, glass sheet 200 is cut according to a cutting pattern derived, for example, as described herein. In this example four (EC) panes, 208, are produced. Further, in this example, two of panes 208 are paired and combined with a sealing separator, 210, to form an IGU, 212. In this example, IGU 212 has two EC panes. Typically, but not necessarily, the panes are arranged so that EC devices face inside the IGU so as to be protected from the ambient. Electrochromic windows having two or more electrochromic panes are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/851,514, filed on Aug. 5, 2010, and entitled "Multipane Electrochromic Windows," which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. Methods described therein are particularly useful for making one or more electrochromic panes for use in multipane electrochromic windows. One advantage to such multipane electrochromic windows is that the likelihood of two defects aligning perfectly, and thus being observable to the end user, is quite small. This advantage is accentuated when low-defectivity panes are used. In embodiments where, for example, two electrochromic panes are used in a single window, the aforementioned (defect) mapping data sets can be used to further ensure that defects on individual panes, when registered in an IGU, do not align. This is yet another criterion that may be considered in patterning the glass sheet.
In certain embodiments, the glass sheet is up to 5 mm or even up to 6 mm thick (up to 1/4 inch). In some embodiments, one or more panes are strengthened. Referring again to FIG. 1A, optionally, one or both panes of the IGU are strengthened, see 190. For example, in one embodiment, strengthening includes laminating one or more of the panes of the IGU with, for example, a thicker pane of float glass, a pane of tempered glass, a polymeric pane such as plexiglass, Gorilla® Glass, and the like. In another embodiment, strengthening includes applying a polymeric coating to one or more panes of the IGU. Examples of such polymeric coatings include ormosil polymeric coatings (epoxy resin, an amine hardener and a silane), sol-gel coatings, acrylic glazes, and other safety glazes, for example commercially available glazes which meet one or more impact test standards. Referring again to FIG. 1A, after one or more panes of the IGU are strengthened, process flow 100 ends.
In some embodiments, an edge bumper is employed to protect the edges of the glass after incorporation in the IGU. The protection allows the IGU to be safely transported from manufacturer to installation, for example. A protective edge bumper may be applied to IGUs with or without strengthened panes. In one embodiment, the protective bumper is a U-channel cap which fits over the glass edges around the perimeter of the IGU. It may be made from an elastomeric or plastic material. In one example, it is a vinyl cap.
Laminating an EC pane with a reinforcing substrate (or pane) after incorporation into an IGU has many benefits. For example, lamination after the EC pane is assembled in an IGU protects the EC device during the lamination process and provides ease of handing. This is particularly true if the EC device is on an inner facing surface of the IGU, that is, in the interior insulating region of the IGU, because lamination processes involve contacting the outer surfaces of the glass panes making up the lamination structure under relatively harsh conditions. Under such conditions, the EC device would be damaged if it was located on the outer surface of a lamination structure. The IGU thus protects the device during lamination. If the EC device is located on an outer facing surface of glass on the IGU, lamination of the EC pane would require lamination directly onto the EC device with the reinforcing pane and/or the adhesive used to attach it (the lamination pane). While lamination can be conducted without damaging the EC device, this approach has some downsides. Most notably, the IGU would be a less effective thermal insulator because radiation is blocked only at the interior of the IGU. Further, the exposed edges of the EC device, located around the perimeter of the IGU, may provide an ingress point for moisture after installation.
Many different lamination processes can be employed in the disclosed embodiments. Examples include roll pressing and autoclaving, vacuum bagging, and liquid resin lamination, each of which is well known in the window fabrication industry. In one embodiment, liquid resin lamination is used to strengthen an EC pane after it is incorporated into an IGU.
FIG. 3A schematically depicts aspects of a process flow for liquid resin lamination of an IGU, 300. In FIG. 3A, IGU 300 is drawn in less detail than for example IGU 212 described in relation to FIG. 2B. In this example, IGU 300 has an EC pane and a non-EC pane. Typically, double sided tape, 305, is applied to a perimeter region of the EC pane. A gap, 315, is left in the perimeter tape, for example, in a corner of the pane. A reinforcing pane, 310, is applied to the double-sided tape, so that a triple pane (see also FIG. 3B, in this example, the reinforcing pane is laminated to the EC pane of the IGU, and there is also the non-EC pane of the IGU which is not part of the laminate) structure, 320, is formed. A liquid resin, 325, is introduced, for example from the bottom as depicted, in the volume formed between the EC pane and reinforcing pane 310. This can be accomplished, for example, by leaving a small portion of the backing of the tape on when pane 310 is applied to the tape and registered with the EC pane. A dispensing nozzle, in the shape of a thin blade, is inserted in between pane 310 and the portion of the tape with the backing remaining. After the resin is introduced into the volume and the blade removed, the remaining tape backing is removed so that the only means of exit for the resin is gap 315. As indicated by the curved and dotted heavy arrows, unit 320 is then rotated so that the liquid resin 325 flows toward gap 315 (as indicated in the lower left diagram by the heavy dotted arrow downward). The appropriate amount of resin is introduced into the volume so that when the resin covers the entire area between the panes and within the tape, the panes are substantially parallel to each other. Once the volume is filled with resin, the resin is cured, for example, via heating, a catalyst and/or exposure to UV irradiation to form a strong bond between the panes. In the final assembly, as depicted in the lower right of FIG. 3A, the cured resin has the desired optical, mechanical and other properties of the lamination. Using liquid resin lamination imparts minimal if any stress on the EC pane during lamination.
FIG. 3B is a cross section showing more detail of the final assembly 320. The IGU portion, 300, includes a first pane, 301, and an EC pane, 302, which includes an EC device, 303, thereon. Panes 301 and 302 are separated by a sealing separator, 304, which spans the perimeter of the panes and has seals between it and each pane. An interior space, 330, is defined by the panes and the sealing separator. Tape 305 lies between (and proximate to the perimeter) of the face of the EC pane outside of the IGU's interior space and pane 310. Inside the volume created between the EC pane and pane 310 is the cured resin, 325.
Because resin based lamination relies on a sheet or film of resin sandwiched between the two glass panes to be laminated, choice of resin type can impart an optical characteristic to the window unit. In certain embodiments, the resin may contain additives that impart a desired optical property to the resulting laminate. Examples of such optical properties include color, opacity, scattering and reflectivity. In a specific example, the resin imparts a blue color. This can be particularly beneficial when used with some EC devices that have a naturally yellowish tint. The optical property can be imparted by adding dyes, pigments, scattering particles, metallic dust, etc. to the liquid resin prior to introduction into volume for lamination. In certain embodiments, the blue color is achieved as a result of a chemical reaction that takes place after the resin is introduced into the volume between the panes. For example, the reaction may be catalyzed by the same energy or reagent that catalyzes the curing of the resin. In another embodiment, the resin changes to a blue color after curing, for example, by exposure to normal ambient lighting and/or specific irradiation and/or heating post cure.
Particular examples of electrochromic panes are described with reference to FIGS. 4A-C. FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional representation of an electrochromic pane, 400, which is fabricated starting with a glass sheet, 405, for example as outlined in process flow 100. FIG. 4B shows the cross sectional view from another side of EC pane 400, and FIG. 4C shows a top view of EC pane 400 (FIG. 4A is the view from the right or left side as depicted in FIG. 4C; and FIG. 4B is the view from the bottom side looking up as depicted in FIG. 4C). FIG. 4A shows the individual electrochromic pane after it has been cut from the glass sheet, edge deleted, laser scribed and bus bars have been attached. The glass pane, 405, has a diffusion barrier, 410, and a first transparent conducting oxide (TCO) 415 on the diffusion barrier. The TCO layer 415 is the first of two conductive layers used to form the electrodes of the electrochromic device fabricated on the glass sheet. In this example, the glass sheet includes underlying glass and the diffusion barrier layer. Thus in this example, the diffusion barrier is formed, then the first TCO, then the EC stack, and then the second TCO. In one embodiment, the electrochromic device (EC stack and second TCO) is fabricated in an integrated deposition system where the glass sheet does not leave the integrated deposition system at any time during fabrication of the stack. In one embodiment, the first TCO layer is also formed using the integrated deposition system where the glass sheet does not leave the integrated deposition system during deposition of the EC stack and the (second) TCO layer. In one embodiment, all of the layers (diffusion barrier, first TCO, EC stack and second TCO) are deposited in the integrated deposition system where the glass sheet does not leave the integrated deposition system during deposition.
After formation of the EC device, edge deletion and laser scribes are performed. FIG. 4A depicts areas 440 where the device has been removed, in this example, from a perimeter region surrounding the laser scribe trenches, 430, 431, 432 and 433, which pass through the second TCO and the EC stack, but not the first TCO, are made to isolate portions of the EC device, 435, 436, 437 and 438, that were potentially damaged during edge deletion from the operable EC device. In one embodiment, laser scribes 430, 432, and 433 pass through the first TCO to aide in isolation of the device (laser scribe 431 does not pass through the first TCO, otherwise it would cut off bus bar 2's electrical communication with the first TCO and thus the EC stack). The laser or lasers used for the laser scribes are typically, but not necessarily, pulse-type lasers, for example diode-pumped solid state lasers. For example, the laser scribes can be performed using a suitable laser from IPG Photonics (of Oxford Mass.), or from Ekspla (of Vilnius Lithuania). Scribing can also be performed mechanically, for example, by a diamond tipped scribe. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the laser scribes can be performed at different depths and/or performed in a single process whereby the laser cutting depth is varied, or not, during a continuous path around the perimeter of the EC device. In one embodiment, the edge deletion is performed to the depth below the first TCO. In another embodiment, a second laser scribe is performed to isolate a portion of the first TCO, for example as depicted in FIGS. 4A-C, near the edge of the glass pane from that toward the interior. In one example this scribe is at least along the edge where bus bar 2 is applied to the first TCO, between bus bar 2 and the edge.
After laser scribing is complete, bus bars are attached. Non-penetrating bus bar (1) is applied to the second TCO. Non-penetrating bus bar (2) is applied to an area where the device was not deposited (for example from a mask protecting the first TCO from device deposition), in contact with the first TCO or in this example, where edge deletion was used to remove material down to the first TCO. In this example, both bus bar 1 and bus bar 2 are non-penetrating bus bars. A penetrating bus bar is one that is typically pressed into and through the EC stack to make contact with the TCO at the bottom of the stack. A non-penetrating bus bar is one that does not penetrate into the EC stack layers, but rather makes electrical and physical contact on the surface of a conductive layer, for example, a TCO.
The TCO layer's can be electrically connected using a non-traditional bus bar, for example, screen and lithography patterning methods. In one embodiment, electrical communication is established with the device's transparent conducting layers via silk screening (or using another patterning method) a conductive ink followed by heat curing or sintering the ink. Advantages to using the above described device configuration include simpler manufacturing, for example, less laser scribing than conventional techniques which use penetrating bus bars, and the fact that the EC device colors to, and under, bus bar 1 (unlike conventional methods which cut an isolation trench through the device when bus bar 1 is a penetrating type bus bar), which provides a larger coloration area. Penetrating bus bar's can be used, for example in place of non-penetrating bus bar 1, but this will sacrifice colorable area and would necessitate a scribe through the first TCO, prior to fabrication of the EC stack on the glass. One embodiment contemplates performing this first scribe for the one or more EC devices on the glass sheet prior to fabrication of the EC device thereon. In such embodiments, the remainder of the method flow, for example as described in relation to FIGS. 1A and 1B, remains analogous.
As described above, after the bus bars are connected, the device is integrated into an IGU, which includes, for example, wiring the bus bars and the like. In some embodiments, one or both of the bus bars are inside the finished IGU, however in one embodiment one bus bar is outside the seal of the IGU and one bus bar is inside the IGU. FIG. 5A depicts a cross section of the EC pane as described in relation to FIGS. 4A-C integrated into an IGU, 500. A spacer, 505, is used to separate EC pane 400 from another pane, 510. The second pane 510 in this example is a non-EC pane, however the invention is not so limited. Pane 510 can have an EC device thereon and/or one or more coatings such as low-E coatings and the like. Between spacer 505 and, in this example, the first TCO of EC device 400, is a primary seal, 515. This seal is also between separator 505 and the second glass pane. Around the perimeter of separator 505 is a secondary seal, 520 (bus bar wiring traverses the seal for connection to controller). These seals aid in keeping moisture out of the interior space, 515, of the IGU.
FIG. 5B depicts IGU 500 after lamination with a reinforcing pane, 530. In this example a liquid resin lamination was used, and thus, cured resin, 535, lies between the reinforcing pane and the glass of the EC pane. Although not depicted, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that if glass 2 also had an EC device thereon, it could also be laminated. One embodiment is an IGU including two EC panes separated by an interior space, in one example both EC devices are in the interior space of the IGU, where both EC panes are reinforced. In one embodiment, the EC panes are reinforced with liquid resin lamination as described herein. In other embodiments, one or both of the EC panes are reinforced or strengthened by applying a coating as described herein.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail to facilitate understanding, the described embodiments are to be considered illustrative and not limiting. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that certain changes and modifications can be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.
Patent applications by Dhairya Shrivastava, Los Altos, CA US
Patent applications by Robert T. Rozbicki, San Jose, CA US
Patent applications by SOLADIGM, INC.
Patent applications in class Transmission-type (e.g., windows)
Patent applications in all subclasses Transmission-type (e.g., windows) | 64,982 | 124 |
290,356 | US 6138314 A
A toothbrush having an improved cleaning and abrasion efficiency, wherein the bristles are comprised of synthetic thermoplastic polymeric compositions, and contain longitudinal channels extending along the length thereof, having a depth sufficient to entrap a quantity of abrasive particles such that during brushing with a toothpaste, contact between the channel entrapped abrasive particles and the surfaces of the teeth is improved, resulting in a cleaning efficiency coefficient, CEC, above about 1.5 and, an abrasion efficiency coefficient, AEC, above about 1.5, while demonstrating suitable bristle wearability.
1. A toothbrush having improved cleaning efficiency, said brush consisting of an elongated handle member and a head member, said head member having a plurality of bristles projecting from one side thereof, said bristles having a length of from about 8 to 15 mm and a maximum cross-section diameter ranging from about 4 to 20 mils, said bristles comprising a synthetic thermoplastic polymeric composition, wherein lateral surfaces of said bristles contain at least two longitudinal channels extending along the length of said bristles,
wherein the channels have a depth ranging from about 10 to 30 percent of the bristle diameter as measured at the maximum cross-section, and wherein the breadth of the channels is from about 10 to 60 percent of the bristle diameter as measured at the maximum cross-section.
2. A toothbrush according to claim 1, wherein the lateral surfaces of said bristles comprise from between about 3 and 8 channels extending substantially the length of the bristles.
3. A toothbrush according to claim 2, wherein said bristles have cross-sectional configurations selected from the group consisting of trichannel, quadrachannel, pentachannel, hexachannel and heptachannel configurations, and combinations thereof.
4. A toothbrush according to claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional configuration of said bristles comprises three or more channels, shaped to readily accept a quantity of abrasive having an average particle size between about 6 and about 20 microns.
5. A toothbrush according to claim 1, wherein each of the bristles have the following physical characteristics: a diameter between about 0.008 and 0.014 inches, a channel depth between about 0.002 and 0.005 inches and a channel breadth between about 0.003 and 0.006 inches.
6. A toothbrush according to claims 1, wherein the bristles interlock during brushing.
7. A toothbrush according to claim 1, having a cleaning efficiency coefficient of at least about 2.0 and an abrasion efficiency coefficient of at least about 2
8. A toothbrush according to claim 1, wherein the bristle tips are flagged.
9. A toothbrush according to claim 1, wherein the bristles are formed by melt extruding a synthetic thermoplastic polymeric composition selected from the group consisting of synthetic linear condensation polyamides, polyolefins, polyacrylics, polyacrylamides, copolymers of acetonitrile with methyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of vinyl chloride with other vinyl monomers, polymers of fluorinated olefins and polystyrene.
10. A toothbrush according to claim 9, wherein the bristles are formed by melt extruding nylon.
11. A toothbrush according to claim 9, wherein the bristles are formed by melt extruding polybutylene terephtalate.
12. A toothbrush according to claim 9, wherein the synthetic polyamide is Nylon 6,12.
13. A toothbrush according to claim 9, wherein the synthetic polyamide is Nylon 6,6.
14. A toothbrush according to claim 9, wherein the synthetic polyamide is Nylon 6.
15. A toothbrush according to claim 1, wherein the abrasion efficiency coefficient values for at least one of RDA, Stain Index and Polishing Index are above about 1.5.
16. A toothbrush having improved cleaning efficiency, said brush consisting of an elongated handle member and a head member, said head member having a plurality of bristles projecting from one side thereof, having a length of from about 8 to 15 mm and a maximum cross-section diameter ranging from about 4 to 20 mils,
wherein lateral surfaces of said bristles contain at least one longitudinal channel extending along the length of said bristles,
wherein each channel has a depth ranging from about 10 to 30 percent of the bristle diameter as measured at the maximum cross-section, and wherein the breadth of the channel is from about 10 to 60 percent of the bristle diameter as measured at the maximum cross-section.
17. A toothbrush according to claim 16, wherein the lateral surfaces of said bristles comprise a multiplicity of channels extending the entire length of the bristles.
18. A toothbrush according to claim 17, wherein said bristle channels are selected from cross-sectional configurations selected from the group consisting of trichannel, quadrachannel, pentachannel, hexachannel and heptachannel configurations, and combinations thereof.
For the purposes of the present invention, multi-sided channeled bristles are defined as toothbrush bristles that have been formed in a multi-channeled cross-section shape, wherein at least three, preferably four, most preferably five like-shaped individual channels are provided at the lower (i.e., tip) end of each bristle. The individual channels are thus capable of entrapping appreciable quantities of abrasive particles during brushing with a toothpaste, and the entrapped abrasive particles will be delivered to the surface of the teeth with a force sufficient to affect improved cleaning and abrasion efficiency, while avoiding abrasion of the enamel dentin and while avoiding adversely affecting the soft tissue.
For the purposes of the present invention, a "channel" is defined as a depression, hollow or cavity, which preferably extends the entire length of each bristle, wherein the cavity is of sufficient depth to accommodate sufficient toothpaste abrasive such that the entrapped abrasive is delivered to the tooth surface during brushing with a force from the channeled bristle sufficient to effect a Cleaning Efficiency Coefficient (CEC), of at least about 1.5, and an Abrasion Efficiency Coefficient (AEC), of at least about 1.5.
In one preferred bristle dimension of 0.012 inches in diameter as shown in FIG. 1, the preferred channel is about 0.013 inches deep with a breadth of about 0.006 inches. See also FIGS. 2-7 and 11(a) and Tables 2, 3 and 5. The dimensions of the channels are described in various Examples as set forth below. For example, at bristle diameters ranging from between about 0.008 and about 0.014 inches, channel depths from between about 0.007 and 0.005 inches are disclosed along with a channel breadth ranging from between about 0.003 and 0.006 inches. It is understood that for larger diameter bristles these channel depth and breadth values may increase substantially.
For the purposes of the present invention a toothbrush is defined as any manual, interproximal, or mechanical toothbrush containing multiple tufts of thermoplastic polymeric bristles, and specifically includes the various commercially available toothbrush handles and head designs popular today, as well as the various tuft arrangements, bristle variations, including various lengths of bristles and bristle bundle packs. These toothbrushes are marketed in the U.S. under trademarks including: Braun Interplak REACH etc. Various toothbrushes as described in the following U.S. patents are suitable for adaptation of the bristles of the present invention: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,072,944, 3,188,673, 3,263,258, 5,396,678, 5,274,873, 5,335,389, 5,355,546, 5,360,025, 5,497,526, and 5,511,275. The teachings of these references are to be included in this specification by reference.
Suitable bristles of this invention having various cross-sectional shapes are illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4 and discussed in detail in Tables 2-5 below.
Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, the channel entrapped abrasive 10, is brought into contact with the various surfaces of the teeth 11 by bristle 12 in a wiping mechanism of action. In other words, upon flexing of bristle 12, bristle channel 13 achieves extended abrasive/tooth surface contact as illustrated at 6 and 7. In the wiping action, this surface contact is maintained between the bristle channel 13 and the tooth surface.
The polymers useful with the bristles of the present invention may be prepared by methods now well know in the art such as the procedures described by G. Notta in the Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. XVI. pp. 143 to 154 (1955) and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,882,263; 2,874,153; 2,913,442; 3,112,300 and 3,112,301 the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The bristles may be formed by melt extruding various thermoplastic polymeric materials through appropriately shaped extrusion orifices in various dies following various processes such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,226,529 and 2,418,482; 3,745,061; 3,238,553; 3,595,952; 4,279,053; French Patent No. 2,125,920, and European Patent Appln. No. 0663162171.
The tufting, cutting, stapling, etc., of the bristles is performed by processes known in the art; for instance as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,441,227; 4,688,857; 979,782; 5,274,873; 5,335,389; and 5,511,275, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
For the purposes of the present invention, thermoplastic polymeric compositions suitable for the bristles of the present invention include synthetic linear condensation polyamides, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,071,250, 2,071,251, 2,130,948 and 3,671,381.
The synthetic polyamides useful in the bristles of the present invention includes those which are of sufficient molecular weight to be fiber-forming such as: polycaprolactam, polyhexamethylene adipamide, polyhexamethylene sebacamide, the polyamide formed from 1,4,(cis)cyclohexane-bis(methylamine) and adipic acid (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,012,994); the polyamide from m-xylene diamine and adipic acid (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,916,475); the polyamide from 3,5 dimethyl hexamethylene diamine and terephthalic acid (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,752,358); the polyamide from 2,5 dimethyl piperazine and adipyl chloride (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,143,527). See also U.S. Pat. No. 2,152,606. The preferred polyamides are polyhexamethylene adipamide; and polyhexamethylene sebacamide.
In general, the number average molecular weight of the polymer used for these bristles should be in excess of 10,000 and preferably greater than 30,000 to provide the strength and stiffness needed in a toothbrush bristle. The commercial polyamides preferred include nylon 6,6; nylon 6,10 and nylon 6,12. Of these nylon 6,10 (polyhexamethylene sebacamide) and nylon 6,12 (hexamethylene diamine are particularly preferred. See Table 2.
Polyesters that have been found particularly well suited to the bristles of the present invention include polybutylene terphthalate and polyethylene terephtalate. (See Tables 3 and 5 below).
The overall diameter, or maximum cross-section for the bristles of the present invention can be between about 4 and 20 mils. Bristles outside this range, in general, will exhibit stiffness, which is unsuitable for toothbrush bristle applications of the invention. The bristles generally extend from between about 8 and 15 mm above the toothbrush head.
It is known that bristles of thermoplastic materials may have their properties enhanced by drawing or stretching the bristles to increase the molecular orientation along the fiber axis. Therefore, it is preferred to stretch orient the filaments used to make the bristles of the present invention or to apply other standards property-enhancing processing to the techniques thereto.
Examples of other thermoplastic polymeric compositions from which the bristles of this invention may be formed include: polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene; polyacrylics such as polyalcrylonitrite, polyacrylamide, copolymers of acrylonitrile with methyl methacrylate, etc.; polyvinyl chloride and copolymers of vinyl chloride with other vinyl monomers, polymers of fluorinated olefins such as polytetrafluoroethylene; polystyrene; and the like.
Additionally, the uniquely channeled cross-sectional shapes of the bristles of the present invention can be co-extruded from two or more distinct thermoplastic polymeric materials.
For example, a polybutylene terephtalate core can be co-extruded with a multi-channeled sheath of 6,12 nylon to produce a multi-channeled bristle that has a smaller diameter core than an extruded polybutylene terephtalate multi-channeled bristle. Such co-extruded multi-channeled bristles combine the best properties of different thermoplastic polymeric materials to create co-extruded bristles with functional versatility including improved stiffness, softness, increased "packing", etc. Some of those are described in the Tynex
It is well known to those skilled in the art of toothbrush design and manufacture, that the bristle and its resulting "tuft" must possess certain optimum characteristics commonly described, for example, as (a) softness, (b) flex strength, (c) recovery, (d) wet strength, (e) bendability, (f) permanent deformation, and others.
Typically, this requires balancing parameters such as (a) polymer type, (1,) diameter of bristle (c) end rounding, (d) flagging, (e) extent of orientation during bristle drawdown, (f) bristle length, and others.
It will be equally clear to those skilled in the art that similar commercial optimization is required for each of the novel bristle of this invention. In addition to the parameters balanced when studying round bristle construction, one must additionally consider such parameters as, for example, (a) the dimensions of the "core" around which the channels are arranged, (b) the dimensions of the sides of the channels and (c) the internal dimensions of the channel itself Generally, it is preferred that the channel depth is approximately 10 to 30% of the bristle diameter, as measured at the maximum cross-section, where the channel breadth can vary from between about 10 to about 60% of the bristle diameter. In a particularly preferred embodiment of this invention, a penta-channel bristle having a maximum cross-section diameter of about 0.012 inches, has five channels with an average depth of about 0.003 inches and an average channel breadth at the center of the channel of about 0.006 inches. See FIG. 1 of the drawings.
The currently preferred embodiment of the bristle design of the present invention is a five-sided star shape bristle. While the five-sided star shape has been selected as the first commercial embodiment, due to its mouth-feel, clinical results, and ability to withstand deformation or "wear-out" during a simulated one-to-three month wear test, it is anticipated that other star shapes will also prove to be commercially viable. Accordingly, it is anticipated that other bristle designs, e.g., 4, 5, 6, etc. sided stars (or other shapes) having dimensions which vary from that of the currently preferred embodiment will also prove useful in this invention.
One practical side-effect of providing the multi-channel bristles of this invention is that industry standards determined by experience over the years for round bristle parameters may need to be altered for channeled bristles. Thus, each channeled bristle should be optimized in its own right. For example, a round bristle made of 6,12 nylon with a 0.008" diameter will exhibit certain desired commercial properties described as a "soft toothbrush, where as a channeled bristle may require a larger total diameter and careful attention to the "core" dimension or even a different polymer in order to achieve the same properties. This is illustrated in Table 2 below.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Bristle PropertiesRESIN TYPE NYLON 6,12 NYLON 6,12 NYLON 6,12 NYLON 6,6 NYLON 6,6 NYLON6 NYLON6__________________________________________________________________________Bristle Shape Trichannel X-shaped Quadrachannel Pentachannel Hexachannel Cruciform OctafoliateSize (inch) .006-.040 .008-.020 0025-.005 .006-.043 .005 .006-.040 .005Specific gravity 1.04-1.05 1.04-1.05 1.13-1.14 1.13-1.13 1.13-1.14 1.13-1.14 1.13-1.14(g/cm.sup.3)Tensile Strength 50-60 50-60 50-60 60-70 60-70 50-60 50-60(psi) in mTensile 45-65 45-65 45-65 35-50 35-50 35-50 35-50elongative (%)Melting Point 403-419 403-419 403-419 500 500 410-436 410-436Dry Stiffness 450 450 450 500 500 450 450Modulus(psi) in mWet Stiffness 415 425 425 180 180 65 65Modulus(psi) in m__________________________________________________________________________
Polybutylene terephtalate bristles illustrative of the toothbrushes of the present invention are described in Table 3 below.
TABLE 3______________________________________Thermoplastic Polybutylene terephtalate BristlesBristle Shape Trichannel Tetrachannel (X) Pentachannel Hexachannel______________________________________Diameter 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.014(inch)Channel 0.003 0.0025 0.0025 0.002Depth(inch)Channel 0.006 0.0045 0.0040 0.003Breadth(inch)Sp. Gravity 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32(g/cc)Tensile 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50Strength(psi)Tensile 35-55 35-55 35-55 35-55Elongation(%)Melt Point 435 435 435 435(Dry Stiffness 320-365 320-365 320-365 320-365Modulus(psi)Wet 300-340 300-340 300-340 300-340StiffnessModulus(psi)______________________________________
For the purposes of the present invention, abrasive is defined as traditional toothpaste abrasives as discussed in detail below, wherein the particle size (mean diameter) is between about 3 and about 25 microns.
Particularly preferred are abrasive mixtures where the secondary abrasive is the type used in translucent dentifrice gels at levels up to about 20%. Some of these mixtures are described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,927,200; 3,906,090; 3,937,321; 3,911,102; 4,036,949; 4,891,211; 4,547,362; 5,374,368; 5,424,060; 5,180,576; 4,943,429; 4,160,022. Some of these mixed abrasives are commercially available, e.g., Sylodent 15, Sylodent 2 (W.R. Grace), Aerosil 200 (Degussa) and Cabosil (Cabot).
The size of the abrasive particles are most commonly expressed in "mean diameter" i.e., the arithmetical average of the diameters of particles in a representative sample. The mean diameter value of abrasive particles is usually described in microns. Abrasives having particle sizes between about 3 and 25 microns and preferably between about 6 and about 20 microns are particularly preferred for the channel designs of the toothbrush bristles of the present invention.
The preparation of suitable particle size abrasives can be accomplished by conventional techniques well known to the art. Basically, these techniques involve milling various abrasive materials, followed by standard screen sieving (or air separation) to segregate the desired particle size range.
Preferred plaque and tartar fighting active ingredients that help control plaque and tartar buildup when included in a toothpaste are the surfactant/polydimethyl-siloxane hot melt emulsions commercially available under the trademark MICRODENT 4,950,479 and 5,032,387. Particularly preferred plaque and tartar fighting active ingredients are surfactant/polydimethyl-siloxane emulsions where the polydimethyl-siloxanes are high molecular weight substances. Such surfactant -polydimethyl-siloxane emulsions are described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/144,778 U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,667 and related applications. These are available commercially under the trademark ULTRAMULSION tartar, plaque and stains utilizing the toothbrush of the present invention with certain toothpastes that capitalize on the clean tooth surfaces obtained with the toothbrushes of the present invention.
The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following examples which aid in the understanding of the present invention, but which are not to be construed as limitations thereof. All percentages reported herein, unless otherwise specified, are percent by weight. All temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius.
In a crossover clinical toothbrushing study, patients brushed with a quadrachannel bristle toothbrush and/or a contour rounded bristle toothbrush and then switched to the other toothbrush. The ends of the bristles in these brushes are shown electron micrographs in FIGS. 9 and 10. Plaque scores were established before and after brushing with each brush.
The results are reported in Table 4 below and in FIG. 8. The CEC values for this quadrachannel bristled brush were substantially greater than 1.5, i.e., about 2.59. This was a statistically significant value with (p=0.001), even with the small number of subjects per cell.
TABLE 4______________________________________Data Summary of the Crossover Clinical StudyQuadrachannel RoundSubject Before After Difference Before After Difference______________________________________02 2.20 0.82 1.38 2.29 1.88 0.4103 1.85 0.63 1.22 2.26 1.62 0.6404 1.58 0.57 1.01 1.96 1.40 0.5606 1.60 0.55 1.05 1.83 1.36 0.4707 2.30 1.73 0.57 2.30 1.97 0.3309 2.06 1.26 0.80 1.94 1.82 0.1210 2.03 0.99 1.04 1.79 1.78 0.0111 2.19 1.20 0.99 2.27 1.84 0.4312 2.49 1.16 1.33 1.79 1.78 0.0113 2.09 1.48 0.61 2.37 2.05 0.3214 3.67 2.00 1.67 3.38 2.21 1.17Average 2.19 1.13 1.06 2.20 1.79 0.41Std. Dev. 0.56 0.48 0.33 0.45 0.26 0.33Min. 1.58 0.55 0.57 1.79 1.36 0.01Max. 3.67 2.00 1.67 3.38 2.21 1.17______________________________________
Examples 2 through 5 below are illustrative of various unique toothbrush/toothpaste embodiments of the present invention. These Examples are shown in Table 5 below.
TABLE 5______________________________________Example No. 2 3 4 5______________________________________Bristle Polybutylene Poly- Polybutylene Polyacrylo-Thermo- terephtalate propylene terephtalate nitrateplasticPolymericMaterialBristle Shape Hexa- X-shaped Cruciform Penta- channeled channelNo. of 6/20 8/30 4/15 10/24Bristles/Tuftand No. ofTufts inToothbrushHeadParticle size 3-6 6-20 3-25 6-18of toothpasteabrasive inmicronsCEC in % 10 65 30 70Antiplaque/ MICRO- MICRO- ULTRA- ULTRA-Anti-tartar DENT DENT MUL- MUL-Active 12,000 1500 SION SION ingredient/ 2.5 million 50 millionand mol. cs cswt. ofpolydi-methyl-siloxane______________________________________
Using standard toothpaste formulating procedures such as those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,101, the ULTRAMULSION identified below in Table 6 were prepared. All percentages reported below are percent by weight. PDMS is an abbreviation for polydimethyl-siloxane.
TABLE 6______________________________________ ULTRAMULSION Example No. 6 7 8 9______________________________________Ingredients (wt. %):Deionized Water 16.87 30.44 43.76 16.87Sorbitol-70% Aq. 18 24.6 20 18Glycerin 10 8 10 10Dicalcium Phosphate 49 x x 49Aluminum Oxide x 10 x xHydrated Silica x 20 19 xCellulose Gum 1 0.8 x 1Xanthan Gum x x 0.9 xSodium Monofluoro 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76PhosphateTitanium Dioxide 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5Sodium Saccharin 0.27 0.2 0.28 0.27PEG-8 x 1 0.8 xFlavor 0.8 1 0.9 0.8Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 0.8 0.8 1 0.8ULTRAMULSION 2 x x x(2,500,000 cs PDMS)ULTRAMULSION x 2 x x(50,000,000 cs PMDS)ULTRAMULSION x x 2 x(12,500 cs PMDS)ULTRAMULSION x x x 2(1,500 cs PMDS)TOTAL 100 100 100 100______________________________________
Comparison of Penta-Channeled Bristles of Varying Channel Depth With Round Bristles (polybutylene terphthalate)
Nineteen subjects, screened for good oral health were instructed to refrain from brushing for 24 hours. The plaque of each subject was stained and scored for Plaque utilizing a standard method (Turesky modification of Quigley-Hein). The subjects then took their assigned brush and assigned toothpaste (ColgateΛ Fluoride Toothpaste) and brushed without benefit of a mirror for one minute, after which they were re-stained and residual plaque was re-scored using the same Index. Each of the nineteen used each brush in trials one week apart so the subjects were their own control. Between trials the subjects returned to their normal oral hygiene habits, assuring a constant return to baseline.
All toothbrushes tested were identical in shape, number and placement of bristles and by the naked eye, appeared to be completely identical. Only microscopic examination of the bristles for the presence of channels could disclose a difference. The toothbrush shape selected for this trial was the very popular "diamond head" shape commercially available as Colgate PlusΛ and numerous private label brands.
As shown in Table 7 below, there is a dramatic difference in plaque removal comparing the channeled bristle to the round bristle. There is likewise a distinct correlation between channel depth and relative plaque removal. These differences are statistically significant (p≦0.0001) after a single brushing. Although both penta-channeled bristle designs were effective, these data suggest that the deeper the channel, the greater the effectiveness on cleaning.
TABLE 7______________________________________Comparison of Pentachannel Bristles of Varying DepthWith Round Bristles (polybutylene terphthalate)______________________________________ PENTA- PENTA- ROUND CHANNEL (1) CHANNEL (2)______________________________________Outside diameter 0.007 0.007 0.007(inch)CHANNEL0- 0.0012 0.0009DEPTH (inch)______________________________________PLAQUE INDICES (Std. Dev.) Before After Before After Before After Brush- Brush- Brush- Brush- Brush- Brush-INDEX ing ing ing ing ing ing______________________________________Whole Mouth 2.28 1.81 2.21 1.04 2.23 0.83 (0.27) (0.27) (0.5) (0.44) (0.31) (0.36)Proximal 2.40 1.99 2.38 1.13 2.34 0.88Surfaces (0.24) (0.28) (0.11) (0.12) (0.28) (0.39)Posterior 2.43 1.94 2.29 1.14 2.38 0.92Surfaces (0.23) (1.94) (0.41) (0.47) (0.29) (0.37)Smooth 2.04 1.45 1.87 0.88 2.03 0.74Surfaces (0.32) (0.27) (0.57) (0.35) (0.37) (0.30)______________________________________ (1) There was no statistical differences between the "Before Brushing" means for any bristle shape using any of the reported Indices. (ANOVA) (2) Underlined means are statistically significant (p < 0.0001) from thei ROUND "After Brushing" cohort. (paired ttest)
Comparison of Round Bristles of Two Polymer Types With Pentachanneled Bristles
This protocol was identical to the previous Example except that there were five (5) subjects using the round nylon bristle and the pentachannel PBT bristle in this trial. The toothbrushes were also of the same construction as in Example 10 and not discernibly different to the naked eye.
The results comparing a nylon round bristle, a PBT round bristle and a PBT pentachannel bristle are set out in Table 8 below. The column of data for the round PBT bristle is the same as in the previous Example. In spite of the disparity in the number of subjects tested, the statistical significance remained and this experiment clearly indicates that it is the presence of the channels which contributes to the greater removal of plaque in a single brushing, whereas the polymer selected for manufacturing the bristle did not produce a comparable effect on the plaque removing properties.
However, standard wear tests of various bristles suggest that channeled bristle toothbrushes constructed of polybutylene terephtalate are preferred over comparably channeled bristle toothbrushes constructed of nylon (TYNEX
TABLE 8______________________________________Comparison of Two Round Bristle Typeswith One Pentachannel Bristle Type______________________________________ NYLON PBT* (TYNEX PBT* PENTA- ROUND ROUND CHANNEL______________________________________Outside diameter 0.007 0.007 0.007(in)CHANNEL0-0- 0.001DEPTH(in)______________________________________WHOLE MOUTH PLAQUE INDEX** (Std. Dev.) Before After Before After Before After Brush- Brush- Brush- Brush- Brush- Brush- ing ing ing ing ing ing______________________________________ 2.14 1.79 2.28 1.81 2.17 0.95 (0.10) (0.06) (0.27) (0.27) (0.13) (0.18)______________________________________ Footnotes: 1. *PBT = polybutylene terephtalate. 2. **PLAQUE INDEX = Turesky modification of Quigley Hein. 3. Underlined mean was statistically significant (p < 0.0006) difference when compared to either "After Brushing" with round bristles. (unpaired ttest) 4. There was no statistical significance between any "Before Brushing" means. (ANOVA)
The present invention has been described in detail, including the preferred embodiments thereof. However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon consideration of the present disclosure, may make modifications and/or improvements on this invention and still be within the scope and spirit of this invention as set forth in the following claims.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic side views illustrating a 0.012 inch cross-section bristle embodying an abrasive entrapping channel of the invention, wherein the channel depth is about 0.003 and the channel breadth is about 0.006.
In FIG. 1A the bristle channel is shaded in order to accentuate the abrasive entrapping feature to be described hereafter.
FIGS. 2A, B and C represent the present invention various tri-channeled cross-sectional bristle shapes applicable to the improved Cleaning Efficiency Coefficient (CEC) and Abrasion Efficiency Coefficient (AEC) toothbrush of the present invention.
FIGS. 3A, B and C represents various quadra-channeled cross-sectional bristle shapes with various "channeling" suitable for the improved Cleaning Efficiency Coefficient (CEC) and Abrasion Efficiency Coefficient (AEC) toothbrush of the present invention.
FIGS. 4A, B and C represent various poly-channel cross-sectional bristle shapes with various channeled bristles suitable for delivering the CEC and REC values of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a perspective plan view of a toothbrush tuft of the present invention illustrating the tuft arrangement of one of the bristles of the present invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates schematically, the general contact between the channeled bristles of the present invention containing entrapped abrasive, and the tooth surface, during brushing.
FIG. 7 illustrates schematically a magnified view of the contact between bristle-channel-entrapped abrasives and interproximal surfaces of the teeth during brushing with an abrasive containing toothpaste.
FIG. 8 is a bar chart that compares the average plaque scores for a quadra-channeled bristle toothbrush of the present invention compared to a toothbrush with round bristle configuration when both are used in a crossover clinical study, with a common commercial toothpaste, as described in detail in Example 1.
FIGS. 9 and 10 are electron microphotographs of tips of toothbrush bristles of the present invention, and a conventional round toothbrush bristle tips.
FIG. 11(a) illustrates schematically a magnified view of a cross-section of the "packing" of one of the bristles of the invention into a tuft with the bristle interlocking feature of the present invention (11A) compared to the cross-section packing of rounded bristles into a tuft FIG. 11(b).
A toothbrush having an improved cleaning and abrasion efficiency, wherein the bristles are comprised of synthetic thermoplastic polymeric compositions, and contain longitudinal channels extending along the length thereof, having a depth sufficient to entrap a quantity of abrasive particles such that during brushing with an abrasive toothpaste, contact between the channel entrapped abrasive particles and the surfaces of the teeth is improved, resulting in a cleaning efficiency coefficient, CEC, above about 1.5 and, an abrasion efficiency coefficient, AEC, above about 1.5 while demonstrating suitable bristle wearability.
The present invention relates to a toothbrush having improved cleaning and abrasion efficiency while retaining acceptable wear characteristics.
In the oral hygiene field today, toothbrushing is ordinarily accomplished with a toothbrush which is adapted for use with a dentifrice composition, i.e., a toothpaste, which contains an abrasive substance or material designed to abrasively clean the teeth, i.e., to remove materials thereon, including pellicle, plaque, stains, dental calculus (tartar), and the like.
The current level of gum disease and tooth loss attributed to gum disease and gum retraction in adults, along with the incidence of gingivitis among adults, is an indication of the inefficiency of cleansing accomplished with those toothpaste/toothbrush combinations presently commercially available. In part, this poor cleaning is also due to the poor toothbrushing habits of a majority of adults which include; brushing only once a day, brushing improperly, and/or failing to brush long enough to effect adequate plaque, tartar removal, etc. Clearly, a more efficient toothbrush/toothpaste combination would be helpful.
In toothbrushing, the primary function of the bristle is to rub abrasive particles across the surface of the teeth and thereby remove by abrasive action deposits such as pellicle, stains, plaque, tartar and the like from tooth surfaces.
Accordingly, the tangential contact between toothpaste abrasive and surfaces of the teeth as influenced by toothbrush bristle tips during brushing has a major impact on toothbrushing efficiency.
Manufacturers of nylon bristle toothbrushes have provided in the past, a variety of toothbrushes designated as "soft," "medium," and/or "hard" to indicate the stiffness of the bristles. For a given thermoplastic polymeric composition, one factor, which predominantly determines bristle stiffness, is the diameter of the individual bristles. For example, with nylon 6,12 the "soft" bristles typically have a diameter between 0.008 and 0.009 inches; "medium" bristles have a diameter between 0.009 and 0.012 inches and "hard" bristles have a diameter greater than about 0.012 inches. Polybutylene terephtalate bristles are typically about 0.001 to 0.002 inches smaller in diameter due to the greater wet stiffness of this material over that of nylon 6,12. For all bristles used in toothbrushes, there is generally a manufacturing or grading tolerance of about .+-0005 inches.
Soft bristles penetrate crevices between the teeth, while medium bristles and the hard bristles stabilize the soft bristles against bending as pressure is applied during brushing. The medium and hard bristles are believed to more effectively clean the surfaces of the teeth while the soft bristles achieve better penetration of crevices and are recommended for their gentleness to soft tissue.
Studies have shown that the most aggressive mechanical cleansing should be directed toward the tooth surface, with much less so toward the gingival surface and essentially none toward the base of the gingival sulcus. The basis for these observations is as follows:
1. The development of gingival inflammation and dental caries is most frequently caused by failure to remove dental plaque from the subgingival surface of the tooth and to a much lesser extent materia alba from the gingival surface in the subgingival space. Both dental plaque and materia alba can form within several hours of brushing and therefore frequent mechanical cleansing is essential. Materia alba, which consists primarily of an acquired bacterial coating and desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes and a mixture of salivary proteins and lipids, is a soft sticky deposit less adherent than dental plaque. It can be flushed away with a water spray but more completely removed from the gingiva with mild mechanical cleansing.
2. Dental plaque is formed by oral microorganisms that synthesize harmful products that are destructive to the tooth and gums when not removed from the gingival sulcus. The toxins formed by these microorganisms cause cellular damage to the gingiva with subsequent inflammation (gingivitis) and eventually destruction of the supporting structures (periodontitis). When gingivitis occurs, vascular dilation, capillary proliferation, engorged vessels and sluggish venous return causes a stretched and thinned epithelium that is sensitive to mechanical trauma such as aggressive brushing.
3. Dental plaque with associated gingivitis also causes exposure of the root surface (recession) with increased occurrence of cavities (dental caries). Exposure of the root surfaces can also occur due to faulty brushing by repeated direct trauma to the base of the sulcus (gingival abrasion). When a pathologically deepened gingival sulcus (periodontal pocket) occurs, the pathological condition may become exacerbated because plaque can more readily occur. If dental plaque is not removed, calculus (tartar) is formed by mineralization of the bacterial plaque. Calculus can form within several hours of plaque formation. Calculus has a bacterial plaque coating and exacerbates gingivitis and gingival recession by both chemical irritation from the formed toxins and destruction from the mechanical irritation of the calculus mass. Subgingival calculus usually extends near but does not reach the base of periodontal pockets in chronic periodontal lesions. Calculus holds the plaque against the gingiva, and
4. Since materia alba can be removed by light mechanical cleansing and gingival inflammation causes thinning of the gingival epithelium the mechanical cleansing requirement of the gingival surface is much less than the requirement for removing dental plaque from the surface of the teeth.
Accordingly, a more efficient cleansing and abrading toothbrush, which fulfills the foregoing requirements while protecting the base of the gingival sulcus, is desirable.
Review of Prior Art
Toothbrush bristles have come a long way from the curly-tusked swine hair they were made from prior to World War II. First was the introduction of nylon synthetic fiber in 1938. The popular round toothbrush bristle style introduced in 1938 is used today in more than 50% of the premium toothbrushes used worldwide.
Since 1938 nearly all major toothbrush marketers have developed innovative "cosmetic" features which make their toothbrush offerings unique at the retail shelf These features included: colors, packaging, innovative handle and head designs, trimming alternatives, various tufting arrangements, various bristle lengths, bristle diameters, etc. Whatever the cosmetic feature(s) promoted, these commercial toothbrushes have typically relied on the basic cylindrical bristle with rounded tips for abrasive/tooth surface contact. See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,217,074, 4,898,193, 4,927,281, 4,993,440, 5,020,552 and 5,511,275.
Recently, unique bristle designs have been designed and commercialized reportedly to improve plaque removal, interdental cleaning, gum care and durability. All of these recent innovations also rely on the classic bristle tip (usually rounded) abrasive contact with the tooth surface to affect cleaning. See Tynex . . . because specialized cleaning starts at the tips" (H-50102) published by the DuPont Company, Washington WV 26181, 1995. This publication is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Summarized below in Table 1 are some recent industry approaches to various consumer toothbrush needs where toothbrush bristle shape, and texture are varied to provide "specializing cleaning". Note: These approaches are based on bristle tip/toothpaste abrasive interaction to achieve cleansing and abrasion of tooth surfaces.
TABLE 1______________________________________Consumer Feature to Address Recommended Tynex Need Consumer Need Bristle Construction______________________________________Interdental Fine tips able to reach FeatheredCleaning farther between teeth. More bristles per tuft Hexagonal working with every stroke.Plaque Higher surface contact area HexagonalRemoval increased ability to hold toothpaste at tips. Feathered Higher functional Grainy, Co-Extruded abrasiveness. Compliance with Bass brushing Methods. RectangularHealthy Gums Gentleness to the gums Feathered, Rectangular End-rounded tips All styles More surface area to Hexagonal distribute force applied to brush Softness of tips FeatheredDurability Improved Wear Technology All Styles Superior bristle integrity Hexagonal______________________________________
Various cross-sectional geometric bristle shapes have been developed to enhance the performance of toothbrushes in general. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,317,485 teaches that circular cross-sectional bristles do not pack as efficiently as other shapes such as triangles, squares, pentagon's etc. U.S. Pat. No. 2,876,477 utilizes polygons with a concave contour on each side to maximize interstitial spacing. The corners of the bristle sides serve as scrapers for the bristles. The multi-fluted sides of these bristles are designed to function in a manner analogous to scaly natural bristles.
Bristle brushes other than toothbrushes with various cross-sectional shapes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,386,325; 4,898,193; 4,167,794, 5,020,551 and 5,396,678. U.S. Pat. No. 5,396,678 teaches toothbrush bristles having a rectangular cross-sectional shape. U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,551 discloses various bristle cross sections including: solid circular, hollow circular, cruciform, and multilobal. U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,193 teaches multi-ridged polygon bristles for combing eyelashes and for applying mascara to the eyelashes. This reference teaches that the sides of the polygon bristle can curve inwardly. Similarly U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,325 discloses a liquid-retaining synthetic bristle having an acute ridgeline extending longitudinal on its surface. The bristle has at least one convex portion. The arcuate concave grooves were shown to retain more liquids such as India ink than non-ridged comparable brushes.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,613,143 discloses toothbrushes with abrasive impregnated bristles of two cross-section designs, i.e., generally circular and polygon with the latter described as having longitudinal groove arrangements.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,167,794 discloses rounded bristles having shovel-like distal ends for more effective plaque removal.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,958,402 teaches fiber-flocking synthetic bristles as a means of retaining the substance to be applied and more effectively distributing the substance on the surface to be treated. These fiber-coated bristles are taught for use in interdental cleaning. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,546 teaches having a gentle random and irregular wavy configuration along the length of the bristles for the improved application of powder to surfaces.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,312,828 teaches improved abrasive tooth surface contact by forming in the working face of the brush a longitudinal groove or channel of a size to receive and hold a strip of paste squeezed from the tube, this groove or channel being completely closed at its sides and ends by the outside longitudinal and transverse rows of full length bristles, so that the paste or powder deposits cannot fall from the brush.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,599,191 teaches improved toothbrushes for treating gum disease where the bristles are looped resulting in a smooth "side surface" contact with teeth and soft tissue.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,845,649 teaches a small diameter nylon bristle with higher tuft count produces a "sweeping action" as distinguished from traditionally "coarse" toothbrushes. It is suggested this sweeping action is gentler on soft tissue.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,993,440 describes a brush for the application of cosmetic products such as mascara, where the bristle has a capillary channel extending from the base to the tip. This channel has a V-shaped or U-shaped cross section designed to hold the mascara.
Toothbrush constructions of various types have been disclosed throughout the prior art to accommodate access to various components of an individual's mouth during a toothbrushing procedure. Such toothbrushes are exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,608 wherein the bristle head is formed having a fixed obtuse angle. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,072,944; 3,188,643; 3,263,258; 5,346,678; 5,274,873; 5,335,384; 5,355,546; 5,360,025; 5,497,526 and 5,511,275.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,142 sets forth a toothbrush head having the bristles directed towards the medial center of the toothbrush head.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,202 sets forth a toothbrush head having angulated bristles, wherein the bristles include first bristles having an orthogonal orientation relative to the toothbrush head, with a plurality of secondary bristles mounted at a generally forty-five degree angle relative to the toothbrush head.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,032,230 teaches bristles with a polygon cross-section having at least two acute angles that impart a "scraping" effect on the teeth. U.S. Pat. No. 3,214,777 teaches bristles with a rectangular cross-sectional area.
See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,088,839; 3,295,156; 3,722,020; 3,939,520; 4,167,794; 3,217,074; 3,238,553 and 4,927,281.
The prior art also teaches that generally, most adult toothbrushes have between 2000 and 3000 bristles with between 2300 and 2600 most popular. These bristles are usually arranged in three to five rows with about 15 tufts/row. In contrast, a child's toothbrush may have only three rows with approximately 10 tufts in each row.
Until the present invention, all toothbrush bristle constructions described in the prior art, including round, round/hollow, multi-lobal, rectangular, hexagonal, etc. type bristles could be characterized as effecting only tangential "point" contact between the bristle tip, the abrasive, and the surface. The present invention represents the next advance in this area, providing greater contact between these elements.
The present invention thus has as its primary objective the enhancement of tooth cleaning and polishing through improved cleaning and/or abrasion efficiency wherein contact between cleaning abrasives and the toothbrushes of the present invention improve tooth surfaces. The improvement in cleaning efficiency is measured by a Cleaning Efficiency Coefficient, CEC, which is defined below. The improvement in abrasion efficiency is measured by an Abrasion Efficiency Coefficient, AEC, which is also defined below.
Another object of the present invention is to efficiently remove plaque and tartar and to provide a smooth tooth surface resistant to plaque and tartar buildup by enhancing the contact between abrasives and tooth surfaces with the improved toothbrushes of the present invention, wherein the abrasive is contained in a toothpaste also having a plaque buildup fighting, active ingredient that coats the freshly cleaned tooth surface with a poloxamer polydimethyl-siloxane emulsion containing coating during the toothbrushing.
A further objective of the present invention is to enhance the cleaning of those tooth surfaces contiguous to the gingival margin and to interproximal surfaces by improving the contact between the abrasives in toothpaste and these various critical surfaces of the teeth by the toothbrush bristles of the present invention, whereby entrapped abrasive is delivered to these critical tooth surface areas during brushing in a manner sufficient to remove plaque, stains and tartar while depositing coating substances that help fight plaque and tartar buildup.
A still further object of the invention is to improve the tooth cleaning performance of the majority of toothbrushes who: (a) routinely fail to brush for a long enough period of time, i.e., 20 to 30 seconds vs. two minutes (as recommended by the American Dental Association, ADA); (b) fail to brush frequently, i.e., about once a day, vs. preferably after every meal and/or snack; and (c) brush with an improper brushing motion on most lingual and buccal surfaces vs. the recommended Bass Method of brushing.
Yet another object of the invention is to manufacture a toothbrush with improved cleaning efficiency coefficient, CEC, of at least about 1.5, along with an improved abrasion efficiency coefficient, AEC, of at least about 1.5 (as defined below).
Another object of the invention is to provide a means for efficiently cleaning and polishing hard oral surfaces while avoiding injuring the soft tissue.
A further object of the invention is to adapt the channeled, abrasive entrapping bristles, of the present invention to the various heads of commercial toothbrush innovations such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,072,944; 3,188,673;, 3,262,258; 5,274,873; 5,396,678; 5,335,389; 5,355,546; 5,360,025; 5,401,526; and 5,511,275.
Another object of the invention is to adapt the channeled, abrasive entrapping bristled toothbrushes of the present invention to the various commercial toothpastes, including those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,254,101; 4,515,772; 4,999,184; 4,842,165; 4,684,518; 4,885,155; 4,806,339; 5,004,597; 4,806,340; 4,889,712; 4,925,654; 4,591,211; 5,374,368; 5,424,060 and 5,180,576.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved method of caring for the teeth and gums using a toothpaste containing an active ingredient that fights plaque buildup.
The foregoing and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention are achieved through the use of toothbrushes with novel bristle construction, such as those illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. The present invention provides a more efficient toothbrush that has ribs and/or grooves on the bristle periphery. These ribs and grooves are sized and arranged as to trap and hold the toothpaste abrasives and other active ingredients against the teeth and soft tissue surfaces of the mouth more effectively than previously known brush designs.
In the preferred embodiments of this invention, the abrasive and/or tubule closing ingredients contained in various toothpastes are entrapped in longitudinal channels formed in the toothbrush bristles. During brushing these channel-entrapped-abrasives and tubule closing substances are brought into functional contact with tooth surfaces, resulting in improved cleaning efficiency and/or improved treatment of hypersensitivity. This is illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. The improved cleaning efficiency is measured by a Cleaning Efficiency Coefficient, CEC, as defined below, as is the improved Abrasion Efficiency Coefficient, AEC.
Specifically, the Cleaning Efficiency Coefficient (CEC) is a number which relates the cleaning efficiency of the novel toothbrush bristle construction to current standard round bristle construction, where both bristle types are tested in an identical head design and tuft placement. One advantage of such a Coefficient is the ability to compare complex variables, using multiple measures of cleaning. For example, such a coefficient is useful in comparing in vitro removal of artificial plaque, food debris, materia alba, etc. It is equally useful in correlating in vivo measurements on plaque and tartar removal or other clinical indications.
The CEC is a ratio of the efficiency of the test bristle to the efficiency of a standard round bristle under standardized use conditions. The ratio is expressed as the reduction in the parameter measured (plaque, for example) by the test bristle in any specific configuration, divided by the reduction in plaque produced by standard round bristles under identical toothbrush design and test conditions. See Example 1 and Table 4 below. This relationship may be expressed as follows: ##EQU1##
"Cleaning Efficiency Coefficient" (or CEC), as noted above is an indicator of the cleaning improvement obtained with the toothbrushes of the present invention, as measured against a standard comprising a toothbrush with bristles of a circular cross-section, with both toothbrushes using the same abrasive containing toothpaste under standard brushing conditions. The CEC observed after crossover clinical testing, such as described in Example 1, and reported in FIG. 8 and in Table 4, is 2.5%. For purposes of the present invention, CEC values greater than about 1.5 are preferred. Particularly preferred are CEC values above about 2
The unexpected improvement in cleaning efficiency as reported in Example 1 for the quadrachannel bristled toothbrush of the present invention, can also be expected for various other multi-channel bristle configurations such as those described in Tables 2 and 5 and illustrated in FIGS. 2-4 of the drawings. Improvements in AEC are also expected.
In addition to the above reported, yet unexpected and dramatic improvement in clinical cleaning efficiency observations, it has been further found that significant improvement in abrasive cleaning efficiency is achieved with the present invention, without incurring an observable adverse effect on the "soft tissue" contiguous to the teeth. In part this favorable tooth/soft tissue cleaning result is attributed to the "softer" bristles used in the toothbrushes of the present invention and to the efficient abrasive/tooth contact effected by the multi-channeled bristles of the present invention.
For the purposes of the present invention; the Abrasion Efficiency Coefficient (AEC) is defined as the ratio of the results of a standard RDA, Stain Index or Polishing Index procedure of a test bristle brush in a given tuft configuration to the results of an identical procedure using standard round bristles in the same tuft configuration. This relationship may be expressed as follows: ##EQU2##
For the purposes of the present invention, AEC values for RDA, Stain Index and Polish Index above about 1.5 are preferred with values above about 2.0 being particularly preferred.
Relative Dental Abrasion (RDA) has long been the standard measurement for predicting the performance of a given toothpaste formulation, and/or the functionality of a series of abrasives having varying particle sizes, compositions of matter, crystal structures, fracture edges, etc. Typically a measured number of strokes with a standard toothbrush with a fixed applied pressure against a piece of dental enamel fixed in a holding plate is the basis of the test. Sometimes a plate of soft metal, such as copper, is substituted for the dental enamel as an inexpensive approximation method. The dental enamel is measured for loss of surface enamel (or metal) by a variety of methods, including weight loss, optical comparison and radioactive techniques.
A similar measurement using artificially stained enamel measures the abrasive removal of stain. In a similar fashion, one can evaluate the polishing of tooth surfaces, a process which increases the reflectance properties of the enamel without a high level of enamel removal or "scratching".
As long as the brush, its bristles, and the mechanical parameters are constant, the RDA (and its Stain Index and Polishing Index counterparts) has proven to be the most useful tool available to the toothpaste formulate. For the toothbrush designer using only round bristles of a given softness/hardness property, the RDA is of a lesser value in predicting in vivo performance, even if the abrasive formulation is kept constant, since bristle positioning has only modest impact on the abrasive properties of the chosen abrasive.
In the present invention, the changing of the bristle design according to the present specification impacts the abrasivity, both absolute and relative, of differing abrasives and formulations to a much greater extent. Therefore, to effectively appreciate and evaluate the advances of the present invention, it is necessary to modify the standard RDA and create a new measurement technique called the Abrasion Efficiency Coefficient (AEC).
It is self-evident that because the entrapment and resulting delivery of the abrasive agent to the tooth surface is more efficient as a result of this invention, certain abrasives (especially those with very high relative hardness or sharp crystal edges) will have a higher RDA when applied with these brushes.
Conversely, if a "non-scratching" abrasive is more effectively delivered, it can do a more complete job of removing plaque, or even polishing, without having to possess a high RDA. The advantage of this performance is obvious in that the teeth are more effectively cleaned, both clinically and cosmetically, without resort to the extent of enamel damage previously demonstrated with high RDA abrasive systems.
The longitudinal channel feature of the bristles of the present invention shown in FIGS. 1-4 requires a bristle core of sufficient diameter and strength to achieve:
a) strength/stiffness values and
b) bend recovery/wear values
such that the wearability of the toothbrushes of the present invention are comparable to commercially available toothbrushes with traditional bristle construction.
Were these strength/stiffness and bend recovery/wear values not factored into the channeled bristle designs of the present invention, the toothbrushes of the present invention would fall far short of conventional toothbrushes in the critical area of wearability.
The multi-channeled bristles of the present invention not only provide a substantial improvement in abrasive/tooth surface contact, attributed to entrapment of effective quantities of abrasive in the channels during brushing, but, in one embodiment of the invention, they also provide a unique interlocking bristle feature. That is, certain bristles of the present invention during brushing tend to interlock, resulting in less open space between bristles effecting a more contiguous contact with tooth surfaces, resulting in optimum CEC and AEC values. This interlocking of the channeled bristles of the present invention is best illustrated in FIGS. 5, 7 and 11(a) of the drawings.
Generally, the bristles of the present invention have sides more adaptable to interlocking and accordingly are readily distinguished from their round cross-section counterparts. As a result, toothbrushes of the present invention, with "interlocking" during brushing produce higher CEC and AEC values than other toothbrushes.
As described in greater detail below, the present invention is based upon the clinical observations that:
1. Best toothbrush action is accomplished by the "sides" of the bristles, rather than by the tips of the bristles. (see FIGS. 6 and 7)
2. Conventional bristles in combination with abrasive particles effect minimal "bristle driven abrasive cleaning action" during brushing.
3. During toothbrushing the bristles "flex" whereby the sides of the bristles rather than the tips become the "primary cleaning contact" area of the toothbrush with the surfaces of the teeth, (see FIGS. 6 and 7), and
4. Means for entrapping abrasive in the sides of toothbrush bristles will improve abrasive/tooth surface contact and cleaning efficiency of the toothbrush.
The current state of the art for toothbrush manufacturing emphasizes that: "superb end-rounding (of bristles) enhances gentleness to the gum line area" (see Tynex that channeled bristles entrapping abrasive producing improved CEC and AEC values assures gentleness to the gum line area, that can be clinically substantiated.
End-rounding the bristle tips of the present invention although doable, (See FIGS. 9 & 10) is not required for achieving comfort along the gum line and avoiding damage to the delicate gum tissue. That is, the overall softness of the bristles of the present invention in combination with the "flagging" achieved with the multi-channeled bristle tips of the present invention reduces the necessity of end-rounding these bristles. "Flagging" is discussed in detail below. The bristles of the present invention are generally perceived as softer and gentler on gums than most and rounded commercial bristles. The improved CEC and AEC performance of the brushes of the present invention reduces the brushing force required to achieve cleaning, thereby obviating damage to gum surfaces.
Toothbrushes of the present invention are particularly complementary of the dentist recommended Bass Method for brushing teeth. The Bass Method calls for up and down strokes on the sides of the teeth with back and forth strokes on the tops of teeth. The multi-channeled bristles of the present invention with their entrapped abrasive assure improved abrasive tooth surface contact with both "up and down" as well as "back and forth" strokes of the toothbrush. As a result, effective abrasion cleaning is achieved on the tops of the teeth while soft gentle thorough abrasion cleaning is effected on the sides of the teeth. This entrapped abrasive cleaning of the tops of the teeth and the sides of the teeth is schematically illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7.
It is generally recognized in the art that non-round bristles (which would include the unique multi-channeled bristles of the present invention) provide substantially more softness than comparable round cross-section bristles when brushing the teeth with up and down strokes. (See Tynex reference, supra). It is suggested that, this softness combined with the inherent gentleness on gums reported for the bristles of the present invention should help reduce gum retraction due to toothbrushing.
Historically, toothbrushing based gum retraction has been considered a major reason for tooth loss along with gum disease. The toothbrushes of the present invention with their "flagged" tips, and improved CEC and AEC values, promise to minimize toothbrushing based gum retraction, as detailed below.
The multi-channeled bristles of the present invention are particularly adaptable to splitting at the ends, i.e. "flagging", producing soft fine strands or "feathers" that have been reported to affect efficient interdental and gum cleaning while still being gentle on gums. These "feathers" at the tips of the bristles offer outstanding clinical benefits including:
(a) Higher contact surface area for the bristle tip which in combination with the channel entrapped abrasive affects unexpectedly improved cleaning efficiency, CEC;
(b) Superior plaque removal without damaging the gum: These soft multi-channeled bristles with feathered tips have the ability to reach further between teeth and gum line areas to enhance interdental and gum line cleaning; and
(c) Superior cushion effect on the gums as perceived by subjects and generally described as "gentle on gums" during clinicals.
"Flagging" is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,697,009, 2,911,761, 3,295,156, and 5,128,208, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5-7, the toothbrush bristles contain longitudinal cavities such as channels extending along the length thereof having a depth sufficient to entrap abrasives having a particle size between about 3 and about 25 microns and preferably between about 6 and about 20 microns. FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate various cross-sectional configurations of preferred abrasive entrapping bristles of the invention.
In another embodiment of the invention, the toothbrushes of the present invention are combined with toothpastes that also contain active ingredients that fight plaque buildup to provide an improved method of brushing teeth. This combination results in teeth with improved CEC and AEC scores that surprisingly also exhibit an improvement in fighting plaque buildup.
In a specific embodiment of the invention the combination of the toothbrushes of the present invention with certain toothpastes, in addition to providing improved cleaning and abrasion of the teeth, including improved plaque removal, unexpectedly produce a surprising reduction in plaque buildup. That is, when the toothbrushes of the present invention are used with toothpastes containing MICRODENT ULTRAMULSION obtained. Such toothpastes are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/461,698, filed Jun. 5, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,529. Other preferred toothpaste compositions are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/899,558, U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,784, filed on even date herewith. The contents of these two applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
It appears the improved cleaning and abrasion obtained by the channel-entrapped abrasives contacting the tooth surfaces provides optimum tooth surface preparation which is then followed up by a coating of tooth surfaces with MICRODENT
When a toothpaste containing MICRODENT those tooth surfaces that have been cleaned with the toothbrushes of the invention generally indicate a most thorough, consistent and effective coating that is well suited to resisting plaque buildup.
Specific preferred embodiments of abrasive entrapping bristles according to the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the description that follows, specific bristle constructions will be used for purposes of clarity, but these are not intended to define or to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined solely in the claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/022,601 filing date Jul. 25, 1996. | 64,806 | 172 |
237,141 | US 5568814 A
An ambulatory patient monitoring system (100) is provided for measuring and storing predetermined diagnostic parameters of a patient. The monitoring system includes a personal type computer (120) which may be selectively coupled to the portable portion (102) of system (100). Portable portion (102) may include one or more monitoring modules, such as ECG monitoring unit (110) and blood pressure monitoring unit (210). When ECG monitoring unit (110) and blood pressure monitoring unit (210) are disposed in side-by-side relationship and with respective optical interfaces (50, 254) in optical alignment, the two units operate in concert. ECG monitoring unit (110) supplies an R-wave gating signal to blood pressure monitoring unit (210) for establishing a window in which the receipt of a Korotkoff sound is expected. Additionally, the ECG unit (110) may trigger the blood pressure unit (210) to take a reading responsive to unit (110) identifying a predetermined abnormality in the ECG signal. Alternately, ECG monitoring unit (110) and blood pressure monitoring unit (210) may be used independently of one another as separate monitoring devices.
1. An ambulatory patient monitoring system for measuring and storing a plurality of diagnostic parameter values useful for clinical evaluation of a patient, comprising:
an ambulatory patient monitoring device including a portable power supply;
microprocessor means coupled to said portable power supply for controlling the measurement and storage of said diagnostic parameter values;
nonvolatile memory means coupled to said microprocessor means for storing both said plurality of diagnostic parameter values and a control algorithm, said nonvolatile memory being formed by a plurality of electrically programmable, electrically erasable semiconductor memory devices, each of said memory devices being electrically erasable;
means for erasing said semiconductor memory devices of said nonvolatile memory means;
random access memory means coupled to said microprocessor means for temporary storage of said control algorithm, said microprocessor means transferring said control algorithm (1) from said nonvolatile memory means to said random access memory means preceding electrical erasure of said nonvolatile memory means, and (2) back to said nonvolatile memory means subsequent to said erasure thereof;
signal conditioning means coupled to said microprocessor means for providing said diagnostic parameters thereto; and
input means coupled to a patient for sensing diagnostic parameters therefrom, said input means having an output coupled to said signal conditioning means.
2. The ambulatory patient monitoring system of claim 1, wherein said monitoring device includes an inflatable cuff affixable to such a patient, and wherein said system further comprises means for supplying fluid to an inflatable cuff affixable to a patient coupled to said microprocessor means, said fluid-supply means being actuated responsive to an inflatable command control signal produced by and sent from said microprocessor means; and
means for deflating said inflatable cuff coupled to said microprocessor means, said deflating means being responsive to a deflate command signal produced by and sent from said microprocessor means.
3. An ambulatory patient monitoring system for measuring and storing a plurality of blood pressure values useful for clinical evaluation of a patient, comprising:
an ambulatory patient monitoring device including a portable power source and means for noninvasively monitoring and measuring the patient's blood pressure by an auscultatory method and an oscillometric method, and means for selectably calculating such blood pressure values by the auscultatory method and the oscillometric method;
microprocessor means coupled to said portable power source for controlling the measurement and storage of said diagnostic parameter values;
memory means coupled to said microprocessor means for storing said plurality of diagnostic parameter values;
means for stopping and starting operation of said microprocessor means to thereby conserve power from said portable power source, said stopping and starting means including clock means for generating a periodic interrupt signal to restart said microprocessor means;
signal conditioning means coupled to said microprocessor means for providing said diagnostic parameters thereto; and
input means coupled to a patient for sensing diagnostic parameters therefrom, said input means having an output coupled to said signal conditioning means.
4. The ambulatory patient monitoring system of claim 3, wherein said monitoring device includes an external monitoring unit with means for transmitting a gating signal, and the system further comprises an optical interface coupled to said microprocessor means for receiving a gating signal optically transmitted from said external monitoring unit.
5. The ambulatory patient monitoring system of claim 4 wherein said external monitoring unit is an ECG monitoring unit and said gating-signal-transmitting means sends a gating signal when the ECG monitoring unit monitors occurrence of an R-wave, thereby improving the accuracy of said blood pressure measurement methods.
6. The ambulatory patient monitoring system of claim 3, wherein said monitoring device includes an inflatable cuff affixable to such a patient, and wherein said system further comprises means for supplying fluid to an inflatable cuff affixable to a patient, said fluid supply means being coupled to said microprocessor means and being actuated responsive to an inflate command control signal produced by and sent from said microprocessor means; and
means for deflating said inflatable cuff coupled to said microprocessor means, and deflating means being responsive to a deflate command signal produced by and sent from said microprocessor means.
7. The ambulatory patient monitoring system of claim 6 wherein said monitoring device includes (1) an audio transducer affixable to such patient for noninvasively monitoring and measuring the patient's blood pressure by the auscultatory method, and (2) a pressure transducer fluidly coupled to said inflatable cuff for noninvasively monitoring and measuring the patient's blood pressure by the oscillometric method.
8. The ambulatory patient monitoring system of claim 6, wherein said monitoring device includes an external monitoring unit with means for transmitting a gating signal, and the system further comprises an optical interface coupled to said microprocessor means for receiving a gate signal optically transmitted from an external monitoring unit.
9. The ambulatory patient monitoring system of claim 8 wherein said external monitoring unit is an ECG monitoring unit and said gating-signal-transmitting means sends a gating signal when the ECG monitoring unit monitors occurrence of an R-wave, thereby improving the accuracy of said blood pressure measurement methods.
Referring to the Figures, there is shown ambulatory patient monitoring system 100 for measuring and storing predetermined diagnostic parameters of a patient. As will be seen in following paragraphs, ambulatory monitoring system 100 is directed to the concept of providing simultaneous ambulatory measurements of multiple diagnostic parameters, such as the electrocardiogram, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, temperature, and respiratory function, while still maintaining the capability of utilizing the measuring devices for each of the diagnostic parameters independently, on different individual patients. Although not restricted to the simultaneous measurements of the electrocardiogram and blood pressure, system 100 is particularly adapted to provide event triggered blood pressure measurements, the programmed blood pressure measurement protocol being interrupted in response to the detection of a particular ECG abnormality identified by the ECG monitoring unit 110. Additionally, the blood pressure monitoring unit 210 is further enhanced through the use of an R-wave goring signal, for use in the auscultatory method for blood pressure measurement transmitted from the ECG unit 110 to the blood pressure monitoring unit 210, the blood pressure unit 210 using the gating signal to establish a window for detecting of Korotkoff sounds (K sounds), thereby reducing the likelihood of detecting transient noise, motion artifacts, or the like as valid K sounds. Further, unit 210 is capable of measuring blood pressure in an oscillometric mode, using pressure pulsations in the cuff to establish the systolic and diastolic levels. The oscillometric method can be carried out substantially simultaneously, with both sets of measurements stored for subsequent comparison, however, there is currently no clinical need for both sets of data. Therefore, unit 210 switches to the oscillometric method when K sounds cannot be detected, acting as a fail safe. If the cuff pressure drops below a predetermined value and K sounds have not yet been detected, the cuff is reinflared and the deflation process repeated using the oscillometric method.
Ambulatory monitoring system 100 is modular in construction to provide at least three monitoring systems in one, and having the capacity to greatly exceed that number. In the configuration shown in FIG. 1, the portable portion 102 of system 100 provides for the simultaneous and coordinated measurement of both ECG and blood pressure parameters, functioning as a single instrument. Additionally, each of the monitoring units 110, 210 may be used individually, each unit being useable on a different patient. Hence, system 100 can be configured as three different instruments, two of which being operable simultaneously.
In the exemplary configuration shown in the Figures, the ECG monitoring unit 110 functions as the master unit, with the blood pressure unit 210 defining a slave unit. As a slave unit, and in addition to making measurements in accordance with a programmed protocol, the blood pressure unit is responsive to predetermined events identified by the master ECG monitoring unit 110 for initiating a blood pressure measurement. In addition to the ECG and blood pressure monitoring units, system 100 may incorporate other modular ambulator monitoring units for use with either or both of the ECG and blood pressure units, such as for monitoring oxygen saturation, temperature, electroencephalograph signals, one or more respiratory functions, and myoelectric potentials from particular portions of the patient's body. Each of these modules may be utilized independently, or placed in various combinations to form a monitoring instrument tailored to suit the diagnostic requirements for a particular patient. For instance, an oxygen saturation measuring module could be used in combination with both units 110 and 210, or used with either one, alone. Such an oxygen saturation measurement module could function as a master unit, triggering blood pressure measurements, or as a slave, being triggered by the ECG unit 110. Further, system 100 may include a telemetric module, for transmitting data measurements, either in real time, or downloaded from a respective module's memory, for transmission to a remote receiver through an optical or radio frequency data link.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown the portable portion 102 of ambulatory monitoring system 100 as might be worn by a patient. The ECG monitoring unit 110 and the blood pressure monitoring unit 210 are disposed in side-by-side relationship within a carrying pouch 104, and releasably secured to the patient by means of a belt or strap 106. The exact form or means for releasably securing the portable portion 102 of system 100 is not important to the inventive concept, and may be accomplished by any of a number of harness or strap arrangements, well known in the art. It should be noted that units 110 and 210 need not be disposed in abutting relationship, as it is only necessary that their respective optical communication interfaces be aligned, one with respect to the other. A plurality of ECG electrodes 114, each having a respective lead 112 of a multiple lead cable 108 defining ECG lead pairs, are part of an ECG electrode assembly 109, coupled to the ECG monitoring unit 110. Electrode assembly 109 further includes a reference electrode 115 coupled to a lead 113. ECG electrodes 114 and 115 may be any of a wide variety of disposable or reusable electrodes, well known in the art.
The blood pressure monitoring unit 210 includes an inflatable cuff 204 which carries an audio transducer 206, positioned adjacent the patient's arm, for converting the K sounds to electrical signals transmitted to monitoring unit 210 through an electrical cable 208. The cuff 204 is inflated and deflated through a hose 202 coupled to a fluid pump or compressed fluid supply and a bleed valve. The transducer cable 208 may be integrated into the hose 202, wherein cable 208 is coupled to an exterior surface of hose 202, extends through the fluid carrying lumen, or through a separate lumen formed therein.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown ambulatory patient monitoring system 100 wherein a personal-type computer 120 is coupled to respective diagnostic parameter measuring units 110, 210, by means of optically isolated serial data links 124, 224. Bidirectional communication between the monitoring units 110, 210 and the personal-type computer 120 is provided through respective serial interfaces 48, 252 (shown in FIGS. 4 and 9) which are coupled to respective serial ports of computer 120 through respective connectors 118, 218 and serial data cables 124, 224. The physician utilizes the personal-type computer 120 to enter particular patient information, which is relevant to identifying that patient and the data collected therefrom, as well as enter particular measurement protocols, operating parameters, and event triggering data, to be more fully described in following paragraphs. Thus, the computer 120 allows the physician to program particular functions of the monitoring units 110, 210 for tailoring the diagnostic measurements to a particular patient.
The computer 120 further serves as a means for retrieving data from the respective monitoring units 110, 210. Each of units 110, 210 are provided with sufficient memory for storing the diagnostic parameters measured over at least a twenty-four hour period. Thus, all of the measurement data stored within a respective measuring unit 110, 210 can be downloaded to the main memory and mass storage systems of computer 120 through the serial data connections selectively established therebetween. Additionally, the measurement data can be transmitted to computer 120 in real time, as the measurements are being taken. In this real time data mode, the measurements can be displayed on the computer's monitor, that is, both the ECG waveforms, heart rate and blood pressure measurements can simultaneously be displayed. Additionally, the K sounds can be displayed and converted back to an audio signal for dynamically checking the blood pressure measurement data, further signal analysis and facilitating blood pressure measurement algorithm development. Computer 120 includes a digital to analog converter coupled to a speaker 136 through an audio cable 134, for playing back the K sounds while the cuff pressure measurements are displayed on the computer's monitor.
Subsequent to the stored data being downloaded, the physician can display for any time period, the ECG waveform, the heart rate, as well as display the number and time of day of the occurrence of abnormal conditions. Such abnormal conditions as arrhythmias, absence of particular ECG waveform components, and pacemaker malfunctions are separately identified and classified. Arrhythmias are further identified and classified as to type, such as ventricular tachycardia, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, dropped beats or pauses, couplets, runs, for example. Of particular importance is the fact that ECG monitoring unit identifies these abnormal conditions as they occur, and can be programmed to trigger a concurrent blood pressure measurement concurrently therewith.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown an advantage of the optical interface 50, 254 for units 110, 210, respectively, in combination with the real time mode of the unite. The patient may be provided with a modem 130 and an optical interface unit 122, coupled to modem 130 by means of a serial data cable 128 for communicating with the ECG monitoring unit 110. ECG unit 110 is being described with respect to FIG. 3 for exemplary purposes, it should be understood that blood pressure monitoring unit 210, or any other module of system 100, can be substituted interchangeably for unit 110, as this portion of the system operation applies equally to any of the monitoring units.
Optical interface unit 122 includes an optically transmissive window 126, which complements the window 116 of the monitoring unit 110, and is provided with similar circuitry to permit optically isolated communication through the telephone line 132, to the physician's personal-type computer 120, or some other computing system or digital equipment. In this fashion the physician can monitor the patient's ECG waveform remotely, or alternately download the data stored within the memory of the ECG monitoring unit 110 for monitoring the data previously obtained.
Turning now to FIG. 4, there is shown a block diagram for the ECG monitoring unit 110. The ECG electrode cable 108 carries signals from two pairs of electrodes 114, defining two ECG channels. The leads representing these two ECG channels are carried by the cable 108 and are coupled to an impedance switching network 10. Impedance switching network defines a digitally controlled switch capable of injecting a small test current back through the leads to the patient. This test current establishes a voltage across a respective pair of leads which is used to measure the impedance across the electrodes, thereby allowing the physician to insure proper electrode coupling with the patient. The impedance checking function carried out through the switch network 10 is controlled through the coupling line 11 which couples switch network 10 to microprocessor 30. The ECG signal amplification circuits, analog-to-digital converter, and microprocessor are utilized in this impedance measurement. Thus, the electrical signals conducted from the electrodes of the respective channels, either the substantially constant voltage of the impedance measurement or the ECG waveform signals, are coupled to respective signal conditioning circuits 12, 18 by means of respective coupling lines 7, 9.
As shown in FIG. 5, the signal conditioning circuit 12 comprises a fixed gain amplifier 300 having an input coupled to the coupling line 7, and an output coupled to a high pass filter circuit 302. High pass filter circuit 302 has a lower cut-off frequency approximating 0.05 hertz, and may be constructed as either an active or passive filter circuit, however, an active filter circuit is preferred. The output of high pass filter 302 is coupled to the input of a variable gain amplifier stage 304. Variable gain amplifier stage 304 is digitally programmable, having a gain control digital link 13 coupled to microprocessor 30. The variable gain of amplifier 304 stage may be adjustable within a range of 0.5-21, and preferably within a range of 3 to 12.5. Variable gain amplifier stage 304 may further include a fixed gain amplifier in combination therewith. The output of variable gain amplifying stage 304 is coupled to a low pass filter 306, having a frequency cut-off of approximately 40 hertz.
The gain of variable gain amplifier stage 304 is adjusted by microprocessor 30 by sampling the ECG signals with the gain set at a minimum value. If the peak amplitude of the detected R-wave i s less than a predetermined value, the gain is increased by an incremental value. If at this increased gain step the R-wave amplitude is less than a second predetermined value, the gain is advanced another step, otherwise it will remain. Although three incremental levels of gain have proved satisfactory, obviously, more or less increments of gain could be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Since the second ECG channel signal conditioning circuit 18 is identical to that of circuit 12, such has not been shown. The variable gain portion of the signal conditioning circuit 18 is controlled through a digital link 15 coupled to microprocessor 30, as shown in FIG. 1, to provide independent and variable gain for that respective channel. The output 14, 20 of each of the signal conditioning circuits 12 and 18 are respectively coupled to an analog-to-digital multiplexing converter 16 by means of the respective coupling lines 14 and 20. In addition to the respective output lines 14, 20 of the signal conditioning circuits 12, 18, the output of a battery monitoring circuit 17 is coupled to one input of the multiplexing A-to-D converter 16 for providing battery condition data to microprocessor 30. When microprocessor 30 detects the low battery signal, it stores the alarm condition and the time of day that it occurred, which is recovered when the physician down loads the memory. An alarm indication could be triggered in response to a low battery condition to alert the patient, but the consequences of not doing so is simply to repeat the test, and therefore provides little justification for inclusion of the feature. Multiplexing A-to-D converter 16 sequentially converts the analog signals on each of the input lines to a multi-bit digital representation thereof, for communication to microprocessor 30 through the coupling line 26. One multiplexing analog-to-digital converter successfully utilized in system 100 is a 12-bit device having the designation TLC1540, manufactured by Texas Instruments, Inc. of Dallas, Tex.
The ECG monitoring unit 110 includes a pacemaker spike detector circuit 24 having an input coupled to the output line 20 of the channel 2 signal conditioning circuit 18. As shown in FIG. 6, the pacemaker spike detector circuit 24 includes a high pass filter circuit 308 having an input coupled to line 22. High pass filter 308 is provides with a frequency cutoff at 20 Hertz to remove the ECG signal and any muscle artifacts which might be present in the signal. The output of high pass filter 308 is coupled to an absolute value amplifier 310. An absolute value amplifier is utilized because the pacemaker spike may be either a positive or negative going pulse, which otherwise would require separate amplification and detection stages, the outputs of which would then have to be combined. Absolute amplifier 310 has a gain value approximating 500 for amplifying the pacemaker spike signal to a magnitude within the range of 10 through 500 millivolts. The output of absolute value amplifier 310 is coupled to the input of a peak detector 312. Peak detector 312 establishes a threshold value which must be exceeded for a digital logic level signal to be output on line 25 for coupling with microprocessor 30. Peak detector 312 is a conventional comparator-type circuit arrangement, well known in the art, with a threshold value approximating 15 millivolts. The pulse provided to microprocessor 30 through coupling line 25 is subsequently analyzed to determine if the signal provided on line 25 is in fact a signal representing the pacemaker spike. A pacer signal from a pacemaker has a fixed pulse width, typically in a range between 0.5 and 2.0 milliseconds, the microprocessor 30 therefore disregards any signal supplied by pacemaker spike detector circuit 24 which is outside that range. Thus, data may be accumulated on the operation of a patient's pacemaker. This feature is particularly advantageous for a patient having the type of pacemaker with a pacing rate which is variable responsive to the patient's activity level.
Microprocessor 30 is a multipurpose processing device which performs communication and analytical functions of monitoring unit 110. In one working embodiment, microprocessor 30 is a commercially available 16-bit single chip microprocessor having a designation 68332, available from Motorola Semiconductor, Inc. of Phoenix, Ariz. The ECG data supplied through line 26 from the analog-to-digital converter 16 is monitored to determine whether the gain is properly set in the respective signal conditioning circuits 12 and 18, the microprocessor outputting control signals on respective control lines 13, 15 for selecting the appropriate gain values for input to the signal conditioning circuits 12, 18. Microprocessor 30 further performs real-time analysis of the ECG data, which along with the raw ECG data is processed through a data compression algorithm, and stored in the electrically erasable, electrically programmable read-only memory 46. Memory 46 is constructed from commercially available memory devices known as Flash memory devices, having a manufacturer's designation 28F020, available from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. Data storage memory 46 provides 4 megabytes of non-volatile memory for storage of the ECG and analysis data within monitoring unit 110.
Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown, a simplified flow diagram of the ECG data processing steps carried out by microprocessor 30. The digitized data representing the ECG signal from either one of the two input channels (each of the channels being processed alternately) is provided from the input block 150 to the smoothing filter block 152. The smoothing filter step represented by block 152 utilizes well known techniques for enhancing the signal, with respect to noise. The smoothed data is supplied to the data compression block 166, wherein a data bit reduction procedure is carried out. The compressed data from block 166 is provided to the storage output block 168, providing the data for storage within the data storage memory 46, followed by the step of reducing the frequency of clock circuit 32, in block 167. The importance of changing the clock frequency will be described in following paragraphs.
The filtered data from block 152 is also supplied to the beat detection decision block 154. When a beat is detected, the data is transmitted from decision block 154 to the beat classification block 156 and the heart rate computation block 164. The heart rate computed in block 164 is transmitted to data compression block 166 for subsequent storage in the data storage memory 46. Classification block 156 identifies arrhythmias from the beat timing supplied from the beat detection block 154, classifying the beat into predetermined categories. The arrhythmia type identified by the beat classification block 156 is transmitted to the data compression block 166 for storage in the data storage memory 46. Additionally, the arrythmia type is transmitted to the rhythm classification block 162 so as to further distinguish reoccurring events from those of a transient nature. The output of rhythm classification block 162 is similarly transmitted to the data compression block 166 for storage in data storage memory 46. The output of the beat classification block 162 is also supplied to the blood pressure trigger detection decision block 158, and if the type of arrhythmia or rhythm identified by block 162 matches that which has been predetermined to require a simultaneous blood pressure measurement, previously entered by the physician, then the signal transmission output block 160 is enabled, for sending a trigger control signal to the blood pressure unit through the optical data link, as has previously been described.
Referring additionally to FIG. 4, microprocessor 30 is coupled to a clock circuit 32, which may be provided internal to microprocessor 30 or as an ancillary device. Clock circuit 32 provides the basic clock impulses, whose frequency determines the operational speed at which microprocessor 30 operates. The clock signals output from clock circuit 32 are supplied to microprocessor 30 through coupling line 34, as is conventionally found in microprocessor systems. However, microprocessor 30 includes an output line 32 coupled to clock circuit 32 for controlling the clock frequency supplied therefrom.
As is well known in the art, complementary metal oxide microprocessor devices consume power in direct relation to their operating speed, thus it is possible to reduce the power consumption of microprocessor 30 by maintaining a low clock frequency. This however, would have a detrimental effect on performing data compression and arrhythmia analysis in real time. To achieve the advantages of a reduced clock frequency, while obviating the disadvantage such would have on processing intensive functions, the clock speed control output 32 is utilized to adapt the clock circuit frequency to the function being performed by the microprocessor. Thus, responsive to detection of heart beats in decision block 154, the frequency of clock 32 is increased to support the real time processing of the ECG data. It should be understood that the frequency reduction step of block 169 is not reached until all of the data, raw and analysis, has been stored.
Thus, for high powered processing (significant computation), the clock circuit is operated at its highest frequency, 8 megahertz for example, and during periods, between heartbeat signals, the clock frequency, may be reduced down to its lowest operating frequency, such as 32 kilohertz, or some frequency in between those limits, as a function of the type of processing which is to be performed. Use of this adaptable clock frequency saves considerable power in ECG monitoring system 110. This power saving feature is of critical importance for a portable system operating from a battery power supply, which must function continuously and reliably for over a 24-hour period. Minimization of power supply size substantially contributes to minimization of unit 110, which provides particular advantages for a device that must be worn by a patient for extended periods of time.
As previously described, microprocessor 30 provides output data which is stored in the programmable read-only memory 46, through the data bus 38 with appropriate addressing supplied through the address bus 37. Microprocessor 30 is further supported by 128-kilobytes of random access memory 42 as temporary storage for use in the data compression and arrhythmia analysis processing. The operations of microprocessor 30 are controlled by a program stored in program memory 44, coupled to the data bus 38 and address bus 37. Program memory 44 is a 256 kilobit read-only type memory. Read-only type memory 44 may be constructed of the Flash type memory devices, similar to those utilized in memory 46, thereby allowing field upgrades of the control program software for ECG monitoring unit 110 utilizing the electrical erasure and programming functions of the device. In this manner, each of the memory subsystems 42, 44 and 46 are each coupled to data bus 38 and address bus 37. Also coupled to data bus 38 is a general I/O interface 36 which is selected by means of the I/O port selection control line 39, coupled to microprocessor 30. The input to general interface 36 is coupled to a momentary push-button switch 35 for coupling a reference potential thereto. Switch 35 functions as an event switch, which functions as an event marker for the ECG signal. Thus, if the patient finds himself out of breath, or lightheaded for example, he can mark the occasion utilizing the event switch. An indication that the event switch was operated will be stored along with the ECG data currently being measured. General interface 36 may comprise a commercially available 74HCT540 tri-state buffer line driver, available from Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc. of Phoenix, Ariz.
As previously described, ECG monitoring unit 110 includes a serial interface connector 118 for coupling with an external computing device. Connecter 118 is coupled to serial interface 48 by means of a respective serial input and output line, the serial interface being coupled in turn with microprocessor 30 by means of respective input and output lines 43 and 45. Serial interface 48 may be incorporated into microprocessor 30, or constructed from any one of a plurality of commercially available serial interface circuits for coupling with microprocessor 30. Similarly, the optical interface 50 is coupled to microprocessor 30 by means of respective input and output lines 40 and 41. The optical interface 50 converts electrical signals transmitted from microprocessor 30 into optical signals, preferably within the infrared bandwidth of the electromagnetic spectrum, which are transmitted through the transmissive window 116 to a slave module, such as the blood pressure measuring unit 210. Optical signals from the slave module pass through transmissive window 116 and are received by an optical detector, such as a phototransistor, for conversion to electrical signals which are transmitted to microprocessor 30 by line 40.
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown the optical communications interface 50 coupled to microprocessor 30. Optical interface 50 includes three light emitting diodes 70, 72 and 74, each coupled in series with a respective current-limiting resistor 76, 78 and 80. Each of resistors 76, 78 and 80 being coupled to a common power supply terminal 82 for receiving the positive power supply voltage thereon. The opposing end of light emitting diodes 70, 72 and 74 being coupled to the output of a respective tri-state buffer amplifier 84, 86 and 88. The use of tri-state buffers for driving the light emitting diodes 70, 72 and 74 is another power-saving feature incorporated into ECG monitoring unit 110.
The light emitting diodes are turned off when the interface is disabled, by means of the interface enable control line 92 coupling microprocessor 30 to each of the tri-state control inputs 83, 85 and 87 of the respective tri-state amplifiers 84, 86 and 88 coupled to light emitting diodes 70, 72 and 74. Thus, when the drivers are placed in the high impedance mode, disabling the interface, no power is consumed by the light emitting diodes. This would otherwise not be the case, since the state of some of the peripheral lines, such as the clock line 98 cannot be controlled and thus, would otherwise permit the light emitting diodes to consume power.
When microprocessor 30 outputs a logic low level signal on line 92, each of the drivers 84, 86 and 88 is enabled, turning light emitting diode 70 on, allowing transmission of serial data from line 96 through the light emitting diode 72, and transmission of the serial clock from line 98 through light emitting diode 74. Serial data is received from the slave module, such as the blood pressure monitoring unit 210, through the phototransistor 73. Phototransistor 73 is coupled in series with a load resistor 75, which is in turn coupled to the positive power supply input terminal 82. The emitter of the phototransistor 73 is coupled to the ground reference potential for the system. The output of phototransistor 73, taken from the collector thereof, is coupled directly to microprocessor 30 on interrupt line 95.
The presence of a signal on interrupt line 95 alerts the microprocessor to the transmission of data from the slave module, in order to interrupt its current processing operation and direct appropriate resources to the receipt of the incoming data. Additionally, the output of phototransistor 73 is coupled to the input of the tri-state buffer amplifier 90 for transmission through the serial input line 94 to microprocessor 30. As with the other tri-state buffer amplifiers, amplifier 90 includes a tri-state control input 91 which is coupled to the interface enable control line 92. When the slave module initiates an optical transmission to ECG unit 110, the received signal changes the logic state of interrupt line 95 from a high to a low level, generating the interrupt signal internal the microprocessor 30. Microprocessor 30 responds by changing the logic level of the interface enable line 92 from a high to a low, illuminating light emitting diode 70 to indicate to the slave module that microprocessor 30 is ready to receive data, the data being synchronized with the serial clock signal of microprocessor 30, transmitted by light emitting diode 74. With respect to the block diagram of FIG. 4, output lines 92, 98 and 98 are represented by coupling line 41, and input lines 94 and 95 are represented by coupling line 40.
Each of units 110 and 210 are capable of using their respective optical interface to automatically detect the presence of the other respective unit. When unit 110, for instance, is turned on and completes initial self test and calibration functions, a signal is transmitted by the optical interface 50. If after a predetermined delay no response is received, ECG unit 110 operates as an independent unit, unless an interrupt signal is received on line 95 at some later time. In this manner ECG unit 110 can save power, by not transmitting an R-wave gating signal for every beat. Similarly, the blood pressure unit 210 is capable of detecting the presence of the ECG unit, for determining whether it is to function as an independent unit. However, the operational mode of unit 210 could be set at the time the measurement protocol is programmed by the physician.
Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown a block diagram of the blood pressure monitoring unit 210. A transducer assembly 214 includes an audio transducer 206, which may be a microphone, for converting the K sounds into electrical signals transmitted by electrical cable 208 to signal conditioning circuit 270, which performs amplification and filtering functions, to be described in following paragraphs. The output of signal conditioning circuit 270 is coupled to analog-to-digital multiplexing converter 266 through coupling line 268. Coupling line 268 represents the output of several signals from signal conditioning circuit 270, to be more fully described in following paragraphs. The digitized output of the analog-to-digital multiplexing converter 266 is supplied to microprocessor 262 through coupling line 264. Microprocessor 262 provides a control signal to signal conditioning circuit 270 by means of coupling line 271 for controlling the amplification gain thereof.
The transducer or sensor assembly 214 further includes a pressure transducer 212 for measuring the inflation pressure of cuff 204 through hose 202. The electrical output of pressure transducer 212 is coupled to amplifier 274 through coupling line 232. The output of amplifier 274 is coupled to analog-to-digital multiplexing converter 266 through coupling line 272. As in the ECG monitoring unit 110, blood pressure monitoring unit 210 includes a battery monitoring circuit 248 having an output coupled to an analog-to-digital multiplexing converter 266 through coupling line 249. Microprocessor 262 stores the alarm condition and time of day it occurred with the blood pressure data. Thus, the multiple outputs derived from the audio transducer, the, output from the pressure transducer, and the output of the battery monitor are sequentially digitized and transmitted to microprocessor 262. Analog-to-digital multiplexing converter is a commercially available device, like that utilized in monitoring unit 110, previously described.
Microprocessor 262 may be an 8-bit microprocessor having internal serial interface circuitry. One such microprocessor which has been successfully utilized in this application has an identification number of 68HC811, from Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc. of Phoenix, Ariz. Microprocessor 262 outputs a pump control signal on line 240 which is coupled to a driver amplifier 242. The output of the driver amplifier 242 is coupled to the pump 244 by means of the coupling line 243. Pump 244 pumps fluid through an output conduit 245 through bleed valve 246 and conduit 236 to pressure transducer 212, for coupling with cuff 204 through hose 202. In particular, the fluid utilized is air, although other fluids may be substituted. As an alternative, pump 244 may be replaced by an electrically actuated valve coupled to a supply of compressed fluid, which may be utilized to inflate cuff 204.
Transducer assembly 214 is utilized during the inflation step of the blood pressure measurement to determine when the patient's brachial artery has been occluded by the cuff, the pressure being over a predetermined value and there being an absence of K sounds. When the occlusion pressure is reached, pump 244 is shut down, by the change in state of the control signal output on line 240. Subsequently, a control signal is output on line 261 which is supplied to driver amplifier 260. Driver amplifier 260 provides an output on line 247 for controlling the bleed valve 246, which controls the release of fluid from cuff 204 through hose 202 on conduit 236.
The rate at which fluid pressure is bled from the cuff 204 is controlled by the outlet orifice of bleed valve 246, with the increments of pressure at which the microprocessor checks for the presence of K sounds being controlled by the length of time that the bleed valve is opened, that length of time being the time between beats. Thus, if the bleed rate were 2 millimeters of Hg per second, and the patient's heart rate was 90 beats per second, the cuff pressure would decrease approximately 1.3 mm of Hg. When the pressure is dropped, the microprocessor would check for detection of a K sound, and then proceed to open the bleed valve for the next interval between beats. Each incremental pressure value is stored in memory, during the measurement procedure. As in conventional blood pressure measurements, subsequent to the first K sounds being detected, the reduction in pressure in cuff 204 continues until there is an absence of K sounds. When R-wave gating is supplied by the ECG monitoring unit 110, the microprocessor only looks at the output of peak detector 336 a predetermined delay time after the R-wave signal. The pressure at which the K sounds cease to be detected establishes the diastolic pressure.
Referring now to FIG. 10, there is shown, a block diagram of the signal conditioning circuit 270. The electrical signals from audio transducer 206 are supplied by line 208 to a variable gain amplifier stage 320. The gain of amplifier 320 is controlled by a signal from microprocessor 262 through the coupling line 271. The output of variable gain amplifier 320 is coupled to a band pass filter 324 by means of line 322. Although not important to the inventive concept, band pass filter 324 may be an active filter circuit having a center frequency approximating 23 hertz, low frequency cutoff approximating 11.5 hertz and an upper frequency cutoff approximating 34.5 hertz. The output of band pass filter 324 is coupled to one channel of analog-to-digital multiplexing converter 266 through coupling line 328, providing the K sound audio signals to microprocessor 262 for storage and subsequent analysis.
The provision for storing actual K sounds is a critically important new feature for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring units. In conventional systems the physician manually takes a patient's blood pressure while the patient is at rest, comparing the manual measurement with the ambulatory unit's measurement. Heretofore there has been no way for the physician to check the ambulatory unit's calibration while the patient is active, when there is potential for greater inaccuracy due to motion artifacts. Since the actual K sounds are stored along with the pressure data in memory, the physician can listen to the K sounds and observe the cuff pressure reading to establish his own blood pressure measurement, for comparison with which was determined by the measurement algorithm. Additionally, the stored K sounds can be input to more sophisticated analysis systems for further analysis. The stored K sounds facilitate the development of new blood pressure measurement algorithms, providing an easy method for evaluating their accuracy over a wide range of patient activity.
Additionally, the output of band pass filter 324 is supplied to absolute value amplifier 330 through coupling line 326. Absolute value amplifier 330 converts the bipolar audio signal output from filter 324 into a unipolar signal and outputs a signal representing the envelope thereof. The K sound envelope is coupled to a respective channel of analog-to-digital multiplexing converter 256 through coupling line 334. The output of absolute value amplifier 330 is also coupled to peak detector 336 by means of coupling line 332. Peak detector 336 provides a pulse output responsive to the K sound envelope signal exceeding a predetermined threshold, thereby providing a pulse indicating detection of a K sound. The output of peak detector 336 is coupled to yet another channel of analog-to-digital multiplexing converter 266 by means of coupling line 338. Each of the signal lines 328, 334 and 338 are represented by the signal line 268 in the block diagram of FIG. 9.
Referring back to FIG. 9, there is shown, a real time interrupt generator 276 coupled to microprocessor 262 by means of the coupling line 277. Real time interrupt generator 276 forms part of a power saving subsystem of blood pressure monitoring unit 210. Blood pressure monitoring unit 210 is periodically put in a "sleep" mode wherein the microprocessor operation is stopped and the current draw is dropped to the microamp level, providing a substantial power savings. Subsequently, responsive to an output from real time interrupt generator 276 the microprocessor is "awakened" to perform housekeeping chores, such as incrementing counters and checking status of communication ports, and taking blood pressure measurements, as required.
Referring now to FIG. 11, there is shown, a simplified flow diagram representing the cyclic operation of microprocessor 262. Responsive to an output from real time interrupt generator 276 a reset of microprocessor 262 is initiated at block 172. The signal from real time interrupt generator 276 is a repetitive clock signal defining a predetermined increment of time, for example, 0.5 seconds. Thus, subsequent to initiation of the reset defined by block 1T2, the time of day counter is incremented in block 174. The incremented counter of block 174 provides a time of day which is compared in block 176 with a selected measurement protocol to determine if it is time for a blood pressure measurement to be taken. If a True condition results, then the microprocessor's activity is controlled by the blood pressure measurement routine indicated by block 178. The measurement protocol which can be programmed by the physician is quite versatile. In additional to setting a repetition rate for the measurements, the rate can be varied at different portions of the day. For instance, blood pressure measurements may be scheduled to be taken every 10 minutes from 7:00 to 9:00 A.M., every 30 minutes from 9:00 A.M. to 7:00 P.M., and every 60 minutes from 7:01 P.M. to 6:59 A.M.
Subsequent to the measurement routine indicated in block 178 being completed, or subsequent to the comparison step of block 176, where a Not True results, the microprocessor then tests, in block 180, whether the event switch has been operated. If the event switch has been operated then the microprocessor proceeds to perform a blood pressure measurement as indicated in block 182. If the event switch has not been operated, or subsequent to the blood pressure measurement having been made, the microprocessor checks the optical interface to determine if the ECG unit 110 is signalling that a blood pressure measurement should be taken, so as to correspond to the occurrence of some predetermined abnormality in the ECG signal. If such an event has occurred, then, as indicated in block 186, the microprocessor performs a rapid blood pressure measurement, as will be more fully described in following paragraphs. If the ECG has not triggered a blood pressure measurement, or such has been completed, the microprocessor then looks to the serial interface 252 to determine if it is active, as indicated in block 188. If the result of this test is True, then the microprocessor performs the necessary communications operations, as indicated in block 190. If the test of block 188 is Not True, or such communications is completed, the microprocessor is then put in a stop mode, as indicated by block 192, wherein its functions cease and power consumption is substantially reduced. This power saving feature is of critical importance to the design of monitoring unit 210, permitting continuous operation for greater than 24 hours with a smaller size battery power supply than would otherwise be required. Such facilitates unit 210 being constructed as a small compact unit, which is particularly advantageous for a device which must be worn by a patient for extended periods of time.
The event switch 235, shown in FIG. 9, is a momentary pushbutton switch coupled in series with a load resistor 231 between the positive power supply voltage, on one end of resistor 231, and the power supply reference coupled to the opposing terminal of switch 235. Coupled to the node between switch 235 and load resistor 231 there is provided an input line 233 coupled to an input terminal of microprocessor 262. By this arrangement, line 233 is held at a high logic level when switch 235 is open, and brought to a low logic level when the contacts of switch 235 are closed.
Optical interface 254, coupled to microprocessor 262, is constructed to complement that of optical interface 50 of the ECG monitoring unit 110. That is to say, that optical interface 254 is provided with a single light emitting diode for transmitting data from the blood pressure unit, and three phototransistors arranged to receive respective optical signals from each of the light emitting diodes 70, 72 and 74 of optical interface 50. The enabling signal transmitted by light emitting diode 70 is received by a respective phototransistor in optical interface 254 for transmission to microprocessor 262 through coupling line 239. Similarly, an optical signal transmitted from light emitting diode 74 of optical interface 50, through light transmissive window 216 of blood pressure monitoring unit 210 is received by a respective phototransistor for transmission of the clock signal to microprocessor 262 through line 259. The received clock signal being utilized for synchronization of the serial transmission sent to ECG monitoring unit 110 and the transmission received therefrom. Thus, the serial data transmitted from light emitting diode 72 of optical interface 50 is received by a respective phototransistor within optical interface 254 and transmitted to the serial input of microprocessor 262 through line 257. The serial data transmitted from microprocessor 262 is transmitted to optical interface 254 by line 255, wherein a light emitting diode is driven to provide an optical output transmitted through transmissive window 216 to ECG monitoring unit 110 for receipt by phototransistor 73.
A serial interface 252 is provided for communication with such devices as the personal type computer 120 shown in FIG. 1. The serial interface connector 218 provides the means for coupling serial input and output lines, through serial interface 252, to respective serial input and output ports of microprocessor 262. Serial data from microprocessor 262 is carried by line 253 to serial interface 252, and serial data therefrom is transmitted to microprocessor 262 by line 241.
Blood pressure measurements which are taken, in addition to the raw audio signals, and the K sound envelope, are all stored in prgorammable read-only memory 256. Programmable read-only memory 256 is an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory for providing non-volatile storage of the blood pressure measurement data. Additionally, the software required to operate microprocessor 262 is stored within programmable read-only memory 256, along with the selected measurement protocol entered by the physician through the personal type computer 120. Subsequently, the data is read from memory 256 and transmitted through serial interface 252 for display, and possible subsequent processing by personal computer 120. Electrically erasable read-only memory 256 is formed by Flash memory devices, similar to those utilized in the ECG monitoring unit 110. One such Flash memory device has the part number designation 28F020, available from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. Programmable ROM memory 256 is coupled to microprocessor 262 through the bi-directional data bus 250 and address bus 251. Further, microprocessor 262 is coupled to 128 kilobit random access memory 258 by means of bi-directional address bus 250 and address bus 251. Random access memory 258 provides short-term storage for data processing and a unique program storage function, to be further described in following paragraphs.
Blood pressure monitoring unit 210 is provided in a very compact form, utilizing a minimum number of components, minimizing power consumption, and maximizing efficiency of those components utilized. By maintaining the program storage within the same memory subsystem as is utilized for data storage, storage density is maximized, as data may be stored beginning with those memory locations immediately following those utilized for program storage. If subsequent software upgrades enlarge the size of the program storage requirements, the data storage is just simply started at a higher address location. As long as the total remaining programmable read-only memory is sufficient for a 24-hour period of data accumulation, the overall system performance will not be affected. However, in such systems wherein the program memory is separate from the data memory, excess storage capacity must be reserved for future expansion, and future increases in storage requirements for program memory could necessitate hardware modifications to provide additional storage, even though the data memory contains excess storage capacity. This wastefulness, adding memory in one area while an excess of memory exists in another, is eliminated by storing the operating program in the same non-volatile memory as the data. However, in order to accommodate this virtual program memory storage, such eliminates the ability to selectively erase only the data storage portion of memory 256.
The solution to this latter problem is provided with the utilization of the random access memory 258. Prior to erasure of programmable read-only memory 256, the operating program for microprocessor 262 is transferred from read-only memory 256 to random access memory 258. Subsequent to the transfer of the operating program, programmable read-only memory 256 is erased, to permit use on a new patient, or to gather another 24-hour accumulation of data on the same patient. While the operating program is stored in random access memory 258 such can be modified with new measurement protocols entered by the physician through serial interface 252. Additionally, if the operating program is to be replaced, such replacement may be entered through interface 252 for storage in programmable read-only memory 256, subsequent to erasure thereof.
Referring now to FIG. 12, there is shown a flow diagram for the rapid blood pressure measurement selected to be utilized by the physician, responsive to particular transient abnormal conditions identified by the ECG monitoring system 110. Responsive to the ECG monitoring unit triggering a blood pressure measurement at entry block 340, the pump 244 is turned on, as indicated in block 342. Subsequent to the pump turn on, and after a predetermined delay to inflate the cuff to a predetermined pressure, microprocessor 262 tests to see if K sounds are present, as indicated in block 344. If K sounds are present, such indicates that the brachial artery is not occluded, and the inflation provided by the energization of pump 244 continues until K sounds are no longer detected. When K sounds are no longer detected, pump 244 is turned off, as indicated in block 346. Immediately thereafter, the bleed valve 246 is deflated in predetermined, relatively large steps, in the approximating range of 5.0-10.0 millimeters of Hg, indicated in block 348. At each incremental drop in cuff pressure, microprocessor 262 tests to determine if any K sounds are present, as indicated in block 350. If no K sounds are found, the cuff 204 is deflated another increment, this process continuing until K sounds are detected. When K sounds are detected the pressure reading, as indicated by an output from the pressure transducer 212, is stored in memory, as indicated in block 352. By utilizing this rapid deflation of cuff 204 in order to establish a coarse approximation of the systolic blood pressure, a clinically significant measurement is provided for determining whether a hypotensive condition has coincided with a transient condition of electrocardioactivity. If this approximation of systolic pressure was below a predetermined minimum value, as a result of the arrhythmia, a diastolic measurement would not be indicated in the data.
Although this invention has been described in connection with specific forms and embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that various modifications other than those discussed above may be resorted to without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, equivalent elements may be substituted for those specifically shown and described, certain features may be used independently of other features, and in certain cases, particular locations of elements may be reversed or interposed, all without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the ambulatory monitoring system of the present invention in use;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the ambulatory monitoring system;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment for the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the ECG monitoring unit;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the ECG analog signal conditioning circuit;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the pacemaker pacing spike detector;
FIG. 7 is a simplified logic flow diagram of the EGG analysis;
FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of the ECG optical interface;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the blood pressure monitoring unit;
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the K sound signal conditioning circuit;
FIG. 11 is a simplified logic flow diagram for the blood pressure monitoring unit; and,
FIG. 12 is a simplified logic flow diagram of the rapid blood pressure measurement method.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention directs itself to ambulatory monitoring systems for measuring and storing diagnostic parameters. In particular, this invention directs itself to a modular monitoring system, wherein modular monitoring units can be used either independently of one another, or utilized together with at least one module communicating to another through an optical interface. More in particular, this invention directs itself to a system wherein the patient's ECG waveform is monitored and analyzed to identify particular abnormalities, both the ECG waveform and analysis data being stored in a non-volatile memory. Further, this system is directed to a blood pressure monitoring module for taking measurements responsive to a selectively variable repetition rate, selectively actuated for predetermined time intervals, and at times triggered by the ECG monitoring unit, when both are being utilized. More in particular, this invention pertains to an ambulatory monitoring system wherein each of the monitoring unit modules includes a serial interface for coupling with a personal-type computer to allow the physician to program predetermined parameters, observe measurements in real time, and download measurement data stored in the memory of each of the modules. Further, this invention directs itself to ambulatory monitoring units having means for conserving power to enable the units to operate for over twenty-four hours on battery power. Such power conserving means may take the form of a system to vary the operational speed of the monitoring unit's microprocessor, or alternately shutting down the operation of the unit's microprocessor for predetermined periods of time.
2. Prior Art
Ambulatory monitoring systems are well known in the art. The best prior art known to the Applicants include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,053,951; 4,211,238; 4,216,779; 4,501,279; 4,503,859; 4,519,398; 4,531,527; 4,568,483; 4,580,576; 4,583,551; 4,592,018; 4,817,937; 4,653,022; 4,887,882; 4,877,984; and, 4,879,144.
Some prior art systems, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,211,238; 4,216,779; and, 4,519,398 are directed to ambulatory monitoring systems for both blood pressure and a patient's ECG. In such systems the ECG signal is continuously monitored and stored in a memory or on a magnetic tape. The blood pressure measurement may be made at particular time intervals, with only a provision for manually initiating a measurement at intermediate times. Such blood pressure measurements are stored with the continuous ECG signal, however, there is no provision for the ECG unit triggering a blood pressure measurement.
In other prior systems, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,566,463 automatic blood pressure monitoring systems are disclosed which are capable of operating responsive to heartbeat abnormalities. While such systems attempt to detect arrhythmias and generate a control signal for initiating the blood pressure measurement, such systems utilize pressure pulse from the blood pressure cuff as the means to detect arrhythmias. Further, these systems are not of modular construction wherein the communication between modules is devoid of cabling, and the problems associated therewith. Still further, such systems lack means for conserving power, which is essential in portable long-term monitoring systems.
An ambulatory patient monitoring system is provided for measuring and storing predetermined diagnostic parameters of a patient. The ambulatory patient monitoring system includes a first monitoring unit for independently measuring and storing a predetermined first diagnostic parameter of a first patient responsive to a first control algorithm. The first monitoring unit includes a first optical interface circuit for digital communication. The first monitoring unit further includes a first memory circuit for storing the first diagnostic parameters therein. The ambulatory patient monitoring system further includes at least a second monitoring unit for measuring a predetermined second diagnostic characteristic responsive to a first control signal, and storing the second diagnostic parameter responsive to a second control algorithm. The first control signal is generated at a selectively variable repetition rate, selectively actuated for predetermined time intervals. The second monitoring unit includes a second optical interface circuit for digital communication with at least the first monitoring unit. The second monitoring unit is (1) independently operable for measuring the second diagnostic characteristic of a second patient, the second diagnostic characteristic being different than the first diagnostic characteristic, and (2) positionable in optical alignment with the first monitoring unit for measuring the second diagnostic characteristic of the first patient responsive to both the first control signal and a second control signal. The second control signal being generated by the first monitoring unit and transmitted by the first optical interface circuit to the second optical interface circuit. The second monitoring unit also includes a second memory circuit for storing the second diagnostic characteristics therein. The ambulatory patient monitoring system further includes a computing system selectively coupleable to both the first and second monitoring units for transferring data therebetween and selectively displaying the first and second diagnostic characteristics.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/790,500 filed Nov. 12, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,001. | 64,475 | 92 |
432,084 | English translation by from the original Icelandic ‘Egils saga Skallagrímssonar’.
1893 translation to English from the original Icelandic text by W. C. Green.
Of Kveldulf and his sons.
There was a man named Ulf, son of Bjalf, and Hallbera, daughter of Ulf the fearless; she was sister of Hallbjorn Half-giant in Hrafnista, and he the father of Kettle Hæing. Ulf was a man so tall and strong that none could match him, and in his youth he roved the seas as a freebooter. In fellowship with him was one Kari of Berdla, a man of renown for strength and daring; he was a Berserk. Ulf and he had one common purse, and were the dearest friends.
But when they gave up freebooting, Kari went to his estate at Berdla, being a man of great wealth. Three children had Kari, one son named Eyvind Lambi, another Aulvir Hnuf, and a daughter Salbjorg, who was a most beautiful woman of a noble spirit. Her did Ulf take to wife, and then he too went to his estates. Wealthy he was both in lands and chattels; he took baron’s rank as his forefathers had done, and became a great man. It was told of Ulf that he was a great householder; it was his wont to rise up early, and then go round among his labourers or where his smiths were, and to overlook his stalk and fields, and at times he would talk with such as needed his counsel, and good counsel he could give in all things, for he was very wise. But everyday as evening drew on he became sullen, so that few could come to speak with him. He was an evening sleeper, and it was commonly said that he was very shape strong. He was called Kveldulf.
Kveldulf and his wife had two sons, the elder was named Thorolf, the younger Grim; these, when they grew up, were both tall men and strong, as was their father. But Thorolf was most comely as well as doughty, favoring his mother’s kin; very cheery was he, liberal, impetuous in everything, a good trader, winning the hearts of all men. Grim was swarthy, ill-favoured, like his father both in face and mind; he became a good man of business; skilful was he in wood and iron, an excellent smith. In the winter he often went to the herring fishing, and with him many house-carles.
But when Thorolf was twenty years old, then he made him ready to go a harrying. Kveldulf gave him a long-ship, and Kari of Berdla’s sons, Eyvind and Aulvir, resolved to go on that voyage, taking a large force and another long-ship; and they roved the seas in the summer, and got them wealth, and had a large booty to divide. For several summers they were out roving, but stayed at home in winter with their fathers. Thorolf brought home many costly things, and took them to his father and mother; thus they were well-to-do both for possessions and honour. Kveldulf was now well stricken in years, and his sons were grown men.
Of Aulvir Hnuf.
Audbjorn was then king over the Firthfolk; there was an earl of his named Hroald, whose son was Thorir. Atli the Slim was then an earl, he dwelt at Gaula; he had sons – Hallstein, Holmstein, and Herstein; and a daughter, Solveig the Fair. It happened one autumn that much people were gathered at Gaula for a sacrificial feast, then saw Aulvir Hnuf Solveig and courted her; he afterwards asked her to wife. But the earl thought him an unequal match and would not give her. Whereupon Aulvir composed many love-songs, and thought so much of Solveig that he left freebooting, but Thorolf and Eyvind Lambi kept it on.
The beginning of the rule of Harold Fairhair.
Harold, son of Halfdan Swarthy, was heir after his father. He had bound himself by this vow, not to let his hair be cut or combed till he were sole king over Norway, wherefore he was called Harold Shockhead. So first he warred with the kings nearest to him and conquered them, as is told at length elsewhere. Then he got possession of Upland; thence he went northwards to Throndheim, and had many battles there before he became absolute over all the Thronds. After that he purposed to go north to Naumdale to attack the brothers Herlaug and Hrollaug, kings of Naumdale. But when these brothers heard of his coming, Herlaug with twelve men entered the sepulchral mound which they had caused to be made (they were three winters at the making), and the mound then was closed after them. But king Hrollaug sank from royalty to earldom, giving up his kingdom and becoming a vassal of Harold. So Harold gained the Naumdalesmen and Halogaland, and he set rulers over his realm there. Then went he southwards with a fleet to Mæra and Raumsdale. But Solvi Bandy-legs, Hunthiof’s son, escaped thence, and going to king Arnvid, in South Mæra, he asked help, with these words:
‘Though this danger now touches us, before long the same will come to you; for Harold, as I ween, will hasten hither when he has enthralled and oppressed after his will all in North Mæra and Raumsdale. Then will the same need be upon you as was upon us, to guard your wealth and liberty, and to try everyone from whom you may hope for aid. And I now offer myself with my forces against this tyranny and wrong. But, if you make the other choice, you must do as the Naumdalesmen have done, and go of your own will into slavery, and become Harold’s thralls. My father though it victory to die a king with honour rather than become in his old age another king’s subject. Thou, as I judge, wilt think the same, and so will others who have any high spirit and claim to be men of valour.’
By such persuasion king Arnvid was determined to gather his forces and defend his land. He and Solvi made a league, and sent messengers to Audbjorn, king of the Firthfolk, that he should come and help them. Audbjorn, after counsel taken with friends, consented, and bade cut the war-arrow and send the war-summons throughout his realm, with word to his nobles that they should join him.
But when the king’s messengers came to Kveldulf and told him their errand, and that the king would have Kveldulf come to him with all his house-carles, then answered he:
‘It is my duty to the king to take the field with him if he have to defend his own land, and there be harrying against the Firthfolk; but this I deem clean beyond my duty, to go north to Mæra and defend their land. Briefly ye may say when ye meet your king that Kveldulf will sit at home during this rush to war, nor will he gather forces nor leave his home to fight with Harold Shockhead. For I think that he has a whole load of good-fortune where our king has not a handful.’
The messengers went back to the king, and told him how their errand had sped; but Kveldulf sat at home on his estates.
Battle of king Harold and Audbjorn.
King Audbjorn went with his forces northwards to Mæra; there he joined king Arnvid and Solvi Bandy-legs, and altogether they had a large host. King Harold also had come from the north with his forces, and the armies met inside Solskel. There was fought a great battle, with much slaughter in either host. Of the Mærian forces fell the kings Arnvid and Audbjorn, but Solvi escaped, and afterwards became a great sea-rover, and wrought much scathe on Harold’s kingdom, and was nicknamed Bandy-legs. On Harold’s side fell two earls, Asgaut and Asbjorn, and two sons of earl Hacon, Grjotgard and Herlaug, and many other great men. After this Harold subdued South Mæra. Vemund Audbjorn’s brother still retained the Firthfolk, being made king. It was now autumn, and king Harold was advised not to go south in autumn-tide. So he set earl Rognvald over North and South Mæra and Raumsdale, and kept a numerous force about himself.
That same autumn the sons of Atli set on Aulvir Hnuf at his home, and would fain have slain him. They had such a force that Aulvir could not withstand them, but fled for his life. Going northwards to Mæra, he there found Harold, and submitted to him, and went north with the king to Throndheim, and he became most friendly with him, and remained with him for a long time thereafter, and was made a skald.
In the winter following earl Rognvald went the inner way by the Eid-sea southwards to the Firths. Having news by spies of the movements of king Vemund, he came by night to Naust-dale, where Vemund was at a banquet, and, surrounding the house, burnt within it the king and ninety men. After that Karl of Berdla came to earl Rognvald with a long-ship fully manned, and they two went north to Mæra. Rognvald took the ships that had belonged to Vemund and all the chattels he could get. Kari of Berdla then went north to king Harold at Throndheim, and became his man.
Next spring king Harold went southwards along the coast with a fleet, and subdued firths and fells, and arranged for men of his own to rule them. Earl Hroald he set over the Firthfolk. King Harold was very careful, when he had gotten new peoples under his power, about barons and rich landowners, and all those whom he suspected of being at all likely to raise rebellion. Every such man he treated in one of two ways: he either made him become his liege-man, or go abroad; or (as a third choice) suffer yet harder conditions, some even losing life or limb. Harold claimed as his own through every district all patrimonies, and all land tilled or untilled, likewise all seas and freshwater lakes. All landowners were to be his tenants, as also all that worked in the forest, salt-burners, hunters and fishers by land and sea, all these owed him duty. But many fled abroad from this tyranny, and much waste land was then colonized far and wide, both eastwards in Jamtaland and Helsingjaland, and also the West lands, the Southern isles, Dublin in Ireland, Caithness in Scotland, and Shetland. And in that time Iceland was found.
The king’s message to Kveldulf.
King Harold lay with his fleet in the Firths, whence he sent messengers round the land to such as had not come to him, but with whom he thought he had business. The messengers came to Kveldulf, and were well received. They set forth their errand, said that the king would have Kveldulf come to him.
‘He has heard,’ said they, ‘that you are a man of renown and high family. You will get from him terms of great honour, for the king is very keen on this, to have with him such as he hears are men of mark for strength and bravery.’
Kveldulf answered that he was an old man, not fit for war or to be out in warships. ‘I will now,’ said he, ‘sit at home and leave serving kings.’
Upon this the messengers said, ‘Then let your son go to the king; he is a tall man and a likely warrior. The king will make you a baron,’ said they to Grim, ‘if you will serve him.’
‘I will be made baron under none,’ said Grim, ‘while my father lives; he, while he lives, shall be my liege-lord.’
The messengers went away, and when they came to the king told him all that Kveldulf had said before them. Whereat the king looked sullen, but he spoke little; these men, he said, were proud, or what were they aiming at? Aulvir Hnuf was standing near, and he bade the king not be wroth. ‘I will go,’ said he, ‘to Kveldulf; and he will consent to come to you, as soon as he knows that you think it a matter of moment.’
So Aulvir went to Kveldulf and told him that the king was wroth, and it would not go well unless one of the two, father or son, came to the king; he said, too, that he would get them great honour from the king if they would but pay homage. Further he told them at length, as was true, that the king was liberal to his men both in money and in honours.
Kveldulf said, ‘My foreboding is that I and my sons shall get no luck from this king: and I will not go to him. But if Thorolf returns this summer, he will be easily won to this journey, as also to be made the king’s man. Say you this to the king, that I will be his friend, and will keep to his friendship all who heed my words; I will also hold the same rule and authority from his hand that I held before from the former king, if he will that it continue so still, and I will see how I and the king agree.’
Then Aulvir went back and told the king that Kveldulf would send him his son, and he (said Aulvir) would suit better; but he was not then at home. The king let the matter rest. In the summer he went inland to Sogn, but in autumn made ready to go northwards to Throndheim.
Thorolf resolves to serve the king.
Thorolf Kveldulf’s son and Eyvind Lambi came home from sea-roving in the autumn. Thorolf went to his father, and father and son had some talk together. Thorolf asked what had been the errand of the men whom Harold sent thither. Kveldulf said the king had sent them with this message, that Kveldulf or else one of his sons should become his man.
‘How answeredst thou?’ said Thorolf.
‘I spake what was in my mind, that I would never take service with king Harold; and ye two will both do the same, if I may counsel: this I think will be the end, that we shall reap ruin from that king.’
‘That,’ said Thorolf, ‘is quite contrary to what my mind tells me, for I think I shall get from him much advancement. And on this I am resolved, to seek the king, and become his man; and this I have learnt for true, that his guard is made up of none but valiant men. To join their company, if they will have me, seems to me most desirable; these men are in far better case than all others in the land. And ’tis told me of the king that he is most generous in money gifts to his men, and not slow to give them promotion and to grant rule to such as he deems meet for it. Whereas I hear this about all that turn their backs upon him and pay him not homage with friendship, that they all become men of nought, some flee abroad, some are made hirelings. It seems wonderful to me, father, in a man so wise and ambitious as thou art, that thou wouldst not thankfully take the dignity which the king offered thee. But if thou thinkest that thou hast prophetic foresight of this, that we shall get misfortune from this king, and that he will be our enemy, then why didst thou not go to battle against him with that king in whose service thou wert before? Now, methinks it is most unreasonable neither to be his friend nor his enemy.’
‘It went,’ said Kveldulf, ‘just as my mind foreboded, that they marched not to victory who went northwards to fight with Harold Shockhead in Mæra; and equally true will this be, that Harold will work much scathe on my kin. But thou, Thorolf, wilt take thine own counsel in thine own business; nor do I fear, though thou enter into the company of Harold’s guards, that thou wilt not be thought capable and equal to the foremost in all proofs of manhood. Only beware of this, keep within bounds, nor rival thy betters; thou wilt not, I am sure, yield to others overmuch.’
But when Thorolf made him ready to go, Kveldulf accompanied him down to the ship and embraced him, with wishes for his happy journey and their next merry meeting.
Of Bjorgolf, Brynjolf, Bard, and Hildirida.
There was a man in Halogaland named Bjorgolf; he dwelt in Torgar. He was a baron, powerful and wealthy; in strength, stature, and kindred half hill-giant. He had a son named Brynjolf, who was like his father. Bjorgolf was now old, and his wife was dead; and he had given over into his son’s hands all business, and found him a wife, Helga, daughter of Kettle Hæing of Hrafnista. Their son was named Bard; he soon grew to be tall and handsome, and became a right doughty man.
One autumn there was a banquet where many men were gathered, Bjorgolf and his son being there the most honourable guests. In the evening they were paired off by lot to drink together, as the old custom was. Now, there was at the banquet a man named Hogni, owner of a farm in Leka, a man of great wealth, very handsome, shrewd, but of low family, who had made his own way. He had a most beautiful daughter, Hildirida by name; and it fell to her lot to sit by Bjorgolf. They talked much together that evening, and the fair maiden charmed the old man. Shortly afterwards the banquet broke up.
That same autumn old Bjorgolf journeyed from home in a cutter of his own, with thirty men aboard. He came to Leka, and twenty of them went up to the house, while ten guarded the ship. When they came to the farm, Hogni went out to meet him, and made him welcome, invited him and his comrades to lodge there, which offer Bjorgolf accepted, and they entered the room. But when they had doffed their travelling clothes and donned mantles, then Hogni gave orders to bring in a large bowl of beer; and Hildirida, the daughter of the house, bare ale to the guests.
Bjorgolf called to him Hogni the goodman, and said, ‘My errand here is this: I will have your daughter to go home with me, and will even now make with her a hasty wedding.’
Hogni saw no choice but to let all be as Bjorgolf would; so Bjorgolf bought her with an ounce of gold, and they became man and wife, and Hildirida went home with Bjorgolf to Torgar. Brynjolf showed him ill-pleased at this business. Bjorgolf and Hildirida had two sons; one was named Harek, the other Hærek.
Soon after this Bjorgolf died; but no sooner was he buried than Brynjolf sent away Hildirida and her sons. She went to her father at Leka, and there her sons were brought up. They were good-looking, small of stature, naturally shrewd, like their mother’s kin. They were commonly called Hildirida’s sons. Brynjolf made little count of them, and did not let them inherit aught of their father’s. Hildirida was Hogni’s heiress, and she and her sons inherited from him and dwelt in Leka, and had plenty of wealth. Bard, Brynjolf’s son, and Hildirida’s sons were about of an age.
Bjorgolf and his son Brynjolf had long held the office of going to the Finns, and collecting the Finns’ tribute.
Northwards, in Halogaland is a firth called Vefsnir, and in the firth lies an island called Alost, a large island and a good, and in this a farm called Sandness. There dwelt a man named Sigurd, the richest man thereabouts in the north; he was a baron, and wise of understanding. He had a daughter named Sigridr; she was thought the best match in Halogaland, being his only child and sole heiress to her father. Bard Brynjolf’s son journeyed from home with a cutter and thirty men aboard northwards to Alost, and came to Sigurd at Sandness. There he declared his business, and asked Sigridr to wife. This offer was well received and favourable answered, and so it came about that Bard was betrothed to the maiden. The marriage was to take place the next summer. Bard was then to come north for the wedding.
Of Bard and Thorolf.
King Harold had that summer sent word to the men of power that were in Halogaland, summoning to him such as had not come to him before. Brynjolf resolved to go, and with him Bard his son; and in the autumn they went southwards to Throndheim, and there met the king. He received them most gladly. Brynjolf was made a baron of the king’s; the king also gave him large grants beside what he had before. He gave him withal the right of journey to the Finns, with the king’s business on the fells and the Finn traffic. Then Brynjolf went away home to his estate, but Bard remained, and was made one of the king’s guard.
Of all his guard the king most prized his skalds; they occupied the second high seat. Of these Audun Ill-skald sat innermost, being the oldest; he had been skald to Halfdan Swarthy, king Harold’s father. Next to him sat Thorbjorn Raven, then Aulvir Hnuf, and next to him was placed Bard; he was there by-named Bard the White or Bard the Strong. He was in honour with everyone there, but between him and Aulvir Hnuf was a close friendship.
That same autumn came to king Harold Thorolf Kveldulf’s son and Eyvind Lambi, Kari of Berdla’s son, and they were well received. They brought thither a swift twenty-benched long-ship well manned, which they had before used in sea-roving. They and their company were placed in the guest-hall; but when they had waited there till they thought it a fit time to go before the king, Kari of Berdla and Aulvir Hnuf went in with them. They greeted the king. Then said Aulvir Hnuf, ‘Here is come Kveldulf’s son, whom I told thee in the summer Kveldulf would send. His promise to thee will now stand fast; for here thou canst see true tokens that he will be thy friend in all when he hath sent his son hither to take service with thee, a stalwart man as thou mayest see. Now, this is the boon craved by Kveldulf and by us all, that thou receive Thorolf with honour and make him a great man with thee.’
The king answered his words well, promising that so he would do, ‘If,’ said he, ‘Thorolf proves himself as accomplished in deed as he is right brave in look.’
After this Thorolf was made of the king’s household, and one of his guard.
But Kari of Berdla and his son Eyvind Lambi went back south in the ship which Thorolf had brought north, and so home to Kari’s farm. Thorolf remained with the king, who appointed him a seat between Aulvir Hnuf and Bard; and these three struck up a close friendship. And all men said of Thorolf and Bard that they were a well-matched pair for comeliness, stature, strength, and all doughty deeds. And both were in high favour with the king.
But when winter was past and summer came, then Bard asked leave to go and see to the marriage promised to him the summer before. And when the king knew that Bard’s errand was urgent, he allowed him to go home. Then Bard asked Thorolf to go north with him, saying (as was true) that he would meet there many of his kin, men of renown, whom he had not yet seen or known. Thorolf thought this desirable, so they got leave from the king for this; then they made them ready, took a good ship and crew, and went their way.
When they came to Torgar, they sent word to Sigurd that Bard would now see to that marriage on which they had agreed the summer before. Sigurd said that he would hold to all that they had arranged; so they fixed the wedding-day, and Bard with his party were to come north to Sandness. At the appointed time Brynjolf and Bard set out, and with them many great men of their kin and connexions. And it was as Bard had said, that Thorolf met there many of his kinsmen that he had not known before. They journeyed to Sandness, and there was held the most splendid feast. And when the feast was ended, Bard went home with his wife, and remained at home through the summer, and Thorolf with him.
In the autumn they came south to the king, and were with him another winter. During that winter Brynjolf died; and when Bard learnt that the inheritance there was open for him, he asked leave to go home. This the king granted, and before they parted Bard was made a baron, as his father had been, and held of the king all those same grants that Brynjolf had held. Bard went home to his estate, and at once became a great chief; but Hildirida’s sons got no more of the heritage than before. Bard had a son by his wife; he was named Grim. Meanwhile Thorolf was with the king, and in great honour.
Battle in Hafr’s Firth.
King Harold proclaimed a general levy, and gathered a fleet, summoning his forces far and wide through the land. He went out from Throndheim, and bent his course southwards, for he had heard that a large host was gathered throughout Agdir, Rogaland, and Hordaland, assembled from far, both from the inland parts above, and from the east out of Vik, and many great men were there met who purposed to defend their land from the king. Harold held on his way from the north, with a large force, having his guards on board. In the forecastle of the king’s ship were Thorolf Kveldulfsson, Bard the White, Kari of Berdla’s sons, Aulvir Hnuf and Eyvind Lambi, and in the prow were twelve Berserks of the king.
The fleets met south in Rogaland in Hafr’s Firth. There was fought the greatest battle that king Harold had had, with much slaughter in either host. The king set his own ship in the van, and there the battle was most stubborn, but the end was that king Harold won the victory. Thorir Longchin, king of Agdir, fell there, but Kjotvi the wealthy fled with all his men that could stand, save some that surrendered after the battle. When the roll of Harold’s army was called, many were they that had fallen, and many were sore wounded. Thorolf was badly wounded, Bard even worse; nor was there a man unwounded in the king’s ship before the mast, except those whom iron bit not to wit the Berserks.
Then the king had his men’s wounds bound up, and thanked them for their valour, and gave them gifts, adding most praise where he thought it most deserved. He promised them also further honour, naming some to be steersmen, others forecastle men, others bow-sitters. This was the last battle king Harold had within the land; after this none withstood him; he was supreme over all Norway.
The king saw to the healing of his men, whose wounds gave them hope of life, as also to the burial of the dead with all customary honours. Thorolf and Bard lay wounded. Thorolf’s wounds began to heal, but Bard’s proved mortal. Then Bard had the king called to him, and spoke thus:
‘If it so be that I die of these wounds, then I would ask this of thee, that I may myself name my heir.’
To this when the king assented, then said he:
‘I will that Thorolf my friend and kinsman take all my heritage, both lands and chattels. To him, also, will I give my wife and the bringing up of my son, because I trust him for this above all men.’
This arrangement he made fast, as the law was, with the leave of the king. Then Bard died, and was buried, and his death was much mourned. Thorolf was healed of his wounds, and followed the king, and had won great glory.
In the autumn the king went north to Throndheim. Then Thorolf asked to go north to Halogaland, to see after those gifts which he had received in the summer from his kinsman Bard. The king gave leave for this, adding a message and tokens that Thorolf should take all that Bard had given him, showing that the gift was with the counsel of the king, and that he would have it so. Then the king made Thorolf a baron, and granted him all the rights which Bard had had before, giving him the journey to the Finns on the same terms. He also supplied to Thorolf a good long-ship, with tackling complete, and had everything made ready for his journey thence in the best possible way. So Thorolf set out, and he and the king parted with great affection.
But when Thorolf came north to Torgar, he was well received. He told them of Bard’s death; also how Bard had left him both lands and chattels, and her that had been his wife; then he showed the king’s order and tokens. When Sigridr heard these tidings, she felt her great loss in her husband, but with Thorolf she was already well acquainted, and knew him for a man of great mark; and this promise of her in marriage was good, and besides there was the king’s command. So she and her friends saw it to be the best plan that she should be betrothed to Thorolf, unless that were against her father’s mind. Thereupon Thorolf took all the management of the property, and also the king’s business.
Soon after this Thorolf started with a long-ship and about sixty men, and coasted northwards, till one day at eventide he came to Sandness in Alost; there they moored the ship. And when they had raised their tent, and made arrangements, Thorolf went up to the farm buildings with twenty men. Sigurd received him well, and asked him to lodge there, for there had been great intimacy between them since the marriage connection between Sigurd and Bard. Then Thorolf and his men went into the hall, and were there entertained. Sigurd sat and talked with Thorolf, and asked tidings. Thorolf told of the battle fought that summer in the south, and of the fall of many men whom Sigurd knew well, and withal how Bard his son-in-law had died of wounds received in the battle. This they both felt to be a great loss. Then Thorolf told Sigurd what had been the covenant between him and Bard before he died, and he declared also the orders of the king, how he would have all this hold good, and this he showed by the tokens.
After this Thorolf entered on his wooing with Sigurd, and asked Sigridr, his daughter, to wife. Sigurd received the proposal well; he said there were many reasons for this; first, the king would have it so; next, Bard had asked it; and further he himself knew Thorolf well, and thought it a good match for his daughter. Thus Sigurd was easily won to grant this suit; whereupon the betrothal was made, and the wedding was fixed for the autumn at Torgar.
Then Thorolf went home to his estate, and his comrades with him. There he prepared a great feast, and bade many thereto. Of Thorolf’s kin many were present, men of renown. Sigurd also came thither from the north with a long-ship and a chosen crew. Numerously attended was that feast, and it was at once seen that Thorolf was free-handed and munificent. He kept about him a large following, whereof the cost was great, and much provision was needed; but the year was good, and needful supplies were easily found.
During that winter Sigurd died at Sandness, and Thorolf was heir to all his property; this was great wealth.
Now the sons of Hildirida came to Thorolf, and put in the claim which they thought they had on the property that had belonged to their father Bjorgolf. Thorolf answered them thus:
‘This I knew of Brynjolf, and still better of Bard, that they were men so generous that they would have let you have of Bjorgolf’s heritage what share they knew to be your right. I was present when ye two put in this same claim on Bard, and I heard what he thought, that there was no ground for it, for he called you illegitimate.’
Harek said that they would bring witnesses that their mother was duly bought with payment.
‘It is true that we did not at first treat of this matter with Brynjolf our brother it was a case of sharing between kinsmen, but of Bard we hoped to get our dues in every respect, though our dealings with him were not for long. Now however this heritage has come to men who are in nowise our kin, and we cannot be altogether silent about our wrong; but it may be that, as before, might will so prevail that we get not our right of thee in this, if thou refuse to hear the witness that we can bring to prove us honourably born.’
Thorolf then answered angrily:
‘So far am I from thinking you legitimate heirs that I am told your mother was taken by force, and carried home as a captive.’
After that they left talking altogether.
Thorolf in Finmark.
In the winter Thorolf took his way up to the fells with a large force of not less than ninety men, whereas before it had been the wont of the king’s stewards to have thirty men, and sometimes fewer. He took with him plenty of wares for trading. At once he appointed a meeting with the Finns, took of them the tribute, and held a fair with them. All was managed with goodwill and friendship, though not without fear on the Finns’ side. Far and wide about Finmark did he travel; but when he reached the fells eastward, he heard that the Kylfings were come from the east, and were there for trading with the Finns, but in some places for plunder also. Thorolf set Finns to spy out the movements of the Kylfings, and he followed after to search for them, and came upon thirty men in one den, all of whom he slew, letting none escape. Afterwards he found together fifteen or twenty. In all they slew near upon a hundred, and took immense booty, and returned in the spring after doing this.
Thorolf then went to his estates at Sandness, and remained there through the spring. He had a long-ship built, large, and with a dragon’s head, fitted out in the best style; this he took with him from the north. Thorolf gathered great stores of what there was in Halogaland, employing his men after the herrings and in other fishing; seal-hunting there was too in abundance, and egg-gathering, and all such provision he had brought to him. Never had he fewer freedmen about his home than a hundred; he was open-handed and liberal, and readily made friends with the great, and with all that were near him. A mighty man he became, and he bestowed much care on his ships, equipment, and weapons.
The king feasts with Thorolf.
King Harold went that summer to Halogaland, and banquets were made ready against his coming, both where his estates were, and also by barons and powerful landowners. Thorolf prepared a banquet for the king at great cost; it was fixed for when the king should come there. To this he bade a numerous company, the best men that could be found. The king had about three hundred men with him when he came to the banquet, but Thorolf had five hundred present. Thorolf had caused a large granary to be fitted up where the drinking should be, for there was no hall large enough to contain all that multitude. And all around the building shields were hung.
The king sate in the high seat; but when the foremost bench was filled, then the king looked round, and he turned red, but spoke not, and men thought they could see he was angry. The banquet was magnificent, and all the viands of the best. The king, however, was gloomy; he remained there three nights, as had been intended. On the day when the king was to leave Thorolf went to him, and offered that they should go together down to the strand. The king did so, and there, moored off the land, floated that dragon-ship which Thorolf had had built, with tent and tackling complete. Thorolf gave the ship to the king, and prayed the king to believe that he had gathered such numbers for this end, to show the king honour, and not to enter into rivalry with him. The king took Thorolf’s words well, and then became merry and cheerful. Many added their good word, saying (as was true) that the banquet was most splendid, and the farewell escort magnificent, and that the king gained much strength by such men. Then they parted with much affection.
The king went northwards through Halogaland as he had purposed, and returned south as summer wore on. He went to yet other banquets there that were prepared for him.
Hildirida’s sons talk with Harold.
Hildirida’s sons went to the king and bade him to a three nights’ banquet. The king accepted their bidding, and fixed when he would come. So at the appointed time he and his train came thither. The company was not numerous, but the feast went off very well, and the king was quite cheerful. Harek entered into talk with the king, and their talk turned on this, that he asked about the king’s journeys in those parts during the summer.
The king answered his questions, and said that all had received him well, each after his means.
‘Great will have been the difference,’ said Harek, ‘and at Torgar the company at the banquet will have been the most numerous.’
The king said that it was so.
Harek said: ‘That was to be looked for, because on that banquet most was spent; and thou, O king, hadst great luck in matters so turning out that thy life was not endangered. The end was as was likely; thou wert very wise and very fortunate; for thou at once suspectedst all was not for good on seeing the numerous company there gathered; but (as I am told) thou madest all thy men remain armed constantly and keep watch and ward night and day.’
The king looked at him and said: ‘Why speakest thou thus, Harek? What canst thou tell of this?’
Harek answered: ‘May I speak with permission what I please?’
‘Speak,’ said the king.
‘This I judge,’ said Harek, ‘that thou wouldst not deem it to be well, if thou, O king, heardest every one’s words, what men say when speaking their minds freely at home, how they think that it is a tyranny thou exercisest over all people. But the plain truth is, O king, that to rise against thee the people lack nothing but boldness and a leader. Nor is it wonderful in a man like Thorolf that he thinks himself above everyone; he wants not for strength and comeliness; he keeps a guard round him like a king; he has wealth in plenty, even though he had but what is truly his, but besides that he holds others’ property equally at his disposal with his own. Thou, too, hast bestowed on him large grants, and he had now made all ready to repay them with ill. For this is the truth that I tell thee: when it was learnt that thou wert coming north to Halogaland with no more force than three hundred men, the counsel of people here was that an army should assemble and take thy life, O king, and the lives of all thy force. And Thorolf was head of these counsels, and it was offered him that he should be king over the Halogalanders and Naumdalesmen. Then he went in and out of each firth and round all the islands, and got together every man he could find and every weapon, and it was no secret that this army was to muster for battle against king Harold. But the truth is, O king, that though thou hadst somewhat less force than those who met thee, yet the farmer folk took flight when they saw thy fleet. Then this counsel was adopted, to meet thee with friendly show and bid thee to a banquet: but it was intended, when thou wert well drunk and lying asleep, to attack thee with fire and weapon. And here is a proof whether I am rightly informed; ye were led into a granary because Thorolf was loth to burn up his new and beautiful hall; and a further proof is that every room was full of weapons and armour. But when all their devices against thee miscarried, then they chose the best course they could; they hushed up their former purpose. And I doubt not that all may deny this counsel, because few, methinks, know themselves guiltless, were the truth to come out. Now this is my counsel, O king, that thou keep Thorolf near thee, and let him be in thy guard, and bear thy standard, and be in the forecastle of thy ship; for this duty no man is fitter. Or if thou wilt have him to be a baron, then give him a grant southwards in the Firths, where are all his family: thou mayest then keep an eye on him, that he make not himself too great for thee. But the business here in Halogaland put thou into the hands of men who are moderate and will serve thee faithfully, and have kinsfolk here, men whose relatives have had the same work here before. We two brothers are ready and willing for such service as thou wilt use us in; our father long had the king’s business here, and it prospered in his hands. It is difficult, O king, to place men as managers here, because thou wilt seldom come hither thyself. The strength of the land is too little to need thy coming with an army, yet thou must not come hither again with few followers, for there are here many disloyal people.’
The king was very angry at these words, but he spoke quietly, as was always his wont when he heard tidings of great import. He asked whether Thorolf were at home at Torgar. Harek said this was not likely.
‘Thorolf,’ said he, ‘is too wise to be in the way of thy followers, O king, for he must guess that all will not be so close but thou wilt get to know these things. He went north to Alost as soon as he heard that thou wert on thy way south.’
The king spoke little about this matter before other men; but it was easy to see that he inclined to believe the words that had been spoken.
After this the king went his way, Hildirida’s sons giving him honourable escort with gifts at parting, while he promised them his friendship. The brothers made themselves an errand into Naumdale, and so went round about as to cross the king’s path now and again; he always received their words well.
Thorgils goes to the king.
There was a man named Thorgils Yeller, a house-carle of Thorolf’s, honoured above all the rest of his household; he had followed Thorolf in his roving voyages as fore-castle man and standard-bearer. He had been in Hafr’s Firth, in the fleet of king Harold, and was then steering the very ship that Thorolf had used in his roving. Thorgils was strong of body and right bold of heart; the king had bestowed on him friendly gifts after the battle, and promised him his friendship. Thorgils was manager at Torgar, and bore rule there when Thorolf was not at home.
Before Thorolf went away this time he had counted over all the king’s tribute that he had brought from the fells, and he put it in Thorgils’ hand, bidding him convey it to the king, if he himself came not home before the king returned south. So Thorgils made ready a large ship of burden belonging to Thorolf, and put the tribute on board, and taking about twenty men sailed southward after the king, and found him in Naumdale.
But when Thorgils met the king he gave him greeting from Thorolf, and said that he was come thither with the Finns’ tribute sent by Thorolf. The king looked at him, but answered never a word, and all saw that he was angry. Thorgils then went away, thinking to find a better time to speak with the king; he sought Aulvir Hnuf, and told him what had passed, and asked him if he knew what was the matter.
‘That do I not,’ said he; ‘but this I have marked, that, since we were at Leka, the king is silent every time Thorolf is mentioned, and I suspect he has been slandered. This I know of Hildirida’s sons, that they were long in conference with the king, and it is easy to see from their words that they are Thorolf’s enemies. But I will soon be certain about this from the king himself.’
Thereupon Aulvir went to the king, and said: ‘Here is come Thorgils Yeller thy friend, with the tribute which is thine; and the tribute is much larger than it has been before, and far better wares. He is eager to be on his way; be so good, O king, as to go and see it; for never have been seen such good gray furs.’
The king answered not, but he went to where the ship lay. Thorgils at once set forth the furs and showed them to the king. And when the king saw that it was true, that the tribute was much larger and better, his brows somewhat cleared, and Thorgils got speech with him. He brought the king some bearskins which Thorolf sent him, and other valuables besides, which he had gotten upon the fells. So the king brightened up, and asked tidings of the journey of Thorolf and his company. Thorgils told it all in detail.
Then said the king: ‘Great pity is it Thorolf should be unfaithful to me and plot my death.’
Then answered many who stood by, and all with one mind, that it was a slander of wicked men if such words had been spoken, and Thorolf would be found guiltless. The king said he would prefer to believe this. Then was the king cheerful in all his talk with Thorgils, and they parted friends.
But when Thorgils met Thorolf he told him all that had happened.
Thorolf again in Finmark.
That winter Thorolf went again to Finmark, taking with him about a hundred men. As before, he held a fair with the Finns, and travelled far and wide over Finmark. But when he reached the far east, and his coming was heard of, then came to him some Kvens, saying that they were sent by Faravid, king of Kvenland, because the Kiriales were harrying his land; and his message was that Thorolf should go thither and bear him help; and further that Thorolf should have a share of the booty equal to the king’s share, and each of his men as much as two Kvens. With the Kvens the law was that the king should have one-third as compared with his men when the booty was shared, and beyond that, as reserved for him, all bearskins and sables. Thorolf put this proposal before his men, giving them the choice to go or not; and the more part chose to venture it, as the prize was so great. This is was decided that they should go eastwards with the messengers.
Finmark is a wide tract; it is bounded westwards by the sea, wherefrom large firths run in; by sea also northwards and round to the east; but southwards lies Norway; and Finmark stretches along nearly all the inland region to the south, as also does Halogaland outside. But eastwards from Naumdale is Jamtaland, then Helsingjaland and Kvenland, then Finland, then Kirialaland; along all these lands to the north lies Finmark, and there are wide inhabited fell-districts, some in dales, some by lakes. The lakes of Finmark are wonderfully large, and by the lakes there are extensive forests. But high fells lie behind from end to end of the Mark, and this ridge is called Keels.
But when Thorolf came to Kvenland and met king Faravid, they made them ready for their march, being three hundred of the kings men and a fourth hundred Norsemen. And they went by the upper way over Finmark, and came where the Kiriales were on the fell, the same who had before harried the Kvens. These, when they were aware of the enemy, gathered themselves and advanced to meet them, expecting victory as heretofore. But, on the battle being joined, the Norsemen charged furiously forwards, bearing shields stronger than those of the Kvens; the slaughter turned to be in the Kiriales’ ranks many fell, some fled. King Faravid and Thorolf took there immense wealth of spoil, and returned to Kvenland, whence afterwards Thorolf and his men came to Finmark, he and Faravid parting in friendship.
Thorolf came down from the fell to Vefsnir; then went first to his farm at Sandness, stayed there awhile, and in spring went with his men north to Torgar.
But when he came there, it was told him how Hildirida’s sons had been that winter at Throndheim with king Harold, and that they would not spare to slander Thorolf with the king; and it was much questioned what grounds they had had for their slander. Thorolf answered thus: ‘The king will not believe this, though such lies be laid before him; for there are no grounds for my turning traitor to him, when he has done me much good and no evil. And so far from wishing to do him harm (though I had the choice), I would much rather be a baron of his than be called king, when some other fellow-countrymen might rise and make me his thrall.’
King Harold and Harek.
Hildirida’s sons had been that winter with king Harold, and in their company twelve men of their own household and neighbours. The brothers were often talking with the king, and they still spoke in the same way of Thorolf. Harek asked: ‘Didst thou like well, O king, the Finns’ tribute which Thorolf sent thee?’
‘I did,’ said the king.
‘Then wouldst thou have been surprised,’ said he, ‘if thou hadst received all that belonged to thee! But it was far from being so; Thorolf kept for himself the larger share. He sent thee three bearskins, but I know for certain that he kept back thirty that were by right thine; and I guess it was the same with other things. This will prove true, O king, that, if thou put the stewardship into the hand of myself and my brother, we shall bring thee more wealth.’
And to all that they said about Thorolf their comrades bore witness, wherefore the king was exceeding angry.
Thorolf and the king.
In the summer Thorolf went south to king Harold at Throndheim, taking with him all the tribute and much wealth besides, and ninety men well arrayed. When he came to the king, he and his were placed in the guest-hall and entertained magnificently.
On the morrow Aulvir Hnuf went to his kinsman Thorolf; they talked together, Aulvir saying that Thorolf was much slandered, and the king gave ear to such tales. Thorolf asked Aulvir to plead his cause with the king, ‘for,’ said he, ‘I shall be short-spoken before the king if he choose rather to believe the lies of wicked men than truth and honesty which he will find in me.’
The next day Aulvir came to see Thorolf, and told him he had spoken on his business with the king; ‘but,’ said he, ‘I know no more than before what is in his mind.’
‘Then must I myself go to him,’ said Thorolf.
He did so; he went to the king where he sat at meat, and when he came in he greeted the king. The king accepted his greeting, and bade them serve him with drink. Thorolf said that he had there the tribute belonging to the king from Finmark; ‘and yet a further portion of booty have I brought as a present to thee, O king. And what I bring will, I know, owe all its worth to this, that it is given out of gratitude to thee.’
The king said that he could expect nought but good from Thorolf, ‘because,’ said he, ‘I deserve nought else; yet men tell two tales of thee as to thy being careful to win my approval.’
‘I am not herein justly charged,’ said Thorolf, ‘if any say I have shown disloyalty to thee. This I think, and with truth: That they who speak such lying slanders of me will prove to be in nowise thy friends, but it is quite clear that they are my bitter enemies; ’tis likely, however, that they will pay dearly for it if we come to deal together.’
Then Thorolf went away.
But on the morrow Thorolf counted out the tribute in the king’s presence; and when it was all paid, he then brought out some bearskins and sables, which he begged the king to accept. Many of the bystanders said that this was well done and deserved friendship. The king said that Thorolf had himself taken his own reward. Thorolf said that he had loyally done all he could to please the king. ‘But if he likes it not,’ said he, ‘I cannot help it: the king knows, when I was with him and in his train, how I bore myself; it is wonderful to me if the king thinks me other now than he proved me to be then.’
The king answered: ‘Thou didst bear thyself well, Thorolf, when thou wert with us; and this, I think, is best to do still, that thou join my guard, bear my banner, be captain over the guard; then will no man slander thee, if I can oversee night and day what thy conduct is.’
Thorolf looked on either hand where stood his house-carles; then said he: ‘Loth were I to deliver up these my followers: about thy titles and grants to me, O king, thou wilt have thine own way, but my following I will not deliver up while my means last, though I manage at my own sole cost. My request and wish, O king, is this, that thou come and visit me at my home, and the hear word of men whom thou trustest, what witness they bear to me in this matter; thereafter do as thou findest proof to warrant.’
The king answered and said that he would not again accept entertainment from Thorolf; so Thorolf went out, and made ready to return home.
But when he was gone, the king put into the hands of Hildirida’s sons his business in Halogaland which Thorolf had before had, as also the Finmark journey. The king claimed ownership of the estate at Torgar, and of all the property that Brynjolf had had; and all this he gave into the keeping of Hildirida’s sons. The king sent messengers with tokens to Thorolf to tell him of this arrangement, whereupon Thorolf took the ships belonging to him, put on board all the chattels he could carry, and with all his men, both freedmen and thralls, sailed northwards to his farm at Sandness, where he kept up no fewer and no less state than before.
Hildirida’s sons in Finmark and at Harold’s court.
Hildirida’s sons took the business in Halogaland; and none gainsaid this because of the king’s power, but Thorolf’s kinsmen and friends were much displeased at the change. The two brothers went on the fell in the winter, taking with them thirty men. To the Finns there seemed much less honour in these stewards than when Thorolf came, and the money due was far worse paid.
That same winter Thorolf went up on the fell with a hundred men; he passed on at once eastwards to Kvenland and met king Faravid. They took counsel together, and resolved to go on the fell again as in the winter before; and with four hundred men they made a descent on Kirialaland, and attacked those districts for which they thought themselves a match in numbers, and harrying there took much booty, returning up to Finmark as the winter wore on. In the spring Thorolf went home to his farm, and then employed his men at the fishing in Vagar, and some in herring-fishing, and had the take of every kind brought to his farm.
Thorolf had a large ship, which was waiting to put to sea. It was elaborate in everything, beautifully painted down to the sea-line, the sails also carefully striped with blue and red, and all the tackling as elaborate as the ship. Thorolf had this ship made ready, and put aboard some of his house-carles as crew; he freighted it with dried fish and hides, and ermine and gray furs too in abundance, and other peltry such as he had gotten from the fell; it was a most valuable cargo. This ship he bade sail westwards for England to buy him clothes and other supplies that he needed; and they, first steering southwards along the coast, then stretching across the main, came to England. There they found a good market, laded the ship with wheat and honey and wine and clothes, and sailing back in autumn with a fair wind came to Hordaland.
That same autumn Hildirida’s sons carried tribute to the king. But when they paid it the king himself was present and saw. He said:
‘Is this tribute now paid all that ye took in Finmark?’
‘It is,’ they answered.
‘Less by far,’ said the king, ‘and much worse paid is the tribute now than when Thorolf gathered it; yet ye said that he managed the business ill.’
‘It is well, O king,’ said Harek, ‘that thou hast considered how large a tribute should usually come from Finmark, because thus thou knowest how much thou losest, if Thorolf waste all the tribute before thee. Last winter we were in Finmark with thirty men, as has been the wont of thy stewards heretofore. Soon after came Thorolf with a hundred men, and we learnt this, that he meant to take the lives of us two brothers and all our followers, his reason being that thou, O king, hadst handed over to us the business that he wished to have. It was then our best choice to shun meeting him, and to save ourselves: therefore we quickly left the settled districts, and went on the fell. But Thorolf went all round Finmark with his armed warriors; he had all the trade, the Finns paid him tribute, and he hindered thy stewards from entering Finmark. He means to be made king over the north there, both over Finmark and Halogaland: and the wonder is that thou wilt listen to him in anything whatever. Herein may true evidence be found of Thorolf’s ill-gotten gains from Finmark; for the largest merchant ship in Halogaland was made ready for sea at Sandness in the spring, and all the cargo on board was said to be Thorolf’s. It was laden mostly, I think, with gray furs, but there would be found there also bearskins and sables more than Thorolf brought to thee. And with that ship went Thorgils Yeller, and I believe he sailed westwards for England. But if thou wilt know the truth of this, set spies on the track of Thorgils when he comes eastwards; for I fancy that no trading-ship in our days has carried such store of wealth. And I am telling thee what is true, O king, when I say that to thee belongs every penny on board.’
All that Harek said his companions confirmed, and none there ventured to gainsay.
Thorolf’s ship is taken.
There were two brothers named Sigtrygg Swiftfarer and Hallvard Hardfarer, kinsmen of king Harold on the mother’s side; from their father, a wealthy man, they had inherited an estate in Hising. Four brothers there were in all; but Thord and Thorgeir, the two younger, were at home, and managed the estate. Sigtrygg and Hallvard carried all the king’s messages, both within and without the land, and had gone on many dangerous journeys, both for putting men out of the way and confiscating the goods of those whose homes the king ordered to be attacked. They kept about them a large following; they were not generally in favour, but the king prized them highly. None could match them at travelling, either on foot or on snow-shoes; in voyaging also they were speedier than others, valiant men they were, and very wary.
These two men were with the king when those things happened that have just been told. In the autumn the king went to a banquet in Hordaland. And one day he summoned to him the brothers Hallvard and Sigtrygg, and when they came he bade them go with their following and spy after the ship which Thorgils had taken westward to England in the summer.
‘Bring me,’ said he, ‘the ship and all that is in it, except the men; let them go their way in peace, if they do not try to defend the ship.’
The brothers made them ready for this, and, taking each one his long-ship, went to seek Thorgils, and learnt that he was come from the west, and had sailed northwards along the coast. Northwards after him went they, and found him in Fir Sound. They knew the ship at once, and laid one of their ships on the seaward side of her, while some of them landed, and thence went out on to the ship by the gangways. Thorgils’ crew, apprehending no danger, made no defence; they found out nothing till many armed men were aboard, and so they were all seized, and afterwards put on shore weaponless, with nothing but the clothes they wore. But Hallvard’s men drew out the gangways, loosed the cables, and towed out the ship; then turned them about, and sailed southwards along the coast till they met the king, to whom they brought the ship and all that was in it. And when the cargo was unloaded, the king saw that it was great wealth, and what Harek had said was no lie.
But Thorgils and his comrades got conveyance, and went to Kveldulf and his son, and told of the misadventure of their voyage, yet were they well received. Kveldulf said all was tending to what he had foreboded, that Thorolf would not in the end have good luck in his friendship with king Harold.
‘And I care little,’ said he, ‘for Thorolf’s money loss in this, if worse does not come after; but I misdoubt, as before, that Thorolf will not rightly rate his own means against the stronger power with which he has to deal.’
And he bade Thorgils say this to Thorolf:
‘My counsel is that you go away out of the land, for maybe you will do better for yourself if you serve under the king of England, or of Denmark, or of Sweden.’
Then he gave Thorgils a rowing-cutter with tackling complete, a tent also, and provisions, and all things needful for their journey. So they departed, and stayed not their journey till they came to Thorolf and told him all that had happened.
Thorolf took his loss cheerfully, and said that he should not be short of money; ”tis good,’ said he, ‘to be in partnership with a king.’ He then bought meal and all that he needed for the maintenance of his people; his house-carles must for awhile, he said, be less bravely attired than he had purposed. Some lands he sold, some he mortgaged, but he kept up all expenses as before; he had no fewer men with him than last winter, nay, rather more. And as to feasts and friends entertained at his house, he had more means for all this than before. He stayed at home all that winter.
When spring came, and the snow and ice were loosed, then Thorolf launched a large warship of his own, and he had it made ready, and equipped his house-carles, taking with him more than a hundred men; and a goodly company there were, and well weaponed. And when a fair wind blew, Thorolf steered southwards along the coast till he came to Byrda; then they held an outer course outside the islands, but at times through channels between hill-slopes. Thus they coasted on southwards, and had no tidings of men till they came eastwards to Vik. There they heard that king Harold was in Vik, meaning in the summer to go into Upland. The people of the country knew nothing of Thorolf’s voyage. With a fair wind he held on south to Denmark, and thence into the Baltic, where he harried through that summer, but got no good booty. In the autumn he steered back from the east to Denmark, at the time when the fleet at Eyrar was breaking up. In the summer there had been, as was usual, many ships from Norway. Thorolf let all these vessels sail past, and did not show himself. One day at eventide he sailed into Mostrarsound , where in the haven was a large ship of burden that had come from Eyrar. The steersman was named Thorir Thruma; he was a steward of king Harold’s, manager of his farm at Thruma, a large farm in which the king used to make a long stay when he was in Vik. Much provision was needed for this farm, and Thorir had gone to Eyrar for this, to buy a cargo, malt, wheat, and honey; and much wealth of the king’s had he for that end. Thorolf made for this ship, and offered Thorir and his crew the choice to defend themselves, but, as they had no force to make defence against such numbers, they yielded. The ship with all its freight Thorolf took, but Thorir he put out on an island.
Then he sailed northwards along the coast with both the ships; but when they came to the mouth of the Elbe, they lay there and waited for night. And when it was dark, they rowed their long-ship up the river and stood in for the farm-buildings belonging to Hallvard and Sigtrygg. They came there before daybreak, and formed a ring of men round the place, then raised a war-whoop and wakened those within, who quickly leapt up to their weapons. Thorgeir at once fled from his bedchamber. Round the farmhouse were high wooden palings: at these Thorgeir leapt, grasping with his hand the stakes, and so swung himself out of the yard. Thorgils Yeller was standing near; he made a sweep with his sword at Thorgeir, and cut off his hand along with the fence-stake. Then Thorgeir escaped to the wood, but Thord, his brother, fell slain there, and more than twenty men. Thorolf’s band plundered and burnt the house, then went back down the river to the sea.
With a fair wind they sailed north to Vik; there again they fell in with a large merchant-ship belonging to men of Vik, laden with malt and meal. For this ship they made; but those on board, deeming they had no means of defence, yielded, and were disarmed and put on shore, and Thorolf’s men, taking the ship and its cargo, went on their way.
Thorolf had now three ships, with which he sailed westwards by Fold. Then they took the high road of the sea to Lidandisness, going with all despatch, but making raid and lifting cattle on ness and shore. Northwards from Lidandisness they held a course further out, but pillaged wherever they touched land. But when Thorolf came over against the Firths, then he turned his course inward, and went to see his father Kveldulf, and there they were made welcome. Thorolf told his father what had happened in his summer voyage; he stayed there but a short time, and Kveldulf and his son Grim accompanied him to the ship.
But before they parted Thorolf and his father talked together, and Kveldulf said: ‘I was not far wrong, Thorolf, in telling thee, when thou wentest to join king Harold’s guard, that neither thou nor we thy kindred would in the long run get good-fortune therefrom. Now thou hast taken up the very counsel against which I warned thee; thou matchest thy force against king Harold’s. But though thou art well endowed with valour and all prowess, thou hast not luck enough for this, to play on even terms with the king – a thing wherein no one here in the land has succeeded, though others have had great power and large force of men. And my foreboding is that this is our last meeting: it were in the course of nature from our ages that thou shouldst overlive me, but I think it will be otherwise.’
After this Thorolf embarked and went his way. And no tidings are told of his voyage till he arrived home at Sandness, and caused to be conveyed to his farm all the booty he had taken, and had his ship set up upon land. There was now no lack of provision to keep his people through the winter. Thorolf stayed on at home with no fewer men than in the winter before.
There was a man named Yngvar, powerful and wealthy. He had been a baron of the former kings. But after Harold came to the throne, Yngvar sat at home and served not the king. Yngvar was married and had a daughter named Bera. Yngvar dwelt in the Firths. Bera was his only child and heiress. Grim Kveldulf’s son asked Bera to wife, and the match was arranged. Grim took Bera in the winter following the summer when Thorolf had parted from him and his father.
Grim was then twenty-five years old, and was now bald, wherefore he was henceforth called Skallagrim. He had then the management of all the farms belonging to his father and himself and of all the produce, though Kveldulf was yet a hale and strong man. They had many freedmen about them, and many men who had grown up there at home and were about Skallagrim’s equals in age. Men of prowess and strength they were mostly, for both father and son chose strong fellows to be their followers, and trained them after their mind. Skallagrim was like his father in stature and strength, as also in face and temper. | 64,430 | 163 |
551,178 | Goodspeedís History of Hawkins County, Tennessee
Citizen Biographical Information
This data was transcribed by: Betty Mize from "Goodspeed's History of Tennessee", 1886.
Capt. William L. Armstrong, merchant and farmer, was born at his home in Stony Point, July 3, 1837, the son of William and Mary (Young) Armstrong, both of Irish origin, and natives of Hawkins County. The father was born in 1791, and died in August, 1860; the mother was born in 1792, and died in 1868, and both spent their lives in their native county. The father was a farmer, and an old line Whig, and he and his wife were Presbyterians. The grandfather, William, a native of Augusta, Va., built where our subject now lives, the first brick residence in the county, and here the great-grandfather also lived and died, who came from Virginia, and was among the first settlers of Hawkins County. Our subject, the youngest of seven children - three living - finished his education at the Piedmont (VA) Institute and the Roanoke (VA) College. When twenty-two years of age he married Sallie C. Buren, who was born in 1843. To this union five sons and seven daughters were born; one of the latter being deceased. One son, William, is the fifth male of that name in this family line. He came into possession of the old homestead, on which he settled in 1860, and, until he added the mercantile trade to his pursuits a few years since, he devoted his attention to farming. In 1861 he enlisted in Company G, Thirty-first Tennessee Infantry, as a private, and soon became captain. From 1862 he was on staff duty under Gens. Jackson and Vaughn, until he returned home in the spring of 1865. Our subject is a Democrat, and he and his wife are Presbyterians.
Henry C. Armstrong, sheriff, was born twelve miles northeast of Rogersville, at Stony Point, August 21, 1853, being the son of Alfred and Elizabeth Armstrong, natives of Hawkins County, Tenn., the former born December 29, 1823, and deceased at Winchester, Va. July 29, 1864. The latter was born December 31, 1830, and is now living in this county. The father was a successful farmer, and in 1863 joined the confederate service. Our subject, the second of seven children, completed his education at Kingís College, Bristol, Tenn. He farmed on the old home place up to 1882, and then the 600-acre homestead was divided into seven shares, and all his share, but a small portion, including his home, he sold in 1882. In April, 1887, he came to Rogersvile to attend to the duties of the office to which he had been elected in August before, on the Republican ticket. On April 30, 1878, he married Florence Hickey, of Hawkins County, Tenn. Our subject is a Presbyterian, and a Prohibitionist.
William M. Arnott was born near Persia, Hawkins Co., Tenn., December 12, 1827, and is the son of Jacob and Amy (Grigsby) Arnott. The ancestors of the Arnott family were from England, and settled in Virginia. The father was born in Hawkins County, Tenn., about 1800, and died in the same county in 1852. He learned the carpenterís trade when young. In his latter years be bought a farm. He also worked at the blacksmithís trade, and while at work in the shop, over the fire, got too hot, took sick, and died. He was very poor when young, but before his death had accumulated a good property. He held the office of magistrate at the time of his death. He was a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and was a Democrat. He was the son of William, a native of Virginia, and was among the early settlers of the county. He was also a farmer. Amy Grigsby was born in Hawkins County, Tenn., about 1810, and died in that county May 28, 1867. She was also a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. She had a good education. Fatherís education was good. She was the daughter of William Grigsby, whose ancestors came from Virginia. Farmer also. By the union of Jacob Arnott and Amy Grigsby there were ten children, eight sons and two daughters, nine of them now living. Our subject is the second son. One of the sons, Wickliff, was killed at the Battle of Bullís Gap. Our subject lived on his fatherís farm, and went to school until twenty-one years of age, when be began on his own resources. He taught school for two years, became dissatisfied, quit, and bought land in the Fourteenth District of Hawkins County, his first purchase being 77 ½ acres. Since that time he has added the balance of 1,000 acres. His start was $45. He has made what he has by hard work and good management. He is a very active and enterprising man, and at all times supports the causes of education and religion. He has no profession outside of morality; is a Democrat. In 1883 he purchased land and moved to his present place of residence; has 400 acres in this body of land. November 13, 1856, he married Charlotte Phillips, a daughter of William and Jemima (Pullen) Phillips. She has a liberal education. This union has resulted in ten children, six living: Nancy C., Newton F., Laura J., Louis M. Lida J., and Robert L. Those deceased are Cornelia, William M. and infants. Cornelia was thrown from a horse and killed, while on the way to the burial of her grandmother, May 28, 1867, aged seven years. William M., died in his tenth year, June 19, 1876. His wife was born Christmas day, 1837, in Hawkins County, Tenn.
Ellis Cocke, lawyer, was born in Grainger County, September 1, 1850, the son of William M. and Sarah Cocke, both of Scotch, Irish stock, and natives of Grainger County. The former born July 6, 1815, and the latter March 5, 1818, and died in Asheville, N.C., November 30, 1866. They lived in Grainger County until 1859, then moved to Knox County, near McMillan Station, when they lived until February, 1864. Their next residence was where the mother died, and in 1872 the father married Amanda Grigsby, and settled at Winchester, Ky. The father is a lawyer, and has represented the Second Congressional District several Terms. The speech he made in Congress on the Mexican war was published in the Southern Orator. Our subject, one of a large family, graduated from Davidson College, N. C. in 1873, and at once began the study of law under Col. Frank M. Fulkerson, of Rogersville, and was admitted in 1874. In 1875, he was elected county superintendent of public schools, and while in the office he gave his spare time to the law, and today few lawyers in upper East Tennessee are better known in the criminal and Federal courts. He has distinguished himself in several cases in the last few years, and given much attention to practice in the Federal courts at Knoxville, Chattanooga and Asheville, N.C. His family has always been illustrious in East Tennessee as lawyers and politicians. He has been an active and prominent Democrat.
Hon. William M. Francisco, farmer, and the present representative of Hawkins County was born there August 2, 1842, the son of Jackson W. and Elizabeth (Crews) Francisco, natives of Hawkins County, and of English origin, with parents from Virginia. The father was born about 1820, the mother about 1821, and both are still living in Hawkins, the only county they ever called their home; both are Methodists, and accustomed to farm life. Our subject, one of a large family, finished his education in Prospect Academy, Virginia, and Boston Academy, Kentucky. Farming has been his chief calling in life, but in the spring of 1881 he was licensed to practice law, in which active practice he has never yet entered. Since 1858 he has been at his present home. In November 1886, the Republican party elected him to his present honorable position, over Mr. R. F. Powell, and has served one session of seventy-five days, on several important committees, and voted for the constitutional amendment against intoxicating liquors. In May, 1867, Kizzie, a daughter of George W. and Sallie Wells, became his wife. She was born May 21, 1850. They have two sons and two daughters. Our subject is a Republican, while in religion he is a Methodist and his wife a Presbyterian.
Samuel H. Gault, M.D., was born in Blount County, Tenn., February 24, 1843, son of John G. and Mary (Logan) Gault. John G. was born in Blount County, about 1798, and died in Blount County in 1869. The mother was of Dutch extraction; her ancestors came from Pennsylvania; she was born in Blount County about 1804, and died in Blount County, at Maryville, in 1874. They were married in their native county, and never lived anywhere else except in Blount County. The father was engaged in agricultural pursuits during life, and made life a fair success; was a Democrat, and a prominent member of the Presbyterian Church, and for a number of years served the church as a ruling elder; the mother was a member of the same church. Our subject is the youngest of a large family of children. He received a liberal education in his youth, which was commenced at the country schools and completed at Maryville, Porter Academy. In February, 1862, he left school to join the United States Army, and enlisted in the Third Tennessee Regiment Infantry; was received into the army of the Ohio, served the remainder of the war, and the last year he served as aid-de-camp on the staff of Gen. J. A. Cooper. He returned home in the spring of 1865, and early in 1866 he commenced to engage in the mercantile business at Maryville, in partnership with W. A. Walker; firm name Walker & Gault. He continued about three years, then sold out to his partner, and for the next two years read medicine under Dr. John Blankenship, of Maryville. In the winters of 1872-73 and 1873-74, he attended the lectures at the University of Nashville, Tenn., where he duly received his diplomas as M.D. In the spring of 1874, after graduating, he returned to Maryville and commenced the practice of his profession. He remained until the fall of 1876, he then went to Louisville, Blount Co., Tenn., on the Tennessee River, and remained there until April, 1884, at which time he came to Rogersville. On March 15, 1866, he married Miss Sarah E. Henry, of Blount County. This lady died September 1, 1877. On May 19, 1886, he took for his second wife Miss Mary E. White of Rogersville. He had three children by his first marriage, one son and two daughters. Our subject is a Republican and a worthy member of the Presbyterian Church. His first wife was a member of the same church. His present wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church North.
William P. Gillenwaters, a prominent lawyer of the Rogersville bar, was born in Effingham County, Ill. In July, 1842, and is the son of John and Elizabeth (Surgoin) Gillenwaters. The fatherís descendants are not known, but were either German or English. The mother was of French descent. Both were native of Hawkins County, Tenn. Dates of birth not known. The father died in Illinois in the latter part of 1843, at about fifty years of age, and the mother died four months after the death of the father, at about forty-four years of age. They were married in Hawkins County, where they lived some ten years, and then went to Illinois where they died as above stated. The father was an old line Whig, and both father and mother were worthy members of the Methodist Church. Our subject is the ninth of eleven children, and before he was two years old his parents died, when he was brought to Hawkins County, and raised by a grandmother, Sugoin. At the age of fifteen he found himself forced to make his way in life by his unaided efforts. He began for himself by working one year in a saddlerís shop, at Surgoinville, Hawkins County. He had resolved on securing an education, and after working one year is the saddlerís shop, he went to the farm, where he could have more time for study. After working one year on the farm, at $5 a month, he went to Strawberry Plains, and with his small earnings and by working on Saturdays and vacation, he was enabled to attend school ten months, after which he was qualified to teach. He then alternately taught and went to school in the States of Indiana, Illinois and Tennessee, until he had mastered all the sciences and some of the languages. He read law while he was teaching, and after his return from the West, he gave one year to the study of law, and was admitted to the bar at Rogersville in 1865, and since that date his name has been on the roll of Tennessee attorneys. He is better known as a criminal lawyer, and the reputation he had made in this particular course is, perhaps, unequaled by that of any other lawyer in this section of the State. He is an ardent Republican, and has been prominent in that political party for the last then years. In 1880, he was on the Garfield and Arthur electoral ticket, and twice, when Dr. Wight and Hawkins were nominated, our subject lacked only a few votes of getting the nomination. On May 6, 1865, he married Miss Amanda E. Sexton, a cultivated lady, and born in Clay County, Ill., in 1843. There have been born to them five children, three sons and two daughters. Our subject and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church (North).
John M. Gray, cashier of the Citizensí Bank, was born in Greene County, August 14, 1849, the son of Robert and Nancy (Mays) Gray, the former of Scotch-Irish stock, and born in Greene County, in October, 1814, and the latter of German origin, and born about 1825, in the same county. They were married about 1847, and a year later came to this county, locating ten miles southeast of Rogersville, where they resided up to 1873. They then moved to Jefferson County, where the father, a cabinet-maker, devotes himself chiefly to farming. He is a Republican, and a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. The mother, who died April 5, 1885, was also a member of that church. Our subject is the only child, and finished his education at Tusculum College, after which he was a pedagogue for a time in Greene and Hawkins Counties. In November, 1873, he became clerk and master of the chancery court, and as he was at this time but twenty-four years old, he was the youngest clerk in the district, and continued to hold the office for twelve years. He had been studying law, and was licenses in February, 1886, but has never actively practiced. At the organization of the bank in March, 1887, he was made its cashier. The capital of the bank is $35,000. He married, March 10, 1875 Fannie S., a daughter of Richard and Louisiana Mitchell, and granddaughter of Joseph Rogers, in whose honor Rogersville received its name. They have two sons and two daughters. Our subject is a Republican, and is a member of the Baptist Church, while his wife is a Presbyterian.
Lewis W. Guthrie, farmer, was born in Greene County, Tenn., February 11, 1834, the son of Andrew and Ibbie (Rader) Guthrie. The father, born in Green County in 1801, died there on August 3, 1867, a farmer and a Democrat. Andrewís father left him, as a child with relatives, and went to Mississippi, and he was made to do for himself at a very early age. The mother, born in Greene County in 1813, died there in February, 1884, a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Our subject, the second of ten children (seven now living), worked for his father until twenty-two years of age, and began on his own resources. He moved to Hawkins County, and rented land until 1865, when he bought 80 acres of his present 560 acre farm. He is a Republican, an Odd Fellow and a Methodist. November 3, 1859, he married Rhoda N. Moore, who was born in Hawkins County, Tenn., in February, 1838, a daughter of Robert Moore. She is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Winnie N., Floyd, George R., Samuel, Mary C., Nora M., and Pearl are their living children, and those deceased are Sylvesta, Ida, Walter and John C.
Phillip S. Hale, a prominent citizen and well-to-do farmer of Hawkins County, was born in that county December 10, 1830, son of Phillip S. and Elizabeth (Bachman) Hale. They were of Scotch-Irish and German descent, and natives of East Tennessee, the father of Greene County, and the mother of Sullivan County. They were married in the latter county, and lived at Kingsport, same county, after their marriage several years, then moved to Hawkins County, where the father died in 1867, at the good old age of seventy-four. The father was a farmer, and in his early days he was engaged in the mercantile business; was a Democrat, and a worthy member of the Presbyterian Church, to which the mother also belongs. Our subject is one of twelve children. He was born in Hawkins County, where he secured a good academical education, and, with the exception of one year, part of which (1865-66) he spent at Bristol, lived in that county all his life, engaged in farming. After living at different places in the county, about 1874 or 1875, he purchased and settled on the place where he now lives. He is an industrious citizen, his early lesson in life having been hard, and now owns upward of 210 acres in the fifth District, on the Holston River. July 23, 1857, he married Miss Margaret Smith, of Hawkins County, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth Smith. Eight children - four sons and four daughters (one son deceased)- were born to this union; the deceased, Samuel Smith was born November 15, 1860, and died August 21, 1881. Our subject is a decided Democrat. He is not a member of any church, but is in sympathy with the Methodist faith. Mrs. Hale is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South.
Jacob Hamilton (deceased), a planter, was born near Blountville, Tenn., February 2, 1828, the son of John B. and Elizabeth (Hicks) Hamilton, the former born in 1796, where the wife of our subject now lives, and deceased in Blountville in 1863. The Hamilton ancestors were from Ireland. John B. was a successful farmer and trader, and acquired considerable property. He was sheriff several years and in politics a Democrat, while his religious faith was Presbyterian. The mother, born also near Blountville about 1780, died in Sullivan County, about sixty five years of age, a member of the Baptist Church. Our subject, the third of nine children (but three living), left home at twenty-two and came to the farm where he lived so long and which he rented until 1864 and soon bought. He was then a merchant at Bristol, Tenn., until 1866, then for two years a hotel keeper in Blountville, when he returned to the farm. This consists of 1,200 acres on the Holston river and Bays Mountain. He was very successful, but his generous nature led him to suffer as a surety, a great deal. In the spring of 1861 he enlisted in Col. Samuel Powellís Confederate Infantry, and was at Shiloh, Chickamauga and other actions, serving until March, 1864, when he returned home on account of ill health. Our subject entered the war as a lieutenant, but afterward became captain. He represented Hawkins County in the Lower House of the Legislature in 1856-57. He was the first Master of the lodge at Fall Branch and at Church Hill in the Masonic lodges. He was moderator at the Holston Baptist association several years in succession. He was in many respects a remarkable man, and in every respect one of the most worthy and generally esteemed Christian gentlemen of his day. Ida D., his daughter, died, when but twelve years of age, in 1865. Olivia M., their eldest daughter, married A. C. Smith. He was a member of the Baptist Church from his eighteenth year, and was long a Mason. In politics he was a Democrat. He was educated at Blountville. March 12, 1850, he married Margaret E. Maxwell, who was born in Mecklenburg County, N.C., September 28, 1825, the daughter of J. J. and Margaret (Wallace) Maxwell who where of Scotch-Irish origin. She is an educated lady, and a member of the Missionary Baptist Church, and the postoffice of Margaret, established in 1882, and of which she became postmistress, was named in her honor. She has also proved herself an able farm superintendent since her husbandís death.
Rufus Hunter, a prominent citizen of Hawkins County, is a native of East Tennessee, and born in Greene County, July 22, 1837, son of John and Lettie (Self) Hunter. They were of Irish and English descent, and natives of Greene County, Tenn.; the father born in 1794 and died in Greene County, in January, 1857; the mother was about ten years younger than the father, and died in Greene County about August, 1882. They were married in Greene County, where they lived ever afterward. The father was engaged in agricultural pursuits during life, and made life a good success. He was a Whig. Our subject is one of nine children. He secured a good academical education in his youth in Greene County, and began life as a farmer, has been farming ever since, and has made the raising of live stock rather a specialty; was engaged in the farming interest in Greene County up to 1877, at which time he came to Hawkins County, and settled where he now lives, having purchased the farm (1874) three years previous. In 1866 he went to Alabama, and for two years he was engaged in raising cotton in Morgan County. He trades in stock in the Carolina States. Subject has been successful in life, and now owns over 700 acres in Hawkins and Greene Counties - 550 in Hawkins, and 170 in Greene. In April, 1872, he married Miss Martha J. Spears, of Hawkins County, who was born in October, 1842. To this union seven children were born, two sons and five daughters, one son being deceased. Our subject is a Democrat. He is not a member of any church, but is a firm believer in the Christian religion, and in sympathy with the Methodist Church. His wife is a member of the same church. Our subjectís father served in the War of 1812.
Robert M. Kyle, farmer and miller, was born near his present location forty-eight years ago on March 23, 1839, son of William C. and Alice (Massengill) Kyle. Both were of Irish descent. The former was born in Hawkins County, June 6, 1813, and is now living at Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., the mother born in Grainger County, in Dec., 1815, and died at Whitesburg, in October, 1886. They were married in Grainger County, and immediately settled at Rogersville, Hawkins County, where they resided some fourteen years, then moved onto a farm two miles west of Rogersville and lived until the year 1867, at which time they went to Whitesburg, Hamblen County. Before the war the father was engaged in the mercantile business and the slave trade, and since the war in farming. He is a Democrat, and not a member of any church. The mother is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Subject is the eldest of five children. He secured a good academic education at Rogersville, in his youth. Before the war he was engaged in agricultural pursuits; during the war and one year after the war, in merchandising. At Knoxville during the war, and at Whitesburg after the war, he was engaged in the mercantile interest. In 1867 he settled on a farm near Rogersville, where he was engaged in farming two years and in 1869 he purchased and settled on a farm in Jefferson County, and after five years farming in Jefferson County he sold out and came to Hawkins County and purchased and settled where he now lives. He gave his attention exclusively to farming and the live stock trade up to the fall of 1886, at which time he built the Walnut Hill Rolling Process Flouring Mills. Since then he has been engaged in farming and the milling interest. Our subject has been a successful man, he now owns one mill and over 1,700 acres of land in Hawkins County, 1,000 of which is on the Stony Mountain. Subjectís farm was owned by his father, William C. Kyle, by his grandfather, Absalom Kyle and by the great-grandfather, Robert Kyle, who came from North Carolina, and located, entering or buying the farm at the early settling of Hawkins County. On December 18, 1866, our subject married Miss Annie McNutt, of Knoxville, an excellent lady, and born in 1847 or 1848. They have seven children living, four sons and three daughter. Subject is a Democrat, but takes part in politics. He and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church.
Thomas Lee, farmer, was born near St. Clair, Tenn. April 20, 1824, the son of James and Hannah (Hale) Lee, the former born in Hawkins County about 1786, and deceased in 1866. The ancestors of the Lees came from England, and James, a farmer, was in various battle of the war of 1812 The latter was well educated and held Democratic principles. The grandfather, Thomas, a farmer, also a native of Virginia, died in Hawkins County, in which he was among the earliest pioneers. The mother was born and died at dates corresponding nearly to those of her husband, and in the same county. Our subject, the tenth of fourteen children, was twenty years old when he left the old homestead and began as a farmer on rented land for himself. In 1861, he enlisted in Company B. Thirty-first Tennessee Confederate Infantry as third lieutenant, and remained in service until the close of the war, engaging in the actions at Oak Hill (Miss.) and Big Black River, where he was captured May 17, 1863, and taken to Camp Morton, Indianapolis, Ind., then Fort Delaware, and after six months at these places, to Point Lookout, Md. In September 1864, he rejoined his company then in Virginia. He lost all he had during the war, but now owns 340 acres of land in this county, and has it greatly improved. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and is a Democrat who favors prohibition. Lucy, a daughter of Jesse Spears, became his wife in 1843. She was born in Hawkins County, March 23, 1823, and is a Methodist. Their children are Eliza J., John B., Sallie, Thomas D., Edna V., and Samuel; those decease are Jesse J., who was also captured at Big Black River, and died in the war prison at Point Lookout; Joseph N., deceased in this county. Malenota, who died near Springfield, Mo, which State became their home for a while in 1850, and Christopher who died in Salem, Mo., in 1851, while they were en route back to Tennessee.
WILLIAM W. LEGG, a prominent citizen, farmer and stock dealer, was born in Knox County, December 5, 1841, a son of J. W. and Martha J. (Meek) Legg. They were of English -Irish, and Scotch-Irish descent. Both were natives of East Tennessee, the father of Knox County, and the mother of Jefferson County. The father was born about 1814, and died in 1870, and the mother was born about 1828, and died in Knox county in the fall of 1862. They were married in Jefferson County, and settled after their marriage in Knox County. In 1865 the father went to South Carolina, and remained four years, then went to Georgia. The father was a merchant and a farmer, and for some twelve years he was county surveyor of Knox County. Our subject is one of eight children, he received a common school education in his youth, and at the age of eighteen (in June, 1862) he entered the Confederate States service, enlisting in company D (Cavalry), Second Tennessee Regiment, served the remainder of the war with credit, and was received into Hume's Brigade. Our subject took part in the battles of Fishing Creek, Richmond (Ky.), Murfreesboro, Chickamauga Creek and Missionary Ridge. He surrendered in North Carolina, and after the war he went to Chester, S.C. and remained in that State until 1878, trading in live stock. In 1878, he came to Hawkins County, and settled where he now lives. Since then he has been engaged in farming, trading and raising live stock, in which he has been very successful. June 21, 1882, he married Miss Laura A. Lane, born in Hamblen county November 9, 1859. Three children have been born to this union - two sons and one daughter, one daughter deceased. Our subject is a Democrat. He is not a member of any church, but his wife is a member of the Missionary Baptist Church.
William F. Lyons, a prominent citizen of Hawkins County, was born eleven miles east of Rogersville, May 22, 1818, a son of William and Matilda G. (Maxwell) Lyons. Both were of Irish descent. The father was born in Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia, March 11, 1776, and died in Hawkins County, at Lyonís store, July 3, 1886, at the advanced age of ninety years. The mother was born in Hawkins County, January 19, 1787, and died at Lyonís store August 21, 1867, aged eighty years. They were married in Hawkins County about 1806 or 1807, and spend the remainder of their days in Hawkins County. the father was engaged in the mercantile business in connection with farming, and made a success of life; he sold goods nearly sixty years and near Lyonís store. He was a Democrat, and he and wife were worthy members of the Presbyterian Church. Our subject is the fifth of nine children. He secured a good academical education in Hawkins County, began life as a farmer, and farming has been his occupation ever since. About 1840, he settled on a farm in the Eighth District, where he resided some ten years. In 1850, he purchased and settled where he now lives, having at the same time sold his other place. He has been successful in the farming interest, now owning upward of 800 acres of land in Hawkins County. Our subject is a stanch Democrat. He is not a member of any church, but is of the Presbyterian faith. He has been married twice; first on November 3, 1842, to Miss Julia A. Hale, born in Sullivan County, but raised in Hawkins County. She was born March 24, 1823. She died at Knoxville while under treatment of a physician. She was a worthy member of the Presbyterian Church. One son was the result of the first marriage, James C., born December 13, 1843 and died May 29, 1884. Our subject is a very stanch Democrat, and desires the world to know it. He is a great admirer of Jefferson Davis.
Capt. Clinton G. Lyons, a prominent citizen and stock raiser, was born where he now lives, February 10, 1829, son of William and Matilda G. (Maxwell) Lyons. The father was of Irish descent, and the mother of Scotch-Irish descent. The former was born in Pennsylvania, nine mile from Philadelphia in Haverford Township. The motherís father, George Maxwell, was among the first settlers of Hawkins County. Our subjectís father was among the first settlers of the same county, having settled here as early as the year 1800. Our subject is the youngest of nine children. He secured a good education which was commenced at the county schools, and finished at the University of Knoxville, He remained with his father until his death, and assisted him in his mercantile and farming interests. At the death of his father (1866), he came in possession of the old homestead, and since that time he has given his attention exclusively to the farming interests, making the raising of live stock a great specialty. In May, 1862, he entered the Confederate States service, enlisting in Company A, Twelfth Tennessee Battalion of Calvary as first Lieutenant, and in a short while he was elected captain of the company, and served his country in this capacity the remainder of the war. His company was gallant, and was finally received into Gen.,. Pegramís division, and operated both in the western and eastern armies; took part in the battles of Perryville, Ky., Murfreesboro, Chickamuga, and then led the advance of Gen. Longstreet to Knoxville. At Loudon, one night, he was selected by Gen. Morrison to drive into the enemyís pickets and ascertain the position of the enemy. This he did very successfully, and to the satisfaction of the commanding general. He received a wound at Chicamuga, but never quit the field. After leaving East Tennessee he went to Virginia, and took part in the battles of Cedar Hill and Port Republic, and at Port Republic he received a sever wound, and was never able to enter the service again, and is still suffering from its effects. On October 7, 1857, he married Livie M. Cocke, daughter of Col. William M. Cocke, of Grainger County, who represented before the war that district in Congress. To the subject of this sketch belong six children - four sons and two daughters - one son, James S., died in February, 1880. Our subject is a stanch Democrat, and he and wife and four children are members of the Presbyterian Church. Five children are living, and all reside with him, and one son, William C., is a practicing physician. William C. commenced the study of medicine in 1884, and read two years under Dr. James Hoffman of Stony Point, and in the winter of 1886-7 he attended lectures at the Louisville Medical College, receiving an honorary diploma. He is a young physician of much promise, and will go soon the Bellevue College, New York City. He returned from college in January, 1887, and since that time he has been engaged in the practice of medicine.
Luther B. Lyons, a prominent citizen and well-to-do farmer of the Eighth district, was born in Hawkins County, January 7, 1854, son of David and Julia (Armstrong) Lyons. They were of Irish and Scotch-Irish descent. Both were natives of Hawkins County. the father was born September 27, 1809 and died in Hawkins County, September 27, 1864, just fifty-five years of age to a day. The mother was born in 1811, and is still living in Hawkins County. they were married in Hawkins county, and never lived anywhere else. The father was a merchant and farmer. He was an old line Whig, and a Presbyterian in faith, though he never connected himself with the church. The mother is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Luther B., the youngest of five children, received a good education , commenced in a country school and finished in Kingís College, Bristol. He took a select course and received a certificate for the same. Upon leaving college, he commenced farming and this has been his calling ever since. At the age of twenty-one he came in possession of the homestead. He has been successful, and now owns 325 acres of land. On December 21, 1879, he married Miss Kate Phipps of Hawkins County, a cultivated lady, born in 1859. Three children, two sons and one daughter have been born. Our subject is a Democrat, and he and his wife are worthy member of the Presbyterian Church.
Richard P. Mitchell, M.D., of Rogersville, was born, at Rogersville, April 30, 1827, the son of Stokely D. and Alice (Rogers) Mitchell. They were of Scotch-Irish and Irish descent. Both were born at Rogersville; the father on March 25, 1795, and the mother on November 4, 1800. Both died at Rogersville, the father on June 19, 1866, and the mother in 1873. They were married at Rogersville, December 11, 1823. The father received a collegiate education, and graduated from the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, in 1815. He was a man of considerable prominence, and was cashier of the old State Bank at Rogersville from 1818 to 1830. He was clerk of the House of Representatives four terms - 1835, 1836, 1841 and 1843. He published the Calvanistic Magazine during 1828-29-30 and in 1830 published also the Railroad Advocate. The mother was the daughter of Joseph Rogers, who was the founder of Rogersville, Our subject is the third of nine children. He received a liberal education in his youth at McMinn Academy, at Rogersville, and went in 1853 to the Jefferson Medical College, in Philadelphia, where he graduated as an M.D. in 1854. After his graduation he went to Florida, and when he had practiced over one year near Gainesville, he returned to Rogersville and with the exception of the two years he spent in the war, he has been a practicing physician here ever since. In the fall of 1863, he joined the United States Army, and was made surgeon of the first Tennessee Regiment of Light Artillery. He was stationed at Nashville, where he remained the remainder of the war. He was on the medical examining board of the State and county. July 7, 1861,he married Miss Mary J. Shields, daughter of Dr. Samuel and Eliza Shields of Grainger County. She was born July 4, 1835. They have four children, three sons and one daughter. Our subject is a Republican. His father was old line Whig, and a great admirer of Henry Clay. Subject, father, mother and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church.
John R Moore, farmer, was [born] on his present farm in the Fourteenth district, Hawkins County, August 18, 1843, the son of James (Sr.) and Ann (Beckman) Moore, the former born in Botetourt County, Va., in 1800, and deceased in this county, December 9, 1871. James was brought to Tennessee, when but a year old, by his father, who afterward died there. James became a wealthy farmer, and in politics was a Whig and a Republican, successively. The date of birth, birth-place, and residence of the mother, are nearly the same as those of her husband, but she died July 27, 1883, a member of the German Baptist Church. Our subject, the youngest and only living child of eight born to them, was educated in Washington and Hawkins Counties. He lived with his father, until he married, and then took care of his parents in their old age, from whom he received part of his land, which he has so improved and increased since. From 1881 to 1886 he was selling agricultural implements at Rogersville Junction. He is a Republican and a member of the German Baptist Church. In June, 1864, he enlisted in the Third Tennessee Mounted Infantry, for 100 days, and was on guard duty as corporal along the line of the East Tennessee, Virginia & George Railway. November 23, 1871, he married Emily, a daughter of Alexander and Eliza (Davis) McCullough, the former of whom died at the action at Bullís Gap, and the latter is still living. She was born in Hawkins County, August 22, 1849, and is well educated. Their children are Maggie A., Minnie B., Dorsey J., and Mary E.
Thomas J. Parrott, trustee of Hawkins County, was born there January 23, 1857, and finished his education at the high schools of Macedonia and Sabina (Ohio). He began on the farm of John Simpson, at the age of twelve years, and labored two years; then went to Joseph A. Bassettís, in the same neighborhood, and worked five years, regularly, except four months, during which time he was in school. In the meantime while he worked for J. A. Bassett, he recited lessons every night to Miss Addie Johnson, who was governess in the house of Mr. Bassett. Miss Johnson gave him his first lessons in grammar and arithmetic, and we would study his lessons during the day and recite at night. He learned to repeat all of the multiplication tables, while hauling rails with an ox team, in the winter of 1871. He began on the farms of John Simpson and Joseph A. Bassett, and when nineteen, worked on the farms of W. McKibben and Andrew M. Hunter, in Ohio. He taught school one year in Ohio, and in 1881 returned to East Tennessee, and then engaged in teaching in Greene County, a short time. He was then a salesman for Jones & Gray, at Choptack, for about twenty months, and then bought out the store, but two years later quit that business,. In August 1886, he was elected to his present position, as a Republican, over L. H. Charles, the Democratic nominee by 354 votes. December 10, 1884, Sarah E. Davis became his wife. She is a cultured lady of this county. Cora N., their only daughter was born October 8, 1885. He and his wife are members of the Missionary Baptist Church.
P. L. Pearson, a prominent citizen, merchant and farmer of the Ninth Civil District, of Hawkins County, was born in Hawkins County, in the Third District, thirteen miles northwest of Rogersville, October 23, 1837, the son of Lawrence and Elizabeth (Davault) Pearson. They were of German and Irish descent. The father was born in Pennsylvania, and brought to Hawkins County when a child where he was reared and lived ever afterward. He died February 19, 1872, at about eighty-five or eighty-six years of age. The mother was born in Claiborne County, about 1800, and died in Hawkins County, January 7, 1884. The fatherís parents were among the first settlers of Hawkins County. His father was a farmer, and made life a good success. He was a Republican. Our subject is the eighth of nine children. He secured a liberal education in his youth, which was commenced in the country schools, and finished at Sneedville, Hancock County, and Mossy Creek, Jefferson County. He was reared on his fatherís farm. After completing his education he taught school one year in Hawkins County, and then entered business at Rogersville as a clerk in William Whiteís general merchandise store. He remained about one year, and then engaged in farming a short time. He then entered the Confederate States Army, enlisting in Company E battalion. At the reorganization of the company it was put into the Second Tennessee Regiment of Cavalry, under Gen. Ashby. The first captain was Robert Simpson, and the second was William Smith, when it was placed under Ashby. Our subject enlisted, July 8, 1861. He took part in numerous battles - Murfreesboro, Chichamauga and Missionary Ridge. He was captured in Bedford County, on one of Wheelerís raids. In October, 1863, he was carried to Indianapolis, Ind., and kept as a prisoner of war until March, 1865, at which time he was paroled and after remaining in Virginia awhile, he reached his fatherís home in Hawkins County, April 30, 1865. He immediately commenced to engage in farming. In August, 1866, he purchased and settled where he now lives, and up to 1876, he gave his attention exclusively to farming. In the year 1876, in partnership with James G. Looney, he dealt in livestock, a business which was continued about four years and the last three years they were also engaged in the mercantile business. The store at Vogel Postoffice, near our subjectís residence, and on his farm, was opened up in November, 1877. Our subject bought out Mr. Looney in 1881, and still continues the business. All along our subject has been engaged in farming, and has made stock raising a specialty. On August 19, 1866, he married Miss Sallie J. Looney, of Hawkins County, born March 25, 1835, daughter of A. D. Looney and Sallie Looney. They were the parents of eight children - five sons and three daughter - one daughter deceased. Our subject is a Democrat, and he and his wife are worthy members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South.
William S. Phipps was born in Hawkins County, July 17, 1848, son of Wesley A. and Eliza (Hale) Phipps. Both were of Scotch-Irish descent, and natives of Hawkins County. the father was born September 16, 1816, in the Eighth Civil District at the place where he died, October 16, 1882, aged sixty-six years. The other was born about 1820 and died in 1865. They were married in Hawkins County, and lived and died where the father was born. The father was engaged in agricultural pursuits, and was very successful. His father, William Phipps, was a native of Botetourt County, Va., and was among the early settlers of Hawkins County. Our subjectís father was a stanch Democrat, and he and his wife were worthy members of the Presbyterian Church. The father served the church as an elder over thirty-five years. Our subject is the third of ten children. He secured a liberal education in his youth, which was commenced in the country schools of Hawkins County, and finished at King College, Bristol. His first industrial employment was in agricultural pursuits on his fatherís plantation, and farming has been his chief calling ever since. In 1870,and for the next few years up to 1873, he was engaged in the mercantile business with his father at Stony Point. Since that time he has given his attention exclusively to the farming interest. March 26, 1873, he married Miss Sallie Carmack, of Hawkins County, born in November, 1852, daughter of Dr. John and Matilda Carmack. On marrying, in 1873, he settled where he now lives as a renter, and continued as such up to 1883, at which time he moved to the old homestead and lived three years. In the meantime he wound up his fatherís estate as administrator. In 1885 he purchased the farm he now lives on, and moved to it in the spring of 1886. Our subject has been a live, active man, all of his life. He began life rather poor, but now owns upward of 600 acres of land on the Holston river, in the Eighth District. Our subject is a decided Democrat, and he and his wife are worthy members of the Presbyterian Church. The subject of this sketch is the father of six intelligent children - four sons and two daughters. The father was also engaged in the mercantile business from 1866 to 1873, first at Lyons Store, then at Stony Point.
J. M. Phipps, an enterprising planter, of Hawkins County, was born where he now lived, thirty-four years ago, February 25, 1853, son of Joshua and Ann P. (Bachman) Phipps. The father was of English and Scotch descent; the other of Scotch-Irish descent. The father was born in Hawkins County in 1801, and died in Hawkins County in 1861. The mother, born in Sullivan County in 1827, is still living, and makes her home with the subject of this sketch. The parents were married in Sullivan County, and settled permanently in Hawkins County. The father was engaged in agricultural pursuits, and was known as the most extensive and successful planter in upper East Tennessee. At one time he owned over 11,000 acres of land in Hawkins County. He was an old line Whig before the war, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. The mother is a member of this church. Our subject is the only child. He received a liberal education, which was commenced in the country schools of Hawkins County, and finished at Hamilton College, New York, though, before entering college, he attended some preparatory schools at Lookout Mountain and at Leroy and Clinton, New York. He left college in 1872, and since that date he has given his attention to farming. In due time he came in possession of the homestead. On June 4, 1873, he married Miss Mollie McKinney, a cultured Lady, and educated at the Rogersville Female College. She is the daughter of Maj. C. J. McKinney, deceased. There were born to this union seven children - four sons and three daughters; three are dead, one son and two daughters. Our subject is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church.
William H. Price, merchant and planter, was born near Lynchburg, Va., March 10, 1825, the son of Joseph H. and Lucy (Stone) Price, the former born in England in 1795, and died at Kingsport Tenn., about 1857. And the latter, of about the same age, born in Virginia, and died about 1868. The parents lived about sixteen years in Virginia after their marriage, and then settled in Kingsport, Tenn. He was a painter, who had learned his trade in London. Our subject, the eldest of four children, was educated in Kingsport, and began as a farmer, but afterward traveled for the cotton factory of Wall & Simpson, Kingsport. He was a salesman there and at New Canton also, and in 1865 he and Daniel Rogan established a general store, continuing for eighteen months, when the firm became W. P. Price & Co. instead of D. Rogan & Co. Mr. Price conducted it alone for about thirteen years. in December, 1881, he moved his store to Church Hill, his present location, where he has also been engaged in farming. He has acquired now over 600 acres of land, and controls a trade of from $12,000 to $15,000 annually. In 1862 he married Lou Smith, who died in 1866, and in 1867 Mary Shaver, of Sullivan County, became his wife. They have one son, John W., born in 1868. Our subject is a Democrat, and in religion a Methodist, while his wife is a member of the Presbyterian Church.
William T. Robertson, proprietor of the Rogersville Review, established that paper July 23, 1885, and after a struggle through the consumptive years of a new paper, he has, through all obstacles, placed it on a sure footing. The Review is a supporter of the Democratic party, and is largely circulated throughout the East Tennessee region and vicinity, and among the Hawkins County people who have immigrated to the West. The Review has advocated the development of the marble and mineral resources of this region, and favored railroad extension, and a line from one end of the State to the other, for the completion of which there are well-founded hopes, and that in the near future. Mr. Robertson was reared in Greene County, and when a boy entered and served in Lynchís Confederate Battery three years, being captured at Vicksburg. After his exchange he served in the army of southwestern Virginia and East Tennessee. Since the war he has lived in the Carolinas until he established the Review at Rogersville. The Review, in July last, closed its second volume, and entered upon its third year with brighter prospects than at any time since it was established.
Andrew D. Simpson, an enterprising merchant of Rogersville, of the firm of A. D. Simpson & Co., was born at Rogersville, August 26, 1854, the son of William and Mary T. (Davidson) Simpson. The father was of Irish descent and was born at Rogersville in 1822, where he died January 23, 1886. The mother was born at Abingdon, Va., in 1833, and died at Rogersville in the fall of 1854. The parents were married at Rogersville about 1852. The father remarried about 1857 to Miss Lou Potter, of Manchester, Ky. The father was engaged in the mercantile business all of his life at Rogersville, and was very successful. He was a Democrat. Subject is the only child. He secured a good education in his youth at Rogersville, and began life (1870) by clerking in his fatherís store, and he has been engaged in the mercantile business ever since. He is now, in connection with his step-mother and a half brother, R. E. Simpson, engaged in an extensive mercantile interest - one store at Rogersville and one at New Canton, eighteen miles northeast of Rogersville. Both houses do a business of between $75,000 and $100,000 a year. Subject is not a member of any church, but his in sympathy with the Presbyterian Church. He is a Democrat.
Alexander Smith, farmer, was born in Hawkins County, April 28, 1843, the son of Campbell and Maria J. (Alexander) Smith, the former of Scotch-Irish stock, and the latter of German, and both natives of this county. they lived to past middle age. Our subject, the youngest of five children, secured an ordinary education and worked on his grandfatherís farm until he entered the Confederate service in 1861, joining Company E, Second Tennessee Cavalry, operating in Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina and South Carolina. He participated in the actions at Fishing Creek, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and others in Georgia. In 1865, after an absence of four years, he returned to the farm. He lived on the farm until he fall of 1866, then clerked in a store until the summer of 1867, then traded in grain and stock until 1868, after which he farmed in Mecklenburg County, N.C., until 1870, then again traded in stock until 1875, when he bought the farm where he now lives and has farmed and traded in stock ever since. He has acquired about 1,000 acres of land, 700 of which is on the Holston River. Besides this he owns over 500 acres of Bayís Mountain land. October 19, 1871, Ollie M. Hamilton became his wife. She was born January 24, 1851 in Hawkins County. they have five sons and two daughters. Our subject is a Democrat, and favors prohibition. His wife is a member of the Missionary Baptist Church.
Christopher C. Spears, coroner and ex-sheriff of Hawkins County, was born four miles east of Rogersville August 17, 1840, son of D. A. and Mary (Parks). The father was born in Hawkins County about 1811, and died in Hawkins County in 1860. The mother was born in Maryland in 1814, and died in Hawkins County in March, 1887. They were married in Hawkins County and settled permanently in the county. the father was a farmer, and was an old line Whig. The father and mother were worthy members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. South. Subject is the third of eight children. He received a good education in his youth, which was finished at McMinn Academy, and located at Rogersville, His education was interrupted by the breaking out of the civil war between the States, and in the spring of 1861, he entered the Confederate States service, enlisted in company K, Nineteenth Regiment Tennessee Infantry, and was received into the western army. Subject took part in the battles of Shiloh Church, Murfreesboro, Baton Rouge, La., and from Dalton to Atlanta, etc. He returned home in May, 1865, after an absence of four years. Upon reaching home he commenced to engage in the farming interest, and continued up to 1870, at which time he was duly elected high sheriff of Hawkins County, and was successively elected to the same office in 1872 and 1874. In 1872 he was an independent candidate, and defeated the nominee of both political parties. He was also an independent candidate in 1874. It seems about this time there was a change in his politics, for in 1878, he was the nominee of the Republican party for circuit court clerk, and was elected. He served one term of four years, and was re-elected to the same office in 1882. January 1, 1887, he was elected coroner by the county court, and still holds this office. September 27, 1870 he married Miss Sideria M. Bean, born at Abingdon, Miss., in 1849. They had no children. Both are worthy members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South.
John E. Starnes, farmer, was born in Hawkins County, August 2, 1837, the son of John Starnes, Sr. and Elizabeth Starnes, formerly Elizabeth Pearson, both born in that county, the former born on March 8, 1807, and still living with his son, and the latter was born on May 1, 1817, and died February 10, 1882. Both were members of the Methodist Church South, and had been for several years; they had a large family of children, eleven in number, six boys and five girls, two sons and two daughters dead. John E. Starnes followed school teaching for some six years. He has since turned his attention to trading and farming exclusively. In 1875 he was elected in a Republican county by a majority to twenty-six votes for representative in serve in the Lower House of the General Assembly for two years. On Mary 18, 1876, he married Willie Denny, of Sullivan County. She was born May 27, 1857. She is a member of the Methodist Church South. They have had four children, one son and three daughters; the eldest daughter is dead. John E. Starnes is not a member of any church but is a sympathizer with the Methodist Church South, of which his wife is a member.
David C. Tunnel, farmer and lumber manufacturer, was born near Van Hill postoffice in this county, October 29, 1847, the son of Wesley and Rebecca (Ball) Tunnel, the former born about 1807, and died in February, 1872. The father was a successful and wealthy farmer, and for several years was magistrate and deputy sheriff. He was well educated, and was a Republican and a Baptist. The mother was born in Russell County, Va., March 10, 1810, and now lives at Van Hill, also a member of the Baptist Church. Our subject, the ninth of eleven children, worked at home, and went to school at Fall Branch until twenty-two years of age, since when he has been at this present location, excepting three years in the Eighteenth District where he owned 300 acres. He now owns 400 acres and a flour and saw mill at Slide post-office. He succeeded in establishing the post-office in 1883, and was made Postmaster. He has been a magistrate, and in politics is a Republican. He has been in the mercantile trade the last four years. Mary E., a daughter of Edward and Mahala Ball, became his wife in August, 1869. She was born in this county march 31, 1850, and educated at Goldshill, and is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Ella C., Joseph O., Charles E. and Maggie are their children.
Edward Watterson, farmer, was born at his present home July 25, 1824, the son of James and Sarah (Galbraith) Watterson, who lived their whole lives in Hawkins County, and were of Irish and English stock. The father, born about 1800, was a farmer, and in politics a Democrat. He died in 1853, while the mother was born about 1802, and died about in 1877. Both were members of the Presbyterian Church. Our subject, one of eight children, was educated in the common schools, and grew to be a farmer and settled since 1845 on his present farm - the old homestead. About 1838 his father moved to another place near by, where he still lives, and at the division of the land our subject drew his present home, to which he has since added until he now owns about 1,200 acres in Hawkins County. In 1846 he married Minerva E. Carmack. Of their four sons and six daughters, one of each sex are deceased. Our subject is a Democrat.
William H. Watterson, clerk and master of the chancery court of Hawkins County, was born in the county in what is now the Ninth Civil District, November 19, 1836. He is the son of Henry and Lydia (Hutchison) Watterson. His father was of Irish descent, and was born in Ireland. His mother came from Tennessee to North Caroling, and was of Scotch and German descent. Her ancestors came from Maryland to Tennessee at an early date. The father was born in Hawkins County before it became one of the United States, in 1795, and died in Hawkins County February 12, 1877. The mother was born in Hawkins County, July 22, 1799, and died in the same county February 28, 1876. They were married in this county about 1833. The father was a farmer, though he was engaged in teaching school in his early life. He was educated at Greeneville College. He was third or fourth cousin to Henry Watterson, of the Louisville Ky. Courier - Journal. Our subject is the second of four children. He secured a collegiate education in his youth, which was commenced in the common schools of the county, and completed at Emory and Henry College, Virginia, which college he entered in August, 1833, and continued his studies until June, 1859, at which time he received his diploma. He then read law two years under Hon. L. C. Haynes, of Knoxville. In May, 1861, he entered the Confederate States service, enlisting in Company K, which was the first company from Hawkins County, and served until July, 1862, at which time he received a discharge, on account of ill health, and, after an absence of two months, he reentered the service at Knoxville, Tenn., and afterward was with the Cavalry in Virginia. He surrendered in North Carolina in 1865, lacking only two days of being out four years. One year after the war he commenced the practice of law at Rogersville, and was thus engaged up to 1884, when, on account of ill health, he retired. In October, 1885, he was appointed by Chancellor C. J. St. John, and now holds his present office. On September 15, 1870, he married Miss Minerva B. Riley, daughter of John D. and Alice M. (Kyle) Riley. She was born April 5, 1849. This union has resulted in eight children. Our subject is a Democrat, and he and his wife and two daughters are members of the Presbyterian Church.
James White, a prominent lawyer and planter of Hawkins County, was born in Rogersville, June 12, 1828, being the son of Rev. George and Sarah (Snodgrass) White. They were of Scotch and Welsh descent. The father was born in Botetourt County, Va., in 1781, and died in Hawkins County, January 1, 1849, and the mother was born in Sullivan County, Tenn., being four years younger than the father and died in Hawkins County in April, 1867. The father was a tanner by trade. He was among the first settlers of Rogersville, and established the first tannery in the county - at Rogersville, He afterward entered the Methodist ministry, and was a local preacher in that church for over thirty years. The mother was the daughter of Col. William Snodgrass, who distinguished himself at the battle of Kingís Mountain. Our subject is one of a large family of children. He secured a good education in his youth at Rogersville, and began life as a tanner and farmer. In 1853 he was elected as a Whig to represent Hawkins County in the House of Representatives. In 1868 he was appointed special agent of the postoffice department of Tennessee, and in the latter part of the same year he was appointed United States consul to the post of Matamar, Mexico. He resigned on account of change of administration, and returned to Tennessee in 1869. In the same year he was again elected to the House of Representatives to represent Hawkins County, and in 1872 he was elected to the State Senate from what was then the First Senatorial, but now the Second, District, and was composed of the Counties of Sullivan, Hawkins, Hancock, Hamblen and Claiborne. He was twice (1876 and 1886) nominated for Congress and, though his party was defeated, he beat its ticket several hundred votes, the Republican party having the majority. In October, 1852 , he married Miss Margaret McClure, of Hawkins County. This union resulted in seven children, five sons and two daughters. He is not a member of any church, but is a Methodist in faith. His wife is a member of the Presbyterian Church. In 1865 our subject secured a license to practice law, and since that date his name has been on the list of Tennessee attorneys.
James Wright, of Mooresburg, was born at Waltham Abbey, Essex County, England, November 5, 1813, and is the son of James Sr., and Lucy (Campbell) Wright. The father was also born at that place, and died at Gravesend, England, in 1853, at the age of eighty-one. James, the father, was store-keeper of the Royal Gunpowder Works at the above place, a position also held by the grandfather. Both father and mother were Episcopalians, and the mother, born in Epping, near Epping Forest (made famous by Thomas Hood) about 1777, died at Waltham Abbey in 1855. Our subject, the seventh and only living one of nine children, was educated in Hartfordshire, England, and when twenty-two went to South Australia, exploring and surveying in that then savage county for five years. He had also traveled extensively in South America, and after a short sojourn in England, came, in 1837 to Baltimore County, Md., and engaged in the mercantile trade. In 1858 the Dougherty Marble Quarry Company, of Hawkins County, Tenn., gave his charge of their works, which he has successfully managed up to the present time. From after the war, and until 1883, he was engaged in merchandising, with an annual trade of from $20,000 to $35.000. On coming to America, he borrowed money of his brother to go into business, but during the war lost all, but, since, has succeeded well. He is in belief an Episcopalian, and politically a Democrat. Caroline, a daughter of Jesse Ritter (now living with our subject, at the age of eighty-four), became his wife in 1838. She was born in Baltimore County, Md., 1822, and is a Methodist. Alice is the only living child, and those deceased are W. F., Emily M., Laura J., James C., and Robert.
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Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research
Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 423087, 12 pages
Typologies of Extreme Longevity Myths
1New England Centenarian Study, Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02493, USA
2Département de Démographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
3FNRS, IACCHOS, Université Catholique de Louvain, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
Received 13 April 2010; Revised 10 September 2010; Accepted 28 December 2010
Academic Editor: Donald Craig Willcox
Copyright © 2010 Robert D. Young et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Purpose. Political, national, religious, and other motivations have led the media and even scientists to errantly accept extreme longevity claims prima facie. We describe various causes of false claims of extraordinary longevity. Design and Methods. American Social Security Death Index files for the period 1980–2009 were queried for individuals with birth and death dates yielding ages 110+ years of age. Frequency was compared to a list of age-validated supercentenarians maintained by the Gerontology Research Group who died during the same time period. Age claims of 110+ years and the age validation experiences of the authors facilitated a list of typologies of false age claims. Results. Invalid age claim rates increase with age from 65% at age 110-111 to 98% by age 115 to 100% for 120+ years. Eleven typologies of false claims were: Religious Authority Myth, Village Elder Myth, Fountain of Youth Myth (substance), Shangri-La Myth (geographic), Nationalist Pride, Spiritual Practice, Familial Longevity, Individual and/or Family Notoriety, Military Service, Administrative Entry Error, and Pension-Social Entitlement Fraud. Conclusions. Understanding various causes of false extreme age claims is important for placing current, past, and future extreme longevity claims in context and for providing a necessary level of skepticism.
People have long been fascinated with claims to extreme longevity. Ancient Roman historians attempted to tally reports of extreme age in local villages. Medieval European alchemists kept tabs on reports of centenarians, possibly to find a “cure” for old age (the Fountain of Youth). Inexplicably, various historians and even “scientists” such as Roger Bacon accepted outlandish and wild reports of extreme age prima facie, without a critical examination or inquiry into whether the ages reported were true. It was not until the 18th century, with the advent of demographers such as Georges Buffon (1707–1788) that a limit to the human life span was proposed, with Buffon stating that “the man who does not die of incidental diseases reaches everywhere the age of ninety or one hundred years" .
The first reasonable attempts at age validation were performed by demographers such as Adolphe Quetelet, who conducted a systematic investigation of purported centenarian ages appearing in the first Belgian census of 1846 . In the 1870s, Sir William Thoms (who coined the term “folklore” in 1846 and subsequently investigated folk tales of extreme old age) suggested the need to question extreme ages claimed in folk tales. Thoms investigated extreme age reports provided by village elders in the context of old age data provided by life insurance companies . In his time, no age greater than 103 years old (Jacob Luning in 1870) had been verified using insurance company records, far younger than the claimed ages that were well beyond 110 years. Despite this important lesson of considering context, 140 years later many people in the media and elsewhere are willing to accept a claim of 130 years despite the fact that the maximum proven age having been reached by a human is 122 years .
To provide a current context to unsubstantiated age claims, we provide here some statistics concerning supercentenarian (a person age 110 years or older) prevalence. Kestenbaum and Ferguson at the U.S. Social Security Administration reported Medicare data indicating that, in 2000, there were 32,920 centenarians and out of these, 105 or 0.3% were 110 years old and older . Of 2,700 people who reportedly reached the age of 110+ years between 1980 and 1999, according to the SSA, only 355 (13%) could be confirmed. The US census listed 1,388 supercentenarians in 2000 (about 1 per 200,000) . However, according to author R.D Young, per the surveillance efforts of the International Database on Longevity (IDL, http://www.supercentenarians.org/) and Gerontology Research Group (GRG, http://www.grg.org/), the number of living supercentenarians at present in the USA is approximately 60 to 70 (or approximately one living supercentenarian per five million people in developed countries and far fewer in less developed countries) and 250 to 300 world wide.
Academics and lay people interested in age validation generally fall into two camps: the skeptics and the optimists. The initial skeptics were actuaries, who found that humans did not live beyond 113 years or so. Thomas Emley Young of the Institute of Actuaries, London, for example, attempted the first validated list of centenarians in the 1890s, finding no one older than 106 . An initial acceptance of the claim of Pierre Joubert to be 113, by the Tache investigation in Canada in 1878, was later overturned . Interestingly, Alexander Graham Bell purportedly attempted such a list in1918 .
Optimists, on the other hand, have tended to accept extreme age claims, prima facie, and provided rationalizations as to why these people were “healthy” and lived longer than the rest. For example, scientists such as Elie Metchnikoff, the inventor of the term “gerontology” circa 1903, tended to believe extreme age claims of 140 and above [10, 11]. Jean Finot, a transhumanist, believed, at the turn of the twentieth century, that the growing number of centenarians at the time and the improvement in average life expectancy portended the likelihood of human life spans of 150 plus years . 1973 articles in Scientific American and the National Geographic reported people over the age of 120 years in the Russian Caucusus, and in Vilcabamba, Ecuador. But later its author, Alexander Leaf, became wary of these claims due to inconsistencies in the stories, and he engaged Richard Mazess and Sylvia Forman to further investigate the Vilcabamba claims, which were eventually found to be false . Optimists paved the way for amazing unquestioned claims in the United States as well. Sylvester Magee was said to be aged “130” and an “ex-slave” and Charlie Smith, who also claimed to be an “ex-slave”, was said to be age “137” when he died in 1979. Smith was later noted to be 100 years old at death based upon the 1900 census and was not, in fact, an ex-slave, having been born more than 15 years after the Emancipation Proclamation .
In 1955, given continued unbelievable extreme age claims, Norris and Ross McWhirter, the editors of the Guinness Book of World Records, noted the need to validate with sufficient records the “world’s oldest person.” In 1986, Norris stated: “No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than the extremes of human longevity” .
A resurgence of longevity myths in the 1970s, particularly in the Caucasus region of Soviet Russia, the Hunza Valley in Pakistan, and the Vilcabamba valley in Ecuador was finally debunked by objective scientific investigation in the early 1980s [15, 19, 20]. Even the skeptical Guinness Book of World Records was not infallible, however. For example, Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan was accepted as aged 113 years in 1978 and was thought to be the oldest verified person ever at age 120 years in 1986. However, in 1987 he was determined by Japanese researchers to more likely be only 105 years old at the time of his death . Unfortunately in 2009, as discussed below, the fantastic age claim of Sakhan Dosova of Kazakhstan, age “130 years” (1879–2009), was supported in an issue of Scientific American despite the lack of early-life documentation. Also in 2009, there was the claim of Tuti Yusupova of Uzbekistan who was claimed to have been born on July 1, 1880 and therefore was alleged to be “129” in 2009. The BBC news reported the event of her birthday as if it were valid, noting a “birth certificate.” However, even the report’s own video clip shows that the document was a late-life one issued in 1997, not proof of birth issued in 1880, or anywhere close to it . Surprisingly, these and other similar reports provide little in the way of skepticism even when the individuals were not claimed as the oldest ever, seven or eight years earlier, when they would have broken the accepted record of 122 years, 164 days set by Jeanne Calment of France (February 21, 1875–August 4, 1997) . Many claims, such as the one appearing in Scientific American, are characterized by geographically specific absences of records from the late 1800s and early 1900s from regions such as Armenia where most records were destroyed by the war. In the case of China, ages are traditionally recorded in 12-year increments or animal cycles according to the Chinese zodiac, and therefore animal signs rather than birth years are often more culturally salient among the oldest old. Additionally, in China one can encounter the tradition of ages beginning at the number one, rather than zero, which can lead to an additional year, as in the case of a former first lady of China, Madame Chiang Kai-shek, who died at age of 105, not 106 .
Despite this history of the overwhelming improbability of various extreme age claims, the Western media continue to report such claims, particularly from exotic regions, as if they might be true. Meanwhile, as discussed below, well-documented and validated cases generally do not exceed 115 years of age. The record for Germany is just 112 ; for Sweden, 113 ; for Italy and Spain , 114. Since 1837, with the advent of compulsory birth registration, no one in the UK has been proven to survive beyond the age of 115 years . Where birth registrations are available in the mid to late 19th century, valid claims of ages beyond 122 do not exist. As a result, in our experience, claims to age 130 exist only where records do not.
The problem, however, extends beyond the media. In 2007, Professor Orhan Kural, of Turkey, supported the dubious claim of Seher Bulut, age “122” [28, 29], despite no proof of birth and a generation gap suggesting that this woman gave birth at an age reasonably beyond menopause. Government officials have been willing to provide a benefit of the doubt in some cases, perhaps because of political pressure or community notoriety rather than any sincere desire to seek the truth. Even in the USA, the claim of William Coates to be “114” was incorrectly accepted by Dr. Irving Smith of the Evelyn Cole Senior Center, Maryland, in 2004. Census research subsequently showed that Mr. Coates was only 92, not 114 as claimed [30, 31].
More scientifically rigorous treatment of the subject came about in the late 1980s and early 1990s; a group of demographers and gerontologists came together in a series of workshops to formulate criteria for effectively validating or invalidating extreme age claims. These efforts led to the International Database on Longevity (IDL, http://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/research/695.htm and http://www.supercentenarians.org/), an ongoing list of validated supercentenarians that is well described in a recent monograph produced by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research . A number of monographs have been written by these experts on the subjects of age validation and invalidation [2, 32–34]. Another group, based in Southern California, named the Gerontology Research Group (GRG, http://grg.org/) and led by L. Stephen Coles, was formed to facilitate, particularly via the internet, a group of academic and lay investigators interacting with one another in the maintenance of a validated claims list that was begun in 1999. This effort eventually branched into an actual records database of supercentenarian cases. Finally, the ongoing efforts of the Guinness Book of Records also facilitate the adjudication of world record age claims, providing a “final appeals” process whereby any claim from around the world may be submitted. This was the case in 2005, when the claim of Maria Capovilla of Ecuador, said to be 116, was submitted . The documents were deemed sufficient by Guinness research, and subsequent follow-up research by other groups, such as the International Database on Longevity, tended to agree with this conclusion. Of note, Ms. Capovilla lived in a big city near sea level (Guayaquil) and her age did nothing to bolster the Vilcabamba myth that people living high in the Andean mountains, far from big cities, had an extreme survival advantage.
A number of ongoing studies of human exceptional longevity, for example, the Georgia Centenarian Study [36, 37], the Ashkenazi Jewish Centenarian Study , the Okinawa Centenarian Study [39, 40], the Long Life Family Study , and the New England Centenarian Study [42, 43] have relied upon the age validation criteria formulated by the IDL in making sure that the claimed ages of their subjects are real. The results of all these efforts are in remarkable agreement that verified age claims above 115 are extremely rare.
The New England Centenarian Study (NECS) has, over the past five years, made a concerted effort to specifically enroll supercentenarians (age 110+ years). Because supercentenarians are so rare at approximately one per five million people in the United States, the NECS recruits and enrolls these subjects from throughout North America. The study has, to date, the largest such sample in the world with over 100 subjects attaining ages of 110–119 years . The NECS recruitment and enrollment experience, along with Robert Young’s broader experience, since 2000, of monitoring and validating or disproving supercentenarian claims for Guinness World Records and since 1999 for the GRG, has led to our ability to observe and categorize some of the different reasons and causes of inaccurate claims of extraordinary ages. It is important for researchers studying supercentenarians to be aware of signs that the age being claimed may be false. Identifying typologies of invalid age claims that we and others [1, 46, 47] have encountered provides a contextual background to the striking age claims often reported in today’s media, while knowledge of the demographics of supercentenarians helps us to place extreme age claims of 110+ years in proper context. Thus, our purpose here is to classify the various causes or reasons for false age claims, while providing a backdrop that places these claims in proper demographic context. A more general knowledge of the typical circumstances or motivating factors that underlie age misreporting may be helpful in decreasing irresponsible coverage and inclusion of such claims in government records and scientific research.
To obtain an estimate of how the rate of invalid age claims in an American sample changes with age, one of the authors, RY, queried Social Security Death Index (SSDI) data which cover about 95% of the deaths in the USA in a given year to determine the number of people with birth and death years that yielded ages greater than or equal to 110 years (e.g., someone listed as born in 1870 and dying in 1981 would have been 110 or 111; someone born in 1870 and dying in 1982 would have been 111 or 112). A list was then generated for possible deceased supercentenarians from 1980 to 2009 according to age (column 1 of Table 1). A range including two possible ages is listed for each row because the months and days of birth and of death were not included in the age calculation from the SSDI data (to do so would have made the review of the SSDI data too arduous and our priority in looking for SSDI-generated cases of supercentenarians was sensitivity, not specificity). Without the day and month data, the person’s age of death could have been, for example, 110 or 111 years. This is why the age of 109 years is also included in the table, even though 109 years would not qualify the person as a supercentenarian. This list was then compared to the results of the ongoing validation effort conducted by Robert Young and colleagues associated with the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) for supercentenarians in the USA who died during the same time period (column 2). The GRG had access to name, exact dates of birth and death, and in most cases vital information about the potential supercentenarian’s parents and siblings for all of the SSDI-generated cases. Other purported supercentenarians were located by the GRG via surveillance of the lay press and regular searches of the internet as well as referrals to the GRG by friends or family of the individual. A comparison of the two columns then yielded a valid claims rate. For example, the SSDI listed 24 persons born in 1870 and dying in 1980, for a total of 24 potential 110-year olds. Of these, four were listed as verified (about 17%).
In the course of validating cases for the NECS, GRG, and Guinness World Records, Robert Young has used the set of rules described below and summarized in Table 1. Generally, the rate of validation for potential oldest subjects in the NECS is high because these individuals are usually around ages of 107–110 years old, nearly all of them come from the USA and Canada (as noted in the results, higher ages and claims from less developed countries have lower validation rates), and their reason for cooperating with the NECS in the age validation process is to volunteer for study on the genetics of exceptional longevity. Cases adjudicated for Guinness tend to have much higher invalid rates (and therefore there is an ascertainment bias) because the claimed ages are much higher (approaching or surpassing the oldest age record). The validity rates for the GRG tend to be somewhere in between the NECS and Guinness because ages for the GRG list begin at 110 years, but the list also includes claims from all over the world with some coming from less developed countries or regions. Still, the vast majority of GRG cases come from the United States, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and Canada. The ascertainment bias that is likely associated with the GRG effort enhances the sensitivity of the above validation effort for the oldest ages and strengthens the case that nearly all the claimed ages, particularly those in the United States, come to the GRG’s attention and are therefore not missed.
Authors B. D. and M. P. also have a vast experience in assessing the validity of cases. It is out of the collective experience of the authors, as well as from a literature and media review, that a list of typologies for invalid cases was constructed.
The ability to validate an age claim is dependent upon the various resources available for that claim, and these in turn can vary according to the administrative, cultural, or religious settings. These data can increase the probability of either a true positive or a true negative age claim. Ideally, the person's original birth record or a certified copy of the record, registered at, or shortly after, the person's actual birth should be available. Importantly, one must be certain that the record relates to the person under scrutiny, namely, on the basis of first and last name, place of birth, and the parents’ names, which are the elements that are normally available on the birth record. In the cases of the most extreme old, by virtue of their rarity and likelihood of being false, the birth record alone should not be sufficient because of the possibility, for example, of homonyms or namesakes (a person named after another person).
Consistency between birth, death, and marriage records according to name, surname, and parent and spouse names incrementally increases the probability that the alleged age is true. The ideal validation procedure must thus include a “family reconstitution,” that is, an identification of the timing and composition of the births of the entire sibship in relation to the parents and their birth data to insure that there is no possibility of mistaking identity and to be sure that the birthdates make sense in relation to one another . The use of family pedigree reconstitution and a check of other vital records, such as court documents, may be employed if the age claim is extreme (such as that of Jeanne Calment) .
A chapter by Michel Poulain appearing in a recent monograph on supercentenarians provides a detailed discussion of the necessary steps for validating extreme age claims. As discussed in this contribution, all necessary investigations have to be consistent in order to prove validity of age. If one important piece of information is missing, the age cannot be validated with “no doubt at all.” Nevertheless the lack of an important piece of information (e.g., no birth record) does not necessarily invalidate the claim, but rather precipitates the need for additional data to support the age validation. A proxy or substitute record, such as the 1900 census for someone born in 1897, listing them as age 3 for example, may be counted as a sufficient replacement for proof of birth. Internationally, the proxy-birth rule is limited to documents issued within 20 years of the birth event . On the other hand, a single piece of information (such as the age of the oldest child) may make the claimed age highly improbable. For example, when Antisa Khvichava recently celebrated her “130th” birthday , the age of her oldest son (70) placed the claim squarely in the “probable age exaggeration” category: her age report is likely off by 20–40 years. If one element is wrong, the entire validation process will be considered as highly improbable, and it is definitively easier to prove that this person is not a centenarian than the opposite. In fact, the validation will never be final, while the invalidation is generally final when clear grounds for invalidation are found.
The principles of age validation that we rely upon are summarized below
Basic Principles for Age Validation
(i) Ideally, age should be calculated from linking a birth registration with a death registration or with a living person. (ii) In the absence of a birth registration, date of birth should be obtained from a document dating back as far as possible, and specifically be dated close to the person's alleged birth (e.g., a local census record). (iii) The identification of the person must be unequivocal, thus necessitating matches with the names of parents and siblings or spouses and children, and place of birth. (iv) Family reconstitution. (v) Independent corroboration is required when name identification is not sufficient, in the form of other records recording age which do not rely on the same base source. (vi) Life events-marriage, birth of children, schooling-must be consistent with the alleged date of birth. (vii) The requirements of age validation should be proportionate to the exceptionality of the age claim. For example, claiming to be age 120 will require many different and consistent forms of proof (as was done with Jeanne Calment), while claiming to be 110 years old requires only the three basic proofs: proof of birth, survival to age 110 (identification), and proof that the person in the birth record is the person in the ID record. It has been suggested that for ages 105–109, proof of birth and death should be sufficient.
In the comparison of supercentenarian cases generated by the Social Security Death Index to a validated list generated by the GRG, one observes that the rate of validation declines with age, from about 35% at age 110-111 to just 2% by age 115 and 0% for 120+ years (Table 1).
We provide below a list of eleven categories of how false claims emerge. Some categories are more historical while others are common causes of currently professed claims that are either proven false or do not have enough substantiating evidence to be believable. These categories are Religious, Patriarchal Myth, the Village Elder Myth, Fountain of Youth Myth (substance), Shangri-La Myth (geographic), Nationalist Pride, Spiritual Practice, Familial Longevity, Individual and/or Family Notoriety, Military Service, Administrative Error, and Pension Fraud. Each of these is elaborated upon below.
3.1. Religious, Patriarchal, Genealogical Myth
In tribal and village kinship networks, the eldest members can not only be a repository of wisdom and tribal knowledge, they can also be patriarchal or matriarchal figures and a living symbol of the family tree that holds together the past and present members of the family. Since very old age conferred status, some extreme ages were attributed to historically important individuals. Thus, in the Bible, Abraham is said to have lived “175” years. Some scholars believe that Aaron’s age of “123” was meant to show that the priesthood was older than the law, represented by Moses (who lived to “120”) .
Moses’s successor, Joshua, was said to have died at a younger age of 110 perhaps because he was of a lesser status than Moses, but still important and therefore older than the “average” age of 70–80 years stated in Psalm 90:10. With the more recent King David portion of the Bible, incredible ages give way to ordinary ages of death: 70 for David, or 58 for Rehoboam, for example.
In some cases, ages were exaggerated to extend a pseudo-genealogy further back into the past. For example, in ancient Sumeria, claimed ages corresponded to calendar cycles and special dates . A later and reduced form of the cyclical-calendar genealogy myth was used in Japan, which inflated ages of emperors in an attempt to date Japanese history back to 660 BC . This type of myth may no longer be a problem for current claims under investigation, but it is important when claims of ancient kings to be 117 or older are made. For example, Emperor Yao of China is said to have ruled for 100 years from age 17 to 117 (circa 2333 to 2234 BC) .
3.2. Village Elder Longevity Myth
The “village elder” myth can be considered as a localized version of the patriarchal myth; only it involves common people, not elite members of society. It is generally assumed that persons today cannot attain the ages of the ancients, but still one’s “village elder” should be honored. The village elder myth originally centered around a tribal chieftain, but in places where local power was decentralized, elderly men and women began to lose such positions of power. Instead, the “village elder” became a source of pride, oral history, and a person to commemorate. The ages claimed tend to be limited by the masses’ ability to believe them. Most claims of this type have been to ages less than 200 years old, with ages of 120 to 160 years seemingly representing the cusp of believability for the uneducated. The purported ages are commonly rounded off to the nearest five or ten years (called “age heaping”) (i.e., 125 or 130, not 123 or 129). These myths continue today in places such as Bangladesh, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Pakistan.
A typical example of a “village elder” longevity myth is that of Moloko Temo of South Africa (Figure 1) . Her identity card was issued in 1988, purporting that she was born on July 4, 1874. She died on June 3, 2009 supposedly at the age of “134 years.” There are no other documents substantiating her age. Most importantly, no one came forward with her age claim in 1988 when she would have become the oldest person in the world. The age of her children (some in their 70s) suggests that this woman was closer to 104 than 134. Interestingly, in interviews Temo discounted that she is the world’s oldest person: “I think that there are others older somewhere” . In other words, the motivation for her age might not be about national or international fame but rather local respect and a cultural reverence for extreme old age as exemplified by the local saying, “May you grow as old as the mountain, Khulu” (source: http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/may-you-grow-as-old-as-the-mountains-khulu-1.217466#).
It should be noted that the “village elder” myth is now often co-opted into a “nationalist” myth of longevity. The difference, however, is motivation; the original motivation for the village elder myth is local pride and joy; however the claim can then be discovered by the national press, and it becomes a source of national pride.
Another example is Ruby Muhammad, a woman who, as the “mother of the Nation of Islam” is said to be 113, but is more likely 103, according to the 1910 U.S. census photo with permission from the Department of Health and Social Development, Limpopo Provincial Government, South Africa. No birth certificate exists . Her position is one of “matriarchal” status, a position of honor, and few details of her early life exist. Moreover, she was said to be illiterate before 1946, and misreported age is highly correlated with illiteracy.
3.3. Fountain of Youth Myth
Unlike the previously mentioned myths, which are rooted in patriarchal, ancient, and communal beliefs, the Fountain of Youth myth is anchored in the individual. The idea that people could change their environment (such as in alchemists’ attempts to turn lead into gold), while not often supported by facts, became popular during the 1400s and 1500s. Consequently, Spanish conquistadors, already searching for fabulous cities of gold (the “Seven Cities of Cibola”), added the idea of finding the “Fountain of Youth.” Ponce de Leon explored Florida in 1513, seeking the fountain in vain.
The Fountain of Youth myth is connected to longevity in the idea of exampleism (or the “testimonial fallacy”). People need an example of success to believe that a special kind of water (e.g., “glacial milk” from the Andes), drug, or potion carries beneficial (magical) properties, bestowing extraordinary longevity on those who use it. To satiate this need, today’s charlatans often provide made-up testimonials or anecdotes as “examples” of success (testimonial fallacy). The many websites and advertisements professing the age-reversing effects of growth hormone and other substances alleged to extend human longevity are a particularly egregious example due to the high frequency of adverse effects from these drugs and evidence that growth hormone actually shortens life span in adults [56, 57]. As an example, Dr. Norman Walker promoted “raw juicing,” and ages attributed to him were often 118, 119, 120, or even 130. Yet recent investigations found that he was only 99 years old .
3.4. Shangri-La Longevity Myth
An extension and adaptation of the Fountain of Youth myth is the idea that a particular place, rather than a substance, possesses what is needed to attain extreme age. Shangri-La was a fictional paradise in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon. Author James Hilton describes a place where the residents are happy, isolated, and live many years beyond the normal lifespan. This myth was particularly popular in the 19th century during the “Age of Empire” when people went in search of exotic and mystical lands (an adventure for wealthy Europeans, called the “Grand Tour”). Once again, we see wealth and personal vanity as motivating factors in longevity myths.
This myth differs from the Fountain of Youth myth in that it focuses on an entire village or mountain region, where the water, air, and so forth, are said to be qualitatively different than elsewhere. Modern examples of this myth include the Caucasus mountain region, the mountainous Vilcabamba region in Ecuador, and the Hunza Valley in Pakistan. In this type of myths, many people are claimed to achieve extreme old age. Thus, the Caucasus did not merely claim to have 168-year olds, but to have hundreds of people older than 120 years [59, 60]. In some cases, apparent age heaping showed how unreliable the claims were. Claimants were also disproportionately male, further incriminating the claim because the vast majority of centenarians are female.
The Vilcabamba Claim
This “Valley of Longevity” was promoted in the 1970s. Out of a total population of 819, the town boasted seven men and two women older than 100 years old. One man, Miguel Carpio, said that he was 123 years old. Another, Jose David, claimed to be 142 years old. Gabriel Erazo claimed to be 132 years old. Victor Maza claimed to be 120. The source of longevity was variously described as a pristine environment (“mountain water”), healthy habits such as constant movement, and isolation from the mainstream world. However, an investigation in 1979 by Dr. Richard Mazess of the University of Wisconsin, Madison and Dr. Sylvia Forman of the University of California, Berkeley found that there was not a single centenarian living in Vilcabamba . The oldest person in the village was found to be 96. The average age of those claiming to be over 100 years was actually 86 years. Far from being a Shangri-La of very old people, the researchers concluded that: “Individual longevity in Vilcabamba is little, if any, different from that found throughout the rest of the world.”
Note that in the case of Vilcabama, there is overlap with other categories of age misreporting. Vilcabamba means “Sacred Valley” in the Inca language, thus invoking an association with religious and mythical beliefs. Also, nearly all the extreme age claimants were male, suggesting an overlap with the patriarchal and village elder myths. Usually, about eighty-five percent of centenarians and ninety percent of supercentenarians are women .
The Current Guangxi, China Claim
This Southern region of China, which borders Vietnam, claims a “longevity cluster” with 74 centenarians, including a 113-year old, in a population of 250,000 (thus, more than twice the prevalence of centenarians in industrialized countries). Perhaps due to skeptical pressure, ages above 113 are not used here; instead the claim is focused on prevalence of centenarians, rather than maximum ages. Hotels and other entrepreneurs call the region a spa vacation destination, where, according to an October 11, 2008 Wall Street Journal article by Stan Sesser, “simply breathing the air, drinking the local water and eating meals there” is claimed to lead to better health and longevity (Figure 2) .
3.5. Nationalist Longevity Myth
An extension of the Shangri-La myth is the “Nationalist” longevity myth. The idea of the Nationalist longevity myth was rooted in the rise of Nationalism in the 19th and 20th centuries. As people’s ideas became focused on their “one nation” versus another (with their nation being the “right” one, “powerful” one, “God-blessed” one, etc.), extreme age claims became a source of pride.
The Soviets used the longevity claims of the Caucasus to help promote the asserted superiority of the Communist way of life and their nation . These claims seemed to spark a longevity contest between the USSR and USA. The USSR proclaimed that Shirali Mislimov of Azerbaijan was 168 years old when he died on September 2, 1973 (note that no Western journalist was permitted to interview “old Shirali”) . Mahud Eyvazov was commemorated in a 1956 USSR stamp, for his 148th birthday and his being the oldest person in the Soviet Union (Figure 3) .
While the Soviet and American longevity race has lost its steam with the end of the cold war, extreme longevity claims from the former USSR still regularly appear in the press. Most recently, for example, Kazakhstan officials and the family of Sakhan Dosova claimed that she was the oldest person in the world at age 130 years old (Figure 4) (http://www.cbsnews.com/8031-504763_162-20010012-10391704.html) . Perhaps this was a case of one-upsmanship since the claim appeared shortly after the Uzbekistan claim that Tuti Yusupova was 128. Most noteworthy about the Dosova claim is the fact that 8 years passed since she would have surpassed the long-held, accepted record of 122 years, and yet we only hear of the claim in 2009. Not surprisingly, there is no birth certificate supporting the claim; only a passport, a later-life census record, and an identification card, all of which could have been based upon one or the other. There are several other reasons why this claim is entirely unacceptable, including (1) the region from which the claim originates is well known for invalid claims with its poor recordkeeping, low rates of literacy, and a tradition of age inflation; (2) the claimed age is far beyond the accepted record holder and 16 years beyond the current oldest person in the world; (3) the ages of her children indicate that this claim is exaggerated, otherwise she would have given birth in her 60s .
Extreme age claims from Cuba, often in the 120–126 age range, have continued this tradition. Cuba even has a “120 club” , of which Fidel Castro is a member, as they wish him “120” years of health. The most recent heralded claim is a person they claim is the oldest person in the world, Candelaria "Candulia" Rodríguez, age 125 years . The club relies upon a church register, indicating a birthdate of February 2, 1885, as proof. For such an extreme and potentially sensational claim though, multiple forms of corroborating proof are necessary (see text box above, providing principles of age validation) .
3.6. Spiritual Practice
This myth asserts that certain philosophies or religious practices allow a person to live to extreme old age. These types of myths are most common in the Far East. For example, some Daoists have claimed to live to over 200 years. In China, Li-Ching-Yuen was noted to be 256 years old when he died in 1933 . Not only was his age claim fantastical, and the number chosen as a multiple of eight (considered good luck in China), but the rationale was that he lived so long due to his following a certain practice or way of life. This type of myth is also found in Buddhism. For example, Nyala Rinpoche claimed to be 142 in 1978 and to have attained a state where he no longer consisted of flesh but was “pure light” .
Hindu yogis often also claim extreme age, such as the Swami Bua, variously said to be “118” (http://www.yogasutranyc.com/pdf/2007-Bua-Flier.pdf) or even “120,” or Swami Kalyan Dev, who was noted to be “130 years old” (http://www.mangalyoga.com/team.htm). In a case such as this, followers can hope to live as long as the “Master” if they follow his guidance and direction. In the case of the spiritual practice myth, extreme age is associated with the supernatural and is often achieved through some activity. This is different than the concept of “religious blessing” common to monotheistic religions, whereby longevity is attained by finding grace or favor from God or gods, for example, the Religious Authority myth. Claims of this nature continue today.
3.7. Myths of Family Longevity
A relative living to an extreme age can be a source of significant pride for a family, and this is one of the most commonly encountered causes of inaccurate claims that we encounter. Many families relay stories of family members from many generations ago who lived to very old age. Often these ages are inflated, and there is no documented evidence for the claim. The farther back in time one goes, the easier it is to insert such a family member into the family tree. Sometimes one myth is used to prop up another. For example, Mattie Owens was claimed to be 119 years old in 2003 , and her son was said to be 87. An investigation by R.D. Young determined that Mattie was in fact 105 years old, and her son was just 80 years old . These myths are quite common, even in the developed world. Macy Bare of North Carolina, said to be 115, turned out to be 107 . In 2004, unequivocal census research revealed that William Coates of Maryland was 92, not 114 [30, 71].
The myth of persistent and extreme familial longevity is one of the more common typologies of age misreporting that we encounter, including countries such as the USA Though in the USA, it is relatively easy to find records, for example, from the U.S. census, to disprove claims, we encountered the claim of a Dominican Republic woman living in the U.S. who was supposedly 104 years old according to her immigration papers but her family indicated that she was “really 109” and that her mother lived to be 119, and her grandmother, to be 124 . In reality, we do not even have sufficient proof that Ana Henriquez is 104, since the document was issued in 1963. Note that the age claims go higher the further back in the past the family tree goes. While many families insist a relative lived to “113” or even older, few families ever bother to investigate, and when they do, they are often disappointed.
3.8. Claims of Being the Oldest Person in the World: Individual and Family Notoriety
Some individuals, either purposefully or by mistake, claim that they are the oldest person in the world to bring notoriety to themselves and/or their family. They might do so completely convinced of their age, though they are mistaken because they have either been told by others what their (revised) age is, or because of cognitive frailty, they have forgotten about an intentional or erroneous change in their birth date from a long time ago. For example, Mariam Amash was surrounded by her family during all the media attention paid to her while recently claiming to be 120 years old (Figure 5). In a February, 2008 Daily Mail article, Moshe Hazut, a local official in the Northern Israeli town where Ms. Amash lived, stated that a birth certificate did not exist: “The woman was born during the Ottoman period, a time when the population registry was very inaccurate” . Also, the age of her youngest son, Mohamed, 54 years old, would indicate that she gave birth at the age of 66, which particularly before the advent of modern fertility treatments, would be unheard of.
3.9. Military Age Misreporting
Motivations regarding military status can lead to age misreporting. In some cases, this is to make a child old enough to serve, in others to avoid war service. Various people in the 1940s and 1950s falsely claimed to be Confederate veterans, (and thus born in the mid-1800s) invoking a myth of Southern longevity. Arguing for the “Lost Cause,” it was even stated that “if we cannot beat ‘em, we can outlive ‘em”. Not one of the claimed Confederate ages turned out to be correct, and most were not even veterans . For example, John Salling claimed to be 112 (http://generaljohnsalling.com/), but was 101. Walter Williams, the “last Confederate veteran” was not 117, but 105 years old (and not a veteran, either). Williams’ motivation for age inflation could be partly monetary. He apparently inflated his age only in 1934, when a Confederate pension was offered during the Depression in Texas. At the time, Confederate promoters also claimed him as a heritage symbol .
Also of note, the last Union veteran, Albert Woolson, claimed to be 109 years old but research has shown that he was just 106 according to the census . The oldest Union veteran, James Hard, claimed to be 111 years old in 1953 but investigation showed him to be 109 . Fictionalized accounts of extreme age and war service continue to the present day. Merlyn Krueger recently claimed to be born in 1895 as well as a World War I veteran, but research by R.D. Young has shown him to be born in 1917. In some cases, the age is off by just a few years: Frank Buckles, the last surviving U.S. veteran of WWI, claimed to be “21” in 1917 so he could join the army, but he was just 16 years old then (and thus aged 110, but “115” according to his recruitment papers) .
In addition to the late-life military age myths, some men overstated their age earlier in an effort to avoid military service: claiming to be too old to be in the draft. If a man was 40 but claimed to be 50 in World War II, he could avoid military service, but would have to maintain the claim afterwards. This was common in Eastern Europe during World War II, when the draft age was often as high as 45. The claim that Pawel Parniak was 116 when he died in 2006 was just such an example. Research by R.D. Young showed that his mother was born in 1875 (just a 14-year generation gap) and that Mr. Parniak attempted to avoid recruitment in World War II (he was drafted anyway, despite being “49” on paper in 1939). It is far more likely that Mr. Parniak was closer to 111, having added about five years to his age in an attempt to avoid military service (it should be noted that he was also a World War I veteran), and his mother more likely gave birth to him at age 19 than 14.
3.10. Administrative Registration Errors
Administrative errors are an important source of inaccurate age claims, especially in more developed countries. For example, Damiana Sette in Sardinia was falsely noted to have died at the age of 110 years. In fact, she died at 107 years. The error was made several decades earlier in the transcription of administrative data. Damiana’s data was replaced by those of her older sister who died at the age of 2 years, a few months before Damiana was born . In Belgium, according to Michel Poulain’s experience, the proportion of false claims due to administrative errors increases with age starting at 1% at age 100, 5% at 105, 50% at 110, and 100% at age 115. The reasons for such false cases include persons who emigrated abroad without reporting their birth date and accidentally unreported deaths (as opposed to purposefully unreported deaths, as in category 11, below) that result in administrative survivors.
Errors in the recorded birth date (generally a foreign-born person with inappropriate documentation for date of birth) are an important cause. For example, Kamato Hongo of Japan was under the impression that she was 116 years old in 2003, thus making her the oldest person in the world at the time. However, Michel Poulain’s research showed that a likely administrative error in her date of birth casts doubt upon the claim . Eva Jourdan of France was noted to be “112,” but subsequent investigation discovered that she died at 102 and someone had copied “1890” as “1880” on a document (personal communication with INSERM, France). This suggests that original documentation is more reliable than copies of documentation. Whenever original documents can be secured, they are preferable to copies.
3.11. Unreported Deaths (Pension or Social Entitlement Fraud)
Pension fraud claims have proven to be a major contributor to extreme age claims. In some cases, relatives with a similar name have continued to fraudulently collect a pension. For example, Pearl Hackney claimed to be 117 years old but was later noted to be 93. In this case, she assumed the identity of an aunt with the same name (this claim was investigated by the GRG, Jeff Knight). Others likely claimed an older age during middle age for the likely purpose of prematurely collecting social security. Eddlee Bankhead of Pennsylvania changed his age from 57 to 73 when he applied for social security in 1956, adding 16 years to his age. He died at the claimed age of “116”, but census research showed that he was actually born in 1899 (per investigation by R.D Young).
In Japan, families have been caught collecting pensions for relatives that disappeared 40+ years ago (but were still listed as living, on paper, aged 110+) or even keeping the dead body of a relative in a room. One man, supposed to be 107, had been dead for more than a decade as the family collected money and gifts . In 2010, a similar scandal erupted as Japanese officials launched an investigation into at least 200 suspected cases of fraudulent pension claims involving people claimed to be very old but who likely died many years ago, including a person who would have been 125 years old if still living . “111”-year-old Sogen Kato, turned out to have been dead since 1978, since the age of 79 . A similar form of pension fraud recently took place in Greece, where 300 of 500 supposed living centenarians were found to have died in the previous seven years . This is a reminder that the three minimum requirements for age validation of supercentenarians include proof of survival to an age of 110+ years; proof of birth alone is not sufficient.
Extraordinary claims of extreme longevity regularly surface in the media without circumspection. These claims are often times not benign, however, given underlying motivations. In our experience, the vast majority of claims over the age of 110 and nearly all of those over 115 years are false, and therefore such claims must be regarded with great care and scrutiny.
The reporting of invalid ages as real can also cast a sensationalist shadow on the academic and responsible research of true supercentenarians. Extreme age claims do not deserve the benefit of the doubt, and without substantiating proof, like the Loch Ness monster and Bigfoot, they should be regarded as false.
Improvement in the quality of basic demographic data and the care with which it is managed may yield more reliable information as time moves forward, which will greatly enhance the ability to prove and disprove extreme age claims. But given human nature, however, and a number of the modern and historic sources of age misreporting that we list above, age validation will continue to need to be an integral part of valid exceptional longevity research. Even areas thought to have complete birth registration have seen problems with immigrant cases, unreported deaths, pension fraud, and the like. The older the alleged age of a longevity claim, the more in-depth must be the validation procedure.
Furthermore, as long as outrageous claims continue to be reported in the press without even a note of skepticism, they lend support to futurists and quacks who make claims that the average person today has the opportunity to achieve these purported ages. It is our hope that a more general knowledge of the typical circumstances under which age misreporting occurs may be helpful in decreasing irresponsible coverage of such claims and underscores the importance of skepticism and taking the substantial effort to proving or disproving a claim of extreme longevity.
This work is supported by a Grant from the National Institute on Aging (TP, K-24, AG025727).
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158,552 | JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 469
JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY
John McCalpin and his wife Elizabeth Watson, who were living in Augusta Co., Virginia in the late 1740's, are almost certainly the same John and Elizabeth McCalpin found in the North Carolina and South Carolina records by the 1750's. The names of other families from Augusta Co., Virginia, are found along with John's in the Carolina records, lending support to the theory that they all came by way of Virginia. There is a 1747 court record in Augusta Co. naming Elizabeth Watson as the wife of John McCapen. The baptismal records of Tinkling Spring Presbyterian Church of Augusta Co. show that Margaret McCapin, daughter of John McCapin, was baptized 13 March 1749. Margaret was probably born in late 1748 or early 1749 and baptized as a young infant. The settlers who attended Tinkling Spring Church were mostly pioneers from Pennsylvania moving up the Valley of Virginia and on into the Carolinas and Georgia. The Scotch-Irish were the dominant group.
In 1754 Robert McPherson sold 360 acres of land on the Broad River on Bush Creek to John McCapin, both of Rowan Co., N. C. This land is in the present- day South Carolina counties of Laurens and Newberry. William Alexander sold land on Catawba, South side of Twelve Mile Creek, to John Patterson in 1754 with John McCalpin and Henry Hendry serving as witnesses. William Alexander, John Patterson and John McCapin were found together in the Tinkling Spring Church records of Augusta Co., Va., in the 1740's.
In 1755 John Hitchcock of Anson Co., N. C., sold to John McCopen, also of Anson Co., 200 acres on the North side of Broad River, North fork of Sandy River. Although this is given as being in Anson Co., the description probably places it in what is today Chester Co., S. C. This entire area was called "Carolina" in 1755 with no fixed boundary until 1772. Records of Royal Grants and Plat Books in the S. C. State Archives show John McCalpin receiving land in Craven and Granville Counties, S. C., in 1758 and 1759. Alexander McAlpin, main subject of this book, and a Robert McAlpin were living in this general area during the same time period and are believed to be related. These were the earliest McAlpins found in the records whose descendants can be traced.
Mr. H. Leonard Porter Ill's book, Destiny of the Scotch Irish. An Account of a Presbterian Migration 1720-1853, gives some interesting insight into where these first settlers of the Carolinas came from. The earliest settlers of Long Cane Creek came primarily from Virginia to the area that was first called Granville County, then the Ninety-Six District, and he lists among them John McAlpin. His map of the migration of the Associate Reformed Presbyterians showed them coming from Scotland to Ballybay, Ireland, to Albany, New York, through Pennsylvania to Augusta Co., Virginia, and then to the Carolinas. Rockbridge Co., VA, was created in 1778 from Augusta and Botetourt Counties.
The old S. C. counties of Craven and Granville have long been discontinued. Granville Co. was along the east bank of the Savannah River from Beaufort on the Atlantic Ocean to Pendleton, NC. Craven County was North of the Santee River and followed the N. C. for nearly 200 miles. Chester Co., S. C., where John's family was found in the records for many years, was created in 1785 from what had been Craven County.
John McCalpin purchased 100 acres of land on Long Cane Creek from James and Sarah Barr in 1765. This land joined one side of John's Royal Grant from the King. John is listed on the 1768 Quit Rent Rolls as owning two 250 acre tracts in Granville county. Elizabeth McCalpine is also listed with 200 acres in Craven Co., S. C. The Quit Rent was the annual assessment due the King from each person who obtained land by the actual grant or by purchase or inheritance from one who had received the grant. The question arises as to why Elizabeth was a land owner. Is she a widow? Is the John McCalpin now found in the records her husband or her son?
470 JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
John McCalpon received 200 acres in Wilkes Co., GA, in 1778, but is this John, Sr. or John, Jr.? Alexander McAlpin received 100 acres in Wilkes Co. a few days later. There is no record that John McCalpin ever actually lived on this land, but John and Alexander were in the same location at the same time.
John McAlpin made inventory for the estate of John Montgomery in 1777 in Ninety-Six District, S. C. John McColpin was on the 1778-1779 Jury List of S. C., in Camden, between the Broad and Catawba River at the same time Alexander McAlpin was on the jury list from Long Cane. John McAlphin was a member of the Upper Ninety Six Regiment, South Carolina Militia, and fought in the 1779 Battle of Kettle Creek during the Revolutionary War. The generations are now blurred. Since there was a John McCalpin, Senior and Junior-father and son-it may be the son who is shown in some of these later records rather than the father. John, Jr. was born before 1755, possibly by 1750 or earlier, so he was of legal age by or before 1770 to 1775. It may be John, Jr. who served in the Revolutionary War or it could have been both father and son.
In 1790 Elizabeth McCalpin deeded a Brown Bay Mare as a gift to her grand- daughter Mary Watson in Chester Co., S. C. The deed was witnessed by Joshua Gore and Joseph Watson, who are thought to be sons-in-law of Elizabeth. John McAlpin, Jr. and wife Nancy sold 80 acres in Craven Co. to Allen DeGraffenried in 1798. John states that he inherited this 80 acres from his father. It was part of a 200 acre tract granted to John McCo1pin, Sr. in 1759.
When Daniel McCalpin died intestate in Chester Co. in 1803, John and Betsey McCalpin were appointed administrators of his estate and ordered to make a division of the property within a year. Daniel was probably the brother of John, Jr., and Betsey may have been Daniel's wife, but no proof has been found.
John McColpen, Jr. was the only McColpen to appear as head of household in the 1790 census of Chester Co., SC. He had five males and three females in his household. He was still in Chester Co. in 1800, but soon afterwards migrated to Christian Co., Kentucky. John, along with two of his married sons, Joseph and John, were living almost next door to each other in Christian Co., Ky. in 1810. By 1820 Todd county had been created from Christian county, so although they had not moved, the McCo1pins now lived in Todd county. These families and their descendants were found in the census records of Todd county from 1820 through 1910.
John McCopin/McCo1pin bought land in Christian Co., Kentucky from John Waldrop in 1807. The name was spelled both McCopin and McColpin on the same land record. Joseph McCo1pin and his wife Nancy eventually became owners of this property. They willed it to two of their sons, Charner H. and Joseph, Jr. in 1855. John, Joseph and Hudson McCorpen/McCorbin/McCo1pin appeared in the early tax records of Christian Co. It was after the family arrived in Kentucky that the name was found spelled McCorpen.
The following are some records found that have been found for John McAlpin:
(NOTE: Text continues on page 474 following the documented records.)
1747 Records of Augusta Co., Virginia. 1745-1800, Vol. I by Chalkley. p. 314 Patrick Davis, assignee of John McCapen, vs. Ralph Laverty.--Assignee of John McCapen and Elizabeth, his wife, late Elizabeth Watson. Bond by James Mais, Cooper, and Ralph Laverty, to Elizabeth Watson, dated 7 September 1747. (John and Elizabeth probably married in 1748.)
1749 Tinkling Suring Presbyterian Church of Augusta Co., VA. Bautismal Records Margaret McCapin, daughter of John McCapin, was baptized 13 Mar 1749.
JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 471
1754 Anson Co.. N. C. Deed Abstracts: Deed Book C, p. 103; Robert McPherson of Rowan Co., N. C., sold to John McAlpin of Rowan Co., NC, 360 acres on S. side of Broad River on Bush River joining George Derumples on 17 May 1754. Yitnesses: Henry Hendry and James Pickett. (This land is in present Laurens and Newberry Counties, S. C.) Grant Book 13, p. 10.
1754 Anson Countx. NC Deed Abstracts 1749-57 by Holcomb: 29 Jan 1754, Yilliam Alexander, a merchant, deeded to John Patterson, a planter, both of Rowan Co., NC, 496 acres land on N. side Catawba, S. side of Twelve Mile Creek. William Alexander, seal; Witnesses: John McCalpin, Henry Henrdy.
(NOTE: William Alexander, John Patterson and John McCapin (McAlpin) were in the Tinkling Spring Church records of Augusta Co., VA, in the 1740's.)
1755 Anson Co.. N. C. Deed Abstracts, Vol. I 1749-57, p. 12 John Hitchcock, planter of Anson Co., N. C., sold to John McCopen, planter of same (lease s5 release to 20 Va. money)) 200 acres N. side of Broad River N. Fork of Sandy River. Wit: John Loveless, Marcus Stokes, Henry Hardin. Dated 10 Sep or Dec 1755 Deed Book 1, p. 189 (Although this is given as being in Anson Co., the description places it in what is today Chester Co., S. C. The NC-SC line was not established until 1772.)
1758 Destiny of the Scotch-Irish. An account of a Presbxterian Migration 1720-1853 by H. Leonard Porter III, p. 10: Earliest settlers of Long Cane Creek came primarily from Virginia to the area that was first called Granville County, then Ninety-Six District before its designation as Abbeville District. Those who were there in the first years of settlement were: John McAlpin, 1758.
1758 Royal Land Grants. S.C., Vol. 6, p. 395 (S.C. Archives) John McAlpin, 250 acres on Long Cane Creek in Granville Co., SC; 24 Aug 1758.
1758 Royal Land Grants in S.C., Vol. 7, p. 11; (S.C. Archives); Surveyor General measured and laid out unto John McAlpin, a 200 acre plantation on a tract of vacant land on the NE side of Broad River called Sandy Creek, bounded SE on land laid out to Edwards Hicks/Nicks and on other side by vacant land, in Craven Co., SC, 15 Sep 1758.
1758 Royal Land Grants in S.C., Vol. 9, p. 244, (S. C. Archives) John McAlpin, 250 acres on Sandy Creek on NW side of Broad River in Craven Co., S. C., bounded SE and on land laid out to Edward Hicks and on all other sides by vacant land: 13 Oct 1758.
1759 Royal Land Grants in S.C., Vol. 9, p. 230, (S.C. Archives) John McAlpin, 250 acres on Timber Grove on waters of Long Cane Creek being a branch of NW fork in Granville Co., bounded on all sides by vacant lands, 30 Oct 1759.
1765 Deed Abstracts of Anson Co., N. C. (Recorded S.C. Archives): James and Sarah Barr of Mecklenburg, N. C., sold to John McAlpin of Granville Co., S.C., for 40 pounds S.C. currency 100 acres of land in Granville Co. on the NW fork of Long Cane Creek being waters of Savannah River NE bounding on John McCalpins stake 3+, other sides vacant. Indenture made 12 Aug 1765. Recorded 16 Nov 1767.
472 JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
1768 Citizens and Immigrants - South Carolina. 1768: p. 279, Quit Rent Rolls of 1768, John McCalpin, 250 acres in Granville Co., SC; p. 280, Elizabeth McCalpine, 200 acres in Craven Co., SC. (Is it possible that John McCalpin, Sr. died about 1768 and that all records found after this date are for his son, John McCalpin, Jr.?)
1777 Ninetv Six District. S. C.. Journal of the Court of Ordinary, pp 32, 33 Part of an inventory and appraisement of the estate of John Montgomery of Ninety-Six District, deceased, made by John McAlpin, Samuel Finley and William Martin, appraisers, in and about February 1777. JOHN McCALPIN is shown as purchaser at the estate sale of John Montgomery.
1778 The Jurv List of S. C. 1778-1779; For Camden, between the Broad and Catawba River: John McAlphin.
1778 A Researcher's Librarv of Ga. Historv. Genealogy and Records Sources: John McCalpin received 200 acres of land in Wilkes Co., GA, on 19 May 1778. It is interesting to note that Alexander McAlpin also received 200 acres in Wilkes Co., GA, a few days later on 3 Jun 1778. John lived in Chester Co., S. C., and there is no evidence that he ever lived on this land in Wilkes Co., Ga. Alexander appeared in some of the same areas as John over the years and it is believed they could have been related.
1779 Georgians in the Revolution: At Kettle Creek (Wilkes Co.) and Burke County; Upper Ninety Six Regiment, South Carolina Militia (200 men), p. 37: John McA1phin (McCALPIN?) AA 4873-A; He was in the Battle of Kettle Creek fought on 14 Feb 177~ during the Revolutionary War.
1785 Chester Co.. S. C. Minutes of the County Court 1785-1799 by Holcomb and Parker: Oct Court 1786, Order Book A: John McCool assignee of Duncan McCrevan against William Young: John McCaupin (McAlpin) was a witness.
1786 Chester Co.. SC Records: John Morrow, plaintiff, against John Fonderien and John Price: Witnesses included John McCawpin.
1786 Chester Co.. SC Records: John McCaupin was witness in a legal action of Duncan McCrevan against William Young in Oct 1786 in Chester Co., S. C.
1789 Chester Co.. SC. Deed Book B, p. 410: John Stepp of Lincoln Co., Va., a planter, sold to John McCo1pin and Nancy, his wife, 600 acres on Sandy River in Chester Co., S. C., on 29 Sep 1789.
1790 1790 Census Chester Co.. S. C.; Camden Dist: John McCo1pen: 2 males over 16, 3 males under 16, 3 females. (This is son of the earlier John.)
1790 Chester Co.. SC. Deed Book B, p. 411: John McCo1pin and Nancy, his wife, sold 150 acres to Asa Darby on 8 May 1790. It was part of grant to James Stepp on 6 Jul 1774. (Asa Darby's wife was Dorcas Gore, d/o Jas m. Gore.)
1790 Chester Co.. SC. Deed Book B, p. 258: John McColpin sold 300 acres on waters of Sandy River to Manning Gore of Newberry Co., SC, on 15 May 1790 This was part of grant to James Stepp.
1790 Chester Co.. SC. Deeds: John McCo1pin sold 200 acres to James Wilkinson on 24 Jul 1790.
JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 473
1790 Chester Co.. S. C. Deed Book B, p. 245 For love and affection Elizabeth McCalpin gives a Brown Bay mare to her granddaughter Mary Watson. This deed witnessed by Joshua Gore and Joseph Watson on 19 Aug 1790.
(Tradition says both men were sons-in-law of Elizabeth McAlpin.)
1797 Chester Co.. SC Deed Book E, p. 279: John McColpin sold 200 acres in Feb.
1798 Chester Co.. S. C. Deed Book H, p. 69; on 15 Feb 1798, John and Nancy McColpin sold 80 acres in Craven Co. to Allen DeGraffenried. John stated he inherited this 80 acres from his father and that it was part of the 200 acres tract granted to John McColpin, Sr. in Oct 1759.
1800 1800 Census Chester Co.. S. C.: John McCawpin, 5 males and 5 females; 1 m under 10, 1m 10-16, 2m 16-26, 1m over 45; 3 females under 10, If 10- 16, 1 female over 45.
1801 Chester Co.. S. C. Wills: Will of Clement Gore, Dated 25 May 1801, Chester Co., S. C., Eldest son, Michael Gore, 2nd son, Davis Gore, 3rd son Clement Gore: Wife's two daus. Elizabeth and Lidey; Wife Charety; Daus. Elizabeth; Testators, John McColpin, Daniel McColpin, Matthew Wornell; Proven 6 Aug 1802.
1803 Chester Co.. SC. Records: An indenture of 100 acres was made from John McColpin to Thomas Humphries on 5 Feb 1803.
1803 The Kentucky Land Grants Part I, by Jillson; p. 372; Grants South of Green River: John McCopin, 142 acres on Pond River, Christian Co., KY, Surveyed 10 Mar 1803, Book 7, p. 118.
1803 File 42. Package 662. Office of Probate Judge. Chester Co.. S. C. John and Betsey McCalpin applied for letters of administration on estate of Daniel McCalpin, late of Chester District, on 4 Nov 1803. Bondsmen: Davis Gore and Michael Gore. An inventory is shown but no other papers on file to show disposition of estate nor any other members of the family.
1807 Chester Co.. S. C.. Clerk of Court. Book 0, pp 351-353 John McColpin of Chester Co., S. C., sold to Allen Degraffenreid for $1,000.00 "All that tract or parcel of land on which I now live being part of my inheritance from my father John McColpin, Surveyed and Patented by John Hitchcock and conveyed thence to my father beginning at a Sugar Tree on the North Bank of the main fork of Sandy River The said land was patented from N. C. bearing date 16 May 1754 containing 200 acres more or less." Dated 13 Jan 1807. Witnesses: Dr. Crosby; Francis Hobson; "Nancy McColpin, wife of within John McColpin, upon being privately and separately examined declares that she does freely, voluntarily and with any compulsion, dread or fear of any person or persons relinquishes to Allen Degraffenreid her rights and claim of dower the within mentioned released. Signed Nancy McColpin, 14 Mar 1807."
1807 Christian Co.. KY. Land Records: Certificate 11363, Warrant 117012; (Now Todd Co.) 23 Jun 1807, Assigned by John Waldrop to John McCopin (also McColpin) 142 acres on Pond River, Wit: Joel Cheek and Joseph McColpin; Recorded Book 7, p. 521. (originally granted to John Waldrop in 1802-03.)
1807 Christian Co., Kentucky Tax List: Joseph McColpin/McCorbin; Hudson McColpin/McCorbin.
474 JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
1808 Christian Co.. KY. Tax List: Joseph McCorpen/McCo1pin.
1809 Christian Co.. KY. Tax List: John McCopin; Joseph McCopin; John McCopin.
1810 KY Census. Christian Co. 1810; John McCorphin, 1m 10-26; 1m 16-26; 1 male over 45; 1 f-10; 1f 16-26; 1 female over 45 (Prob. John, Jr., s/o John; McCalpin and Elizabeth Watson.) , John McCorphin, 2m-10; 1m 26-45; 1f-10; 1f 16-26; 1f 26-45 (John III, S/ ,..: John, Jr. and Nancy.) .' Joseph McCorphin, 1m 16-26; 2f-10, 1f 16-26 (s/o John, Jr. and Nancy.)
1816 Christian Co.. KY. Land Records: (Now Todd Co.) Certificate /1363, Survey: /17012 - Indenture dated 2 Apr 1816 from Joshua Cates to Betsey McCorpen for $1.00. On 1 Sep 1807 Joshua Cates acquired the land at auction for .77. This was before the land was recorded and paid for. John Waldrop removed to Illinois.
1819 Christian Co.. KY. Deeds: John McCorpen, Sr. deeded 42 acres of land on Pond River, Christian Co. (now Todd Co.) to Joseph McCorpen: Witnesses: Abraham McCorpen and Jesse Doom; Dated 20 Nov 1819.
1821 Todd Co.. KY. Deeds: Joseph McCo1pin paid Louis Dalton of Logan Co., Ky, $100.00 for a parcel of land on Pond River on 11 May 1821; Also paid $700.00 for land on Pond River.
1855 Todd Co.. KY. Records: Certificate /1363, Survey /17012, 142 acres and 70 acres willed by Joseph and Nancy, his wife, to their 2 sons, Charner H. and Joseph, Jr. Land to be divided as described. Dated 1855; Division in 1861. Diagram of land divided matches that of original assignment.
This has been a very difficult family to research because of the lack of genealogical type records, so be aware that many of the following families are not complete and the reconstruction probably contains serious errors. Correct spelling of names has been difficult to determine, so may not be accurate. The families have been reconstructed to the best of our ability using available records in the hope that it will prove helpful to others.
I. JOHN McCALPIN, Sr. probably born by the 1720's, possibly in Scotland, and died before 1790, possibly by the late 1760's or 1770's, in Chester Co., S. C. John was married ca 1748, probably in Augusta Co., VA, to Elizabeth Watson. His marriage to Elizabeth mayor may not have been his first. Without a will, estate, bible or family record, it is impossible to know the names of all the children of John McCalpin, but John, Jr. and Margaret are definitely children. The Gore family records show that Jane was also a daughter. There is circumstantial evidence to indicate the others listed here were children, and there was without doubt additional ones for whom no name are known.
Issue: (7 children listed here but names of all children are not known)
1. Margaret McAlpin, d/o John. Sr., b. ca 1749, prob. Augusta Co., VA; She was baptized on 13 Mar 1749 at Tinkling Spring Meeting House in Augusta Co., VA and was probably a young infant at this date. She mayor may not have been the oldest child of John. There is no more information about her. It is possible that her name was Margaret Jane and she was the daughter who married Joshua Gore, but it is also possible that Margaret and Jane were two separate daughters, so they must be listed separately.
JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 475
2. Jane McAlpin, d/o John. Sr., b. ca 1748-1750 prob. VA, d. ca 1797 SC; m. Joshua Gore, Sr., b. ca 1744, Frederick Co., Maryland, d. Nov. 1820 Johnson Co., Ill; Joshua was s/o James Gore, Sr, 1705-1784, and wife Elizabeth. After Jane died, Joshua m. 2nd, ca 1798, Chester Co., SC, Tildy Frances Osborne, and had more children. The 1985 DAR supplemental application of Margy Lou Roye Ward of Fla. listed the following children for Jane McAlpin and Joshua Gore.
Issue: (8 children; May not be in order of birth)
2A Elizabeth "Betsy" Gore, d. Ala.; m. George Tonahill/Tanahill.
2B Margaret "Peggy" Gore, m. Matthew Wornell.
2C John W. Gore, b. ca 1775; m. Eleanor "Nellie" Seely.
2D Thomas Gore, b. ca 1780 SC, d. after 1850, Union Co., Ill; m. Lydia ___.
Issue: (1) John W. Gore, b. ca 1816 Ill, d. 1853 Ill; m. Elizabeth Penrod.
2E Joshua Gore, Jr., b. ca 1775, d. ca 1796; m. Rebecca Robinson.
2F Nancy Gore, b. ca 1776, d. 1794; m. Edward/Thomas Standard.
2G Jane Gore, b. ca 1790; m. 1st William Patterson; m. 2nd John Deans.
2H Daniel Gore, b. ca 1797, Chester Co., SC; m. Mary Garner.
(Gore information also from Will of Joshua Gore as listed on p. 386 of A History of Johnson Co. Illinois by Mrs. P. T. Champman. The McCalpin and Gore families lived in the Sandy River area of Chester Co., S. C. Joshua Gore married Jane McCalpin and John Ashford Gore married Mary McCalpin. Was Mary McCalpin another daughter of John and Elizabeth Watson McAlpin?)
3. Daniel McAlpin, prob. s/o John and Elizabeth; served in Revolutionary War. He d. 1803 Chester Co., SC. Application for administration of his property was made in Chester Co., and in Nov 1803, John McColpin, probably the brother of Daniel, and Elizabeth "Betsey" McCo1pin, possibly the wife of Daniel, were approved to administer provided they made an inventory for auction within one year. Davis and Michael Gore were either co- administrators of bondsmen. Record of sale and distribution has not been found. There may have been children as some unidentified McCalpins are later found in Todd Co., KY, including Samuel McCalpin. (See end of chapter)
4. Drurv McCalpin. prob. s/o John & Elizabeth, b. ca 1750s. He served in the South Carolina Militia during the Revolutionary War. His audited account for militia duty is in SC archives, #AA 4957-B, 7 Dec 1778 - 8 Nov 1780. It is not known if he married and had children. His dates of birth and death are not known. This is the only record found of him, but it establishes him as an adult by 1778, making the 1750's as a likely date for his birth.
5. Mrs. Joseph Watson. prob. d/o John and Elizabeth. Elizabeth McCalpin, for Ilove and affection, deeded a brown bay mare to her granddaughter Mary Watson on 17 Aug 1790. Joseph Watson and Joshua Gore were witnesses. It is said both men were sons-in-law. There is no other information about the Watsons.
6. John H. McCalpin. Jr., s/o John & Elizabeth, b. before 1755; m. Nancy ___. They were found in the 1790 and 1800 census of Chester Co., SC, and in the 1810 census of Christian Co., KY. John H. was over 45 years of age in the 1800 census, making him born before 1755, either in VA or the Carolinas. John H.'s middle name has been given by descendants as Hudson or Hutson. It is interesting to note that a John Hamilton McAlpin was a Loyalist in N. C. during the Revolutionary War (l), but it is believed the above John H. served
(1) Demond, Loyalist in N. C Durin. Rev War
476 JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
for the colonies. Also a Lieut. McAlpine and Col. Hamilton, Loyalists under the command of Gen. Cornwallis, were listed as killed in a battle near Camden, SC, in Aug 1780 2. It is difficult to distinguish John, Jr. from his father, John, Sr. in the early South Carolina records. John, Jr. must have been of legal age by the early 1770's, so any record found after that date may be either father or son.
Issue: (7 names known; Doris Bajak thinks they had 11 ch, 5 boys, 6 girls)
6A John McAlpin/McColpin/McCorpin, b. ca 1765 -1785.
6B Joseph W. McAlpin,
6C Thomas Hudson McAlpin
6D Betsy McAlpin
6E Sarah Ruth McAlpin
6F Abraham T. McAlpin,
6G Lydia McAlpin
6A John McAlpin/McColRin. s/o John H. and Nancy, b. ___ SC, d. ca 1846, Todd Co., KY; m. S.C., Phoebe Franklin. John migrated from Chester Co., SC to KY. John's brother, Joseph Warren McColpin, was administrator of his 1846 will. According to an old issue of the National Banner & Nashville Whig, Francis McCarpin of Maury Co., TN, died of Cholera, Aug 1835 at State Prison. John's sons, Daniel and John, were found in records of Maury Co. in the 1830's, but it has not been determined if Francis was a son, a brother or unrelated.
Issue: (7 children known, may have been others)
6A1 Daniel McAlpin b. 1806, KY
6A2 John McAlpin b. 1800-1810
6A3 Daughter b. 1800-1810
6A4 Vardy McAlpin b. ca 1813
6A5 Martha "Patsy" McAlpin b.
6A6 William McAlpin b.
6A7 Barnett McAlpin b. 22 Oct 1820
(Doris Bajak of NJ thinks John & Phoebe had 5 sons and 2 daus. Joseph McAlpine of Colo. says he knows of 5 sons and 1 dau. but does not indicate if there could be others. He lists them as Daniel, John, Vardie, William, Barnett and Patsy. He thinks William may have gone north. Doris Bajak thinks maybe DeLafayette was a son. Can William and DeLafayette be the same person?
6A1 Daniel McAlpin, s/o John and Phoebe, b. 1806, KY, d. 1882, TN; m. 1st, 17 Mar 1827, Williamson Co., TN, Elizabeth Meachan; m. 2nd Mrs. Myrtella Shaffer (Pearcy) (Cody), b. 1827, d. Feb 1910. Daniel was a contractor and builder. Res. Maury and Williamson Cos., TN.
Issue: (8 children; 5 by Elizabeth, 3 by Myrtella)
6A1A Mary McAlpin, d/o Daniel, b. ca 1834, TN. Never married.
6A1B Susan McAlpin, d/o Daniel, b. ca 1836 TN; m. 20 Mar 1856, Williamson Co., TN, Eli G. Sherman.
6A1C Letitia/Lutitia McAlpin, d/o Daniel, b. ca 1840, TN, d. 1912, bur., Williamson Co., TN; m. 15 Apr 1860, TN, Andrew C. Vaughan, b. 1837. He had a brick and livery business in Williamson Co., TN.
Issue: (7 children known)
(1) William Thomas "Tom" Vaughan, never married; (2) Daniel Vaughan; (3) Myrtle Vaughan, m. Joseph Edward McAlpin, s/o Wm McAlpin; (4) Jessie E. Vaughan, m. ___ Carter; (5) Ada Vaughan, m. ___ Cliff; (6) Letitia/Lutitia Vaughan, m. ___ Well; (7) Lula E. Vaughan, m.___ McCorkle
JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 477
6A1D John Henderson McAlpin, s/o Daniel, b. ca 1841, TN, d. Apr 1862 in Civil War. never married.
6A1E Margaret A. "Mollie" McAlpin, d/o Daniel, b. 3 May 1845, TN, d. 7 Dec 1866, Williamson Co., TN.
Issue of Daniel McAlpin by 2nd wife Myrtella Shaffer Pearcy Cody: (3 ch)
6A1F Ida May McAlpin, d/o Daniel, b. 20 Dec 1859, TN, d. 1937; m. William Hulet Ful cher. No issue. She was tea cher in Franklin and Clarksville, TN, Martin College, Boscobel College in Nashville, in Havana, Cuba for 1 year, and in Nashville City S chools for 20 years.
6A1G Daniel Morgan McAlpin, s/o Daniel, b. 1862, TN, d. Nov 1898, prob Maury Co., TN; m. 19 Nov 1885, Davidson Co., TN, Emma Allie Slack.
Issue: (5 children)
6A1G1 Kenneth McAlpin, s/o Daniel Morgan, b. 1 Sep 1887, TN, d. 1970; m. 29 Dec 1912, Ark., Anne Thomas Ket chem, b. 1886, d. 1969. He was educated U. of chicago, Peabody College, Nashville, TN. Taught in boys' s chools for a few years after he was married. One s chool was in Flat Rock, NC. Most of his life was spent working as a credit man for wholesale dry goods companies. Res. Little Rock, Ark., where he was in Who's Who in Little Rock 1921. Res. Kansas City, MO.
Issue: (2 children)
6A1G1A Joseph Beal McAlpine, b. 1917: m. Frances Marie Biederman. Joseph received anti-aircraft training in U. S. Army in WW II and went to work for the F.A.A. promoting aviation safety afterwards. No Issue. Res. Denver, Colo. in 1988.
6A1G1B Margaret Anne McAlpin, b. 1922; m. Joseph W. Miller. She was science and math tea cher for a number of years. Both are now retired. They are deeply involved in environmental matters and are volunteers for the National Park Service helping with revegetation efforts. No Issue. Res. Bellevue, Wash.
6A1G2 Daniel Russell McAlpin, s/o Daniel Morgan, b. Nov 1887/9, Williamson Co, TN, d. 1955, TN; m. Annie Lavender, b. 1890, d. 1939
Issue: (1 son)
6A1G2A Daniel Russell McAlpin, Jr, b. 5 Apr 1910, Nashville, TN; m. 1936, Mary Louise Benson, b. 1912.
Issue: (1 son)
6A1G2A1 John Daniel McAlpin, b. 30 Jul 1946, TN; m. Carol Jean Ruckle. Res. Hermitage, TN.
Issue: (1 dau) Mary Elizabeth McAlpin, b. TN.
6A1G3 Ida Matilla McAlpin, d/o Daniel Morgan, b. Aug 1891, d. 1982; m. late in life to Hugh Hessey, brother of Frank. No Issue.
6A1G4 Frances McAlpin, d/o Daniel Morgan, b. Dec 1893, d. 1987; m. Frank Hessey. No Issue. Married after Frances had retired. Frank and Hugh Hessey were brothers.
6A1G5 Allie McAlpin, d/o Daniel Morgan, b. Jul 1895, d. at ca age 7.
6A1H Willie McAlpin, s/o Daniel, died in infancy.
6A2 John McAlpin, s/o John and Phoebe, b. ca 1804, KY; m. Jane Blackburn. In Williamson Co. TN in 1830, 1840, 1850. He was a mer chant and a farmer.
Issue: (10 children)
478 JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
6A2A Elizabeth McAlpin, d/o John and Jane, b. ca 1829, TN; m. 1st, Apr 1855, Maury Co., TN, John L. Robinson; m. 2nd, Dec 1865, Haywood Co., TN, Wm T. Tilman. Issue: (1 dau) Anne E. Robinson, m. Mitchell.
6A2B Ann P. McAlpin, d/o John and Jane; m. Jan 1849, TN, Joseph Smith.
Issue: (not complete) (1) Susan Elnora Smith, b. 1852, TN, m. 1871, Rev. J. S. Renshaw; (2) Mollie Smith, m. Moore.
6A2C Nancy E. McAlpin, d/o John and Jane, b. ca 1832, TN, d. 22 Jan 1912.
6A2D William b. McAlpin, s/o John and Jane, b. Oct 1833, TN; m. Emily Parolee b. Nov 1838. Res. Haywood Co., TN.
Issue: (6 children known)
6A2D1 Alice J. McAlpin, b. ca 1857 TN; m. 27 Dec 1879, Haywood Co., TN, W. T. Perry.
6A2D2 John S. McAlpin, b. 1859. No other information.
6A2D3 Joseph Edward McAlpin, b. Mar 1865, m. Myrtle Vaughn, d/o Letitia McAlpin and Andrew C. Vaughan. Joseph E. was in the 1900 census of Santa Barbara, CA, apparently living alone.
6A2D4 Ida E. McAlpin, b. ca 1867 TN. No other information.
6A2D5 Henry A. McAlpin, b. ca 1869 TN. No other information.
6A2D6 Alvin b. McAlpin, b. ca 1878 TN. No other information.
6A2E Margaret Mary McAlpin, d/o John and Jane, b. ca 1836, TN. No info.
6A2F Russell S. McAlpin, s/o John and Jane, b. ca 1838, TN. No info.
6A2G John H. McAlpin, s/o John and Jane, b. ca 1841, TN. May have died in April 1862, probably in the Civil War, but no proof.
6A2H Daniel Burford McAlpin, s/o John and Jane, b. ca 1843, TN, d. Nov 1860, Haywood Co., TN.
6A2I Sarah T. McAlpin, d/o John and Jane, b. ca 1844, TN. No info.
6A2J Elisha Henderson McAlpin, s/o John and Jane, b. Nov 1847, TN; m. Feb 1873, McNairy Co., TN, Rebecca m. K. Carson, b. Jul 1951.
Issue: (6 children)
6A2J1 Cora McAlpin, b. ca 1876, TN. No info.
6A2J2 Maggie McAlpin, b. Mar 1877, TN; m. ca 1897, Robert Lee Chandler.
Issue: (2 known, but prob others) (1) Ruth Lee Chandler, b. Mar 1898; (2) Margaret Chandler, b. Jan 1900 TN.
6A2J3 William McAlpin, b. Aug 1879, TN. No info.
6A2J4 John J. McAlpin, b. Nov 1882, TN. No info.
6A2J5 Janie McAlpin, b. Jul 1886, TN. No info.
6A2J6 Lucille McAlpin, b. Mar 1893, TN. No info.
6A3 Daughter McCo1pin/McCorpen, d/o of John and Phoebe, b. 1800-1810.
6A4 Vardy McAlpin/McCo1Din/McCorpin, s/o John and Phoebe, b. ca 1813, KY; m. 18 Jan 1838, Williamson Co., TN, Elizabeth Gardner. He was a brick mason. Served with the 1st Tennessee Volunteers in 1838. He was aged 65 in the 1880 census of Hickman Co., TN. Elizabeth died before 1880, and Vardy probably died in the 1890's. Res. Williamson and Hickman Cos., TN.
Issue: (6 children known)
6A4A Eleanor McAlpin, d/o Vardy, b. ca 1840, TN. Never married. Lived with her sister-in-law, the widow of Barnett McAlpin. Was still in her household in Dickson Co., TN in 1910.
6A4B John L. McAlpin, s/o Vardy, b. ca 1841, TN, d. during Civil while serving as a Union Soldier from Hickman Co., TN.
JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 479
6A4C Emily J. McAlpin, d/o Vardy, b. ca 1844, TN. Never married. Lived I with her sister-in-law, the widow of Barnett McAlpin. Was still in her household in Dickson Co., TN in 1910 census.
6A4D Martha McAlpin, d/o Vardy, b. ca 1846, TN.
6A4E James T. McAlp in/McCorp in , s/o Vardy, b. 29 Jun 1849, TN, d. 7 Nov 1915; m. 23 Apr 1869, Hickman Co., TN, Elizabeth "Eliza" C. Bradley, b. 15 Feb 1849, d. 22 May 1919, both bur. at family burying ground on Piney in Dickson Co., TN. Five infant graves with no markers are on the row above the graves of James and Eliza.
Issue: (5 children born, but only Vardie N. lived to adulthood)
6A4E1 Vardie N. McCorp in/McAlp in , s/o Jas T, b. 20 Jan 1870, Hickman Co., TN, d. 9 Sep 1950, Dickson Co., TN; m. Mary Etta ___ b. 9 Aug 1877, d. 4 Dec 1957, both bur. Dickson Union Cem.
Issue: (11 children known, all b. Tenn.)
(1) Claude McCorpin, b. May 1894; (2) Martie McCorpin, b. Jun 1896; (3) Ray McCorpin, b. Sep 1897; (4) Estella m. McCorpin, b. May 1899 (5) Elsie McCorpin, b. ca 1904; (6) Florida McCorpin, b. ca 1905; (7) Charlie McCorpin, b. ca 1907; (8) Carl McCorpin, b. 17 Dec 1908, d. 31 Jul 1909; (9) Eddie Gorce McCorpin, b. 21 Jul 1909, d. 20 Apr 1959; TN SC 3, USNR WW II; (10) Larry McCorpin, d. infancy; (11) Ruby Alline McCorpin, b. Jan 1913, d. 4 Jul 1913.
6A4F Barnett McAlp in/McCorp in , s/o Vardy & Elizabeth, b. ca 1850, TN; m. N. d. ___ b. Aug 1856 TN. Barnett must have died between 1886 & 1900 N. d. was shown as a widow in 1900 and 1910 census of Dickson Co., TN.
Issue: (3 children)
6A4F1 J. b. McCorpin, b. Apr 1879, TN. Single 1910.
6A4F2 Tennessee E. McCorpin, b. Sep 1882 TN; m. ca 1910, Jeff Adcock. Res. Dickson Co., TN in 1910 census.
6A4F3 William Gray McCorpin, b. Oct 1886, TN, d. 29 May 1911, Dickson Co.; m.___.
Issue: (Incomplete) (1) Virginia G. McCorpin, b. 1910. (Wm G. may have had a son James McCorpin, b. Feb 1911, d. Jun 1962)
6A5 Martha "Patsy" McColpin, d/o John and Phoebe. No information.
6A6 William McColpin, s/o John and Phoebe. No information.
6A7 Barnett McColpin, s/o John and Phoebe, b. 22 Oct 1820, Todd Co., KY, d. 8 Apr 1905, KY, bur. McColpin Cem., Allegre, KY. His mother died when he was born. He apparently was reared by his uncle Joseph Warren McColpin; m. 1st, 21 Nov 1843, Todd Co., KY, Nancy W. Black, b. Nov 1820, d. Mar 1855; m. 2nd, 1858, KY, Sarah Hill, b. 15 Jan 1827, d. 8 Nov 1891. Most members of this family are bur. McColpin Cem., Allegre Bapt. Church.
Issue: (9 children: 5 by Nancy Black, 4 by Sarah Hill)
6A7A William W. McColpin, b. ca 1845, KY.
6A7B Martha H. McColpin, b. ca 1847, KY; m. 26 Jan 1874, G. V. Carpenter.
6A7C Mary E. McCo1pin, b. ca 1849; m. 30 Jun 1867, Wesley Rolston.
6A7D Margaret Ann McCo1pin, b. Dec 1850, KY, d. Oct 1888.
6A7E Josephine L. McCo1pin, b. Feb 1853, KY, d. May 1885.
Issue of Barnett McCo1pin and 2nd wife Sarah Hill: (4 ch)
6A7F Nancy J. McCo1pin, b. ca 1858, KY.
6A7G Sarah R. McColpin, b. Jan 1860, KY' d. 18 Jun 1884.
6A7H John d. McColpin, b. 10 Oct 1861, KY, d. 10 Feb 1910; m. 16 Dec 1891?, Cora Lindsey, b. 25 Apr 1867.
6A7I Fannie b. McCo1pin, b. 11 Mar 1868, d. 3 Mar 1888.
480 JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
6B Joseph Warren McAlpin/McColpin, s/o John H. and Nancy, b. ca 1784, Chester Co., SC, d. ca 1858 in Todd Co., KY; m. Nancy Franklin, b. S. C.. Joseph bought land on Pond River in 1821. He was administrator of his brother John's 1846 will. Joseph's own will was registered in Todd Co., KY in 1855. He left a tract of land to his sons, Charner H. and Joseph, and their heirs. Issue: (Number and all names not known. Doris Bajak thinks there were 8 daughters in addition to the two sons, Charner H. and Joseph.)
6B1 Charner H. McColpin, s/o Joseph Warren, b. 15 Dec 1810, KY, d. 1 Jan 1871-75, KY, according to tombstone; m. 21 Dec 1833, Martha E. "Patsy" Jones, b. 11 Mar 1814, d. 3 Nov 1889, d/o Amos Jones & Betsey Henderson.
Issue: (11 children, all born Todd Co., KY)
6B1A Joseph F. McColpin, s/o Charner H., b. ca 1834, KY.
6B1B Malachi J. McColpin, s/o Charner H., b. 21 Feb 1836, Todd Co., KY, d. 1900 TX; m. 13 Mar 1860, Ballard Co., KY, Margaret b. Dean. Malachi was a Successful tobacco factor and farmer, general dealer in live stock. Served as constable and deputy sheriff. Issue: (1) Ovelia McColpin, b. 1866, d. 27 Jul 1882, m. James W. Shepherd, b. 1858, d. 1884; (2) Savannah Salyer, a foster dau, m. -- Cummings.
6B1C Maranda Ann McColpin, d/o Charner H., b. ca 1839, d. 1920 KY; m. 1 Nov 1865, Todd Co., KY, James E. Wolf.
6B1D Thomas b. McColpin, s/o Charner H., b. 1840 KY, d. 1889; m. Sarah E. (Pease?), b. 1851, d. 1925, both bur. Graves Co., KY.
Issue: (3 children known)
6B1D1 Lucy McColpin, b. ca 1871; m. 7 Dec 1886, KY, George S. Vaughan.
6B1D2 Jack H. McColpin, b. 1873, d. 1946; m. Essie m. Davis, b. 1898. Issue: (1) A. Arond McColpin, b. 25 Sep 1927, d. 7 Oct 1937 KY.
6B1D3 Barney O. McColpin, b. 20 Jan 1876, KY, d. 17 Feb 1902 KY.
6B1E Charner Austin McColpin, s/o Charner H., b. 25 May 1843, Allegre, KY, d. 10 Nov 1903; m. 25 Feb 1874, KY, Bettie A. Stephens, b. 20 Dec 1854, d. 15 Nov 1907, both bur. Glenwood Cem., Elkton, KY. (d/o Issac N. Stephens & Bettie A. Wilson of Graves Co., KY). Baptist.
Issue: (10 children)
6B1E1 Wallace Edward McColpin, s/o Charner A., b. 19 Dec 1874, d. 1951; m. 1895, Artie Mae Clark, both bur. Little Rock, Ark. Issue: (3 children)
6B1E1A Horace McColpin, b. 27 Oct 1899, TN, d. 12 Jul 1900?
6B1E1B Mattie Lucille McColpin, b. 24 Feb 1904, d. 28 Jul 1919.
6B1E1C Mamie Irene McColpin, b. 12 Jun 1921. m. 1st Joe Golenor; m. 2nd Izard. No issue.
6B1E2 Viola "Bide" McColpin, d/o Charner A., b. 19 Jul 1876, d. 1955, Elkton, KY; m. 1895, Elkton, Silas H. Cartwright, b. 1869, d. 1903.
Issue: (1 son)
6B1E2A Paul Seaton Cartwright, b. 2 Mar 1897, Elkton, KY, d. 1947; m. 1919, Frances Willard Cherry, b. 1899.
Issue: (2 daus)
6B1E2A1 Frances Cherry Cartwright, b 12 Oct 1920; m. Fred Parker She is a writer and Co-authored the "Hand-Me-Down Cookbook."
Issue: (2 children)
6B1E2A1A Pamela Cherry Parker, m. James Carroll.
Issue: (1) Kimbery, b. 1975; (2) Jimmy, b. 1977.
JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 481
6B1E2A1B David Cartwright Parker, m. Susan Wheeler.
Issue: (1) Laura, b. 1986; (2) Sarah C., b. 1990.
6B1E2A2 Betsy Jean Cartwright, b. 11 Mar 1923, d. 1980; m. George Andrew Pilkinton.
Issue: (1 ch) Dr. Mark Cartwright Pilkinton, b. 1947; Ph.D., Bristol U., England. Heads drama dept. Notre Dame U.; Writer; m. Lucy Blandford of VA, has 2 sons, Luther Blandford Pilkinton and George Blandford Pilkinton.
6B1E3 Ora May McCo1pin, d/o Charner A., b. 16 Aug 1879, d. 1951; m. 1907, Millard Ti1more Lindsey.
Issue: (2 children)
6B1E3A Viola Ionell "Nell" Lindsey, b. 1911, d. c 1951; m. Randolph Hadden.
Issue: Nettie Lonell, m. _Wilson; Betty Mae, m._Edwards.
6B1E3B Charles Austin Lindsey, s/o Ora, b. 30 Jul 1909, d. Mar 1910.
6B1E4 Martha Emma McCo1pin, d/o Charner A., b. 5 Feb 1881, d. 24 May 1911; m. Henry Martin.
6B1E5 Edgar McCo1pin, s/o Charner A., b. 26 Nov 1882, d. 9 Aug 1883.
6B1E6 Willie Austin McCo1pin, s/o Charner A., b. 1884, d. Aug 1885.
6B1E7 Catherine Isabella "Kate" McCo1pin, d/o Charner A., b. 8 Aug 1885, d ?; m. 1903, Felix Lindsey.
Issue: (1 son) Cecil Aubrey Lindsey, b. 3 Jun 1906, deceased. Never married.
6B1E8 Minnie Pearl McCo1pin, d/o Charner A., b. 31 Jul 1891, d. 7; m. Claud Wright.
Issue: (2 children)
6B1E8A Claud Blackburn Wright, b. Mar 1910, m. Leola Willis.
Issue: (1) Joe Bailey Wright; (2) Warren David Wright.
6B1E8B Martha Elizabeth Wright, b. Dec 1921; m. Clifford McKinney.
Issue: (1 son) Walter Eugene McKinney.
6B1E9 John Walker McCo1pin, s/o Charner A., b. 20 Sep 1893 KY, d. 24 Dec 1985 Red Bluff, CA. Enlisted military service in Jefferson Banks, MO on 4 Feb 1916. Served as a Corporal in WW I, Discharged Aug 1920. He was in Cheyenne, Wyo. in 1922. Res. Scotts Bluff, Neb. ca 1957; m. 1st, 1913, Lois Talley; m. 2nd Laura McCulley.
Issue: (names 2 children known)
6B1E9A Joe Thomas McCo1pin, s/o John Walker McCo1pen, b. 24 Ap 1914; m. 1932, Leatha Mae Knight. Res. E1kton, KY.
Issue: (3 ch) (1) John Boone McCo1pin, m. Sandy; (2) Lloyd McCo1pin; (3) Betty McCo1pin, m. ___ Williams or Watkins.
6B1E9B Gladys McCo1pin, (Mary Patricia Cody), d/o John Walker McCo1pin, b. 3 Nov 1922, Cheyenne, Wyo., adopted on 17 Nov 1922 by Dr. and Mrs. Michael m. Cody. Mary Patricia m. 1st, 19 Nov 1940, Elmhurst, 111, Philip Charles Sch10tterer, div. 1955; m. 2nd, 19 Feb 1961, Mike Hildreth.
Issue: (4 children)
6B1E9B1 Troas Elizabeth Sch10tterer, b. 9 Sep 1941, Garrett, Ind.; m. 29 Apr 1961, Gunnison Colo., Billy Joe Long.
Issue: (3 children)
6B1E9B1A Marvin James Long, b. 23 Feb 1962, Colo., m. 28 N 1981, Deborah Louise Quarton.
6B1E9B1B Brenda Lee Long, b. 12 Jun 1964, Gunnison, Colo.
482 JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
6B1E9B1C Diana Lynn Long, b. 7 Dec 1965; m. Steve Engel, 1986.
6B1E9B2 Philip Charles Sch10tterer, b. 6 Oct 1942, Garrett, Ind; m. 7 Aug 1966, Liberty, MO, Jewel King.
Issue: 2 sons.
6B1E9B3 Rosanne Schlotterer, b. 30 Aug 1943, ILL; m. 1st Neil Harman, div.; m. 2nd, 1976, Jerry Crager; No issue.
6B1E9B4 James Pierre Sch10tterer, b. 26 Apr 1945, Auburn, Ind; m. 6 Nov 1967, Maine, Nancy Smith, div. 1988.
6B1E10 Charles Edwin McCo1pin, s/o Charner A., b. 19 Feb 1897, d. 20 May 1934, bur. Glenwood Cem., Elkton, KY; m. 1932, Jewell Burton. He was Sgt. 328 Inf. 82 Div. WW I. Lost a leg at Battle of Albert, France on 3 Jun 1918.
Issue: A son who d. at age 8 months.
6B1F Martha E. McColpin, d/o C. H., b. ca 1844, KY; m. Romulus A. Lindsey.
6B1G Samuel H. McCo1pin, s/o Charner H., b. May 1846, KY, d. Apr 1862.
6B1H Barbara J. McCo1pin, d/o Charner H., b. 19 Nov 1857, d. 29 Aug 1878, KY, bur. Palestine Church Cem.; m. 20 Dec 1876, R. Thompson.
6B1I Nancy H. McCo1pin, d/o C. H., b. 1847, d. 1913 KY; m. 1869, W. R. Stayton, b. 1946, d. 1932.
Issue: (1) Ida; (2) Ada; (3) Zada; (4) Mary.
6B1J John G. McCo1pin, s/o Charner H., b. 2 Sep 1847, d. 4 Nov 1880, KY.
6B1K Isaac H. McCo1pin, s/o Charner H, b. 9 Jan 1852, d. 16 Oct 1855, KY.
6B2 Joseph Warren McCalpin. Jr. , s/o Joseph Warren, b. 16 Sep 1828, Todd Co., KY, d. 10 Feb 1880, Todd Co., KY, bur. McCo1pin cem., KY; m. Mary Ann Jeffries, d/o George Washington Jeffries & Betsey Stephens, bur. with a baby in a family fencepost plot 3 Mi N of Pembroke on C1arksville Rd. (This may be on farm of James Sanders.) When Mary Ann died 6 Dec 1874 the children scattered, living with various relatives. Joseph served with the Union during the Civil War in Co. C. 17th Kentucky Vol. Cav.
Issue: (9 children known)
6B2A John Alexander Buchanan McCo1pin, s/o Jos W., Jr., b. 1854, d. 1904 in Lake land , FL; m. ? Issue: (1 known) Joseph McCo1pin. Went to TX.
6B2B Adolphus LeRoy Breckenridge McCalpin, s/o Jos W., Jr., b. 1856, KY, d. 1943, bur. St Elmo; m. Elizabeth Waldrop, a widow. No issue but had a stepdau., Fannie Waldrop, and 3 stepsons.
6B2C Gustavus Davis Squire McCalpin, s/o Jos W., Jr., b. 1864, KY, d. after 1910 Lake1and, Polk Co., FL; m. 11 Feb 1886, Minnie Toney.
Issue: (2 sons)
6B2C1 John J. McCalpin, b. Feb 1887, FL; m. Polk Co., FL, Margaret L.
6B2C2 Cecil Ray McCalpin, b. Mar 1893, FL.
6B2D Marcellus Allis McCo1pin, s/o Jos W., Jr., b. 17 Jun 1860, Todd Co., KY, d. 1925, FL, bur. FL; m. 1 Dec 1886, KY, Rachel Colvin Jacobs, b. 1878, d. 1916, Hopkinsville, KY, widow of Charles Jacobs. (She had sons George W. and Charles T. Jacobs.) When Rachel died Marcellus took their children to FL to be near Gus and John. Hulda and Cecil McAlpin were adopted in FL by a family named Cumbee. The woman who cared for the children left and Marcellus became ill, so he allowed the Cumbee family to adopt them.
Issue: (2 children) (1) Hulda May McAlpin (Cumbee); (2) Cecil Ray McAlpin (Cumbee).
6B2E Joseph Warren Washington McCo1pin, s/o Jos W., Jr., b. 1862, KY, d. 1915, TX, bur. El Paso, TX. Was residing in CA but died in TX;
JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 483
m. Sarah Elizabeth Kiehl. Joseph and his family visited Todd Co., KY in 1915. Enroute back to Calif. he became ill, stopped in El Paso, TX to rest, had a stroke, died and was buried there. The trip was made in a Winton Six Touring car, wooden spoke wheels and all. He had visited the cemetery where Susan McColpin Winders was buried as she had recently died in Todd Co., KY. Joseph was twelve when his mother died. He left when he was 18 years old to work on a steamboat, met and married Sarah Elizabeth in Kansas City, MO.
Issue: (5 children)
6B2E1 Grace McColpin, b. 1883, d. 1884, KY.
6B2E2 Pearl McColpin, b. 1885, d. 1902, bur. Oregon. Never married.
6B2E3 Joseph Warren McColpin, b. 1890, d. 1980; m. Doris McCarthy.
6B2E4 Carl (Carroll) McColpin b. 1893; m. 1st Hazel Wood; m. 2nd Florence Burke.
6B2E5 Herbert Godfrey McColpin, b. 1895, d. 1980; m. Ida Aleey.
6B2F Robert Franklin McColpin, s/o Jos W., Jr., b. 1869, KY, d. 24 Aug 1929, Houston, TX, bur. same; m. Jennie E. Gaye. Res. Houston, 1910.
Issue: (3 ch known) (1) Hazel McColpin, b. ca 1898, TX; (2) Myrtle McColpin, b. ca 1901, TX; (3) Melvin R. McColpin, b. ca 1903, TX.
6B2G Lucy Lee McColpin, d/o Jos W., Jr., b. 1866, KY; m. 7 Dec 1886, Christian Co., KY, George S. Vaughan.
6B2H Clyde J. McColpin, s/o Jos W., Jr., b. 1871, KY, d. 13 Jun 1912, San Antonio, Bexar Co., TX, bur. same.
6B2I Col. d. McColpin, s/o Jos W., Jr., b. 1873, d. 1874, KY, at age 7 mos., bur. with mother in a fencepost plot 3 mi. N of Pembroke, KY.
6B3 Susan McColpin, d/o Joseph Warren, Sr., b. 28 Dec 1824, KY, d. 18 Aug 1913, Todd Co., KY; m. 7 Jul 1842, James Winders, b. 1818, d. 1907, s/o John Winders and Harriet Manion, both bur. McColpin Gem.
Issue: (6 children) (1) Harvey H. Winders; (2) Georgia Ann; (3) Virginia (4) Sue Belle Winders; (5) Bruz Winders; (6) Bobbie Winders.
6B4 Mary "Polly" McColpin, possible d/o Joseph Warren, Sr. (no proof), m. 22 Jul 1829, Todd Co., KY, Robert Ellison. (IGI File)
6B5 Louisa Elizabeth McColpin, prob. d/o Joseph Warren, Sr. (no proof), m. 26 Jul 1830, Todd Co., KY, Moses Dossett. (Moses Dossett was witness to sale of 50 acres of land to Charner H. McColpin in 1846 Todd Co., KY.)
6B6 Adeline McColpin, b. ca 1818 KY, prob. d/o Joseph Warren, Sr. (no proof) m. 1835, Todd Co., KY, George Dossett, b. ca 1812 KY. In 1870 census of Todd Co. Issue: (from census) (1) Amanda Dossett; (2) John Dossett.
Ref: Joseph's family information from bible and other records provided by Doris Bajak of Wyckoff, NJ; census, land, cem., marriage records of KY; FL census.
6C Thomas Hudson McColpin/McCorpin, s/o John H. and Nancy, b. ?, d. 1827, ILL or KY; m. 3 Jul 1813, Christian Co., KY, Hannah Cheek (Kuykendall). They are in Crawford Co., III in 1820 census. He may have been a widower when he married Hannah, who was a widow. (After Thomas died Hannah McCorpen married John W. Maddox in Illinois.) Issue: (5 children known) (1) Jane McCorpin; (2) Elizabeth McCorpin, b. 1820, m. William L. Magill; (3) Stacey McCorpin, b. 1822, m. 1st Jacob Walters, m. 2nd J. S. DeWitt; (4) Malissa McCorpin, b. 1824, m. 1st ___ Kibler, m. 2nd Thomas Lackey; (5) Emaline Minerva McCorpin.
484 JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
6D Betsy (Elizabeth?) McColpin/McCorpin, d/o John H. and Nancy, m. 16 Oct 1809, Christian Co., KY, Lewis Sanders.
6E Sarah Ruth McColpin, d/o John H. and Nancy, b. ca 1800, SC, d. ca 1861, ILL; m. 28 Dec 1814, Christian Co., KY, James Higgins. James was bro. of Jemima.
Issue: (9 children known)
6E1 Mariah Higgins, b. 30 Oct 1818, KY, d. 1836; m. 1831, Thomas Martin.
6E2 Nancy Jane Higgins, b. 15 Mar 1820, KY, d. 1903; m. 1839, Robert Sanders.
6E3 Serina Higgins, b. ca 1822, ILL, d. ca 1876; m. 1839, John Dyal/Doy1e.
6E4 Alfred Higgins, b. 1825, ILL, d. 1892; m. 1st, 1844, Jane Powell; m. 2nd Mrs. Sophia Tumblen or Sophia Crumbaugh.
6E5 Margaret Higgins, b. ca 1827, ILL, d. 1877; m. 1845, Robert E. Haskins.
6E6 James C. Higgins, b. 29 Jul 1829, d. 1905; m. Ascenath Jane Swan/Simons.
6E7 John H. McAlpin, b. ca 1831, ILL; m. 1853, Amanda Christina McDaniel.
6E8 William J. Higgins, b. ca 1834, ILL, d. May 1904; m. 1st, 1854, Mary Elizabeth Jones; m. 2nd, 1891, Zenada Belle Lawrence.
6E9 Thomas Higgins, b. 1 Sep 1836 ILL, d. 1910; m. 1858, Sarah Ellen Brantin.
6F Abraham/Abram T. McColpin/McCorpen, s/o John H. and Nancy, b. 1794, SC, d. 1868, Crawford Co., Ill; m. 5 Oct 1819, Christian Co., KY, Jemimia Higgins, b. ca 1800, KY, d. ca 1856, Crawford Co., ILL, bur. Seaney Cem., Robinson, Ill, d/o Jesse and Hannah Higgins. Jemimia was sister of James Higgins.
Issue: (10 children known)
6F1 Thomas Hudson McCorpin, s/o Abram T., b. 13 Apr 1820, Todd Co., KY, d. 28 Dec 1858, bur. Seaney Cem., Morea, ILL; m. 24 May 1837, Crawford Co., ILL, Amy Mills, b. 1810 N. C., d. 1892, d/o Thomas Mills. (Amy m. 2nd, 1863, Lawrence Tohill, Sr.)
Issue: (5 children known, but may have been others)
6F1A George Riley McCorpin, s/o Thomas H., b. ca 1838, Crawford Co., ILL; m. 1st Permelia m. s/own; m. 2nd Frances Fife; m. 3rd, 28 Apr 1901, Mrs. Mary (Fordice) McIntosh. Issue: (4 children known, all b. Crawford Co., Ill.)
(1) Anna McCorpin, b. 1873; (2) Charles McCorpin, b. 1877 (3) Evert McCorpin, b. Feb 1884; (4) Edna m. McCorpin, b. Mar 1890.
6F1B Sarah McCorpin, d/o Thomas H., b. 30 May 1840, ILL, d. 22 Mar ILL; m. John Dean.
6F1C Levi McCorpin, s/o Thomas H., b. Apr 1841, Crawford Co., ILL; m. 1st Mary Ann Dunlap, b. 1845, d. 1909, ILL; m. 2nd, 16 Feb 1912, Mrs. Rosa b. (Crowder) Cummings. Issue: (8 children, all by 1st wife)
6F1C1 Charles McCorpin, b. 1872, Crawford Co., ILL.
6F1C2 Thomas Harvey McCorpin, b. 26 Jan 1873, ILL, d. 17 Jun 1944; m. Ella Wesley.
6F1C3 Ida b. McCorpin, b. Dec 1874, ILL, d. 8 Oct 1875.
6F1C4 Mahala Ann McCorpin, b. 6 Nov 1877, ILL, d. 22 Nov 1835; Apr 1901, Elbert Ross Weger.
6F1C5 Infant McCorpin, died young.
6F1C6 Harlan H. McCorpin, b. Jan 1881, ILL, d. May 1970; m. m. Alice.
6F1C7 Amy E. McCorpin, b. Dec 1884, m. Feb 1904, Charles m. Hoke.
6F1C8 Chester Orman McCorpin, b. 15 Nov 1901, ILL, d. 24 Feb 1902.
6F1D Asa R. McCorpin, s/o Thomas H., b. 1843, ILL, d. 1846.
6F1E Julia Ann McCorpin, d/o Thomas H., b. 1844, Crawford Co., ILL;
JOHN McCALPIN FAKILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 485
m. 11 Sep 1870, Crawford Co., ILL, Lawrence G. Wesley.
Issue: (1) John E., b. 1872; (2) Della, b. 1874; (3) Rosella, b. 1875; (4) Clide G. Wesley, b. 1888, all born Crawford Co., ILL.
6F2 John McCorpin, s/o Abram T., b. 22 Mar 1822 Crawford Co., ILL, d. 10 Mar 1863; m. 1st, 1843, Emeline Kirk; 2nd Ellen Shipman; 3rd Maria J. Rankin.
Issue: (7 children)
6F2A Abraham McCorpin, s/o John, b. ca 1844, Crawford Co., ILL; m. 1 Nov 1863, Crawford Co., ILL, Sarah Jane Dennis.
Issue: (3 children) (1) Jennie McCorpin, b. ca 1861; (2) Dora A. McCorpin, b. ca 1864, ILL (3) Emma C. McCorpin, b. ca 1868, ILL.
6F2B Mary Emeline McCorpin, d/o John, b. 27 Apr 1849, ILL, d. 17 Jan 1919; m. 23 Feb 1866, Crawford Co., ILL, John A. Watts.
Issue: (1) William Dixon; (2) John B.; (3) Rufus L.; (4) Savilla; (5) Rosa H.; (6) Jemima J.; (78) Arthur Garfield; (8) Harvey Huston; (9) Mary C.; (10) Fred D., all b. Crawford Co., ILL, between 1867-1888.
6F2C Martha A. McCorpin, d/o John, b. 1852 ILL; m. 1877, Charles W. Brush.
6F2D Elvira McCorpin, d/o John, b. 23 Jun 1853, d. 8 Aug 1854.
6F2E Nancy McCorpin, d/o John, b. ca 1856, ILL.
6F2F Maria McCorpin, d/o John, b. ca 1858, ILL.
6F2G John Rankin McCorpin, s/o John, b. 18 Apr 1861, ILL, d. 28 Dec 1940, ILL; m. Crawford Co., ILL, Mary Elizabeth Bartley, b. 1864, d. 1948.
Issue: (5 children known but may be others)
6F2G1 William D. McCorpin, b. 22 Sep 1886, Jasper Co., ILL, d. 15 May 1968; m. 21 Feb 1909, Crawford Co., Stella May McGrew.
6F2G2 Grace McCorpin, b. Dec 1888; m. Ed Yates.
6F2G3 Rozella McCorpin, b. Jan 1891; m. 17 Sep 1911, Orvill Ray Hye.
6F2G4 Robert Oscar McCorpin, b. 2 May 1893, Crawford Co., ILL; m. 15 Jan 1916, Crawford Co., ILL, Amy Alice Larkins.
6F2G5 Mary Emeline McCorpin, b. 29 Sep 1905; m. 1924, H. B. Warnock.
6F3 Hannah McCorpin, d/o Abram T., b. ca 1824, ILL; m. William B. Allison.
Issue: (1) Ma1issa, b. 1839; (2) Thomas Allison, b. 1839, Crawford Co.
6F4 Samina/Susannah McCorpin, d/o Abram T., b. 24 Aug 1826, Ill; m. 4 Oct 1849, ILL, Henry Fulling.
Issue: (4 ch) (1) John; (2) Mary E.; (3) Sarah E.; (4) Henry A. Fulling.
6F5 Mary McCorpin, d/o Abram T., b. ca 1829, Ill. Living with bro. Levi 1870.
6F6 Jesse McCorpin, s/o Abram T., b. ca 1831, Crawford Co., Ill; m. 3 Oct 1850, Crawford Co., ILL, Emeline Higgins.
Issue: (4 children known)
6F6A Henry McColpin, s/o Jesse, b. ca 1854, ILL; m. Cynthia A. (Wilson?), b. ca 1862 TX. Living in Johnson Co., TX 1880, Oldham Co., TX 1900. Issue: (7 children known, all born Texas) (1) Leslie McCo1pin, b. 1882, m. 18 Oct 1905, Potter Co., TX, Kate M. Childers; (2) Henry Claude McColpin, b. 1886, m. 21 Apr 1908 TX, Jennie June Childers; (3) Wilson McColpin, b. 1891; (4) Clyde, b. 1893; (5) Floyd G., b. 1895; (6) Grace, b. 1897; (7) Winnie, b. 1898.
6F6B Mary McCorpin, d/o Jesse, b. ca 1857, ILL.
6F6C John McCorpin, s/o Jesse. No information.
6F6D Calvin McCorpin, s/o Jesse. No information.
6F7 Elizabeth "Betsey" A. McCorpin; d/o Abram T., b. 22 Mar 1833, d. 14 Jun 1910, ILL; m. 11 Oct 1860, Crawford Co., ILL, Jesse Wilkerson.
486 JOHN KcCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
6F8 Levi McCoruin, s/o Abram T., b. 30 Nov 1835, Crawford Co., ILL, d. 11 Jun 1921, ILL; m. 2 May 1861, Crawford Co., Elizabeth Cox, d. 1893.
Issue: (10 children)
6F8A Elvina McCorpin, d/o Levi, b. 10 Jun 1862, d. 24 Oct 1863, ILL.
6F8B Mary C. McCorpin, d/o Levi, b. 1864, ILL; m. Feb 1881, Charles T. Stewart;
Issue: (1) Cora 0.; (2) James 0.; (3) Stella m. Stewart.
6F8C James A. McCorpin, s/o Levi, b. 8 Jul 1866, ILL, d. 19 Sep 1893; m. 15 Nov 1891, Crawford Co., ILL, Jane Richart. (Jane m. 2nd, 1896, John m. Malcolm)
Issue: Son, name unavailable.
6F8D John William McCorpin, s/o Levi, b. 26 Jun 1867, ILL, d. 2 May 1942, ILL; m. Crawford Co., ILL, Margaret Louella Carlisle.
Issue: (5 children)
6F8D1 Nera McCorpin, b. 12 Feb 1891, ILL; m. 1st, 1913, Robert b. Patterson; m. 2nd ___ Plunkett.
6F8D2 Ola Dale McCorpin, b. 12 Dec 1892, ILL.
6F8D3 Winnie L. McCorpin, b. 22 Dec 1894, d. 21 Jan 1895, ILL.
6F8D4 Velma Lillian McCorpin, b. 15 Nov 1902; m. John Newlin.
6F8D5 Elmer H. McCorpin, b. 19 Mar 1905, d. 22 Nov 1905, ILL.
6F8E Charles L. McCorpin, s/o Levi, b. Dec 1872, ILL, d. 1939; m. 29 Aug 1896, Crawford Co., ILL, Mary Catherine Heck.
Issue: (1) Oma McCorpin, b. 4 Aug 1894; m. 27 Feb 1917, Harry Price.
6F8F E1zora E. McCorpin, d/o Levi, b. 1872, d. 20 Oct 1871, ILL.
6F8G George Anderson McCorpin, s/o Levi, b. 17 May 1876, ILL, d. 4 Nov 1952; m. 1st Chloe May Midgett; m. 2nd Lucinda Isabell (Seaney) Postlewait, 1907; m. 3rd, 1944, Mrs. Elsie Elizabeth (Tohill) Robinson.
Issue: (4 children, all by first marriage)
6F8G1 Beatrice Elizabeth McCorpin, b. 22 Aug 1900, Crawford Co.
6F8G2 Vernona Myr1 McCorpin, b. Jul 1902; m. Andrew Schropshire.
6F8G3 Mary N. McCorpin, b. 1904, d. 1975; m. Charles H. Hotchkiss.
6F8G4 Charles Levi McCorpin, b. 10 Oct 1910, Crawford Co., ILL; m. 28 Nov 1928, Helen Saretta Hogus.
6F8H Della A. McCorpin, d/o Levi, b. 11 Jul 1878, ILL, d. 2 Aug 1886.
6F8I Francis McCorpin, s/o Levi, b. 14 Dec 1880, ILL, d. 1956; m. 1st Sarah Emily Cox; m. 2nd Mary Gertrude Spencer.
6F8J Rosa T. McCorpin, d/o Levi, b. 31 Aug 1883, ILL, d. 8 Feb 1919; m. 19 Oct 1902, Ulysses S. Walters.
6F9 Abram McCorpin. Jr., s/o Abram T., b. 1837, Crawford Co., ILL, d. 1843.
6F10 Nancy McCorpin, d/o Abram T., b. 11 Apr 1840, ILL, d. 29 Jan 1859, ILL; m. 7 Mar 1858, Crawford Co., ILL, Andrew Cotton.
6G Lydia McCorpin, d/o John H. and Nancy; m. 20 Dec 1819, John b. Sanders.
6H Nancy Ann McColpin/McCorpen, d/o John H. and Nancy, b. ca 1799, SC, d. 18 Nov 1879, age 80, Lamotte Twp, Crawford Co., Ill; m. Christian Co., KY, Hezekiah Martin. They moved to Crawford Co. Hezekiah was not a Martin but took the name Martin from his stepfather. Birth name not been determined. His stepfather lived in SC, GA, Christian Co., KY, then Crawford Co., Ill. His mother was a Carrard. Some family members seem to think that Nancy Ann was a widow when she married Hezekiah, but no proof has yet been found.
Issue: (may not be complete; all born Crawford Co., Illinois)
6H1 Nancy Martin, b. 7 Feb 1825, Ill, d. 1919; m. 1842, Elisha luck.
JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY 487
6H2 John Calvin Martin, b. 27 Mar 1828, Ill, d. 1897; m. 1852, Mary F. Clark.
6H3 Thomas Martin, b. 1832, Ill, d. 1868; m. Mary Hunt.
6H4 Margaret Martin, b. 24 Sep 1837, Ill, d. 1881; m. Thomas Nuttall.
6H5 William Martin, b. ca 1840, Ill, d. 1910; m. 1871, Sarah Nethery.
6H6 Armazinda Martin, b. Ill; m. Israel Jones.
7. Mary McAlDin. Drob. d/o John & Elizabeth (Watson) McAlpin, said to have married John Ashford Gore. The McCalpin and Gore families lived in the Sandy River area of Chester Co., SC. Tradition says Joshua Gore married Jane McCalpin and John Ashford Gore married Mary McCalpin.
SOME UNIDENTIFIED MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA-KENTUCKY McCOLPIN FAMILY
SAMUEL McCOLPIN/McCORPEN, b. ca 1800 in South Carolina, died 27 Apr 1877, Todd Co., KY; m. 5 Feb 1824, Todd Co., KY, Mary "Polly" Winders, b. ca 1800, d. 1879. Samuel is shown in the KY census records as a farmer. He is closely related to the other McAlpinjMcColpin families in Christian and Todd Coso He apparently is not the son of John and Phoebe or of Joseph and Nancy McColpin, but names of his parents and siblings have not been determined. His parents may have died leaving Samuel to be reared by relatives, but there is no proof of this. In 1836 Samuel paid $200.00 for 88 acres of land on Pond River and Green River in Kentucky. Charner and Samuel McColpin witnessed a document for James M. Winders on 10 Aug 1842. Samuel made his will in 1876, Todd Co., naming daughter Lydia Margaret Emily Winders; grandchildren: John S. Winders, Josephine Winders, Lycurgus Winders, Jennie Winders, James Winders, Mary E. Kyle, James W. Kyle and Tommie H. Winders. Several members of this family are buried at the McColpin cemetery at Allegre, KY.
Issue of Samuel McColpin and Polly Winders: (11 children)
1. Tabitha Jane McColpin, b. c 1825, KY; m. 27 Nov 1860, Harmon West.
2. John D. McColpin, b. 3 Feb 1828, KY, d. 10 Jun 1860, KY; m. 1856, America Lindsey. (America m. 2nd, 31 Mar 1864, Samuel Jones, bro. of Martha Jones).
3. Elizabeth McColpin, b. ca 1830; m. 2 Mar 1852, John Johnston.
4. Lydia Margaret Emily McColpin, b. ca 1831, KY; m. 27 Dec 1852, T. H. Winders.
5. Edward S. McColpin, b. 8 Jan 1832, KY, d. 13 Mar 1855, KY.
6. Barbara A. McColpin, b. 1834, KY; m. 22 Jan 1855 KY, James W. Kyle.
7. M. Warfield McColpin, b. 22 Jun 1835, KY, d. 11 Mar 1856, KY.
8. Virginia McColpin, b. 1837, KY, d. 1862, KY; m. 1859, Greenfield Winders.
9. Thomas McColpin, b. 1839, KY.
10. Marion McColpin, b. 1843, KY.
11. America McColpin, b. 1845 KY, d. 1865; m. 1863, Greenfield Winders.
DeLAFAYETTE McCORPIN, b. 26 Feb 1815 in Todd Co., KY, d. 16 Jun 1903, Winneconne Village, Wisc., at age 88 years, 3 mos, was part of the Chester Co., S. C. and Todd Co., KY family, but names of his parents are not known. He stated he went with his family to southern Illinois in 1821 when he was 6 yrs old. DeLafayette married 20 Oct 1847, Fond du Lac Do., Wisc., Tracey Wilsey.
Issue of DeLafayette McCorpin: (3 children known)
1. Phoebe McAlpin/McCorpin.
2. Elizabeth McAlpinjMcCorpin, a stepdau; m. Douglas Arnold.
3. John Wilkenson McAlp injMcCorp in , drowned at age 6 when he fell off a floating bridge into the river.
488 JOHN McCALPIN FAMILY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND KENTUCKY
SOME UNIDENTIFIED MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA-KENTUCKY McCOLPIN FAMILY
ELIZABETH "BETSY" McCOLPIN, b. 1782, SC, d. 5 Sep 1854, Ill; m. 2nd, 15 Dec 1821, Daniel Martin, some say in Christian Co., KY, others say at Robinson, ILL. Daniel d. 1852, ILL, both bur. Hardinsville Cem., Crawford Co., ILL. Names of her parents are not known. (Daniel Martin m. 1st Betty Gray, 4 ch:
Abrilla Martin, Jackson Martin, Ruth Martin and Virginia Martin. Betty d. 1821, and Daniel m. 2nd Betsy McColpin.) (NOTE: Betsy's date of birth is probably wrong or else all these children are not hers. It is doubtful she was still having children at age 52.)
Issue of Elizabeth McColpin Martin: (7 children, all born in Illinois)
1. Margaret "Peggy" Ann Martin, (twin), b. 1823; m. 1842, Jacob Phillips.
2. Jerety Martin (twin), b. 1823; m. Daniel Sappenfield.
3. Nancy Martin, b. 1827, d. before 23 Jan 1858; m. Felix Baker.
3. Daniel Martin Jr., b. 1828, d. 1855; m. Frances Sears.
4. Druscilla Martin, b. 1831; m. Urban Thomas.
5. Elizabeth Martin, b. 1833.
6. Harriet Martin, b. 1834.
Some Unidentified McColpin and McCorpen Marriages in Todd County, Kentucky:
NANCY McCOLPIN married 27 Nov 1834, Jefferson Young.
FRANCES McCOLPIN m. 21 Feb 1848, Stephen Latham, and moved to Illinois. They named a son Lafayette.
RUTH McCORPEN married 6 Jul 1843, Thomas J. Edwards.
BARNET McCORPEN, b. 1793 SC married Janet, b. 1812, TN. Barnet was on the 1850 census of Todd Co., KY. He was willed property of Joseph Martin who stated that he was his natural born son. His parents have not been identified.
ELIZABETH McCOLPIN m. 2 Mar 1852, John Johnston. Joseph McColpin signed bond with John Johnston. (Eliz was not found in HH of Joseph & Nancy in 1850.)
Miss E. L. McCOLPIN married 30 Mar 1864, Todd Co., Mr. S. H. Louis.
JANE McCOLPIN, b. ca 1800 SC, m. 30 Jan 1828, Todd Co., KY, Samuel Martin. Residing Todd Co., KY, 1860.
MISS A. E. J. McCOLPIN married 7 May 1864, Mr. S. H. Jones.
NANCY E. McCOLPIN married 2 Oct 1864, H. Crafton.
2nd Lt. John J. McColvin, b. 18 Dec 1923, s/o Mr. & Mrs. J. J. McColpin, Corsicana, TX. Educated U. of TX. Served U. S. Army 9th Air Force in England, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Ardennes, Rhineland, C. Germany, Sheppard Field, TX. Awarded Air Medal, 4 Oak Lead Clusters, E. T. 0., 3 Battle Stars. Appointed Flight Officer 1 Jul 1944. (The Fighting Men of , p. 856)
References: Family records of Ida May McAlpin Fulcher; History of Todd Co.. KY; Census records of SC, KY, TN, Ill, Wisc; John McAlpin, Hermitage, TN, and Joseph McAlpine, Denver, Colo., provided information on the Daniel McCalpin family of KY-TN; Family Histories of Christian Co.. KY 1797-1986; marriage records of Christian and Todd Cos., KY; SC deeds; Kentucky Land Grants; History of Kentucky Illustrated, Edition I; Doris Bajak (Mrs. Henry) of Wyckoff, NJ; Sherry Harris of Granada Hills, CA, provided information on the Abraham T. McColpin family, part of which came from Chris Bailey's Old Crawford County; Cherry Cartwright Parker, Badin, NC.
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705,726 | CLINICAL TRIALS IN ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION (CTOT) RELEASE DATE: December 9, 2003 RFA Number: RFA-AI-04-003 (Reissued as RFA-AI-08-015) Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATION: National Institutes of Health (NIH) (http://www.nih.gov) COMPONENTS OF PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATION: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (http://www.niaid.nih.gov) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) (http://www.niddk.nih.gov) National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov) CATALOGUE OF FEDERAL DOMESTIC ASSISTANCE NUMBERS: No. 93.855, Immunology, Allergy, and Transplantation Research No. 93.856, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Research No. 93.849, Kidney Diseases, Urology and Hematology Research No. 93.837, Heart and Vascular Diseases Research No. 93.838, Lung Diseases Research No. 93.839, Blood Diseases and Resources Research LETTER OF INTENT RECEIPT DATE: February 16, 2004 APPLICATION RECEIPT DATE: March 15, 2004 THIS RFA CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION o Purpose of this RFA o Research Objectives o Mechanism(s) of Support o Funds Available o Eligible Institutions o Individuals Eligible to Become Principal Investigators o Special Requirements o Where to Send Inquiries o Letter of Intent o Submitting an Application o Supplementary Instructions o Peer Review Process o Review Criteria o Receipt and Review Schedule o Award Criteria o Required Federal Citations PURPOSE OF THIS RFA The Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT) of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) invites applications from consortia of 2 or more institutions to participate in a clinical studies program of immune-mediated pathologic processes in organ transplantation. The purpose of this program is to support a cooperative, multi-site consortium for interventional or observational clinical studies, accompanied by mechanistic studies, to enhance our understanding of and ultimately reduce the immune-mediated morbidity and mortality of organ transplantation. These studies will be carried out in pediatric and adult candidates for and recipients of organ transplants as multi-center clinical trials that will (1) evaluate new therapeutic regimens to overcome immunologic barriers to graft acceptance and/or long-term graft and patient survival, (2) evaluate approaches to the treatment or prevention of immune-mediated complications of transplantation; (3) investigate the underlying mechanisms of action of the pathologic processes, agents or regimens under study; (4) develop diagnostic tests for and/or surrogate biomarkers that will facilitate routine surveillance, early diagnosis and ongoing monitoring of those processes that contribute to post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Studies of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are excluded, unless HSCT is a component of a study of organ transplantation. Studies of islet transplantation for treatment of type I diabetes are also excluded. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Organ or tissue replacement is the treatment for end-stage organ failure when other therapies have failed or are not available, and when the person affected by organ failure is deemed likely to benefit from organ transplantation. The benefits of organ transplantation, as evidenced by prolonged survival and/or improved quality of life, have been clearly demonstrated for children and adults suffering from a wide range of congenital and acquired diseases. However, normal life expectancy and health-related quality of life are rarely, if ever, restored by organ transplantation. Although 1-year survival after organ transplantation has improved markedly over the last 15 years, there has been little success in reversing the decline in long-term graft and patient survival that is seen in recipients of any organ transplant, in whom the prevalence of morbidities such as systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, and malignancy remain high as compared with the general population. The barriers to short and long-term success of transplant procedures are predominantly the result of incompatibility between donor and recipient, acute and chronic rejection, and complications of long-term pharmacologic immune suppression. Responsive applications to this RFA will propose multi-center clinical trials and/or observational studies, with associated mechanistic studies, that will improve our understanding of and/or evaluate interventions to reduce the immune-mediated morbidity and mortality of organ transplantation. Examples of conditions to be studied include, but are not limited to: 1. Pre-existing immunologic barriers (such as anti-HLA antibodies or ABO incompatibility) to successful transplantation. 2. Chronic, progressive allograft destruction (e.g., allograft nephropathy, obliterative bronchiolitis) after organ transplantation. 3. Immunomodulatory interventions targeting innate immunity and/or autoimmunity in transplant donors or recipients. 4. New, less toxic immunosuppressive agents or regimens, or innovative approaches to develop donor-specific tolerance. 5. Prevention or treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and malignancy. 6. Susceptibility to and prevention of the adverse consequences (e.g., nephropathy, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, malignancy) of current post-transplant immunosuppressive regimens. Proposals must include a plan for associated mechanistic studies. These mechanistic studies will be weighed equally with the clinical studies in the review of applications. Collaboration with other NIAID initiatives in the performance of mechanistic studies is encouraged, and will be facilitated by NIAID program staff. Mechanistic studies may include, but are not limited to: 1. The underlying mechanisms of action of the therapeutic approaches under investigation. 2. Development, evaluation, and validation of diagnostic tests for and/or surrogate markers of the relevant immunologic processes that will facilitate routine surveillance, early diagnosis and ongoing monitoring of those processes that contribute to post transplant morbidity and mortality. The use of non-invasive or minimally invasive approaches is strongly encouraged. 3. Development of assays to define and monitor immunoreactivity in order to guide real-time dose adjustments of the immunosuppressive regimen. 4. Identify genetic determinants of outcome or response to therapy in tissue and organ transplant recipients. Studies may use samples from sources other than the subjects participating in the consortium’s clinical studies. Applicants must identify the source of patient materials required for the mechanistic studies and provide documentation of the availability of the appropriate number and type of patient materials and the willingness of the source to make such samples available to the investigators. As in the case of the proposed clinical protocol, award of the Cooperative Agreement does not imply that any proposed mechanistic studies will be implemented. Actual studies to be performed will be selected or designed by the Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee and approved by the Steering Committee. When research involves human specimens, an NIH brochure is available to assist investigators in understanding how human subjects regulations (45CFR46) apply to their research: “Research on Human Specimens: Are You Conducting Research Using Human Subjects?” http://www.cdp.ims.nci.nih.gov/policy.html. Creative approaches to overcoming the statistical or epidemiologic challenges of a small and heterogeneous patient group are encouraged. For each study performed within the cooperative group, all participating clinical sites will utilize uniform study designs and standardized data collection procedures. Proposals for animal studies of any sort, including xenotransplantation studies, will not be accepted. Interventions may target recipients and/or donors. MECHANISM OF SUPPORT This RFA will use the NIH cooperative agreement (U01). The applicant will be solely responsible for planning, directing, and executing the proposed project. This RFA is a one-time solicitation. Future unsolicited, competing- continuation applications based on this project will compete with all investigator-initiated applications and will be reviewed according to the customary peer review procedures. The anticipated award date is September 2004. Applications that are not funded in the competition described in this RFA may be resubmitted as NEW investigator-initiated applications using the standard receipt dates for NEW applications described in the instructions to the PHS 398 application. The NIH U01 is a cooperative agreement award mechanism in which the Principal Investigator retains the primary responsibility and dominant role for planning, directing, and executing the proposed project, with NIH staff being substantially involved as a partner with the Principal Investigator, as described under the section "Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award." The total project period for applications submitted in response to this RFA may not exceed five years. At this time, the NIAID has not determined whether and how this solicitation will be continued beyond the present RFA. This RFA uses just-in-time concepts. It also uses the modular budgeting format. (see http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/modular/modular.htm). Specifically, if the investigator is submitting an application with direct costs in each year of $250,000 or less, use the modular format. This program does not require cost sharing as defined in the current NIH Grants Policy Statement at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2001/part_i_1.htm FUNDS AVAILABLE The participating IC(s) intends to commit approximately $7.8 million in FY 2004 to fund 3 to 5 new grants in response to this RFA. An applicant may request a project period of up to 5 years and a budget for direct costs of up to $2 million per year. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. Although the financial plans of the IC(s) provide support for this program, awards pursuant to this RFA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the receipt of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. ELIGIBLE INSTITUTIONS The applicant may submit (an) application(s) if the institution has any of the following characteristics o For-profit or non-profit organizations o Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories o Units of State and local governments o Eligible agencies of the Federal government o Domestic or foreign institutions/organizations INDIVIDUALS ELIGIBLE TO BECOME PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS Applicants are encouraged to contact NIAID program staff well in advance of the application submission date, to discuss the proposed research program. These contacts help to ensure that applicants have a clear understanding of the goals, policies and priorities of this RFA. They also will allow staff to assess responsiveness to this RFA and provide appropriate guidance as needed, with regard to this initiative as well as other NIAID initiatives in transplantation research. Applicants must demonstrate the scientific expertise required to design, conduct, and analyze all mechanistic studies. Alternatively, the applicant may propose that some mechanistic studies be performed in collaboration with other existing NIAID-funded research groups or core facilities. Successful applicant consortia will be merged to create a single consortium of institutions and investigators that will develop a scientific agenda and collaborative program of clinical and mechanistic studies. The study organization will include the following: a Steering Committee; a Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee; other subcommittees created as deemed necessary by the Steering Committee; an independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) appointed by NIAID; and a separately-funded data coordination and management center (DCMC) that will be directed by NIAID. The Steering Committee will be the main governing body of the CTOT group. The Steering Committee will develop a scientific agenda for the group, and prioritize study protocols in accordance with this agenda. All major scientific decisions will be determined by a majority vote of the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee will have primary responsibility for the general organization of the studies and for finalizing and approving common clinical protocols. The Steering Committee will be responsible for the conduct and monitoring of studies and reporting study results. For each study, one PI will take the lead responsibility for drafting the protocol, although the Steering Committee and the NIAID Scientific Coordinator will provide input. A Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee (see “Collaborative Responsibilities”, below) will review and approve or modify the proposed mechanistic studies. Each investigational or therapeutic protocol will be implemented in as many participating sites as are needed and appropriate for the individual study, with a minimum of 2 sites participating in each study. As specific protocols are developed, support will depend on the availability of funds. For clinical sites, funds will be provided on a per patient basis. All participating clinical sites must be willing to accept this funding arrangement. “Start up” costs for clinical research resources that must be in place prior to enrollment of subjects may be exempt from this requirement, subject to approval by the Steering Committee and the NIAID Program Director. Clinical protocols must be approved by local institutional review boards and the NIAID Transplant DSMB before initiation. The exact number of protocols supported in the five-year program will depend on the nature and extent of the investigations approved by the Steering Committee. A database will be developed to support epidemiological studies and other clinical studies. Investigators in the CTOT group will be encouraged to develop collaborations with other laboratory and basic research investigators, as well as with industry. Any collaboration with industry will be developed with the assistance of the DAIT Office of Clinical Activities (OCA) and conducted under a DAIT Clinical Trials Agreement. Any specific collaboration involving the resources or protocols of the CTOT group will require approval by the Steering Committee. COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF AWARD The following terms and conditions will be incorporated into the award statement and provided to the Principal Investigator as well as the institutional official at the time of award. These special Terms of Award are in addition to, and not in lieu of, otherwise applicable OMB administrative guidelines, HHS Grant Administration Regulations at 45 CFR part 74 and 92, and other HHS, PHS, and NIH Grant Administration policy statements. The administrative and funding instrument used for this program is cooperative agreement (U01), an "assistance", rather than an "acquisition", mechanism, in which substantial NIH scientific and/or programmatic involvement with the awardee is anticipated during the performance of the activity. Under the cooperative agreement, the NIH purpose is to support and/or stimulate the recipient's activity by involvement in and otherwise working jointly with the award recipient in a partner role, but it is not to assume direction, prime responsibility, or a dominant role in the activity. Consistent with this concept, the dominant role and prime responsibility for the activity resides with the awardees for the project as a whole, although specific tasks and activities in carrying out the research will be shared among the awardees and the NIAID Scientific Coordinator. Cooperative agreements are subject to the administrative requirements outlined in OMB circulars A-102 and A-110. All pertinent HHS, PHS, and NIH grant regulations, policies and procedures, with particular emphasis on PHS regulations at 42 CFR Part 52 and HHS regulations at 45 CFR Part 74, are applicable. These special terms and conditions pertaining to the scope and nature of the interaction between the NIAID and the investigators will be incorporated in the Notice of Grant Award. However, these terms will be in addition to, not in lieu of, the customary programmatic and financial negotiations that occur in the administration of cooperative agreements. Recipient institutions must agree as a term of award to accept per-patient funding for clinical activities. “Start up” costs for clinical research resources that must be in place prior to enrollment of subjects may be exempt from this requirement, subject to approval by the Steering Committee and the NIAID Program Director. 1. Monitoring Clinical Studies When clinical studies or trials are a component of the research proposed, NIAID policy requires that studies be monitored commensurate with the degree of potential risk to study subjects and the complexity of the study. AN UPDATED NIAID policy was published in the NIH Guide on July 8, 2002 and is available at: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-AI-02-032.html. The full policy, including terms and conditions of award, is available at: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ncn/pdf/clinterm.pdf. This award provides support for one or more NIH-defined Phase III clinical trials. The NIH Policy for research supported as an NIH Phase III Clinical Trial has been updated in Section III.B. of the “NIH Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research”, updated August 1, 2000 (URL listed below under REQUIRED FEDERAL CITATIONS). A description of plans to conduct analyses, as appropriate, by sex/gender and/or racial/ethnic groups must be included in clinical trial protocols and the results of the subset analyses must be reported to NIH in Progress Reports, Competitive Renewal Applications, and in the required Final Progress Report, as stated in Section III.B. of the Guidelines. 2. Awardee Rights and Responsibilities Awardees will have primary responsibility for defining the research objectives, approaches and details of the projects within the guidelines of the RFA and for performing the scientific activity. Specifically, awardees have primary responsibility as described below. Each PI will be a voting member of the Steering Committee and will be required to participate in all Steering Committee activities and to follow the policies and procedures that are developed by the Steering Committee. The PIs will be required to provide primary study data to NIAID for management, quality control, and analysis. The awardees will retain custody of and have primary rights to all data developed under these awards, subject to Government rights of access consistent with HHS, PHS, and NIH policies. The PIs’ responsibilities regarding Steering Committee membership, protocol development and conduct, and data coordination and management are described under Collaborative Responsibilities. 3. NIAID Staff Responsibilities An NIAID Program Director will be responsible for the normal program stewardship, including monitoring program progress, approving changes and concurring in proceeding into study implementation stage. The Government, via the NIAID Program Director, will have access to data generated under this Cooperative Agreement and may periodically review the data and progress reports. NIAID staff may use information obtained from the data for the preparation of internal reports on the activities of the study. However, awardees will retain custody of and have primary rights to all data developed under these awards. Program Review The NIAID Program Director, together with the DCMC and the Steering Committee, will review the progress of each participating institution through consideration of the annual reports, site visits, patient logs, etc. This review may include, but is not limited to, compliance with the study protocol, meeting patient enrollment targets, adherence to uniform data collection procedures, and the timeliness and quality of data reporting. The NIAID reserves the right to terminate or curtail any study or any individual award in the event of (a) substantial shortfall in participant recruitment, follow-up, data reporting, quality control, or other major breach of the protocol, (b) substantive changes in the consensus protocol to which the NIAID does not agree, (c) reaching a major study endpoint substantially before schedule with persuasive statistical significance, or (d) human subject ethical issues that may dictate a premature termination. Organizational Changes Certain organizational changes require the prior written approval of the NIAID Program Director. These changes include the addition or replacement of a physician, scientific investigator, affiliate, component, or research base that is associated with this study. A change in the PI, or in any key personnel identified on the Notice of Award, must have the prior written approval of the NIAID Grants Management Specialist in consultation with the NIAID Program Director. The NIAID Program Director may also serve as the NIAID Scientific Coordinator. NIAID Scientific Coordinator NIAID staff assistance will be provided by the Clinical Transplantation Section Chief, DAIT, who will serve as or designate the NIAID Scientific Coordinator. The NIAID Scientific Coordinator will have substantial scientific/programmatic involvement during the conduct of this activity through technical assistance, advice and coordination above and beyond normal program stewardship for grants, as described below. The NIAID Scientific Coordinator will serve as a voting member of the Steering Committee and will participate in all Committee activities. The NIAID Scientific Coordinator will also serve on the Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee. Protocol Development As a member of the Steering Committee, the NIAID Scientific Coordinator will serve as a resource with respect to the design of the protocol and will, along with the DCMC, assist the Steering Committee in protocol development. Publication and Presentation of Study Findings The NIAID Scientific Coordinator may contribute, through review, comment, analysis, and/or co-authorship, to reporting results of the study to the investigator community and other interested scientific and lay organizations. Co-authorship by the NIAID Scientific Coordinator will be subject to approval in accordance with NIH policies regarding staff authorship of publications resulting from extramural awards. Regulatory Affairs The Chief of Regulatory Affairs/OCA/DAIT will be responsible for providing guidance and assistance in the development, assembly, and submission of all required regulatory documents, e.g. those regarding the use investigational drugs, to the Food and Drug Administration. 4. Collaborative Responsibilities Steering Committee. A Steering Committee will be established to serve as the main governing body of the cooperative research program. At a minimum, the Steering Committee will be composed of the following individuals: the NIAID Scientific Coordinator; the Principal Investigators; one additional Senior Investigator from each successful applicant consortium; the PI of the DCMC; and the Chair of the Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee (see below). A Senior Investigator is the person responsible for on-site scientific direction and implementation of the consensus protocols at his/her participating institution. Senior Investigators must be physicians with substantial experience in organ transplantation and in the design, implementation, and evaluation of clinical trials. Each PI may designate one Senior Investigator to serve on the Steering Committee. The designated Senior Investigator may not be from the same institution as the PI, and will serve on the Steering Committee for 12 months. At the last steering committee of each 12-month period, the PIs will indicate the designated Senior Investigators who will serve during the next 12-month period. Additional members, voting or non- voting, may be added to the steering committee by majority vote of the Steering Committee; non-voting members may be added at the discretion of the NIAID Program Director. All major scientific decisions will be determined by the Steering Committee, with each Principal Investigator, Senior Investigator, Chair of the Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee, and the NIAID Scientific Coordinator having one vote. The NIAID and the DCMC are limited to one vote each on the Steering Committee. The first two meetings of the Steering Committee will be convened by the NIAID Scientific Coordinator. At the second meeting, the group will elect a Chairperson from among the Steering Committee members; the NIAID Scientific Coordinator and the PI of the DCMC are not eligible to be the Steering Committee Chair. The Committee will meet in person or by teleconference at least four times during the first 12 months of the study and at least twice annually thereafter. This Committee will have primary responsibility for developing the common clinical protocols, approving the design and implementation of all mechanistic studies (via the mechanistic studies subcommittee), facilitating the conduct and monitoring of all clinical trials and mechanistic studies, analyzing and interpreting study data, and reporting study results. Studies will not be approved if the NIAID or the Steering Committee determines that it will not be feasible to accrue patients within the specified time frame. In addition, the steering committee will develop mechanisms for monitoring accrual performance and criteria for continued participation by each participating institution in the consortium. The Steering Committee will review the budget and expenditures at least once each year at a face-to-face meeting. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies will proceed into the implementation stage only with the concurrence of both the Steering Committee and the NIAID Program Director. Each Steering Committee member will be expected to participate in all Steering Committee activities, e.g., meetings, conference calls, special subcommittee activities, etc. as may be necessary. The Steering Committee shall appoint a Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee, as described below. Other Subcommittees may be appointed, as required, by the Steering Committee. The steering committee or a designated sub-committee will prepare an annual report containing the following information: Progress in ongoing and newly- initiated clinical trials and mechanistic studies; subject accrual and protocol compliance at all participating clinical sites; manuscripts published, in press, and in preparation; presentations at regional, national, and international meetings; and budget review. The first such report will be presented at a joint meeting of the steering committee and mechanistic studies subcommittee not later than 13 months after the initial notice of award, and yearly thereafter. The NIAID Scientific Coordinator will not participate substantively in the development or submission of the annual report, and will serve as the primary NIAID staff member responsible for review of the report by the sponsoring agency. Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee. The Steering Committee shall appoint a Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee to review and approve or modify proposed mechanistic studies. Each PI shall select two representatives from his/her consortium as voting members of the Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee. In addition, the NIAID Scientific Coordinator shall serve as a voting member. The Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee may ask the Steering Committee to appoint additional Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee members if additional expertise in a specific area is needed. The Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee shall elect a Chair from among its non-Federal members. The Chair shall serve as a voting member of the Steering Committee. The Subcommittee will meet at least twice yearly and its members will be expected to participate in all meetings, conference calls, and other Subcommittee activities. Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB). An independent DSMB, appointed by the NIAID, will review progress at least annually and report their findings to the NIAID Program Director. Clinical protocols and mechanistic studies will be subject to review by the DSMB, in an advisory capacity, prior to implementation. The DSMB review will focus on the safety, ethics, and scientific and statistical integrity of the studies. Data Coordination and Management. Data Coordination and Management will be carried out by a separately funded Data Coordination and Management Center (DCMC). Each participating institution will be responsible for providing primary study data to NIAID via the DCMC for management, quality control, and analysis, using procedures and standards determined by the Steering Committee and the DCMC. The NIAID will provide, via its program staff and the DCMC, the following: technical assistance and data management services to the participating institutions with respect to quality control, uniformity of data collection, management of the collective database, and data analysis; centralized data collection and management; and quality assurance. Specific analyses to be performed will be directed by the Steering Committee. In the event of a specific safety concern, the DSMB may also request specific analyses from the DCMC. The results of those analyses will be delivered to the Steering Committee, which is responsible for determining how the results are interpreted, whether the results should influence ongoing data collection, and how the findings should be disseminated. All participating sites will have access to all data originating from their sites. The awardees will retain custody of and have primary rights to all data developed under these awards, subject to Government rights of access consistent with HHS, PHS, and NIH policies. Although the participating institutions will be closely involved with these centralized data collection and management services, the participating institutions will be responsible for on-site data collection and transmittal. Publication and Presentation of Study Findings. Timely publication of major findings is encouraged. Publications and oral presentations of work performed under this agreement will require appropriate acknowledgment of the participating institutions and NIAID support. Analyses to be performed using the collective data from all participating institutions will be determined and directed by the Steering Committee. Participating institutions wishing to perform analyses of local data will inform the Steering Committee of any such analyses prior to initiation in order to avoid duplication. Review and approval by the Steering Committee will be required for all analyses prior to publication or presentation according to criteria that will be developed by the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee may establish a Publications Subcommittee to carry out this function. Monitoring Study Progress. The Steering Committee will establish mechanisms for assessing the performance of the participating institutions, including institutions participating in consortia arrangements, with particular attention to accrual of adequate numbers of eligible patients, timely submission and quality of required data and conscientious observance of protocol requirements. 5. Arbitration Any disagreement that may arise on scientific or programmatic matters (within the scope of the award) between award recipients and the NIAID may be brought to arbitration. An arbitration panel will be composed of three members -- one selected by the Steering Committee or by the individual awardee in the event of an individual disagreement, a second member selected by the NIAID, and the third member with expertise in the relevant area and selected by the two prior members will be formed to review any scientific or programmatic issue that is significantly restricting progress. While the decisions of the Arbitration Panel are binding, these special arbitration procedures will in no way affect the awardee's right to appeal an adverse action in accordance with PHS regulations at 42 CFR Part 50, subpart D, and HHS regulations at 45 CFR Part 16. WHERE TO SEND INQUIRIES We encourage inquiries concerning this RFA and welcome the opportunity to answer questions from potential applicants. Inquiries may fall into three areas: scientific/research, peer review, and financial or grants management issues: o Direct questions about scientific/research issues to: Nancy D. Bridges, M.D. Chief, Clinical Transplantation Section Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Tel (301) 496-5598 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Judith Massicot-Fisher, Ph.D. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Telephone: (301) 435-0510 FAX: (301) 480-1454 Email: email@example.com Catherine M. Meyers, M.D. Director, Inflammatory Renal Diseases Program Division of Kidney, Urologic & Hematologic Diseases National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Tel (301) 451-4901 Email: Cm420i@nih.gov o Direct questions about peer review issues to: Edward W. Schroder, Ph.D. Chief, Microbiology and Immunology Review Branch Scientific Review Program, DEA, NIAID, NIH, DHHS 6700-B Rockledge Drive MSC 7616 Bethesda, MD 20892-7616 Zip code for express couriers: 20817 Phone: 301-435-8537 FAX: 301-402-2638 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org o Direct questions about financial or grants management matters to: Ann Devine Division of Extramural Activities National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Room number 2118, MSC-7614 6700-B Rockledge Drive Bethesda, MD 20892-7614 Telephone: (301) 402-5601 FAX: (301) 480-3780 Email: email@example.com LETTER OF INTENT Prospective applicants are asked to submit a letter of intent that includes the following information: o Descriptive title of the proposed research o Name, address, and telephone number of the Principal Investigator o Names of other key personnel o Participating institutions o Number and title of this RFA Although a letter of intent is not required, is not binding, and does not enter into the review of a subsequent application, the information that it contains allows IC staff to estimate the potential review workload and plan the review. The letter of intent is to be sent by the date listed at the beginning of this document. The letter of intent should be sent to: Edward W. Schroder, Ph.D. Chief, Microbiology and Immunology Review Branch Scientific Review Program, DEA, NIAID, NIH, DHHS 6700-B Rockledge Drive MSC 7616 Bethesda, MD 20892-7616 Zip code for express couriers: 20817 Phone: 301-435-8537 FAX: 301-402-2638 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org SUBMITTING AN APPLICATION Applications must be prepared using the PHS 398 research grant application instructions and forms (rev. 5/2001). Applications must have a DUN and Bradstreet (D&B) Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number as the Universal Identifier when applying for Federal grants or cooperative agreements. The DUNS number can be obtained by calling (866) 705-5711 or through the web site at http://www.dunandbradstreet.com/. The DUNS number should be entered on line 11 of the face page of the PHS 398 form. The PHS 398 document is available at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html in an interactive format. For further assistance contact GrantsInfo, Telephone (301) 435-0714, Email: GrantsInfo@nih.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INSTRUCTIONS: See also the SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS section above. Research plans should be in the form of detailed concept proposals, organized as specific aims, background and significance, preliminary studies, and research design and methods (sections A-D). Proposals must be presented in sufficient detail to allow reviewers to judge significance, approach, innovation, and environment. The ability of the applicant consortium to perform the clinical and mechanistic studies should be clear. Methods of data analysis and sample size justification for the proposed clinical study, as well as scientific rationale for the mechanistic proposed mechanistic studies must be included. However, submission of a detailed, final clinical protocol is neither required nor encouraged, as the choice of studies to be performed and final protocol development will be accomplished subsequent to award, under the guidance of the Steering Committee. The research plan for both required proposals (see below) should not exceed 40 pages. The application must include two (2) concept proposals for clinical studies that meet the objectives and scope of this RFA. One proposal must be organ specific, while the other must be designed to address a transplant-related immunologic problem that may be studied in a diverse group of organ recipients (e.g., renal transplant recipients and heart transplant recipients, or liver transplant recipients and lung transplant recipients, or any other combination of recipients of different organs). Each of the 2 proposals may propose a clinical intervention, or one of the two protocols may be observational in design. Each clinical proposal must be accompanied by mechanistic studies designed to expand our understanding of the basic mechanisms of alloimmunity, innate immunity in the transplant setting, and/or graft dysfunction. Descriptions of proposed mechanistic studies are to include: identification of and rationale for the immune, genetic, and/or surrogate markers selected, including data from animal and/or human studies; a description of the source, quantity, and number of patient samples required; methodologies proposed to collect and analyze samples; and a discussion of how the results of the proposed mechanistic studies will improve the capacity to utilize immune, genetic and/or surrogate markers to predict patient outcome. The applicant should state clearly how anticipated study results can be expected to contribute to improvements in patient/graft survival. Additional requirements are as follows: 1. The applicant institution and each institution participating in the consortium must document their experience and capacity to recruit and retain study participants, and provide a description of the population currently available for each proposal. Furthermore, the applicant and participating institutions must explicitly state that the approved trials within the CTOT group will have priority over any subsequent non-CTOT group study in organ transplantation. Exemptions from this agreement will require approval by the NIAID and the Steering Committee. 2. The application must identify the single applicant organization that will be legally and financially responsible and accountable for the use and disposition of funds awarded on the basis of this RFA to other institutions participating in the consortium, and show availability of personnel and facilities capable of performing and supporting the administrative functions necessary. 3. The application must name a single PI who will have scientific responsibility for the application as a whole, including all consortium- related research activities. The PI must be a physician with substantial experience in organ transplantation and in the design, implementation, and evaluation of clinical trials. The applicant consortium must contain two or more participating institutions. Consortium member institutions may be clinical participants, in which case they must have a UNOS-certified program in organ transplantation, or they may be mechanistic study participants, in which case they must have demonstrated expertise in the research techniques necessary for the proposed study. Applications must name a single Senior Investigator for each participating institution in the consortium who will be responsible for on-site clinical and scientific implementation, direction and management of the clinical protocols, and the coordination of requirements for mechanistic studies of underlying mechanisms and immune/surrogate markers. A letter from each Senior Investigator, indicating a commitment to participate and the qualifying characteristics of his/her institution, must be included with the application. 4. The applicant must provide a clear and concise plan, in narrative and diagrammatic form, that depicts the interrelationships among the members of the consortium, their relevant experience/expertise, and the contribution of each to fulfillment of the objectives of this RFA, as well as an organizational chart of the consortium showing the name, organization, and scientific discipline of the PI and of all key scientific, technical and administrative personnel. 5. The application must provide a plan to ensure the maintenance of close cooperation and effective communication among members of the consortium; letters of commitment to this plan from all participating institutions; and evidence of the capability of the applicant organization and each institution in an applicant consortium to participate and interact effectively in cooperative, multi-center clinical trials. 6. The application must include a written commitment from the PI, and from the Senior Investigators of participating sites, to accept the participation and assistance of NIAID staff in accordance with the guidelines outlined under "Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award: NIAID Staff Responsibilities." The application must also include a written commitment to the cooperative organization and willingness to adhere to the decisions reached by that Committee, including following the consensus protocols and mechanistic studies. 7. All costs required for the proposed protocols and mechanistic studies must be included in the application and must be fully justified. These include the additional costs of clinical research associated with the proposed protocols, costs for patient recruitment and follow-up, mechanistic studies, data collection, and participation in on-site quality assurance audits. Requested budgets should also include: (1) travel to the Bethesda, MD area for four 1- day Steering Committee meetings during the first 12 months, and twice annually thereafter, for the Principal Investigator and one Senior Investigator for each participating consortium, and (2) travel to the Bethesda, MD area for meetings of the Mechanistic Studies Subcommittee for the two representatives from each consortium, to coincide with steering committee meetings. USING THE RFA LABEL: The RFA label available in the PHS 398 (rev. 5/2001) application form must be affixed to the bottom of the face page of the application. Type the RFA number on the label. Failure to use this label could result in delayed processing of the application such that it may not reach the review committee in time for review. In addition, the RFA title and number must be typed on line 2 of the face page of the application form and the YES box must be marked. The RFA label is also available at: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/label-bk.pdf. SENDING AN APPLICATION TO THE NIH: Submit a signed, typewritten original of the application, including the Checklist, and three signed, photocopies, in one package to: Center for Scientific Review National Institutes of Health 6701 Rockledge Drive, Room 1040, MSC 7710 Bethesda, MD 20892-7710 Bethesda, MD 20817 (for express/courier service) At the time of submission, two additional exact copies of the grant application and all five sets of any appendix material must be sent to: Edward W. Schroder, Ph.D. Chief, Microbiology and Immunology Review Branch Scientific Review Program, DEA, NIAID, NIH, DHHS 6700-B Rockledge Drive MSC 7616 Bethesda, MD 20892-7616 Zip code for express couriers: 20817 Applications must be received on or before March 15, 2004. Applications that are not received as a single package on the receipt date will be judged non- responsive and will be returned to the applicant. APPLICATION PROCESSING: Applications must be received by the application receipt date listed in the heading of this RFA. If an application is received after that date, it will be returned to the applicant without review. Although there is no immediate acknowledgement of the receipt of an application, applicants are generally notified of the review and funding assignment within 8 weeks. The Center for Scientific Review (CSR) will not accept any application in response to this RFA that is essentially the same as one currently pending initial review, unless the applicant withdraws the pending application. However, when a previously unfunded application, originally submitted as an investigator-initiated application, is to be submitted in response to an RFA, it is to be prepared as a NEW application. That is, the application for the RFA must not include an Introduction describing the changes and improvements made, and the text must not be marked to indicate the changes from the previous unfunded version of the application. PEER REVIEW PROCESS Upon receipt, applications will be reviewed for completeness by the CSR and responsiveness by the NIAID. Incomplete and/or non-responsive applications will be returned to the applicant without further consideration. Applications that are complete and responsive to the RFA will be evaluated for scientific and technical merit by an appropriate peer review group convened by the NIAID in accordance with the review criteria stated below. As part of the initial merit review, all applications will: o Undergo a selection process in which only those applications deemed to have the highest scientific merit, generally the top half of applications under review, will be discussed and assigned a priority score o Receive a written critique o Receive a second level review by the National Advisory Allergy and Infectious Diseases Council REVIEW CRITERIA The goals of NIH-supported research are to advance our understanding of biological systems, improve the control of disease, and enhance health. In the written comments, reviewers will be asked to discuss the following aspects of the application in order to judge the likelihood that the proposed research will have a substantial impact on the pursuit of these goals. The scientific review group will address and consider each of these criteria in assigning the application’s overall score, weighting them as appropriate for each application. o Significance o Approach o Innovation o Investigator o Environment The application does not need to be strong in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact and thus deserve a high priority score. For example, an investigator may propose to carry out important work that by its nature is not innovative but is essential to move a field forward. SIGNIFICANCE: Does this study address an important problem? If the aims of the application are achieved, how will scientific knowledge be advanced? What will be the effect of these studies on the concepts or methods that drive this field? APPROACH: Are the conceptual framework, design, methods, and analyses adequately developed, well-integrated, and appropriate to the aims of the project? Does the applicant acknowledge potential problem areas and consider alternative tactics? INNOVATION: Does the project employ novel concepts, approaches or methods? Are the aims original and innovative? Does the project challenge existing paradigms or develop new methodologies or technologies? INVESTIGATOR: Is the investigator appropriately trained and well-suited to carry out this work? Is the work proposed appropriate to the experience level of the principal investigator and other researchers (if any)? ENVIRONMENT: Does the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Do the proposed experiments take advantage of unique features of the scientific environment or employ useful collaborative arrangements? Is there evidence of institutional support? ADDITIONAL REVIEW CRITERIA: In addition to the above criteria, the following items will be considered in the determination of scientific merit and the priority score: Mechanistic studies will be weighed equally with the clinical studies in the review of applications. For the Principal Investigator: 1. Evidence of commitment and contributions to the field of organ transplantation, and of ability to provide the leadership necessary to achieve multi-site adherence in a clinical research protocol. For Participating Clinical Sites: 1. Demonstrated knowledge of clinical organ transplantation, and a documented commitment to the study of clinical aspects organ transplantation by the investigators and their institutions. 2. Evidence of successful experience in recruitment and retention of research subjects in multicenter clinical studies, and particularly studies of clinical organ transplantation. 3. Documentation of center transplant volume adequate to contribute (among all organ recipient groups) at least 10 adult or 5 pediatric subjects per year to the proposed studies. 4. Evidence of prior experience in working collaboratively in carrying out a clinical study protocol. For Sites Performing Mechanistic Studies: 1. Evidence of expertise in and prior experience with conduct of mechanistic studies pertaining to the immunologic areas under study using specimens of human origin. 2. A documented commitment to the study of the basic immunologic aspects of organ transplantation by the investigators and their institutions. PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS FROM RESEARCH RISK: The involvement of human subjects and protections from research risk relating to their participation in the proposed research will be assessed. (See criteria included in the section on Federal Citations, below) INCLUSION OF WOMEN, MINORITIES AND CHILDREN IN RESEARCH: The adequacy of plans to include subjects from both genders, all racial and ethnic groups (and subgroups), and children as appropriate for the scientific goals of the research. Plans for the recruitment and retention of subjects will also be evaluated. (See Inclusion Criteria in the sections on Federal Citations, below). CARE AND USE OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN RESEARCH: If vertebrate animals are to be used in the project, the five items described under Section f of the PHS 398 research grant application instructions (rev. 5/2001) will be assessed. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS SHARING RESEARCH DATA: Applicants requesting more than $500,000 in direct costs in any year of the proposed research are expected to include a data sharing plan in their application. The reasonableness of the data sharing plan or the rationale for not sharing research data will be assessed by the reviewers. However, reviewers will not factor the proposed data-sharing plan into the determination of scientific merit or priority score. (See instructions and URL to policy in the Federal Citations, below.) BUDGET: The reasonableness of the proposed budget and the requested period of support in relation to the proposed research. RECEIPT AND REVIEW SCHEDULE Letter of Intent Receipt Date: February 16, 2004 Application Receipt Date: March 15, 2004 Scientific Peer Review Date: June, 2004 Advisory Council Review: August, 2004 Earliest Anticipated Start Date: September, 2004 AWARD CRITERIA Award criteria that will be used to make award decisions include: o Scientific merit of the proposed project as determined by peer review o Availability of funds o Programmatic priorities. 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The amended policy incorporates: the use of an NIH definition of clinical research; updated racial and ethnic categories in compliance with the new OMB standards; clarification of language governing NIH-defined Phase III clinical trials consistent with the new PHS Form 398; and updated roles and responsibilities of NIH staff and the extramural community. The policy continues to require for all NIH-defined Phase III clinical trials that: a) all applications or proposals and/or protocols must provide a description of plans to conduct analyses, as appropriate, to address differences by sex/gender and/or racial/ethnic groups, including subgroups if applicable; and b) investigators must report annual accrual and progress in conducting analyses, as appropriate, by sex/gender and/or racial/ethnic group differences. 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881,786 | On Aristotelian equality, the fundamental right to equality, and governmental discretion.
It is a fundamental principle in democratic legal systems that governmental authorities must maintain equality and refrain from discrimination. (1) Despite the undeniable, pivotal role of the equality principle in public--constitutional and administrative--law, its contents and meaning, and thus the results of its application, remain among the least clear of legal issues. (2)
Discretionary powers generally enable government to choose among several possible decisions or actions (including a decision to refrain from acting). (3) When a valid act or regulation dictates to the governmental authority in explicit language how it must act, the principle of equality seems irrelevant. In contrast, when the governmental authority is granted discretionary powers, the equality principle becomes germane, as the authority must exercise such discretion within the scope of that principle. The equality principle, then, is part of the body of law dealing with the restriction and guidance of official discretion.
This essay examines the relationship between the principle of equality in constitutional and administrative law administrative law, law governing the powers and processes of administrative agencies. The term is sometimes used also of law (i.e., rules, regulations) developed by agencies in the course of their operation. and other public law principles governing governmental discretion. Clarification of this relationship is important both for determining the rules concerning equality and for an evaluation and critique of these rules. This article tries to expose some basic elements of the relationship between equality and rules governing governmental discretion in democratic legal systems (such as the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. , Great Britain Great Britain, officially United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, constitutional monarchy (2005 est. pop. 60,441,000), 94,226 sq mi (244,044 sq km), on the British Isles, off W Europe. The country is often referred to simply as Britain. and Canada, whose case laws are referenced in the footnotes). Hence, it does not discuss in detail specific jurisprudence jurisprudence (jr'ĭsprd`əns), study of the nature and the origin and development of law. , including the constitutional doctrine of three levels of Equal Protection review. (4)
After briefly discussing the legal rules regarding governmental discretion, I attempt to differentiate between two definitions of the equality principle which are commonly accepted in law, and explore the relations between them. These are the Aristotelian definition of equality and the definition of equality as a fundamental human right. Finally, I examine the relation between the equality principle and the body of legal rules regarding governmental discretion. In this context I present the different ways in which the equality principle, under each definition, limits governmental discretion in constitutional and administrative law.
II. ON THE LAWS REGARDING GOVERNMENTAL DISCRETION
The laws regarding governmental discretion are intended to restrict and guide the exercise of discretion by government authorities. In many instances, even after applying these rules, the authority will still be able to choose between several different lawful decisions in a given matter. If this were not the case, of course, it would be meaningless to speak of discretion. Nevertheless, there may be circumstances in which the rules of discretion will dictate only one lawful decision. The fact that the power is discretionary does not imply that the authority will in all cases have a choice among several possible decisions or actions.
The notion of discretion underlying my argument below is grounded upon the following premises. First, the choice of decision is made on the basis of a series of considerations. Second, each possible decision reflects a different balancing of those considerations. Third, the law, either explicitly or through interpretation, determines which considerations shall be taken into account when exercising discretion ("the relevant considerations").
Under these three premises, the following general, primary rules of discretion may be posited. First, in choosing its preferred outcome the authority must take account of all relevant considerations. (5) Second, in making its decision the authority must not give heed to any motive, purpose or consideration which is not relevant. (6) Third, the authority must accord weight to the relevant considerations reasonably, or, at any rate, in a manner which is not arbitrary and capricious capricious adv., adj. unpredictable and subject to whim, often used to refer to judges and judicial decisions which do not follow the law, logic or proper trial procedure. A semi-polite way of saying a judge is inconsistent or erratic. , extremely unreasonable or patently untenable. (7) When the exercise of such power may result in a violation of human rights, more specific rules may apply, which greatly restrict discretion, such as the requirements of clear and present danger or proportionality. (8)
What is the proper place of the principle of equality in the legal rules regarding governmental discretion? Is it an independent, self-sustaining rule, or merely an expression of the other rules? To answer this question one must first examine the substance of the equality principle.
III. THE NATURE OF THE EQUALITY PRINCIPLE: TWO COMMON DEFINITIONS AND THE RELATION BETWEEN THEM
A. Two Common Definitions
The equality principle, which is employed in a broad spectrum of fields, bears many definitions and meanings. (9) In law, one commonly accepted definition is that posited according to according to
1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.
2. In keeping with: according to instructions.
3. the way Aristotle (10) is explained by various scholars, (11) under which equality is giving equal treatment to equals and unequal treatment to those situated differently, according to the degree of difference (hereinafter here·in·af·ter
In a following part of this document, statement, or book.
Formal or law from this point on in this document, matter, or case
Adv. 1. "Aristotelian equality" or "the Aristotelian definition"). Those who employ the Aristotelian definition usually argue that no two people or situations are equal, and thus the equality to which the definition refers is equality in terms of the facts and circumstances relevant to the matter in question. In applying the Aristotelian definition, then, one must always ask, equal for what purpose? It seems that one of the central characteristics of the Aristotelian definition is its relativity. (12) Aristotelian equality deals with situations in which there are at least two possible decisions. A single decision which relates to one object or case cannot be "equal" or "unequal" under the Aristotelian definition. The requirement of treating similar cases similarly and different cases differently is meaningless unless there is something with which the decision may be compared. (13) However, one could conceivably claim that a single decision might violate Aristotelian equality, provided that hypothetical cases different from the one in question exist.
Alongside Aristotelian equality we find the notion of equality as defined in constitutional charters of human rights, in provisions dealing with the fundamental right to equality. (14) Such provisions entail equal treatment for all persons, regardless of any differences deriving from status or from particular categories such as religion, race, sex and so on. (15) For example, article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a United Nations treaty based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in 1966 and entered into force on 23 March 1976. provides, inter alia [Latin, Among other things.] A phrase used in Pleading to designate that a particular statute set out therein is only a part of the statute that is relevant to the facts of the lawsuit and not the entire statute. :
the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. (16)
Sometimes such definitions hold that in a certain matter all persons should be treated equally, without specifying any particular status or category, which must be disregarded. One example is the first paragraph of the Fourteenth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment, addition to the U.S. Constitution, adopted 1868. The amendment comprises five sections. Section 1
Section 1 of the amendment declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens and citizens of the American Constitution, which stipulates that "No state shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws Noun 1. equal protection of the laws - a right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution and by the due-process clause of the Fifth Amendment ." There are also provisions which blend the two types of definitions, such as article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides that "The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status." (17)
It may be noted that both Aristotelian equality and the "fundamental right" approach to equality are essentially expressions of substantive equality. Substantive equality has to do with the equality-promoting content of the rules which are applied. It is distinguished from formal equality, which has to do with the equal treatment of every person. Indeed, as mentioned above, the fundamental right to equality applies to cases in which it is held that, in a particular matter, every person must be treated equally. But in these given instances, and only in such instances, the presumption is that substantive and formal equality are identical.
In contrast with Aristotelian equality, the fundamental right to equality is relevant not only in those instances in which several decisions have been made, but may apply also to a single decision relating to relating to relate prep → concernant
relating to relate prep → bezüglich +gen, mit Bezug auf +acc a specific object or event. (18) For example, a public authority which rejects, on grounds of gender, the first candidate who seeks a newly-created position, may be deemed to be violating the fundamental right to equality regardless of gender even if it has not yet had the opportunity to consider the candidacies of members of the opposite sex for that same position.
B. The Relations Between the Two Definitions
Aside from the difference mentioned above, what is the relation between the fundamental right to equality and Aristotelian equality? The answer to this question depends on how one interprets the fundamental right. Three principal interpretations may be discerned. (19)
On one interpretative approach, which henceforth I will call the "relative prohibition approach," the prohibition against taking account of status or categories mentioned in the definition of the fundamental right to equality applies only when such characteristics are irrelevant. When, on the other hand, such classifications are relevant, then the fundamental right does not reject taking them into consideration. Similarly, even if the fundamental right mandates treating all persons equally in respect of a given matter, there is nothing that prevents differential treatment of persons who are different in a manner that is relevant to the matter in question. (20) For example, if the sex of a public official is relevant to carrying out the functions of his or her office, then consideration of the sex of candidates for that office will not be a violation of the fundamental right to equality. Under the relative prohibition approach, the fundamental right to equality is thoroughly consistent with Aristotelian equality, and overlaps (actually, is subsumed within) it.
There would seem to be two grounds for its existence. First, the fundamental right seeks to render suspect (21) the distinction based on a status or category mentioned in its definition, or any distinction between persons with regard to a particular matter, and perhaps even to create a rebuttable Re`but´ta`ble
a. 1. Capable of being rebutted. legal presumption that the distinction is based on irrelevant considerations, thus violating Aristotelian equality. Second, in many legal systems, including American law, the prohibition against violating fundamental rights has a constitutional character, and applies to the legislature itself, and in any case has greater force.
On the other hand, Parliament (as distinct from other public authorities) may be allowed a mere violation of Aristotelian equality which does not entail impairment of a fundamental right, or, even if such a violation were prohibited, the degree of severity attached to it and the resulting sanctions are more moderate than those that apply in the case of violation of fundamental rights.
Under the second possible interpretation of the fundamental right to equality, which I will call the "absolute prohibition approach," the prohibition against taking into consideration any status or categories mentioned in the definition of the basic right is absolute, as is the prohibition against distinguishing between different persons in respect of a particular matter. Under this interpretation, the Aristotelian terms of definition make the status or categories included in the definition of the fundamental right irrelevant (or, to put it another way, there is an irrebuttable ir`re`but´ta`ble
a. 1. Incapable of being rebutted. presumption that they are irrelevant).
The same is true of the fundamental right to equality between persons with respect to a particular matter. In the Aristotelian terms of definition, this latter right determines (or creates an irrebuttable presumption) that all distinctions between persons in respect of a particular matter are based on irrelevant considerations.
Under the third possible interpretation of the fundamental right to equality, which I will refer to as the "balanced prohibition approach," the prohibition against taking these and other statuses or categories into account does not derive from their irrelevance ir·rel·e·vance
1. The quality or state of being unrelated to a matter being considered.
2. Something unrelated to a matter being considered.
Noun 1. in all cases. Similarly, the prohibition against distinguishing for purposes of a particular matter between persons does not derive from the notion that there may not be relevant differences between different persons with regard to that matter. The reason is that taking a particular status or category into account--even if it meets the requirement of relevance--or distinguishing between persons with respect to a particular matter, is likely to impair values or interests deemed worthy of protection.
For example, one may argue that there are differences between men and women, which to some degree may be relevant in certain matters. The fact that women become pregnant and give birth, and as a result need maternity leave maternity leave n → baja por maternidad
maternity leave maternity n → congé m de maternité
maternity leave maternity n , may be a relevant consideration for an employer who faces the choice of hiring a man or a woman. In any event, the fundamental right to equality without distinction on the basis of gender under the balanced prohibition approach has resulted in public authorities being restrained from denying positions to women solely on the grounds that they may become pregnant and give birth. This is because such a distinction between men and women violates the dignity of women, their interest in making a living, and other general private and social interests.
At the same time, fundamental rights, as well as the values and interests underlying them, are not absolute, and it is common to balance between those values and interests that the fundamental right serves against those which it harms. Thus, for example, if women are totally unable to fill the position in question, or if its execution by a woman will cause severe difficulties to the authority and the public (as is sometimes argued with regard to military service in battle units), the fundamental right to equality without gender differences may yield to the interests with which it conflicts.
Under the balanced prohibition approach, the fundamental right to equality is opposed, prima facie [Latin, On the first appearance.] A fact presumed to be true unless it is disproved.
In common parlance the term prima facie is used to describe the apparent nature of something upon initial observation. , to equality according to the Aristotelian definition. While Aristotelian equality consists, among other things, of treating differently-situated persons differently, the fundamental right to equality sometimes requires (subject to the balancing I have mentioned) treating differently-situated persons equally.
Nevertheless, one may claim that the contradiction between Aristotelian equality and the fundamental right to equality under the balanced prohibition approach is only apparent, and that the two definitions may be reconciled by taking a broader view of the matter to which these definitions are applied, and widening the range of considerations deemed relevant for purposes of the Aristotelian definition. For example, in the case of a woman expected to become pregnant applying for public office, one may argue that the relevant considerations include not only the authority's profits and the realization of the particular aims of that office, but also those considerations regarding the woman's dignity, her interest in earning a living and other general social interests which are injured by discriminating against women because they become pregnant and give birth. (22) If this is so, then a male should not be deemed a victim of discrimination because the public employer hires a woman in spite of the inconvenience, or even the losses, to be suffered when she takes maternity leave. The injury to the dignity of women and to other interests which will occur if she is rejected on these grounds are relevant considerations which the governmental authority must take into account if its action is to meet the standards posited by Aristotelian equality.
Similarly, it is possible to respond to the claim that not every violation of the fundamental right to equality amounts to a violation of Aristotelian equality, because the fundamental right applies to the first case of its type, while under the Aristotelian definition there is no violation of equality unless there are several cases. The answer to such a claim may be that widening the view of the matter can always bring about its examination under the Aristotelian definition. Take, for example, the case that I mentioned earlier regarding the government authority which rejects the first candidate (or perhaps several candidates) for a new position on gender-related grounds. This may be a violation of the fundamental right to equality with no differences based on gender, but, it would appear, not a violation of Aristotelian equality. One may apply the Aristotelian principle of equality to this example by comparing the rejected candidate to other candidates of the same--or the opposite--sex who were rejected or hired by other employers. At least from a practical standpoint, this broadening of perspective enables rejection of the "first case" label, hence enabling the application of Aristotelian equality to all cases.
Another apparent difference between the two definitions has to do with how they address the issue of affirmative action affirmative action, in the United States, programs to overcome the effects of past societal discrimination by allocating jobs and resources to members of specific groups, such as minorities and women. . One may argue that affirmative action is consistent with the fundamental right to equality, as it aims to promote the personal and social values and interests that underlie the fundamental right. For example, affirmative action for women aims to promote the dignity of women and other social interests. On the other hand, one may further argue, affirmative action--to the extent that it involves preference over others with the same or lesser skills--is inconsistent with Aristotelian equality. However, to this claim, too, one may respond that a broad perspective of the matter at hand, unfettered to any particular context, may result in the considerations underlying affirmative action being seen as relevant to the determination of equality or difference between the persons who are the object of the policy.
From a formal standpoint, then, there is no significant difference, if any, between the relative prohibition and the balanced prohibition approaches to interpreting the fundamental right to equality. Nevertheless, the balanced prohibition approach emphasizes the values and interests that deny a distinction based on a particular status or categories or any distinction between persons with respect to a particular matter. The import of this emphasis is the narrowing, and at times the negation NEGATION. Denial. Two negations are construed to mean one affirmation. Dig. 50, 16, 137. , of the discretion actually granted to the governmental authority in choosing between alternative possible decisions--an outcome commonly seen in respect of fundamental rights. Thus, even though the balanced prohibition approach, like the relative prohibition approach, may be integrated with Aristotelian equality as a formal matter, I will distinguish between these two interpretations, as my focus in this article is the relation between equality and discretion.
The absolute prohibition approach is not reasonable, and in some cases it is inapplicable in·ap·pli·ca·ble
Not applicable: rules inapplicable to day students.
in·ap . For example, it would appear impossible to refer offers to donate sperm or to carry a fetus to women and men without distinction. I will therefore not continue to address it in this context. Rather, I will focus on the relation between the other two interpretations of the fundamental right to equality and the laws of discretion.
IV. THE RELATION BETWEEN ARISTOTELIAN EQUALITY AND THE LAWS REGARDING GOVERNMENTAL DISCRETION
Does the duty to maintain equality (or, conversely, the prohibition against discrimination) under the Aristotelian definition add to the three rules I have mentioned in my discussion of the laws of discretion, or, rather, does it overlap with them, in whole or in part?
A. The Duty to Consider All Relevant Factors
In certain cases there is an overlap between a violation of the duty to take all relevant considerations into account and a violation of the duty to observe Aristotelian equality. This is because a decision based on all of the relevant considerations may differ from a decision taken in equivalent circumstances but not based entirely on relevant factors. Indeed, each of the decisions violates Aristotelian equality by its very difference from the other. Even so, only one of the two decisions is illegal, and that is the second decision. The reason for its illegality is that it was taken in violation of the obligation to consider all relevant factors. Even if there were no other decision taken through consideration of all relevant factors, and all the other decisions taken in those circumstances failed to take a particular relevant factor into account, all of the decisions would be illegal on this ground. The discrimination entailed by the second decision is thus subsidiary to the non-consideration of the relevant factors.
Take, for example, two persons with similar criminal records who apply for a business license. The application of the first is denied due to his criminal record. The second applicant is granted a license because the licensing authority was unaware of his criminal record and thus did not take it into account. In such an instance one may say that the granting of the license violates Aristotelian equality. Yet, even if the instance in which the license was granted was the only one of its kind, and there was no other applicant with a similar criminal record who was refused a license, the granting of the license would still be illegal due to non-consideration of a relevant factor. Hence the discrimination is secondary in this case to the failure to consider a relevant factor.
B. The Prohibition Against Considering Irrelevant Factors
My remarks regarding the relation between Aristotelian equality and the duty to consider all relevant factors essentially apply also to the relation between equality under this definition and the prohibition against taking irrelevant factors into account. A decision that is defective because of an irrelevant consideration, such as one taken as a result of a bribe, is illegal whether or not there are other decisions regarding the same matter which are not based on the same type (or any type) of extraneous factor. Once again, the discrimination, in Aristotelian terms, inherent in a decision based on irrelevant factors is secondary to the defect involved in taking such improper factors into account.
Under the doctrine of administrative reasonableness, in its various manifestations where discretion is given to an administrative authority, there may be several reasonable balances among the various relevant considerations. Each of these reasonable balancings leads to a decision which is within "the zone of reasonableness." Such a decision is lawful, even if there are those who believe that a better, more effective or efficient decision might have been made. In contrast, a decision situated beyond the zone of reasonableness--that is, a decision based on an extremely unreasonable, capricious or arbitrary weighing of the various considerations--is unlawful, and may be nullified nul·li·fy
tr.v. nul·li·fied, nul·li·fy·ing, nul·li·fies
1. To make null; invalidate.
2. To counteract the force or effectiveness of. by the court upon due request to do so.
As with the previous rules that I have discussed--the duty to take the relevant factors into account and the prohibition against considering irrelevant factors--so, too, an unreasonable decision in the above sense may result in discrimination, but the defect of discrimination is subordinate to its unreasonableness.
However, the discussion of the relation between Aristotelian equality and governmental reasonableness does not end there. As a matter of pure theory, it would seem that there is a substantive incongruity in·con·gru·i·ty
n. pl. in·con·gru·i·ties
1. Lack of congruence.
2. The state or quality of being incongruous.
3. Something incongruous.
Noun 1. between Aristotelian equality and the doctrine of reasonableness in the above sense in particular, and between Aristotelian equality and the very existence of governmental discretion in the other. For Aristotelian equality is, as mentioned above, the giving of equal treatment to equals and different treatment to those who are differently situated, according to the degree of their difference. That is, under this definition a decision is "equal" if it is "adjusted" to the circumstances of the case. It is not sufficient that equal decisions are taken in equal circumstances, nor that different decisions are taken in differing circumstances. Rather, in differing circumstances, the difference between the decisions must fit the difference between the cases completely, and each of the decisions must completely fit the case it addresses.
The requirement of absolute fit follows from the impossibility of several divergent decisions in equivalent cases being equivalent. As I have indicated, as a practical matter there are no cases in which Aristotelian equality is irrelevant. This means that a governmental authority that is subject to the duty to maintain Aristotelian equality will never have any discretion whatsoever. Any apparent discretion which it has will have to be exercised in such a manner that every decision must express equal treatment of equal cases or different treatment of different cases in exact proportion to their degree of difference. In other words Adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated; "in other words, we are broke"
put differently , no discretion will remain. This result would appear to derive from a situation in which the number of possible decisions located within the zone of reasonableness--which may itself be infinite--is greater than the number of cases to which those decisions must be "fitted." This result is inconsistent with the very existence of administrative discretion The exercise of professional expertise and judgment, as opposed to strict adherence to regulations or statutes, in making a decision or performing official acts or duties. . It is also inconsistent with the doctrine of administrative reasonableness, which recognizes, as mentioned above, the existence of a zone of reasonableness, within which (even if not outside of which) the authorities have power to choose among several decision options. Moreover, the incongruity between Aristotelian equality, on the one hand, and the existence of governmental discretion and a zone of lawful decisions, on the other, sometimes derives not from the fact that the possible decisions within that zone of reasonableness outnumber the cases to which those decisions must be fitted. Rather, it derives from the fact that the number of such decisions is less than that of such cases.
Take, for example, the granting of or refusal to grant a license to engage in a profession, with regard to which the law gives the authority discretion (assuming that the law does not allow for making the decision contingent upon Adj. 1. contingent upon - determined by conditions or circumstances that follow; "arms sales contingent on the approval of congress"
contingent on, dependant on, dependant upon, dependent on, dependent upon, depending on, contingent conditions). The number of possible "cases," that is, the number of applicants for a license, with their various relevant qualifications, is close to infinite. In such circumstances, it is hardly possible to take decisions which are all equal under the Aristotelian definition--that is, decisions that treat different cases differently according to the degree of their difference--because there are only two possible decisions and a much greater number of different cases. In this example, then, one cannot avoid taking equal decisions in respect of different cases (nor, it would seem, could one avoid taking different decisions regarding cases in which the difference between them is less than that between two cases in which the same decision was reached). (23)
One must conclude, then, that it is not possible to reconcile the Aristotelian view of equality in its pure form with the existence of governmental discretion or a notion of a zone of reasonableness. It is also clear that, on the one hand, it is impossible, and in any case undesirable, to do away entirely with governmental discretion by its inability to withstand the pure version of Aristotelian equality. Such an approach is undesirable, among other reasons, because the practical result of it would be to transfer ultimate discretion in every matter handled by the government to the judiciary, which is neither practicable nor consistent with acceptable notions of the separation of powers separation of powers: see Constitution of the United States.
separation of powers
Division of the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of government among separate and independent bodies. . On the other hand, the principle of equality should not be sacrificed on the altar of governmental discretion. As I have mentioned, the principle of equality is one of several legal doctrines that restrict the discretion of governmental authorities. Even if the possibility that the equality principle replaces and cancels discretion is unacceptable, one must find ways in which Aristotelian equality may limit discretion.
V. EQUALITY UNDER THE ARISTOTELIAN DEFINITION AS LIMITING GOVERNMENTAL DISCRETION--"ADMINISTRATIVE EQUALITY"
Even in a system which recognizes governmental discretion, situations may arise in which, at first glance, a violation of Aristotelian equality will not be secondary to another type of violation of the rules regarding governmental discretion (i.e., non-consideration of a relevant factor, consideration of an irrelevant factor, or unreasonableness). In such a system a governmental authority (especially one which operates through several independent bodies or organs) may reach different decisions in equivalent matters, and each decision, were it examined in isolation, would be legal both in terms of its content and in terms of the considerations weighed.
This follows necessarily from the fact that the authority is discretionary. In such a case impermissible im·per·mis·si·ble
Not permitted; not permissible: impermissible behavior.
im discrimination is neither related to nor conditioned upon the illegality of the considerations weighed or the unreasonableness of each decision taken alone, but rather is rooted in its very inconsistency. In other words, a decision that meets the requirements of the other rules of discretion may be invalidated because it is different from other decisions which themselves meet such requirements. The discretion of governmental authorities is thus restricted by the Aristotelian principle of equality in the sense that discretion must be exercised consistently. (24)
For example, in certain cases a licensing authority may be entitled initially to grant a business license at its discretion. But once it customarily grants licenses in such cases, it must act consistently by granting a license in all similar cases. The same is true, of course, with respect to the refusal to grant a license. To realize this aim of consistency, the law provides for the enactment of regulations, and at times of administrative guidelines, chiefly aimed at promoting the equal, that is, consistent, exercise of discretionary powers.
Nevertheless, absolute consistency is neither possible nor desirable. (25) First, as I have noted, no two cases are completely equivalent, and therefore absolute consistency is impossible (unless we return to the result which we have been trying to avoid, that is, canceling governmental discretion or transferring it entirely to the courts). Second, it is not proper that a single decision taken at some point will forever bind the discretion of a governmental authority. The authorities should be allowed to weigh their policy from time to time according to changing circumstances, needs, and fundamental perceptions.
Consistency is thus not an absolute obligation, but a relevant consideration that an authority employing discretionary powers must take into account and accord appropriate weight in the circumstances before it. When an authority acts inconsistently, hence violating Aristotelian equality, one must examine whether there was fitting justification for doing so. Aristotelian equality may thus be reconciled with the general doctrine of discretion. Under this proposed version it neither contradicts the theory nor is external to it.
The duty of consistency is not relevant except when there are several decisions, or, to be more precise, when there are several cases that have been or will be decided. One may ask which one among these decisions should be compared to another decision, or conversely, which decision is illegal due to inequality in the above sense. (26)
It seems that there are four main types of possible basic criteria on this question: 1) the lawful decision is that which is better from the standpoint of the individual (a decision will be deemed discriminatory if it is less considerate of the individual); 2) the lawful decision is the first decision (the last or later decision will be deemed unlawful); 3) the lawful decision is that which is consonant consonant
Any speech sound characterized by an articulation in which a closure or narrowing of the vocal tract completely or partially blocks the flow of air; also, any letter or symbol representing such a sound. with accepted custom or policy (a decision will be deemed discriminatory if it deviates from such custom or policy); and 4) in the event of several unequal decisions, they all are unlawful.
It may be noted that the choice among these approaches (or some combination of them) cannot be made only on the basis of the principle which mandates consistency. As all the approaches fulfill it to the same degree, it alone cannot decide among them. The decision must be made in view of other considerations external to those underlying the equality principle in the sense mentioned. Each of the four basic criteria has its merits and drawbacks, which deserve a more detailed, separate discussion.
In any event, the rules of discretion ought essentially to be directed, to the extent possible, toward the governmental authorities in order to guide them when they exercise their discretion, and not solely to the courts when they review governmental decisions. The rules must focus on the question of how governmental discretion ought to be exercised, not on the question of when such discretion ought to be nullified.
In view, among other things, of this principle, none of the four types of basic criteria mentioned above should be adopted as is. A mixed standard should be preferred, under which the authority should exercise its discretion in a manner equal to that in which it is exercised by accepted custom or policy in like cases; in the absence of widely accepted custom or policy, in the (lawful and reasonable) manner which is most considerate of the individual. When this last alternative is not relevant (whether because the decision does not involve an individual or it involves several individuals with conflicting interests), the authority must set non-discriminatory rules for exercising discretion, and must follow them to the extent possible in making such decisions in the future.
Consistency, despite its not-inconsiderable importance for upholding justice and fairness, and to the public's sense that they are upheld, (27) is not a constitutional value to which the legislative branch ought to be subordinated. The duty of consistency, then, which derives from the Aristotelian principle of equality, generally focuses on administrative law alone. We may thus call it "administrative equality."
VI. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO EQUALITY AND THE LAWS REGARDING GOVERNMENTAL DISCRETION--"CONSTITUTIONAL EQUALITY"
The fundamental right (actually, rights) to equality, under the interpretation which distinguishes it from Aristotelian equality, is defined, as noted earlier, in one of two ways: either as a right not to differentiate among people on the basis of status or category, or a right of persons to be treated equally with regard to a particular matter.
When a particular status or category (with respect to the first definition) or some consideration (with respect to the second definition) are not relevant to the decision in question, the prohibition against taking them into account essentially derives from the prohibition against weighing irrelevant considerations, which is one of the general rules of discretion. Thus, in a certain sense, one may say that in such a case the fundamental right is secondary to the general prohibition against weighing extraneous considerations. At the same time, if in a given legal system the violation of the fundamental right (but not any weighing of irrelevant considerations) may lead to the invalidation in·val·i·date
tr.v. in·val·i·dat·ed, in·val·i·dat·ing, in·val·i·dates
To make invalid; nullify.
in·val of a statute, the classification of the irrelevant consideration as ordinary or as entailing a violation of the fundamental right to equality will of course be important. Furthermore, in view of the constitutional character of the fundamental right to equality, in many cases--especially those involving a status or category included in the first definition--there is a presumption that these considerations are irrelevant, (28) and the burden of proof is imposed on whomever whom·ev·er
The objective case of whoever. See Usage Note at who.
the objective form of whoever: wishes to rebut To defeat, dispute, or remove the effect of the other side's facts or arguments in a particular case or controversy.
When a defendant in a lawsuit proves that the plaintiff's allegations are not true, the defendant has thereby rebutted them.
TO REBUT. the presumption.
There may be legal systems in which the fundamental right will be recognized even when, under the circumstances of the case, a particular status or category (in respect of the first definition) or a particular consideration (in respect of the second) are, at least prima facie, relevant to a given decision. In such systems a balance will be drawn between the values and interests which underlie the fundamental right and the specific relevant interests that bear upon the decision at hand. (29) In a certain sense one may say that in such a case the fundamental right is subordinate to the general principle of reasonableness. However, as mentioned above, the fundamental right to equality may also bind the legislature.
In any case, the above balance will be made, as is common with balancing between fundamental rights and other values and interests, with an intent to realize the fundamental right to the extent possible, and to allow a conflicting interest or value to impinge im·pinge
v. im·pinged, im·ping·ing, im·ping·es
1. To collide or strike: Sound waves impinge on the eardrum.
2. on it only in extraordinary cases, and then only when there is no reasonable way to realize all of the conflicting values and interests. (30) With respect to the fundamental right to equality, the zone of reasonableness--which defines the scope of the discretion given to the authorities--may thus be especially narrow, to the point of obligating the authority in a given case to take a particular decision, thereby erasing its discretion with regard to that case.
Special applications of the fundamental right to equality may be discerned in affirmative action, which is based precisely on taking into account (rather than avoiding) a particular status or category of persons in order to repair distortions which violate values and interests underlying the fundamental right. (31) In this sense one may understand the inclusion, in the section on equality in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply The Charter) is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982. , of subsection 15(2), dealing with affirmative action. This subsection, notwithstanding its wording, (32) does not represent an exception to the general constitutional right to equality contained in subsection 15(1), but rather derives from it and supplements its aims.
The equality principle limits governmental discretion, but does not fetter it altogether. In administrative law the equality principle is implemented as a duty to maintain consistency. Administrative agencies must exercise discretion in a consistent manner, so that justice and its image will not suffer. At the same time, absolute consistency in the long run nullifies discretion, and it is both impossible and undesirable--hence the need for balancing between unfettered discretion and consistency in its exercise. A violation of the equality principle in this sense is generally not a ground for the nullification nullification, in U.S. history, a doctrine expounded by the advocates of extreme states' rights. It held that states have the right to declare null and void any federal law that they deem unconstitutional. of statutes.
In constitutional law, the equality principle is implemented as a fundamental right to non-consideration of a particular status or categories, and to identical treatment of all persons in specific matters. Equality in this sense is necessary to prevent infringement on human dignity Human dignity is an expression that can be used as a moral concept or as a legal term. Sometimes it means no more than that human beings should not be treated as objects. Beyond this, it is meant to convey an idea of absolute and inherent worth that does not need to be acquired and and upon society as a whole. Violations of the equality principle in constitutional law may also bring about nullification of governmental decisions--and even of Parliament's statutes--when the decision or statute is based upon legal considerations, if the violation of equality impairs the values or interests that it aims to protect. However, in the constitutional context, the constitutional principle is not absolute and must be balanced against other relevant considerations. Such balancing must be conducted with the intent of privileging as much as possible the fundamental right to equality, and disregarding it only in exceptional cases.
(1) See e.g. J. Rutherford, "Equality as the Primary Constitutional Value: The Case for Applying Employment Discrimination Laws to Religion" (1996) 81 Cornell L. Rev. 1049 at 1070-76.
(2) See e.g. R.G. Dixon, Jr., "Equality, The Elusive Value" Wash. U.L.Q. 5; W. von Leyden, Aristotle on Equality and Justice: His Political Argument (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1985) at 5; and P.M. Bator, "Equality as a Constitutional Value" (1986) 9 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 1 at 1.
(3) See e.g. K.C. Davis, Discretionary Justice: A Preliminary Inquiry (Baton Rouge Baton Rouge (băt`ən rzh) [Fr.,=red stick], city (1990 pop. 219,531), state capital and seat of East Baton Rouge parish, SE La. : Louisiana State University Press This article needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third-party publications. Alone, primary sources and sources affiliated with the subject of this article are not sufficient for an accurate encyclopedia article. , 1969).
(4) See generally J.E. Nowak & R.E. Rotunda rotunda
In Classical and Neoclassical architecture, a building or room that is circular in plan and covered with a dome. The Pantheon is a Classical Roman rotunda. The Villa Rotonda at Vicenza, designed by Andrea Palladio, is an Italian Renaissance example. , Constitutional Law, 5th ed. (St. Paul St. Paul
as a missionary he fearlessly confronts the “perils of waters, of robbers, in the city, in the wilderness.” [N.T.: II Cor. 11:26]
See : Bravery : West Co., 1995) at 595-951.
(5) See e.g. Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission, 354 F.2d 608 (2d Cir. 1965) (Appeal of Concord Natural Gas Corp., 433 A.2d 1291 (N.H. 1981)); R. v. Shadow Education Committee of Greenwich B.C. ex p. Governors of John Ball Primary School (1989), 88 L.G.R. 589; and R. v. M.(S.H.), 2 S.C.R. 446.
(6) See e.g. Morrill v. Jones, 106 U.S. 466 (1883); Nader v. Bork, 366 F. Supp. 104 (D.D.C. 1973) (improper purpose); United States ex rel. Partheniades v. Shaughnessy, 146 F. Supp. 772 (D.N.Y. 1956); P.G.P. Entertainment Corp. v. State Liquor Authority, 52 N.Y.2d 886 (1981) (extraneous considerations); Roberts v. Hopwood, A.C. 578; Ville de Boucherville v. Jaybatt Corp., C.S. 611 (Que. S.C.); New Brunswick New Brunswick, province, Canada
New Brunswick, province (2001 pop. 729,498), 28,345 sq mi (73,433 sq km), including 519 sq mi (1,345 sq km) of water surface, E Canada. Broadcasting Co. v. Canadian Radio-Television and Communications Commission Since 2001 the Chairman has been ex officio the Minister for Home Affairs. External links
British Cabinet - the senior ministers of the British government
cabinet minister - a person who is a member of the cabinet , 1 All E.R. 940 at 953 (H.L.); Corbiere v. Canada (Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs), 2 S.C.R. 203 at para. 7.
(7) See e.g. Delpro Co. v. Brotherhood Railway Carmen Carmen
throws over lover for another. [Fr. Lit.: Carmen; Fr. Opera: Bizet, Carmen, Westerman, 189–190]
See : Faithlessness
the cards repeatedly spell her death. [Fr. , 519 F. Supp. 842 (1981); Martin Oil Service Inc. v. Koch Refining Co., 582 F. Supp. 1061 (N.D. Ill. 1984); B. Schwartz, Administrative Law: A Casebook A printed compilation of judicial decisions illustrating the application of particular principles of a specific field of law, such as torts, that is used in Legal Education to teach students under the Case Method system. , 3d ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1991) at 654, and at 640-42; W.F. Fox, Jr., Understanding Administrative Law, 2d ed. (New York New York, state, United States
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Matthew Bender, 1986) at 258-59; Associated Provincial Picture Houses v. Wednesburg Corporation, 1 K.B. 233; R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte [Latin, On one side only.] Done by, for, or on the application of one party alone.
An ex parte judicial proceeding is conducted for the benefit of only one party. Brind, 1 A.C. 696; Roncarelli v. Duplessis Roncarelli v. Duplessis, S.C.R. 121, was a landmark constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court held that Maurice Duplessis, the premier of Quebec, had overstepped his authority by revoking the liquor license of a Jehovah's Witness. , S.C.R. 121 at 139-40; R. v. Simon (No. 1) (1982), 68 C.C.C. (2d) 86 at 90-92 (N.W.T.S.C.(T.D.)); and Levitz v. Ryan, 3 O.R. 783 at 790 (C.A.).
(8) See e.g. Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966); Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263 (1981); G. Gunther, "Foreward: In Search of Evolving Doctrine on a Changing Court: A Model for a Newer Equal Protection" (1972) 86 Harv. L. Rev. 1; H.A. Linde, "Due Process of Lawmaking" (1976) 55 Neb. L. Rev. 197; G.R. Stone, et al., Constitutional Law, 2d ed. (New York: Aspen, 1991) at 579, and the 1994 Supplement at 112-13; RJR-MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (A.G.), 3 S.C.R. 199.
(9) See e.g. R. Dworkin, "What is Equality: Part 1, Equality of Welfare" (1981) 10 Philosophy & Pub. Aff. 185 at 185; D. Rae, Equalities (Cambridge: Harvard University Press The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. It was established on January 13, 1913. In 2005, it published 220 new titles. , 1981) at 133. Professor Rae has calculated that there are 108 different meanings of equality. By contrast, Professor Westen maintains that the principle of equality by itself lacks all meaning. See P. Westen, "The Empty Idea of Equality" (1982) 95 Harv. L. Rev. 537. See also H. Kelsen, "What is Justice?" in What is Justice? Justice, Law, and Politics in the Mirror of Science: Collected Essays by Hans Kelsen Hans Kelsen (October 11, 1881 – April 19, 1973) was an Austrian-American jurist. Biography
Kelsen was born in Prague to Jewish parents. He moved to Vienna with his family when he was two years old. (Berkeley: University of California Press "UC Press" redirects here, but this is also an abbreviation for University of Chicago Press
University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. , 1960) 1 at 15. Compare P. Westen, Speaking of Equality: An Analysis of the Rhetorical Force of Equality in Moral and Legal Discourse (Princeton: Princeton University Princeton University, at Princeton, N.J.; coeducational; chartered 1746, opened 1747, rechartered 1748, called the College of New Jersey until 1896. Schools and Research Facilities
Press, 1990) [Speaking of Equality]. Professor Westen's approach has been criticized. See e.g. W. McKean, Equality and Discrimination Under International Law (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983) at 4; K.R. Greenawalt, "How Empty is the Idea of Equality?" (1983) 83 Colum. L. Rev. 1167; and Professor Westen's response: P. Westen, "To Lure the Tarantula tarantula (tərăn`chələ), name applied chiefly to several species of the large, hairy spiders of the families Theraphosidae and Dipluridae of North and South America. The body of a tarantula may be as much as 3 in. (7. From its Hole: A Response" (1983) 83 Colum. L. Rev. 1186. See also S.J. Burton, "Comment on 'Empty Ideas': Logical Positivist Noun 1. logical positivist - someone who maintains that any statement that cannot be verified empirically is meaningless
positivist, rationalist - someone who emphasizes observable facts and excludes metaphysical speculation about origins or ultimate causes Analyses of Equality and Rules" (1982) 91 Yale L.J. 1136; P. Westen, "On 'Confusing Ideas': Reply" (1982) 91 Yale L.J. 1153. For further discussion, see C.J. Peters, "Equality Revisited" (1997) 110 Harv. L. Rev. 1210; and the response of K. Greenawalt, "Prescriptive Equality: Two Steps Forward" (1997) 110 Harv. L. Rev. 1265.
(10) See Aristotle, Nicomachaean Ethics, trans. by R. Crisp (New York: Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). , 2000).
(11) See e.g. T.L. Beauchamp & J.F. Childress, Principles of Biomedical bi·o·med·i·cal
1. Of or relating to biomedicine.
2. Of, relating to, or involving biological, medical, and physical sciences. Ethics, 3d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); M.J. Meurer, "Book Review of Fair Division" (1999) 47 Buff. L. Rev. 937 at 940, n. 19; R.W. Wright, "Substantive Corrective Justice" (1992) 77 Iowa L. Rev. 625 at 641-42.
(12) Compare von Leyden, supra A relational DBMS from Cincom Systems, Inc., Cincinnati, OH (www.cincom.com) that runs on IBM mainframes and VAXs. It includes a query language and a program that automates the database design process. note 2 at 3-4.
(13) See K.W. Simons, "Equality as a Comparative Right"(1985) 65 B.U.L. Rev. 387 at 389; and Speaking of Equality, supra note 9 at 18-38.
(14) Compare P.A. Freund, "The Philosophy of Equality" Wash. U.L.Q. 11 at 15; T. Nagel, "The Meaning of Equality" Wash. U.L.Q. 25.
(15) See A. Koppelman, Antidiscrimination Law and Social Equality "Equal Rights" redirects here. for the motto, see Equal Rights (motto)
Social equality is a social state of affairs in which certain different people have the same status in a certain respect, at the very least in voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, the extent of (New Haven New Haven, city (1990 pop. 130,474), New Haven co., S Conn., a port of entry where the Quinnipiac and other small rivers enter Long Island Sound; inc. 1784. Firearms and ammunition, clocks and watches, tools, rubber and paper products, and textiles are among the many : Yale University Yale University, at New Haven, Conn.; coeducational. Chartered as a collegiate school for men in 1701 largely as a result of the efforts of James Pierpont, it opened at Killingworth (now Clinton) in 1702, moved (1707) to Saybrook (now Old Saybrook), and in 1716 was Press, 1996) at 57.
(16) 19 December 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, Can. T.S. 1976 No. 47, 6 I.L.M. 368.
(17) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 4 November 1950, 213 U.N.T.S. 221, Eur. T.S. 5.
(18) See Speaking of Equality, supra note 9 at 72-74.
(19) Compare H. Hill Kay, "Models of Equality" (1985) U. Ill. L. Rev. 39.
(20) See e.g. I. Berlin, "Equality as an Ideal" in F.A. Olafson, ed., Justice and Social Policy (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Prentice Hall is a leading educational publisher. It is an imprint of Pearson Education, Inc., based in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA. Prentice Hall publishes print and digital content for the 6-12 and higher education market. History
In 1913, law professor Dr. , 1961) 128. Berlin supports the principle that persons should in every respect be treated in a uniform and identical manner, unless there is a sufficient reason not to do so.
(21) The American Supreme Court has indicated, with varying degrees of explicitness, that certain classifications are suspect. See e.g. Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365 (1971) (alienage ALIENAGE. The condition or state of alien. ); Bolling v. Sharpe Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954) was an influential United States Supreme Court landmark case dealing with civil rights concerning segregation in public schools. It is considered a 'companion' case to Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). , 347 U.S. 497 (1954) (race); Hirabayashi v. United States Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the application of curfews against members of a minority group were constitutional when the nation was at war with the country from which , 320 U.S. 81 (1943) (nationality). See L.H. Tribe, American Constitutional Law, 2d ed. (Mineola: Foundation Press, 1988) at 1465-66; Note, "Mental Illness: A Suspect Classification?" (1974) 83 Yale L.J. 1237 at 1241. For similar Canadian jurisprudence see Young v. Young, 4 S.C.R. 3 at 114; and Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration immigration, entrance of a person (an alien) into a new country for the purpose of establishing permanent residence. Motives for immigration, like those for migration generally, are often economic, although religious or political factors may be very important. ), 1 S.C.R. 497.
(22) See J. Trebilcot, "Sex Role: The Argument from Nature" in J. English, ed., Sex Equality (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1977) 121 at 127.
(23) Compare A.M. Honore, "Social Justice" (1961) 8 McGill L.J. 77 at 83-84.
(24) See Schwartz, supra note 7 at 708-12. See also R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978) at 113; and E. Chemerinsky, "In Defense of Equality: A Reply to Professor Westen" (1983) 81 Mich. L. Rev. 575 at 580-81.
(25) See J.E. Coons, "Consistency" (1987) 75 Cal. L. Rev. 59 at 92; F. Schauer, "Precedent" (1987) 39 Stan. L. Rev. 571 at 604.
(26) Compare Ellis-Don Ltd. v. Ontario (Labour Relations labour relations (US), labor relations npl → relations fpl dans l'entreprise
labour relations labour npl → Beziehungen pl Board), 1 S.C.R. 221; International Woodmakers of America, Local 2-69 v. Consolidated-Bathurst Packaging Ltd., 1 S.C.R. 282; Califano v. Westcott, 443 U.S. 76 (1979); Heckler heck·le
tr.v. heck·led, heck·ling, heck·les
1. To try to embarrass and annoy (someone speaking or performing in public) by questions, gibes, or objections; badger.
2. To comb (flax or hemp) with a hatchel. v. Mathews, 465 U.S. 728 (1984); B.K. Miller, "Constitutional Remedies for Underinclusive Statutes: A Critical Appraisal Noun 1. critical appraisal - an appraisal based on careful analytical evaluation
appraisal, assessment - the classification of someone or something with respect to its worth of Heckler v. Mathews" (1985) 20 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 79.
(27) On the complex relation between equality and justice see e.g. J. Stone, "Justice in the Slough of Equality" (1978) 29 Hastings L.J. 995; G. Vlastos, "Justice and Equality" in J. Waldron ed., Theories of Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984) 41; and von Leyden, supra note 2 at 1-6. The duty of consistency also has value in that it sometimes relieves a petitioner from having to discharge the difficult burden of proving that the governmental authority did not take a relevant consideration into account, or took into account an extraneous consideration.
(28) See J.H. Ely, Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980) at 136-70. But see D.A. Strauss, "Discriminatory Intent and the Taming of Brown" (1989) 56 U. Chic. L. Rev. 935 at 956-57; and Egan v. Canada, 2 S.C.R. 513 at 519.
(29) See also, in the United States, Note, "Legislative Purpose, Rationality, and Equal Protection" (1972) 82 Yale L.J. 123.
(30) For the "Constitutional Fact" doctrine, see Ohio Valley Water Co. v. Ben Avon Ben Avon (Scottish Gaelic: Beinn Athfhinn) is a mountain in the Cairngorm mountains of Scotland. The highest point of the massif, known as Leabaidh an Dàimh Bhuide (bed of the yellow stag) is classified as both a Munro and a Marilyn. , 253 U.S. 287 (1920); United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667 at 683 (1980); and Schwartz, supra note 7 at 666-67.
(31) Compare J.H. Ely, "The Constitutionality of Reverse Racial Discrimination" (1974) 41 U. Chic. L. Rev. 723 at 727.
(32) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 15(2), Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act Canada Act, also called the Constitutional Act of 1982, which made Canada a fully sovereign state. The British Parliament approved it on Mar. 25, 1982, and Queen Elizabeth II proclaimed it on Apr. 17, 1982. 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11: "Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration a·me·lio·ra·tion
1. The act or an instance of ameliorating.
2. The state of being ameliorated; improvement.
Noun 1. of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability"; see Lovelace v. Ontario, 1 S.C.R. 950; and Harrison v. University of British Columbia Locations
The Vancouver campus is located at Point Grey, a twenty-minute drive from downtown Vancouver. It is near several beaches and has views of the North Shore mountains. The 7. , 3 S.C.R. 451 at 452.
Ariel L. Bendor *
* Dean, Faculty of Law, Haifa University. I am grateful to Justice Itzhak Zamir, Shulamit Almog, Avinoam Ben-Zeev and Alex Stein for helpful comments and suggestions, and to Peleg Rachman for excellent research assistance. | 62,917 | 171 |
174,162 | US 7793318 B2
Digital video signature apparatus and methods for use with video program identification systems are disclosed. The disclosed apparatus and methods identify a video program using a sequence of signatures. Each of the signatures includes a set of centroids corresponding to one of a plurality of frames of the video program. The apparatus and methods compare the sequence of signatures to a set of reference sequences of signatures and identify the video program based on the comparison of the sequence of signatures to the set of reference sequences of signatures.
1. A method of identifying a video program, comprising:
receiving a sequence of signatures, wherein each of the signatures includes a set of centroids, wherein each set of centroids is derived from a corresponding one of a plurality of frames of the video program, and wherein each of the corresponding frames is selected based on a number or proportion of intra-coded blocks composing the frame;
comparing the sequence of signatures to a set of reference sequences of signatures; and
identifying the video program based on the comparison of the sequence of signatures to the set of reference sequences of signatures.
2. A method as defined in
3. A method as defined in
4. A method as defined in
5. A method as defined in
6. A method as defined in
7. A method as defined in
8. A method as defined in
9. A method of identifying a video program, comprising:
receiving a sequence of signatures, wherein each of the signatures includes a set of centroids corresponding to one of a plurality of substantially intra-coded frames of the video program;
comparing the sequence of signatures to a set of reference sequences of signatures; and
identifying the video program based on the comparison of the sequence of signatures to the set of reference sequences of signatures,
wherein identifying the video program based on the comparison of the sequence of signatures to the set of reference sequences of signatures includes manually identifying the video program in response to a failure to identify a matching sequence within the set of reference sequences of signatures.
10. A method as described in
11. A method as defined in
12. A system for identifying a video program, comprising:
a memory; and
a processor coupled to the memory and programmed to:
receive a sequence of signatures, wherein each of the signatures includes a set of centroids, wherein each set of centroids is derived from a corresponding one of a plurality of frames of the video program, and wherein each of the corresponding frames is selected based on a number or proportion of intra-coded blocks composing the frame;
compare the sequence of signatures to a set of reference sequences of signatures; and
identify the video program based on the comparison of the sequence of signatures to the set of reference sequences of signatures.
13. A system as defined in
14. A system as defined in
15. A system as defined in
16. A system as defined in
17. A system as defined in
18. A system as defined in
19. A computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause a machine to:
receive a sequence of signatures, wherein each of the signatures includes a set of centroids, wherein each set of centroids is derived from a corresponding one of a plurality of frames of a video program, and wherein each of the corresponding frames is selected based on a number or proportion of intra-coded blocks composing the frame;
compare the sequence of signatures to a set of reference sequences of signatures; and
identify the video program based on the comparison of the sequence of signatures to the set of reference sequences of signatures.
20. A computer readable medium as defined in
21. A computer readable medium as defined in
22. A method as defined in
23. A method as defined in
This is a continuation of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US03/29219 filed Sep. 12, 2003.
The present disclosure relates generally to identifying digital video information and, more specifically, to digital video signature apparatus and methods for use with video program identification systems.
Systems that identify video images and/or sequences of video images (e.g., television commercials or programs) being broadcast and/or viewed on an output device (e.g., a television or video monitor) are often used to verify that certain audio and/or video content or programs (e.g., television programs, advertisements, etc.) have been broadcast in particular geographic regions at particular times. Of course, such video identification system may additionally or alternatively be used to facilitate the analysis of viewing behaviors of selected groups of viewers. Some video identification systems identify programs by extracting audio and/or video information associated with a program currently being broadcast and/or viewed and processing that extracted information to generate audio and/or video signatures. Typically, the audio and/or video signatures are digital sequences or codes that, at a given instant of time, are substantially unique to each portion of audio/video content or program. In this manner, an unidentified video program can be reliably identified by finding a matching signature within a database or library containing the signatures of known available programs. When a matching signature is found, the previously unidentified audio/video content (e.g., television program, advertisement, etc.) is identified as the one of the known available programs corresponding to the matching database signature.
Video signatures may be generated for analog and/or digital video programs. Some known video signature generation techniques for use with digital video program information process some or all of the uncompressed image data for one or more video frames to generate one or more signatures for the video program associated with the video frames. However, using uncompressed video data to generate signature information usually requires expensive high-speed signature generation hardware or circuitry, or software/processor-based signature generation techniques that result in relatively slow signature generation rates. For some applications, such as, for example, television audience viewing behavior analysis or other program verification or identification systems that use data acquisition and signature generation devices, high speed hardware-based video signature generation systems are cost prohibitive. In addition, many software-based signature generation systems are too slow and may miss important verification and/or viewing information such as, for example, relatively short television commercials or the like.
In some software-based systems, the speed at which video signatures are generated may be increased by using less video information (e.g., fewer frames, smaller portions of each frame, etc.) to generate the signature information. However, the use of less information usually results in a signature that is less likely to uniquely represent the associated video content, thereby resulting in an increased false match rate (i.e., incorrectly identifying a video program) and an increased failure to find a match when a match exists (i.e., the failure to identify a known video program).
Still further, the video signature generation systems used with many video program identification systems are not independent of image format or encoder operation. For example, changing the display aspect ratio (e.g., from 4:3 to 16:9) for a video program may significantly change the video signature information generated therefrom. As a result, while these known systems may be able to reliably identify a group of known images/frames and, thus, known programs when formatted for a 4:3 aspect ratio display, these same systems may fail to identify any of those known programs when formatted using a different aspect ratio. Similarly, many of these known systems are also sensitive to video program frame rate (e.g., the number of frames per second that compose a video program). For example, while many known systems may be able to reliably identify video programs that are composed of frames or images that are to be displayed at a rate of thirty frames per second, those same systems may be unable to identify those same programs when composed of more or fewer frames or images per second.
The example video signature methods and apparatus disclosed herein can be used to generate signature information for a sequence of images or frames composed of compressed digital video information. The generated signature information may subsequently be compared to reference signature information to identify a video program from which the sequence of images or frames originated. However, before discussing the example video signature apparatus and methods in detail, a brief discussion relating to digital video signal compression is provided below.
The following discussion is based primarily on the Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) video compression standard. The MPEG standard is one particularly well-known digital video compression standard that may be used in conjunction with the example signature generation methods and apparatus described herein. However, MPEG video compression techniques are only one particular manner in which digital video information may be compressed prior to its use with the example signature generation methods and apparatus disclosed herein. Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the example video signature apparatus and methods disclosed herein may be similarly applied in conjunction with other digital video compression schemes.
In general, video compression schemes operate based on the assumption that video sequences or programs typically contain a relatively large amount of temporally and/or spatially redundant information. Temporal redundancy occurs between successive frames or images making up a video sequence because there are relatively few changes to the color and brightness of large portions of the successive images or frames making up the video sequence. On the other hand, spatial redundancy occurs within a given video frame or image because adjacent pixels or areas within an image or frame are often of the same or similar color and intensity or brightness. Thus, by eliminating temporally and spatially redundant video information from a video program prior to its transmission, the amount of bandwidth required to transmit the video program can be reduced dramatically.
The data reduction achieved by a compression scheme is commonly expressed as a compression ratio. Compression ratios are usually calculated by dividing the amount of video data making up an original sequence of video images by the amount of compressed data used to transmit that video data. Compression ratios of between about 8:1 and about 30:1 are commonly achieved using an MPEG-based video compression scheme.
Video compression schemes also typically eliminate certain types and amounts of video information that are not necessarily redundant and which may be eliminated without being perceptibly noticeable or offensive to the human eye. For example, the human eye is significantly more sensitive to variations in brightness than variations in color or hue. As a result, as described below, video compression schemes often reduce the amount of digital information pertaining to color or hue without adversely impacting the perceived quality of an image extracted from compressed image information. In addition, the human eye has greater difficulty perceiving rapid variation of brightness and/or color, shade or hue across an image (i.e., the higher frequency components that compose an image). As a result, as described below, video compression schemes can zero-out and/or eliminate the transmission or processing of the higher frequency components of an image without adversely impacting the perceived quality of the image.
Initially, each of the images or frames 102-108 is composed of uncompressed digital information representing display pixels arranged in a plurality of rows and columns to be displayed on an output device in a particular format at a particular rate. For example, each of the frames 102-108 may contain sufficient pixel information to display images or frames on a raster scan-based display having 480 rows or lines of 720 pixels (i.e., columns) at a rate of 30 frames per second. Of course, many other display formats and rates could be used instead.
The amount of digital data required to represent each pixel within each of the frames or images 102-108 depends on the color model used to create the images 102-108. For example, in the case where the well-known Red, Green, Blue (RGB) color model is used, eight bits are used to represent the amount of each image or color component used for each pixel. Thus, for a digital image generated using the RGB color model, a total of twenty-four bits of data are required to represent each pixel.
During the MPEG compression processes, each of the images or frames 102-108 is ultimately sub-divided into a sequence of macro blocks, each of which is composed of 16×16 pixels (i.e., sixteen rows of sixteen pixels). The resulting sequences of macro blocks are maintained in a raster scan order. By way of example, the image or frame 104 is sub-divided into a sequence of macro blocks 110 that is composed of at least macro blocks 112, 114, 116 and 118, each of which includes RGB data for 16×16 or 256 pixels.
The MPEG compression process converts the RGB data (i.e., the twenty-four bits of information) for each pixel within the macro blocks 112-118 into the well-known YUV color model. In general, the YUV color model represents each pixel using a luminance value denoted as Y and two chrominance values denoted as Cr and Cb. However, because the human eye is significantly less sensitive to color changes, the MPEG compression process decimates the chrominance information for each of the macro blocks via a horizontal and vertical (i.e., row and column) sub-sampling process. In particular, the decimation process averages the chrominance information (i.e., the Cr and Cb values) for groups of four pixels arranged in two rows and two columns, discards the individual chrominance values making up the averages and retains the average values. In this manner, the MPEG compression process compresses the chrominance information required to display an image by a factor of four without adversely affecting the perceptible quality of the image when displayed to a human.
By way of example, following the color model conversion and chrominance decimation processes, the macro block 118 includes four 8×8 luminance blocks 120, 122, 124 and 126 and two 8×8 chrominance blocks 128 and 130, together representing the color and intensity of the group of 16×16 pixels associated with the macro block 118. Each of the blocks 120-130 is composed of eight rows and eight columns of eight bit values (i.e., bytes). For example, the luminance block 126 is composed of a grid 132 where each of the squares of the grid 132 represents an eight bit luminance value associated with a particular pixel within the macro block 118. Of course, because the chrominance information has been decimated as described above, each of the eight bit values within the 8×8 chrominance blocks 128 and 130 represents the average color information for a group of four pixels associated with the macro block 118.
After converting the color model and decimating the chrominance information, the MPEG compression scheme processes the images or frames 102-108, which are now represented using the decimated YUV data, to eliminate or reduce temporal redundancy. The MPEG compression scheme uses motion-compensated inter-frame prediction to reduce the amount of data required to regenerate a sequence of video frames. In general, the MPEG compression scheme periodically generates reference frames (known as Intra-frames or I-frames) that are essentially still video images that can be regenerated (i.e., displayed) without reference to any other frames or images. A series of video frames preceding and/or following a reference frame or I-frame are either Predictive-frames (commonly known as P-frames) or Bidirectionally predictive-frames (commonly known as B-frames). P-frames contain motion vectors and error information relating the P-frame to an I-frame or to a preceding P-frame, while B-frames contain motion vectors and error information relating to preceding and/or subsequent I-frames or P-frames. Because substantial portions (e.g., a background) of a video image typically do not change significantly (or at all) from one frame to the next (i.e., there is a significant amount of temporal redundancy), the amount of information needed to represent each P-frame and B-frame can be significantly less than the amount of information needed to represent an I-frame.
During an MPEG compression process, each of the frames or images 102-108 making up the video sequence 100 are designated by the MPEG encoder as one of an I-frame, a P-frame or a B-frame. The relatively complex manner in which the MPEG compression process designates frames as I-frames, P-frames and B-frames is well-known in the art and is not described in further detail herein. However, for purposes of understanding the example video signature generation apparatus and methods disclosed herein, it should be recognized that the creation of P-frames and B-frames occurs on a block-by-block basis (i.e., one macro block at a time). As a result, if during the MPEG compression process it is recognized that predicting a particular macro block within a P-frame or a B-frame will not improve compression, that particular macro block will be intra-coded (i.e., not predicted but, rather, fully described using actual luminance and chrominance data that can be directly converted for display purposes).
Once the MPEG compression process has reduced or eliminated temporally redundant inter-frame information by converting a sequence of video images into a sequence of I-frames, P-frames and B-frames, the MPEG compression scheme processes these frames to remove spatial redundancy. The MPEG compression scheme recognizes that within a given 16×16 pixel macro block there is typically a repeatable pattern of pixel information and/or the pixel information does not vary significantly (e.g., perceptibly) across the macro block.
To eliminate the spatially redundant information, the MPEG compression scheme uses a discrete cosine transform (DCT) to convert each of the 8×8 blocks making up the macro blocks of the I-frames, P-frames and B-frames from the spatial domain into the frequency domain. In the spatial domain, each square (i.e., byte) within an 8×8 block corresponds to a physical pixel location, whereas in the frequency domain, each square within the 8×8 block produced by the DCT conversion corresponds to a frequency of a cosine waveform. Because there is typically very little variation in intensity and color across a 16×16 pixel macro block, most macro blocks can be represented in the frequency domain using a direct current (DC) component (i.e., a zero frequency component or offset) and few, if any, low frequency components. As is well known, the DCT of an 8×8 block of spatial pixel information (e.g., an 8×8 block of luminance information where each square within the block represents an eight bit value associated with a physical pixel location) results in an 8×8 block of frequency domain information, where each square contains an amplitude coefficient for a cosine waveform of a particular frequency. The upper left corner of the frequency domain block is a DC value (e.g., the average luminance for the 8×8 spatial domain block), and the horizontal frequency increases moving across rows to the right of the upper left corner and the vertical frequency increases moving down columns. As described in greater detail below, the upper left corner of the frequency domain block (i.e., the DC coefficient value) also represents the value associated with the pixel in the upper left corner of the block in the spatial domain. However, frequency coefficients within the frequency domain block other than the DC coefficient do not correspond identically to pixel values in the spatial domain. Thus, in general, if spatial or pixel value information is needed for a given block, a conversion of the frequency domain block to spatial domain is required.
In practice, performing a DCT and quantization on each of the 8×8 blocks results in frequency domain blocks having relatively few coefficient values near the upper left corner of the 8×8 frequency domain blocks and a relatively large number of zero value or same value coefficients in the majority of the squares making up the remainders of the blocks. By using a run-length encoding scheme and not individually transmitting the coefficients having the same value (e.g., coefficients having a value of zero), the MPEG compression process can substantially reduce the amount of data needed to reconstitute the compressed image without perceptibly degrading the image quality.
To illustrate the manner in which spatially redundant information can be eliminated, consider an 8×8 block of pixel luminance information such as, for example, the block 126 of
In general, the MPEG compression process achieves relatively high compression ratios by employing techniques such as, for example, frequency coefficient quantization (e.g., reducing the number of bits needed or allocated for each frequency domain coefficient), and zigzag sequence coding in conjunction with run-length encoding to eliminate the individual transmission of coefficients having the same value. However, such techniques are well-known in the art and, thus, are not discussed further herein.
For purposes of the following discussion, the example digital program data stream 204 is assumed to include one or more digital video programs that have been compressed and formatted according to the MPEG standard as described by way of example in connection with
The demodulator 202 may extract a base band signal containing a multi-program digital data stream and a transport circuit for reconstructing data packets associated with a desired program from the digital program data stream 204. When the demodulator 202 is tuned to a particular channel, it reconstructs the MPEG data packets from the digital program data stream 204 that corresponds to the selected program.
The system 200 also includes a data acquisition unit 206 that is coupled to the demodulator 202. The data acquisition unit 206 selects compressed digital video information 208 (e.g., MPEG I-frames, P-frames and B-frames) associated with a video program currently output by the demodulator 202. As described in greater detail below, the data acquisition unit 206 selects frames or images from the compressed digital video information 208 that are substantially intra-coded (i.e., frames or images containing a substantial percentage of intra-coded macro blocks) and generates signature information for the video program based on those substantially intra-coded frames or images. More specifically, the data acquisition unit 206 extracts scaled image information (e.g., by extracting the DC coefficient information) from the selected substantially intra-coded frequency domain blocks and uses the scaled image information to calculate center of mass or centroid information for each of the brightness and color components for each of a series of the substantially intra-coded images or frames. Each of the images or frames may also be recursively sub-divided into a plurality of sub-regions or areas and center of mass information may be similarly generated for each of the sub-regions or areas. In any event, each substantially intra-coded frame or image can be substantially uniquely represented by a signature composed of a plurality of centers of mass or centroid values associated with the components (e.g., colors, brightness, etc.) of the overall image or frame and any defined sub-regions or areas of the image or frame.
The data acquisition unit 206 is communicatively coupled to a central processing unit 210 via a communication link 212. The communication link 212 may be implemented using any desired combination of hardwired and wireless communication links and any desired combination of communication protocols or schemes. For example, the communication link 212 may be implemented as a local area network, or any other network, and/or may include the use of phone lines, a packet switched network such as, for example, the Internet, or any other types of communication links.
The central processing unit 210 also includes a non-volatile memory or mass storage device 214. The memory or mass storage device 214 may be implemented using, for example, a disk drive that stores digital information using a magnetic or optical media. Additionally or alternatively, the memory or mass storage device 214 may be implemented using an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) or the like. Although not shown in
The data acquisition unit 206 sends signatures generated (as generally set forth above) in connection with a sequence of video images or frames associated with a currently selected video program to the central processing unit 210 via the communication link 212. The central processing unit 210 is configured to compare the sequence of signatures received from the data acquisition unit 206 to a plurality of known or reference signatures that are associated with known video programs and which are stored within a data structure (e.g., a table) within the non-volatile memory 214. In the event that the central processing unit 210 determines that a signature sequence received from the data acquisition unit 206 matches or substantially matches a reference signature sequence associated with a known video program, the central processing unit 210 identifies the video program selected by the demodulator 202.
The demodulator 202 and the data acquisition unit 206 may be located within a private home or other residence or, alternatively, may be located within a business facility or any other structure. Preferably, the system 200 is located so that the broadcast signals that are to be consumed and/or verified can be easily detected and received. Of course, other such decoders and data acquisition units (none of which are shown) may be similarly located within other locations and communicatively coupled to the central processing unit 210 via the communication link 212 and/or via other communication links (none of which are shown). In this manner, statistically significant viewing behavior and/or program verification information for a designated population of persons or geographic area may be ascertained by the central processing unit 210.
The system 200 may further include a central facility 216 that communicates with the central processing unit 210 via a communication link 218, which may be implemented using a wide area network including phone lines, wireless communications and/or any other desired communication media and/or protocols. The link 218 may be implemented using a wide area network including phone lines, wireless communications and/or any other desired communication media and/or protocols. The central facility 216 may process signature information and/or other program-related information received from the central processing unit 210 and/or other processing units (none of which are shown). For example, in the event that the central processing unit 210 fails to identify a program, video clip, etc., using signature information, that signature information and the associated video clip may be conveyed to the central facility 216 via the link 218. At the central facility 216 the signature information may be compared to signatures stored within a library of signatures within (or at least accessible to) the central facility 216. Such a signature library may be complied by receiving signature information from a variety of sources such as, for example, other central processing units (not shown) and/or data acquisition units (not shown). Additionally or alternatively, if the signature information received by the central facility 216 does not match any of the signature information already present in the library accessible to or within the central facility 216, the program, video clip, etc. associated with the signature information is viewed and identified by a human operator. The human operator may then add a signature for that program, video clip, etc. to the signature library.
While the data acquisition unit 206 is shown in
Frames having a sufficient percentage of intra-coded macro blocks are passed to an intra-coded block extractor 302. The intra-coded block extractor 302 extracts intra-coded macro blocks from a selected frame or image, which may be an I-frame or a predictive frame (e.g., P-frame or B-frame) having a relatively high percentage of intra-coded macro blocks.
A scaled image extractor 304 receives the intra-coded blocks extracted from a selected frame or image and extracts a downscaled image, for example, by extracting DC coefficients (i.e., the upper left corner values) from the intra-coded blocks. As noted above, when conveyed using the MPEG compression process, the macro blocks making up an image or frame are passed through a DCT conversion and quantization that provides spatially compressed frequency domain macro block information. Of course, a downscaled image may be formed using other combinations of frequency coefficients. For example, the DC coefficients and coefficients associated with one or more other frequency components, such as coefficients in the upper left corner of macro blocks, may be extracted. However, in contrast to a case where only DC coefficients are extracted, the scaled image extractor 304 generates the downscaled image by converting the frequency domain blocks to spatial domain pixel information. Thus, in general, the scaled image extractor 304 extracts downscaled images by extracting a subset of the frequency coefficients available in each intra-coded frame provided by the intra-coded block extractor 302, thereby substantially reducing the amount of information that has to be processed to generate signature information, and convert that frequency domain information to spatial domain pixel information. Of course, in the case where only DC coefficients are extracted, the conversion of frequency domain information to spatial domain information is not necessary (and may be eliminated) because the DC coefficients in the frequency domain also correspond to pixel values (i.e., the upper left pixels in blocks) in the spatial domain. In any event, the scaled image extractor 304 extracts the downscaled image information (e.g., the average luminance and chrominance values in the case where DC coefficients are extracted) from the intra-coded macro blocks and passes those downscaled images to a padding remover 306. The number of frequency coefficients used to form the downscaled image may be based on the resolution of the image being downscaled. In particular, high resolution images may be downscaled using only DC coefficients, whereas, lower resolution images may require the extraction of a plurality of frequency coefficients from each frequency domain block to form the downscaled image. In general, the higher the resolution the image being downscaled, the fewer the number of frequency coefficients that are required to form a downscaled image suitable for signature generation purposes.
The padding remover 306 removes coefficients that are associated with padded image or frame areas. As is known, digital video images or frames may be padded (i.e., filled with known video information) to completely fill the display area of a video frame or image. In this manner, border areas of a displayed image or frame for which image information may not exist, can be filled with a consistent color and/or intensity to provide a visually acceptable border. For example, display areas for which image information is not available may be filled with a dark or gray border as opposed to allowing noise or other random video information to be displayed in these display areas. In particular, if a 4:3 aspect ratio image is to be displayed without resizing or zooming on a 16:9 aspect ratio output unit, padding is added to the image so that the left and right sides of the displayed image are flanked by solid colored borders or bands. In any event, such padding is not a part of the original image and is typically a function of the particular encoder.
After padding has been removed from the downscaled image information, the scaled image information is provided to a signature generator 308. As described in greater detail below, the signature generator 308 uses the extracted scaled image information to generate image signatures based on the centers of mass or centroids of the various color and brightness components of an overall image and sub-images or areas defined within that overall image. In this manner, each image can be described by a signature composed of a set of centroid coordinates that is substantially uniquely characteristic of the distribution of color and brightness within that image. Further, a series of such signatures associated with a series or sequence of video frames or images can be used to uniquely represent and/or identify a video program from which the video frames or images were extracted.
Signature information 310, which is a sequence of signatures of frames or images associated with and uniquely representative of a selected video program, is conveyed to, for example, the central processing unit 210 (
The processor 402 can retrieve and execute machine readable instructions or software programs that are stored on one or more of the memories 404 and 406 and/or the mass storage device 408 to perform the functions of the data acquisition unit 206 (
The processor 402 is also in communication with an input/output (I/O) unit 410, that enables the system 400 to communicate with, for example, the demodulator 202 (
The data acquisition unit 206 (
The received compressed digital video frame or image is scanned to determine the number or percentage of intra-coded macro blocks of which the frame or image is composed (block 502). The processor 402 then determines if the frame or image includes a sufficiently high percentage of intra-coded macro blocks (block 504). The percentage constituting a sufficient percentage may vary depending on the particular application. For example, if a very low program identification failure rate is acceptable, it may be desirable to generate signatures only for entirely intra-coded frames (I-frames or other frames that contain 100% intra-coded blocks) to maximize the amount of image information that can be used to generate the signature information for the frames or images. On the other hand, if a higher program identification failure rate is acceptable, frames having a lesser percentage of intra-coded blocks may be sufficiently intra-coded.
If a scanned frame is not sufficiently intra-coded (block 504), the processor 402 awaits another frame or image at block 500. On the other hand, if it is determined at block 504 that a scanned image or frame is sufficiently intra-coded, the processor 402 extracts the downscaled image information (e.g., the values of the DC coefficients) from the frequency domain macro blocks making up the image or frame (block 506). The extraction of the downscaled image at block 506 may also include a conversion to spatial domain pixel information in the case where frequency domain coefficients other than just the DC coefficient values are extracted from each frequency domain block.
The processor 402 then removes image information or image areas associated with padding such as, for example, borders or other image portions inserted to enable an image that may not properly fill a display area to be displayed in an unobjectionable manner (block 508). In this manner, the processor 402 can generate signature information for the frame or image in a manner that does not include any video information that is not part of the original image.
The information representative of the image (i.e., the downscaled image containing selected pixel information), from which padding has been removed, may optionally be weighted (block 510). The processor 402 may weight the downscaled image information (e.g., by multiplying each of the pixel values by a number ranging from zero to one) to improve the robustness of the signature generation process. For example, the processor 402 may weight the pixel values associated with the center portions of an image or frame more heavily (e.g., using a multiplier closer to one) than those portions of the image or frame that are closer to the periphery of the image or frame. Weighting the central portion of an image more heavily than the peripheral portions of an image may significantly reduce or eliminate signature generation errors that may otherwise result in the event an image has been cropped at its periphery from its original form. In other words, cropping a portion of an image that is given little, if any, weight during the signature generation process will have little, if any, effect on the accuracy of the signature generation process.
The processor 402 then generates the signature information using the downscaled information from those frames or images that are sufficiently intra-coded (block 512). As described above, certain image areas may be removed prior to the signature generation process (block 512) such as, for example, those areas associated with padding (block 508). In addition, some or all of any remaining areas may be weighted (block 510) prior to the signature generation process (block 512).
Following the generation of a signature for a selected frame or image, the processor 402 may locally store the signature on the mass storage device 408 and/or the volatile memory 406 (block 514). The processor 402 may then send signatures and downscaled image information as it is generated (block 512) and stored (block 514) or, alternatively, periodically in sets or groups of signatures, to the central processing unit 212 (block 516) for matching analysis and program identification. After generating each signature (block 512) and any storing and sending activities (blocks 514 and 516), the processor 402 waits for another image or frame (block 500).
An example signature generation process that may be used to implement block 512 of
The center of mass calculations or centroid calculations sum the moments of the downscaled image pixel values. In particular, to calculate the horizontal (e.g., x-axis) position within the frame or image for an image component center of mass or centroid, the value for each pixel is multiplied by its column number within its associated image or frame, the individual moments are summed, and the sum is divided by a maximum column moment value to provide a normalized horizontal position for the center of mass or centroid for that image component. Similarly, to calculate the vertical (e.g., y-axis) position within the frame or image for the center of mass or centroid, the value for each pixel is multiplied by its row number within the frame, the individual moments are summed, and the sum is divided by a maximum row moment value to provide a normalized vertical position for the center of mass or centroid for that image component. Mathematically, the normalized horizontal and vertical positions of the centroid for an image component (i.e., a particular color or brightness) “I” can be expressed as a percentage using Equations 1 and 2 below. In Equations 1 and 2, the value “C” is the total number of columns (e.g., the number of pixels per line) within the image or frame for which the signature is being calculated, the value “R” is the total number of rows (e.g., lines), and the values I[r][c] are the values for the pixel at row “r” and column “c” for component “I” (e.g., Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, brightness, etc.).
Of course, as noted above, images or frames may be weighted to eliminate or reduce the effects of cropping and the like. As a result, the values I[r][c] (i.e., the downscaled image pixel values) may be different from the original image or frame. In addition, the above centroid or center of mass calculations are normalized. Using normalized centroid information to generate signatures for images or frames or sequences of signatures for a video sequence can reduce or eliminate the effects of image scaling, shifting, etc.
Using Equations 1 and 2 above to generate the normalized horizontal and vertical coordinates for the centroids or centers of mass for each of the colors and brightness components of the image 600 results in the set of coordinate pairs (X1, Y1), (X1, Y3), (X2, Y2), (X3, Y1), and (X3, Y3). The pair (X1, Y1) is the centroid of the color component associated with the circle 608, (X1, Y3) is the centroid of the color component associated with the circle 606, (X2, Y2) is the centroid of the brightness associated with the image 600, (X3, Y1) is the centroid of the color component associated with the circle 602, and (X3, Y3) is centroid of the color component associated with the circle 604.
The set of normalized coordinate pairs for the centroids or centers of mass of the various color and brightness components that combine to compose the image or frame 600 are substantially uniquely representative of the image 600. For instance, moving only the circle 602 horizontally toward the right of the image 600 will significantly affect the horizontal component of the centroid for the circle 602 (e.g., the value X3 will move accordingly).
The set of normalized coordinate pairs for the image 600 can be used in several manners to define a signature for the image 600. For example, the signature for the image 600 may be defined as a collection or set of the centroid coordinate pairs for each component color and/or brightness making up an image. In particular, a signature “S” for an image could be defined as S=(Redx, Redy, Greenx, Greeny, Bluex, Bluey, Yellowx, Yellowy, Brightnessx, Brightnessy), where Redx is the horizontal position of the centroid for the color red, Redy is the vertical position of the centroid for the color red, etc. Accordingly, the signature for the example image 600 calculated using such a collection or set is S=(X3, Y1, X3, Y3, X1, Y3, X1, Y1, X2, Y2).
Alternatively, a signature based on the normalized coordinates of the color and brightness image components can be formed using relative position information between two or more of the image components. For example, a signature can be formed using vectors or relative movement or location information for several image components based on the absolute normalized coordinates for one image component. In the case of the example image 600, if the absolute coordinates for the centroid of the color component red are used (i.e., X3, Y1), the positions of the remaining components (i.e., green, blue, yellow and brightness) are described relative to red and one another and follow a path 610 within the image 600. Thus, the position of the centroid for the green component can be defined relative to the red component, the position of the centroid for the blue component relative to the green component, the position of the centroid for the yellow component relative to the blue component and the position of the brightness component relative to the yellow component. Such a signature may be expressed mathematically as shown in Equation 3 below.
The delta X and Y values represent horizontal and vertical displacements from the horizontal and vertical positions of the preceding centroid within the set of centroid positions making up the signature “S.” Thus, the values ΔXg and ΔYg represent the difference between the coordinates for the centroid of the green component and the red component (i.e., ΔXg=X3−X3=0 and ΔYg=Y3−Y1), the values ΔXb and ΔYb represent the difference between the coordinates for the centroid of the blue component and the green component (i.e., ΔXb=X1−X3 and ΔYb=Y3−Y3=0), etc.
As shown in Equation 3 above, the absolute coordinates for the position of the centroid of the red component are not included to provide a signature that is not sensitive to shifting or movement of an entire image within the frame 600. For example, when using a signature generation technique based on relative centroid positions (such as that provided by Equation 3 above), a displacement of all four of the circles 602-608 by the same horizontal and vertical distances within the frame 600 will not affect the signature generated (i.e., the relative centroid coordinates or positions will not change). Alternatively or additionally, the positions of one or more of the signature components signature may be generated based on the position of the image component centroid with respect to a predetermined or fixed reference point.
While the example image 600 of
Further, image information may be received by the data acquisition unit 206 (
While the above examples and, particularly, Equations 1 and 2, depict the use of normalized centroid coordinates, non-normalized centroid information may be used as well. However, as described below, the use of non-normalized centroid information may result in increased sensitivity to image scaling and the like, which may result in a higher probability of failing to identify or falsely identifying an image or sequence of images (e.g., a video program).
For purposes of clarity, the distribution of components (e.g., colors, brightness, etc.) within the frame or image 600 is greatly simplified. Namely, the color components composing the frame 600 are represented as non-overlapping, symmetrically distributed circles. Of course, most images or frames making up a video program are composed of a significantly more complex distribution of color and brightness components than the simplified case shown in
While the signature generation technique described in connection with
Another difficulty that can arise when attempting to generate unique signatures for video images occurs with images having substantially symmetric component distributions.
Those having ordinary skill in the art will, of course, recognize that in practice, most images (e.g., color images) include more than one component (e.g., red, green, blue, etc.). As a result, even if the centroid for one of the image components fails to be uniquely associated with that image, the remaining components may, nevertheless, provide a set of centroids that is substantially unique for purposes of identifying that image. However, signatures composed of fewer substantially unique component centroids (i.e., the set of centroid locations is less unique) can significantly decrease the reliability of image identifications (e.g., misidentifications may occur) based on those sets of centroids.
As described in greater detail in connection with
Thus, when an image is partitioned or sub-divided into four sub-images, regions or areas, each image component (e.g., a color or brightness component) may be represented using five centroids (i.e., five horizontal and vertical coordinate pairs or ten values), one of which corresponds to the overall image and the remaining four of which correspond to the four sub-images or regions. For an image containing red, green, blue, yellow and brightness components, set containing a total of twenty-five centroids (i.e., twenty five horizontal and vertical coordinate pairs or fifty values) may be used to form a signature for the image or frame. An example of such a signature can be represented as depicted in Table 4 below.
Of course, more or fewer image components may be used if desired. Additionally, fewer or more partitions, sub-images or regions or areas may be used. For example, sub-regions may be further sub-divided in a recursive manner to achieve any desired level of signature uniqueness. In other words, a greater number of sub-images or sub-divided areas may be defined within an image or frame to generate a signature having a greater amount of distinguishing information. Further, the sub-image areas or regions do not have to be identically shaped and sized. For example, relatively smaller sub-divisions or sub-images may be used within the central region of an overall image and relatively larger sub-divisions may be used within the peripheral regions of an image. Still further, while the signature generation example given in connection with
The above-described signature generation techniques employing sub-images or regions within images or frames to increase signature uniqueness can be used to improve the reliability of an image identification process, particularly in cases where there is a significant amount of symmetry among images being identified. However, there are still further problems that may be encountered for certain types of images or frames. For example, images having a relatively constant distribution of components across the entire image tend to produce centroids that are located within the center of the frame or image, regardless of the color, hue and/or brightness of the image.
Centroids calculated for frames or images having a constant value that is substantially greater than zero will all be relatively stable and centered within the images. Thus, an entirely medium gray image and an entirely dark gray image will both result in centroids that are centered within the image, thereby making it impossible to distinguish these two images on the basis of their image component centroids. In general, these types of images contain little, if any, information and may, for example, be perceived as blank images.
For frames or images having a constant value that is near to zero, video signal noise may cause the centroid to vary from frame to frame, even if the images are perceptually identical (e.g., all the images are blank). In such a case, calculating the centroid based on Equations 1 and 2 above yields unstable results (i.e., signature values) that may significantly reduce the reliability with which the video programming associated with these images can be identified.
An alternative signature generation technique may be employed for the images or frames that contain relatively constant information (e.g., the distribution of one or more image components is relatively uniform within the frames or images), such as those described above. In particular, if during execution of the example method shown in
The values X and Y are the representative horizontal and vertical coordinates of a substituted or pseudo-centroid, the value “K” is an estimated constant value such as, for example, a trend or average pixel value(s) for a component of the image being processed, and the value Kmax is a maximum possible average pixel value for the component. As noted above, Equation 4 does not provide an actual geometric centroid but, rather, a pair of coordinates that can be used to serve the function of a substantially unique coordinate pair for a relatively blank or uniform image. Thus, using Equation 4 to calculate representative coordinates for one image entirely filled with medium gray and another image entirely filled with dark gray will yield different pseudo-centroids or coordinate pairs that enable substantially unique signatures for these images to be formed.
Yet another difficulty in generating substantially unique signatures occurs for images that are composed primarily of dark foreground (e.g., dark text) on a substantially white background. In these cases, the relatively high (and constant) background values associated with the white portions of the image have a much greater effect on the center of mass or centroid than the relatively low foreground values associated with the darker foreground.
As a result, signatures formed using centroids for these kinds of images will typically not be sufficiently unique to identify differences between, for example, an image containing one text block in a given location and another image containing a different text block in the same or a different location. In these cases, the image values may be inverted (i.e., the image may be inverted so that the foreground (e.g., textual information) is relatively light and the background is relatively dark) so that the foreground has a much more significant effect on the centroid of the image. The pixel values associated with the inverted image are then used to generate the centroid(s) and, thus, the signature for the image(s). However, when using Equations 1 and 2 described above to calculated the centroid values, the centroid values may be negated (i.e., multiplied by −1) to indicated that the centroid values correspond to an inverted image.
As discussed above, the data acquisition unit 206 (
Initially, the central processing unit 210 (
The reference signatures accumulated at block 1404 (candidate signature sequences) are to be compared to the sequence of signatures currently being received (suspect signature sequence) to determine if an exact or substantial match exists and, if such a match exists, identify the video program associated with the suspect signature sequence. In general, signature sequences may be represented as [SA][SB][SC][SD] . . . , where SA is a first signature (e.g., a set of image component centroids generated as set forth above) for a frame or image, SB is another signature (e.g., another set of image component centroids) associated with a subsequent frame or image, etc. Accordingly, one useful manner of selecting candidate or reference signature sequences (block 1404) in a case where the initial signature received at block 1400 is SA is to select all signature sequences from the database or library of known signature sequences that include the signature SA within a predetermined number of signatures from the beginning of the sequence. For example, the signature sequences listed below in Table 2, if in the database or library, may be selected at block 1404 and appended to the accumulation or intermediate results table. As can be recognized from Table 2 below, the selected signature sequences do not necessarily begin with the signature SA but, instead, include the signature SA. From the example group of selected signature sequences shown in Table 2, only signature sequences including the signature SA within the first three signatures may have, for example, been selected.
Following the comparison at block 1406, the central processing unit 210 updates match results for each of the reference signature sequences (block 1408) in the accumulation or intermediate results table. In general, the match results track, for each reference sequence of signatures, if the individual signatures within a sequence of signatures generated by the data acquisition unit 206 (
The processing unit 210 then eliminates non-matching reference signature sequence from the accumulation or intermediate results table (e.g., from Table 2). For example, sequence number two may be eliminated for having at least one non-matching signature. However, in some cases it may be desirable to only eliminate sequences having two non-matching signatures or a greater number of non-matching signatures. For this example, only sequences having three or more non-matching signatures are eliminated at block 1410. As a result, only signature sequence six is eliminated following the receipt and processing of the second signature SF.
Continuing with the above example, following the receipt of the signature SF, each of the remaining signature sequences has at least two untested positions. As a result, the processing unit 210 will loop through blocks 1400-1420 at least two additional times. If the signatures SG and SN are received as third and fourth signatures, respectively, no additional comparisons will be required at block 1406 after receiving the signature SN (i.e., there are no untested sequence positions at that point). Thus, the state of the match results for the above example is as depicted in Table 4 below.
As can be seen from Table 4 above, signature sequences one, two, three and six have been eliminated following the receipt of the signature SN because these sequences contained at least three non-matching signatures upon receipt of the signature SN.
The central processing unit 210 examines the match results to determine if there is a matching sequence (block 1414). In the case of the above example, signature sequence five is an identical match and, thus, is a matching sequence. However, in some cases the processing unit 210 may consider a substantial match (i.e., a non-identical match) sufficient. For example, the processing unit 210 may consider three out of four matches for a signature sequence to be a matching sequence. Additionally or alternatively, the central processing unit 210 may consider the reference signature sequence having the greatest number of matching signatures to be a matching sequence, regardless of the percentage of matching signatures. Still further, if two or more reference signature sequences result in the same percentage or number of matches, the central processing unit 210 may, based on historical information, identify the matching reference sequence of signatures as that sequence that occurs most frequently (i.e., the most probable sequence of signatures). More generally, the number or percentage of matching signatures required to satisfy a matching condition depends on what level of inaccurate video program identification is acceptable for a particular application. In other words, if a relatively low level of inaccurate video program identification is acceptable, then a lower percentage or number of matching signatures may be acceptable to satisfy a match condition. On the other hand, if a relatively high level of inaccurate video program identification is acceptable, then a higher percentage or number of matching signatures may be acceptable to satisfy a match condition.
In any event, if the central processing unit 210 determines that a signature sequence match has been found at block 1414, the central processing unit 210 then identifies the video sequence or program associated with the matching reference signature sequence (block 1416). Any desired data structures and/or database search techniques may be used. For example, once a matching sequence of signatures has been identified, the sequence number or identifier associated with the matching sequence of signatures may be used to access (e.g., via an indexing or lookup method) textual information associated with the audio and/or video program corresponding to that identifier or sequence number. Alternatively, a set of tables organized in a linked tree-like data structure may be used. In particular, each of the tables may be indexed using centroids or coordinate pairs (e.g., horizontal and vertical coordinates). In this manner, a first coordinate pair or centroid associated with a signature is used to index to a link to a subsequent table. The next coordinate pair of the signature is then used to index within the subsequent table to another table. This process continues until all coordinate pairs associated with all of the signatures within a signature sequence have been exhausted at a final table. The last coordinate pair is then used to index to textual information (e.g., in the form of metadata) describing the video program associated with the sequence of signatures information (i.e., sequence of centroids or coordinate pairs used to index through the linked tables). A searchable tree-like data structure such as that described above provides a relatively short search time. In the case where the video programs being identified are television commercials a relatively faster search technique may be highly advantageous because a relatively large number of commercials (e.g., 1,000,000 or more) may be contained within the database to be searched.
If, on the other hand, at block 1414 the processing unit 210 determines that a matching sequence cannot be found, the processing unit 210 determines if a manual identification is required or desired (block 1417). If, at block 1414, a manual identification is required, a human operator may intervene and manually identify the video program (block 1418). For example, the human operator may view the video sequence to determine the identity of the sequence. If the video program identified by the human operator at block 1418 was previously not contained within the database, the sequence may be added to the database.
On the other hand, if the video program was already stored in the database but was associated with a different sequence, the operator may update the reference information to include possible signature sequences for that video program. In some cases, multiple signature sequences may be needed to represent a single video program that can be conveyed to the demodulator 202 using somewhat different encoding at a broadcast station (not shown). An efficient manner to store and search multiple signature sequences for a single video program is to represent the sequence of signature positions for which multiple signatures are possible using a logical OR data structure. For example, a reference sequence of signatures may be expressed as [SA][SB|SN][SG][SF|SK], where the “|” means OR. Thus, continuing the example, the signature sequences [SA][SB][SG][SF], [SA][SN][SG][SK], [SA][SB][SG][SK] and [SA][SN][SG][SF] are all matches to the reference sequence of signatures and, thus, are all associated with the same video program. Storing reference signature information using the above-described OR-based data structure can significantly reduce the amount of memory needed to maintain a library of reference signatures and can substantially reduce the amount of time needed to search such a library of reference signatures for matching signatures. The activities associated with blocks 1418 and 1420 may be performed at, for example, the central facility 216 (
While the example method described in connection with
Although certain methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been described herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. To the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the appended claims either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents. | 62,710 | 124 |
45,648 | |Stephen Decatur, Jr.|
Commodore Stephen Decatur
January 5, 1779|
Known as Berlin today.
|Died||March 22, 1820
(mortally wounded in duel at Bladensburg)
|Allegiance||United States of America|
|Service/branch||United States Navy|
|Years of service||1798–1820|
|Commands held||USS Argus,
USS United States,
|Awards||Congressional Gold Medal|
|Other work||Board of Navy Commissioners|
He was born on the eastern shore of Maryland, in Worcester County, the son of a U.S. naval officer who served during the American Revolution. Shortly after attending college, Decatur followed in his father's footsteps and joined the U.S. Navy at the age of nineteen. He was the youngest man to reach the rank of captain in the history of the United States Navy. Decatur's father, Stephen Decatur, Sr., also became a commodore in the U.S. Navy – which brought the younger Stephen into the world of ships and sailing early on. Decatur supervised the construction of several U.S. naval vessels, one of which he would later command. He became an affluent member of Washington society and counted James Monroe and other Washington dignitaries among his personal friends.
In almost every theater of operation, Decatur's service was characterized with acts of heroism and exceptional performance in the many areas of military endeavor. His service in the Navy took him through both Barbary Wars in North Africa, the Quasi-War with France, and the War of 1812 with Britain. During this period of time he served aboard and commanded many naval vessels and ultimately became a member of the Board of Navy Commissioners. He built a large home in Washington, known as Decatur House, on Lafayette Square, which later became the home to a number of famous Americans, and was the center of Washington society in the early 19th century. He was renowned for his natural ability to lead and for his genuine concern for the seamen under his command. Decatur's distinguished career in the Navy would come to an early end when he lost his life in a duel with a rival officer. His numerous naval victories against Britain, France and the Barbary states established the United States as a rising power.
Decatur subsequently emerged as a national hero in his own lifetime, becoming the first post–Revolutionary War hero. His name and legacy, like that of John Paul Jones, soon became identified with the United States Navy.
Stephen Decatur was born on January 5, 1779, in Sinepuxent, Maryland,[Note 1] to Stephen Decatur, Sr., a merchant captain and later an officer in the young American navy during the American Revolution, and his wife Priscilla (Pine) Decatur. The family of Decatur was of French descent on Stephen's father's side, while his mother's family was of Irish ancestry. His parents had arrived from Philadelphia just three months before Stephen was born, having to flee that city during the American Revolution because of the British occupation, returning to the same residence they had once left for Philadelphia.
Decatur came to love the sea and sailing in a roundabout manner. When Stephen was eight years old he developed a severe case of whooping cough. In those days a known tonic for this condition was exposure to the salt air of the sea. It was so decided that Stephen Jr. would accompany his father aboard a merchant ship on his next voyage to Europe. Sailing across the Atlantic and back proved to be an effective remedy and Decatur came home completely recovered. In the days following young Stephen's return he was jubilant about his adventure on the high sea and spoke of wanting to go sailing often. His parents had different aspirations, especially his mother who had hopes that Stephen would one day become an Episcopal clergyman, and tried to discourage the eight-year old from such jaunty ambitions fearing they would distract Stephen from his studies.
At the direction of his father, Decatur attended the Protestant Episcopal Academy, at the time an all-boys school that specialized in Latin, mathematics and religion; however, Decatur had not applied himself adequately, and barely graduated from the academy. He then enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania in 1795 for one year where he better applied himself and focused on his studies. At the university Decatur met and became friends with Charles Stewart and Richard Somers, who would later become naval officers themselves.
Decatur found the classic studies prosaic and life at the university disagreeable, and at the age of 17, with his heart and mind set on ships and the sea, discontinued his studies there. Though his parents were not pleased with his decision they were apparently wise enough to now let the aspiring young man pursue his own course through life. Through his father's influence Stephen gained employment at the shipbuilding firm of Gurney and Smith, business associates of his father, acting as supervisor to the early construction of the frigate United States. He was serving on board this vessel as a midshipman when it was launched on May 10, 1797 under the command of Commodore John Barry.
In the years leading up to the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval war with France involving disputes over U.S. trading and shipping with Britain, the U.S. Congress passed the 'Act to provide for a Naval Armament' on March 27, 1794; it was promptly signed by George Washington that same day. There was much opposition to the bill, and it was amended and allowed to pass with the condition that work on the proposed ships would stop in the event that peace with the Pasha of Algiers was obtained. Construction of the six new American frigates was progressing slowly when, because of a peace accord with Algiers in March 1796, work was halted. After some debate and at the insistence of President Washington, Congress passed an act on April 20, 1796, allowing the construction and funding to continue, but only on the three ships nearest to completion at the time: USS United States, USS Constellation and the USS Constitution.
In 1797, John Barry obtained Decatur's appointment as midshipman on the USS United States, under Barry’s command. Barry was a veteran and hero of the Revolutionary War and was Decatur's good friend and mentor. Decatur accepted the appointment on May 1 and was serving on board when United States was launched on May 10, 1797.
To ensure his son's success in his naval career, the senior Decatur hired a tutor, Talbot Hamilton, a former officer of the Royal Navy, to instruct his son in navigational and nautical sciences. While serving aboard the United States Decatur received what was the equivalent to formal naval training not only from Hamilton but through active service aboard a commissioned ship, which is something that distinguished the young midshipman from many of his contemporaries. He also had a talent for drawing ships and designing and building ship models and when time allowed would also pursue this hobby.
Once America won its independence and no longer had the protection of Britain it was faced with the task of protecting its own ships and interests. There were few American ships capable of defending the American coastline, much less of protecting merchant ships at sea and abroad. The few warships that were available were converted into merchant ships. The French in particular were outraged that America was still involved in trading with Britain, a country with whom they were at war, and because of American refusal to pay a debt that was owed to the French crown, which had just been overthrown by the newly established French Republic. As a result France began intercepting American ships that were involved in trading with Britain. This provocation prompted President Adams to appoint Benjamin Stoddert as the first Secretary of the Navy. Stoddert immediately ordered his senior commanders to "subdue, seize and take any armed vessel or vessels sailing under the authority or pretense of authority, from the French Republic." At this time, moreover, America was not even ranked with European naval forces.
On May 22, 1799, Decatur was promoted to lieutenant by President Adams after serving for more than a year as midshipman aboard the frigate United States. While the United States was undergoing repairs Decatur received orders to remain in Philadelphia to recruit and assemble a crew for the vessel. While there, the chief mate of an Indiaman, using foul language, made several derogatory remarks about Decatur and the U.S. Navy, apparently because he had lost some of his crew to Decatur's recruiting efforts. Decatur remained calm and left the scene without further incident. Upon relating the matter to his father, however, Captain Decatur stressed that the honor of the family and of the Navy had been insulted and that his son should return and challenge the chief mate to a duel. Stephen's friend and shipmate, Lieutenant Somers, was sent ahead with a letter from Decatur asking if an apology could be obtained from the man. Refusing to apologize, the chief mate instead accepted Decatur's challenge and secured a location for the duel. Decatur, being an expert shot with a pistol, told his friend Lieutenant Charles Stewart that he believed his opponent not to be as able and he would thus endeavour to only wound his opponent in the hip, which is exactly how the duel turned out. The honor and courage of both duelists having been satisfied, the matter was resolved without a fatality.
By July 1, 1799, the United States had been refitted and repaired and commenced its mission to patrol the south Atlantic coast and West Indies in search of French ships which were preying on American merchant vessels. After completing this mission the ship was taken to Norfolk, Virginia, for minor repairs and then set sail for Newport, Rhode Island, arriving on September 12. While berthed there Commodore Barry received orders to prepare for a voyage to transport two U.S. envoys to Spain and on December 3 sailed in the United States for Lisbon via England. During the crossing the ship encountered gale force winds, and at their insistence the two envoys were dropped off at the nearest port in England. Upon returning home and arriving on the Delaware River on April 3, 1800, it was discovered that the United States had incurred damage from the storms she had weathered at sea. Consequently the vessel was taken up the Delaware to Chester, Pennsylvania, for repairs. Not wanting to remain with the United States during the months of repairs and outfitting, Decatur obtained a transfer to the brig USS Norfolk under the command of Thomas Calvert. In May the Norfolk sailed to the West Indies to patrol its waters looking for French privateers and men-of-war. During the months that followed 25 armed enemy craft were captured or destroyed. With orders to rendezvous with merchantmen bound for America, the Norfolk continued on to Cartagena with orders to escort the ships back to the United States, protecting them from pirates and privateers.
Decatur transferred back to the United States by June 1800; with extra guns and sails and improved structure the refurbished ship made her way down the Delaware River. Aboard ship at this time were Decatur's former classmates Lieutenant Charles Stewart and Midshipman Richard Somers, along with Lieutenant James Barron.
Following the Quasi-War, the U.S. Navy underwent a significant reduction of active ships and officers; Decatur was one of the few selected to remain commissioned. By the time hostilities with France came to a close, America had a renewed appreciation for the value of a navy. By 1801 the American Navy consisted of 42 naval vessels, three of which were the President, the Constellation and the Chesapeake.
The first war against the Barbary States was in response to the frequent piracy of American vessels in the Mediterranean Sea and the capture and enslavement of American crews for huge ransoms. President Jefferson, known for his aversion to standing armies and the navy, acted contrary to such sentiment and began his presidency by sending U.S. naval forces to fight the Barbary states rather than continue paying huge annual tributes to the petty North African kingdoms. On May 13, 1801, at the beginning of the war, Decatur was assigned duty aboard the frigate USS Essex to serve as the first lieutenant. The Essex, bearing 32 guns, was commanded by William Bainbridge and was attached to Commodore Richard Dale's squadron which also included the Philadelphia, the President and the Enterprise. Departing for the Mediterranean on June 1, this squadron was the first American naval squadron to cross the Atlantic.
On July 1, after encountering and being forestalled by adverse winds, the squadron sailed into the Mediterranean with the mission to confront the Barbary pirates. Arriving at Gibraltar, Commodore Dale learned that Tripoli had already declared war upon the United States. At this time there were two Tripolitan warships of sizable consequence berthed in Gibraltar's harbor, but their captains claimed that they had no knowledge of the war. Dale assumed they were about to embark on the Atlantic to prey on American merchant ships. With orders to sail for Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, Dale ordered that the Philadelphia be left behind to guard the Tripolitan vessels.
In September 1802, Decatur transferred to the 36-gun frigate USS USS New York as 1st Lieutenant under Commodore James Barron. While en route to Tripoli the five-ship squadron to which New York was attached encountered gale force winds, lasting more than a week, which forced the squadron to put up in Malta. While there Decatur and another American officer were involved in a personal confrontation with a British officer which resulted in Decatur returning to the United States. There he took temporary command of the newly built 18-gun brig USS Argus which he sailed to Gibraltar, relinquishing command of the ship upon arrival to Lieutenant Isaac Hull. In exchange Decatur was given command of the USS Enterprise, a 12-gun schooner.
On December 23, 1803, the Enterprise and the Constitution confronted the Tripolitan ketch Mastico sailing under Turkish colors, armed with only two guns and sailing without passports on its way to Constantinople from Tripoli. On board were a small number of Tripolitan soldiers. After a brief engagement Decatur and his crew captured the ship, killing or wounding the few men defending the vessel. After its capture the small ship was taken to Syracuse, condemned by Commodore Preble as a legitimate prize of war, and given a new name, the Intrepid.
On October 31, 1803, the USS Philadelphia, under the command of Commodore William Bainbridge, ran aground on an uncharted reef (known as Kaliusa reef) near Tripoli's harbor. After desperate and failed attempts to refloat the ship she was subsequently captured and her crew imprisoned by Tripolitan forces. In an elaborate plan put together by Commodore Decatur, Decatur sailed for Tripoli with 80 volunteers intending to enter the harbor with the Intrepid without suspicion to board and set ablaze the frigate USS Philadelphia, denying its use to the corsairs. The Syren [Note 2], commanded by Lieutenant Charles Stewart, accompanied the Intrepid to provide supporting fire during and after the assault. Before entering the harbor eight sailors from the Syren boarded the Intrepid, including Thomas Macdonough who had recently served aboard the Philadelphia and knew the ship's layout intimately.
On February 16, 1804, at seven o'clock in the evening under the dim light of a waxing crescent moon, the Intrepid slowly sailed into Tripoli harbor. Decatur's vessel was made to look like a common merchant ship from Malta and was outfitted with British colors. To further avoid suspicion, on board were five Sicilian volunteers including the pilot Salvador Catalano, who spoke Arabic. The boarding party remained hidden below in position, prepared to board the captured Philadelphia. The men were divided into several groups, each assigned to secure given areas of the ship, with the additional explicit instruction of refraining from the use of firearms unless it proved absolutely necessary. As Decatur's ship came closer to the Philadelphia Catalano called out to the harbor personnel in Arabic that their ship had lost its anchors during a recent storm and was seeking refuge at Tripoli for repairs. By 9:30 p.m. Decatur's ship was within 200 yards of the Philadelphia, whose lower yards were now resting on the deck with her foremast missing, as Bainbridge had ordered it cut away and had also jettisoned some of her guns in a futile effort to refloat the ship by lightening her load.
As Decatur approached the berthed Philadelphia he encountered a light wind that made his approach tedious. He had to casually position his ship close enough to the Philadelphia to allow his men to board while not creating any suspicion. When the two vessels were finally close enough, Catalano obtained permission for Decatur to tie the Intrepid to the captured Philadelphia. Decatur surprised the few Tripolitans on board when he shouted the order "Board!", signaling to the hidden crew below to emerge and storm the captured ship. Without losing a single man, Decatur and 60 of his men, dressed as Maltese sailors or Arab seamen and armed with swords and boarding pikes, boarded and reclaimed the Philadelphia in less than 10 minutes, killing at least 20 of the Tripolitan crew, capturing one wounded crewman, and forcing the rest to flee by jumping overboard. Only one of Decatur's men was slightly wounded by a saber blade. There was hope that the small boarding crew could launch the captured ship, but the vessel was in no condition to set sail for the open sea. Decatur soon realized that the small Intrepid could not tow the larger and heavier warship out of the harbor. Commodore Preble's order to Decatur was to destroy the ship where she berthed as a last resort, if the Philadelphia was unseaworthy. With the ship secure, Decatur's crew began placing combustibles about the Philadelphia with orders to set her ablaze. After making sure the fire was large enough to sustain itself, Decatur ordered his men to abandon the ship and was the last man to leave the Philadelphia. As the flames intensified the guns aboard Philadelphia, all loaded and ready for battle, became heated and began discharging, some firing into the town and shore batteries, while the ropes securing the ship burned off, allowing the vessel to drift into the rocks at the western entrance of the harbor.
While Intrepid was under fire from the Tripolitans who were now gathering along the shore and in small boats, the larger Syren was nearby providing covering fire at the Tripolitan shore batteries and gunboats. Decatur and his men left the burning vessel in Tripoli's harbor and set sail for the open sea, barely escaping in the confusion. With the cover of night helping to obscure the enemy gunfire, the Intrepid and Syren made their way back to Syracuse, arriving February 18. After learning of Decatur's daring capture and destruction of the Philadelphia without suffering a single fatality, British Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, who at the time was blockading the French port at Toulon, claimed that it was "the most bold and daring act of the Age." Decatur's daring and successful burning of the Philadelphia made him an immediate national hero in the USA. Appreciation for the efforts of Preble and Decatur were not limited to their peers and countrymen. At Naples, Decatur was praised and dubbed "Terror of the Foe" by the local media. Upon hearing the news of their victory in Tripoli, Pope Pius VII publicly declared that "the United States, though in their infancy, had done more to humble and humiliate the anti-Christian barbarians on the African coast in one night than all the European states had done for a long period of time." Upon his return to Syracuse, Decatur resumed command of the Enterprise.
With the significant victory achieved with the burning of the Philadelphia, Preble now had reason to believe that bringing Tripoli to peaceful terms was in sight. Preble planned another attack on Tripoli and amassed a squadron consisting of the frigate Constitution, the brigs Syren, Argus and Scourge, and the schooners Nautilus, Vixen and Enterprise, towing gunboats and ketches.
For the coming attack Preble borrowed six gunboats from King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies who was also at war with Tripoli. Light vessels with shallow drafts were needed to make their way about in the shallow and confined waters of Tripoli's harbor. [Note 3] Making their way into the west end of Tripoli harbor, they began bombarding Tripoli on August 3, 1804.
Preble divided his gunboats into two divisions, putting Decatur in command of the second division. At 1:30 Preble raised his signal flag to begin the attack on Tripoli. It was elaborate and well planned, brigs, schooners and bomb ketches coming into the attack at various stages. The Tripolitan pasha, Murad Reis, was expecting the attack and had his own gunboats lined up and waiting at various locations within the harbor.
Throughout the month of August, 1804 Preble used these gunboats to launch a series of furious attacks on Tripoli, forcing the residents to flee into the country side. During this time Decatur in command of the gunboats captured three Tripolian gunboats and sank three others. The Tripolitans also inflicted considerable damage on some of the attacking vessels; Decatur's ship was struck with a 24-pound shot through her hull above the waterline. Before the battle ended the USS John Adams, commanded by Isaac Chauncey, arrived on the scene. On board the vessel were official documents promoting Decatur to the rank of captain. The John Adams also brought news that, upon the loss of the frigate Philadelphia, the government was sending four additional frigates, the President, the Congress, the Constellation and the Essex, to Tripoli with enough force to convince the Pasha of Tripoli that peace was his only viable alternative. Because Preble's rank was not high enough for this command the John Adams also brought the news that he would have to surrender command to Commodore Barron.
The fighting between the squadrons and the bombarding of Tripoli lasted three hours, with Preble's squadrons emerging victorious. However, success and promotion were overshadowed by an unfortunate turn of events for Decatur. During the fighting Decatur's younger brother, James Decatur, in command of a gunboat, was mortally wounded by a Tripolitan captain during the boarding of a vessel feigning surrender. Midshipman Brown, who was next in command after James, managed to break away from the ambushing vessel and immediately approached Decatur's gunboat bringing the news of his brother's death. Decatur had just captured his first Tripolitan vessel and upon receiving the news turned command of his captured prize over to Lieutenant Jonathan Thorn and immediately set out to avenge his brother's treacherous death. After catching up with and pulling alongside the Tripolitan ship, Decatur was the first to board the enemy vessel with Midshipman Macdonough at his heels along with nine volunteer crew members. Decatur and his crew were outnumbered 5 to 1 but were organized and kept their form, fighting furiously side by side. Decatur had little trouble singling out the corsair captain, the man responsible for James' death, and immediately engaged the man. He was a large and formidable man in Muslim garb, and armed with a boarding pike he thrust his weapon at Decatur's chest. Armed with a cutlass Decatur deflected the lunge, breaking his own weapon at the hilt. During the fight Decatur was almost killed by another Tripolitan crew member, but his life was spared by the already wounded Daniel Frazier, [Note 4] a crewman who threw himself over Decatur just in time, receiving a blow intended for Decatur to his own head. The struggle continued, with the Tripolitan captain, being larger and stronger than Decatur, gaining the upper hand. Armed with a dagger the Tripolitan attempted to stab Decatur in the heart, but while wresting the arm of his adversary, Decatur managed to take hold of his pistol and fired a shot point-blank, immediately killing his formidable foe. When the fighting was over, 21 Tripolitans were dead with only three taken alive.
Later James Decatur's body was taken aboard the Constitution where he was joined by his brother Stephen, who stayed with him until he had died. The next day, after a funeral and military ceremony that was conducted by Preble, Stephen Decatur saw his brother's remains committed to the depths of the Mediterranean.
When a good number of days passed without the reinforcements of ships promised by president Jefferson, the attack on Tripoli was renewed by Preble on August 24. As the days passed, Tripoli showed no signs of surrender, which now prompted Preble to devise another plan. The Intrepid, the same ship that captured the Philadelphia, was loaded with barrels of gunpowder and other ordnance and sent sailing into a group of Tripolitan vessels defending the harbor. The attack on the harbor and Tripoli proved successful and ultimately caused the Bashaw of Tripoli to consider surrender and the return of American prisoners held captive, including Commodore Bainbridge of the Philadelphia, who had been held prisoner since October 1803 when that ship was captured after running aground near Tripoli harbor. On June 4, 1805, the Bashaw of Tripoli finally surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the United States.
Shortly after his recapture and destruction of the Philadelphia, Decatur was given command of the frigate USS Constitution, a post he held from October 28 to November 9, 1804. Upon the day of Decatur's return with the Intrepid, Commodore Preble wrote to Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert recommending to President Jefferson that Decatur be promoted to captain. Decatur was promoted to captain with the date of rank February 16, 1804. He was promoted to captain at the age twenty-five, largely for his daring capture and destruction of the Philadelphia in Tripoli's harbor, making him the youngest man ever to hold the rank.
On September 10, 1804, Commodore Barron arrived at Tripoli with two ships, the President and the Constellation, whereupon Commodore Preble relinquished command of his blockading squadron to him. Before returning to the United States he sailed to Malta in the Constitution on September 14, so it could be caulked and refitted. From there he sailed to Syracuse in the USS Argus, where on September 24 he ordered Decatur to sail this vessel back to Malta to take command of the Constitution. From here Decatur sailed the Constitution back to Tripoli to join the Constellation and the Congress, the blockading force stationed there now under the command of Commodore Barron. On November 6, he relinquished command of the Constitution to Commodore John Rodgers, his senior, in exchange for the smaller vessel Congress. In need of new sails and other repairs Rodgers sailed the Constitution to Lisbon on November 27, where it remained for approximately six weeks.
On March 8, 1806, Decatur married Susan Wheeler, the daughter of Luke Wheeler, the mayor of Norfolk, Virginia. She was well known for her beauty and intelligence among Norfolk and Washington society. They had met at a dinner and ball held by the mayor for a Tunisian ambassador who was in the United States negotiating peace terms for his country's recent defeat at Tunis under the silent guns of John Rodgers and Decatur. Before marrying Susan, Decatur had already vowed to serve in the U.S. Navy and maintained that to abandon his service to his country for personal reasons would make him unworthy of her hand. Susan was once pursued by Vice President Aaron Burr and Jérôme Bonaparte, brother to Napoleon, both of whom she turned down. For several months after their marriage the couple resided with Susan's parents in Norfolk, after which Stephen received orders sending him to Newport to supervise the building of gunboats. For reasons not clear to historians the couple never had children during their fourteen years of marriage.
In the spring of 1806 Decatur was given command of a squadron of gunboats stationed in the Chesapeake Bay at Norfolk, Virginia, the home of his future wife, Susan Wheeler. He had long requested such an assignment; however, one of his colleagues believed that his request was also motivated by a desire to be close to Wheeler. While stationed here Decatur took the opportunity to court Miss Wheeler, whom he would soon marry that year. After their marriage in March, Decatur lived with his wife's family in Norfolk until June when Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith gave him orders to supervise the building of four gunboats at Newport, Rhode Island, and four others in Connecticut of which he would later take command. Having drawn many illustrations of and designed and built many models of ships, along with having experience as a ship builder and designer from when he was employed at Gurney and Smith in 1797 while overseeing the construction of the frigate the United States, Decatur was a natural choice for this new position. Decatur and his wife Susan lived together all through this period.
After overseeing the completion of gunboats, Decatur returned to Norfolk in March 1807 and was given command of the Naval Yard at Gosport. While commissioned there he received a letter from the residing British consul to turn over three deserters from the British ship Melampus who had enlisted in the American Navy through Lieutenant Arthur Sinclair, who was recruiting crew members for the USS Chesapeake, which was at this time in Washington being outfitted for its coming voyage to the Mediterranean. Since the recruiting party was not under the command of Decatur, he refused to intervene. Sinclair also declined to take any action, claiming that he did not have the authority or any such orders from a superior officer. The matter was then referred to the British minister at Washington, a Mr. Erskine, who in turn referred the matter to the Navy Department through Commodore Barron, demanding that the three deserters be surrendered to British authority. It was soon discovered that the deserters were Americans who were forcibly impressed into the British Navy, and since the existing American treaty with Britain only pertained to criminal fugitives of justice, not deserters in the military, Barron accordingly also refused to turn them over.
Soon thereafter the Chesapeake left Norfolk, and after stopping briefly at Washington for further preparations, set sail for the Mediterranean on June 22. In little time she was pursued by HMS Leopard, which at the time was part of a British squadron in Lynnhaven Bay. Upon closing with the Chesapeake, Barron was hailed by the captain of the Leopard and informed that a letter would be sent on board with a demand from Vice-Admiral Humphreys that the Chesapeake be searched for deserters. Barron found the demand extraordinary and when he refused to surrender any of his crew, the Leopard soon opened fire on the Chesapeake. Having just put to sea, the Chesapeake was not prepared to do battle and was unable to return fire. Inside twenty minutes, three of her crew were killed and eighteen wounded. Barron struck the ship's colors [Note 5] and surrendered his ship, whereupon she was boarded and the alleged deserters were taken into British custody. Not having any other designs on the Chesapeake, Humphreys allowed Barron to proceed with his ship at his own discretion, where he had little choice but to return home with the battered vessel, reaching Hampton Roads on June 23 with twenty-two shots through her hull, crippled fore- and mainmasts and more than three feet of water in her hold. News of the incident soon reached President Jefferson, the Department of the Navy, and the general population in America. As commander at Gosport, Decatur in particular was outraged over the incident as he was the one who was first confronted with the matter. The incident soon came to be referred to as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair, an event whose controversy would lead to a duel between Barron and Decatur some years later, as Decatur served on Barron's court-martial and later was one of the most outspoken critics of questionable handling of the Chesapeake.
On June 26, 1807, Decatur was appointed to command the USS Chesapeake, a 44-gun frigate, along with command of all gunboats at Norfolk. The Chesapeake had just returned to Norfolk after repairs to damage incurred during the Chesapeake–Leopard affair. Commodore Barron had just been relieved of command following his court martial over the incident. Decatur was a member of that court martial, which had found Barron guilty of "unpreparedness", barring him from command for five years. Consequently Barron's previous orders to sail for the Mediterranean were canceled and the Chesapeake was instead assigned to Commodore Decatur, with a squadron of gunboats, to patrol the New England coast enforcing the Embargo Act throughout 1809. Unable to command, Barron left the country for Copenhagen and remained there through the War of 1812. Before Decatur assumed command of the Chesapeake he learned from observers, and then informed the Navy Secretary, that the British ships HMS Bellona and HMS Triumph were lightening their ballasts to prepare for a blockade at Norfolk.
During this segment of his life Decatur's father, Stephen Decatur Sr., died in November 1808 at the relatively young age of 57, with his mother's death following the next year. Both parents were buried at St. Peter's Church in Philadelphia.
In May 1810 Decatur was appointed commander of the USS United States, a heavy frigate with 44 guns. This was the same vessel that he supervised the building of while employed at Gurney and Smith, and the same ship, then under the command of John Barry, on which he had commenced his naval career as midshipman in 1798. The frigate had just been commissioned and was outfitted and supplied for service at sea. After taking command of the United States, now the rallying point of the young American Navy, Decatur sailed to most of the naval ports on the eastern seaboard and was well received at each stop. On May 21, 1811, he sailed the United States from Norfolk along with the USS Hornet on assignment to patrol the coast, returning to Norfolk on November 23 of that year. In 1812 he sailed with the Argus and the Congress but were soon recalled upon receiving news about the outbreak of war with Britain. There Decatur joined Captain John Rodgers, commander of the President and his squadron. On this cruise Rodgers failed to accomplish his mission of intercepting the fleet of English West-Indiamen. On August 31, Decatur sailed the United States to Boston. On October 8, he sailed a second cruise with Rodgers' squadron.
The desire for expansion into the Northwest Territory, the capture and impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy along with British alliance with and recruitment of American Indian tribes against America were all events that led into the War of 1812. Intended to avoid war, the Embargo Act only compounded matters that led to war. Finally on June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on Great Britain. By 1814 Britain had committed nearly 100 warships along the American coast and other points. Consequently the war was fought mostly in the naval theater where Decatur and other naval officers played major roles in the success of the United States' efforts during this time.
Upon the onset of the war President James Madison ordered several naval vessels to be dispatched to patrol the American coastline. The U.S. flagship, President, with 44 guns, the Essex, with 32, with the Hornet bearing 18 guns were joined in lower New York harbor by the United States with its 44 guns, commanded by Decatur, the Congress, bearing 38 guns, and the Argus with 16 guns. Secretary of State James Monroe [Note 6] had originally considered a plan that would simply use U.S. naval vessels as barriers that would sit idle in various ports guarding their entrances. However, through much protest and appeal from naval officers, the plan to confine America's naval vessels to port never materialized.
Three days after the United States declared war against Britain, a squadron under the command of Commodore John Rodgers in the President, along with Commodore Stephen Decatur of the United States, the Argus, Essex and the Hornet, departed from the harbor at New York City. As soon as Rodgers received news of the declaration of war, fearing that the order to confine naval ships to port would be reconsidered by Congress, he and his squadron departed New York bay within the hour. The squadron patrolled the waters off the American upper east coast until the end of August, their first objective being a British fleet reported to have recently departed from the West Indies.
Rodgers' squadron again sailed on October 8, 1812, this time from Boston, Massachusetts. Three days later, after capturing Mandarin, Decatur separated from Rodgers and his squadron and with the United States continued to cruise eastward. At dawn on October 25, five hundred miles south of the Azores, lookouts on board reported seeing a sail 12 miles to windward. As the ship slowly rose over the horizon, Captain Decatur made out the fine, familiar lines of HMS Macedonian, a British frigate bearing 38 guns.
The Macedonian and the United States had been berthed next to one another in 1810, in port at Norfolk, Virginia. The British captain John Carden bet a fur beaver hat that if the two ever met in battle, the Macedonian would emerge victorious. However, the engagement in a heavy swell proved otherwise as the United States pounded the Macedonian into a dismasted wreck from long range. During the engagement Decatur was standing on a box of shot when he was knocked down almost unconscious when a flying splinter struck him in the chest. Wounded, he soon recovered and was on his feet in command again. Because of the greater range of the guns aboard the United States, Decatur and his crew got off seventy broadsides, with the Macedonian only getting off thirty, and consequently emerged from the battle relatively unscathed. The Macedonian had no option but surrender, and thus was taken as a prize by Decatur. Eager to present the nation with a prize, Decatur and his crew spent two weeks repairing and refitting the captured British frigate to prepare it for its journey across the Atlantic to the United States.
After undergoing routine repairs at New York, the United States was part of a small squadron that included the newly captured USS Macedonian (formerly HMS Macedonian) and the sloop of war USS Hornet. On May 24, 1813, the squadron departed New York. On that same night the United States was struck by lightning which shattered its main mast. By June 1, Decatur's squadron encountered a powerful British squadron on patrol and under the command of Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy. Hardy's squadron, which emerged from behind Mohawk Point, consisted of the ships of the line HMS Ramilies and HMS Valiant along with the frigates HMS Acasta and HMS Orpheus. Realizing his only chance for escape was to set a course for New London, Decatur was forced to flee and take refuge at that port where they were blockaded until the end of the war.
Decatur attempted to sneak out of New London harbor at night in an effort to elude the British blockading squadron. On the evening of December 18, while attempting to leave the Thames River, Decatur saw blue lights burning near the mouth of the river in sight of the British blockaders. Decatur was furious, believing that various residents had set the signals to betray his plans. He abandoned the project and returned to New London. In a letter to the Navy Secretary, dated December 20, Decatur charged that traitors in the New London area were in collusion with the British to capture the United States, the Hornet and the Macedonian. The allegations of treason soon became public, causing controversy and debate among New London residents and others over the matter. A congressional investigation was called while Decatur made efforts to discover who was responsible but was unsuccessful. Whether the signals were given by an English spy or an American citizen remains uncertain. Republicans immediately blamed the Federalists who were adamantly against the war from the beginning, and so here earned themselves the name "Blue-light Federalists".
Unable to get his squadron out of the harbor, Decatur decided to write a letter to Captain Thomas Hardy offering to negotiate a resolution of the situation at a prearranged meeting. He proposed that matched ships from either side meet and, in effect, have a duel, to settle their otherwise idle situation. The letter was sent under a flag of truce but was in violation of orders, as after the loss of the Chesapeake, Navy Secretary Jones forbade commanders from "giving or receiving a Challenge, to or from, an Enemy's vessel." The next day Hardy gave answer to Decatur's proposal and agreed to have Statira engage the Macedonian "as they are sister ships, carrying the same number of guns, and weight of metal." After further deliberation Decatur wanted assurance that the Macedonian would not be recaptured should the ship emerge victorious, as he suspected it would be. After several communications it was ascertained that neither side could trust the other and so the proposal floundered, never coming to fruition.
In May 1814, Decatur transferred his commodore's pennant to the USS President, a frigate with 44 guns. By December 1, 1814, Secretary of the Navy William Jones, a staunch proponent of coastal defense, appointed Decatur to lead a four-ship squadron comprising the USS President, which would be the flagship of his new squadron, along with the USS Hornet, a sloop bearing 20 guns, the USS Peacock bearing 22 and the USS Tom Bowline bearing 12 guns. In January 1815, Decatur's squadron was assigned a mission in the East Indies. However, the British had established a strict blockade in the squadron's port of New York, therefore restricting any cruises. On January 14, a severe snowstorm developed, forcing the British squadron away from the coast, but by the next day the storm had subsided, allowing the British fleet to take up positions to the northwest in anticipation of the American fleet trying to escape. The next day the President emerged from the west, and Decatur attempted to break through the blockade alone in the President and make for the appointed rendezvous at Tristan da Cunha, but encountered the British West Indies Squadron composed of razee HMS Majestic bearing 56 guns, under the command of Captain John Hayes, along with the frigates HMS Endymion, bearing 40 guns, commanded by Captain Henry Hope, HMS Pomone, bearing 38 guns, commanded by Captain John Richard Lumley, and HMS Tenedos, bearing 38 guns, commanded by Captain Hyde Parker. Decatur had made arrangements for "pilot boats" to mark the way for clear passage out to sea, but due to a plotting error the pilot boats took up the wrong positions and consequently the President was accidentally run aground.
After an hour and a half of twisting and hogging, with Decatur's ship procuring hull damage and a sprung mast, the ship finally broke free. Decatur continued the attempt to evade his pursuers and set course along the southerly coast of Long Island, but with hull damage, lacked the speed and maneuverability to keep a safe distance from their pursuers.
In accordance with the British fighting instructions, which required that equal numbers of ships be engaged, the frigate Endymion was the first to attack the President. After a fierce fight lasting several hours, during which the Endymion was severely damaged, Decatur reluctantly surrendered as there were four remaining British ships he would have to fight. Decatur's command suffered 24 men killed and 55 wounded, a fifth of his crew, including Decatur himself who was wounded by a large flying splinter.
Endymion had sustained severe damage to the rigging, and her captain, Hope, decided to carry out repairs before tying up President. While this was happening Decatur made an attempt to escape. Decatur's frigate was finally overtaken by Pomone. Unaware that Decatur had surrendered, Pomone fired two broadsides into the President before they realized that the battle was over. Decatur later claimed, "my ship crippled, and more than a four-fold force opposed to me, without a chance of escape left, I deemed it my duty to surrender." Endymion was the first to come up and after a fierce fight, Decatur surrendered. Decatur's command suffered 24 men killed and 55 wounded, a fifth of his crew, including Decatur himself who was wounded by a large flying splinter. Soon the Majestic caught up with the British fleet. Decatur, now dressed in full dress uniform, boarded the Majestic and surrendered his sword to Captain Hayes. Hayes in a gesture of admiration returned the sword to Decatur saying that he was "proud in returning the sword of an officer, who had defended his ship so nobly." Before taking possession of the President, Hayes allowed Decatur to return to his ship to perform burial services for the officers and seamen who had died in the engagement. He was also allowed to write a letter to his wife. Decatur along with surviving crew were taken prisoner and held captive in a Bermuda prison, arriving January 26, and were held there until February 1815. Upon arrival at the prison in Bermuda the British naval officers extended various courtesies and provisions that they felt were due to a man of Decatur's stature. The senior naval officer at the prison took the earliest opportunity to parole Decatur to New London, and on February 8, with news of the cessation of hostilities, Decatur traveled aboard HMS Narcissus (32), landing in New London on February 21. On February 26, Decatur arrived in New York City, where he convalesced in a boarding house.
At war's end Decatur received a sword as a reward and thanks from Congress for his service in Tripoli and was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for distinguished service in the War of 1812.
Now that war with Britain was over, the United States could concentrate on pressing matters in the Mediterranean, at Algiers. As had occurred during the First Barbary War American merchant ships and crews were once again being seized and held for large ransoms. On February 23, 1815, President Madison urged Congress to declare war. Congress approved the act and on March 2 declared war against Algiers. Madison had chosen Benjamin Williams Crowninshield as the new Secretary of the Navy, replacing William Jones.
Two squadrons were then assembled, one at New York, under the command of Stephen Decatur, and one at Boston, under the command of Commodore William Bainbridge. Decatur's squadron of ten ships was ready first and set sail for Algiers on May 20. At this time it was the largest US fleet ever assembled. Decatur was in command of the flagship USS Guerriere. [Note 7] Aboard was William Shaler who had just been appointed by Madison as the consul-general for the Barbary States, acting as joint commissioner with Commodores Decatur and Bainbridge. Shaler was in possession of a letter authorizing them to negotiate terms of peace with the Algerian government. Because of Decatur's great successes in the War of 1812 and for his knowledge of and past experience at the Algerian port, Crowninshield chose him to command the lead ship in the naval squadron to Algiers.
The US was demanding the release of Americans held captive as slaves, an end of annual payments of tribute, and finally to procure favorable prize agreements. Decatur was prepared to negotiate peace or resort to military measures. Eager to know the Bey's decision, Decatur dispatched the president's letter which ultimately prompted the Bey to abandon his practice of piracy and kidnapping and come to terms with the United States.
On May 20, 1815, Commodore Decatur received instructions from President James Madison to take command of the frigate USS Guerriere and lead a squadron of ten ships to the Mediterranean Sea to conduct the Second Barbary War, which would put an end to the international practice of paying tribute to the Barbary pirate states. His squadron arrived at Gibraltar on June 14.
Before committing himself to the Mediterranean, Decatur learned from the American consuls at Cadiz and Tangier of any squadrons passing by along the Atlantic coast or through the Strait of Gibraltar. To avoid making known the presence of an American squadron, Decatur did not enter the ports but instead dispatched a messenger in a small boat to communicate with the consuls. He learned from observers there that a squadron under the command of the notorious Rais Hamidu had passed by into the Mediterranean, most likely off Cape Gata. Decatur's squadron arrived at Gibraltar on June 15, 1815. This attracted much attention and prompted the departure of several dispatch vessels to warn Hammida of the squadron's arrival. Decatur's visit was brief with the consul and lasted only for as long as it took to communicate with a short letter to the Secretary of the Navy informing him of earlier weather problems and that he was about to "proceed in search of the enemy forthwith", where he at once set off in search of Hammida hoping to take him by surprise.
On June 17, while sailing in the Guerriere for Algiers, Decatur's fleet encountered near Cape Palos the frigate Mashouda, commanded by Hammida and the Algerian brig Estedio, which were also en route to Algeria. After overtaking the Mashouda, Decatur fired two broadsides, crippling the ship, killing 30 of the crew, including Hammida himself, and taking more than 400 prisoners.
Capturing the flagship of the Algerian fleet at the Battle off Cape Gata Decatur was able to secure sufficient levying power to bargain with the Dey of Algiers. Upon arrival, Decatur exhibited an early use of gunboat diplomacy on behalf of American interests as a reminder that this was the only alternative if the Dey decided to decline signing a treaty. Consequently a new treaty was agreed upon within 48 hours of Decatur's arrival, confirming the success of his objectives.
After bringing the government in Algiers to terms, Decatur's squadron set sail to Tunis and Tripoli to demand reimbursement for proceeds withheld by those governments during the War of 1812. With a similar show of force exhibited at Algiers Decatur received all of his demands and promptly sailed home victorious. Upon his arrival Decatur boasted to the Secretary of the Navy that the settlement had "been dictated at the mouths of our cannon." For this campaign, he became known as "the Conqueror of the Barbary Pirates".
After his victory in the Mediterranean over the Barbary states who had terrorized and enslaved Christian merchants for centuries, Decatur returned to the United States, arriving at New York on November 12, 1815, with the brig Enterprise, along with Bainbridge of the Guerriere who arrived three days later. He was met with a wide reception from dignitaries and countrymen. Among the more notable salutations was a letter Decatur received from the Secretary of State James Monroe that related the following tidings of appreciation: "I take much interest in informing you that the result of this expedition, so glorious to your country and honorable to yourself and the officers and men under your command, has been very satisfactory to the President."
The Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin W. Crowninshield, was equally gracious and thankful. Since a vacancy was about to occur in the board of Navy commissioners with the retirement of Commodore Isaac Hull, the Secretary was most anxious to offer the position to Decatur, which he gladly accepted. Upon his appointment Decatur made his journey to Washington, where he was again received with cordial receptions from various dignitaries and countrymen. He served on the Board of Navy Commissioners from 1816 to 1820. One of his more notable decisions as a commissioner involved his strong objection to the reinstatement of James Barron upon his return to the United States after being barred from command for five years for his questionable handling of the Chesapeake, an action that would soon lead to Barron challenging him to a duel.
During his tenure as a Commissioner, Decatur also became active in the Washington social scene. At a social gathering in April 1816, Decatur uttered an after-dinner toast that would become famous: "Our country – In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right, and always successful, right or wrong."[Note 8]
Now that Decatur was Naval Commissioner he had settled into a routine life in Washington working at the Navy Department during the day, with many evenings spent as an honorary guest at social gatherings, as both he and his wife were the toast of Washington society. Decatur's first home in Washington was 1903 Pennsylvania Avenue (one of the "Seven Buildings"), purchased in 1817. In 1818, Decatur built a three-story red brick house in Washington on Lafayette Square, designed by the famous English architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe, the same man who designed the U.S. Capitol building and Saint John's Church. Decatur specified that his house had to be suitable for "impressive entertainments". The house was the first private residence to be built near the White House. Decatur House is now a museum that exhibits a large collection of Decatur memorabilia and is managed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Located on President's Square (Lafayette Square), it was built in grand style to accommodate large social gatherings, which in the wake of Decatur's many naval victories were an almost routine affair in the lives of Decatur and his wife.
In October 1818, at the request of Oliver Hazard Perry, a very close friend, Decatur arrived at New York to act as his "second" in a duel between Perry and Captain John Heath, commander of Marines on the USS Java. The two officers were involved in a personal disagreement while aboard that ship, that resulted in Heath challenging Perry to a duel. Perry had written to Decatur nearly a year previously, revealing that he had no intention of firing any shot at Heath. After the two duelists and their seconds assembled the duel took place. One shot was fired; Heath missed his opponent while Perry, keeping his word, returned no fire. At this point Decatur approached Heath with Perry's letter in hand, relating to Heath that Perry all along had no intention of returning fire and asking Heath if his honor had thus been satisfied. Heath admitted that it had. Decatur was relieved to finally see the matter resolved with no loss of life or limb to either of his friends, urging both to now put the matter behind them.
Decatur's life and distinguished service in the U.S. Navy came to an unfortunate end when in 1820, Commodore James Barron challenged Decatur to a duel, related in part to comments Decatur had made over Barron's conduct in the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair of 1807. Because of Barron's loss of the Chesapeake to the British he faced a court-martial and was barred from command for a term of five years. Decatur had served on the court-martial that had found Barron guilty of "unpreparedness". Barron had just returned to the United States from Copenhagen after being away for six years and was seeking reinstatement. He was met with much criticism among fellow naval officers, among whom Decatur was one of the most outspoken. Decatur, who was now on the board of naval commissioners, strongly opposed Barron's reinstatement and was notably critical about the prospect in communications with other naval officers and government officials. As a result Barron became embittered towards Decatur and challenged him to a duel. Barron's challenge to Decatur occurred during a period when duels between officers were so common that it was creating a shortage of experienced officers, forcing the War Department to threaten to discharge those who attempted to pursue the practice.
Barron's second was Captain Jesse Elliott, known for his jaunty mannerisms and antagonism toward Decatur. Decatur had first asked his friend Thomas Macdonough to be his second, but Macdonough, who had always opposed dueling, accordingly declined his request. Decatur then turned to his supposed friend Commodore William Bainbridge to act as his second, to which Bainbridge consented. However, according to naval historian Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, Decatur made a poor choice: Bainbridge, who was five years his senior, had long been jealous of the younger and more famous Decatur.
The 'seconds' met on March 8 to establish the time, place and the rules of which the duel was to occur. The arrangements were exact. The duel was to take place at nine o'clock in the morning on March 22, at Bladensburg, Maryland, near Washington, at a distance of only eight paces. Decatur, an expert pistol shot, planned only to wound Barron in the hip.
Decatur did not tell his wife, Susan, about the forthcoming duel but instead wrote to her father asking that he come to Washington to stay with her, using language that suggested that he was facing a duel and that he might lose his life. On the morning of the 22nd the dueling party assembled. The conference between the two seconds lasted three-quarters of an hour. Just before the duel, Barron spoke to Decatur of conciliation; however, the men's seconds did not attempt to halt the proceedings.
The duel was arranged by Bainbridge with Elliott in a way that made the wounding or death of both duelists very likely. The shooters would be standing close to each other, face to face; there would be no back-to-back pacing away and turning to fire, a procedure that often resulted in the missing of one's opponent. Upon taking their places the duelists were instructed by Bainbridge, "I shall give the word quickly – 'Present, one, two, three' – You are neither to fire before the word 'one', nor after the word 'three'. Now in their positions, each duelist raised his pistol, cocked the flintlock and while taking aim stood in silence. Bainbridge called out, 'One', Decatur and Barron both firing before the count of 'two'. Decatur's shot hit Barron in the lower abdomen and ricocheted into his thigh. Barron's shot hit Decatur in the pelvic area, severing arteries. Both of the duelists fell almost at the same instant. Decatur, mortally wounded and clutching his side, exclaimed, "Oh, Lord, I am a dead man." Lying wounded, Commodore Barron (who ultimately survived) declared that the duel was carried out properly and honorably and told Decatur that he forgave him from the bottom of his heart.
By now other men who had known about the duel were arriving at the scene, including Decatur's friend and mentor, the senior officer John Rodgers. In excruciating pain, Decatur was carefully lifted by the surgeons and placed in Rodgers' carriage and was carried back to his home on Lafayette Square. Before they departed Decatur called out to Barron that he should also be taken along, but Rodgers and the surgeons calmly shook their heads in disapproval. Barron cried back "God bless you, Decatur" – and with a weak voice Decatur called back "Farewell, farewell, Barron." Upon arrival at his home Decatur was taken in to the front room just left of the front entrance, still conscious. Before allowing himself to be carried in he insisted that his wife and nieces be taken upstairs, sparing them the sight of his grave condition. A Dr. Thomas Simms arrived from his home nearby to give his assistance to the naval physicians. However, for reasons not entirely clear to historians, Decatur refused to have the ball extracted from his wound.[Note 9] At this point Decatur requested that his will be brought forward so as to receive his signature, granting his wife all his worldly possessions, with directives as to who would be the executors of his will. Decatur died at approximately 10:30 pm that night. While wounded, he is said to have cried out, "I did not know that any man could suffer such pain!"
Washington society and the nation were shocked upon learning that Decatur had been killed at the age of forty-one in a duel with a rival navy captain. Decatur's funeral was attended by Washington's elite, including President James Monroe and the justices of the Supreme Court, as well as most of Congress. Over 10,000 citizens of Washington and the surrounding area attended to pay their last respects to a national hero. The pallbearers were Commodores Rodgers, Chauncey, Tingey, Porter and Macdonough; captains Ballard and Cassin; and Lieutenant Macpherson. Following were naval officers and seamen. At the funeral service a grieving seaman unexpectedly came forward and proclaimed, "He was the friend of the flag, the sailor's friend; the navy has lost its mainmast." Stephen Decatur died childless. Though he left his widow $75,000, a fortune at the time, she died virtually penniless in 1860.
After the funeral rumors circulated of a last-minute conversation between the duelists that could have avoided the deadly outcome of the duel, moreover, that the seconds involved might have been planning for such an outcome and accordingly made no real attempts to stop the duel. Decatur's wife Susan held an even more damning view of the matter and spent much of her remaining life pursuing justice for what she termed "the assassins" involved.
Although he died at a relatively young age, Decatur helped determine the direction of the new nation and played a significant role establishing its identity. For his heroism in the Barbary Wars and the War of 1812 Decatur emerged as an icon of American naval history and was roundly admired by most of his contemporaries as well as the citizenry:
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WICIUTA.TnUllSUAY. AUGUST 30, 1877
CITY AND COUNTY NEWS.
feporting Nimrods vv 111 tlo vv cli to read Tign
Jno. K. Maddox & Co. want to
Seo "Notice to Farmeri."
Yriiion Purdy adverth-era 1,200 sheep and
S00 latnbs fer file elsewhere.
3Iore announcements lor a place upon tlic
Hepubliean ticket, this week.
J. U. VanZandt is just now very busy witb
his plow and srain drill trade.
Jlr. L N Woodcock ttaitslu a few daje
tWt bci childhood's home In Ohio.
OurfcTOceij uiei cbktis are vcrj busy. That
line tl trade at lca-l tbows plenty ol life.
The third bunday ha been fixed lor the
dedication ot l be new l'rebyterian Chapel.
Anotbei fiiw i smvejlng Wichita with a
view to erecting a fonudry and machine shop.
The per tent of haj being put up lUIi seu
ecii falls coni-iderably under that of pat years.
The roads lekdin,; into town from the wct
and cavt must be repaired, the soener the
Squire Mitchell's ufflce Is one ofthellvelieil
place in the city, being seldom without Its
Tho old frames ncM to r 'raker & Ilackct's
have been hauled out to wake room for the
The Republican Central Committee has
wade an addition to Its call, vv hicb will be
found iu the proper place.
Mr. J. O. l)aldson, who has been absent
levsral months in the Northern States, re
turned home hut Friday.
A tnenty-fivc-pound melon was rolled in
upon u this w ok, but tho donor would not
allow his name announced.
Ihero has been much sickness during tho
lait month among the children ot this city
and au unusual number ot deaths.
Jlany larmcrs arc unking calculations to
feed hags and cattle this fall and winter, llog
feeding should commence at once.
The unien picnic, held at Jameaburg last
Saturday, we are told by several who wore
present, was a very pleasant aQair.
John Dunscouib, as will be seen by specials
this week, propoe to mika it warm for tho
refct of the firms in the city on low prices.
Charles rancher, of this city, has received
notice that he has been remembered in a will
In the mug sum of three thousand dollars.
James L. Dyer, the Iteccivor of tho AVlchi
ta land office, ban improved greatly in health
and will be home about the tilth ol September.
James Dagncr will occupy one ol the rooms
iu his block as a coiainiailon and auction
house, which fact he has announced through
card and posters.
A pocket diary containing papers of some
importance and with a few notes entered,
was found and left at Ibis office, which the
owner can hare by calling.
ilrs. Newcomer, of Polo, Illinois, mother ol
llrs. aillton Stewart and Mrs J. T. McMillen,
islu the city, Uniting her daughters. She
will remain several weeks.
airs. II. F. Fisher, who has been confined
to her homo lor almost two years, by the
rheumatism, was oat on Tuesday and yester
day, ealling upon her Iriendi.
The new luuk corporation goes into eflect
to-c'a) and the new building will be moved
into. Col. liewn was having photos taken of
it Uir lilhojraphlng and cngrav Inj purposes.
air. Ulram Ini'toden, wuo ban bean dan
gerouly ill In" some vekpat, is improv
ing, cud great hopes are euiei tained lor her
ipeedy recovery by lier anxious husband and
Tho pcuplr ol Oxford. Wellington, Arkan
sas City, V ir.lii Id, Augusta and Eldorado can
count tach mi a rare musical treat from the
dub thilt will vidt them In a few days from
The great low amom; de cullud population
Tuci-day night, became a great calm as soon a-.
the btudderin and sUlcrn became aware of
the soothiu presence of Hick Codell. the
News was leccivcd here the other day that
J. C. Fraker was seriously ill at Leavenworth.
His wife was summoned by telegraph to go
aud see Lim without delay. We have heard
Hon. Thomas Cavanaugb, Secretary ol
State, was iu the city on la.t Friday. He
came down for his little daughter, who had
been slLk, but who was well enough to return
homo with her father.
It. P. aiurdoek, of this oilicc, is attending
the Knight Templars celebration at Cleve
land, Ohio, this week. Quito a party of
Kausans lclt Topcka on Friday last, on m ex
cursion train for the abov e point.
The eastern end of Douglas avenue, in the
vicinity of the depot, elevators ;and mills, is
on of the liveliest business centers in the
State. The hotels arc full and traders, buy
en?, shippers and merchants all seem busy.
Col. E. C Slannirg has withdrawn from the
editorial conduct of the Wintiel J Courier and
the paper goes into the bauds of a company.
Ho has made a splendid paper ol it and we
hope it will lose none of its force or charaeler.
Thero ft a great deal ol needless alarm, or
pretended alarm, with reference to tho new
branch railroad running to Eldorado, aud its
effect upon Wichita. Wo have it from the
highest authority that no discrimination will
be made against Wichita.
During the thundor storm last week a tele
graph polo near tho northern limits of the
city, was shattered, and commercial operator,
air. Ferrell, as also ths boys at the depot,
vvero treated to more electricity than they
knew well what to do with.
L. I). Dobbs lost a check for ?f0, drawn by
Cowperthvvait & Co., In favorpl his order
and endorsed by hlni'clf and O. r alcKim.
Payment on the samo has been stopped.
Should any one find it they will please leave
il at Steele Jc Levy's office.
L. D. Iobb, agent for Cowperthvvait &
Co.'s educational works, spennt a portion of
this week in Wichita. Hoajstbo teachers'
institute, now being held at this place, has
ouly been excelled in thorough work by two
Institutes held in the State this summer.
Deputy United States aiarsnal, Charley
Jone, picked up a prie in tho fourth ward
tho other dav , lu the shape of a pocket book.
Fi cm the number ol bu and luiU'rAies it
containrd he thought il mu-t belong to Prof.
UcKim. The owner ran bate it on applica
tion. The. bird resolutions passed by Attica and
Pratilo Gem Grange-, of this county, and
published in the Eir.LK, are being published
in many pnpirs throughout tho SUtc. Both
r luilun were net only unique and picy,
but hit the mark so tqiure in the center that
thfj uke wherever rcaj.
Mr. and airs. Phillip Dcitcr buried iheir
little girl lt Friday, their only remaining
child. These parents have been peculiarly
unlortunate, having Iot three children. The
little one laid away Iat week was a bright
and interesting little girl, and tho parents are
deeply sympathized with.
ilatk Tilsworlh, the old and popular gro
ceryman and solid citizen, puts lu sn amateur
h'tud In the peach line. He bays when it
comes to fruit no farmer shall get away with
him. Wc never saw liner or larger peaches
than bang from the tree surrounding bis
home, lor a dozen or two of which he will,
pieae accept our thanks.
The lawn Fncial held ou tho grounds of air.
Furlong on Tuesday cveulng was a delightful
affair, in wblch the Baptist society and their
friends made merry until a late hour. Creams
cake, etc., were luriushcd in abundance by
the hospitable entertainer Mr. and Mrs. Fur
long. The comsiondent who belled our city
through the columns ol the Topcka Mladt is
no fccnt'oman, and there is not a reader ol that
paper Hut knows anj thing ol Wichita that
don't know ha lalslfied about the business of
tho town aid Its appearance.
Another Big Yisld.
air. J. B. Carroll, whoe farm is ou the
Cowskin, section 10, town 28, range 1 wctt,
we guess will probably carry oil the prizo lor
large wheat yield this .year. He harvested
quite a large field, but ten acres of Gennc-ee
turned off, machine measure, three hundred
and fifty bushel, or thtrty-flvo bushels to tho
acre of extra No. 2. Fifty additional acres of
UarlyMay averaged a littlorislns ol twenty
bujhels. For a falluro year such a showing
is truly encouraging, air. Carroll is an enter
prising, pushing, Industrious farmer. lie
has put up one of the finest, il not altogether
the fin? 6t granary in tho county this summer
Into which he ha already emptied 2,500 bush
els of grain of his own raising. Hard limes
will not strike John for a year or two yet
County Sabbath School Convention.
At a meeting oi representatives ol the va
rious Sabbath Schools in the city on Tuesday
evening, August 21st, it was unanimously
agreed to hold a County Sabbath School Con
vention at tho Presbyterian Church in this
city, commencing on V,'cdneday, October
21th, an I continuing over TtiurHiay, tbo2"th.
Kali Sabbath School in the county it rcqu :it
cd toend two delegate-", to this Convention,
and st U hoped that a permanent organization
will be effected at this meeting. The Super
intendents of the various schools In the coun
ty are requested to confer or correspond with
the unccl'iicd, giving etatiillcs, list of olli
ccr, and any other Information that may be
available and of general intercut. A cordial
invitation Is extended to all officers, teachers
and friends ot the cause in the county. Come
prepared to take some part in the work of the
Convention, and by making it a success, give
a new impetus to the Sabbath School work in
our new and rapidly growing county.
C. S. Caldwell,
Committee on Correpondcncc.
"Had the number other days
Keen as complete as was Iter praic,
Nature und Fate bad hadjio strife
In giving limit tohtr life."
The people ol this city and Yicinlty we're
startled, on Monday morning list, by the an
nouncement ol the snddeu death ol airs, llat
tlo IStatty Jewctt, wife ol W. T. Jewett, and
mother ol Judge Jcwett. She had been ail
ing but a week when, at eight o'clock Sab
bath evening, thero appeared to be a general
suspension ol her v Ital force, with the njnip.
toms ol a congestiv e chill, and In a few mo
ments her spirit had taken its everlasting
flight The funeral sermon was preached by
Itev. J. P. Harden, on aionday, at tho Pres
byterian church, of which she was a member,
and in the evoning her remains were followed
by many friends to their silent home ou the
hill. Jlrs. Jcwett was born in New Lisbon,
Ohio, in 1S27; was married to W. T. Jcwett
in Stubenville, Tho family moved to Kansas
and to this valley nearly seven years ago, be
ing among Its very earliest settlers. Her
youngest child is nine years old, her eldest is
Judge Jcwett. Tho family lived in our city
lor some time, and airs. Jcwett, by her amia
bility and gentle life, won the love and rc
spoct ol all with whom sho became accquvint
ancc. Sho was a wile and mother, true, pure
and perlect In all that goes to make up these
two most sacred characters. To the stricken
husband and mourning children ne extend
our sympathy, lor each and all seem broken
up. A mother's loss cannot bo estimated nor
can any one take her place.
"Would, mother, thou couldst hear mc tell
llowolt, amid my brief carter,
fur sins and lollies loved too well
Hath fallen the free ripcutaat tear,
nnu m me aj waruness 01 yoilUl
How bctu.r thoughts have given torn
Cuctempt for error, love for truth,
'itld twee remembrances of thee."
It has been recently published in the Wich
ita papers, and oxtecsivclj copied by othors,
including this paper that the freight on
wheat from that place to Kansas City was
twenty cents per bushel. Wo now learn
from Dr. Arnold, who his just been shipping
to Kan. .it City, thit in Wichita they offered
to ship his wheat lor fifteen cents per bushel
or a car holding 21,000 pounds at ?30, or a
trifle over thirteen certs per bushel. Ozfr&
The Kaoi.i: never published any such thing
but, on the contrary, corrected onw or twice
iai h a notice, lour Dr. Arnold Is correet-l
in his report, and was wise In making the
shipment of rejected wheat which em be done
nlt.o tunes out of ton, in our jjdgment, with
lite favorable results.
From telegraph a, well as newspaper
sources we sec that hoppers, Iu limited num
bers only, have been flying over portions of
aiinncsota and Western Nebraska, but in no
instance have they come down or done auy
damage, unless wc except A'crmont and New
Hampshire, where they liavciu localities done
much. Whether thoy are the Kocky Moun
tain locu-t the papers do not stite. Wc are
In receipt of Prof. Itilaj's report of the work
of the comniUsion, which U a very neatly
printed book containing maps, statistics, etc.
The book contains 230 pages, and the plague
anJ all his roviugs, his ravages, his species,
chronological history, native home, habits,
power lor injury, and many other things, per
taining to him is extensively treated upon.
The natural enemies of the hopper arc given
in detail and soma of II. cm Illustrated by cms.
The work is an exceedingly Interesting one.
W. L. aicCIure our Billy returned from
an extensive trip through aiexieo, this week.
William wouldn't Interview worth a cent, but
from a sententious speech wc had no difficul
ty in gathering that he held no very exalted
opinion of the land of cactus and cayotes, the
home of graylucks and greasers. Tho festlv e
grasshopper has taken all tho valleys of north
era New Mexico, aud there u no interest thore
except that pertaining to the mines. South
orn Colorado, he says, has good wheat, what
there is of it, but it's scattering. He met the
Wichita excursionists, or many of them, who
were enjoying thcm-elves Harry Arrow
smith will return with the crowd. From
William's looks we half suspected that he had
fouud no place the cqu il of live Wichita in
ail respects. He informs us that he will go
cast in a few days, in Iho meantime there are
lots ol us who hope he may ultimilely coma
back, marry, and settle down with a people
who know how to appreciate him.
The premium list of the Sedgwick County
Fair will be ready for distribution this woek.
Arrangements have been completed whereby
they cau be speedily put iuto every man's
hands inthe county, aud Into hundreds of
those of adjoiulng counties. Tho Secretary
inlorrasus that he has applications on flic f
vey and other counties for premium lit.,wh
say they expect to ho present. Also from
stockmen of Eastern Kansas and Missouri.
President Hanson, the directors and Superin
tendent Hargts aro leaving no stone untnrned.
There is no longer any doubt that it will
prove a Uir worthy of the name. Every
township and neighborhood in the couuty
will be fully represented. Keniembcr, it is
but four or live weeks before the fair com
mences. There's lots ol people coming to Kansas
tills fall from cv ery portion of the east. Hard
times are driving fanners, mechanics, miners
and day-laborers from the over-crowdud dis
tricts. Already the currant bus headed in
this direction and many strangers can be een
upon our streets daily. It Is judged by ma
ny of the more obssivant that the fall of 177
will witness the lirgest Immigration ever re
ceived In one J car by this State. Let them
come. Wc have plenty of room, plentj of
oil, and avenues for industry without num
ber. In fact wo have a great county to make
or develop. Sedgwick county alone has room
lor ten to twenty thousand more people while
some of the counties west of us have liardlv
commenced to settle up yet.
Wichita, August 20, 1S77.
Mr. Editou : There is that on my mind
which must have vent, so please excuc the
intrusion: 1 believe there is a law protect
ing dumb animals from cruelty. Is there
none protecting orphan children against the
cruel treatment sometimes Imposed upon
them by those who have them In charge? I
am incensed at the brutal treatment or a little
fatherless boy in our own neighborhood.
Baby-boy I came near av Ing, for he can't be
more than five. Will the vvleldcrs of tho rod
n1a,n rlnctct title .At aca nn n I. t. m. b . -. J
l...-,v . .., cv.. ..u.su.ueui, reuiem- ,
ueiing mai as incy ucai wuu mis utile clilld
so will tho "Father of tho latherless" deal
II. B. Cullum, Receiver of tho First Na
tional, was one of tho parties that went from
Kansas to attend the great celebration at
Cloveland. air. C. will meet his wile at that
point, who, It will be remembered, went east
last spring to attend her fathers luueral.
Six red Bermuda sweet potatoes, weighing
twelve pounds, dug on the 22d of August,
reach us from the farm of our friend, S. L.
Devcr, of Gypsum township. The largest
pulled down the scales at two pounds and
John Iluffbaucr may his shadow never
grow less toted Into our oCiec the other day
a half bushel of choice peaches raised on bis
home place. Peaches and cream and a kind
ly remembrance of tho donor was what hap
pened up whero w keep tho young eaglets.
From tho now well-known peach orchard
of E. Pierpoint, Jllnnelia .township, we re
ceived tho other day a present of two or three
dozen double peaches aud one specimen of
quadruple fruit, all finely developed. Thero
U no longer any doubt that this portion of
the Arkansas Valley will become famous for
Tho managers ol the Kansas City Exposi
tion will aceept our thanks for a reserved
seat ticket to witness the trot of Goldsmith
Maid lor ?2,Q30, on Wednesday, the, 19th of
September. Tho greatest horse in the world
will be there certain. IC.uiui Cliy, in tho
matter efher fair, as In many things else, is
eiiiin 'all the ;;reat dies ol the watt.
Wc hasten to acknowledge tho receipt of a
very cordial Inv Station from the President and
Board oi Directors or the Intern itional Ex
hibition Compauj to be present at the recep
tion ceremonies to the Governors of the Uni
States, w bleb au-plcious occasion will be on
August ill tli, in the Exhibition building at the
Centennial Grounds, Philadelphia.
The ladies of the library association will
hold their rccular monthly meeting at the
residence ol airs, aiilo Kellogg, on Topcka
avenue, Saturday, Soptcniber 1st, at 2 p. in.
There will be an election ol officers lor the
ensuing year, and a lulltttcndance is greatly
to be desired. Jilts. Todd, Pros.
Hits. Taylor, V. P.
Ex-Commissioner John Carpenter will fin
isli nuttin-' down, tills week, one hundred
acres ol w heat, on his home place, near Val
ley Centre. He commenced sowiug on the
22d, probably the earliest of any grower in
tho county. It belli,; an established (act that
our falls, while lato and warm, aro always
dry, ho says there is no d-ingcr of Jointing.
His big field will be watched with interest.
air. J W. Neal, of ilorton township, brings
to our office the queerest specimen of a petri
faction that we ever saw. No one yet has
been abls to Uccvnhcr the strange looking af
fair. He picked it up in tho bed ol the Chi
kaska river alter the Good. It is very evi
dently bone, and weighs threo pounds and
Bis ounces probably the portion of tho jaw
of some amphibous animal.
Prof. II. Winslow Abbott returned from
Kentucky on Saturday night, accompanied
by his accomplished wife. Wc welcome
them to our city and valley. Coming as they
do to establish an educational institution ol
high order iu our midst. The Professor.wlth
an co to the mam chance wc suppose, and
following the example of our other profes
sional men, bought two choice quarter sec
tions of land, which he cau fall back upon
for suro returns in case of hard ti mes or dis
aster. The wile of D. S. Freeman, general agent
of the Fort Scott nurseries, came up to see
her husband and will stop a short time.
From air. Frcemon's fruit farm she brcught
specimens of the fine fruit which he repre
sents. De laid upon our table a Lurabard
plum weighing two ounces, from a tree
planted on his farm in 1S72, also two pears
weighing over a pound. If the trees air.
rrecmau represents produce such fruit there
would be no risk iu buj ing.
air. J. C. aicCadden, tho agent iu this city
for the Evpre-s Company, has, by his strict
attention to his office and by his affable and
accoinniod itlng way, thoroughly established
himself in the good graces of our business
men. With his predecessors parties having
business with the compony were subjected to
all kinds ol annoyances andsupercillious airs,
but not so Mr. aieC, who is no le-s the gen
tlemiu than thorough business m in. aiay he
stay with us long.
The excursion party to the llocky aioun
taln, that left Wichita a week ago .last aion
day night, coium back to-nuht. It went oft
In a raiu storm, but e ich and eveiy one ap
peared ov erllow in; In spirits and full ol
pleasant anticipations. When we left them
at Ncvvtou nothing could have added to their
contentment unlsss, peruaps, a sleeper or
two,, jln the li-t ot names given li-t week
the name of Mrs. William Hemlrickson ap
pealed. That was a mistako of the printer
as Mr-. Cash Henderson was meant.
There will be a meeting of all settlers ol
Sedgwick who settled In the eounty in 1871,
r previous, at the the Fair ground on the
last day of tho Fair, at 10 o'elock a. in., to or
ganize an Old Settlers Association. Come all,
men women and children, let's have a -rood
time. D. K. II. Grckxli:i:.
At a special meeting of the Baard of Edu
cation, held oil Saturday evening last, it was
decided to orcct another school building in
additition to the one already contracted for,
in the first ward. This new building is to be
located in the second ward, and Is to contain
but one room at present, but be so construct
ed that additions can be made when required.
The building w ill ;probab!y cost about flv e
hundred dollars. Monday, tho 17th ot Sep
tember, was appointed tor the opening of the
F. A. Sowers favors us with the following
antidote, or cure for dypthena, which was
furnished by a graduate ai. D. of Harvard,
who, although now a practical farmer,assured
air. Sowers of its efficacy in the most malig
nant case. It is so simple thai it cau do no
harm : Tako of gum myrh a piece the sizo of
a hazel nut and dissolve in one-half piut of
vinegar, put iuto a vessel with spout and
heat it until steam is thrown off, which let
th'' pa ticnt breathe or inhale as hot as he cau
Upon the recommendation of JIajor Miles,
the Govcrnm ent has supplied the Indians of
the Cheyenne aud Arrapaboe agencies with
wagons and harnesses with which to haul
their own supplies from this city. Tho ar
rangement seems to vvork nicely. The In
dians pleased with the trust und responsibili
ty, and the head men come up ifgul.arly with
their wivos and llttlo ones, spending three
orfoUr aars eacU trip ln Ia)im,
upplicH and getting acquainted with the
ways of civilization. They are all warm
frionds of William Griffenstein, who spent
many v ears with them in trading.
Quite a number of our citizens will avail
thsmsclves of the cheap railroad ride to Eldo
rado next Tuesday. Our understanding is
that excursionists leavo here at r:13 Wed
nesday morning, breakfast at Florence, reach
Eldorado about ten o'elock, and return in
time for the regular train in the evening,
reaching home at 11:1.1 p. in., or can go up
ou the regular train Tuesday, remain over
night and return Wednesday. Round trip
tickets fl.00.' There will be many of the.
foremost men of tho Stale present, a big din
ner and a jolly time generally. Whole num
ber of miles to be traveled. ISO.
The follow ing little cpi-oilc of life's Irregu
larities was handed us by a citizen of Garden
''Abaut two years since a you; married
man, living iu Illinois, conscnte I i let his
better hali go her way rejoicKi . while he
would tako the lato II. C, ' al , go west
und grow up with the ni.itrj oiniui to
Sedgwick county, he has shire n pursu
ing the avocation of an houesi; . mean
time securing a divorce from his f . iner wife.
During the present summer he courted one
of the fair daughters of the land. A week
ago last Sunday was tbeday set when they
two should be made man and wife. Tho day
previous tho young man took the train for
parts unknown, leaving his affianced tofinisn
tho prcaaratlons and solvo the mystery of his
It is now almost a settled fact that the
Osage county coal miners will go to work on
tlip firsl. nf spnlpnihr M. nn mK iMr. w.M,h
,hoy 6tr,Jck for Ioar weeks as, T,,e minins
companies want them to agree to work at
those prices lor the next five months is now
tho only issue. Charley aiarsh returned
from the above mines yesterday, h iv lng first
visited Fort Scott. He says within three
days after tho strike ends coal will again bo
run iuto Wichita.
LekoyW. FAIItCHILU'S Gold
Holders, at Post Office Uullduig.
LIST OF LETTERS
KEMAINING IX THE WICHITA TOST OFriCK
Uncalled for August 20th, 1877.
To obtain any of these letters, tho appli
cant must call lo "Advertised Letters," and
give tho date of this list.
If not called for within one month they will
be sent to the dcaiT letter office.
Letters are not advertised until they have
remained in tho office one week.
Allison airs S
Booker Miss H
Carpenter aim L E
Collins airis E
Howard airs M 3
Jordan airs G
Parsons Jlrs E 2
Piley airs E
Schreiler airs D
Sellers airs II
Simmons Mrs M F
fehaler Mrs T
Williams Miss C
While ailss L
Bryan airs A E
Crlpps Mrs C
Clark Mrs S
Griudlo airs A
Hathaway Mrs ai 2
Slarsh airs E ai
Morgan Mrs U
Pusle Mis P J
Bose Miss S A
Samson airs E J
Stewart Miss N D
Vail Mrs A
Williamson airs G
Yanko aiiss E
Bucbau O G 3
Baine W 11
Cook It B
Campbell D B
Fulton G W
Freeland J B
Green G T
Harper F W
Uesmere J ai
Hibhard K A
Hart Wm 2
Johnson J H
Jordan O M
Keller & aicUilban
aiatthevvsG of Miss L
aiiller II Z
Bruce L G F
Otiase C S
Colt J W
Gushing ai P
C.ibb JI S
Clark W II A
Coiner I) C
Dodger J It
Dodge K N
Frost II A
Gunn Uev E
Gav nor J
Hoiiser E A
Harrat D A
Harlan L M
Johnson A U
aiarshall U O
aicKiuney J H
McKeynolds L A
aiartin W W
Osburn P. F
Koutli E N
ltarick F D
Signor C F
Sanders G T
ai (.collogue ai
aicGrae It It
Newton J W
Norm in W S A
1'anecost A S
Snvdcr C W
Simmons J F
L It Stickel and Pi II Elder
Sandusky W H
Thayer B F
Walker G G
Tunpltu U li
for "advertised'' letters.
ai. M. aiur.nocic. Postmaster.
In Covington, Indiana, at the residence ol
the bride's lather Mr. aiorgau Davis, on Tues
day evening, August 21, 1S77. by ltev. Barr,
of Frankfort, Indiana, Mr. Walters. Dulloir,
or Wichita, Kansas, to aiis Annio Davis, ol
"We congratulate Walter on his choice, as
we know that happiness will be a plenty in
his home as in God's blessed sunshine that so
lrcely is lavished upon earth. Though there
may be an occasional dark cloud to rullle the
serenity ol their life's travel, there will al
wav s be a bright sky following. We all must
have our share of jo) sand sorrows and should
not murmur at the dispensation at the hands
of Him who has thought wisely to give both
in order that we may appreciate more fully
the blessing bestowed upon us.
The cake was magnificent and nbundautly
supplied to all from tho editor to the devil.
A beautiful boquet accompanied the cakc,a fit
emblem of life with all Its sweets there was
concealed a thorn and in order to enjoy it,
must partake of both. May God prosper this
happy young couple and prosperity always
abound with them and theirs. ropUS J'aptr
In this city, on ThuisJay, August 2J, 1377,
Mary Mossalme, daughter of John P. and
Anna Dieter, aged clcreu months and twenty-three
In this city, on Fri'Uy, Augu-t 21, 1S77.
Patllo Belle, infant daughter ot Samuel and
alary I. Stewart, aged twelve days.
Notice to Farmers.
John E. aiaddox i. Co. will pay the highest
market price for hogs and cattle. Our office
is at the Valley House where the farmers will
find plenty cat and at rea-onablc rates. Far
mers will find It their interest to consult lis
befote disposing of their stock el-evvhcre.
2 J-ti John E. aiAMiox A Co.
Sheep for Sale.
1 have for sale 1,200 ewes and S00 lamb3,
good healthy sheep in good order and accli
m ited. Were wintered ou the range without
receiving feod of any kind. Will be sold
cheap. Auy one wishing to go into the sheep
business, this is a good chance. Address
Care of G. Barrett, Hutchison, Reno coun
ty, Kansas. 22-St
Cheap Boot3 and Shoes.
Can be bought at Dunscomb's, Eagle Block,
who has just purchased an immoHse stock ol
bankrupt goods, comprising soma of the best
Philadelphia make ot Ladies', '.Misses' and
Children's shoes and Western hand made
boots for men aud boys. All .sizes, ail kinds
and prices to suit any one.
22-tf J. G. DUNSCOMB.
air A. Tignlere, Gunsmith, Douglas ave
nue, has just received a new stock of ammu
nition and also a lot of Breech Loading and
Muzzle Loading Guns. Repairs done Iu the
best and most sub'tantial manner. Please
give us a call. Sign of Golden Gun.
22-lt A .TIGNIEKE.
The Advantage of Early Purchases.
.My stock of plain and Taney all wool Flauels
and WaterProofs having been purchased bo
loro tha advanco in Woolens and Freights
will be sold low, of w hich early purchasers
willreceivo tha benefit.
22-tf J. G. DuN'SCOMli.
Go to Fraker Si Hacker's for cheap grain
drills. 'Ihey are Uo-ing out their stock of
drills ut cost, freight added. For the next
thirty days will sell drills for $30, cost ?B0
each, on one ear's time, purchaser making
good notes. FniKElt & Hackeii.
Coffcc, 4 pounds 100
Tea, 4 pounds 1 00
Sugar, "A" 7 pound 1 00
Sugar, "C"S pounds 1 00
And all other goods in proportion at Duns
comb's, Eagle Block, Douglas Arc. 22-tf
The boss hncu suit $2.50 at the Star Cloth
ing House, 2d door south ol the post office.
Thanking the public for their patronage in
the past, 1 take pleasure in informing you
that I have just received an immense stock
of boots and shoes at bankrupt prices, and
they will be sold very low. This includes
stotk of the finest ladies' misses and children's
goods of the best manufacture in the United
States. Call and examine goods and prices
before purchasing aud wo willconvir.ee )ou
that you cau save money by buying at Dun
Singer Sewing Machine.
I will sell for cash a sixty-live dollar Singer
sewing machine for thirty-live, seventy dollar
machine for forty, eighty for fort -fiv e, eighty
fiv e for fifty. Wm. ai ason,
Office 110 Main St., few doors north of the
Ice 1 Ice 1 Clkak, Crystal Pure Icn.
nenry Schweiter takes this method of in
forming his old cmstomers that he will be on
hand during the heated term with the first
qualilv of ice every morning, without fail.
Baths, Hot and Cold! Price reduced to
thirty-five cents. Four tickets for one dollar.
Rosms have lately been entirely refurnished.
Douglas avenue, No. Ill, next door 'to Hess
17-tf Dieter A Katskb, Prop.
aiiscellaneous books, blank books, pocket
pass books and all kinds of books and memo
randums at Relmcrs bookstore. 9-tf
The one dollar Marseilles check coat at the
Star Clothing House, 2d door south ol tho
post office. 12-ti
Please announce mc as a candidate for tho
position of Register of Deeds, subject to tho
choice of the Republican Convention.
B. A. Neelt.
ETl'aso, August 27, 1877.
Please announco tho name of It. L. O'ilcaly
as a candidate for the office of Register of
Deeds, subject to the decision of ,tho Repub
lican County Convention.
Thinking that the candidates for Register
of Deeds should be scattered a little more, 1
announce myself a candidate for that office,
subject to the usual trials and suffering.
Gr.o. A. White.
W. B. nutchinson, of Viola township, is a
candidate for Register of Deeds, subject to
the Republican Convention.
S. Duckin, ol Salem township, will be a
candidate for the office of County Clerk, sub
ject to the decision of the Republican County
We arc authorized to announce the natno
of E. A. Dorsey as a candidate tor tho office
ol County Clerk, subject to tho decision of
the regular Republican Convention.
U. L. Jackson, the present incumbent, will
be a candidate for County Surveyor, subject
to the decision of tho Republican County
Pleaso announco the name of U. E. Van
Trees as a candidato before Republican Con
vcntlon for County Clerk.
yielding to the earnest solicitations of nu
merous friends throughout tho county, I have
consented to become a candidate for the office
ol County Treasurer, and will faithfully abide
by the decision of tho Republican County
Convention. ailLTOM Stevvaut.
I hereby respectfullyannouncc myself as a
candidate for the office o! Register of Deeds,
subject to the decision ot tho Republican
D. ai. V. Stuart.
John Tucker will be a candidato for the of
fice of County Treasurer EUbjcct to tho decis
ion of the Republican Convention.
Please announce that I am a candidate for
tho office ol Register of Deeds ol Sedgwick
county, subject to the decision of the Repub
lican Convention. H. C. aiAKN.
Please announco uie as a candidate for the
office of Register of Deeds of Sedgwick coun
ty,, subject to the decision ot the Republican
Cotuity fco'uv ention. D. S. MuNCEit.
El Paso, August 8, 1877.
Editoh Eagle Please announce my name
as a candidate lor the office ol County Treas
urer, subject to the decision of the Republi
can county convention, and oblige
A. G. Bur.n.
Editoi: Eagle : Yielding to tho solicita
tion of many earnest friends, I ask you to an
nounce my name as a candidato for the posi
tion of Clerk of Sedgwick county, subject to
the action of the Regulir Republican County
Convention. Very rospcctlully,
Wakhek B. Mead.
Please announce my name as a candidate
for the office or County Surveyor, subject to
the action ot the Republican County Conven
tion. Respectfully, John W. Beak.
Please announce G. B. aicCampbell as a
candidate for the office of Register of Deeds,
subject to tho decision of th Republican
II. W. Dunning, the present incumbent,
will be a candidate for Sheriff, subject to tho
decisiou of the Republican County Conven
tion. We are authorized to announco the name
of W. F. Green as a candidate for Register of
Deeds, subject to the decision of tho Repub
lican County Convention.
Please announce me as a candidate for
County Survryor, subject to tha decisiou of
the Republican County Convention.
T. L. NlXOX.
Ed. Eagle : Please announce C. S. Cald
well as a candidate for the office of Register
of Deeds of Sedgwick county, subject to the
decisionof the Republican County Conven
tion. Piea-c announce the name of M. E. Goo Jell,
of Grant township, as a candidate ror the of
fice of SheriH. subject to thu decision of the
Republicsn County Convention.
I have- bcon informed that tlicro are parties
in Wichita, Kansas, that are dealing in all
kindsofsewiugmachii.es, If s0 tl.ey are old
ones and made to look like new, bought by
parlies from tho regular agrnt and sold to
dcalers'livlng'ii Chlcao.Minon. Some may be
paid for and some not, if not tho regular agent
cau take liicm by law whenever so required
by the company, or whenever seen by agent.
A fow words from Divid Cook ol Chicago,
Illinois, who buys old machines and makes
them look like new and wholesales them to
parties who wihes to buy old machines and
impose them on the people. I have on hand
all kinds of sew ing machines, among others I
will sell you the Singer new family box cov
er, drop leal and two drawers, eighty dollars.
Rebuilt for new furniture and all look exactly
the same as new, lor twenty-five dollars, and
others In the same proportion. To the good
people of the Southwest please bear in mind
that a new singer sowing machine cannot be
sold in the Southwest except through or by
me audi have no agent In Wichita.
Wm. aiASON, General Agent.
Office 11 0 aiain Street, few doors north oi
the Occidental. H-3m
At Hess A Getto's you can get tha host; of
Salt dry Peaches,
California Canned Goods,
And all, even the
Best Quality of Tca. 47-tf
Wanted To exchange town lots for a good
work horso r mule. Inquire al the residence
of B. A. Watson, three miles northeast of
Excursions to the Rocky Mountains.
The Atchison, Topeka & santa F railroad
has arranged with the various railroad lines
in tho country for special round trip rates to
the Rocky Mountains, and has sefe-ed the
following rates to Denver, Colorado Tipring",
Canon City, Pueblo and return : From Kan
sas City and Atchison, 15; St. Louis, SjO;
Chicago, ?Co; Quincy, 50; Cincinnati, SCI;
Buffalo, 75, and correspondingly low rates
from all points cast, north and south. These
tickets are good for 90 da)s and to stop at .all
stations west ot tLe Missouri river. Tickets
are on sale at all principal "stations through
out the country. This Is the new route to
Deliver through the girden of Kansas and
Colorado. Send for maps, circulars, time
tables, etc , to J T. Anderson,
19-tf Gen. Pass. Agent. Topeka, Kan.
A few choice violins, violin bows, strings
and instruction books tor sale at Rcimer's
You can make from live to ten dollars a day
clear, traveling with Target Rifle. Send for
price list to Novelty Company, Paola, Kansas.
Wanted. Applicants for $100,000 on
farm mortgages, at low rates aud on short
notice. 19-tQ Emvizrt & HovcY.
Snoop For Sale.
I have 700 sheep for sale, in lots to suit pur
chasers, Il you want good, sound, acclimat
ed sheep come and sec me.
19-tl Pink Fouts.
M.R.Clark, living in Wichita, has 103
acres of land, one three year old colt and one
span of horses to trade for city property.
Stages leavoand arrive daily to and from all
points in the south at the RIchcy House.
Pfgs Fop Sale.
I have now a fewpairof full blooded Poland
China pigs for sale out ot stock imported from
the well known pens of Shepbard Jfc Alexan
der, Charleston, Illinois. Price 12 a piece,
or 20 per pair, delivered at Wichita. Ad
dress "William Jones, Wichita, or Union
township, Sedgwick county, Kansas. 20-0t
Wanted a situation as book-keeper or salesman
in the grocery or dry goeds business by a young
man of experience. Apply to Wright & Shnman
A drug business at Wintield, Kansas. Cap
ital required, ?l,20O or $1,500, hall down, the
remainder at sis months if desired. Good
opening for a competent druggist. Oldest
drug store and best location in town. Pro
fessional duties require tho attention of the
20-3t Dr. aiANSFIELD.
Kor Rent Dwelling honse with four rooms on
Also one room Intended for cigar stand in a
splendid location .
Also one good suit of rooms for any kind of an
oCice. Room large und pleasant. Apply to
Wrisht AShuman. 20-tf
LEAVENWORTH BEER at Short & Jew
ell's for five ceuts per glass. 19-tf
Soaps 52.50 per box ; fiv e bars for 23c ; soft
soap 10c per gallon at the soap factory.
Hot and cold baths 2j cents, opposite the
post office. lS-tl
Shampooing 35 cents opposite P. O. lS-tf
Seines, hoop nets and a variety of other
fishiug tacklo for sale at Clark's fishery.
Pleasuro boats to let at Clark's boat houso,
on Llttlo River. " lS-tf
Look at This 1
Having secured the services of a machincist
of nine years experience in the different sew
ing machine adjusting rooms, I am prepared
to adjust and repair all kinds ol machines and
warrant them. Bring along the worst one
and I will make It run as new.
J. T. Holmim, Agent,
40-tf Weeclcr & Wil-on aiTg. Co.
W. S. Jenkins, late Register U. S. Land Of
fice, Wichita, Kansas, Attorney at Law aud
Solicitor of Claims. Office second door north
or Post Office, Wichita, Kansas. Having re
turned home after an absence of several
months in 'Washington, D. C, in the practice
before tho General Land Office and other de
partments there, I am prepared to prosecute
all claims to lands arising under the pre-emption,
homestead, town-site, fimber-culture and
mining laws. Parties having claims iu con
test before the Local Land Office or the De
partment at Washington, will find it to their
advantage to consult mc, a3 I give special at
tention to that class of business.
Collections made in this and ailjoining coun
ties and monies promptly remitted, 15-tf
Headquarters Star Clothing House, 2d door
south of post post office. 12-U
Wall Paper at Pot Office Buildinj. 8-lt
Ladies, have vour hats re-shaped ln the
latest style at Jlrs. L. JI. Taylor's, down cast
ol the W'ichlta House, Douglas Av enue. 9-tl
Nine Thousand Dollars worth of wall
paper at tho Postoflico Building for sale, lltf
Light-weight sack coats, just the thing for
this warm weather, at tho Star Clothing
LEAVENWOR I'll BEER at Short & Jew
cll'3 for fiv e cents per glass. 19-tf
Legal blanks a specialty at Reimers book
A Card to the Publis.
Having determined to continue In the nur
sery business, we wish to call tho attention
of those planting fruit and ornamental trees
to our mammoth nursery stock, for the fall of
1S77 and spring of 1S7S. We desire to em
ploy only responsible agents, aud eur cus
tomers will confer a lasting favor upon us by
reporting any agent who misrepre-cnts our
Interests or the interests of our cu-tomers in
any particular. Wc are determined lo bring
the tree trade in the west to a higher stand
ard of excellence, that parties oidering trees
may reel confident they aro being dealt with
honorably. All responsible nurseries arc
now selling their trees by subscription. We
are confidont, with our experience in the
nursery business, that trees can be shipped
with safety almost any distance, and that the
advantages in buying froi old and reliable
nurseries arc worthy tho consideration ot the
planter. Parties ordering trees by letter
should address all letters to D. T. Freeman,
Superintendent Ft. Scott Nursery Co., Fort
Scott, Kansas. 1W
Patents on all lands entered priorto April
1st, 1&7G, are now ready at the land office It
would be well for the parties to whom the
patents belong to get them and have them duly
recorded, which may save a long and tedious
litigation at some future time.
Emmert.t Hovey have improved and ua
improved Real L'sUte lor sale cheap and on
easy terni3. Loans a specialty.
State op Kas-sv".
bedcwick Comity. V .
sfotice is hereby piven to all School District
Clerks that our fix rolls arc now ready to receive
the School District levy lor the year 1577, and
that after August 25th our books will be c osed.
und hchonl District taxes cannot be collected
this year unless the tax levies are on Me at that
time. Itcspectfullv, ie.,
nn.-vv County Clerk.
Wichita Mound Nursery.
Halt plthure in informing the vtopltofthit and
lurroundina countitt, that th fruit treit,
ttc, etht abotf Xuricry is note
in tpUr.did condition.
I IV (numerate.
Small Fruits too numerous mention. ill fill
orders this fall for those who prefer full p anting
J. II &TL"i:N':s, Prounelor.
Two and one half mile) ivutheait of if hit" on
he IVlitffld road -tf
Marshall, July 171b, 1377.
Wc, the undersigned l'etitloners, would re
spectfully petition to the Hon. Connty Board of
Commissioners, of Seilgw ick County, Kansas,
thatthey appropriite the sum or eicht hundred
dollars ($ftrtij for the purposeorbiilldiuabridge
orone hundred and seventy-five (ITS) feet across
the North Ninnescah on the Upper Medicine
Lodge trill between Sec 21 and 2d, Town 27,
Kane 4 west, for which your Petitioners will
James Moran. 1 A. Janes.
W. A. Kog-ra and thirty others. 22-3
Xitlce Is hereby given that a petition will be
presented to the board of county commissioners
ot the county of Sedgwick state of Kansas, at
their reRUlar mediae in October, next cnsuiDfr.
atfcing Ton an appropriation of fifty dollar, to aid
In rebuilding a bridge across the Cowsktu creek
on section Fine between sections 20 and 29, In
Del .no township, known ai the McDonald crosa
lue. Estimated cost of said bridge hemr three
hundred dollarj. cost ofrc-building one hundred
dollars . .
A. E. Dodze.
vvm il. King.
1). I). W-lck.
W. B. Drecncn.
T. Willie. 22-3
Chester E. Winy.
H. V. Pipkin.
J VV. Keith.
!. II. 'lymeson
H. W. KENDLE,
Attachment, Parts, Needles Etc
WicniTA, Ks,, Atien3t23. 1377.
There has been a report in circulation that 1 ara
selling old machine. I m ike the iollotring off
er: 1 will give 923 rcwirtl to any one that will
find where 1 have ever sold an old machine for
new, and I will give S2j if I cannot Und where
old machines hive been sold for new by the same
ngcntthatls circulating the report, lam sell
ing all kinds of machines and will warrant them
to be Just what! represent them or money re
funded. I sell no machine for new that bas'been
sold o.ico and taken boct since the decline in
prices. I am dealing in all kinds of machine
and will sell the N. F. falnger.the latest improv
ed, or any other machines notwithstanding what
any agent may say about It, and will sell as
cheap. As I am nowon the war-path I will not
be undersold. Call and see me before buying,
shuttles, Coggs, Check'prlngsand Rubbers kept
on hand for Singer ; also Parts, Needles, oil Ac,
fur other machines.
OITuce South Jfain Street, Wichita, Kans.
Scaled proposals miy be addressed to C.C.
Muninger, Alton P. O., until Sept. 11th, at 2 p.
m., for the purpose of building a school house in
district No. S5, the plans and specifications of
which can be seen at this offlce or with C. C.
Jlnnmgcr. The bourd reserve the right to reject
any or all bids.
lsy order of the board .
i!-i C. C. MUNINGIilt. DIs. Clerk.
1,000.000 OSAGE ORAKGE I'LAN-TS,
io,ooogka.i'i:s or all varietur.
25,000 Al'l'LE T!thE3-STADAi:D
10.000 1'L'ACUT KEEs-IIEST FltUIT.
STEELE & LEVY,
Real Estate and Insurance Agents, Douglas Avenue,
South Side, East of the Eagle Block,
WICHITA, SEDGWICK COUNTY, KANSAS
TILE OLDEST REAL ESTATE AGENCY IN TILE SOUTHWEST !
Agenti for the RED STAR aud AMERICAN Line of Steamships. Tickets sold t lowest rates to and from all points
in EUROPE to and from all points in KANSAS.
J"A faithful adherence to duty in the interest of our patrons involves continual office work and precludes our
"camping at the gate" of every new building to solicit. If yon want insurance that will not fail you in the "trying
hour" favor us with a call. "We represent the following companies :
iETXA, Hartford Connecticut, Assetta
Pikenix of Brooklyn, "
NoitTirCritish &Mcrcautile, G.B. " -Home,
New York, "
Amekican' Central, St. Louis, Mo. " -PnosNix,
Hartford Conn., "
Geumax-Amekicax, New York, " -Insurance
Co. of North Amcr'a "
.Fireman's Fund, SauFrauclsco " -
n :onnei ti sn with tho following list
wo h ivc for sale several tracts of land,
ranging from 1 to 20 acres, adjacent to
the city, suitable for suburban resi
dences, and choice residence lots in all
parts of th- city. Wc also have the ex
clusive agency of several of the best
business let3 in the business center of
tho city. Call at our office for infor
mation as lo price aud location.
o tbose vrlio want to sell lands. Leare your
land witUStoele & Levy. Tney have made
arrangement- to advertize extensively in the
East and expect to make things lively the
coming sprinf ln the way ol ale of land.
HO. 3(M 210 acres; the northeast quarter aud
the north half ofthe southeast quarter
ofscetion i, township 26, ranjre 1 east ;
has2 acres broke, and heilj;e rows
broke: 8 miles north of Wichita.
HO. 461 South hair of the northeast quarter
of section 34, township 27 range least,
containing an.; '.Smiles southeast
ol "Wichita, bottom land. Trice 1500.
J2TStccle a Levy are the exclusive agents
of over 80,000 acres of railroad lands, compris
ing the lands belonging to the A., T. & b.
railroad, in t wi No. 25 .t 2G, ranges J os. 1 and
2 east and 1, 2 and 3 west. These are by far
the Lest railroad land') in the Arkansas valley,
convenient to the city of "Wichita, the largest
and most enterpriiing city vvet of lopeka.
The lands adjoining tho'e of the railroad com
pany arc wen improveu. ioii'""in ""
school di-tricts arc organized, school houses
built, and schools supported in nearly all ot
NO 57! Sec 17, town 21, range i cast In Itut
Ier co. Price, 3.&0, cash, per acre
NO 5S0 Sec 3, town 25, range 4 cat iu Cutler
co. Price, 3.50 per acre, cash
NO 6S1 Sec 22, town 23, range 3 east 111 Cut
ler co. The above section U ail good
and cheap at 3.50 per acre, cash.
NO 582 South half of sec IS, town 28, rang 1
west; 320 acres; 10 acres timbcrl
watered by Dry creek ; 0 milci south
west ol town. I'rice, 1,000
"We have a large number ot pieces oriand1!
in tracts rfiom one to twenty acre, adjoin
ing the city cf Wichita, suitable for suburban
595 Northwest J, section 19, township
;i, rvnijc a cast, u i.uugi ,.".
line, 10 miles east of Wichita.
596 E.'thalfof southeast quarter see
tion 14, township 28, rango lvvcst
80 acres. Price ?400.
599 Northeast quirter of section fl
town 20, rangcl west; 25 acres in
NO. 606 Ni-rtli half of Northwest quarter of
secti iu 12, and south hair of the south
west quarter of sec 1, township 3.i,
ram..' 3 west, adjoining the town ol
Calb veil, in Sumner county. Water
ed bv Pall creet.anda good bargain.
NO. 615 NVrthlnst qr sec 2G, town 20. range
2 ea-1. 12 miles nortbeaU of Wichita
NO 619 Northwest J sec 4 town 27. range 1
cast 21 miles north of Wichita, small
hou-a and 25 acres in cultivation.
NO. 403 10) acres 4 miles SoutheaNt of
Wic aita. lias 15 acres timber, Hv ing
stream of water. 50 acres in culliv a-
tion. Price 82,500.
NO. 516 16 acres, three miles north of city,
has 70 acres in cultivation. All good
first-bottom laud. Trice 2,400.
NO. 534 SO acres in sec 31. t 28 2 cat. two
milt north of EI Paso. Prico ?400.
NO. 643 sn , sec 2, 25, 1 east, well Improv
ed 6 miles cast ot Sedgwick City. Wo
also Uave a number of choice pieces of
lailroad land adjoining and in the vi
cinity of this land. Price of farm
N0.1C45 1C0 acres five miles from Wichita,
splendid farming land, 105 acres in
cultivation. Hedce around farm.
House 12x12, good wellj. fine peach
orchard, land smooth and all tillable.
NO. 646 Another good farm or 1C0 acres and
very cheap. lias hCCacrcs m culti
vation, two-Mory eute 16x30, five
rooms, two good wells, one solt and
tho Cher hard water, 3 miles from
Wichita. Prico 82,800,
NO.;47 160 acres, 12 miles lrom Wichita,
SO acres In cultivation. House 16v20
2,000 forest trees, 10 acres hedged for
pasture, good well thirty feet de e
walled, nearly all inds of s mail e
in abundance,inrhdiugstrawl up,
Price 1.S00. w c Inc ludecrne
acres of wheat.
NO. 649160 acre near Clear Water. Has
50 acres in cultivation, stone bou.e
17x19 with cellar, hedge one year old
around farm, good well of water, and
good orchard of peaches and other
fruit tree. Seventeen miles from
Wichita. Price l.COO.
NO. 650 174 acres 4 miles east of El Paso and
15 miles from Wicnita. Good well of
water; 17 acres in cultivation, well
laying and smooth land. I'rice S00.
NO. 652 1C0 acres SJ miles from Valley Ccn
ter'tation, 40 aercs in cultivation.
Small log house lor 81,250.
NO. 04 1C3 acres with 50 acres In cultiva
tion. House 12x14. 11 mile ot hed'a
gol well. 100 peach trees bearing,
100 .jrapes.gooscbf rry anil other small
fruus, 15 miles from Wichita, i'rict
NO. 656 A well improved farm of IfiO acres,
with 90 acres ln cultivation, house 15
x26 2 story and out-bause, li mile of
hede, good well, also a number of
fruit and forest trees in good condi
tion. 10 miles lrom Wlceita. Price
The counties ofSedirwick, Sumner.
the Mississippi valley. The Arkansas
valley ran jiiiff lrom seven to twelve mile
V.i.naQnli IVqlnnt ntwl VhitanTAfnp v.vtavq klnta i
the countt y with fertile valleys. The soil of the valley and uplands is a rich sandy loam, several feet in depth. Veg
etation ot' all kinds is unsurpassed. Climate temperate, equable and healthy. Thousands of acics of laud ara
open to settlement under the pre-emption
tility in any section of the State, and in no other part can cheap homes he purchased with all the advantages of goo
soil, climate and water. Our people are enterprising, and made up ofthe go-ahead and best classes from the east, and
in point of culture and society, are equal to any of the older communities of other States. The young and grow
ing city of Wichita, now with a population of 4,500 inhabitants, and propcr'v called the Queen City ofthe West, pre
sents almost uncqualed inducements for money investments to all business enterprises, and more especially t(t
STEELE & LEVY,
Real Estate Agents,
WICHITA, SEDGWICK COUNTY, KAKSAft
We are Agents for the Sale of
Osage Trust Lauds,'
JfO. 658 CO acrc. S miles from Scdgvvic
City, good land, 40 acres in culttva
tion.hrdse rows broke, well 22 feet,
good water, some fruit and forest
tree. I'rico 81200. 300 cash and
balance ou 1, 2 and .7 years time at
7 per cent, interest. v"e have rail
road liud adjoining this farm.
NO. 6C0 1G0 acres of 3 miles from Valley
Center. 49 teres in cultivation, small
frame house, 'vatered by branch of
living water. Price SS per acre
NO. C62 ICO acres of good unooth land, 12
miles from Wichita, 40 acres In cul
tivation, hedgen on threo sides of
farm. Price $1,100.
SO. 6C4 a i nwj and e sw, sec 7, 1 29 r 3
east; unimproved. I'rice 84 per
NO. 66S A. good farm of 320 acre forfl.UOO
with some timber. 75 acres in culti
vation. Hedge rows broke living wa
ter on the farm 1, miles ol Clear
Water. AU good farm land.
NO. 6C0 se I sec 10, town 30, range 2 wcit.
unimproved, nuoote farming laud,
sloping to the south. Price COO.
NO. 672 seqr 14, 20 2 west. 1 1 acres in cul
tivation. Good I'ind. Price 1,000.
NO. 07G tie qr of of 7, 20, 1 wet good farm
land unimproved pricu SOU.
NO. 677 nc 24. 29 2 east about 6 miles from
1 Paso, good land, some improve
ments, Prce S00.
NO. 679 1C0 12 miles northwe-tt of Wichita
the ne qr sec 17, t26 r 1 west, some
breaking. Cheap at 850.
700 nw qr sec 27, 1 21 3 west good farm
land. Price 550.
NO. 701-C0 acres 2 miles south of Wichita,
41) acres in cultivation, good hedge
watered by the Chiiholm creek. Price
NO. 704 A farm that Is a farm. 320 acres 4
miles frem Elpaso. l'O acres In cul
tivation, 70 acres tn wheat and look
ing well. 2 dwellings one 14x24 plas
tered, the 12x24 unfinished. Entire
farm hedged and cross hedged, two
and three years old. AIo good cor
ral ol 16 acres fenced with post and
board fence. A No 500 4 and 5 year old
fruit trees bearing, 1,500 one year old,
1500 lorest trees, watered by Doc
creek and good wells- Price S3.0OO,
15C0 hundred of which can run Tor
NO. 705320 acre 7J miles sw of Wichita, 15
acres of timber, and watered by the
Cowskin. This Is a good stock or
agricultural farm. Price 10,25 per
NO. 706 1C0 7 miles cast of twn, 75 acres in
cultivation, house 14x23, stable 10x16
watered by springs, 10O forest trees.
Price 1500 of vvhUh 420 may be Lad
on 2 years lime.
NO. 707 ISO acres 4 miles from Wichita, 75
acres in cultivation, watered by
stream of living water, 1$ mile of
timber along the creek making good
stock shelter, part bottom and part
upland. Price 15,00 per acre.
NO. 708320 acre. 5 miles from Wiehltv 100
acrcf in cuItivation,smaII Irame houxe
good well, one qr watered by stream
or living water, 50 acres in wheat.
Price 3600 with two-ilfthes ot the
NO. 709320 acres of good smooth firm hnd
6J mile from Wichita, unimproved.
Price 7,25 per acre.
NO. 710 1C0 acres t miles from Wichita 2nd
bottom, all good farm land, 40 acres in
cultivation. Price 8 per acre.
NO. 711 A splendid rarra one mite from city,
nearly all ln cultivation, well watered,
fair buildings,can be bad at a bargain,
for 'particulars and price call ou
Steele .t Levy,
N()..712-ne, 29, 30, 1 w. 25 acre in cultiva
tion, good well, 60 peach trees, school
bouse near se corner. All good Tarm
land. Price 1,000
NO. 713320 acres, 3 miles east of EI Paao.
All good farm land, 30 acres In culti
vation, house 12x14, good well. Prleo
NO. 714 sw 23. 2S, 2,'c, ten acres in cultiva
tion. Prico 850
NO. 716 320 acr-.-son Cowskin, 7 milei from
Wiehita, nicely watered and wall
timbered, will make a good stock or
agricultural farm. Call on Steele &
Levy for price, will bo sold cheap.
NO. 717 160 acres of nice, smooth, rich farm
land in a well improved section of the
country, ten miles from Wichita.
I'rice 1,000, one-third cash and balenco
nn long time at 10 per cent, interest.
NO. 71S-se32, 29, 2 w. 20 acres in cultiva
tion, cheap at CO0.
NO. 719 sw 26, 25. 4 w. 35 acres in cultiva
tion, good farm land. Price 600.
XO. "il ICO acres two and a half miles from
Augusta, 17 niilrseast or Wichita, haa SJ
acres in cultivation, 10 arres timber, wa
tered by stheam of living water, honu
ICxit one aud a httf stories, stable Mill,
150 grapes 3 year aid, peach orchard
bearing, good corral. Price S.'.IOO.
NO. 72310 acres one and a half miles from town
all In good cullivatIon,hedge on ou aids.
NO. 714 ICO acres. 15 miles west or Wichita, all
good farm land, 40 acres in cultivation,
house 14x20, good well of water 14 feet
deep, with nine fet of water, school
house on the place. Price 91,300, half
cash and balccce on time to sui t purcbar.
NO. 726 SirS.S, 2 west and ne 2C, 27,
for91,7W, or either farm fors).
NO. 727 240 acres 22 miles sonthwestof Wichita,
four miles from Gooil ltler P. O..1J0
acres in culivatiun, all good farm land.
Price I, COO. .
NO. 72S-Ne2G, 29, Seatt. unimproved, Price 00.
HO. 7J0 lCJ acres in Lincoln township, has 43
acres la cultivation, hedged on two sides,
watered by prairie branch, 400 fruit tract
ofdiffsrujt varieties, 14 miles lrom Wichi
NO. 711 Also 30 acres In Lincoln township, 63
acres In cultivation, dwelling 16x20 with
cellar, kitchen ttxli. plastered, hedge ou
3 aides, good well. 400 peach trees bear
ing. ISO forrest and caerry trees. Price
l,0uO, 4Wof which can be Ladonlyaara
Cowlcv and Butler comprise an area
river ruus diagonally through the counties
in width. Other streams of less
1,M Un,.i,. Cm......
laws for the sale ofthe Osasre Indian
NO. TJi-lSOacre 11 miles southwest of ITIehiU
MxW, good well ofwatir and all rood
SSrU VSoId??n can be had fjrSl 0MJ,
half csjli and bslence on tunr, '
NO. 7SJ liO acres 3( miles northwutof Kl Paso
coodland. Price fSperacrc. '
NO. 734 1C0 acres nine mile lonth of W coJU
li. acres in timber, U4a.;rea in cultivI
k?t'l,.,.?0i"'tw roon"' luu "'" hl
in,'. P1"1-; ;orn crib and oihar out
teYt. r"" "m " 1Jp" n-
N0.7AV-2Waprof?0od land. Z2 m,0nth
writ or lehitK. 52 &! tn ..(.
watered by . .treTm of llnB w. e r, all
good agricultural Und 1'rlc. w loo
cnjih nnil Info,,.- ' V -. -
Interest. " "" "" a8"'
VV lchita, unimproTed. Price ;w.
XO. JM-Nwijnarterece. 11, 2J, 1 west,
proved but a bargain t w.
KO.7J0-outh.'of nwM, and south o.ao
?? wc.5t :0acr broke on fatter PrEa
NO. 740-'!outheat sec. 7. 2S. 2 eoit, Onimprov.!
and very cheap at ;w. '
NO. 712 1G0 acres 13 milest or Wljhlta. r retr
root good smooth farm land, slopes to the
southeast. Prlca two.
T.i I P in,li4 MCllon t"03"-). all HH
able land 14 miles west. Can be had ata
reasonable price by calling on SUela A
744-320 acre 12 miles west, good r-m land
unimproved, i'rice 9UJ.W:
713 XortheistT, 2S. 3 west, all i-.,., ?..i
20 acres in culiiratian. Price :ep.
NO. 74&-1CO acres 8 miles southwest on the Cow
skin, six acres Umber, mostly walnut. 70
acres under cultivation, IK story frlma
house 11x20, good well of water, a "hie!
corn crib and other outbuildings, loo frni:
'?" ",mT Coring, watered by tli i
skin. Price $3,000, u"
NO. 74U ICO acres 15 miles w st ror X.
NO.743-SeMl,23,4west,30 acre, under enf
tivation. good .table 14-30. all good whaat
orcornlaad. Price 97oO. uvv"'a"
cultivation, good stream ntllylax water.
Price, rorarewdays, tliOO.
NO 731-320 acres 7 mile, west of town. 34
acres under cultivation. Prica tl.VJo!
NO. 732-1C0 acres 1 mile sonth of Valltr canter
well timbered, so acres undereultiTat'on
good bam, corn-enbn, granerr, small
house watered by the little AraaV.a.TiT-er-
Price J2.2J0, Ifsold soou.
NO. 755-160 acres, 13 miles ne, 33 acres nne'er
wa'tVr""?." "0l" 1-;-"' E3 '-
(J leach orchard bearing Prica
NO. 75J-240 1 acres four miles tastor Valley Cen
ter station, all good rann land, W acrts In
Price"""""'11 "0U'C' l "Si!
NO. 733 1C0 acres nine rullo northe-ut or Wich
ita, unimproved. Price 9050.
NO. e31$.W. 3 west, improved good Hnd.
N0.757-Se2I,23,2cast. Pries 9700.
NO. 71S-32J acres 11 miles southwest or Wichita
all smooth land, 33 acres old brcaklna!
N0.733-Sw32,2S, 2 west, unimproved, ha
stream ofhving water. Price 9u0.
NO. 700-340 acres 2.'.' miles from Wichita, all
good bottom land, 170 acres under culti
vation, fairhouse, plenty or itrane. her.
nes anu other frail Tin..
ciierry trees bearing, loo apple tree. 4
years old, a splended farm for .Vgrlcul
He0' ilOCk- .,y,,eJ hy the Arkanaaa
Fil Spme timber. For price and
terms call on Steele A Levy
NO. 701 Se
, 20, 1 east Unimproved. Trice
NO. 762-1) cre in Sumner Co. all good land,
sw ,, ,, le. I'rice 5fifl.
NO. 763 VV ;. ne and ej;, nw 10, 37. lw lu
mHes nw of town. Unimproved. PrioS
NO. 7CS--1C0 acres w ithtW acres under culllTatlon
10 1 acres timber. Well watered by tha
Llttie Arkansas Elver. Fair dwelling,
stable and some cribs. y. miles rro,u
1 -all road station. Very cheap at 92,100.
X? V.7?1-,130 a"? 8 mlIc5 aor,h of Wichita near
S..iF?wk,n cr,tek- 33 acres In corn. Price 7W
with 13 acres or corn.
NO. 767 ICO acres near Clear Water, and Watered
by the -enneecah river. 40 acres In cul-
i'Sk0"- ,. 1?-,"x-i0 ""e with shad
kitchen, hedge on one side, small or
chard, 100 aares good bottom land. Ona
mile from Good river 1". O: Price 9350. J
NO. 76S-1C0 acres 1); miles rromK. R. station.
.3 acres under cultivation- 40 acres
tirnuer. Watered by the Little Arkansas
J;lT.- ?," n ,1JX. fn kitchen
1SX20, all painted. Good agricultural
or stock fann . Price 92,000
NO. 7D-Ne 30. 2S, 3 east, improved, all good
farm land, 15 miles southeast or Wichita.
NO. 770 1C0 acre in sec. S, 20, 1 east, nine mile
south of Wichita. About 10 acres or tim
ber. So acres under cultivation, small lor
house, watered by the Cowskin, handy ta
jiostoCIce and school hoina. All od
bottom land. Price Tor a short time 1,109
NO. 771--150 acres near El Taso. 120 acres nndar
cultivation, good dwelling 16x24 with
kitchen ell 14x16, good well or water, S9
apple and 130 bearing peach trees, 300
peach seedlings will be sold cheap. In
quire of Ste-le A Lew
NO. 772--320 acres. A line Block or agricultural
rami with ICSaeres under cultivation, t
acres or good timber, watered by tha
finest stream in the west. Two good
dwelling bouaea.handy to railroad station
and in a goud neighborhood. Prlea 4,000.
Now Torma of Salo of R. R. Lands,
The lollowing new term or sale for Hallroad
LauJ will be iu rorce from and atlsr July 2d, '77.
No.l. Sameas heretofore In use.
No. 2 Old terms No. 2 Is dlscontlnned and tha
new terms will bo ou 6 years time, with H
or principal and 7 per cent. Interest paid
at time of purchase. The2nd pavment will
l only Interest at 7 pee cent. ''IbtreafUr
or the principal and 7 per cant. in-,
terest on the remainder will be paid annual
ly. On this terms ofsile we dltconnt 29
percent, from the appraised price.
NO. Tha same as heretofore la nse only will
discount 50 per cent, from tha appraised
4 Cash sales for which we discount 33 K nor
MONEY TO LOAN
On five years time, at 10 per cant, interest.
of the best aarrinnltiiral l.anl teoaint
named, formine' of itsMf ah i-tIphs!
mairnitudc, such as the Little Arkansjf,
nLl.L.l 1 t l." l. .1;
lands, which arc unsurpassed in fer
xml | txt | 62,086 | 1,595 |
107,340 | US 7695423 B2
A system for automatically collecting and separating whole blood into its components is described. The system includes a console, which contains all motors, pumps, sensors, valves and control circuitry, and a unique disposable set that includes a cassette supporting a centrifuge with an improved design, pump interfaces with an improved design, component and solution bags, and tubing. Various processes are implemented using a specific disposable set for each process which allows automatic identification of the process to be performed the console.
1. A centrifuge for use in the continuous separation of blood into components comprising:
a disk structure rotatably mounted within the housing;
said disk structure forming a separation channel comprising an inner wall and an outer wall; a first input port adapted for introducing whole blood into the separation channel; a first output port adapted for removing concentrated red blood cells from the separation channel; and a second output port adapted for removing plasma from the separation channel; said separation channel substantially defining a circle having a centerpoint and a circumference;
wherein said disk structure is adapted for mechanical connection to a motor for rotating the disk structure about a central axis such that the circle defined by the separation channel is perpendicular to the central axis and the centerpoint is substantially aligned with the central axis,
the separation channel has a first portion where the outer wall is at or near its maximum distance from the central axis and the first output port is positioned in the first portion of the separation channel, and the separation channel has a second portion where the inner wall is at or near its minimum distance from the central axis and the second output port is positioned in the second portion of the separation channel,
and the separation channel has a first defined depth in the first portion near the outer wall, and a second defined depth in the second portion near the inner wall, and the second defined depth is less than the first defined death.
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23. The centrifuge of
24. The centrifuge of
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/891,343 filed Jul. 24, 2004, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,205, entitled Integrated Automatic Blood Collection and Processing Unit, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/179,920 filed Jun. 24, 2002, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,890,291, entitled Integrated Automatic Blood Collection and Processing Unit, which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/300,873 filed Jun. 25, 2001, entitled Automated Whole Blood Collection and Separation System, and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/374,141, filed Apr. 19, 2002, entitled Integrated Blood Collection and Processing Unit.
This invention relates generally to devices and methods for the automated collection of blood and separation of blood into its component parts.
There are two basic methods currently used for blood collection and separation of blood into its component parts: a manual method and apheresis.
The current method of collecting and processing whole blood into its components (red cells, plasma, platelets) takes 75 to 90 minutes per unit. The process begins with the manual whole blood collection from a donor, which takes about 12 to 15 minutes. Then the unit of whole blood and test samples are transported to a fixed blood components laboratory where the whole blood is tested, centrifuged, expressed, labeled, leukoreduced, and placed into inventory. Further centrifugation and handling are required to produce platelets.
In the United States, collection of certain components are more frequently performed using apheresis. Apheresis is an automated process in which the donor blood is collected and stripped of a desired component. The remainder is then returned to the donor. For example, plateletpheresis is the automated removal of platelets from the body through the withdrawal of blood, its separation into red blood cells, plasma, and platelets, and the re-infusion of the red blood cells and plasma back into the body.
In general, manual methods of collection and separation of blood are less efficient than automated methods such as aphaeresis. For example, with the manual method of platelet collection six collections are required to produce a therapeutic dose.
Additionally, the regulatory climate and issues affecting the donor population would also appear to favor an alternative approaches to the current blood collection procedures including the standard manual collection and separation process.
Blood products are biological products, and blood centers must therefore operate under the United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulations and established practices. Operating in compliance with regulations and practices when utilizing manual collection and processing procedures imposes an enormous quality assurance burden, under which more than one-half of blood centers in the United States still fail to operate.
Moreover, new regulations are being proposed. For example, leukocytes have been identified to cause negative physiological reactions in a small percentage of blood transfusion recipients. As a result, the FDA's Blood Products Advisory Committee has formally recommended that the FDA mandate leukocyte reduction and nations around the world, including Canada and the United Kingdom, have adopted leukocyte filtering. Leukocytes are currently removed from red cells and platelets by manual filtration processes which are time consuming and labor intensive.
The donor population in the United States and elsewhere is expected to decline by approximately 8% from its level in 2002. The decline is anticipated for a variety of reasons, including more stringent donor screening to prevent contamination of the blood supply by various diseases. Some entities have proposed the collection of two red cell units during one donor session as a partial solution to supply problems. One study has suggested that the adoption of double red cell collection could reduce the required donor pool by 6% and continue to meet existing blood supply requirements from a smaller donor pool. However, many blood banks currently do not have the capacity to perform double red cell collection.
Although, clearly, manual processes for blood collection and separation have some serious disadvantages, they are generally far less expensive than the automated alternatives, such as aphaeresis, as they do not require specialized staff, expensive equipment and disposables. Additionally, the cumbersome apheresis equipment does not lend itself to use at mobile collection sites, where the majority of blood donations are collected. In part for these reasons, although apheresis is used extensively for certain procedures, such as platelet collection where up to sixty-five percent of platelets collected in the United States are collected using plateletpheresis, apheresis has not achieved high penetration or displaced the current manual processes for blood collection and separation. Similarly, double unit collection has not been implemented in part because current procedures for double unit collection are expensive and relatively complex. Finally, for some procedures, such as leukocyte filtering, there are few, if any, alternatives to a time consuming and expensive manual process.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an apparatus and system for blood collection that reduces direct collection and processing costs. It is a further object of this invention to automate and standardize collection and processing procedures, and to automate data collection to minimize errors. It is a further object of this invention to have an automated system of blood collection that has the capacity to perform multiple collection processes including the collection of both single and double units of red blood cells. It is a further object of this invention to provide a system that can perform all processes at remote sites on mobile blood drives as well as at fixed, blood center sites. And, it is an object of this invention to simultaneously collect, process, and leukofilter blood.
The present invention comprises a console or electromechanical instrument that may be used to perform several different blood collection and separation processes. The console is a small, compact apparatus that has the various actuation pumps and valves and sensing pressure transducers, ultrasonic detectors, and other devices needed to implement the process using a closed, sterile disposable set. The invention further comprises a different disposable set for each process that is specifically designed to implement that process and to contain all associated blood and fluids. As many functions and devices as possible are placed in the console, allowing simplification and reduction in size of the disposable set.
The disposable system includes a cassette to integrate, locate, and support all disposable set components that interact with the console actuation and sensing components. The disposable set components interact automatically with their interactive console components without significant influence by or dependence on the user.
The console uses micro-processor based electronics and software to select and control a variety of different processes. The console identifies the cassette installed in it by reading a bar code on the cassette. The microprocessor then initiates the process appropriate for that cassette, with user verification. Automated data collection by the console plus bar code scanning by the user eliminates manual entries and allows error-free data to be provided to a blood center computer.
In addition to identifying the process to be implemented by the console, the bar code also identifies the cassette lot number and expiration date, along with other cassette information. It provides calibration values for the pumps and other devices in the console. Since pump tubing inside diameter is variable, a calibration based on the tubing diameter for each pump tube in each cassette improves pump flow accuracy. These calibrations ensure maximum accuracy of actuators and sensors.
Other features of the invention include a low-cost manifold as part of the disposable set that contains the actuation and sensing components, and a simple, low-cost, continuous-flow centrifuge assembly with unique features that increase its efficiency.
With reference to
With reference to
Placement of the roller pump and drive mechanisms on the door with valves and sensors in the console body may allow for a more compact cassette design as the roller pump and drive mechanisms do not compete for space on the console front panel with the valves, sensors and other elements. However, as alternatives to the design shown and described, the roller pumps and drive mechanisms may be placed in the console on the front panel 120, and/or the valves 210 and pressure transducers 190 and/or other components may be placed on the interior of the door, with appropriate modifications to the design of the disposable set.
Each valve actuator 210, shown in detail in
With reference to
The console front panel also includes ultrasonic sensors with interfacing fingers mounted in the door. The operation of these devices is described below in connection with the cassette.
With reference to
Each rotor has six to eight rollers 410 equally spaced on its periphery. The small spacing between rollers 410 and the relatively large rotor diameter allow a short track length and short tubing segment on the disposable. This tubing segment is deformed into a short, shallow arc by the rotor and track. As the rotor turns during operation of the system, the rollers 410 force the movement of any liquid, blood, for example, contained in the tubing. Short pump tube segments are desirable in order to minimize overall manifold 510 and cassette size and cost. Additionally, the combination of features allows for a cassette design that automatically places the appropriate pump tube segments in operable connection with the correct pumps and tracks when the cassette is mounted on the front panel and the door is close, thus eliminating the need for an operator to make such connections and the potential for error.
With reference to
With reference to
A user interface 250 is located on the outside of the top of the console 100. Preferably, the interface provides sealed push-button or diaphragm switch controls for implementing user control of the specific functions of the processes implemented by the console 100 to a limited and well-defined extent. The user interface 250 includes a display 260, which may be an alphanumeric illuminated monitor, for displaying the state of the process, for display and selection or process parameters, and for warnings or alarm conditions. The interface may include a donor line pressure indicator 270.
A bar code reader 275 may be provided in order to take bar code data such as identifiers, lot numbers and expiration dates from bags, the user, the donor, and other sources. The console 100 provides date, time, and process and blood product information. All process and system data, process parameters, warnings, failures and a process validation may thus be automatically provided to a central blood bank computer.
All processes within the system are controlled by electronic controls (not shown) contained within the console 100 in a conventional manner utilizing a microprocessor-based controller with a watchdog microprocessor, or dual microprocessors, that meet medical device electronic system requirements. Electronic PC boards or similar structures, shown for example, at 340, provide electronic interfaces to various motors, actuators, transducers, and sensors. Although not shown, it will be understood that all operations of components are controlled and/or monitored by the microprocessor or other controller utilizing standard techniques known in the art, in response to inputs from the sensors, such as the pressure transducers, and to set process procedures programmed into software, stored in a ROM or other storage device, which is used to implement the process identified using a bar code 276 or other identifier on the cassette 490 that may be read by the bar code reader 275 or the like mounted in the console. It will be understood that all components will be electronically coupled to such controller via control circuits such as the transducer printed circuit board. Control software to control the microprocessor may be written in C+ and should follow FDA and ISO guidelines for medical device software. As an alternative to a microprocessor and control software instructions, a state machine, which could be implemented using a FPGA, could be used.
The disposable sets 480 for processes implemented by the system have several components as well as the overall design approach in common. This overall design is shown in
The disposable set 480 also includes various components 570 attached that are attached to the manifold 510 by tubing 550. These components 570 may include one or more solution bags 655, such as a red cell storage solution bag 650; anticoagulant bag 740; blood product bags 635, such as a plasma bag 630 and/or red blood cell bag or bags 640; bacterial filters 600; leukofilters 610; and a donor blood collection tube 620 with access needle 660.
The cassette 490 may be mounted on the vertical front panel 120 of the console, as shown in
The cassette 490 is hung vertically on the console front panel 120 to allow easy, direct, close visual observation of mounting of cassette 490 to the console 100. Vertically mounted cassettes are also easier to insert into the console 100 than horizontally mounted cassettes. Vertical mounting also allows for a vertical door design that does not require lifting the entire weight of the door as with a horizontal door and a vertical front panel 120, which is more easily cleaned than a horizontal front panel. Additionally, substantial vertical positioning of the cassette allows gravity to aid in separating air from liquid in the disposable set 480 components 570; air removal, including air removal during the initial priming or filling of the centrifuge (usually including a slow rotation or clocking of the rotor) is easier since the centrifuge can be positioned to allow air to move upward along vertical fluid pathways. Furthermore, as an important safety feature, fluid leaks are seen more easily and quickly when they occur since the fluid is not contained on a horizontal surface but flows downwards along vertical surfaces for collection at the bottom of the cassette 490. Finally, the vertical mounted cassette 490 allows for a substantially horizontal rotor on the centrifuge drive which permits fluids to drain from and not accumulate in the drive and allows air to be more easily removed.
The manifold 510, which may be bonded or ultrasonically-welded to the cassette frame 500, is shown in more detail in
The manifold 510 includes molded-in fluid pathways 760 and may include interfaces for valves and sensors. Four roller pump tubes 690, for anticoagulant 710, whole blood 720, red blood cells 700 and storage solution 730, are connected to various fluid pathways 760, and are further described below. The fluid pathways 760 end in tubing receptacles 934-939 and 941-950 for receiving tubing 550 that attaches selected components 570 appropriate for the process the cassette 490 is intended to perform. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a primary feature of the system is flexibility, in that it may perform different process by utilizing different cassettes and software. For this reason, not all of the fluid pathways and/or roller pump tubes would be used in every process, and, depending on the process, some could be selectively eliminated without affecting the performance of the cassette. Furthermore, the exact position of the various tubing, valves and pressure sensors could be altered, providing the associated elements of the console 100 were modified accordingly, without affecting the basic concepts of the manifold design. For ease of explanation of the structure of the manifold 510, however, the figures include fluid pathways and tubing that would not be used in all processes. Additionally, including all possible fluid pathways and tubing for multiple processes could assist in the manufacturing process by allowing for a consistent basic manifold structure that could be used with more than one process. Ideally, a single manifold structure could be used with all processes.
As shown in
The operation of the valve components 520 will now be described. When the cassette 490 is mounted on the front panel 120, the valve diaphragms 530 are each located opposite the valve actuators 210, shown as solenoids with plungers 290, secured to the front panel 120. The elastomeric valve diaphragm 530 is in a normally open position when not deformed by the plunger 290, and resists deformation by the plunger 290 to close the valve. The valve diaphragm 530 also resists negative pressures and does not close when exposed to such pressures within the fluid path. When the console door is closed, the cassette 490 is moved by the door up against the console front panel 120 and the spring-loaded plunger 290 is thereby forced against the diaphragm 530. The valve diaphragms 530 are deformed by the spring-loaded plungers 290 on the console 100 to contact and occlude a tubular port 810 molded into the mid-body 780 and thereby close a fluid pathway. The tubular port 810 has a raised annulus 820 around it against which the plunger 290 pushes, creating a seal and closing the port and fluid flow path. When the solenoid is energized, the plunger 290 pulls away from the manifold 510, allowing the diaphragm 530 to pull away from the port due to its elastomeric bias, and the fluid path is open. With reference to
The sensor components 546 will now be described in more detail. The design of the positive pressure components which are integrated and molded into the cassette 490 is shown in
One possible design of the negative pressure component is shown in
An alternative negative pressure design is shown in
With reference to
With reference to
The track may be spring-loaded 180 against the rollers 410 to ensure adequate occlusion but avoid excessive force. The track 170 is pivoted on a track pivot pin 175 parallel to the console front panel 120 at some distance from the center of the track 170. The track is provided with a stop 177 that limits its motion in the direction of the spring force, which is biased towards the rotors 350. The control of spring force and tubing compression by pump rollers 410 to the lowest level necessary to ensure occlusion minimizes hemolysis in this pump design. The roller pump tube segment inside diameter is selected for the flow rates of fluid desired, the degree of “pulsatility” of the fluid that can be allowed, and the speed range capability of the pump rotors 350. This inside diameter is controlled precisely, with tolerances preferably of less than plus or minus 3 mils, in order to achieve accurate flow control in operation as the rotors 350 force the rollers 410 over the roller tubing segments to pump the various liquids through the system.
The manifold 510 also supports tubing 550 that is routed from the manifold 510 to bags and/or other components 570. The tubing 550 acts as the path for fluids moving to and from these components 570. This tubing 550 is bonded to or captured onto the frame at the tubing receptacles as shown in
With reference to
With reference to
Continuous Flow Centrifuge
The CFC 515 is “flexibly” supported on the cassette frame 500 such that it is easily inserted into a centrifuge drive cup 220, 1762 during cassette installation. This “flexible” support structure is decoupled from the disk 930 when the door is closed, permitting the CFC disk 930 to rotate freely. The attachment of the CFC disk 930 to the cassette frame 500 is shown in
Two possible approaches to the design of the CFC 515 are described below. In the first approach with reference to
The CFC disk 930 is supported on the cassette 490 but must be free to rotate after the cassette 490 is in place, mounted to the console body 110 front panel 120, with the console door closed. The console door closure is used to disengage the CFC disk 930 from the cassette 490 such that the disk 930 can rotate freely and is positioned and supported correctly and safely within the centrifuge drive cup 220.
To accomplish this, the housing 1430 includes an engagement lip around the opening. The spring-loading element 1410 in the housing 1430 forces the engagement lip 1440 against the housing mounting ring 1450. The centrifuge assembly of
The CFC disk 930 is preferably keyed in angular location to the cassette 490 when the centrifuge is not mounted in the console. This may be accomplished using a tongue in groove that is disengaged when the rotor is pushed toward the front panel 120 by the door, or alternatively, as shown in
Other variations are possible. For example, a stationary sleeve could be attached to a flexing annular part that attaches to the stationary face seal or the distributor 1530. The stationary sleeve could have an annular lip extending radially inward that engages an annular lip on a sleeve that rotates with and is attached to the rotor. The flexing annular part provides sufficient elastic force to make the gap zero between these engaged lips and provides a force that keeps the seal faces firmly pressed together. A projection on the sleeve engages a slot or hole on the stationary sleeve to maintain angular orientation between the rotor, stationary seal, and the cassette. The stationary seal and its distributor are attached to the cassette by a cassette structure that provides angular alignment of the stationary seal.
With reference to
The face seal assembly comprises a rotating ceramic (aluminum oxide) face seal and a stationary face seal 1490. The stationary face seal 1490 may be made of carbon (carbon-graphite) or of ceramic. Although carbon has better lubricating capacities and is preferred for that reason, the use of this material may produce an unacceptable amount of particulates. Further, ceramic wears better and may more easily be manufactured to the appropriate “flatness”. As noted above, the spring-loading element 1410 provides sufficient force at all times that keep the rotating and stationary seal faces 1480, 1490 in contact with each other. The face seal components each have a central hole 1610 and two or three annular channels 1445 with access holes 1620, 1621 to provide three or fluid paths. The rotating face seal 1480 is adhesive-bonded 1481 to the molded plastic centrifuge disk cap 1500. The disk cap 1500 provides fluid channel access to the ceramic fluid path holes. The annular channels 1445 in the rotating face seal 1480 collect flow from localized holes 1620 in the stationary face seal 1490. The mating surfaces of the face seals are made extremely flat, to less than 3 helium wavelengths. This ensures sealing of all of the flat lands between the grooves. The outer face seal land 1550 provides sealing to plasma 1030 which flows through the outermost annular channel 1570. This is the only seal to the outside or to ambient air and is the only face seal that could allow bacterial contamination of the blood from ambient air. Therefore, this outer face seal must not leak. The plasma 1030 in this outer channel is kept at a slight positive pressure, and is dependent only on the plasma bag height. Plasma is generally not pumped through the seal, so that plasma pressures cannot be negative or significantly positive which might cause the seal to be compromised. The whole blood 1031 inlet pressure is measured with a sensor (not shown) in the cassette 490. This pressure is limited to a maximum of 5 psig to avoid opening the seal. These are operating characteristics accepted by the FDA to ensure sterile operation and be considered as functionally closed and sterile. However, the internal face seals can leak slightly without compromising blood component quality or sterility.
A plastic molded distributor 1530 is adhesive-bonded 1491 to the stationary face seal part 1490. Flexible tubes 550 attach to the fluid ducts of this distributor 1530 and connect to the manifold 510 thus connecting stationary face seal 1490 and its fluid pathways 750 to the stationary disposable components 570 that are part of the disposable cassette 490.
This face seal assembly is made from materials used in similar blood applications and with similar dimensions and compressive forces. This is done to ensure proper function and also to more easily obtain FDA approvals, but other designs and modifications may be possible.
An alternative face seal design is shown in
The skip rope, also known as the umbilical, jump-rope or seal-less, approach, is the alternative to the face seal. Various apheresis systems currently use the skip-rope approach. This approach is shown conceptually in
As with the face seal embodiment, there is inlet for whole blood into the CFC disk 930, outlets for concentrated red blood cells and plasma out of the CFC disk 930, along with inlet to provide red blood cells storage solution or other inputs. The umbilical 1670 may use low-cost extruded pvc tubing. In the design shown, two tubes have an inside diameter of about 0.060 to 0.012 inch for input of whole blood and outlet of concentrated red cells. One to three tubes have an inside diameter of about 0.030 to 0.060 inch for plasma out, possible plasma purge out, and possible storage solution into the disk 930. Thin walls of 0.015 to 0.03 inch may be used depending on the manufacturer and materials. The tubes are twisted together and may be adhesive or solvent bonded together.
A mechanism is necessary to provide the speed control, speed ratio, and the mechanical support for the umbilical 1670 and CFC disk 930. A major advantage of this approach is that there is no sealing interface with a potential to leak. The umbilical provides a completely closed and, once sterilized, sterile disposable set. This eliminates the possible risks of face seal leakage, particulates entering the blood from the seal, shear at the seal face, elevating face seal temperatures, and possible blood damage. The umbilical, because of its bending, twisting, and untwisting during use, possibly can heat up with time and result in blood damage. However, the short expected operating time of under 30 minutes with a maximum of 5000 RPM and good design are expected to avoid excessive heating. Obviously, the use of different materials may allow for longer operating time or faster operation without affecting the basic concepts of the invention.
Using the umbilical, the maximum donor blood flow is about 75 mL/min and the maximum inlet blood flow to the centrifuge disk 930 through the umbilical after anticoagulant addition is about 75 mL/min at a maximum hematocrit of about 50%. The maximum plasma flow is about 60 mL/min. The maximum packed red blood cell flow is about 42 mL/min at a hematocrit of about 90% (or 63 mL/min at a hematocrit of 60%, after storage solution addition).
The centrifuge drive mechanism, shown in
The disk 930 is supported on the 1-omega apparatus by a bearing assembly 1720 that is part of the disposable disk 930. The disk 930 is mounted or coupled to the cassette 490 in its sterile package before installation of the cassette 490 in the console 100. This simplifies cassette and disk mounting by making these two parts a single assembly mounted in one simple operation. When the cassette 490 is placed on the console front panel 120 and the door is closed, roller actuators 1731 in the door engages levers or locks 1730, biased by elastomeric element 1732, that de-mount the CFC disk 930 and allow it to rotate freely. When the door is opened, the coupling between disk and cassette 490 recurs. This makes removal a single, simple operation by handling only the cassette 490 with the disk attached to it.
Two pinion gears 1750 mounted on support bearings 1771 in the 1-omega mechanism engage an internal gear 1740 on the CFC disk 930 and drive it at 2-omega. These gears are mounted on two short shafts 1769 that are secured at 180 degrees apart to the umbilical drive cup 1761. This cup 1761 is driven at 1-omega by the internal shaft of dual concentric drive shafts 1760.
The dual concentric drive shafts 1760 have attached pulleys that are belt driven from two pulleys 1766, 1767 mounted on an electric motor shaft. The internal shaft of the two concentric drive shafts 1760 drives the umbilical drive cup 1761, which couples with and drives the umbilical at 1-omega.
The external tubular concentric shaft has two pulleys mounted to it that belt drivel 768 the two short shafts 1769 secured to the umbilical drive cup 1761. These shafts are secured but rotate freely in bearing assemblies 1771 that are part of or attached to the umbilical drive cup. These shafts have pinion gears 1750 that engage an internal ring gear 1740 that is part of the CFC disk 930. One such shaft and gear is adequate to directly drive the CFC disk 930, but two at 180 degrees apart are used for balance and safety via redundancy.
The concentric drive shafts rotate within a bearing block 1797 that is mounted to stationary hollow cylinder 1798 with one flat end. This cylinder 1798 is attached to the console front plate 120 and supports thereby the entire mechanism.
As another alternative, shown conceptually in
To reduce noise, gears and support bearings may be plastic or elastomeric.
The operation of the CFC 515 in separating blood will now be described.
The compact, disposable CFC disk 930 is designed to provide whole blood separation into red cell, plasma, and buffy coat components within an annular separation channel 990 and to remove these components from the channel and disk, meeting the various requirements for flow rate, hematocrit, blood component damage, and the contamination of plasma by cells. A conceptual design of the CFC disk 930 is shown in
In operation, as the first part of the donation process, the separation channel of the CFC disk 930 is primed. The CFC disk 930 has an annular separation channel 990 that has a volume of around 60 to 90 mL. This volume is initially filled with sterile air. The donor's whole blood is allowed to enter the separation channel 990 at an whole blood input port 1220 and displaces the air in the separation channel into a sterile air bag 1110, through a plasma port 1090, for use later in purging or removing blood components from the CFC disk 930 and disposable set. Priming may be accomplished at least two ways. When the cassette is initially mounted in the console, the plasma port 1090, through which plasma 1030 will be removed during the separation process, may be positioned to be above the blood filling the separation channel. The CFC disk is slowly “clocked” as the separation channel 990 fills with blood, keeping the plasma port 1090, which is positioned on the inner wall 1117 of the separation channel, above the liquid, and ultimately positioned at the highest point in the separation channel, that is, the point nearest the top of the console 100. Air is thus forced through the plasma port 1090, and may, through appropriate valve operation, forced into the sterile air bag 1110. Alternatively, if the separation channel is substantially circular and balanced, the CFC disk may be spun at a moderate speed, of, for example, between 1000 and 2000 rpm, while filing, forcing the air to the inner wall 1117 of the separation channel and out the plasma port 1090 as the separation channel 990 fills with blood.
The separation channel 990 is shaped to improve the separation and removal of red cells and plasma 1030. The channel outer wall 1118 increases in radius (from the axis of rotation 1200) in one region to be at or near its maximum distance or radius 1170 from the axis of rotation 1200 and thus form a collection pocket portion 1060 for red cells. The red cell pick-up port 1120 removes red cells at or near the bottom or largest radius 1170 of this pocket, at the greatest distance from the center of rotation. This increased radius increases the depth of the red cell layer (the radial distance from the red cell-plasma interface 1130 to the red cell pick-up port) and provides the maximum g-force and packing of red cells at this port. This maximizes the packed red cell hematocrit that can be achieved for cells removed through the red cell pick-up port at any given rotational speed of the disk. The deep red cell layer also minimizes the pulling of plasma 1030 through this layer to the red cell pick-up port.
The length of this gap is maximized in the axial direction, that is, essentially parallel with the axis of rotation, so that the flow velocities are low, to avoid damage to the red cells. Further, the entrance to the gap may be defined by material having a radius 1121 that is greater than or equal to the width of the gap 1120 to prevent damage to the red cells and reduce the pressure drop.
The channel inner wall 1117 may decrease in radius 1180 from the axis of rotation 1200 to form a plasma pocket portion 1100 where plasma 1030 can flow through an output port 1090 into a substantially radial plasma removal duct 1070, which can include other fluid transportation means such as a tube, that transports the plasma toward the center of the disk 930 for removal to the cassette 490. The decreasing radius at an increasing cross-sectional area for plasma flow results in a reduced plasma flow rate and the final opportunity for stray cells to separate out of the plasma stream before plasma 1030 is removed.
With reference to
Once donation is complete, the system must be purged. There are several ways of performing this task. In the first method, plasma 1030 is removed from the plasma removal duct 1070 during steady-state continuous flow operation. When donor whole blood flow into the whole blood entry duct 1000 stops at the end of the donation, the separation channel 990 is filled with separated blood. The red cell pump 701 continues to remove red cells from the red cell collection pocket portion 1060 until all red cells are removed while disk rotation continues at a high speed. Plasma 1030 is allowed to flow back from the plasma bag and fills the separation channel 990. The separation channel 990 is now filled with plasma 1030. However, there are residual red cells loosely adhering to the walls of the separation channel 990. This prevents draining the plasma 1030 out the plasma removal duct 1070 while slowly rotating the disk because the residual red cells will mix with this plasma and overly contaminate it. It is also not feasible to pump the plasma 1030 out of the concentrated red cell removal duct 1050 because this duct is filled with red cells. An excessive amount of plasma would be needed to clear out or purge the red cells sufficiently to avoid excessive red cell contamination of the plasma 1030. Therefore, as shown in
The second plasma removal port 1090 is located sufficiently far from the outer wall 1118 to avoid picking up red cells from this wall. Centrifugal forces from disk 930 rotation keep the cells against this outer wall 1118. The red cell collection pocket portion 1060 size and shape, and the location of the plasma purge port 1095, result in a plasma volume not recoverable from the separation channel of less than a milliliter.
As an alternative process for purging the disk 930 after the donation is completed air can be used to perform the purge without use of plasma 1030 from the plasma bag 630. Once the donation is complete, no more blood is entering the CFC disk 930. The last few minutes of the donation are used to push all of the plasma 1030 out of the disk 930 by slowing the pumping action of the rotor on the tubing segments and letting the red cell-plasma interface 1130 move toward the inner surface of the separation channel 990 until, by the end of the donation, all plasma 1030 has been expelled from the disk 930. Air then enters the channel from the sterile air bag 1110 to displace red cells, and the red cells are pumped out of the disk 930 either while spinning at a low RPM or with the disk 930 stationary and the red cell removal port 1040 located at the lowest point with respect to gravity.
As another alternative process for purging the disk 930, near the end of donation, red cells are allowed to fill the separation channel as plasma 1030 continues to be removed, forced from the channel by the increasing amount of concentrated red cells. Once the plasma 1030 is removed, the buffy coat, identified thorough use of an optical sensor 2170 placed near the plasma removal port may also be removed through the plasma port 1090, but directed into a collection-bag or other receptacle This process has the advantage of not requiring an additional plasma removal port. The donation is stopped, but anticoagulant is allowed to flow into the separation channel 990 through the whole blood port 1220 and the red blood cells 1033 are removed from the separation channel through the red blood cell removal port 1040. As an alternative, air collected during the purge process may be used in place of the anticoagulant, but potential imbalance in the CFC disk then requires that a slower disk rotational speed be used. It will be noted that with the current disk designs, anticoagulant is usually convenient to use for the purge; however, it might be possible to use other fluids in the system such as storage solution in a similar manner.
The separation channel design, including the location of ducts, and disk rotational speed are key to achieving the desired separation requirements.
In all the designs, the whole blood enters the separation at a port 1220, concentrated red cells 1010 are picked up in port 1040 from a pocket portion 1060 positioned at the largest radius 1170 or point furthest from the axis of rotation 1200, and plasma 1030 is removed at the plasma port 1090 other end of the separation channel 990. In all of these embodiments although not shown, storage solution 1140 may be added at the red cell storage solution port 1250 or along the red cell storage solution duct 1251 to the concentrated red cells in the red blood cell removal port 1040.
In all of the designs a variety of radial fluid conduits 1001 may be used. For example the ducts 1070, 1050, 1251 and 1000 may be machined in the disk body 1150 substantially extending toward the center of the disk 930. The ducts are sealed at 1151 by the disk cap 1500. These fluid ducts carry whole blood to the separation channel 990 from the central face seal. Plasma and concentrated red cells are carried by these ducts from the separation channel 990 to the face seal. Alternatively, tubing is used in the skip rope CFC design, but tubing may also be used as a radial fluid conduit in the face seal design.
The embodiment of
In all designs in which an island structure 2250 or an extension from the inner wall 1117 is practical, a knife edge diverter 1320 may be used to separate plasma from the concentrated red cells 1010 and buffy coat 1020. The point 2271 of the knife edge diverter 1320 is at a slightly smaller radius from the center of rotation 1200 than the radius of the red cell-buffy coat-plasma interface 1130 as shown in
With reference to
An alternative design for the removal of plasma in the separation channel 990, one during steady flow and one during the purge, is shown in
During the purge shown in
It is not necessary that the separation channel be centered on the axis of rotation of the disk or be circular.
Optical Sensor Control of the Red Cell-Plasma Interface
As noted above, the centrifuge and cassette components may be made of clear plastic to allow for the use of optical detectors. To prevent scattering, it may be advantageous to place an opaque barrier on the disk and/or cap in the region of interest. The opaque barrier includes a hole so as to more precisely direct the light beam from the light source 2120.
An optical detector 2171 may also look at one or more additional regions in the separation channel 990. One additional region may be identical to the first measurement region but is modified to provide an accurate radial distance calibration. An additional opaque barrier may be added over the red cell portion of the separation channel in this region. This barrier extends into the plasma portion of the channel to provide only a plasma radial distance seen by the optical sensor. This fixed distance and the optical output represent a fixed hematocrit. This can be used to calibrate the optical sensor output in the measurement region. Such a calibration will compensate for changes in plasma transmissibility, light source intensity, light scattering, and light absorption through CFC disk surfaces.
The current invention is able to use one console or electromechanical instrument to perform multiple blood collection and separation processes. Each process requires a different disposable set or product specifically designed to implement that process in combination with specific software for each processes.
For all processes shown schematically in
The console 100 “calibration” button is pushed and calibrations and system software status are checked. Data collection may be performed manually by the operator using a bar code wand reader (not shown) and automatically via the bar code reader 275 console 100.
The operator places the access needle 660 in the donor's vein and after the blood samples, which are not anticoagulated, are taken from a sample site 670 near the needle, the appropriate automated process begins when the operator pushes the start button on the user interface 250.
The operator may also operate the system in a “Start Anticoagulation” mode to fill the access needle 660 and attached tubing with anticoagulant prior to initiating the automatic process
Each process begins with a filling or priming of the CFC disposable disk by whole blood as described above in connection with the operation of the CFC disk 930. The whole blood is anticoagulated: as blood flows from the donor in tubing that connects the donor to the disposable set 480, anticoagulant is pumped from the manifold and metered into the whole blood at a site below the donor needle. The ratio of anticoagulant flow to donor blood flow is fixed at about 1 to 7, the ratio currently used in manual blood collections. However, this ratio may be optimized at somewhere between 1 to 7 and 1 to 14 for processes that return blood components to the donor.
Once the CFC disk annular separation channel 990 becomes filled with donor blood, steady state operation begins. Blood flows from the donor into the centrifuge at a more or less fixed flow rate. The CFC disk 930 spins as described above, and separation of whole blood into concentrated red cells, plasma, and a buffy coat 1020 occurs continuously, with red cells and plasma are removed at more or less fixed flow rates from the CFC.
An interface between the red cell layer and the plasma forms near the center of the annular separation channel 990. An optical detector 2171 measures the radial location of this interface. This interface position is controlled so as to be maintained at or near the center of the separation channel throughout steady-state continuous-flow operation. This is achieved primarily by providing, in software, for the microprocessor or other controller, to change the flow rate of red blood cell pump 701, by increasing the speed of the appropriate roller pump, to remove greater or fewer red blood cells from the separation channel. Standard feedback control methods can be used.
When the donor hematocrit is much above 40%, the red blood cell flow rate will increase appreciably at a fixed donor blood flow rate. In order to maintain a maximum effective and safe flow rate through the leukofilter 610, the red blood cell flow rate needs to be maintained at or below a maximum value depending upon the leukofilter 610. When it reaches this maximum flow rate, then the donor flow will be increased or decreased, by adjusting the pumping rate, to maintain the red cell-plasma interface 1130 in its desired location. This will increase the donation time for that small percentage of donors who have hematocrits substantially above 40% and who are donating a fixed pre-set volume of whole blood, but will not increase donation time for donors who are donating a fixed volume of red blood cells.
The buffy coat 1020 consists of white cells, including leukocytes, and platelets. It is less dense than red cells and more dense than plasma. Consequently, throughout the steady state continuous-flow separation process, the buffy coat 1020 collects or near the radial center of the separation channel, forming a radially narrow white region at the red cell-plasma interface 1130, between the concentrated red cells at the outermost part of the annular separation channel and the plasma at the innermost part of annular separation channel.
During the purge or component removal part of the process the buffy coat 1020 is either removed to another bag, left in the CFC disk 930, or left in tubing and other components in the disposable set 480. It is not pumped into or through the leukofilter 610 with the concentrated red cells. This removal of buffy coat from the whole blood decreases the amount of leukocytes that must be removed by the leukofilter 610 by a factor of roughly 100. The desired leukocyte count in the concentrated red cells after leukofiltration is 1×106. Buffy coat removal significantly aids leukoreduction and permits a smaller, lower-cost filter having less filter volume and consequently less red cell loss in the filter. Platelet reduction by buffy coat removal is also beneficial. Platelets can form a layer on the leukocyte filter or otherwise plug it, increasing leukofilter pressure drop and resultant hemolysis, or forcing lower flow rates. Reducing this effect by buffy coat removal permits decreased leukofilter size and cost and/or results in lower inlet leukofilter pressures.
Continuously during steady-state operation, the concentrated red cells are pumped out of the CFC disk 930, through a leukofilter 610, and into a red blood cell product bag 640. A storage or additive solution is metered into the packed red blood cell flow stream via a red cell storage solution port 1250 at a rate that achieves the desired concentration of the storage solution. This occurs before the concentrated red cells are pumped through the manifold, and can occur either within the CFC disk 930 as described in connection with the CFC disk 930 operation, or outside it. The storage solution decreases the packed red blood cell hematocrit from about 90% to about 60%. This greatly reduces the viscosity of the packed red blood cells, decreases pressure drops in tubing, and decreases hemolysis that can occur in tubing, other flow passages, the CFC seal assembly or umbilical, and the red cell pump 701. For these reasons it is preferred to add the storage solution 1140 to the packed red blood cells as close as possible to the packed red blood cell pick-up port in the separation channel.
It is also possible to force the concentrated red cells through the leukofilter 610 by increasing the pressure in the CFC disk 930. This has the advantage of eliminating the pumping of the red blood cells and thus reducing the potential for red blood cell damage. However, in the rotating seal design, the increased pressure may compromise the seal, and generally, damage may be reduced to an acceptable level by the addition of storage solution 1140 to the red blood cells before they enter the pump.
The red blood cell pump 701 flow rate is controlled so that the flow through the leukofilter 610 is maintained at or near an optimum. This optimum is a flow high enough that it does not increase donation time or process time appreciably, and low enough to prevent high leukofilter inlet pressures and resultant hemolysis. All concentrated red cells have a storage solution 1140 addition and are pumped through the leukofilter 610 as in the steady state operation.
At the end of the donation, when the selected volume of whole blood or of red blood cells has been taken from the donor, the needle 660 is removed from the donor's vein.
The CFC disk 930 separation channel is now full of separated blood components. One of the purge processes described in connection with the operation of the CFC disk 930 may be used to remove concentrated red cells to the red blood cell product bag 640 and plasma to the plasma bag 630.
Storage solution 1140 may be pumped into the leukofilter 610 to remove red blood cells trapped in the leukofilter 610 and pump them into the red blood cell product bag 640 to minimize red cells lost in the disposable set 480 and maximize overall red cell recovery. The volume of storage solution 1140 used for this purpose is limited by the maximum amount of storage solution 1140 that can be added to a unit of red cells, and by the possible liberation of leukocytes from the leukofilter 610 and carried into the red blood cell product bag 640.
Thus, the red cell product is separated from one or two units of whole blood, packed to a hematocrit of about 90%, has had storage solution added, and has been leukofiltered. The red cells will be in one or two product bags, depending upon the particular process.
Once the purge is completed the product bags are sealed off by the operator and removed from the disposable set 480. The disposable set 480 is then removed from the console 100 and the set is prepared for disposal as a biohazard material.
Many processes can be implemented using the console 100 and cassette model. One such process automatically takes whole blood from the donor, adds anticoagulant, separates the blood into concentrated red cells and plasma in the continuous-flow centrifuge, removes plasma to the plasma product bag, adds a flow of storage solution 1140 to the concentrated red cells, and pumps the red cells through a leukofilter 610 into an red blood cell product bag 640. This processes produces 1 unit of leukoreduced red blood cells in storage solution, and plasma.
Various possible ways of implementing red blood cell and plasma collection are shown in the schematic diagrams of
With reference to
The console is able to implement the various steps described by activating and monitoring valve and sensor interface components on the cassette. For some of the processes described below, the connections to the tubing receptacles on the manifold 510 may be made as follows: receptacle 950 is connected to the red blood cell outlet 1033 of the centrifuge 515; the top of the bubble trap 672 is connected to receptacle 949; the storage solution bag 650 is connected to receptacle 947; a second red blood cell bag 640, if needed in the process, which also includes a leukofilter 610 is connected to receptacle 946; if a second red blood cell bag is used, the first red blood cell bag 640 is connected at 944 and a connection is made between receptacles 943 and 945, otherwise the single red blood cell bag is connected at 943; receptacle 942 is connected to the storage solution input 1032 of the centrifuge 515; the anticoagulant line intended for the needle is attached at receptacle 941; the needle line, supplying whole blood to the system is connected to receptacle 939; either a saline bag or an air bag, depending on the process, may be connected to the receptacle at 938; the plasma bag is connected at receptacle 936; the line connecting whole blood and a bubble trap, which is positioned on the cassette so as to allow it to be read by the ultrasonic sensor, is attached at receptacle 935; and the anticoagulant bag is connected at 934. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that different connections to the manifold could be made to implement different processes.
In operation, after the cassette 490 is placed in the console 100, the console 100 is activated so as to begin the process. The operator selects a whole blood or red blood cell volume to be collected from the donor. Valves v1, v3 and v6 are initially closed, valves v2, v4, v5 and v7 are open. Anticoagulant is pumped to the needle 660 to purge air and ensure correct anticoagulation of first amount of blood pumped from donor. Red cell solution is pumped to the red cell storage solution port 1250 in the CFC disk and to the entrance of the leukofilter 610. Valves v1, v6 and v3 opened to evacuate disposable air to the air bag 1110 and evacuate the bubble trap 672 so as to position the bubble trap 672 diaphragm as is conventionally required. Valve v3 is closed. The donor venous needle 660 access is made by the operator in standard fashion, the manual clamp 661 is released, and blood is pumped from the donor using the whole blood pump 721 at rates determined by donor venous pressure that may be determined using pressure transducers 200, 193. Anticoagulant continues to be pumped into the blood using the anticoagulant pump 711 downstream of the needle 660 and a blood sample site. The ratio of anticoagulant flow to blood flow is fixed. As blood is pumped initially from the donor it fills the bubble trap 672 and begins to prime the centrifuge disk separation channel 990 which may be implemented as described above in connection with the operation of the centrifuge disk. The CFC disk 930 is rotated to ensure all air is removed and that blood completely fills the disk channel and passages. Air is displaced into the air bag 1110 for later use and priming continues until whole blood enters the air bag. When the disk separation channel 990 is filled with whole blood, valve v2 is closed. The CFC disk speed is increased to its operating speed, generally at around 4000 rpms. The red blood cell plasma interface is established and steady-state continuous-flow separation into concentrated red cells and plasma begins. Plasma flows to the closed valve v2, cleaning the plasma line. Red cells are pumped out of the CFC disk 930 by the red blood cell pump 701 at a rate determined by the whole blood flow rate and by the optically-measured red cell interface location as determined by the optical detector 2171. The red cell flow rate is adjusted to keep the red cell interface in the desired, optimal location in the separation channel. Valve one is opened. Plasma flows out into the plasma product bag, which may be weighed on an electronic scale 671. When red cells flow out of the disk they are mixed with storage or additive solution in the CFC disk as described in connection with the CFC disk design above, and/or outside of the CFC disk 930 from the red cell storage solution bag 650. This solution is pumped by the storage solution pump at a flow rate that achieves the fixed, desired ratio of additive solution flow to red cell flow. The combined flow goes through a red cell leukofilter 610 into the red cell product bag 640. The continuous-flow process continues until the end of the donation. The calibrated whole blood pump stops when the selected volume of whole blood or red blood cells has been collected. The donor line 620 at the needle 660 is clamped off using the manual clamp 661 and the needle 660 is removed from the donor. The anticoagulant continues to be pumped for a time so as to purge the donor blood line 620 with anticoagulant to maximize red cell and plasma recovery. The speed of the disk is increased to 5000 rpms. The purge process now begins. Valve three v3 is opened and blood from the air bag 1110 is drawn into the CFC. The red blood cell pump 701 is controlled so as to increase the red blood cells in the separation channel while plasma continues to be removed from the disk. Air is now drawn from the air bag 1110 into the bubble trap 672 as the last of the plasma is purged from the separation channel. Valve v1 may be closed. The rotation is stopped and the red blood cell port is clocked to a position at the bottom of the disk. Air is pumped into the disk using the blood pump 721 to purge the red blood cells from the separation channel. Valve five may be closed. After all blood is removed from the separation channel, valve one may be opened to purge plasma from the plasma line. The leukofilter 610 is purged with storage solution, and the automated process is compete.
The red cell and plasma product bags are heat-sealed off and the rest of the disposable set 480 is removed and prepared by the operator for disposal as a biohazard.
With reference to
The process shown in
The buffy coat, a mixture of leukocytes and platelets, develops at the red cell-plasma interface 1130 in the CFC. It collects within the disk separation channel 990 throughout the donation and separation process. In other processes, the buffy coat may remain in the centrifuge and red blood cell outlet tubing at the end of the red blood cell removal. In the current design, the buffy coat is transferred into a platelet product bag 2500 via the plasma removal port 1090 and tubing after plasma has been removed to the plasma bag 630 by opening valve 2 and operating the whole blood pump 721 as in the purge process.
Alternatively, as shown in
The process shown in
Essentially the process shown in
Near the end of this second process both the plasma and saline collected in the plasma bag 630 are returned to the donor in the same manner as plasma was returned to the donor at the end of the first process. The amount of plasma collected is determined by the microprocessor by subtracting the red blood cell pump 701 pumped volume and the anticoagulant pump 711 pumped volume from the whole blood pump pumped volume. Then the amount of saline to be pumped from the plasma bag 630 can be determined as well as the amount of additional saline to be returned. The total amount of saline to be pumped to the donor is equal to the red blood cell pump 701 pumped volume minus the solution pump pumped volume.
The process shown in
Another process is described with reference to
Each unit of blood is collected initially as in the process described in connection with
It will be evident that other processes, including processes that do not involve the connection of a donor to the cassette 490, could be implemented using the basic console and cassette design. For example, using appropriate cassette components and software it would be possible to prepare a therapeutic dose of leukoreduced platelets from pooled buffy coats using the console.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention are described above and in the following claims, it is contemplated that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. | 61,504 | 161 |
259,941 | US 6138092 A
A speech coding system and associated method relies on a speech encoder (15) and a speech decoder (20). The speech decoder (20) includes an LPC synthesis filter (90), a Gaussian noise generator (80) for generating unvoiced excitation, an epoch-adaptive harmonic generator (70) for generating voiced excitation for pitch harmonics below voicing cutoff frequency, and an excitation summer (72) for summing the voiced and unvoiced excitation generated by the Gaussian noise generator (80) and the harmonic generator (70). The output of the excitation summer (72) is provided to the LPC synthesis filter (90) to generate synthesized speech. The system and method provides natural sounding synthesized speech at a low bit rate.
1. A speech synthesizer, comprising:
a linear predictive coefficient (LPC) filter adapted to provide a synthesized speech waveform at an output in response speech excitation at an input;
a harmonic generator for generating voiced speech excitation characterized by the relationship ##EQU7## a Gaussian noise generator for generating unvoiced speech excitation; an adder adapted to receive said voiced and unvoiced speech excitation provided by said harmonic generator and said Gaussian noise generator, said adder combining said voiced and unvoiced signal to provide combined voiced and unvoiced speech to said input of said LPC filter; and
said number of harmonics (nh) is given by: ##EQU8##
2. A method for synthesis of voiced speech from arbit stream including quantized values of LPC coefficients, voicing cutoff frequency, and pitch lag or period information, said method comprising the steps of: determining the duration of each epoch from the pitch lag or period;
determining, from the pitch lag or period information, and at a time no later than the time of the beginning of each said epoch, the fundamental frequency of said voiced speech for said epoch;
determining, from the fundamental frequency and the voicing cutoff frequency, and at a time no later than the time of the beginning of each said epoch, the number of harmonics of the fundamental frequency of the voiced speech for said epoch, which lie in the frequency range extending up to the voicing cutoff frequency;
determining, from the LPC coefficients, and at a time no later than the beginning of each said epoch, the amplitudes of the fundamental frequency and of each of the harmonics of the voiced speech for said epoch, up to the voicing cutoff frequency;
determining, at a time no later than the beginning of each said epoch, the relative phases of said fundamental and harmonics for said epoch;
for each epoch, generating voiced synthesized speech during the each said epoch, maintaining constant during said epoch said values of said fundamental frequency, number of harmonics, amplitudes of said fundamental frequency and of said harmonics, and relative phases.
3. A method according to claim 2, further comprising the steps of:
combining said voiced synthesized speech with high-pass filtered noise signals, to thereby generate synthesized speech.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein said bit stream further includes information relating to gain, and further comprising the step of applying said gain to said high-pass filtered noise signals.
5. A method according to claim 2, wherein said LPC coefficients, voicing cutoff frequency, pitch lag or period, and gain information are received during fixed frame intervals which are not necessarily synchronous with said epochs, said method further comprising the steps of:
interpolating at least a set of transforms of said LPC coefficients between adjacent frames;
interpolating said voicing cutoff frequency, pitch lag or period, and gain between adjacent frames; and
using said interpolated values for generating said voiced synthesized speech.
6. A method according to claim 5, wherein said step of interpolating at least a set of transforms of said LPC coefficients includes the step of interpolating line spectral frequencies.
A speech coding system 10 in accordance with a primary embodiment of the present invention comprises two major subsystems: speech encoder subsystem 15, and speech decoder subsystem 20, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The basic operation of speech coder 10 is as follows. An input device 102, such as a microphone, receives an acoustic speech signal 101 and converts the acoustic speech signal 101 to an electrical speech signal 1. In the present disclosure the term "speech" includes voice, speech and other sounds produced by humans. Input device 102 provides the electrical speech signal as speech input signal 1 to speech encoder 15. Speech input signal 1, therefore, comprises analog waveforms corresponding to human speech. Speech encoder 15 converts speech input signal 1 to a digital speech signal, operates upon the digital speech signal and provides compressed digital speech signal 17 at its output.
Compressed digital speech signal 17 may then be stored in memory 105. Memory 105 can comprise solid state memory, magnetic memory such as disk or tape, or any other form of memory suitable for storage of digitized information. In addition, compressed digital speech signal 17 can be transmitted through the air to a remote receiver, as is commonly accomplished by radio frequency transmission, microwave or other electromagnetic energy transmission means known in the art.
When it is desired to recreate speech input signal 1 for a listener, or for other purposes, compressed digital speech signal 17 may be retrieved from memory, transmitted, or otherwise provided to speech decoder 20. Speech decoder 20 receives compressed digital speech signal 17, decompresses it, and converts it to an analog speech signal 25 provided at its output. Analog speech signal 25 is a reconstruction of speech input signal 1. Analog speech signal 25 may then be converted to an acoustic speech signal 105 by an output device such as speaker 107. Ideally, acoustic speech signal 105 will be perceived by the human ear as identical to acoustic speech signal 101.
The term quality, as it relates to synthesized speech, refers to how closely acoustic speech signal 105 is perceived by the human ear to match the original acoustic speech 101. The quality of synthesized speech signal 25 is directly related to the techniques employed to encode and decode speech input signal 1. FIG. 1 will now be explained in more detail with emphasis on the system and method of the present invention.
Speech encoder 15 samples speech input signal 1 at a desired sampling rate and converts the samples into digital speech data. The digital speech data comprises a plurality of respective frames, each frame comprising a plurality of samples of speech input signal 1. Speech encoder 15 analyzes respective frames to extract a plurality of parameters which will represent speech input signal 1. The extracted parameters are then quantized. Quantization is a process in which the range of possible values of a parameter is divided into non overlapping (but not necessarily equal) sub ranges. A unique value is assigned to each sub range. If a sample of the signal falls within a given sub range, the sample is assigned the corresponding unique value (referred to herein as the quantized value) for that sub range. A quantization index may be assigned to each quantized value to provide a reference, or a "look up" number for each quantized value. A quantization index may, therefore, comprise a compressed digital signal which efficiently represents some parameter of the sample.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, four quantization indices are generated by speech encoder 15: an LSF index signal 2, a gain index signal 4, a pitch index signal 8, and a voicing cut off frequency index signal 6. Speech encoder 15 generates LSF index signal 2 by performing an intermediate step of first generating a plurality of LPC coefficients corresponding to a model of the human vocal tract. Speech encoder 15 then converts the LPC coefficients to Line Spectral Frequencies and provides these as LSF index signal 2. Therefore, LSF index signal 2 is derived from LPC coefficients. Each of the quantized digital signals is a highly compressed digital representation of some characteristic of the input speech waveform. Each of the quantized digital signals may be provided separately to a multiplexer 16 for conversion into a combined signal 17 which contains all of the quantized digital signals. Depending on the desired application, the quantization indices, or combined signal 17, or any portion thereof, may be stored in memory for subsequent retrieval and decoding. Alternatively, combined signal 17, or any portion thereof, may be utilized to modulate a carrier for transmission of the quantization indices to a remote location. After reception at the remote location, combined signal 17 may be decoded, and a reproduction, or synthesis, of speech input signal 1 may be generated by applying the quantization indices to a model of the human vocal tract.
One embodiment of the present invention includes a speech decoder 20 as shown in FIG. 1. Decoder 20 is utilized to synthesize speech from combined signal 17. The configuration of speech decoder 20 is essentially the same whether combined signal 17 is retrieved from memory for synthesis, or transmitted to a remote location for synthesis. If combined signal 17 is transmitted to a remote location, reception and carrier demodulation must be performed in accordance with well known signal reception methods to recover combined signal 17 from the transmitted signal. Once recovered, or retrieved from memory, combined signal 17 is provided to demultiplexer 21. Demultiplexer 21 demultiplexes combined signal 17 to separate LSF index signal 2, gain index signal 4, voicing cut off frequency index signal 6 and pitch index signal 8.
Speech decoder 20 may receive each of these indices simultaneously once for each frame of digital speech data encoded by speech encoder 15. Speech decoder 20 decodes the indices and applies them to an LP synthesis filter (not shown) to produce synthesized speech signal 25.
Speech coding systems according to the present invention can be used in various applications, including mobile satellite telephones, digital cellular telephones, land-mobile telephones, Internet telephones, digital answering machines, digital voice mail systems, digital voice recorders, call servers, and other applications which require storage and retrieval of digital voice data.
When used in speech coding applications such as digital telephone answering machines, speech encoder 15 and speech decoder 20 may be co-located within a single housing. Alternatively, when speech coding system 10 is used in applications requiring transmission of the coded speech signal for reception and synthesis at a remote location, speech encoder 15 may be remotely located from speech decoder 20.
FIG. 2 is a hardware block diagram illustrating a configuration for implementation of the voice coding system and method of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 2 speech encoder 15 and speech decoder 20 may include one or more digital signal processors (DSP). One embodiment of the present invention includes two DSPs: a first DSP 3 and a second DSP 9. First DSP 3 includes a first DSP local memory 5. Likewise, second DSP 9 includes a second DSP local memory 11. First and second DSP memory 5 and 11 serve as analysis memory used by first and second DSPs 3 and 9 in performing speech encoding and decoding functions such as speech compression and decompression, as well as parameter data smoothing.
First DSP 3 is coupled to a first parameter storage memory 12. Likewise, second DSP 9 is coupled to a second parameter storage memory 14. First and second parameter storage memory 12 and 14 store coded speech parameters corresponding to a received speech input signal 1. In one embodiment of the present invention, first and second storage memory 12 and 14 are low cost dynamic random access memory (DRAM). However, it is noted that first and second storage memory 12 and 14 may comprise other storage media, such as magnetic disk, flash memory, or other suitable storage media. In one embodiment of the present invention, speech coding system 10 stores data in 16 bit values. However, speech coding system 10 may store data in other bit quantities, such as 32 bits, 64 bits, or 8 bits, as desired.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention a Central Processing Unit (CPU) (not shown) may be coupled to speech encoder 15 and speech decoder 20 to control operations of speech encoder 15 and speech decoder 20, including operations of first and second DSPs 3 and 9 and first and second DSP memory 5 and 11. One or more CPUs may also perform memory management functions for speech coding system 10 and first and second storage memory 12 and 14 according to techniques well known in the art.
As shown in FIG. 2, speech input signal 1 enters speech coding system 10 via a microphone, tape storage, or other input device (not shown). A first analog to digital (A/D) converter 7 samples and quantizes speech input signal 1 at a desired sampling rate to produce digital speech data. The rate at which speech input signal 1 is sampled is an indication of the degree of compression achieved by speech coding system 10. The term "uncompressed bit rate", as defined herein, refers to the product of the rate at which speech input signal 1 is sampled and the number of bits per sample.
In one embodiment of the present invention, speech input signal 1 is sampled at a rate of 8 Kilohertz (kHz), or 8000 samples per second. In an alternate embodiment the sampling rate may be the Nyquist sampling rate. Other sampling rates may be used as desired. After sampling, the speech signal waveform is quantized into digital values using one of a number of suitable quantization methods. First DSP 3 stores the digital values in first DSP memory 5 for analysis.
While additional speech data is being received, sampled, quantized and stored locally in first DSP memory 5, first DSP 3 encodes the speech data into a number of parameters for storage. In this manner, first DSP 3 generates a parametric representation of the data. To accomplish the coding of spectral parameters, first DSP employs linear predictive coding algorithms well known in the art. In addition, according to the teachings of the present invention, first DSP 3 is adapted to efficiently represent a voicing cut off frequency parameter.
As previously stated, first DSP 3 performs encoding on frames of the digital speech data to derive a set of parameters which describe the speech content of the respective frames being examined. In one embodiment of the present invention linear predictive coding is performed on groupings of four frames. However, it is noted that a greater or lesser number of frames may be encoded at a time, as desired.
In one embodiment of the present invention first DSP 3 examines the speech signal waveform in 20 ms frames for analysis and encoding into respective parameters. With a sampling rate of 8 kHz, each 20 millisecond (ms) frame comprises 160 samples of data. First DSP 3 examines one 20 ms frame at a time. However, each frame being examined may overlap neighboring frames by one or more samples on either side. In one embodiment of the present invention, first DSP memory 5 is sufficiently large to store up to at least about four full frames of digital speech data. This allows first DSP 3 to examine a grouping of three frames while an additional frame is received, sampled, quantized and stored in first DSP memory 5. First DSP memory 5 may be configured as a circular buffer where newly received digital speech data overwrites speech data from which parameters have already been generated and stored in the storage memory.
First DSP 3 generates a plurality of LPC coefficients for each frame it analyzes. In one embodiment of the present invention, 10 LPC coefficients are generated for each frame. In addition to generating LPC coefficients, first DSP 3 generates compressed signals representing other parameters of the speech signal. As previously stated herein, these include pitch index signal 8, voicing cut off frequency index signal 6, and gain index signal 4. First DSP 3 provides each of these compressed digital signals as serial bit stream 17 to digital to analog converter 18. In one embodiment of the present invention, first digital to analog converter 18 employs compressed digital signal 17 to modulate a carrier, thereby producing an analog signal 117 which is in a form suitable for transmission by known radio frequency (RF) transmission methods to a remotely located receiver for reception and decoding.
A remotely located receiver comprising speech decoder 20 includes an analog to digital converter 13. Analog to digital converter 13 receives modulated analog signal 117 and demodulates the signal according to known demodulation techniques. In addition, analog to digital converter 13 converts the analog signal to a digital signal 17, in essence recovering the compressed digital signals generated by DSP 3 to representing speech input signal 1. Analog to digital converter 13 provides the compressed digital signals to DSP 9. DSP 9 decodes the information contained in the compressed digital signals to provide a digital representation of speech input signal 1. DSP 9 provides the digital representation to a second digital to analog converter 19 which utilizes it to recreate, or synthesize, speech input signal 1 thereby producing synthesized speech signal 25.
As will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, if speech encoder 15 and speech decoder 20 are co-located within a single housing, a single CPU, DSP and shared memory may be employed to implement the functions of both speech encoder 15 and speech decoder 20.
Turning now to FIG. 3 there is shown a block diagram of speech encoder 15. Speech encoder 15 comprises four major components: spectral analyzer 30; gain analyzer 40; pitch analyzer 50; and voicing cut off frequency analyzer 60.
Spectral analyzer 30, in turn, comprises as major components, LPC analyzer 31 and LPC to LSF converter 32. The main function of LPC analyzer 31 and LPC to LSF converter 32 is to determine the gross spectral shape of speech input signal 1 and to represent that spectral shape as quantized digital bits comprising LSF index signal 2. To accomplish this, LPC analyzer 31 determines LPC filter coefficients which, when applied to an LPC synthesis filter (shown in FIG. 5 at 90), will model the human speech spectrum so as to result in an output speech waveform having spectral characteristics similar to that of speech input signal 1. LPC analyzer 31 provides the LPC coefficients to LPC to LSF converter 32. LPC to LSF converter 32 converts the LPC coefficients to LSFs. The LSFs are then quantized and provided as LSF index signal 2 to multiplexer 16.
Gain analyzer 40 determines the gain, or amplitude, of speech input signal 1, encodes and quantizes this gain information and provides the resulting gain index signal 4 to multiplexer 16 (shown in FIG. 1 at 16). Pitch analyzer 50 receives speech input signal 1, determines the pitch period and frequency characteristics of signal 1, encodes and quantizes this information and provides pitch index signal 8 to multiplexer 16.
Speech input signal 1 is also provided to voicing cut off frequency analyzer 60. Voicing cut off frequency analyzer 60 includes voicing cut off frequency estimator 61 and voicing cut off frequency quantizer 62. The apparatus and method embodying voicing cut off frequency analyzer 60 will now be explained in greater detail.
In general, each frame of digital data representing speech input signal 1 comprises either a voiced speech component or an unvoiced speech component, or both. Many prior art speech coding systems classify each frame as either voiced or unvoiced. However, many regions of natural speech display a combination of a both voiced and unvoiced speech components, i.e., a harmonic spectrum for voiced speech and a noise spectrum for unvoiced speech. Generally, if the spectrum contains both harmonic and noise components, the harmonic components are more prominent at the lower frequencies while the noise components are more prominent at the higher frequencies. Hence, a mixture of harmonic and noise components may appear over a large bandwidth.
Prior art speech coders which use simple voiced-unvoiced decisions to classify frames of speech samples often have difficulties when harmonic and noise components overlap in the time domain. When this overlap occurs, frames containing both voiced and unvoiced speech will be represented either as entirely voiced, or entirely unvoiced by prior art speech coding systems. To overcome this limitation, the present invention exploits the fact that harmonic and noise components, while possibly overlapping in the time domain, do not overlap in the frequency domain. Therefore, for each frame of digital speech data under analysis, a frequency is determined below which the excitation for that frame is voiced and above which the excitation for that frame is unvoiced. This frequency is referred to herein as the "voicing cut off frequency."
The most significant spectral components of human speech range in frequency from a lower limit of about 0 Hz to an upper limit of about 4000 Hz. Therefore, if a frame of speech is entirely voiced, all frequencies within the range of 0 Hz to 4000 Hz will be periodic. According to the teachings of the present invention, the voicing cut off frequency for such a frame would be represented as 4000 Hz. This is because no transition from periodic to random excitation is present between the lower frequency limit of 0 Hz and the upper frequency limit of 4000 Hz. In this case, the voicing cut off frequency is considered to be the upper frequency limit. Conversely, if a frame of speech is entirely unvoiced all frequencies between 0 Hz and 4000 Hz are aperiodic, or noise. Since all frequencies above 0 Hz are noise, the voicing cut off frequency is designated as 0 Hz.
For frames of speech data comprising both voiced and unvoiced excitation, the frequency above which the excitation is unvoiced and below which the excitation is voiced is determined, and quantized, on a frame by frame basis. For example, in a given frame, if all frequencies above about 300 Hz are noise and below about 300 Hz are periodic the voicing cut off frequency for that frame would be determined to be 300 Hz. The voicing cut off frequency, therefore, provides valuable information about the voicing characteristics of a given frame of speech. The voicing characteristics are information preserved, transmitted or otherwise utilized in synthesizing the speech.
In a system with an 8 kHz sampling rate, the voicing cut off frequency may take on values between 0 Hz (indicating a fully unvoiced signal) to 4000 Hz (indicating a fully voiced signal). In practice, the choice of voicing cutoff frequency is limited to the number of quantization levels assigned to transmit the voicing cut off frequency information. In one embodiment of the present invention, the voicing cut off index signal comprises 3 bits, also referred to herein as "voicing bits". Hence 8 quantization levels and 8 frequencies may be represented by the values 0 through 7. In one embodiment, the eight frequencies pre-selected to correspond to values 0 through 7 of the 3 voicing bits are equally spaced by 571 Hz and cover the spectrum from 0 to 4000 Hz. These frequencies are: 0, 571, 1143, 1714, 2286, 2857, 3249, and 4000 Hz (referred to herein as voicing cut off frequency values). Other numbers of equally spaced or unequally spaced frequencies may be employed to divide the spectrum into voicing cut off frequency values. The parameter fsel (Filter SELect), is used herein to denote the voicing index bits, in this case 3 bits which represent eight voicing cutoff frequency values.
Voicing cut off frequency estimator 61 is used to determine where, in the frequency spectrum, the transition from voiced to unvoiced excitation occurs. In one embodiment of the present invention, voicing cut off frequency estimator 61 comprises a seven band, bandpass filter bank. The filter bank is implemented with a 65 tap, finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Voicing cut off frequency estimator 61 provides 7 bandpass signals at its output. The 7 bandpass signals are provided to voicing cut off frequency quantizer 62. Voicing cut off frequency quantizer 62 determines the voicing cut off frequency based on the output of bandpass filter 61 and selects the voicing cut off frequency quantization level which includes the voicing cut off frequency of the frame of speech being analyzed. Voicing cut off frequency quantizer 62 then assigns a corresponding voicing cut off frequency index to represent the selected quantization level.
Detailed Description--Encoding Spectral Analysis
Turning now to FIG. 4 there is shown a detailed block diagram of speech encoder 15, the components of which will now be discussed in greater detail. LPC analyzer 31 comprises a DSP (such as shown in FIG. 2 at 3), which may run any of several different algorithms for programs for performing LPC analysis known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, LPC analyzer 31 may employ autocorrelation-based techniques such as Durbin's recursion, or Leroux-Guegen techniques. Alternatively, known stabilized modified covariance techniques for LPC analysis may be employed. A tenth order LPC analysis is employed in one embodiment of the present invention. A tenth order analysis has been found to facilitate LSF vector quantization and to yield optimal results. However, other orders may be employed to obtain good results.
Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that there exist many substitutions and variations of LPC analysis techniques suitable for use in the present invention. Though one embodiment of the present invention employs known modified stabilized covariance methods for LPC analyzer 31, the present invention is not intended to be restricted in scope to any particular method of LPC analysis.
LPC analyzer 31 provides 10 LPC coefficients to an LPC to LSF converter 32. As previously discussed, LPC to LSF converter 32 converts the 10 LPC coefficients to a Line Spectral Frequency signal, also referred to herein as line spectral pairs (LSPs). In one embodiment of the present invention, LPC to LSF converter 32 computes the LSP frequencies by known dissection methods, as described by F. K. Soong and B. H. Juang in "Line Spectrum Pair (LSP) and Speech Data Compression," Proc. ICASSP 84, pp. 1.10.1-1.10.4, hereby incorporated by reference. The basic technique is to generate two 5.sup.th order (P&Q) polynomials from the 10.sup.th order LPC polynomial, then find their roots. These are the LSP frequencies, or LSFs. The search for roots may be made more efficient by taking advantage of the fact that the roots are interlaced on the unit circle, with the first root belonging to P. The technique finds the zeros of P one at a time by evaluating the P polynomial over a grid of frequencies, looking for a sign change. When a sign change is detected, the root must lie between the two frequencies. It is then possible to refine the estimate of the root to the desired degree of accuracy. The technique then finds the zeros of Q one at a time, based on the fact that the first zero lies in the interval between the first 2 roots of P, the second zero lies in the interval between the 2.sup.nd and 3.sup.rd roots of P, and so on.
LPC to LSF converter 32 provides the LSF index signal to LSF quantizer 34. LSF quantizer 34 comprises a DSP (such as that shown in FIG. 2 at 3), which may employ any suitable quantization method. One embodiment of the present invention employs split vector quantization (SVQ) algorithms and techniques to quantize the LSFs. In an embodiment of the present invention operating at a bit rate of 2000 b/sec, a 20 msec frame size implementation uses a 26 bit SVQ algorithm to code the 10 LSFs into LSF index signal 2.
For quantization purposes, the 10 LSFs represented by LSF index signal 2, or vector, may be subdivided into subvectors, as follows: a first subvector comprising the first three LSFs, coded with 9 bits, a second subvector comprising the subsequent three LSFs, coded with 9 bits, and a third subvector comprising the last four LSFs, coded with 8 bits. The bit rate consumed for transmitting the spectrum is 26 bits /20 msec=1300 bits/sec.
An alternative embodiment of the present invention operates at 1500 b/sec and uses a 30 bit SVQ algorithm to code the LSFs for every other frame. For the SVQ coded frames, the 30 bits are split equally (10/10/10) among the 3 subvectors described above.
The LSFs for frames not coded by the SVQ algorithm are instead linearly interpolated from adjacent frames (the previous frame and the next frame). An interpolation flag may be employed to indicate the weighting to be applied to the adjacent frames when generating the interpolated frame. In one embodiment of the present invention this flag uses two bits, with weight assignments as follows:
______________________________________Interpolation Flag Weighting Table last frame future framebit 1 bit 2 weight (W.sub.L) weight (W.sub.F)______________________________________0 0 .875 .1250 1 .625 .3751 0 .375 .6251 1 .125 .875______________________________________
The value of the interpolated frame LSFs is given by:
LSF.sub.j (i)=W.sub.L LSF.sub.j (I-1)+W.sub.F LSF.sub.j (I+1)
where LSF.sub.j (i) is the j-th LSF for frame i.
The choice of interpolation flag setting is determined via analysis-by-synthesis techniques. All possible interpolated flag settings are generated and compared with the desired unquantized vector. The interpolated flag setting yielding the most desirable performance characteristics is selected for transmission. The desired performance characteristics may be based upon simple Euclidean distance, or upon frequency-weighted spectral distortion. The total bit rate consumed by this scheme is 30 +2 bits /40 msec=800 bits/sec.
As those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, various quantization techniques may be successfully employed to provide LSF index signal 2. Regardless of the quantization method, LSF quantizer 34 provides LSF index signal 2, representing the quantized values of the 10 LSFs, to multiplexer 16. LSF quantizer 34 also provides quantized LSF values to gain compensator 42.
As shown in FIG. 4, speech input signal 1 is provided to inverse filter 44. Also provided to inverse filter 44 are the 10 LPC coefficients generated by LPC analyzer 31. Using the speech input signal 1 and the LPC coefficients, inverse filter 44 generates an LPC residual signal by techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The residual signal is provided by inverse filter 44 to gain analyzer 41. Gain analyzer 41 calculates the root means square (RMS) value of the residual signal. In one embodiment of the present invention, gain 10 analyzer 41 calculates the RMS value of the LPC residual according to the following formula: ##EQU1##
where r.sub.i are the residual samples and N is the number of samples in a frame (160 at 20 msec). The RMS residual is then provided to gain compensator 42.
In one embodiment of the present invention, gain compensator 42 receives the RMS residual from gain analyzer 41. Gain compensator 42 also receives the quantized LSF values generated by LSF quantizer 34. The quantized LPC gain is determined by converting the quantized LSF values to prediction coefficients, and then converting the prediction coefficients to a reflection coefficient. Gain compensator 42 compensates the gain by the ratio of the square root of the unquantized LPC gain to the quantized LPC gain according to the update formula: ##EQU2## where the LPC gain is given by: ##EQU3## and where rc.sub.i are the reflection coefficients.
The compensated gain is provided to gain quantizer 43 for quantization of the compensated gain value. In one embodiment of the present invention, gain quantizer 43 codes the compensated gain value with a 5 bit Lloyd-Max scalar quantizer to generate gain index signal 4. This technique consumes 5 bits/20 msec, or 250 bits/sec of the total coder rate.
Voicing cut off frequency analyzer and encoder 60 is of particular significance to the principles and concepts embodied by the speech coding system of the present invention. As best shown in FIG. 3, voicing cut off frequency analyzer 60 comprises, as major components, voicing cut off frequency estimator 61 and voicing cut off frequency quantizer 62. As shown in FIG. 4, voicing cut off frequency analyzer 60 further comprises: full wave rectifier 63, highpass filter 64 and pitch-lag correlator 65.
The term voicing cut off frequency is used herein to describe a single transition frequency below which voiced excitation is present in a frame of the input speech waveform, and above which unvoiced excitation is present in the input speech waveform. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, quantizing this voicing cut off frequency may be accomplished in a number of different ways.
Prior art Speech coding systems, such as MBE-style (Multi Band Excitation) vocoders, make separate voicing decision for several bands. This prior art technique can require up to 11 bits for quantization. In contrast, one embodiment of the present invention employs 6 to 8 equally spaced frequencies for quantization. Thus, a total of 3 bits are required for transmission. The apparatus and method of the present invention requires fewer bits than prior art MELP style coders, which require 4 (bandpass voicing)+1 (overall voicing)=5 bits (for a 4 band system).
In the current 2000 and 1500 bit per second embodiments of the present invention there are eight cutoff frequencies: 0, 571, 1143, 1714, 2286, 2857, 3249, and 4000 Hz. The 0 and 4000 Hz frequencies correspond to fully voiced and fully unvoiced modes, respectively.
The voicing cutoff frequency is determined using a 7 band, bandpass filter 61. Bandpass filter 61 is implemented with a bank of 65 tap FIR filters of hamming window design, with 6 dB points at the cutoff frequencies. Speech input signal 1 is filtered through bandpass filter 61, producing 7 bandpass signals at the output of bandpass filter 61. These seven bandpass signals are provided to full wave rectifier means 63 where they are rectified, lowpass filtered, and finally provided to highpass filter 64. Highpass filter 64 operates as a highpass filter for DC removal. Highpass filter 64 may comprise a second-order Butterworth filter with a cut off frequency of 100 Hz. The use of a pole-zero filter for DC removal ensures effective performance of the coder of the present invention.
The filtered, rectified, bandpass signals are then provided to pitch-lag correlator 65. Pitch lag correlator 65 performs a dual-normalized autocorrelation search of the bandpass signals. The search may be performed with lags +/-10% around smoothed pitch value 150 provided by pitch analyzer 51. The peak autocorrelation value for each band is saved in a memory array for subsequent cutoff frequency determination.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the voicing cutoff frequency is represented by a 3 bit number fsel The number fsel may take values between 0 and 7, with fsel-0 representing 0 Hz, fsel-1 representing 571 Hz, on up to fsel-7 representing 4000 Hz. The number fsel is determined by the values of the array of dual-normalized peak autocorrelation values described above. The array is indexed from 0 to 7, with 0 corresponding to the 0-571 Hz band, and 7 corresponding to the 3259-4000 Hz band. A search is performed over the autocorrelation array, and any band having a correlation greater than 0.6 is marked as voiced. The voicing array is then smoothed such that an unvoiced band is marked voiced if lies between two voiced bands. In addition, band 0 may be marked voiced if band 1 is voiced. The following is an example of FORTRAN code which implements a voicing cut off frequency quantization algorithm in a single pass:
______________________________________c determine fsel (voicing cutoff)itmp = 0fsel = 0do i = 0,6fsel = fsel + 1if (cor (i) .lt. 0.6) thenitmp = itmp + 1if (itmp .ge. 2) then fsel = fsel - 2 goto 400end ifif (i.eq.6) fsel = 6elseitmp = 0end ifend do400 continue______________________________________
Because of occasional irregularities in the periodicity of voiced speech, some smoothing of the fsel parameter may be desirable. The following segments of FORTRAN code illustrate examples of algorithms which may be used in the present invention for smoothing the fsel parameter.
Defining the variables in the segment:
______________________________________fsel current frame's voicing cutoff (0-7)fsellast last frame's voicing cutoff (0-7)rmsi.sub.-- fb(-1) last frame's input rmsrmsi.sub.-- fb(0) current frame's input rmsrmsi.sub.-- fb(1) future frame's input rmszc(0) current frame's zero crossing countrmsh1 half-frame gain (first half)rmsh2 half-frame gain (second half)braw(0) current frame's full band dual-normalized autocorrelation at the pitch lag______________________________________
______________________________________Case 1if ((fsel .le. 1) .and. ((rmsh1/rmsh2.ge.4.0) .or.1 (rmsh1/rmsh2.le.0.25)) .and. (ipitch.le.80)) thenfsel=0Case 2else if ((fsel.le. 1) .and. (rmsi.sub.-- fb(-1) .lt. rmsi.sub.-- fb (0)).and.1 (rmsi.sub.-- fb(1) .gt. (rmsi.sub.-- fb(0)) .and.1 (rmsi.sub.-- fb(0) .le. 1000.0) ) thenfsel=fselCase 3else if ((fsellast.le. 2 .and. (fsel .eq.0) .and.1 (rmsi.sub.-- fb(-1) .lt. 0.8*rmsi.sub.-- fb(0)) .and.1 (rmsi.sub.-- fb(1) .lt. 0.8*rmsi.sub.-- fb(0)) ) thenfsel=fselCase 4else if ((fsel.le. 1) .and. (0.8*rmsi.sub.-- fb(-1) .gt. rmsi.sub.-- fb(0)) .and.1 (0.8*rmsi.sub.-- fb(1) .gt. rmsi.sub.-- fb(0)) .and.1 (rmsi.sub.-- fb(0) .lt. 500.0) ) thenfsel=fselCase 5else if ((fsel.lt. 4) .and. (rmsi.sub.-- fb(0) .ge. 250.0) .and.1 (zc(0) .le. 40) .and. (peaky2 .ge. 1.49)) thenfsel=max(fsellast, nint(7.0*(1.0 - float(zc(0))/80.0)))Case 6else if ((fsel.lt. 4) .and. (rmsi.sub.-- fb(0) .ge. 4000.0)) thenfsel=max(fsellast, nint(7.0*(1.0 - float(zc(0))/80.0)))Case 7else if ((fsel.eq. 0) .and. (rmsi.sub.-- fb(0) .ge. 200.0) .and.1 (zc(0) .le. 40) .and. (braw(0) .ge. 0.7) .and.1 (abs(ipitch-ipraw(0)) .le. 4)) thenfsel=max(fsellast, nint(7.0*(1.0 - float(zc(0))/80.0)))end if______________________________________
The first, third, and fourth cases represent dynamic changes in the speech signal that should be mostly unvoiced, so fsel is not changed from its low input value. The second case represents a plosive onset (`b` or `p` type sound), so the fsel is again left at a low value. The fifth, sixth, and seventh cases allow the fsel value to increase when there is a high probability of voiced speech being present.
As stated above, fsel is quantized with 3 bits, which contribute 3 bits/20 msec, or 150 bits/sec, to the overall transmission rate.
Table 1 shows two example bit allocations, one for a 1500 b/sec embodiment of the present invention and one of for a 2000 b/sec embodiment of the present invention.
TABLE 1______________________________________Encoder b/sec = 2000 b/sec = 1500Parameter bits rate bits rate______________________________________LSF Spectrum 26 1300 32/40 800 msecPitch 6 300 6 300Voicing Cutoff 3 150 3 150Gain 5 250 5 250______________________________________
Pitch analyzer 50 comprises low pass filter 52 and pitch analyzer unit 51. Low pass filter 52 receives speech input signal 1 and preprocesses it to remove high frequency components. Low pass filter 52 provides a filtered speech signal to pitch analyzer unit 51. While one embodiment of the present invention employs known average magnitude difference function (AMDF) algorithms to provide multi-frame smoothed pitch tracking, any multi-frame smoothed pitch tracking technique may be employed in the present invention. Multiple frames may be tracked to smooth out occasional pitch doublings. In addition, the tracker portion of pitch analyzer unit 51 may be adapted to return a fixed value (last valid pitch, or any fixed value that is unrelated to the lag associated with peak auto correlation) during unvoiced speech. This technique has been shown to minimize false-positive voicing decisions in the voicing cutoff logic.
The quantized pitch value of speech input signal 1 is provided to pitch-lag correlator 65. In addition, the quantized value is coded with a 6 bit logarithmically spaced table with lags between 60 and 118 samples, to produce pitch index signal 8. The table is similar to that used in the FS-1015 (Federal Standard LPC-10 vocoder). Pitch index signal 8 is provided by pitch analyzer 51 to multiplexer 16.
A block diagram of speech decoder 20 is shown in FIG. 5. Decoder 20 comprises three major components: harmonic generator 70, also referred to herein as pitch epoch generator 70, Gaussian noise generator 80 and LPC synthesis filter 90. Harmonic generator 70 generates a pulse train corresponding to voiced sounds and Gaussian noise generator 80 generates random noise corresponding to unvoiced sounds. Pitch information derived from pitch index signal 6, which includes pitch period information, is supplied to harmonic generator 70 to generate the proper pitch or frequency of the voiced excitation corresponding to the frame of speech being decoded.
One embodiment of the present invention uses voicing cut-off frequency information derived from the fsel signal to control the operation of both harmonic generator 70 and Gaussian noise generator 80. The Gaussian noise output from the Gaussian noise generator provides the unvoiced excitation for LPC synthesis filter 90. The output of pitch epoch generator 70 provides the voiced excitation for LPC synthesis filter 90. The Gaussian noise output is combined with the impulse train output of pitch epoch generator 70 at adder 72. The output of adder 72 is provided to multiplier 75. Multiplier 75 modulates the amplitude of the combined output in accordance with gain information derived from gain index signal 4. The output of multiplier 75 is provided to LPC filter 90. LPC Filter 90 shapes the output of multiplier 5 in accordance with the LSF coefficients information derived from LSF index signal 2 to produce synthesized speech signal 25.
FIG. 6 shows a more detailed block diagram of speech decoder 20. The system and method of the present invention as it relates to generation of the voiced excitation (pitch epoch generator) and the unvoiced excitation (Gaussian noise generator and selectable highpass filter) will now be discussed in greater detail.
Harmonic generator 70 provides voiced excitation one pitch epoch at a time. A pitch epoch is a single period of the voiced excitation. A single frame of speech may comprise a plurality of epochs. During an epoch, all the parameters of the excitation are held constant; the pitch period (length of the epoch), the fundamental frequency of the excitation, and the voicing cutoff frequency (fsel). The parameter values are determined at the beginning of the epoch by interpolating current and previous frames' parameter values according to the time position of the epoch in the frame of voiced speech being synthesized. Epochs located close to the beginning of a frame have interpolated values closer to the previous frame's values, while epochs near the end are closer to the current frame's values. Although this interpolation introduces a half-frame delay in the synthesized speech, it produces the highest quality output.
Since the pitch period and fsel voicing cutoff frequency are integer numbers, they may be first interpolated in floating point and then set to the nearest integer value. Voiced excitation is built up by summing harmonics of the fundamental frequency up to the voicing cutoff frequency. The number of harmonics (nh) is given by: ##EQU4## where f.sub.0 is the fundamental frequency. The voiced excitation is given by ##EQU5## where epoch(i) is the i-th sample of the voiced excitation, nh is the number of harmonics, pitch is the fundamental pitch period given in number of samples, w.sub.0 is the digital fundamental frequency (2πf.sub.0 /8000), a(j) is the amplitude of the j-th harmonic, and phase(j) is the adaptive phase offset for the j-th harmonic. The amplitude and phase terms are calculated by methods disclosed in related applications Ser. No. 09/114,664, 09/114,663, and 09/114,662.
Prior art methods include sum-of-sinusoid methods of generating voiced excitation, such as Multiband Excitation (MBE) and Sinusoidal Transform (ST) coder techniques. The method of the present invention provides the advantage of instantaneous renormalization of the sum in Equation (2) whenever a harmonic is added or deleted, and also provides fixed frequency and phase for the entire pitch epoch. Thus, the methods of the present invention require no complex "birth" or "death" algorithms for adding or deleting sinusoids in the sum. Informal listening tests of predictive coders show that the use of the method of the present invention gives a better perceptual spectral depth than prior art methods.
Unvoiced excitation is generated by using selectable second highpass filter 85 cascaded with a zero-mean, unit variance Gaussian noise generator 80. The passband of selectable second high pass filter 85 is selected by the fsel parameter as follows: fsel values 0 through 7 select highpass cutoff frequencies of: 0, 571, 1143, 1714, 2286, 2857, 3249, and 4000 Hz, respectively. Use of these frequencies and the nh value from Equation (1) ensure that there is no overlap between the voiced and unvoiced excitation.
The full band excitation is generated by summing the voiced and unvoiced excitation. The sum (shown at 155) will have a unit variance because of the normalization factor in Equation (2) and the fact that the RMS level of the highpass filtered Gaussian sequence is given by ##EQU6##
For this reason, a single gain (based on the input signal's residual RMS) is used in one embodiment of the predictive style speech coder of the present invention. This technique offers a significant bit rate savings over a dual (voiced and unvoiced) gain system.
In one embodiment of the present invention, excitation parameters may be interpolated 4 times per frame, resulting in 4 "subframes" during which the excitation parameter values are held constant. However, a pitch epoch can be longer than a subframe. In this case, the voiced excitation parameters are not switched at the subframe boundary, but held constant until the end of the epoch. The unvoiced parameters may also be switched in an epoch-synchronous fashion for the best performance.
Turning now to FIG. 7, there is shown a detailed block diagram of speech decoder 20 according to one embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 7, received quantization indices 2, 4, 6 and 8 are decoded and interpolated by their respective decoders and interpolators. All quantization indices are decoded and interpreted over a frame of speech to be synthesized. In one embodiment of the present invention, interpolation is linear, performed 4 times per frame, and uses weighted combinations of the current frame's parameters and the previous frame's values. Since the pitch and voicing cutoff values are integer, their interpolations are first performed in floating point, and may then be converted to the nearest integer.
The gain parameter is preferably treated somewhat differently than the other parameters. If the gain rapidly decreases (current gain is less than one tenth of the previous gain), the previous frame's input to gain interpolator 81 is replaced with one tenth of the original value. This allows for fast decay at the end of a word and reduces perceived echo.
As previously described, voiced excitation is generated by summing lowpass periodic excitation produced by harmonic generator 70 and high pass Gaussian noise produced by Gaussian noise generator 80 cascaded with selectable second highpass filter 85.
The lowpass periodic excitation can be produced according to several methods. One method is illustrated by equation 2. Another method is to construct a periodic stream of lowpass filter impulse response with the repetition rate equal to the fundamental pitch frequency. With either method, unvoiced Gaussian noise excitation is passed through selectable second highpass filter 85. Filter 85 is a 65 tap linear phase hamming window designs. The filter taps may be changed up to 4 times per frame, concurrent with interpolation updates. If an fsel value of seven is received (indicating completely voiced excitation) Gaussian generator 80 continues to run, and the memory (not shown) of filter 85 is updated with noise samples, but no filtering is performed, nor output generated. This technique minimizes discontinuities in the signal provided to the LPC synthesis filter 90.
LPC synthesis filter 90 and adaptive postfilter 95 are similar to those used in FS-1016 (Federal standard 4.8 kb/sec CELP) coders. The LPC filter coefficients used by both are interpolated 4 times per frame in the LSF domain. However, according to the teachings of the present invention, adaptive postfilter 95 may be modified from the FS-1016 version, to include an additional FIR high frequency boosting filter. This has been found to increase the "crispness" of the output speech.
Therefore, a system and method for speech coding with increased perceptual quality and minimized bit rate is shown and described. Although the method and apparatus of the present invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it is not intended to be limited to the specific form set forth herein. On the contrary, it is intended to cover such alternatives, and equivalents, as can be reasonably included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like numbers represent like parts throughout the drawings, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a speech coding system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a hardware block diagram of a speech coding system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the encoder subsystem of the speech coding system illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of the encoder subsystem of the speech coding system illustrated in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of major components of the decoding subsystem of the speech coding system shown in FIG. 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a more detailed block diagram of the decoding subsystem shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a more detailed block diagram of the decoding subsystem shown in FIG. 6 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to speech coders and speech coding methods, and more particularly to a linear prediction based speech coder system and associated method for providing low bit rate speech representation and high quality synthesized speech.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
The term speech coding refers to the process of compressing and decompressing human speech. Likewise, a speech coder is an apparatus for compressing (also referred to herein as coding) and decompressing (also referred to herein as decoding) human speech. Storage and transmission of human speech by digital techniques has become widespread. Generally, digital storage and transmission of speech signals is accomplished by generating a digital representation of the speech signal and then storing the representation in memory, or transmitting the representation to a receiving device for synthesis of the original speech.
Digital compression techniques are commonly employed to yield compact digital representations of the original signals. Information represented in compressed digital form is more efficiently transmitted and stored and is easier to process. Consequently, modern communication technologies such as mobile satellite telephony, digital cellular telephony, land-mobile telephony, Internet telephony, speech mailboxes, and landline telephony make extensive use of digital speech compression techniques to transmit speech information under circumstances of limited bandwidth.
A variety of speech coding techniques exist for compressing and decompressing speech signals for efficient digital storage and transmission. It is the aim of each of these techniques to provide maximum economy in storage and transmission while preserving as much of the perceptual quality of the speech as is desirable for a given application.
Compression is typically accomplished by extracting parameters of successive sample sets, also referred to herein as "frames", of the original speech waveform and representing the extracted parameters as a digital signal. The digital signal may then be transmitted, stored or otherwise provided to a device capable of utilizing it. Decompression is typically accomplished by decoding the transmitted or stored digital signal. In decoding the signal, the encoded versions of extracted parameters for each frame are utilized to reconstruct an approximation of the original speech waveform that preserves as much of the perceptual quality of the original speech as possible.
Coders which perform compression and decompression functions by extracting parameters of the original speech are generally referred to as parametric coders. Instead of transmitting efficiently encoded samples of the original speech waveform itself, parametric coders map speech signals onto a mathematical model of the human vocal tract. The excitation of the vocal tract may be modeled as either a periodic pulse train (for voiced speech), or a white random number sequence (for unvoiced speech). The term "voiced" speech refers to speech sounds generally produced by vibration or oscillation of the human vocal cords. The term "unvoiced " speech refers to speech sounds generated by forming a constriction at some point in the vocal tract, typically near the end of the vocal tract at the mouth, and forcing air through the constriction at a sufficient velocity to produce turbulence. Speech coders which employ parametric algorithms to map and model human speech are commonly referred to as "vocoders."
Over the years numerous successful parametric speech coding techniques have been based on linear prediction coding (LPC). LPC vocoders employ linear predictive (LP) synthesis filters to model the vocal tract. An LP synthesis filter is a filter which predicts the value of the next speech sample based on a linear combination of previous speech samples. The coefficients of the LP synthesis filter represent extracted parameters of the original speech sound. The filter coefficients are estimated on a frame-by-frame basis by applying LP analysis techniques to original speech samples. These coefficients model the acoustic effect of the mouth above the vocal cords as words are formed.
A typical vocoder system comprises an encoder component for analyzing, extracting and transmitting model parameters, and a decoder component for receiving the model parameters and applying the received parameters to an identical mathematical model. The identical mathematical model is used to generate synthesized speech. Synthesized speech is an imitation, or reconstruction, of the original input speech. In a typical vocoder system speech is modeled by parametizing four general characteristics of the input speech waveform. The first of these is the gross spectral shape of the input waveform. Spectral characteristics of the speech are represented as the coefficients of the LP synthesis filter. Other typically parametized characteristics are signal power (or gain), voicing (an indication of whether the speech is voiced or unvoiced), and pitch of voiced speech.
The decoder component of a vocoder typically includes the linear prediction (LP) synthesis filter. Either a periodic pulse train for voiced speech, or a white random number sequence for unvoiced speech, provides the excitation for the LP synthesis filter.
Many existing vocoder systems suffer from poor perceptual quality in the synthesized speech. Insufficient characterization of input speech parameters, bandwidth limitations and subsequent generation of synthesized speech from encoded digital representations all contribute to perceptual degradation of synthesized speech. In particular, the performance of linear prediction based vocoders suffers from the limitations imposed by current techniques in representing the voicing characteristic. Virtually all prior art vocoder techniques employ a binary decision making process to represent a frame of speech, or frequency bands within a frame, as either voiced or unvoiced. This type of binary voicing decision results in decreased performance, especially for speech frames where both periodic and noisy frequency bands are present.
Accordingly, a need exists for a speech encoder and method for rapidly, efficiently and accurately characterizing speech signals in a fashion lending itself to compact digital representation thereof. Further, a need exists for a speech decoder and method for providing high quality speech signals from the compact digital representations. The problem of providing high fidelity speech while conserving digital bandwidth and minimizing both computation complexity and power requirements has been long standing in the art.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention a speech coding system comprises an encoder subsystem for encoding speech and a decoder subsystem for decoding the encoded speech and producing synthesized speech therefrom. The system may further include memory for storing encoded speech or a transmitter for transmitting encoded speech from the encoder subsystem, or memory, to the decoder subsystem. The encoder subsystem of the present invention includes, as major components, an LPC analyzer, a gain analyzer, a pitch analyzer and a voicing cut off frequency analyzer. The voicing cut off frequency analyzer comprises a voicing cut off frequency estimator for estimating a voicing cut off frequency for each frame of speech analyzed, and a voicing cut off frequency quantizer for representing the estimated voicing cut off frequency in compressed digital form, i.e., as a voicing cut off frequency index signal.
The decoder subsystem of the present invention includes, as major components, an LPC decoder, a gain decoder, a pitch decoder and a voicing cut off frequency decoder. The voicing cut off frequency decoder is adapted to receive the voicing cut off frequency index signal and to determine the corresponding estimated voicing cut off frequency--the frequency below which a frame of speech is voiced and above which a frame of speech is unvoiced. The voicing cut off frequency is provided to a harmonic generator, or to other decoder components, adapted to utilize the voice cut off frequency such that the perceptual buzziness of speech is reduced.
An exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention comprises the steps of obtaining at least one frame of speech to be coded, estimating a voicing cut-off frequency for the at least one frame, representing the estimated voicing cut-off frequency by means of a voicing cut off frequency index (fsel), and providing the voicing cut off frequency index signal to a device adapted to utilize it.
This application is related to the following allowed applications: application Ser. No. 09/114,658 (RD-25,492) filed Jul. 13, 1998, and herein incorporated by reference; application Ser. No. 09/114,664 (RD-25,493) filed Jul. 13, 1998, and herein incorporated by reference; application Ser. No. 09/114,663 (RD-25,494) filed Jul. 13, 1998, and herein incorporated by reference; application Ser. No. 09/114,662 (RD-25,495) filed Jul. 13, 1998, and herein incorporated by reference; application Ser. No. 09/114,660 (RD-25,497) filed Jul. 13, 1998, and herein incorporated by reference; and application Ser. No. 09/114,659 (RD-25,498) filed Jul. 13, 1998, and herein incorporated by reference; all filed concurrently herewith. | 60,771 | 127 |
365,005 | Department of Health and Human Services
Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA), Division of Federal-State Relations (DFSR) in coordination with the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) http://www.fda.gov/ForFederalStateandLocalOfficials/default.htm
Components of Participating Organizations
Title: Feed Safety and BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Support Project (U18)
Note: This is a Limited Competition solicitation.
The FDA does not follow the NIH Page Limitation Guidelines or the Enhanced Peer Review Scoring Criteria. Applicants are encouraged to use the Adobe Forms B and for this FOA submission please consult with your Program Official Caleb Michaud at 301-827-4389 or your Grant Specialist, Gladys M. Bohler at 301-827-7168 for additional information regarding page limits and the FDA Peer Review Process
Update: The following update relating to this announcement has been issued:
Request for Applications (RFA) Number: RFA-FD-10-002
NOTICE: Applications submitted in response to this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) for Federal assistance must be submitted electronically through Grants.gov (http://www.grants.gov) using the SF424 Research and Related (R&R) forms and the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
APPLICATIONS MAY NOT BE SUBMITTED IN PAPER FORMAT.
This FOA must be read in conjunction with the application guidelines included with this announcement in Grants.gov/Apply for Grants (hereafter called Grants.gov/Apply).
A registration process is necessary before submission and applicants are highly encouraged to start the process at least four (4) weeks prior to the grant submission date. See Section IV.
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Number(s)
Release/Posted Date: May 6, 2010
Opening Date: May 15, 2010 (Earliest date an application may be submitted to Grants.gov)
Letters of Intent Receipt Date(s): N/A
NOTE: On-time submission requires that applications be successfully submitted to Grants.gov no later than 5:00 p.m. local time (of the applicant institution/organization).
Application Due Date(s): July 15, 2010
AIDS Application Due Date(s): N/A
Peer Review Date(s): July, 2010
Council Review Date(s):N/A
Earliest Anticipated Start Date(s): August, 2010
Additional Information To Be Available Date (Activation Date): Not Applicable
Expiration Date: July 16, 2010
Due Dates for E.O. 12372
Single Point of Contact program under E.O. 12372 is applicable for FDA . See http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/grants_spoc/ for details
Table of Contents
Part I Overview Information
Part II Full Text of Announcement
Section I. Funding Opportunity Description
1. Research Objectives
Section II. Award Information
1. Mechanism of Support
2. Funds Available
Section III. Eligibility Information
1. Eligible Applicants
A. Eligible Institutions
B. Eligible Individuals
2. Cost Sharing or Matching
3. Other-Special Eligibility Criteria
Section IV. Application and Submission Information
1. Request Application Information
2. Content and Form of Application Submission
3. Submission Dates and Times
A. Receipt, Review, and Anticipated Start Dates
1. Letter of Intent
B. Submitting an Application Electronically to the NIH
C. Application Processing
4. Intergovernmental Review
5. Funding Restrictions
6. Other Submission Requirements
Section V. Application Review Information
2. Review and Selection Process
3. Anticipated Announcement and Award Dates
Section VI. Award Administration Information
1. Award Notices
2. Administrative and National Policy Requirements
A. Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award
1. Principal Investigator Rights and Responsibilities
2. FDA Responsibilities
3. Collaborative Responsibilities
4. Dispute Resolution Process
Section VII. Agency Contacts
1. Scientific/Research Contact(s)
2. Peer Review Contact(s)
3. Financial/Grants Management Contact(s)
Section VIII. Other Information - Required Federal Citations
Part II - Full Text of Announcement
1. Research Objectives
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA), Division of Federal-State Relations (DFSR) in coordination with the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), is announcing the availability of cooperative agreements to further enhance the infrastructure of State, territorial, and tribal animal feed safety and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prevention programs. These cooperative agreements are intended to fund additional personnel, equipment, supplies, and training to support activities related to the FDA ruminant feed ban (21 CFR parts 589.2000 - 2001, referred to as the BSE/ruminant feed ban) as well as other activities related to feed safety, in State, territory, and tribal governments.
The goal of FDA’s ORA Cooperative Agreement Program is to enhance, complement, develop and improve State/territory/tribal animal feed safety and surveillance programs. This will be accomplished through the provision of funding for additional equipment, supplies, funding for personnel, training in current feed testing methodologies recognized by FDA, participation in proficiency testing to establish additional reliable laboratory sample analysis capacity, and analysis of surveillance samples as well as State/territorial/tribal government compliance inspections. This will also require extensive cooperation and coordination with FDA District Offices to minimize duplication of inspections.
Under these cooperative agreements, the State, territory, and tribal governments would enhance their feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban programs to increase the ability to locate and visit firms involved in the manufacture, distribution, and transportation of animal feed and operations feeding livestock in their jurisdiction. Verification of compliance with the BSE/ruminant feed ban as well as other regulations related to feed safety will be conducted. In addition, funds could be used to increase State, territory, and tribal personnel dedicated to conducting these inspections. Funds could be used for supplies, training, and laboratory equipment for feed sample testing using analytical methods recognized by FDA. Funds could also be used to conduct educational outreach activities and to develop materials needed to further and enhance the industries' knowledge of and compliance with feed safety regulations and the BSE/ruminant feed ban.
As a result of enhancing their feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban programs, an increase in State, territory, and tribal inspections under section 702 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act) (21 U.S.C. 372) of renderers, protein blenders, feed mills that manufacture animal feeds, feed ingredient manufacturers, feed distributors an d transporters, salvagers of food and feed, and livestock feeders is expected. Animal feed and feed ingredients utilizing materials prohibited under the BSE/ruminant feed ban are of significant interest, although other work related to feed safety may also be conducted. Finally, the Feed Safety and BSE/Ruminant Feed Ban Support Project funds are intended to supplement, not replace, State funding for program improvement.
All cooperative agreement projects that are developed at State, territorial, and tribal levels must have existing feed inspection and surveillance programs or propose in detail the development of a State/territory/tribal feed regulatory program.
There are eight key project areas identified for this effort that must be addressed:
(1) Hire and/or train State/territory/tribal personnel to conduct inspections. Training of State/territory/tribal personnel may be accomplished through the ORA University, training sponsored by the Association of American Feed Control Officials, or other training that meets State/territory/tribal and FDA requirements. New hires for this program must meet the State/territory/tribal agency’s qualifications for feed inspections and sampling techniques.
(2) Hire and/or train laboratory personnel to conduct laboratory analyses of feed samples. Laboratory analyses of samples collected under this program must utilize methodologies recognized by the FDA, or other professional groups, such as the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOACI).
(3) Identify animal feed and feed ingredient manufacturers, including renderers, protein blenders, feed mills, ingredient manufacturers, feed salvagers, distributors (including retailers), transporters of animal feed and feed ingredients, and on-farm animal feed mixers, as well as ruminant feeders within the State/territory/tribal jurisdiction where such firms have not already been identified and/or inspected for compliance with feed safety requirements, such as the BSE/ruminant feed ban.
(4) Inspect animal feed and feed ingredient manufacturers, including renderers, protein blenders, feed mills, ingredient manufacturers, feed salvagers, distributors (including retailers), transporters of animal feed and feed ingredients, and on-farm animal feed mixers, as well as ruminant feeders within the State/territory/tribal jurisdiction where such firms have not already been identified and/or inspected for compliance with feed safety requirements, such as the BSE/ruminant feed ban. These inspections would be conducted under section 702 of the FD&C Act, using and completing the appropriate inspection forms and following the appropriate guidance to verify compliance. For example, the FDA Ruminant Feed Ban Inspection Checklist and Ruminant Feed Ban Compliance Program would be used to verify compliance with the BSE/ruminant feed ban. These inspections would be conducted by officers and employees duly commissioned by FDA in accordance with section 702 of the FD&C Act.
(5) Conduct surveillance sampling at establishments supplying ingredients or finished feed into the feed supply, including manufacturers, distributors, and livestock feeders. Samples should be tested for the presence of materials prohibited under the BSE/ruminant feed ban or other contaminants, such as drug and pesticide residues, mycotoxins, heavy metals or the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. This surveillance sampling would be conducted under section 702 of the FD&C Act and would be conducted by officers and employees duly commissioned by FDA in accor dance with section 702 of the FD&C Act.
(6) Provide copies of all completed inspection reports, including any FDA Ruminant Feed Ban Inspection Checklists, analytical results for surveillance sampling, and reports of any other inspection work as a part of the mid-year program progress report to the FDA Project officer or designated office, as well as provide completed checklists and sample results in accordance with section 702 of the FD&C Act.
(7) Be able to identify and quantify improvements to the existing State/territory/tribal feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban program or developing new programs (i.e., personnel hiring, personnel training, equipment upgrades, increase in inspections conducted) in the mi d-year report as a result of the cooperative agreement.
(8) Conduct educational outreach activities and develop materials needed to further and enhance the industries' knowledge of and compliance with feed safety requirements, such as but not limited to the BSE/ruminant feed ban and medicated feed good manufacturing practice regulations, for example.
FDA will support the projects covered by this notice under the authority of section 311 of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (the Bioterrorism Act) (Public Law 107-188), which amends the FD&C Act by adding section 909 (21 U.S.C. 399). This program is described in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance under number 93.449.
The events of September 11, 2001, reinforced the need to enhance the security and safety of the United States food supply. Congress responded by passing the Bioterrorism Act, which President George W. Bush signed into law on June 12, 2002. The Bioterrorism Act is divided into the following five titles:
Title I--National Preparedness for Bioterrorism and Other Public Health Emergencies,
Title II--Enhancing Controls on Dangerous Biological Agents and Toxins,
Title III--Protecting Safety and Security of Food and Drug Supply,
Title IV--Drinking Water Security and Safety, and
Title V--Additional Provisions.
Subtitle A of Title III—Protection of Food Supply, Section 311—Grants to States for Inspections, amends the FD&C Act by adding section 909 to authorize the Secretary of Health and Human Services to award grants to States, territories, and Indian tribes that undertake examinations, inspections, and investigations, and related activities under section 702 of the FD&C Act. The grant funds are only available for the costs of conducting these examinations, inspections, investigations, and related activities.
VIII, Other Information - Required Federal Citations, for policies related to
1. Mechanism of Support
This FOA will use the U18 award mechanism. The Project Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) will be solely responsible for planning, directing, and executing the proposed project.
This FOA provides support to State/territorial/tribal governments for them to develop new or enhance the capability of their existing feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban programs an d assist in an increased surveillance presence throughout the commercial feed channels. These efforts will aid in preventing the introduction or amplification of BSE in the United States and help reduce the likelihood of public or animal health problems related to unsafe animal feed.
Substantive involvement by the awarding agency is inherent in the cooperative agreement award. Accordingly, FDA will have substantial involvement in the program activities of the project funded by the cooperative agreement. Substantive involvement includes, but is not limited to, the following:
(1) FDA assistance and coordination in sharing information on the identification and location of all renderers, protein blenders, commercial animal feed manufacturers, distributors (including retailers), salvagers, transporters of animal feed and feed ingredients, on-farm animal feed mixers, and others involved in the manufacturing, distribution and use of livestock feed known to FDA an d the State/territorial/tribal agency,
(2) FDA assistance in training State/territorial/tribal feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban regulatory program personnel,
(3) FDA assistance in training State/territorial/tribal laboratory personnel to interpret analytical results from their feed testing efforts,
(4) FDA assistance in collecting feed surveillance samples at renderers, protein blenders, and feed mills that manufacture with materials prohibited under the BSE/ruminant feed ban,
(5) FDA assistance and cooperation in the location and inspection of firms for other feed safety hazards,
(6) FDA will assist in reviewing completed inspection reports and sample results provided as a part of the mid-year reports, and
(7) FDA will assist with joint inspections for training, compliance, auditing or other field activities as requested by the grantee.
State/territorial/tribal BSE/ruminant feed ban inspections are based on a determination of compliance of firms with the "Animal Proteins Prohibited In Ruminant Feeds" regulation, (21 CFR 589.2000), the “Cattle Materials Prohibited in Animal Food or Feed to Prevent the Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy” regulation (21 CFR 589.2001), as well as any subsequent regulations and guidance applicable to the BSE/ruminant feed ban. Other feed safety work performed under the cooperative agreement will be conducted under the applicable regulations and guidance relate d to feed safety. Examples include the Good Manufacturing Practice regulations for medicated feed (21 CFR 225) and the regulations adopted under “New Animal Drugs for use in Animal Feeds” (21 CFR 558).
The BSE/ruminant feed ban regulations are designed to prevent the establishment and amplification of BSE through animal feed, by prohibiting the use of most mammalian proteins in ruminant feed, and the use of certain cattle tissues in all animal feed. The regulations affect renderers, protein blenders, commercial animal feed manufacturers, distributors (including retailers), transporters of animal feed and feed ingredients, on-farm animal feed mixers, and ruminant feeders. Based on the need to control the entry and spread of this disease, the agency has set a goal to assist in the development of new or the enhancement of existing State/territory/tribal BSE/ruminant feed ban programs to help meet compliance with the regulation.
Feed industry firms that are inspected under the BSE/ruminant feed ban regulations are also subject to feed safety regulations that address other hazards that might impact animal health or the safety of the meat, milk or eggs. Thus, when inspection visits are made to these facilities to determine their compliance with the BSE/ruminant feed ban regulations, it makes sense for the inspection visits to also address other areas involving feed safety at the same time.
In the Cooperative Agreement mechanism, the PD(s)/PI(s) retain(s) the primary responsibility and dominant role for planning, directing, and executing the proposed project, with FDA staff being substantially involved as a partner with the PD(s)/PI(s), as described under the Section VI.2. Administrative Requirements, “Cooperative Agreement Terms, and Conditions of Award”.
This FOA uses “Just-in-Time” information concepts (see SF424 (R&R) Application Guide). It uses the Non-modular budget formats (see http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/modular/modular.htm).
U.S. applicants requesting $250,000 in annual direct costs must complete and submit budget requests using the Research & Related Budget component.
This funding opportunity will use an FDA cooperative agreement award mechanism. In the cooperative agreement mechanism, the PD(s)/PI(s) retain(s) the primary responsibility and dominant role for planning, directing, and executing the proposed project, with FDA staff being substantially involved as a partner with the PD(s)/PI(s), as described under the Section VI. 2. Administrative Requirements, "Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award".
The total amount of funding available in Fiscal Year (FY) 2010 is $3,000,000. Cooperative agreements will be awarded up to $250,000 in total (direct plus indirect) costs per year for up to 5 years. Support of these cooperative agreements will be for the funding of additional personnel, equipment, supplies, and training to support activities related to the FDA BSE/ruminant feed ban as well as other activities related to feed safety.
The length of support will depend on the nature of the project. For those projects with an expected duration of more than 1 year, 4 additional years of noncompetitive continuation support will depend on performance during the preceding year and availability of Federal funds. The total project period for an application requesting support may not exceed 5 years.
It is anticipated that FDA will issue 12 awards in FY2010 for this program. The number of projects funded will depend on the quality of the applications received and is subject to availability of Federal funds to support the projects.
Funds may be requested for travel to FDA for meetings with program staff about the progress of the project and for travel to attend training activities.
In addition, if a cooperative agreement is awarded, grantees will be informed if any additional documentation is needed to support their award. The project office will have continuous interaction with the grantee through inspection field audits, collection of mid-year and end of year progress reports, and provision of training, joint inspections, and compliance. There may be other regular meetings with the grantees to assist in fulfilling the requirements of the cooperative agreement.
These cooperative agreements will be made to either fund the development of new State/territory/tribal feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban programs or to enhance existing State/territory/tribal feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban programs for the funding of items such as: supplies, lab equipment, surveillance, sample collection, personnel, as well as for activities such as providing training in current inspectional and analytical methodology, developing educational materials for the regulated industry, analyzing feed and feed products, and conducting inspections. Successful applications will be selected for funding to ensure a broad geographic distribution of the program. Size of the existing or new State/territory/tribal program and number of facilities to be covered under the cooperative agreement will also be considered.
States/territories/tribes with current feed inspection contracts addressing the BSE/ruminant feed ban, medicated feed GMP’s and/or tissue residue investigation can maintain these contracts at the discretion of the State/territory/tribe and FDA. However, the facilities and work covered un der these contracts cannot be counted towards fulfillment of the cooperative agreement and must remain distinct and separate from the cooperative agreement.
These cooperative agreements are not to fund work that is covered by a contract, or that is unrelated to feed safety or the BSE/ruminant feed ban.
Facilities and Administrative (F&A) costs requested by consortium participants are included in the total cost limitation.
the financial plans of the FDA provide support for this program, awards
pursuant to this funding opportunity are contingent upon the availability of
and Administrative (F&A) costs requested by consortium participants are
included in the direct cost limitation..
FDA grants policies as described in the U.S. Department of health and Human Services (HHS) Grants Policy Statement http://www.hhs.gov/grantsnet/adminis/gpd/index.htm will apply to the applications submitted and awards made in response to this FOA.
*This cooperative agreement program is only available to State, Territory, and Tribal government agency feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban regulatory programs that undertake inspections and related activities under Section 702 of the FD&C Act and that are not currently funded under an existing cooperative agreement or contract.
1.B. Eligible Individuals
Any individual(s) with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research as the PD/PI is invited to work with his/her organization to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for FDA support.
Sharing or Matching
This program does not require cost sharing as defined in the current DHHS Grants Policy Statement http://www.hhs.gov/grantsnet/adminis/gpd/index.htm
Number of Applications. Applicants may not submit more than one application.
Resubmissions. Resubmission applications are not permitted in response to this FOA.
Renewals. Renewal applications are not permitted in response to this FOA.
download a SF424 (R&R) Application Package and SF424 (R&R) Application
Guide for completing the SF424 (R&R) forms for this FOA, use the “Apply for
Grant Electronically” button in this FOA or link to http://www.grants.gov/Apply/ and follow the directions provided on that Web site.
Appropriate registrations with Grants.gov and eRA Commons must be completed on or before the due date in order to successfully submit an application. Several of the steps of the registration process could take four weeks or more. Therefore, applicants should immediately check with their business official to determine whether their organization/institution is already registered with both Grants.gov and the Commons. All registrations must be complete by the submission deadline for the application to be considered “on-time” (see 3.C.1 for more information about on-time submission).
A one-time registration is required for institutions/organizations at both:
PDs/PIs should work with their institutions/organizations to make sure they are registered in the NIH eRA Commons.
Several additional separate actions are required before an applicant can submit an electronic application, as follows:
1) Organizational/Institutional Registration in Grants.gov/Get Registered
3) Project Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) Registration in the NIH eRA Commons: Refer to the NIH eRA Commons System (COM) Users Guide.
Both the PDs/PI(s) and AOR/SO need separate accounts in the NIH eRA Commons since both are authorized to view the application image.
Note: The registration process is not sequential. Applicants should begin the registration processes for both Grants.gov and eRA Commons as soon as their organization has obtained a DUNS number. Only one DUNS number is required and the same DUNS number must be referenced when completing Grants.gov registration, eRA Commons registration and the SF424 (R&R) forms.
Request Application Information
Applicants must download the SF424 (R&R) application forms and the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide for this FOA through Grants.gov/Apply.
Note: Only the forms package directly attached to
a specific FOA can be used. You will not be able to use any other SF424
(R&R) forms (e.g., sample forms, forms from another FOA), although
some of the "Attachment" files may be useable for more than one
For further assistance, contact GrantsInfo -- Telephone 301-435-0714; Email: GrantsInfo@nih.gov.
Telecommunications for the hearing impaired: TTY: (301) 480-0434
2. Content and Form of Application Submission
Prepare all applications using the SF424 (R&R) application forms for this FOA through Grants.gov/Apply and in accordance with the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/424/index.htm).
The SF424 (R&R) Application Guide is critical to submitting a complete and accurate application to NIH. Some fields within the SF424 (R&R) application components, although not marked as mandatory, are required by NIH (e.g., the “Credential” log-in field of the “Research & Related Senior/Key Person Profile” component must contain the PD/PI’s assigned eRA Commons User ID). Agency-specific instructions for such fields are clearly identified in the Application Guide. For additional information, see “Frequently Asked Questions – Application Guide, Electronic Submission of Grant Applications.”
The SF424 (R&R) application has several components. Some components are required, others are optional. The forms package associated with this FOA in Grants.gov/APPLY includes all applicable components, required and optional. A completed application in response to this FOA includes the data in the following components:
SF424 (R&R) (Cover component)
Research & Related Project/Performance Site Locations
Research & Related Other Project Information
Research & Related Senior/Key Person
PHS398 Cover Page Supplement
PHS398 Research Plan
PHS398 Research & Related Budget, as appropriate (See Section IV.6 regarding appropriate required budget component.)
Research & Related Subaward Budget Attachment(s) Form
PHS398 Cover Letter File
Foreign Organizations: N/A
Applications with Multiple PDs/PIs: N/A
Applications Involving a Single Institution
When all PDs/PIs are within a single institution, follow the instructions contained in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Applications Involving Multiple Institutions
When multiple institutions are involved, one institution must be designated as the prime institution and funding for the other institution(s) must be requested via a subcontract to be administered by the prime institution. When submitting a detailed budget, the prime institution should submit its budget using the Research & Related Budget component. All other institutions should have their individual budgets attached separately to the Research & Related Subaward Budget Attachment(s) Form. See Section 4.8 of the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide for further instruction regarding the use of the subaward budget form.
Submission Dates and Times
See Section IV.3.A. for details.
3.A. Submission, Review, and Anticipated Start Dates
Opening Date: May 15, 2010 (Earliest date an application may be submitted to Grants.gov)
Letters of Intent Receipt Date(s): Not Applicable
Application Due Date(s): July 15, 2010
Peer Review Date(s): July, 2010
Council Review Date(s): N/A.
Earliest Anticipated Start Date(s): August, 2010
3.A.1. Letter of Intent
A letter of intent is not required for the funding opportunity.
3.B. Submitting an Application Electronically to the NIH
To submit an application in response to this FOA, applicants should access this FOA via http://www.grants.gov/applicants/apply_for_grants.jsp and follow Steps 1-4. Note: Applications must only be submitted electronically. PAPER APPLICATIONS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. All attachments must be provided to NIH in PDF format, filenames must be included with no spaces or special characters, and a .pdf extension must be used.
In order to expedite the review, applicants are requested to notify the Project Officer, Caleb Michaud by email email@example.com when the application has been submitted. Please include the FOA number and title, PD/PI name, and title of the application.
Applications may be submitted on or after the opening date and must be successfully received by Grants.gov no later than 5:00 p.m. local time (of the applicant institution/organization) on the application due date(s). (See Section IV.3.A. for all dates.) If an application is not submitted by the due date(s) and time, the application may be delayed in the review process or not reviewed. All applications must meet the following criteria to be considered “on-time”:
Please visit http://era.nih.gov/electronicReceipt/app_help.htm for detailed information on what to do if Grants.gov or eRA system issues threaten your ability to submit on time.
Submission to Grants.gov is not the last step – applicants must follow their application through to the eRA Commons to check for errors and warnings and view their assembled application!
3.C.2 Two Day Window to Correct eRA Identified Errors/Warnings
IMPORTANT NOTE! NIH has eliminated the error correction window for due dates of January 25, 2011 and beyond. As of January 25, all corrections must be complete by the due date for an application to be considered on-time. See NOT-OD-10-123.
Once an application package has been successfully submitted through Grants.gov, NIH provides applicants a two day error correction window to correct any eRA identified errors or warnings before a final assembled application is created in the eRA Commons. The standard error correction window is two (2) business days, beginning the day after the submission deadline and excluding weekends and standard federal holidays. All errors must be corrected to successfully complete the submission process. Warnings will not prevent the application from completing the submission process.
Please note that the following caveats apply:
3.C.3 Viewing an Application in the eRA Commons
Once any eRA identified errors have been addressed and the assembled application has been created in the eRA Commons, the PD/PI and the Authorized Organization Representative/Signing Official (AOR/SO) have two weekdays (Monday – Friday, excluding Federal holidays) to view the assembled application before it automatically moves forward to NIH for further processing.
Upon receipt, applications will be evaluated for completeness by the CSR and responsiveness by the FDA Project Officer and Grants Management Specialist. Incomplete and/or non-responsive applications will not be reviewed.
There will be an acknowledgement of receipt of applications from Grants.gov and the Commons. The submitting AOR/SO receives the Grants.gov acknowledgments. The AOR/SO and the PI receive Commons acknowledgments. Information related to the assignment of an application to a Scientific Review Group is also in the Commons.
Note: Since email can be unreliable, it is the responsibility of the applicant to check periodically on the application status in the Commons.
The FDA will not accept any application in response to this funding opportunity that is essentially the same as one currently pending initial review, unless the applicant withdraws the pending application. However, when a previously unfunded application, originally submitted as an investigator-initiated application, is to be submitted in response to a funding opportunity, it is to be prepared as a NEW application. That is, the application for the funding opportunity must not include an “Introduction” describing the changes and improvements made, and the text must not be marked to indicate the changes from the previous unfunded version of the application.
This initiative is subject to intergovernmental review.
5. Funding Restrictions
All FDA awards are subject to the terms and conditions, cost principles, and other considerations described in the DHHS Grants Policy Statement http://www.hhs.gov/grantsnet/adminis/gpd/index.htm
These cooperative agreements are not to fund inspections at licensed medicated feed mills or inspections that are related to the BSE/ruminant feed ban that are already addressed by a contract between FDA and the State/territory/tribe. These awards may be used only for the development of new State/territory/tribal feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban programs an d/or to enhance and supplement existing State/territory/tribal feed safety and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban program funding. States/territories/tribes with current medicated feed GMP, tissue residue investigation and/or BSE/ruminant feed ban contracts with FDA can maintain these contracts and continue to provide inspectional coverage at these types of firms at the discretion of the State/territory/tribe and FDA. However, the facilities and work covered under the contract cannot be counted towards fulfillment of the cooperative agreement and must remain distinct and separate from the cooperative agreement.
Warning: Please be sure that you observe the direct cost, project period, and page number limitations specified above for this FOA. Application processing may be delayed or the application may be rejected if it does not comply with these requirements.
The applicant must specifically address the following in the cooperative agreement application:
Laboratory Facilities. The applicant must provide a complete description of the facilities, including a complete description of the name and address of the facility conducting the feed sample testing, the name of the most responsible individual for the facility where the testing will be conducted, and the location and installation requirements of any equipment purchased with cooperative agreement funds.
For the facility, the following information must be provided:
(1) Operational support areas to be used for the project, including details about the availability of ancillary laboratory safety and support equipment and facilities;
(2) Details describing the sample receiving and sample storage areas, as well as a description of the chain-of-custody procedures;
(3) A detailed description of the proposed upgrades to existing laboratory facilities to accommodate new equipment, including drawings and cost estimates.
Laboratory Management Practices. For the laboratory, the following management information must be provided:
(1) A summary description of any quality management system defined, in development, or in place as it relates to quality control and quality assurance procedures and practices;
(2) A summary description of staffing management, specifically including feed sample testing abilities and procedures; and
(3) A summary description of procedures in place to monitor feed sample workflow, including the tracking and monitoring of sample analyses in progress to include a description of the laboratory work product review process. Additionally, provide a description of the laboratory’s ability to perform and complete the feed sample analyses and provide a report of a sample analysis within a responsive and reasonable timeframe. The grantee shall utilize and follow laboratory testing procedures, methodologies, and protocols employed and accepted by FDA in the assessment of feed samples with respect to the analyte of interest, such as pesticide or drug residues, or prohibited animal protein.
In addition, if a cooperative agreement is awarded, grantees will be informed if any additional documentation should be needed to support their award.
PD/PI Credential (e.g., Agency Login)
The FDA requires the PD(s)/PI(s) to fill in his/her Commons User ID in the “PROFILE – Project Director/Principal Investigator” section, “Credential” log-in field of the “Research & Related Senior/Key Person Profile” component.
The applicant organization must include its DUNS number in its Organization Profile in the eRA Commons. This DUNS number must match the DUNS number provided at CCR registration with Grants.gov. For additional information, see “Frequently Asked Questions – Application Guide, Electronic Submission of Grant Applications.”
PHS398 Research Plan Component Sections
All application instructions outlined in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide are to be followed, incorporating "Just-in-Time" information concepts, and with the following additional requirements:
U.S. applicants requesting $250,000 in annual direct costs must complete and submit budget requests using the Research & Related Budget component.
Applicants must follow the specific instructions on Appendix materials as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide (See http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/424/index.htm).
Do not use the Appendix to circumvent the page limitations. An application that does not comply with the required page limitations may be delayed in the review process.Resource Sharing Plan(s)
The following resource sharing policies do not apply to this FOA:
All grant application projects that are developed at State, Territory, and tribal levels must have national implication or application that can enhance Federal Feed safety and BSE/ruminant feed ban programs.
Only the review criteria described below will be considered in the review process.
FDA grants management and program staff will review all applications submitted in response to this notice. To be responsive, an application must be submitted in accordance with the requirements of this notice. Applications found to be non-responsive will be returned to the applicant without further consideration.
Applicants are encouraged to contact FDA to resolve any questions about criteria before submitting their application. Please see Agency Contacts, Section VII of this document, for further information.
The review criteria described below will be considered in the review process. Overall technical merit and innovation are key criteria, although all factors will be considered as specified in the scoring below. Further, program criteria will include availability of funds and overall program balance in terms of geography with respect to existing and projected awards.
2. Review and Selection Process
Applications that are complete and responsive to this FOA will be evaluated for scientific and technical merit by an appropriate peer review group convened by FDA Project Officer and in accordance with FDA peer review procedures using the review criteria stated below.
As part of the scientific peer review, all applications will:
The mission of the FDA is to protect the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. As part of this mission, applications submitted to the FDA for grants or cooperative agreements to support public health safety are evaluated for scientific and technical merit through the FDA peer review system.
FDA grants management and program staff will review applications sent in response to this notice. To be responsive, an application must be submitted in accordance with the requirements of this notice and must bear the original signature of the applicant institutions/organization's authorized official. If submitted electronically the original signature requirement does not apply.
If an application is found to be nonresponsive, it will not be considered for funding. Applicants are strongly encouraged to contact FDA to resolve any questions about criteria before submitting an application. Please direct all questions of a technical or scientific nature to ORA program staff and all questions of an administrative or financial nature to the grants management staff (see section VII of this document).
Applications will be considered for funding on the basis of their overall technical merit as determined through the review process. Program criteria will include availability of funds and overall program balance in terms of geography and with respect to existing inventory of feed firms within their State/Territory/Tribal geographic boundary.
A responsive application will be reviewed and evaluated for scientific and technical merit by an ad hoc panel of experts in the subject field of the specific application. Final funding decisions will be made by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs or his/her designee.
A score will be assigned to each responsive application based on the scientific/technical review criteria. The review panel may advise the program staff about the appropriateness of the proposal to the goals of the ORA/Office of Regional Operations (ORO)/DFSR cooperative agreement.
Scored Review Criteria
The ad hoc expert panel will review the application based on the following scientific and technical merit criteria:
Additional Review Criteria
As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will consider the following additional items in the determination of scientific and technical merit, but will not give separate scores for these items.
Biohazards. Reviewers will assess whether materials or procedures proposed are potentially hazardous to research personnel and/or the environment, and if needed, determine whether adequate protection is proposed.
Resubmission Applications. N/A
Renewal Applications. N/A
Revision Applications. N/A
Additional Review Considerations
As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will address each of the following items, but will not give scores for these items and should not consider them in providing an overall impact/priority score.
Applications from Foreign Organizations. N/A
Select Agents Research. N/A
Resource Sharing Plans. N/A.
Budget and Period of Support. Reviewers will consider whether the budget and the requested period of support are fully justified and reasonable in relation to the proposed research.
Security Measures. Security Measures. Reviewers will assess the security procedures, processes and background checks in place to evaluate new and existing laboratory personnel and will assess whether these measures are adequate to safeguard sensitive information and ensure security of the program/project.
Applications submitted in response to this FOA will compete for available funds with all other recommended applications submitted in response to this FOA. The following will be considered in making funding decisions:
After the peer review of the application is completed, the PD/PI will receive his or her Summary Statement (written critique) electronically via email.
the application is under consideration for funding, FDA will request
"just-in-time" information from the applicant. For details,
applicants may refer to the DHHS Grants Policy Statement http://www.hhs.gov/grantsnet/adminis/gpd/index.htm
A formal notification in the form of a Notice of Award (NoA) will be provided to the applicant organization. The NoA signed by the grants management officer is the authorizing document. Once all administrative and programmatic issues have been resolved, the NoA will be generated via email notification from the awarding component to the grantee business official.
Selection of an application for award is not an authorization to begin performance. Any costs incurred before receipt of the NoA are at the recipient's risk. These costs may be reimbursed only to the extent considered allowable pre-award costs. See Section IV.5., “Funding Restrictions.”
2. Administrative and National Policy Requirements
All FDA grant and cooperative agreement awards include the DHHS Grants Policy Statement as part of the NoA. For these terms of award, see http://www.hhs.gov/grantsnet/adminis/gpd/index.htm
Equipment purchased under this cooperative agreement is subject to the requirements of 45 CFR parts 92.31, “Real property.”
Applicants must adhere to the requirements of this notice. Special terms and conditions regarding FDA regulatory requirements and adequate progress of the study may be part of the awards notice.
The following Terms and
Conditions will be incorporated into the award statement and will be provided
to the Principal Investigator as well as to the appropriate institutional
official, at the time of award.
2.A. Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award
The following special terms of award are in addition to, and not in lieu of, otherwise applicable U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) administrative guidelines, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) grant administration regulations at 45 CFR Parts 74 and 92 (Part 92 is applicable when State and local Governments are eligible to apply), and other HHS, PHS, and NIH grant administration policies.
The administrative and funding instrument used for this program will be the cooperative agreement, an "assistance" mechanism (rather than an "acquisition" mechanism), in which substantial FDA programmatic involvement with the awardees is anticipated during the performance of the activities. Under the cooperative agreement, the FDA purpose is to support and stimulate the recipients' activities by involvement in and otherwise working jointly with the award recipients in a partnership role; it is not to assume direction, prime responsibility, or a dominant role in the activities. Consistent with this concept, the dominant role and prime responsibility resides with the awardees for the project as a whole, although specific tasks and activities may be shared among the awardees and the FDA as defined below.
2. A.1. Principal Investigator Rights and Responsibilities
The PD(s)/PI(s) will have the primary responsibility for the scientific, technical, or programmatic aspects of the grant and for day-to-day management of the project or program. The PD/PI(s) will maintain general oversight for ensuring compliance with the financial and administrative aspects of the award, as well as ensuring that all staff has sufficient clearance and/or background checks to work on this project or program. This individual will work closely with designated officials within the recipient organization to create and maintain necessary documentation, including both technical and administrative reports; prepare justifications; appropriately acknowledge Federal support in publications, announcements, news programs, and other media; and ensure compliance with other Federal and organizational requirements.
Awardees will retain custody of and have primary rights to the data and software developed under these awards, subject to Government rights of access consistent with current HHS, PHS, and FDA policies.
2. A.2. FDA Responsibilities
An FDA Project Officer will have substantial programmatic involvement that is above and beyond the normal stewardship role in awards, as described below.
An FDA Project Officer (PO) will have substantial programmatic involvement that is beyond the normal stewardship role in awards as described below. The PO is the official responsible for the programmatic, scientific, and/or technical aspects of assigned applications an d grants. The PO’s responsibilities include, but are not limited to, post-award monitoring of project/program performance, including review of progress reports and making site visits; and other activities complementary to those of the Grants Management Officer (GMO). The PO and the GMO work as a team in many of these activities.
Additionally, an agency program official or IC program director will be responsible for the normal scientific and programmatic stewardship of the award and will be named in the award notice.
2.A.3. Collaborative Responsibilities
2.A.4. Dispute Resolution Process
Awardee's right to appeal an adverse action that is otherwise appealable in accordance with PHS regulation 42 CFR Part 50, Subpart D and DHHS regulation 45 CFR Part 16.
For continuing cooperative agreements, mid-year reports and an annual program progress report are also required. For such cooperative agreements, the Non-competing Continuation Grant Progress Report (PHS-2590) will be considered the program progress report for the fourth quarter of the budget period.
Mid-year progress reports must contain, but are not limited to the following:
1. Progress report that covers accomplishments for each specific goal and objective outlined in grant application. Goals and objectives should be broken out and reported against.
2. Status report on the installation and operational readiness of any analytical equipment that is purchased.
3. Status report on the hiring and training of State/territorial/tribal laboratory personnel.
4. Copies of the inspection report on the firms for which Ruminant Feed Ban Inspection Checklists were completed including general assessment of compliance status.
5. Summary report on the facility inventory that is maintained by the State/territory/tribal government.
6. Status report on the hiring and training of personnel to conduct the inspections.
7. Report on feed sample descriptions and subsequent analytical results.
8. Where the examinations, inspections, or investigations and related activities undertaken under section 702 of the FD&C Act result in a State/territorial/tribal enforcement action, a summary report of the follow-up actions and final resolution of the findings.
9. Summary of improvements (identify and quantify) in the overall State/territory/tribal BSE/ruminant feed ban program resulting from the cooperative agreement.
10. Provide copies of all completed inspection reports, such as the BSE/ruminant feed ban checklist, as well as sample results, as a part of the mid-year program progress report to the FDA Project officer or designated office.
An annual Financial Status Report FSR (SF-269 or SF-269A as applicable) must be sent to FDA's grants management officer within 90 days of the budget period end date of the grant. Failure to file the FSR in a timely fashion will be grounds for suspension or termination of the grant.
A final program progress report, FSR, and invention statement must be submitted within 90 days after the expiration of the project period as noted on the Notice of Grant Award.
The final program progress report must provide full written documentation of the project, and summaries of findings, as described in the grant application. The documentation must be in a form and contain sufficient detail such that other State, local, and tribal governments could reproduce the final project.
Awardees will be required to submit the Non-Competing Continuation Grant Progress Report (PHS 2590) annually and financial statements as required in the HHS Grants Policy Statement http://www.hhs.gov/grantsnet/adminis/gpd/index.htm
A final progress report, invention statement, and Financial Status Report are required when an award is relinquished, when a recipient changes institutions or when an award is terminated.
The program project officer will monitor grantees periodically. The monitoring may be in the form of telephone conversations, e-mails, or written correspondence between the project office/grants management office and the principal investigator. Periodic site visits with officials of the grantee organization may also occur. The results of these monitoring activities will be recorded in the official grant file and will be available to the grantee upon request consistent with applicable disclosure statutes and with FDA disclosure regulations. Also, the grantee organization must comply with all special terms and conditions of the cooperative agreement, including those which state that future funding of the study will depend on recommendations from the project officer.
The scope of the recommendation will confirm that:
(1) There has been acceptable progress on the project; (2) there is continued compliance with all FDA regulatory requirements; (3) if necessary, there is an indication that corrective action has taken place; and (4) assurance that any replacement of personnel will meet the testing and inspection requirements.
We encourage your inquiries concerning this funding opportunity and welcome the opportunity to answer questions from potential applicants. Inquiries may fall into three areas: scientific/research (program), peer review, and financial or grants management issues:
1. Scientific/Research Contact(s):
Division of Compliance
7519 Standish Place
Rockville, MD 20855
2. Peer Review Contact(s):
Division of Federal Relations
5600 Fishers Lane, Rm. 12-07
Rockville, MD 20857
Telephone: (301) 827-4389
3. Financial/Grants Management Contact(s):
Gladys M. Bohler
Division of Acquisition Support and Grants
5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 2105
Rockville, MD 20857
Telephone: (301) 827-7168
Required Federal Citations
Access to Research Data through the Freedom of Information Act:
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-110 has been revised to provide access to research data through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) under some circumstances. Data that are: (1) first produced in a project that is supported in whole or in part with Federal funds; and (2) cited publicly and officially by a Federal agency in support of an action that has the force and effect of law (i.e., a regulation) may be accessed through FOIA. It is important for applicants to understand the basic scope of this amendment. NIH has provided guidance at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/a110/a110_guidance_dec1999.htm. Applicants may wish to place data collected under this funding opportunity in a public archive, which can provide protections for the data and manage the distribution for an indefinite period of time. If so, the application should include a description of the archiving plan in the study design and include information about this in the budget justification section of the application. In addition, applicants should think about how to structure informed consent statements and other human subjects procedures given the potential for wider use of data collected under this award.
Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information:
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued final modification to the "Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information", the "Privacy Rule", on August 14, 2002. The Privacy Rule is a federal regulation under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 that governs the protection of individually identifiable health information, and is administered and enforced by the HHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR).
Decisions about applicability and implementation of the Privacy Rule reside with the researcher and his/her institution. The OCR website (http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/) provides information on the Privacy Rule, including a complete Regulation Text and a set of decision tools on "Am I a covered entity
in FDA Grant Applications or Appendices:
All applications and proposals for FDA funding must be self-contained within specified page limitations. For publications listed in the appendix and/or Progress report, Internet addresses (URLs) or PubMed Central (PMC) submission identification numbers must be used for publicly accessible on-line journal articles. Publicly accessible on-line journal articles or PMC articles/manuscripts accepted for publication that are directly relevant to the project may be included only as URLs or PMC submission identification numbers accompanying the full reference in either the Bibliography & References Cited section, the Progress Report Publication List section, or the Biographical Sketch section of the FDA grant application. A URL or PMC submission identification number citation may be repeated in each of these sections as appropriate. There is no limit to the number of URLs or PMC submission identification numbers that can be cited. Internet addresses (URLs) should not be used to provide any other information necessary for the review because reviewers are under no obligation to view the Internet sites.
Healthy People 2010:
The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of "Healthy People 2010," a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. This FOA is related to one or more of the priority areas. Potential applicants may obtain a copy of "Healthy People 2010" at http://www.health.gov/healthypeople.
Authority and Regulations:
This program is subject to the intergovernmental review requirements of Executive Order 12372. FDA’s grant program is described in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA), No. 93.449 (http://www.cfda.gov/). FDA will support the awards covered by this notice under the authority of Sections 301 of the Public Health Service Act as amended (42 USC 241 and 284) and under applicable federal regulations at 42 CFR Part 52 and 45 CFR Parts 74 and 92. All grant awards will be subject to all policies and requirements that govern the grant programs of the PHS as incorporated in the HHS Grants Policy Statement http://www.hhs.gov/grantsnet/adminis/gpd/index.htm.
The PHS strongly encourages
all grant recipients to provide a smoke-free workplace and discourage the use
of all tobacco products. In addition, Public Law 103-227, the Pro-Children Act
of 1994, prohibits smoking in certain facilities (or in some cases, any portion
of a facility) in which regular or routine education, library, day care, health
care, or early childhood development services are provided to children. This is
consistent with the PHS mission to protect and advance the physical and mental
health of the American people.
Weekly TOC for this Announcement
NIH Funding Opportunities and Notices
Office of Extramural
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS)
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529,027 | Somatic evolution in cancer
Somatic evolution is the accumulation of mutations in the cells of a body during a lifetime, and the effects of those mutations on the fitness of those cells. Somatic evolution is important in the process of aging as well as the development of some diseases, including cancer.
- 1 Natural selection in cancer
- 2 History
- 3 Somatic evolution in progression
- 4 Clonal evolution and cancer stem cells
- 5 Somatic evolution in therapeutic resistance
- 6 Harnessing evolution in therapeutics
- 7 Glossary
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Natural selection in cancer
Cells in pre-malignant and malignant neoplasms (tumors) evolve by natural selection. This accounts for how cancer develops from normal tissue and why it has been difficult to cure. There are three necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection, all of which are met in a neoplasm:
- There must be variation in the population. Neoplasms are mosaics of different mutant cells with both genetic and epigenetic changes that distinguish them from normal cells.
- That variation must be heritable. When a cancer cell divides, both daughter cells inherit the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities of the parent cell, and may also acquire new genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in the process of cellular reproduction.
- That variation must affect survival or reproduction (fitness). While many of the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in neoplasms are probably neutral evolution, many have been shown to increase the proliferation of the mutant cells, or decrease their rate of death (apoptosis). (See Hallmarks below)
Cells in neoplasms compete for resources, such as oxygen and glucose, as well as space. Thus, a cell that acquires a mutation that increases its fitness will generate more daughter cells than competitor cells that lack that mutation. In this way, a population of mutant cells, called a clone, can expand in the neoplasm. Clonal expansion is the signature of natural selection in cancer.
Cancer therapies act as a form of artificial selection, killing sensitive cancer cells, but leaving behind resistant cells. Often the tumor will regrow from those resistant cells, the patient will relapse, and the therapy that had been previously used will no longer kill the cancer cells. This selection for resistance is similar to the repeatedly spraying crops with a pesticide and selecting for resistant pests until the pesticide is no longer effective.
Evolution in complex biological systems
Modern descriptions of biological evolution will typically elaborate on major contributing factors to evolution such as the formation of local micro-environments, mutational robustness, molecular degeneracy, and cryptic genetic variation. Many of these contributing factors in evolution have been isolated and described for cancer.
Cancer is a classic example of what evolutionary biologists call multilevel selection: at the level of the organism, cancer is usually fatal so there is selection for genes and the organization of tissues that suppress cancer. At the level of the cell, there is selection for increased cell proliferation and survival, such that a mutant cell that acquires one of the hallmarks of cancer (see below), will have a competitive advantage over cells that have not acquired the hallmark. Thus, at the level of the cell there is selection for cancer.
Pre-Nowell & Cairns
The earliest ideas about neoplastic evolution come from Boveri who proposed that tumors originated in chromosomal abnormalities passed on to daughter cells. In the decades that followed, cancer was recognized as having a clonal origin associated with chromosomal aberrations.
Early mathematical modeling of cancer, by Armitage and Doll, set the stage for the future development of the somatic evolutionary theory of cancer. Armitage and Doll explained the cancer incidence data, as a function of age, as a process of the sequential accumulation of somatic mutations (or other rate limiting steps).
Advances in cytogenetics facilitated discovery of chromosome abnormalities in neoplasms, including the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia and translocations in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Sequences of karyotypes replacing one another in a tumor were observed as it progressed. Researchers hypothesized that cancer evolves in a sequence of chromosomal mutations and selection and that therapy may further select clones.
Knudson, Cairns, and Nowell
In 1971, Knudson published the 2-hit hypothesis for mutation and cancer based on statistical analysis of inherited and sporadic cases of retinoblastoma. He postulated that retinoblastoma developed as a consequence of two mutations; one of which could be inherited or somatic followed by a second somatic mutation. Cytogenetic studies localized the region to the long arm of chromosome 13, and molecular genetic studies demonstrated that tumorigenesis was associated with chromosomal mechanisms, such as mitotic recombination or non-disjunction, that could lead to homozygosity of the mutation. The retinoblastoma gene was the first tumor suppressor gene to be cloned in 1986.
Cairns hypothesized a different, but complementary, mechanism of tumor suppression in 1975 based on tissue architecture to protect against selection of variant somatic cells with increased fitness in proliferating epithelial populations, such as the intestine and other epithelial organs. He postulated that this could be accomplished by restricting the number of stem cells for example at the base of intestinal crypts and restraining the opportunities for competition between cells by shedding differentiated intestinal cells into the gut. The essential predictions of this model have been confirmed although mutations in some tumor suppressor genes, including CDKN2A (p16), predispose to clonal expansions that encompass large numbers of crypts in some conditions such as Barrett’s esophagus. He also postulated an immortal DNA strand that is discussed at Immortal DNA strand hypothesis.
Nowell synthesized the evolutionary view of cancer in 1976 as a process of genetic instability and natural selection. Most of the alterations that occur are deleterious for the cell, and those clones will tend to go extinct, but occasional selectively advantageous mutations arise that lead to clonal expansions. This theory predicts a unique genetic composition in each neoplasm due to the random process of mutations, genetic polymorphisms in the human population, and differences in the selection pressures of the neoplasm’s microenvironment. Interventions are predicted to have varying results in different patients. What is more important, the theory predicts the emergence of resistant clones under the selective pressures of therapy. Since 1976, researchers have identified clonal expansions and genetic heterogeneity within many different types of neoplasms.
Somatic evolution in progression
Genetic heterogeneity in neoplasms
There are multiple levels of genetic heterogeneity associated with cancer, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), sequence mutations, Microsatellite shifts and instability, Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), Copy number variation (detected both by Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), and array CGH,) and karyotypic variations including chromosome structural aberrations and aneuploidy. Studies of this issue have focused mainly at the gene mutation level, as copy number variation, LOH and specific chromosomal translocations are explained in the context of gene mutation. It is thus necessary to integrate multiple levels of genetic variation in the context of complex system and multilevel selection.
System instability is a major contributing factor for genetic heterogeneity. For the majority of cancers, genome instability is reflected in a large frequency of mutations in the whole genome DNA sequence (not just the protein coding regions that are only 1.5% of the genome). In whole genome sequencing of different types of cancers, large numbers of mutations were found in two breast cancers (about 20,000 point mutations), 25 melanomas (9,000 to 333,000 point mutations) and a lung cancer (50,000 point mutations and 54,000 small additions and deletions). Genome instability is also referred to as an enabling characteristic for achieving endpoints of cancer evolution.
Many of the somatic evolutionary studies have traditionally been focused on clonal expansion, as recurrent types of changes can be traced to illustrate the evolutionary path based on available methods. Recent studies from both direct DNA sequencing and karyotype analysis illustrate the importance of the high level of heterogeneity in somatic evolution. For the formation of solid tumors, there is an involvement of multiple cycles of clonal and non-clonal expansion. Even at the typical clonal expansion phase, there are significant levels of heterogeneity within the cell population, however, most are under-detected when mixed populations of cells are used for molecular analysis. In solid tumors, a majority of gene mutations are not recurrent types, and neither are the karyotypes. These analyses offer an explanation for the findings that there are no common mutations shared by most cancers.
Somatic evolution by epigenetics
The state of a cell may be changed epigenetically, in addition to genetic alterations. The best-understood epigenetic alterations in tumors are the silencing or expression of genes by changes in the methylation of CG pairs of nucleotides in the promoter regions of the genes. These methylation patterns are copied to the new chromosomes when cells replicate their genomes and so methylation alterations are heritable and subject to natural selection. Methylation changes are thought to occur more frequently than mutations in the DNA, and so may account for many of the changes during neoplastic progression (the process by which normal tissue becomes cancerous), in particular in the early stages. For instance, when loss of expression of the DNA repair protein MGMT occurs in a colon cancer, it is caused by a mutation only about 4% of the time, while in most cases the loss is due to methylation of its promoter region. Similarly, when loss of expression of the DNA repair protein PMS2 occurs in colon cancer, it is caused by a mutation about 5% of the time, while in most cases loss of expression is due to methylation of the promoter of its pairing partner MLH1 (PMS2 is unstable in the absence of MLH1). Epigenetic changes in progression interact with genetic changes. For example, epigenetic silencing of genes responsible for the repair of mispairs or damages in the DNA (e.g. MLH1 or MSH2) results in an increase of genetic mutations.
Deficiency of DNA repair proteins PMS2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6 or BRCA2 can cause up to 100-fold increases in mutation frequency Epigenetic deficiencies in DNA repair gene protein expression have been found in many cancers, though not all deficiencies have been evaluated in all cancers. Epigeneticically deficient DNA repair proteins include BRCA1, WRN, MGMT, MLH1, MSH2, ERCC1, PMS2, XPF, P53, PCNA and OGG1, and these are found to be deficient at frequencies of 13% to 100% in different cancers (Also see DNA repair epigenetics in cancer.)
In addition to well studied epigenetic promoter methylation, more recently there have been substantial findings of epigenetic alterations in cancer due to changes in histone and chromatin architecture and alterations in the expression of microRNAs (microRNAs either cause degradation of messenger RNAs or block their translation) For instance, hypomethylation of the promoter for microRNA miR-155 increases expression of miR-155, and this increased miR-155 targets DNA repair genes MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6, causing each of them to have reduced expression.
One common feature of neoplastic progression is the expansion of a clone with a genetic or epigenetic alteration. This may be a matter of chance, but is more likely due to the expanding clone having a competitive advantage (either a reproductive or survival advantage) over other cells in the tissue. Since clones often have many genetic and epigenetic alterations in their genomes, it is often not clear which of those alterations cause a reproductive or survival advantage and which other alterations are simply hitchhikers or passenger mutations (see Glossary below) on the clonal expansion.
Clonal expansions are most often associated with the loss of the p53 (TP53) or p16 (CDKN2A/INK4a) tumor suppressor genes. In lung cancer, a clone with a p53 mutation was observed to have spread over the surface of one entire lung and into the other lung. In bladder cancer, clones with loss of p16 were observed to have spread over the entire surface of the bladder. Likewise, large expansions of clones with loss of p16 have been observed in the oral cavity and in Barrett's esophagus. Clonal expansions associated with inactivation of p53 have also appear in skin, Barrett's esophagus, brain, and kidney. Further clonal expansions have been observed in the stomach, bladder, colon, lung, hematopoietic (blood) cells, and prostate.
These clonal expansions are important for at least two reasons. First, they generate a large target population of mutant cells and so increase the probability that the multiple mutations necessary to cause cancer will be acquired within that clone. Second, in at least one case, the size of the clone with loss of p53 has been associated with an increased risk of a pre-malignant tumor becoming cancerous. It is thought that the process of developing cancer involves successive waves of clonal expansions within the tumor.
The term “field cancerization” was first used in 1953 to describe an area or “field” of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms “field cancerization” and “field defect” have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise. Field defects, for example, have been identified in most of the major areas subject to tumorigenesis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Cancers of the GI tract that are shown to be due, to some extent, to field defects include head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), oropharyngeal/laryngeal cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, small intestine cancer and colon cancer.
In the colon, a field defect probably arises by natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base of one of the intestinal crypts on the inside surface of the colon. A mutant or epigenetically altered stem cell, if it has a selective advantage, could replace the other nearby stem cells by natural selection. This can cause a patch of abnormal tissue, or field defect. The figure in this section includes a photo of a freshly resected and lengthwise-opened segment of the colon that may represent a large field defect in which there is a colon cancer and four polyps. The four polyps, in addition to the cancer, may represent sub-clones with proliferative advantages.
The sequence of events giving rise to this possible field defect are indicated below the photo. The schematic diagram shows a large area in yellow indicating a large patch of mutant or epigenetically altered cells that formed by clonal expansion of an initial cell based on a selective advantage. Within this first large patch, a second such mutation or epigenetic alteration may have occurred so that a given stem cell acquired an additional selective advantage compared to the other stem cells within the patch, and this altered stem cell expanded clonally forming a secondary patch, or sub-clone, within the original patch. This is indicated in the diagram by four smaller patches of different colors within the large yellow original area. Within these new patches (sub-clones), the process may have been repeated multiple times, indicated by the still smaller patches within the four secondary patches (with still different colors in the diagram) which clonally expanded, until a stem cell arose that generated either small polyps (which may be benign neoplasms) or else a malignant neoplasm (cancer). These neoplasms are also indicated, in the diagram below the photo, by 4 small tan circles (polyps) and a larger red area (cancer). The cancer in the photo occurred in the cecal area of the colon, where the colon joins the small intestine (labeled) and where the appendix occurs (labeled). The fat in the photo is external to the outer wall of the colon. In the segment of colon shown here, the colon was cut open lengthwise to expose the inner surface of the colon and to display the cancer and polyps occurring within the inner epithelial lining of the colon.
Phylogenetics may be applied to cells in tumors to reveal the evolutionary relationships between cells, just as it is used to reveal evolutionary relationships between organisms and species. Shibata, Tavare and colleagues have exploited this to estimate the time between the initiation of a tumor and its detection in the clinic. Louhelainen et al. have used parsimony to reconstruct the relationships between biopsy samples based on loss of heterozygosity. Phylogenetic trees should not be confused with oncogenetic trees, which represent the common sequences of genetic events during neoplastic progression and do not represent the relationships of common ancestry that are essential to a phylogeny. For an up-to-date review in this field, see Bast 2012
An adaptive landscape is a hypothetical topological landscape upon which evolution is envisioned to take place. It is similar to Wright's fitness landscape in which the location of each point represents the genotype of an organism and the altitude represents the fitness of that organism in the current environment. However, unlike Wright's rigid landscape, the adaptive landscape is pliable. It readily changes shape with changes in population densities and survival/reproductive strategies used within and among the various species.
Wright’s shifting balance theory of evolution combines genetic drift (random sampling error in the transmission of genes) and natural selection to explain how multiple peaks on a fitness landscape could be occupied or how a population can achieve a higher peak on this landscape. This theory, based on the assumption of density-dependent selection as the principle forms of selection, results in a fitness landscape that is relatively rigid. A rigid landscape is one that does not change in response to even large changes in the position and composition of strategies along the landscape.
In contrast to the fitness landscape, the adaptive landscape is constructed assuming that both density and frequency-dependent selection is involved (selection is frequency-dependant when the fitness of a species depends not only on that species strategy but also on the strategy of all other species). As such, the shape of the adaptive landscape can change drastically in response to even small changes in strategies and densities.
The flexibility of adaptive landscapes provide several ways for natural selection to cross valleys and occupy multiple peaks without having to make large changes in their strategies. Within the context of differential or difference equation models for population dynamics, an adaptive landscape may actually be constructed using a Fitness Generating Function. If a given species is able to evolve, it will, over time, "climb" the adaptive landscape toward a fitness peak through gradual changes in its mean phenotype according to a strategy dynamic that involves the slope of the adaptive landscape. Because the adaptive landscape is not rigid and can change shape during the evolutionary process, it is possible that a species may be driven to maximum, minimum, or saddle point on the adaptive landscape. A population at a global maximum on the adaptive landscape corresponds an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) and will become dominant, driving all others toward extinction. Populations at a minimum or saddle point are not resistant to invasion, so that the introduction of a slightly different mutant strain may continue the evolutionary process toward unoccupied local maxima.
The adaptive landscape provides a useful tool for studying somatic evolution as it can describe the process of how a mutant cell evolves from a small tumor to an invasive cancer. Understanding this process in terms of the adaptive landscape may lead to the control of cancer through external manipulation of the shape of the landscape.
The Hallmarks of Cancer as evolutionary adaptations in a neoplasm
In their landmark paper, The Hallmarks of Cancer, Hanahan and Weinberg suggest that cancer can be described by a small number of underlying principles, despite the complexities of the disease. The authors describe how tumor progression proceeds via a process analogous to Darwinian evolution, where each genetic change confers a growth advantage to the cell. These genetic changes can be grouped into six "hallmarks", which drive a population of normal cells to become a cancer. The six hallmarks are:
- self-sufficiency in growth signals
- insensitivity to antigrowth signals
- evasion of apoptosis
- limitless replicative potential
- sustained angiogenesis, and
- tissue invasion and metastasis.
Genetic instability is defined as an "enabling characteristic" that facilitates the acquisition of other mutations due to defects in DNA repair.
The hallmark "self-sufficiency in growth signals" describes the observation that tumor cells produce many of their own growth signals and thereby no longer rely on proliferation signals from the micro-environment. Normal cells are maintained in a nondividing state by antigrowth signals, which cancer cells learn to evade through genetic changes producing "insensitivity to antigrowth signals". A normal cell initiates programmed cell death (apoptosis) in response to signals such as DNA damage, oncogene overexpression, and survival factor insufficiency, but a cancer cell learns to "evade apoptosis", leading to the accumulation of aberrant cells. Most mammalian cells can replicate a limited number of times due to progressive shortening of telomeres; virtually all malignant cancer cells gain an ability to maintain their telomeres, conferring "limitless replicative potential". As cells cannot survive at distances of more than 100 μm from a blood supply, cancer cells must initiate the formation of new blood vessels to support their growth via the process of "sustained angiogenesis". During the development of most cancers, primary tumor cells acquire the ability to undergo "invasion and metastasis" whereby they migrate into the surrounding tissue and travel to distant sites in the body, forming secondary tumors.
The pathways that cells take toward becoming malignant cancers are variable, and the order in which the hallmarks are acquired can vary from tumor to tumor. The early genetic events in tumorigenesis are difficult to measure clinically, but can be simulated according to known biology. Macroscopic tumors are now beginning to be described in terms of their underlying genetic changes, providing additional data to refine the framework described in The Hallmarks of Cancer.
Clonal evolution and cancer stem cells
Monoclonal theory of cancer origin
The theory about the monoclonal origin of cancer states that in general neoplasms arise from a single cell of origin. While it is possible that certain carcinogens may mutate more than one cell at once, the tumor mass usually represents progeny of a single cell, or very few cells. A series of mutations is required in the process of carcinogenesis for a cell to transition from being normal to pre-malignant and then to a cancer cell. The mutated genes usually belong to classes of caretaker, gatekeeper, landscaper or several other genes. Mutation ultimately leads to acquisition of the six hallmarks of cancer.
Cancer stem cells
The first malignant cell, that gives rise to the tumor, is often labeled a cancer stem cell.
The cancer stem-cell hypothesis relies on the fact that a lot of tumors are heterogeneous – the cells in the tumor vary by phenotype and functions. Current research shows that in many cancers there is apparent hierarchy among cells. in general, there is a small population of cells in the tumor – about 0.2%–1% – that exhibits stem cell-like properties. These cells have the ability to give rise to a variety of cells in tumor tissue, self-renew indefinitely, and upon transfer can form new tumors. According to the hypothesis, cancer stem cells are the only cells capable of tumorigenesis – initiation of a new tumor. Cancer stem cell hypothesis might explain such phenomena as metastasis and remission.
The monoclonal model of cancer and the cancer stem-cell model are not mutually exclusive. Cancer stem cell arises by clonal evolution as a result of selection for the cell with the highest fitness in the neoplasm. This way, the heterogeneous nature of neoplasm can be explained by two processes – clonal evolution, or the hierarchical differentiation of cells, regulated by cancer stem cells. All cancers arise as a result of somatic evolution, but only some of them fit the cancer stem cell hypothesis. The evolutionary processes do not cease when a population of cancer stem cells arises in a tumor. Cancer treatment drugs pose a strong selective force on all types of cells in tumors, including cancer stem cells, which would be forced to evolve resistance to the treatment. It is interesting to note that cancer stem cells do not always have to have the highest resistance among the cells in the tumor to survive chemotherapy and re-emerge afterwards. The surviving cells might be in a special microenvironment, which protects them from adverse effects of treatment.
Somatic evolution in therapeutic resistance
Therapeutic resistance has been observed in virtually every form of therapy, from the beginning of cancer therapy. In most cases, therapies appear to select for mutations in the genes or pathways targeted by the drug.
Resistance to methotrexate
Some of the first evidence for a genetic basis of acquired therapeutic resistance came from studies of methotrexate. Methotrexate inhibits the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene. However, methotrexate therapy appears to select for cells with extra copies (amplification) of DHFR, which are resistant to methotrexate. This was seen in both cell culture and samples from tumors in patients that had been treated with methotrexate.
Resistance to 5-fluorouracil
A common cytotoxic chemotherapy used in a variety of cancers, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), targets the TYMS pathway and resistance can evolve through the evolution of extra copies of TYMS, thereby diluting the drug's effect.
Resistance to BCR-ABL targeting drugs
In the case of Gleevec (Imatinib), which targets the BCR-ABL fusion gene in chronic myeloid leukemia, resistance often develops through a mutation that changes the shape of the binding site of the drug. Sequential application of drugs can lead to the sequential evolution of resistance mutations to each drug in turn.
Gleevec is not as selective as was originally thought. It turns out that it targets other tyrosine kinase genes and can be used to control gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) that are driven by mutations in c-KIT. However, patients with GIST sometimes relapse with additional mutations in c-KIT that make the cancer cells resistant to Gleevec.
Resistance to EGFR targeting drugs
Gefitinib(Iressa) and Erlotinib (Tarceva) are epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors used for non-small cell lung cancer patients whose tumors have somatic mutations in EGFR. However, most patients' tumors eventually become resistant to these drugs. Two major mechanisms of acquired resistance have been discovered in patients who have developed clinical resistance to Gefitinib or Erlotinib: point mutations in the EGFR gene targeted by the drugs, and amplification of MET, another receptor tyrosine kinase, which can bypass EGFR to activate downstream signaling in the cell. In an initial study, 22% of tumors with acquired resistance to Gefitinib or Erlotinib had MET amplification. To address these issues, clinical trials are currently assessing irreversible EGFR inhibitors (which inihibit growth even in cell lines with mutations in EGFR), the combination of EGFR and MET kinase inhibitors, and Hsp90 inihibitors (EGFR and MET both require Hsp90 proteins to fold properly). In addition, taking repeated tumor biopsies from patients as they develop resistance to these drugs would help to understand the tumor dynamics.
Resistance to selective estrogen receptor modulator drugs
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a commonly used adjuvant therapy in estrogen-receptor positive (ERα+) breast cancer and a preventive treatment for women at high risk of the disease. There are several possible mechanisms of SERM resistance, though the relative clinical importance of each is debated. These include:
- Loss of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)
- Although this may be a mechanism of resistance in a minority of women, most ERα+ tumors that become resistant to SERMS remain ERα+
- Increased relative expression of ERβ compared to ERα
- Interference/cross-talk with growth factor signaling pathways such as EGFR/HER2
- Mutations in estrogen receptors
- Alterations in co-regulatory proteins
- Interactions between the SERM, ER, and co-regulatory proteins may influence whether the SERM acts as an estrogen antagonist or as an estrogen agonist.
- Reduced metabolic activation of tamoxifen
- Polymorphisms in CYP2D6 show variable rates of conversion of tamoxifen to its activated, anti-estrogenic form
Resistance to anti-androgen therapy
Most prostate cancers derive from cells that are stimulated to proliferate by androgens. Most prostate cancer therapies are therefore based on removing or blocking androgens. Mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) have been observed in anti-androgen resistant prostate cancer that makes the AR hypersensitive to the low levels of androgens that remain after therapy. Likewise, extra copies of the AR gene (amplification) have been observed in anti-androgen resistant prostate cancer. These additional copies of the gene are thought to make the cell hypersensitive to low levels of androgens and so allow them to proliferate under anti-androgen therapy.
Resistance to radiotherapy
Resistance to radiotherapy is also commonly observed. However, to date, comparisons of malignant tissue before and after radiotherapy have not been done to identify genetic and epigenetic changes selected by exposure to radiation. In gliomas, a form of brain cancer, radiation therapy appears to select for stem cells, though it is unclear if the tumor returns to the pre-therapy proportion of cancer stem cells after therapy or if radiotherapy selects for an alteration that keeps the glioma cells in the stem cell state.
Harnessing evolution in therapeutics
Cancer drugs and therapies commonly used today are evolutionary inert and represent a strong selection force, which leads to drug resistance. A possible way to avoid that is to use a treatment agent that would co-evolve alongside with cancer cells.
Anoxic bacteria could be used as competitors or predators in hypoxic environments within tumors. Scientists have been interested in the idea of using anoxic bacteria for over 150 years, but until recently there has been little progress in that field. According to Jain and Forbes, several requirements have to be met by the cells to qualify as efficient anticancer bacterium: 1.The bacterium cannot be toxic to the host 2.Its population should be restricted to the tumor mass 3.It should be able to disperse evenly throughout the neoplasm 4.At the end of the treatment bacterium should be easily eliminated from the host 5.It should not be causing severe immune response 6.It should be able to cause tumor cells death through competition for nutrients. In the process of the treatment cancer cells are most likely to evolve some form of resistance to the bacterial treatment. However, being a living organism, bacteria would coevolve with tumor cells, potentially eliminating the possibility of resistance.
Since bacteria prefer an anoxic environment, they are not efficient at eliminating cells on the periphery of the tumor, where oxygen supply is efficient. A combination of bacterial treatment with chemical drugs will increase chances of destroying the tumor.
By manipulating the tumor environment we can create favorable conditions for the cells with least resistance to chemotherapy drugs to become more fit and outcompete the rest of the population. The chemotherapy, administered directly after, should wipe out the predominant tumor cells.
Mapping between common terms from cancer biology and evolutionary biology
- Driver mutation = a mutation that gives a selective advantage to a clone in its microenvironment, through either increasing its survival or reproduction. Driver mutations tend to cause clonal expansions.
- Passenger mutation = a mutation that has no effect on the fitness of a clone but may be associated with a clonal expansion because it occurs in the same genome with a driver mutation. This is known as a hitchhiker in evolutionary biology.
- Clone = a set of cells that all descend from a common ancestor cell. A clone is usually distinguished through inheritance of a distinctive genetic lesion (mutation) that occurred in the ancestor cell.
- Neoplastic progression = the somatic evolutionary process by which normal tissue changes into malignant (cancerous) tissue.
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- Santa Fe Institute working group on evolution in cancer
- Darryl Shibata's lab, focusing on research in evolution in cancer and somatic evolution
- Carlo Maley's lab, focusing on research in evolution in cancer
- John Pepper's research in somatic evolution
- The Seattle Barrett's Esophagus Research Program | 58,552 | 222 |
29,512 | US 6833556 B2
A transistor includes a semiconductor channel disposed nearby a gate and in an electrical path between a source and a drain, wherein the channel and at least one of the source or the drain are separated by an interface layer so as to form a channel-interface layer-source/drain junction in which a Fermi level of the semiconductor channel is depinned in a region near the junction and the junction has a specific contact resistance of less than approximately 1000 Ω-μm2. The interface layer may include a passivating material such as a nitride, a fluoride, an oxide, an oxynitride, a hydride and/or an arsenide of the semiconductor of the channel. In some cases, the interface layer consists essentially of a monolayer configured to depin the Fermi level of the semiconductor of the channel, or an amount of passivation material sufficient to terminate all or a sufficient number of dangling bonds of the semiconductor channel to achieve chemical stability of the surface. Also, the interface layer may include a separation layer of a material different than the passivating material. Where used, the separation layer has a thickness sufficient to reduce effects of metal-induced gap states in the semiconductor channel.
1. A transistor, comprising a semiconductor channel disposed (i) nearby a gate configured to control conductance within the channel and (ii) in an electrical path between a source and a drain, at least one of which is made of a metal, wherein the channel and whichever of the source and/or the drain is/are made of the metal is/are separated by an interface layer so as to form a channel-interface layer-source/drain junction in which a Fermi level of the semiconductor channel is depinned in a region near the junction, the junction including a passivated semiconductor surface and having a specific contact resistance of less than approximately 1000 Ω-μm2.
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19. An electrical system comprising a circuit coupled to a transistor having a semiconductor channel disposed nearby a gate and in an electrical path between a source and a drain, at least one of which is made of a metal, wherein the channel and whichever of the source and/or the drain is/are made of the metal is/are separated by an interface layer so as to form a channel-interface layer-source/drain junction in which a Fermi level of the semiconductor channel is depinned in a region near the junction, the junction including a passivated semiconductor surface and having a specific contact resistance of less than approximately 1000 Ω-μm2.
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The present application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/217,758, entitled “Method for Depinning the Fermi Level of a Semiconductor at an Electrical Junction and Devices Incorporating Such Junctions”, by Daniel Grupp and Daniel J. Connelly, filed on Aug. 12, 2002, and assigned to the same assignee as the present application. This patent application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The invention relates generally to solid-state switching and amplification devices. More particularly, the invention relates to a transistor having passivated metal-semiconductor junctions from the source to the channel and/or from the channel to the drain and at which the Fermi level of a semiconductor which comprises the channel is depinned.
One of the most basic electrical junctions used in modern devices is the metal-semiconductor junction. In these junctions, a metal (such as aluminum) is brought into contact with a semiconductor (such as silicon). This forms a device (a diode) which can be inherently rectifying; that is, the junction will tend to conduct current in one direction more favorably than in the other direction. In other cases, depending on the materials used, the junction may be ohmic in nature (i.e., the contact may have negligible resistance regardless of the direction of current flow). In addition to diodes, such metal—semiconductor junctions are also present at source/drain—channel interfaces within a class of transistors known as MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors).
As explained in the above-cited patent application, there exists at a metal-semiconductor contact a so-called Schottky barrier. The Schottky barrier at a conventional metal-semiconductor junction is characterized by Fermi level pinning of the semiconductor, due to both extrinsic and intrinsic surface states. The extrinsic states may arise from defects in the crystal structure of the interface. The intrinsic states arise from the quantum-mechanical penetration of the electrons in the metal into the bandgap of the semiconductor. These so-called metal-induced gap states (MIGS) appear to be of fundamental importance in explaining the physics of such junctions. See J. Tersoff, “Schottky Barrier Heights and the Continuum of Gap States,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 (6), Feb. 6, 1984.
The Schottky barrier height at a metal-semiconductor interface determines the electrical properties of the junction. Thus, if it were possible to control or adjust the barrier height of a metal-semiconductor junction, electrical devices of desired characteristics could be produced. To tune the barrier height, the Fermi level of the semiconductor must be depinned. As discussed in detail in the above-cited patent application, the present inventors have achieved this goal in a device that still permits substantial current flow between the metal and the semiconductor. Below, the inventors present an application of this technology to MOSFET devices.
MOSFETs which incorporate Schottky junctions have a long—and largely unfruitful—history. In 1966, Lepselter and Kahng were investigating Schottky diodes. In that year they received U.S. Pat. No. 3,290,127 directed to a device with a PtSi/Si interface. Use of the silicide was found to be an improvement over previous metal/Si contacts. The diodes were reproducible and stable, in part because the interface was sealed, as noted by the inventors at the time. The silicide also may reduce the extrinsic surface states (defects). The remaining pinning is most likely due to intrinsic surface states (MIGS), although this was not recognized at the time. Shortly thereafter, Lepselter and Sze incorporated the Schottky barrier into a MOSFET (see M. P. Lepselter and S. M. Sze, “SB-IGFET: An insulated-gate field-effect transistor using Schottky barrier contacts as source and drain”, Proc. IEEE 56, 1088 (1968)). U.S. Pat. No. 3,590,471 to Lepselter discussed the incorporation of the Schottky barriers, but the channel was still essentially isolated by implanted regions. The first patent for a channel isolated by Schottky barriers (U.S. Pat. No. 3,708,360) was issued to Wakefield and Cunningham in 1973. This device also utilized silicided junctions.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,152, Lepselter described a Schottky barrier MOSFET. By eliminating the pn-junction in the source-substrate region, Lepselter showed that the parasitic pnpn structure responsible for latch-up could be eliminated. The proposed devices still utilized PtSi for the source and drain metal, however.
An extension of Lepselter's early work is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,550 to Koeneke et al. In these devices, an extra implant is added to extend beyond the source metal. This is similar to modern CMOS halo implants. The extra implant improves the drive current capabilities of the transistor by bringing the channel edge under the gate. The channel isolation in this device is from a pn-junction, not the PtSi source metal. An attempt to bring the source under the gate was investigated by recessing the source/drain contacts by etching (see C. J. Koeneke et al., “Schottky MOSFET for VLSI”, IEDM, 367 (1981)). Sidewall spacers were still a limiting factor, however. This was improved by Snyder as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,479, which also disclosed the ability to control vertical doping profiles without regard to horizontal profile control. The contacts were again made from PtSi.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,590 to Chan et al. describes a device in which the PtSi/Si junctions are not recessed. This yields a poor sub-threshold slope from reduced coupling of the gate at the edge of the channel. Exponential turn-on, indicative of the Schottky barrier being too high, is seen in measurements presented in the patent. Further, the gate-source capacitance will be high.
Recently, MOSFET devices having metal-semiconductor junctions between a source/drain and a channel have been demonstrated with sub-50 nm channel-lengths, using PtSi2 (see, e.g., C. Wang et al., “Sub-40 nm PtSi Schottky source/drain metal-oxide field-effect transistors”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1174 (1999); and A. Itoh et al., “A 25-nm-long channel metal-gate p-type Schottky source/drain metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor on separation-by-implanted-oxygen substrate”, J. Journal Appl. Phys. Part 1 39, 4757 (2000)), ErSi2 (see, e.g., J. Kedzierski et al., “Complementary silicide source/drain thin-body MOSFETs for the 20 nm gate length regime”, IEDM Tech. Dig., International Electron Devices Meeting 2000, San Francisco, Calif., p. 00-57 (2000); and W. Saitoh et al., “Analysis of short-channel Schottky source/drain metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor on silicon-on-insulator substrate and demonstration of sub-50-nm n-type devices with metal gate”, J. Journal Appl. Phys. Part 1 38, 6226 (1999)), and CoSi2 (see, e.g., U. K. Matsuzawa et al., “Enhancement of hot-electron generation rate in Schottky source metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 3992 (2000)) for the source/drain metal. Also, simulations have been performed all the way down to channel lengths of 10 nm (see, e.g., C. K. Huang et al., “Two-dimensional numerical simulation of Schottky barrier MOSFET with channel length to 10 nm”, IEEE Trans. on Elect. Dev. 45, 842 (1998)), although a poor choice of device parameters limited the performance results, e.g., a large ΦB. The performance of all of these devices is limited in part by the inability to control, and especially to lower, the height of the Shottkky barrier at the source and drain interfaces to the channel.
Only two disclosures of a non-silicide pure-metal/Si contact embodiment of a Schottky-barrier MOSFET have been found by the present inventors. Welch, U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,584, seems to describe Schottky barrier MOSFET systems and fabrication thereof; however, a contact of “metal or metal silicide” is mentioned. This is inappropriate for fabrication of a device with a controlled barrier height. That is, there is no surface treatment or interface dielectric disclosed.
The disclosure by Hebiguchi in U.S. Pat. No. 5,801,398 is perhaps more practical, and a method for manufacturing a thin-film transistor such as for use in displays is presented. In this device (which is a field effect transistor or FET), the source/drain contacts to the Si channel are metal (a list of possibilities is presented), but again, no surface preparation is mentioned.
FIG. 1 shows the FET 100 that was discussed by Hebiguchi. The transistor contains a glass substrate 110, a gate electrode 120, a gate insulating film 130, a drain electrode 140, a source electrode 150, and a semiconductor active film 160. During operation, voltage is applied to the source electrode 150 and to the gate electrode 120. The voltage applied to the gate electrode 120 changes the electrical properties of the semiconductor active film 160 allowing current to flow from the source electrode 150 to the drain electrode 140. In particular, the voltage applied to the gate electrode 120 creates a channel-generating region 170, in the semiconductor active film 160 a short distance from the gate insulating film 130, through which current may flow.
Hebiguchi describes the semiconductor active film 160 as being hydrogenated amorphous silicon, the drain and source electrodes 140 and 150 are formed of conductive materials (metals) such as chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), tantalum (Ta), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), or certain mixtures of these materials, and the junctions between the semiconductor active film 160 and the source and drain electrodes 150 and 140 are insulating Schottky barriers. The metal selected for an n-channel thin film transistor is chosen on the basis of having a workfunction that is smaller than that of silicon and the metal selected for a p-channel thin film transistor has a workfunction that is larger than that of silicon.
A significant limitation with the transistor discussed in Hebiguchi, is the generally poor control over the Schottky barrier height. As is well known, use of different metals with widely varying work functions tends to result in Schottky barriers which vary in height over a dramatically reduced range. Further, no special effort is made in Hebiguchi to control or reduce extrinsic surface states.
Another type of junction to the channel is introduced by Yoshimura in U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,605, with the stated goal being to reduce short-channel effects. An oxide or nitride is disposed between Si source and drain contacts and a Si channel. The oxide is thicker farther away from the channel (down into the Si) to reduce currents not controlled by the gate. The thickness of the oxide is “sufficiently thin to permit charge tunneling”, and is disclosed to be 0.5 to 2.0 nm. This differs from the present invention, which is described in detail below, in several ways, for example the use of Si as a source/drain, as opposed to a metal.
A transistor includes a semiconductor channel disposed nearby a gate (e.g., separated therefrom by a dielectric) and disposed in an electrical path between a source and a drain, wherein the channel and at least one of the source or the drain are separated by an interface layer so as to form a channel—interface layer—source/drain junction in which a Fermi level of the semiconductor channel is depinned in a region near the junction and the junction has a specific contact resistance of less than approximately 1000 Ω-μm2. The interface layer may include a passivating material such as a nitride, a fluoride, an oxide, an oxynitride, a hydride and/or an arsenide of the semiconductor of the channel. In some cases, the interface layer consists essentially of a monolayer configured to depin the Fermi level of the semiconductor of the channel, or an amount of passivation material sufficient to terminate all or a sufficient number of dangling bonds of the semiconductor channel to achieve chemical stability of the surface. Also, the interface layer may include a separation layer of a material different than the passivating material. Where used, the separation layer has a thickness sufficient to reduce the effects of intrinsic surface states in the semiconductor channel.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements.
FIG. 1 shows a conventional FET having metal-semiconductor Schottky junctions between the source and the channel and the channel and the drain.
FIG. 2 shows a FET having passivated metal-semiconductor junctions from the source to the channel and from the channel to the drain, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a method for fabricating a transistor having passivated metal-semiconductor junctions from the source to the channel and from the channel to the drain, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 4A-4I show intermediate substrates representing fabrication of a transistor having passivated aluminum-silicon junctions formed from an aluminum source to a silicon channel and from the silicon channel to an aluminum drain, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5A illustrates portions of a conventional FinFET device.
FIG. 5B illustrates portions of a FinFET device having interface layers between the source/drain and the channel in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6A illustrates portions of a conventional vertical MOSFET device.
FIG. 6B illustrates portions of a vertical MOSFET device having interface layers between the source/drain and the channel in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7A illustrates portions of a conventional MESFET device.
FIG. 7B illustrates portions of a MESFET device having an interface layer between the gate and the channel in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of different n-type devices having tunnel barriers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention under various gate voltage conditions.
The above-cited co-pending patent application describes processes for depinning the Fermi level of a silicon-based or germanium semiconductor (e.g., Si, SiC, SiGe, SiGeC, or Ge) at a metal-semiconductor junction as well as devices that use such a junction. As more fully discussed in that application, an interface layer is introduced between the semiconductor and the metal. The interface layer functions to passivate the semiconductor surface (that is, terminate dangling bonds that may otherwise be present at the semiconductor surface so as to assure chemical stability of the surface) and to displace the semiconductor from the metal so as to reduce the effect of MIGS.
As discussed more fully below, the present inventors have determined that for thin interface layers disposed between a metal and a silicon-based or germanium semiconductor (e.g., Si, SiC, SiGe, SIGeC, or Ge), so as to form a metal—interface layer—semiconductor junction, there exist corresponding minimum specific contact resistances. Indeed, minimum specific contact resistances of less than or equal to approximately 1000 Ω-μm2 or less than or equal to approximately 100 Ω-μm2 or less than or equal to approximately 50 Ω-μm2 or less than or equal to approximately 10 Ω-μm2 or even less than or equal to approximately 1 Ω-μm2 may be achieved for such junctions in accordance with the present invention. To achieve such low contact resistances, a metal that has a work function near the conduction band of the semiconductor for n-type semiconductors, or a work function that is near the valence band for p-type semiconductors, is selected.
The effect of (and reason for) using such metals may be understood with reference to FIG. 8. Shown in the illustration is a 2×2 grid of band diagrams. The upper two diagrams illustrate the operation of an n-type device having tunnel barriers (in the form of an interface layer configured in accordance with the present invention) and a metal source/drain in which the workfunction is aligned to the semiconductor channel conduction band under different gate voltages. Notice that the device is OFF (i.e., not conducting current) when the gate-to-source voltage (VGS) is 0. The device is ON (i.e., conducting current) when VGS>0. The lower two diagrams illustrate the operation of the n-type device having a metal source/drain in which the workfunction is aligned to the semiconductor channel mid-gap. Notice that even in the ON state ON (i.e., VGS>0) a barrier to current flow exists due to band bending. This results in a higher contact resistance.
The interface layers described in the above-cited patent application may be used in connection with a semiconductor surface of a channel in a FET, as discussed below. That is, an interface layer may be disposed between a source and a channel, a channel and a drain, or both of an insulated gate field effect transistor. Such use of an interface layer is described in detail herein. The present invention provides a source—channel and/or channel—drain contact wherein the Fermi level of the source and/or drain metal is aligned (or approximately aligned) with the conduction or valence band of the semiconductor, depending on the type of semiconductor material and metals used.
In addition, the junction of the present invention can be used in making contacts to source or drain implanted wells and will have the advantage of reducing the need for high doping levels (which are now reaching their limits of solid solubility). The high doping profiles were required in the past in order to keep the junction depletion layer relatively thin, so as to increase the tunneling current, thus reducing the junction resistance. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to increase doping profiles in order to provide low resistance junctions. It may be possible to reach the same level of resistance with a lower doping concentration using the present invention. It may further be possible to achieve much lower resistance even with lower doping concentration. When the present invention is used with high doping levels, the resistance will be further reduced.
To aid in the understanding of the present invention, the following description provides specific details of presently preferred embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details, for example by substituting well-known equivalent materials in place of those described herein for semiconductors, passivation layers and/or conductors. Where the discussion refers to well-known structures and devices, block diagrams are used, in part to demonstrate the broad applicability of the present invention to a wide range of such structures and devices.
The present inventors have devised a scheme to passivate a semiconductor surface such as a channel surface within a Schottky barrier transistor. The scheme involves forming a passivation layer which is a nitride, hydride, oxide, arsenide and/or fluoride of the semiconductor that makes up the channel. In some cases (e.g., when the passivating layer is a hydride or fluoride of the semiconductor of the channel), it may be necessary to include a separation layer between the semiconductor and the metal source/drain to reduce or eliminate the effect of intrinsic surface states in the semiconductor channel. The term interface layer will be used in connection with the present invention to include passivation layers alone and passivation layers in combination with separation layers, where such separation layers are appropriate.
The interface layer chemically neutralizes and physically protects the semiconductor channel surface. The interface layer also allows for a tunable Schottky barrier, having a height that depends on bulk characteristics of the channel semiconductor and the source/drain metal, rather than on surface properties. This allows greater control over the barrier height to meet the operational characteristics that are desired for the transistor. This scheme differs from past attempts by others to insulate channel surfaces and provide adjustable Schottky barriers in that the passivation materials used for the interface layer are not limited to metals that readily form silicides with the semiconductor channel. In other words, the present invention decouples the need for semiconductor passivation from other considerations used to select the source/drain metal, such as the desirability of a particular workfunction. It further provides for greater control of the Schottky-barrier height than previously possible.
I. An Exemplary Transistor
FIG. 2 shows a transistor 200 formed on a substrate 210 (e.g., a semiconductor substrate such as Si or a compound substrate such as SOI) and configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The transistor 200 contains a channel 220 that is separated from a source 250 and a drain 260 by interface layers 230 and 240, respectively, each of which form passivated Schottky barriers. The particular transistor 200 shown, which is one example of a switching device, is an Insulated Gate FET. The interface layers 230 and 240 passivate the surfaces of channel 220 in the regions of the source/drain—channel junctions by chemically stabilizing the channel surface. The interface layers 230 and 240 also reduce or eliminate the effect of MIGS in the region of the source/drain—channel junctions by displacing the source/drain (250/260) away from the channel 220. The result of introducing the interface layers 230 and 240 between the semiconductor channel 220 and the metal source/drain 250/260 is a depinning of the Fermi level of the semiconductor that makes up channel 220. When the Fermi level of the semiconductor is depinned, the height of the Schottky barrier will depend only on the difference of the bulk workfunctions of the metal and the semiconductor in contact at the junction, and will not be dependent upon the interface. The reduction in the effectiveness of the MIGS to pin the Fermi level depends on the choice of interface dielectric. There will be MIGS at the interface between the metal and the dielectric. In general, dielectrics have much weaker MIGS than semiconductors, primarily due to larger bandgaps. Thus the choice of dielectric is important in determining the final electrical characteristics of the Schottky barrier junction.
The transistor 200 also includes a gate 270 surrounded by an insulator 280. The terms gate, source and drain each refer to terminals of a three terminal Insulated Gate FET. The source 250 and drain 260 are the terminals between which conduction occurs under the influence of an electric field resulting from a voltage applied to the gate 270. The source 250 and the drain 260 are provided at opposite ends of the channel 220 so that the channel 220 is disposed between the source 250 and the drain 260. Often, though it is not a requirement of the present invention, the source 250 and drain 260 are fabricated such that they are geometrically symmetrical. Symmetrical source and drain terminals may be referred to as source/drain terminals. A particular terminal may be designated a source or a drain on the basis of the voltage to be applied to that terminal when the FET is operated in an electrical circuit. In the particular transistor 200 shown, the source 250 is provided at a left-hand side of the channel 220 and the drain 260 is provided at a right-hand side of the channel 220, although another embodiment is contemplated wherein the source 250 and the drain 260 are interchanged.
The source 250 and the drain 250 may each contain a conductor, preferably a metal. Examples of metals that may be used include pure metals, alloys, refractory metals, metals that do not form silicides, and metals having a predetermined work function. The gate 270, which may also preferably contain a conductor, such as a metal, is located above the channel 220 and is capacitively coupled to the channel 220 through the insulator 280. Note, in other embodiments the transistor's three terminals may be coplanar or the gate 270 may be disposed below the level of the source 250 and/or the drain 260 in the substrate 210.
The insulator 280 (which may be made of a dielectric such as an oxide of the metal gate or an oxide of a semiconductor) surrounds the gate 270 and separates the gate 270 from the source 250, the drain 260, the channel 220, and the interface layers 230 and 240. The insulator 280 is of a sufficient thickness to provide a high resistance between the gate 270 and the channel 220 such that essentially no current flows between the gate 270 and the channel 220. For example, the resistance may be between about 108 Ohms and about 1012 Ohms, or greater. Such a resistance may allow the gate 270 and the channel 220 to be capacitively coupled, while preventing current from flowing between the gate 270 and the channel 220.
The insulator 280 may also or alternatively contain a high-k dielectric material that has a higher dielectric constant than that of silicon dioxide (i.e., higher than about 4.0). The high-k material may allow the same charge induced in the channel 220 under the gate 270 to be achieved at the same gate voltage in a thicker layer. That is, the higher dielectric constant may allow the insulator 280 to have a greater layer thickness than a corresponding layer of silicon dioxide that provides the same amount of insulation. The increased thickness may simplify fabrication of the transistor 200. The thicker layer may also have less leakage current than a thinner SiO2 layer. Exemplary high-k dielectric materials that are contemplated include materials having a dielectric constant greater than about 4 (e.g., zinc oxide, ZnO), greater than about 10 (e.g., aluminum oxide, Al2O3), greater than about 20 (e.g., zirconium oxide, ZrO2), and greater than about 40 (e.g., hafnium oxide, HfO).
As discussed above, the channel 220 contains a semiconductor material. The term semiconductor is used to refer to a material having a bandgap that is greater than about 0.1 electron volts and less than about 4 electron volts. Exemplary semiconductors that are contemplated include Si, Ge, SiGe or SiC. The semiconductor material may have a wide range of doping levels including no doping at all. The interface layers 230 and 240 each contain a passivation material that provides passivation to the channel 220 by covalently bonding with a dangling bond of a surface semiconductor atom to fully coordinate the semiconductor atom and thereby help passivate the semiconductor atom. The passivation material is preferably selected from the group consisting of a hydride, a nitride, an arsenide, an oxide and a fluoride of the semiconductor channel 220. Depending on the passivation material selected (e.g., where H, As or F are used as passivation materials), a separation layer 242 in addition to a passivation layer 244 within the interface layers may be needed. Of course, the combination of the passivation layer and the separation layer must be sufficiently thin to permit the low specific contact resistances described in the above-cited patent application. Further details regarding the formation of an interface layer may be found in the above-cited patent application and will not be repeated herein.
II. Fabricating a Transistor Having Passivated Schottky Barriers to the Channel
FIG. 3 shows a method 300 for fabricating a transistor having passivated metal-semiconductor junctions from the source to the channel and from the channel to the drain, according to one embodiment of the present invention. The method starts at block 301 and then proceeds to block 310 where a substrate is provided. At block 320 an insulated gate structure is formed on the substrate. The insulated gate structure may contain a gate having a conductive material (e.g., a metal) and a gate insulator having an insulating material beneath the conductive material. Then at block 330 a channel is formed under the insulated gate. The channel may include undercut void regions subjacent the gate dielectric and extending into the channel on both ends of the insulated gate structure. The method advances to block 340 where an interface layer is formed on the channel sides. Forming the interface layer may include creating a passivating layer and (where necessary) a separation layer using one or more of the materials discussed above. The method then advances to block 350 where a source and drain are formed on opposite sides of the channel, including on the interface layer, and within any undercut regions. Depending upon the interface layer thickness and robustness, the source and drain may be formed by substantially non-invasive approaches. The method terminates at block 360.
An alternative procedure does not use the undercut described above. Instead, there is an “underlap”. That is, in the alternative process the width of the gate is intentionally made less than the width of the channel so that the gate underlaps the channel.
III. Exemplary Process For Fabricating a Transistor
FIGS. 4A-I show intermediate substrates, representing fabrication of the transistor shown in FIG. 4I, according to one embodiment of the present invention. The particular transistor shown in FIG. 4I contains passivated aluminum-silicon junctions 482I and 484I formed from the aluminum source 492I to the silicon channel 430I and from the silicon channel 430I to the aluminum drain 494I. However, this is merely one example of a transistor configured in accordance with the present invention. For example, planar devices, wherein the gate, source and drain are co-planar in or above the substrate are also within the scope of the present invention, as are embodiments where the gate is disposed in a plane below the source and/or drain. Likewise, embodiments wherein the width of the gate is less than the width of the channel are included within the present invention.
FIGS. 4A-I therefore show one embodiment of fabricating a transistor, according to the method 300. FIGS. 4A-4C show providing a substrate and forming an insulated gate on the substrate. FIGS. 4D-4E show forming a channel beneath the insulated gate, such that the channel and the insulated gate define a first and a second undercut void region that extend underneath the insulated gate toward the channel from a first and a second side of the insulated gate. FIG. 4G shows forming an interface layer on exposed sidewall surfaces of the channel. Finally, FIGS. 4F, 4G, and 4H show forming a source and a drain terminal on a first and a second side of the channel including on the interface layers, and forming extension tips within the undercut voids beneath the insulated gate.
FIG. 4A shows a first intermediate substrate 400A containing a silicon substrate 410A, a layer of buried oxide of silicon 420A, a layer of silicon on insulator 430A, a layer of an oxide of silicon 440A, and an aluminum gate 450A. The layers 410A-430A represent a conventional Silicon On Insulator (SOI) substrate. The SOI substrate includes the buried layer 440A to help isolate proximate semiconductor devices formed in the layer of silicon on insulator. This isolation may help reduce short-channel effects, as compared to semiconductor devices formed in a bulk wafer. The buried oxide layer may have a thickness that is effective to isolate the silicon on insulator, preferably greater than about 10 nm. The layer of silicon on insulator may have a thickness of about 20 nm, or slightly less.
As will be understood by a person having an ordinary level of skill in the art and the benefit of the present disclosure, the SOI substrate is not a limitation of the present invention. Other substrates are contemplated to replace the SOI substrate. For example, the SOI substrate may be replaced by a Silicon-On-Sapphire substrate, although this may increase the cost of fabrication, or the SOI substrate may be replaced by a plain silicon wafer, although this may provide inferior electrical isolation of semiconductor devices and poor short-channel characteristics.
The layer of oxide of silicon 440A, in one embodiment silicon dioxide (SiO2), may be formed by wet or dry oxidation of the silicon on insulator, as is common in the semiconductor processing arts. The layer may be sufficiently thin to serve as a gate oxide and have a thickness between about 1 nm and about 10 nm.
The aluminum gate 450A is formed on the oxide 440A. The aluminum gate has a width 451A that is about equal to, or slightly larger than the intended channel length, which in one embodiment is less than about 50 nm and in another embodiment is less than about 20 nm. More than slight increases of the width over the channel length may increase the extent and angle of a subsequent undercut etch, which may complicate fabrication. The gate 450A may be formed by depositing a layer of aluminum on the oxide 440A, depositing a photoresist layer on the deposited aluminum layer, exposing a pattern including the width 451A in the photoresist using conventional high-resolution lithography, removing a portion of the photoresist according to the exposed pattern, wet or dry etching a portion of the deposited layer of aluminum according to the patterned photoresist, and removing the remaining photoresist.
FIG. 4B shows a second intermediate substrate 400B containing an oxide of aluminum insulator 460B formed on exposed portions, including the top and sides, of the aluminum gate 450B. The oxide of aluminum layer 460B may have a thickness between about 1 nm and about 20 nm. The thickness may be about equivalent to the thickness of the layer 440B, or slightly larger. Larger thickness may improve performance by reducing capacitance between the gate and the source, however the additional thickness may also increase fabrication complexity by increasing undercut. Forming the oxide of aluminum layer 460B may include oxidizing the aluminum gate 450A in an oxygen plasma etcher that provides a suitable oxidizing atmosphere, or by other methods known in the semiconductor processing arts.
FIG. 4C shows a third intermediate substrate 400C containing a gate oxide 440C formed by removing a portion of the layer 440B that is not beneath aluminum gate 450B or aluminum oxide 460B. The removal may include using the oxidized aluminum gate 450B-460B as a mask for the layer 440B and etching portions of the layer 440B that are not subjacent to and concealed by the oxidized aluminum gate 450B-460B. This removal leaves a portion of the silicon on insulator layer 430C that is not subjacent to the gate oxide 440C, aluminum gate 450C, or oxide 460C exposed. Etching may include Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) to encourage etching preferentially in the direction normal or perpendicular to the surface of the layer 440B. RIE is a dry-etch process wherein the intermediate substrate 400B is placed on a radio frequency powered electrode and provided with a potential that helps ionize and accelerate ion bombardment of etching species extracted from plasma toward the etched surface.
FIG. 4D shows a fourth intermediate substrate 400D containing a silicon channel 430D formed by removing a portion of the silicon on insulator layer 430C that is substantially not subjacent and concealed by the gate oxide 440C. Removal may include etching silicon on insulator that has a standard Si-100 orientation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) to form angled sidewalls that slope inward toward the gate 450D, as shown. Alternatively, comparatively straight sidewalls aligned with the gate oxide 440D may be formed by a self-limiting etch in TMAH if the silicon on insulator has a Si-110 orientation. Such comparatively straight sidewalls may also be formed by RIE.
FIG. 4E shows a fifth intermediate substrate 400E containing an undercut silicon channel 430E formed by removing a portion of the channel 430D that is subjacent and aligned with the gate oxide 440D. The undercut silicon channel 430E contains an undercut region wherein the silicon is removed from the channel 430D at a left and right-hand edge of the gate oxide 440D to allow a subsequent formation of source and drain material vertically under the gate oxide 440E. Removal may be by a non-directional or isotropic wet silicon etch with TMAH wherein etching takes place in substantial uniform amounts along the sidewall. If the crystal axis of the silicon on insulator are not aligned precisely with the lithography, the TMAH etch may not be completely self-limiting and may form an undercut due to the vertical ridges or stair steps of crystal structure. Alternatively, removal may be by an isotropic RIE.
FIG. 4F shows a sixth intermediate substrate 400F containing a seed layer 476F, 472F, and 474F formed respectively on a top surface of the insulated gate and on a left and right-hand side of the insulated gate. The seed layer facilitates subsequent formation of a metal source and drain. The seed layer may be deposited anisotropically so that no significant seed layer material is deposited on the vertical sidewalls of the aluminum oxide 460F, gate oxide 440F, or channel 430F and essentially no metal is deposited on the underside of the undercut overhang of the gate oxide 440F. This is desired to electrically isolate the seed layer portion 476F from the seed layer portion 472F and 474F. In one embodiment, the seed layer contains chromium deposited from a thermal source. Chromium provides desirable electrochemistry and is well suited for formation of ultra-thin films.
FIG. 4G shows a seventh intermediate substrate 400G containing a modified seed layer 472G-474G formed by selectively removing the layer portion 476F from the top surface of the insulated gate. Removal of the portion 476F is desirable to allow depositing the source and drain materials superjacent the layer portions 472G and 476G without depositing the source and drain materials atop the oxidized aluminum gate structure. Since the seed layer portion 476F is electrically isolated from the seed layer portions 472F and 476F, the portion 476F may be removed electrochemically by a Cerric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) chrome etch. For example, the seed layer portions 472F and 474F but not the seed layer portion 476F may be electrically coupled with a copper electrical probe at the edge of the substrate to etch the seed layer portion 476F but not the portions 472F-474F. It should be noted however, that another embodiment is contemplated wherein patterning may be used to form chromium layers 472F and 474F without forming chromium layer 476F. This may avoid a subsequent removal of the chromium layer 476F.
FIG. 4H shows an eighth intermediate substrate 400H containing interface layers 482H and 484H formed on the sidewall surfaces of the channel 430H. The interface layers may be a monolayer, slightly more than a monolayer, less than about 0.3 nm, less than about 0.5 nm or less than about 1 nm (depending upon the desired Schottky barrier characteristics). That is, in some cases an amount of passivation material sufficient to terminate all or a sufficient number of dangling bonds of the semiconductor channel to achieve chemical stability of the surface may be used. The interface layers may be grown in accordance with the techniques discussed in the above-cited patent application. Passivation materials that are contemplated include arsenic, hydrogen, fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen, as discussed above, and the interface layers 482H and 484H may be made up of both a passivation layer and a separation layer.
FIG. 4I shows a ninth intermediate substrate 400I containing a source 492I formed superjacent upon the seed material 472H and beneath the left undercut overhang and a drain 494I formed superjacent upon the seed material 474H and beneath the right undercut overhang. The source and drain have a thickness that extends above the gate insulator 440I. Desirably, the thickness may be precisely controlled. Forming may include plating the potentially different source/drain materials on the seed layers 472H and 474H. This may include depositing a photoresist, irradiating the photoresist to expose a channel width pattern, removing a portion of the photoresist to expose the seed layers 472H and 474H, plating the source/drain materials on the seed layers 472H and 474H, and removing the remainder of the photoresist. According to one embodiment, the source and drain materials are aluminum. Alternatively, the source and drain materials may be another desired and potentially different metal or alloy.
The transistor shown in FIG. 4I has a number of advantages. In general, the transistor provides a simple construction. This may allow extending transistor fabrication below 50 nm channel lengths, below 20 nm channel lengths, or even below 10 nm channel lengths. Another advantage is greater control over the Schottky barrier height provided by the interface layers. The barrier height may be controlled by the properties of the interface layer such as passivation material, layer thickness, and layer formation conditions, in addition to difference in workfunctions between the source/drain and the channel. This ability to control the barrier height is further increased by greater flexibility in selecting source/drain materials, since, due to the interface layers, the source/drain materials do not have to readily form silicides with the silicon channel. Yet another advantage is low resistance in the source due to the use of a high conductivity metal rather than doped silicon. Removal of dopants in the junctions in general may be attractive from an Ultra-Large-Scale-Integration (ULSI) manufacturing perspective, since application of such dopants is posing a limit to process controllability.
The channel—interface layer—source/drain junction(s) of the transistor shown in FIG. 4I are unique in that the Fermi level of the semiconductor channel is depinned in a region near the junction and the junction has a specific contact resistance of less than approximately 1000 Ω-μm2. This is true of all transistors configured in accordance with the present invention. Indeed, minimum specific contact resistances of less than or equal to approximately 10 Ω-μm2 or even less than or equal to approximately 1 Ω-μm2 may be achieved for such junctions in accordance with the present invention. To achieve such low contact resistances, a source/drain metal that has a work function near the conduction band of the semiconductor for n-type semiconductors, or a work function that is near the valence band for p-type semiconductors, is selected. The depinning role played by the interface layer in tuning, adjusting, or controlling the height of the barrier between the source/drain and the semiconductor channel involves both a reduction in surface states of the channel, by bonding to the semiconductor material to consume dangling bonds, a reduction in the formation of MIGS in the semiconductor channel, by providing a thickness and bandgap that prevent the electron wave function (of the source/drain metal) from penetrating into the semiconductor channel. The electron wave function may instead penetrate into the interface layer and form MIGS within the interface layer at an energy related to the states of the interface layer material. As desired, the density of the MIGS and the depth of MIGS penetration into the interface layer may be reduced by choosing an interface layer material or materials having a larger bandgap or higher effective mass than the semiconductor of the channel. The interface layer is operable to pass current to/from the semiconductor channel during device operation.
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to use an interface layer having a thickness of a monolayer, or, for example between about 0.1 nm and about 0.3 nm, and also having a wide bandgap (as compared to that of the semiconductor of the channel) so that the interface layer both depins the Fermi level (so that the barrier height depends predominantly on bulk properties of the junction materials) and allows sufficient current transfer across it. In some cases the interface layer may include only an amount of passivation material sufficient to terminate all or a sufficient number of dangling bonds of the semiconductor channel to achieve chemical stability of the surface. Advantageously, such interface layers may be sufficiently thin to provide low impedance to current flow (due to the exponential dependence of direct tunneling on barrier thickness), which is desirable for many semiconductor devices, while also providing sufficient semiconductor surface passivation to allow an adjustable barrier height. That is, the interface layer may allow passivation of surface states and reduction (or elimination) of MIGS in the semiconductor to allow for an adjustable barrier height with a substantially thin layer that allows sufficient current to be transferred across the interface layer.
As explained in the above-cited patent application, there are several methods by which the barrier height can be made adjustable. For example, adjustment may be made by tuning the degree of Fermi level pinning. In other words, some embodiments may allow for a sufficiently thin interface layer so that not all of the effects of MIGS in the semiconductor channel are eliminated. Further, the pinning may be varied by combinations of thickness of the interface layer and the choice of interface material. The metal in contact with the interface layer may be pinned by MIGS at different levels in different materials. Conversely, or in addition, the semiconductor channel passivation may be left incomplete to allow for an effective level of unpassivated states. Complete depinning of the Fermi level (that is removal of all surface states in the semiconductor channel including MIGS) is another option, in which case one could tune the barrier height simply by choosing a pure metal or an alloy that possesses the desired workfunction.
In summary then, one embodiment for fabricating a transistor on a semiconductor substrate includes: (1) forming a semiconductor oxide dielectric layer on a semiconductor substrate by oxidizing the semiconductor substrate; (2) forming a metal gate on the semiconductor oxide layer by depositing a layer of metal on the semiconductor oxide and removing a portion of the deposited layer of metal based on a lithographic exposure; (3) forming a metal oxide dielectric layer on exposed portions of the metal gate by oxidizing the metal gate; (4) forming a gate oxide dielectric by removing a portion of the semiconductor oxide layer that is protected by the metal oxide formed on the metal gate; (5) forming a semiconductor channel structure by removing a portion of the semiconductor substrate that is not protected by the metal oxide formed on the metal gate; (6) forming an undercut semiconductor channel containing a source undercut region for a source tip and a drain undercut region for a drain tip by removing a source tip portion of the semiconductor channel structure that is subjacent to a left-hand end of the gate oxide and extends underneath the gate oxide toward the channel top interior and removing a drain tip portion of the semiconductor channel structure that is subjacent to a right-hand end of the gate oxide and extends underneath the gate oxide toward the channel top interior; (7) forming a source seed layer on a left-hand side of the undercut semiconductor channel and forming a drain seed layer on a right-hand side of the undercut semiconductor channel by anisotropically depositing seed layer material so that seed layer material is not deposited on exposed sidewall surfaces of the undercut semiconductor channel and removing a portion of deposited seed layer material that is above the undercut semiconductor channel; (8) forming an interface layer on the exposed sidewall surfaces of the undercut semiconductor channel by covalently bonding at least a monolayer (or less) of passivation material to semiconductor atoms of the exposed sidewall surfaces of the undercut semiconductor channel; and (9) forming a source on a first side of the channel including on the passivation layer and within a first undercut corresponding to the removal of the first portion of the semiconductor channel structure and forming a drain on a second side of the channel including on the interface layer and within a second undercut corresponding to the removal of the second portion of the semiconductor channel structure.
IV. Alternative Arrangements
The transistor illustrated in FIG. 4I is but one example of the types of FETs that can benefit from the present invention. Other FETs known in the art may also realize such benefits by incorporating the present interface layers into source/drain—channel junctions. For example, so-called FinFETs may incorporate such interface layers. A FinFET is an example of a thin-body SOI device and is the name given to a class of FETs developed by researchers at the University of California, Berkely. Conventional FinFETs are described in detail in Yang-Kyu Choi et al., “Nanoscale CMOS Spacer FinFET for the Terabit Era”, IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 25, no. 1 (January 2002), incorporated herein by reference, and an example of such a device 500 is illustrated in FIG. 5A. As shown, the channel of a finFET is formed by spacer-defined semiconductor fins.
FIG. 5B shows a Fin-FET 520 modified to incorporate interface layers 522 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the semiconductor source and/or drain are replaced with a metal source and/or drain. The semiconductor fins (i.e., the channel) contact these source/drain regions through an interface layer.
Another transistor where the present invention may find application is the so-called vertical MOSFET, e.g., as described in E. Josse et al., “High performance 40 nm vertical MOSFET within a conventional CMOS process flow”, 2001 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers. Paper No. 5B-2, pages 55-56 (2001), incorporated herein by reference. Vertical MOSFETs are characterized by a pillar-like channel sandwiched between a double gate. The source and drain are located at the ends of the channel pillar. An example of such a structure 600 is shown in FIG. 6A.
FIG. 6B shows a vertical MOSFET 620 modified to incorporate interface layers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. This transistor is similar to the MOSFET illustrated in FIG. 6A but the upper Si n-region (the drain in this example) has been replace with a metal drain and contact to the channel is through an interface layer 622. Thus, such devices may be asymmetric, having a passivated Si/metal tunnel junction at the top contact, and a Si p-n junction at the bottom of the device on the substrate side. Complementary devices may be fabricated on the same substrate by first implanting p and n regions for the bottom contacts, and then employing two different metals, each with work functions chosen to yield p-type or n-type devices, as the top contacts to the channel.
FIG. 7A illustrates yet another type of transistor 700, the MESFET. A MESFET (Metal Semiconductor FET) replaces the gate/insulator/semiconductor stack adjacent to the channel with a metal/semiconductor contact, intentionally forming a Schottky barrier. The conductance of the channel is modulated when an applied gate voltage results in a change in the depletion width of the Schottky barrier into the channel. The channel as shown may be a thin Si layer, as in an SOI substrate.
For optimizing the utility of a particular MESFET application, it may be desirable to either raise or lower the Schottky barrier. This may be achieved as shown in FIG. 7B by implementation of the present invention in a transistor 720 wherein a particular interface dielectric and contact metal may be appropriately chosen. The interface dielectric forms an interface layer 722 between the gate and the channel. In other embodiments, the gate may be poly Si instead of a metal.
V. Use of Transistor In Electrical Systems
Transistors such as those described herein may be used in chips, integrated circuits, monolithic devices, semiconductor devices, microelectronic devices, and the like within a number of electrical systems. Electrical systems that are contemplated include computer systems (e.g., portable, laptop, desktop, server, mainframe, etc.), hard copy equipment (e.g., printer, plotter, fax machine, etc.), and other electrical systems. For example, in one embodiment a computer system may comprise a microprocessor having such a transistor to help execute instructions. The computer system may contain other conventional components including but not limited to a bus or other communication means to communicate information, a memory to store information (e.g., a dynamic memory such as RAM or a static memory such as ROM), a display device, a data input device, and a communication device such as a modem, as will be appreciated by a person having an ordinary level of skill in the art and the benefit of the present disclosure. Any or all of these devices may include transistors configured in accordance with the present invention.
Thus, a transistor having passivated junctions from the source to the channel and/or from the channel to the drain, and a method for forming such a transistor have been described. Although described with reference to specific embodiments it should be remembered that various modifications and changes may be made to the techniques described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. For example, metals other than aluminum may be used in transistors configured in accordance with the present invention. Low work function metals that may be so used include Er, Eu, Ba, Cs, Ca, Ce, Rb, Sm, Y, and Yb. All have workfunctions less than 3 eV. High work function metals (for aligning to valence bands) which may be used include Pt, Ir, Pd, Re, Ni, Co, and Au. The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense and the invention measured only in terms of the claims, which follow. | 57,752 | 110 |
776,451 | SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT BETWEEN
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MARYLAND
MARYLAND NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION
UNDER THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT
SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION
The United States Department of Justice (Department) initiated this matter as a compliance review of Montgomery County, Maryland, under title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12131-12134 (title II), and the Department's implementing regulation, 28 C.F.R. Part 35. Because the County receives financial assistance from the Department, the review was also conducted under the authority of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794, and the Department's implementing regulation, 28 C.F.R. Part 42, Subpart G.
The review was conducted by the Disability Rights Section of the Department's Civil Rights Division, and focused on the County's compliance with the following title II requirements:
- to conduct a self-evaluation of its services, policies, and practices by July 26, 1992, and make modifications necessary to comply with the Department's title II regulation, 28 C.F.R. § 35.105;
- to notify applicants, participants, beneficiaries, and other interested persons of their rights and the County's obligations under title II and the Department's regulation, 28 C.F.R. § 35.106;
- to designate a responsible employee to coordinate its efforts to comply with and carry out the County's ADA responsibilities, 28 C.F.R. § 35.107(a);
- to establish a grievance procedure for resolving complaints of violations of title II, 28 C.F.R. § 35.107(b);
- to operate each program, service, or activity so that, when viewed in its entirety, it is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, 28 C.F.R. §̀§ 35.149 - 35.150, by:
- delivery of services, programs, or activities in alternate ways, including, for example, redesign of equipment, reassignment of services, assignment of aides, home visits, or other methods of compliance or, if these methods are not effective in making the programs accessible,
- physical changes to buildings (required to have been made by January 26, 1995), in accordance with the Department's title II regulation, 28 C.F.R. §§̀ 35.150 and 35.151, and the ADA Standards for Accessible Design (Standards), 28 C.F.R. pt. 36, App. A (2010), or the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS), 41 C.F.R. § 101-19.6, App. A.
- to ensure that facilities for which construction or alteration was begun after January 26, 1992, are readily accessible to and usable by people with disabilities, in accordance with 1) the Department's title II regulation and 2) the Standards or UFAS, 28 C.F.R. § 35.151;
- to ensure that communications with applicants, participants, and members of the public with disabilities are as effective as communications with others, including furnishing auxiliary aids and services when necessary, 28 C.F.R. § 35.160;
- to provide direct access via TTY (text telephone) or computer-to-telephone emergency services, including 9-1-1 services, for persons who use TTYs and computer modems, 28 C.F.R. § 35.162;
- to provide information for interested persons with disabilities concerning the existence and location of the County's accessible services, activities, and facilities, 28 C.F.R. § 35.163(a); and
- to provide signage at all inaccessible entrances to each of its facilities, directing users to an accessible entrance or to information about accessible facilities, 28 C.F.R. § 35.163(b).
As part of its compliance review, the Department reviewed the following facilities, which – because construction or alterations commenced after January 26, 1992 – must comply with the ADA's new construction or alterations requirements:
Newly Constructed Facilities
Burtonsville Volunteer Fire Department - Station 15
East County Community Center
Eastern Montgomery Regional Center
Parking Garage # 60
Round House Theater Education Center
Martin Luther King, Jr., Pool / Swim Center
Bethesda Chevy Chase Regional Services Center
Long Branch Senior Center
Black Rock Center for the Arts
Rockville Public Library
Silver Spring Volunteer Fire Department
Gwendolyn E. Coffield Community Center
Betty Ann Krahnke Shelter
Quince Orchard Library
Sandy Spring Fire Department
Damascus Community Center
Germantown Indoor Swim Center
Montgomery County Correctional Facility
Men's Emergency Shelter
Dennis Avenue Health Center
Dennis Avenue Health Center Supply Building
Long Branch Library
Garage # 11
The Department's program access review covered those of the County's programs, services, and activities that operate in the following facilities:
Merrimac Neighborhood Park
Capitol View - Homewood Local Park
Stratton Local Park
Ken-Gar Palisades Park
Rock Creek Hills Local Park
Kensington Cabin Local Park
Children's Resource Center
Newport Mill Park
Pleasant View Park
Silver Spring Health and Human Services - Regional Center
Noyes Library for Children
Mid-County Regional Services Center
5th District Police Station - Germantown
Damascus Childcare Center
Damascus Senior Center
Montgomery Aquatic Center
Mental Health – 751 Twinbrook Parkway Building
2nd District Police Station – Bethesda
Leland Community Center
Chevy Chase Library
Burning Tree Park
Silver Spring Library
Plum Gar Community Center
Avery Road Facility
Lawrence Court House
Piccard Drive Department of Health and Human Services
3rd District Police Station - Silver Spring
Kensington Park Library
Holiday Park Senior Center
Bauer Drive Community Center
Red Brick Courthouse
Cabin John Local Park
Long Branch Pool
Takoma - Piney Branch Local Park
Executive Office Building
Potomac Community Center
Ayrlawn Local Park
Hungerford Office Building
Seven Locks Local Park
Avery Road 701
Avery House 705
Longwood Community Center
Olney Swim Center
Council Office Building Garage
Argyle Recreation Center & Local Park
Parking Garage #7
Kensington Volunteer Fire Department Station 25
Wheaton Regional Library
Clara Barton Community Center
Council Office Building
Upcounty Regional Services Center
Garage # 49
Juvenile Assessment Center
6th District Police Station - Montgomery Village
Department of Correction & Rehabilitation
TESS Community Center
Developmental Disabilities Services
Piccard Drive Health Center
Community Based Shelter
The Department also conducted a program access review of the following facilities that are designated as emergency shelters:
Springbrook High School
John F. Kennedy High School
Sherwood High School
Watkins Mill High School
Walt Whitman High School
Damascus High School
Seneca Valley High School
Walter Johnson High School
Rockville High School
Gaithersburg High School
This review was limited to the areas of the facilities used by members of the public during an emergency: parking, the route from the parking area to the area used as a shelter, the area used as a shelter, and toilet facilities serving that area.
The Department reviewed the County's policies and procedures regarding voting, emergency management and disaster prevention, and sidewalk maintenance to evaluate whether persons with disabilities have an equal opportunity to utilize these programs.
Finally, the Department reviewed the Montgomery County Department of Police's policies and procedures regarding providing effective communication to persons who are deaf or hard-of-hearing.
- The ADA applies to the County because it is a "public entity" as defined by title II. 42 U.S.C. § 12131(1).
- The Department is authorized under 28 C.F.R. Part 35, Subpart F, to determine the compliance of the County with title II of the ADA and the Department's title II implementing regulation, to issue findings, and, where appropriate, to negotiate and secure voluntary compliance agreements. Furthermore, the Attorney General is authorized, under 42 U.S.C. § 12133, to bring a civil action enforcing title II of the ADA should the Department fail to secure voluntary compliance pursuant to Subpart F.
- The Department is authorized under 28 C.F.R. Part 42, Subpart G, to determine the County's compliance with section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, to issue findings, and, where appropriate, to negotiate and secure voluntary compliance agreements. Furthermore, the Attorney General is authorized, under 29 U.S.C. § 794 and 28 C.F.R. §§ 42.530 and 42.108-110, to suspend or terminate financial assistance to the County provided by the Department of Justice should the Department fail to secure voluntary compliance pursuant to Subpart G or to bring a civil suit to enforce the rights of the United States under applicable federal, state, or local law.
- The parties to this Agreement are the United States of America and Montgomery County, Maryland; and the Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission (MNCPPC).
- In order to avoid the burdens and expenses of an investigation and possible litigation, the parties enter into this Agreement.
- In consideration of, and consistent with, the terms of this Agreement, the Attorney General agrees to refrain from filing a civil suit in this matter regarding all matters contained within this Agreement, except as provided in the section entitled "Implementation and Enforcement."
- Self Evaluation and Transition Plan. The County completed its self-evaluation and developed a transition plan for compliance with the ADA in 1993. The process included a survey of 181 buildings and other facilities and a review of the County's policies, programs, services, and activities. The transition plan was completed in 2001 and expenditures for accessibility improvements to County buildings totaled $3.94 million. In 2010, in order to ensure that its facilities and programs are in compliance with title II of the ADA, the County established an ongoing level-of-effort project adopted under the County's Six Year Capital Improvements Program (CIP). An ADA Team, supervised by the County's ADA Compliance Manager, was created in the County's Department of General Services to coordinate all aspects of ADA compliance, both facility- and policy-related. Through this program, the County has established a process intended to ensure compliance of all of its future new construction and alterations. This process includes a third party pre-construction ADA compliance review and post-construction compliance survey.
- ADA Coordinator. The County designated an ADA Compliance Manager in 1991. The Compliance Manager is responsible for the County's ADA Grievance Process, and works to ensure that County departments comply with its commitment for accessibility by providing technical assistance to departments and disability awareness for staff.
- Input from Persons with Disabilities. The County's Commission on People with Disabilities (CPWD) was established by County legislation in 1978 to advise the County Executive, County Council, and Department Directors on the needs and concerns of the County's residents with disabilities. The CPWD provides testimony on County budgets and proposed changes in legislation, and makes recommendations on County policies and programs. Other County commissions and boards, including the Mental Health Advisory Committee, the Disability Resource Center Library Advisory Committee, the Taxicab Advisory Board, and the Adult Public Guardianship Review Board have membership requirements to ensure representation from the disability community.
- ADA Notice. The County has adopted the attached Notice (Attachment A) and posted the Notice on its website and in its facilities.
- Employment. It is Montgomery County's policy to be an equal opportunity employer, committed to workforce diversity. The County's Equal Employment Opportunity Officer and staff respond to employment discrimination complaints. The County's Disability Program Manager handles the reasonable accommodation process. In 2007, the County established a Customized Employment Intern program to provide persons with disabilities flexible, paid work opportunities and the job experience necessary to compete for permanent merit positions. In 2010, the County enacted legislation establishing an affirmative action hiring preference for applicants with disabilities who are ranked, through the competitive hiring process, in the highest rated category for a County merit position.
- Internal Grievance Procedure. The County has adopted the attached internal ADA Grievance Procedure (Attachment B).
- Sidewalk Accessibility. In 1991, as part of the County's ADA transition plan, the County developed an ongoing Capital Improvement Program (CIP) to install curb ramps on existing sidewalks. As the result, the County has installed many ramps and other accessibility improvements for existing sidewalks servicing County facilities and schools, central business districts, and residential communities. The CIP now funds the installation of detectable warnings on curbs, replacement of older sidewalks and curb ramps, and other accessibility improvements in the public right of way. It has been the County's policy since 1992 that all new construction of sidewalks and curb cuts would be completed in accordance with the ADA Standards. In 2006, the County updated its guidelines for pedestrian facilities, incorporating the recommendations from the U.S. Access Board's draft Public Right of Way document. The County has implemented a process for soliciting and receiving input from persons with disabilities regarding the accessibility of its sidewalks.
- Bus Stop Accessibility. In 2006, the County began a six year, $11 million Bus Stop Safety Capital Improvement Project designed to ensure that all 5,400 bus stops in Montgomery County are accessible for people with disabilities, provide a safe location to wait for the bus, and an accessible pathway to get to and from the bus stop.
- Effective Communication. The County has identified sources of qualified sign language and oral interpreters, and these services are available 24 hours per day, 365 days per year. The County has identified real time transcription services and vendors to provide translation and production of Braille documents from text. The County is committed to captioning its cable programming. Each of the County's police stations, the detention facility, and the Montgomery County Correctional Facility are equipped with a working TTY.
- Training. Since 1991, the County has regularly presented training programs covering the requirements of title II of the ADA; appropriate ways of serving persons with disabilities; and the reasonable accommodation process. The County's Office of Human Resources incorporates ADA employment requirements into the management training classes covering human resources topics, including selecting, hiring, and managing employees. In 2010, the County developed a training program for County staff on inclusive emergency sheltering presented by County managers and members of the County's Emergency Preparedness Advisory Panel. To date, over 150 staff have completed the training. The County developed and presented a three-part training for architects, engineers, and maintenance staff covering common errors in accessibility and the requirements of the new 2010 Standards for Accessible Design. The Department of General Services' monthly lunch and learn seminars include presentations on specific topics related to accessibility, such as assistive listening devices, automatic doors, and related topics. The County regularly participates in workshops, webinars, and teleconferences on ADA issues presented by the ADA National Network and Easter Seals Project Action. The County's intranet site provides employees with a wide range of information and resources on the ADA and accessibility issues.
- Library Access. Montgomery County Public Libraries (MCPL) have a wide variety of services for people with disabilities, their families, and caretakers. The MCPL website provides a list of the accessible features and services available at each library. These features and services include: assistive listening devices in MCPL meeting rooms, book delivery services, large print books, Braille embossers, closed captioned video cassettes, closed circuit TV (CCTV) for print enlargement of typed or written materials, computer lab with adaptive hardware and software, copy machines with enlargement capability, descriptive videos, homebound service, interpreters for persons who are deaf and hard of hearing, magnifiers, public access catalog terminals and computers equipped with ZoomText text enlargement software and JAWS screen reader software, reading machines, accessible study carrels, and video relay terminals for patron use.
- Website Access. The County has posted its accessibility statement on its website. It allows for online visitors to request accessible information or services by posting a telephone number, TTY number, and e-mail address on its home page. The County provides training for web developers and content managers on accessibility features and has purchased accessibility scanning and monitoring software to improve its website access. The County is in the process of redesign of its website, which will include accessibility improvements.
- Emergency Communications. Montgomery County offers, free of charge, the Alert Montgomery Network to contact citizens during a major crisis or emergency, to deliver important emergency alerts, notifications and updates on any or all of the following devices at once: e-mail account (work, home, other), cell phone, text pager, BlackBerry, or wireless PDA.
- 9-1-1 Services. The County has taken steps to ensure that each 9-1-1 call station is equipped with a TTY or computer equivalent and has taken steps to ensure that persons who use TTYs have equivalent access to 9-1-1 services.
- Auxiliary Aids and Services. It is Montgomery County's policy to provide auxiliary aids and services for people with disabilities upon request.
- Domestic Violence Programs. The County has provided written information regarding its Domestic Violence Programs in alternate formats for persons who are blind or have low vision. The Programs also have arrangements with interpreter services and provide direct-connection to their Hotline for people who use TTYs. In situations where the County's shelter is not physically accessible to a person with a disability, the County has taken steps to ensure that accessible accommodations are available for persons with disabilities. The County has adopted a policy of ensuring that persons with disabilities have equal access to the services of the County's Domestic Violence Programs.
- National Recognition of Commitment to Achieving Accessibility for Single Family Homes. The National Association of Home Builders and the National Organization on Disability named the Maryland National Capital Building Industry Association as the winner of the 2007 National Disability Initiative Award for its Design for Life Montgomery program, the first voluntary certification program in Maryland to promote greater accessibility in single-family attached and single-family detached construction.
- Emergency Preparedness. Montgomery County has established an Emergency Preparedness Advisory Panel, with representation from the Commission on People with Disabilities and the Commission on Aging, in order to facilitate ongoing involvement in the emergency planning process and to assist in developing and presenting training for emergency shelter staff and volunteers. The County's website includes extensive information on emergency and disaster planning for people with disabilities with links to emergency planning at the national level. The County's Department of Health and Human Services has developed an emergency preparedness checklist for its case managers and contracted home health agencies to assist individuals in developing a personal emergency plan. The County provides nurses, home health aides, and social workers at its emergency shelters to provide direct care and case management services for people with disabilities and others. The County has a process in place to provide durable medical equipment and medications for emergency shelter residents when necessary. The Office of Disability Integration and Coordination (ODIC) at the Federal Emergency Management Agency has presented training for the County's Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) on emergency preparedness for children and adults with disabilities.
- Notification of Services. Information about County government programs and services for people with disabilities is provided through a variety of methods, including the County's 3-1-1 Information program, the County's website, a specialized telephone information and assistance telephone line, e-newsletters and distribution lists, written informational guides, the County's cable channel, and information fairs and workshops.
- Within two months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will redistribute the attached Notice (Attachment A) to all agency heads and publish the Notice in a local newspaper of general circulation serving the County; post the Notice on its Internet Home Page; and post copies in conspicuous locations in its public buildings. It will refresh the posted copies, and update the contact information contained on the Notice, as necessary, for the life of this Agreement. Copies will also be provided to any person upon request.
- Within three months of the effective date of this Agreement, and on yearly anniversaries of this Agreement until it expires, the County will implement and report to the Department its written procedures for providing information for interested persons with disabilities concerning the existence and location of the County's accessible programs, services, and activities.
- Within three months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will redistribute the attached ADA Grievance Procedure (Attachment B), to all agency heads, and post copies of it in conspicuous locations in each of its public buildings. It will refresh the posted copies, and update the contact information contained on it, as necessary, for the life of the Agreement. Copies will also be provided to any person upon request.
- The County will continue to identify sources of qualified sign language and oral interpreters, real-time transcription services, and vendors that can put documents in Braille, and will continue to implement and report to the Department its written procedures, with time frames, for fulfilling requests from the public for sign language or oral interpreters, real-time transcription services, and documents in alternate formats (Braille, large print, cassette tapes, accessible electronic format (e.g., HTML), etc.).
- The County will take steps to ensure that all appropriate employees are trained and practiced in using the Maryland Relay Service to make and receive calls.
- Within three months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will ensure that each 9-1-1 call station is equipped with a TTY or computer equivalent.
- Within three months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will develop procedures for answering 9-1-1 calls that include training all call takers to use a TTY to take 9-1-1 calls, to recognize a "silent" open line as a potential TTY call and respond by TTY, and to ensure that TTY calls are answered as quickly as other calls received.
- The County will monitor its incoming 9-1-1 TTY calls to ensure they are answered as quickly and accurately as other calls received.
- The County will take steps to incorporate correct TTY call-taking procedures into 9-1-1 call takers' performance evaluations and will take steps to amend its personnel policies to include written disciplinary procedures for call takers who fail to perform TTY call-taking consistent with the training and procedures. The County will implement and report to the Department its evaluation and procedures within twelve months of the effective date of this Agreement.
- Within three months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will redistribute its policy entitled Interpreters/Language Services (Attachment C), and distribute to all department officers the Guide for Law Enforcement Officers When in Contact with People Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing (Attachment D).
- Throughout the term of this Agreement, the County will continue to maintain a contract with one or more local qualified oral/sign language interpreter agencies to ensure that the interpreting services will be available on a priority basis, twenty-four hours per day, seven days a week, to its police department or make other appropriate arrangements (such as contracting directly with or hiring qualified interpreters).
- Throughout the term of this Agreement, the County will continue to ensure that each police station or substation and each detention facility is equipped with a working TTY to enable persons who are deaf, hard of hearing, or who have speech impairments to make outgoing telephone calls. Where inmate telephone calls are time-limited, the County will adopt policies permitting inmates who use TTYs a longer period of time to make those calls, due to the slower nature of TTY communications compared with voice communications.
- The County avers that their employment policies comply with the regulations of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Within twelve months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will amend its employment policies, as necessary, to comply with the regulations of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission implementing title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, codified at 29 C.F.R. Part 1630. At minimum, those policies, embedded in the Montgomery County Personnel Regulations 2001 and as amended (MCPR), will provide that the County:
- will not discriminate on the basis of disability in its hiring or employment practices (see MCPR § 5-2);
- will not ask a job applicant about the existence, nature, or severity of a disability. Applicants may be asked about their ability to perform specific job functions. Medical examinations or inquiries may be made, but only after a conditional offer of employment is made and only if required of all applicants for the position (see MCPR § 8-6(a)(1));
- will make reasonable accommodations for the known physical or mental limitations of a qualified applicant or employee with a disability upon request unless the accommodation would cause an undue hardship on the operation of the County's business. If an applicant or an employee requests a reasonable accommodation and the individual's disability and need for the accommodation are not readily apparent or otherwise known, the County may ask the individual for information necessary to determine if the individual has a disability-related need for the accommodation (see MCPR § 8-5 and 8-6(d));
- will maintain any employee's medical records separate from personnel files and keep them confidential (see MCPR § 4-3(d)(4)); and
- will make an individualized assessment of whether a qualified individual with a disability meets selection criteria for employment decisions. To the extent the County's selection criteria have the effect of disqualifying an individual because of disability, those criteria will be job-related and consistent with business necessity (see MCPR § 8-4(a)(3) and (5)).
- The Department will work collaboratively with the County to ensure that the County's Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) will be in compliance with ADA requirements. The touchstone for compliance with ADA requirements relating to emergency management is Chapter 7 of the Department's ADA Best Practices Tool Kit for State and Local Government (ADA Tool Kit), which includes key ADA obligations that apply to all aspects of emergency management, including planning, preparedness, evacuation, shelters, medical and social services, lodging and housing programs, recovery, and rebuilding.
- The County is committed to compliance with the ADA requirements as described in Chapter 7 of the ADA Tool Kit. Within six months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will revise its EOP so that it conforms with Chapter 7 of the ADA Tool Kit, and the County will provide a copy of its revised EOP (including supporting documents) to the Department. The Department will review the revised EOP to ensure compliance with title II of the ADA and its implementing regulation.
- If the County contracts with another entity, such as the American Red Cross or another local government, to provide its emergency preparedness plans and emergency response services, the County will ensure that the other entity complies with the following provisions on its behalf.
- Within six months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will implement and report to the Department its written procedures that ensure that it continues to regularly solicit and incorporate input from persons with a variety of disabilities and those who serve them regarding all phases of its Montgomery County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan (preparation, notification, response, and clean up).
- Within six months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will implement and report to the Department its written procedures that ensure that its community evacuation plans enable those who have mobility impairments, vision impairments, hearing impairments, cognitive disabilities, mental illness, or other disabilities to safely self-evacuate or be evacuated by others. Some communities are instituting voluntary, confidential registries of persons with disabilities who may need individualized evacuation assistance or notification. If the County adopts or maintains such a registry, its report to the Department will discuss its procedures for ensuring voluntariness, appropriate confidentiality controls, and how the registry will be kept updated, as well as its outreach plan to inform persons with disabilities of its availability. Whether or not a registry is used, the County plan should address accessible transportation needs for persons with disabilities.
- Within six months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will implement and report to the Department its written procedures that ensure that if its emergency warning systems use sirens or other audible alerts, it will also provide ways to inform persons with hearing impairments of an impending disaster. The use of auto-dialed TTY messages to pre-registered individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing, text messaging, e-mails, open-captioning on local TV stations and other innovative uses of technology may be incorporated into such procedures, as well as lower-tech options such as dispatching qualified sign language interpreters to assist with emergency TV broadcasts.
- Within six months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will implement and report to the Department its written procedures that ensure that emergency shelters have electrical power (such as a back-up generator) and ways to keep medications refrigerated (such as a refrigerator or cooler with ice). Access to back-up power and refrigeration at such shelters will be made available to persons whose disabilities require access to electricity and refrigeration, for example, for using life-sustaining medical devices, providing power to motorized wheelchairs, and preserving certain medications, such as insulin, that require refrigeration. The written procedures will include a plan for notifying persons of the location of such shelters.
- Within six months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will implement and report to the Department its written procedures that ensure that persons who use service animals are not separated from their service animals when sheltering during an emergency, even if pets are normally prohibited in shelters. The procedures will not segregate persons who use service animals from others but may take into account the potential presence of persons who, for safety or health reasons, should not be in contact with certain types of animals.
- Within six months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will develop, implement, and report to the Department its plans for providing equivalent opportunities for accessible post-emergency temporary housing to persons with disabilities. Within one year of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will ensure that information it makes available regarding temporary housing includes information on accessible housing (such as accessible hotel rooms within the community or in nearby communities) that could be used if people with disabilities cannot immediately return home after a disaster if, for instance, necessary accessible features such as ramps or electrical systems have been compromised.
- Some of the County's emergency shelters may be owned or operated by other public entities subject to title II or by public accommodations subject to title III and, as such, are subject to the obligation to provide program access or remove barriers to accessibility under the ADA. This Agreement does not limit such future enforcement action against the owners or operators of these facilities by any person or entity, including the Department.
- Within one month of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will request in writing that each of the owners and operators of the shelter facilities listed in Attachment G will remove the noted barriers to access for persons with disabilities. The request will specify that the remediation be completed within one year of the effective date of this Agreement. The County will simultaneously send a courtesy copy of the request to the Department.
- Within fourteen months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will survey the shelters listed in Attachment G to determine whether the noted barriers have been removed. If not all barriers have been removed, the County will identify within eighteen months of the effective date of this Agreement an appropriate number of alternate shelters where the parking, exterior routes, entrances, interior routes to the shelter area, and toilet rooms to the shelter area comply with the Standards.
- Within six months of the effective date of this Agreement and until all emergency shelters have accessible parking, exterior routes, entrances, interior routes to the shelter area, and toilet rooms serving the shelter area, the County will identify and widely publicize to the public and to persons with disabilities and the organizations that serve them the most accessible emergency shelters.
- The County will continue to implement, and will report to the Department regarding, its written process for soliciting and receiving input from persons with disabilities regarding the accessibility of its sidewalks, including, for example, requests to add curb ramps at particular locations.
- Within three months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will identify and report to the Department all existing records of all of its streets, roads, and highways that have been constructed or altered since January 26, 1992. Paving, repaving, or resurfacing a street, road, or highway is considered an alteration for the purposes of this Agreement. Filling a pothole is not considered an alteration for the purposes of this Agreement. Within three years of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will provide curb ramps or other sloped areas complying with the Standards or UFAS at all intersections of its streets, roads, and highways identified under this paragraph having curbs or other barriers to entry from a street level pedestrian walkway.
- The County will continue to provide curb ramps or other sloped areas complying with the Standards or UFAS at any of its intersections having curbs or other barriers to entry from a street level pedestrian walkway, whenever a new street, road, or highway is constructed or altered.
- Within three months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will identify and report to the Department all existing records of its street level pedestrian walkways that have been constructed or altered since January 26, 1992. Paving, repaving, or resurfacing a walkway is considered an alteration for the purposes of this Agreement. Within three years of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will provide curb ramps or other sloped areas complying with the Standards or UFAS at all places where a street level pedestrian walkway identified under this paragraph intersects with its street, road, or highway.
- The County will continue to provide curb ramps or other sloped areas complying with the Standards or UFAS at all newly constructed or altered pedestrian walkways where they intersect its streets, roads, or highways.
- Weather permitting, the County will, within 90 days of a reported deficiency in its curb ramps or other sloped areas, inspect and repair as needed to come into compliance with the Standards.
- Within one month of the effective date of this Agreement, and on subsequent anniversaries of the effective date of this Agreement, the County will distribute to all persons – employees and contractors – who design, develop, maintain, or otherwise have responsibility for content and format of its website(s) or third party websites used by the County (Internet Personnel) the technical assistance document, "Accessibility of State and Local Government Websites to People with Disabilities," which is Attachment H to this Agreement (it is also available at www.ada.gov/websites2.htm).
- Within six months of the effective date of this Agreement, and throughout the life of the Agreement, the County will do the following:
- Establish, implement, and post online a policy that its web pages will be accessible and create a process for implementation;
- Develop and implement a plan for making existing web content more accessible;
- Provide a way for online visitors to request accessible information or services by posting a telephone number or e-mail address on its home page; and
- Periodically (at least annually) enlist people with disabilities to test its pages for ease of use.
- Within 24 months of the effective date of this Agreement and throughout the life of the Agreement, the County will ensure that all new and modified County web pages and content are accessible to individuals with disabilities.
- The County will ensure that all buildings and facilities constructed by or on behalf of the County are constructed in full compliance with the requirements of 28 C.F.R. § 35.151, including applicable architectural standards.
- The County will ensure that alterations to County facilities are made in full compliance with the requirements of 28 C.F.R. § 35.151, including applicable architectural standards.
- The elements or features of the County's facilities and certain MNCPPC facilities that do not comply with the Standards, including those listed in Attachments I, J, K, and L, prevent persons with disabilities from fully and equally enjoying the County's services, programs, or activities and constitute discrimination on the basis of disability within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 12132 and 28 C.F.R. §§ 35.149 and 35.150.
- When taking the actions required by this agreement, until March 14, 2012, the County and MNCPPC may comply with the cited provisions of the Standards or the 2010 Standards defined at 28 C.F.R. § 35.104, which includes both the title II regulations at 28 C.F.R. § 35.151 and the 2004 ADAAG at 36 C.F.R. Part 1191, Appendices B and D. As of March 15, 2012, the County and MNCPPC must comply with the 2010 Standards. The County and MNCPPC must designate which of these two accessibility standards they elect to use, use the same accessibility standard throughout a facility in making alterations, and report to the Department which set of Standards will be used for each facility.
- Within twelve months of the effective date of this Agreement, the County and MNCPPC will install signage as necessary to comply with 28 C.F.R. § 35.163(b), after having surveyed all facilities that are the subject of this Agreement for the purpose of identifying those that have multiple entrances not all of which are accessible.
- Newly Constructed Facilities: In order to ensure that the following spaces and elements in County facilities, for which construction was commenced after January 26, 1992, are readily accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities, the County will take the actions listed in Attachments I and M.
- Altered Facilities: In order to ensure that the following spaces and elements in County facilities, for which alterations commenced after January 26, 1992, are readily accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities, the County will take the actions listed in Attachments J and M.
- Program Access in County and MNCPPC Existing Facilities: In order to ensure that each of the County's programs, services, and activities and each of MNCPPC's programs, services, and activities operating at a facility that is the subject of this Agreement, when viewed in its entirety, is readily accessible to and usable by persons with mobility impairments, the County and MNCPPC will take the actions listed in Attachment K and M.
- Access to County Programs Housed in Others' Facilities: In order to ensure that any County's programs, services, and activities that are the subject of this Agreement and that are operated by the County at facilities owned or controlled by other entities, when viewed in its entirety, are readily accessible to and usable by persons with mobility impairments, the County will take the actions listed in Attachments L and M. The County's obligations relating to County programs, services, and activities conducted in MNCPPC facilities are stated in Paragraph 70.
- Access to County Programs Housed in MNCPPC Facilities: In order to ensure that any County program, service, and activity that is the subject of this Agreement and that is operated by the County at facilities owned or controlled by MNCPPC, when viewed in its entirety, is readily accessible to and usable by persons with mobility impairments, the MNCPPC will take the actions listed for MNCPPC facilities in Attachments K and M. The County is responsible for ensuring that any of its programs, services, and activities operated in facilities owned or controlled by MNCPPC is, when viewed in its entirety, readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities
- The County's Facilities and Programs Not Surveyed by the Department: The County will review compliance with the requirements of Title II of the ADA for those County facilities and programs that were not reviewed by the Department. The County will submit for review by the Department a detailed report listing the access issues identified during its review together with the corrective actions and completion dates proposed to resolve such issues. The review conducted by the County, the access issues identified, and the corrective actions and completion dates proposed will be consistent with the requirements of Title II of the ADA; the review of County facilities and programs conducted by the Department for purposes of this Agreement; and the access issues, corrective actions, and completion dates reflected in Attachments I, J, K, L, and M. Due to the large number of facilities in the County, the County may elect to submit the reports required by this paragraph on yearly anniversaries of the effective date of this agreement for a period of up to three years, each such report covering approximately one-third (1/3) of the County's facilities.
- MNCPC’s Facilities and Programs Not Surveyed by the Department: MNCPPC will review compliance with the requirements of title II of the ADA for those MNCPPC facilities and programs that were not reviewed by the Department. MNCPPC will submit for review by the Department a detailed report listing the access issues identified during its review together with the corrective actions and completion dates proposed to resolve such issues. The review conducted by MNCPPC , the access issues identified, and the corrective actions and completion dates proposed will be consistent with the requirements of Ttitle II of the ADA; the review of MNCPPC facilities and programs conducted by the Department for purposes of this Agreement; and the access issues, corrective actions, and completion dates reflected in Attachments I, J, K, L, and M. Due to the large number of MNCPPC facilities,MNCPPC may elect to submit the reports required by this paragraph on yearly anniversaries of the effective date of this agreement for a period of up to five years, each such report covering approximately one-fifth (1/5) of the County’s facilities.
- The County avers that its programs for victims of domestic violence and abuse provide the services listed in A - H, below. Throughout the term of this Agreement, the County will:
- Continue to ensure that any written information that it distributes regarding its Domestic Violence Programs is provided in alternate formats, including Braille, large print, audio recording, and electronic formats, upon request.
- Continue to maintain contracts or other arrangements with qualified sign language and oral interpreters to ensure their availability when required for effective communication with persons who are deaf or hard of hearing. The type of aid that will be required for effective communication will depend on the individual's usual method of communication, and the nature, importance, and duration of the communication at issue. In many circumstances, oral communication supplemented by gestures and visual aids, an exchange of written notes, use of a computer or typewriter, or use of an assistive listening device may be effective. In other circumstances, qualified sign language or oral interpreters are needed to communicate effectively with persons who are deaf or hard of hearing. The more lengthy, complex, and important the communication, the more likely it is that a qualified interpreter will be required for effective communication with a person whose primary means of communication is sign language or speech reading.
- Continue to ensure that the County's Hotline for victims of domestic violence ensures that it provides equivalent service for persons who use TTYs, including providing direct-connection service for TTY users with hotline operators, without requiring TTY users to call through a third party operator, such as through the state or local Telecommunication Relay Services. The County will obtain the necessary equipment, establish the written procedures, and provide the training necessary to ensure effective communication by Hotline staff with direct-connection callers using TTYs, as well as the training necessary to respond to callers who use the Telecommunication Relay Services.
- Survey facilities used as shelters or designated as potential shelters – or for counseling, job training, education, clothing or household provisioning, or other aspects of Domestic Violence Programs – to ensure that adequate arrangements are available for potential clients and family members with disabilities, including adults and children who have mobility impairments, who are blind or have low vision, and who are deaf or hard of hearing. Within one year of the effective date of this Agreement, modify each such facility to remove the barriers or, alternatively, procure another, fully accessible facility to ensure that potential clients and family members with disabilities have integrated options when participating in a sheltering or other Domestic Violence program. Nothing in this Agreement requires any modifications that would compromise the confidentiality of a shelter or counseling center. Until there is a sufficient stock of accessible housing and other facilities within the sheltering program, County will implement written procedures ensuring that it has identified temporary accessible housing (such as accessible hotel rooms within the community or in nearby communities) and other facilities that could be used if people with disabilities need sheltering or inservice access to a Domestic Violence Program. The cost to potential clients of being housed or otherwise served in alternate accessible facilities shall not exceed any costs normally attributed to clients of the County's Domestic Violence Programs.
- Implement written procedures and modify, as appropriate, eligibility criteria, to ensure that no person with a disability is turned away from a shelter or otherwise denied the opportunity to benefit from the services of the County's Domestic Violence Programs on the basis of disability.
- Continue to implement written procedures to ensure that persons with disabilities who use service animals are not denied or discouraged from participating in Domestic Violence Programs, are able to be housed and served in an integrated environment, and are not separated from their service animals while participating in the County's Domestic Violence Programs even if pets are normally not permitted in the facilities where such programs are conducted. The procedures will not unnecessarily segregate persons who use service animals from others but may take into account the potential presence of persons who, for safety or health reasons, should not be in contact with certain types of animals. If the County's Domestic Violence Programs require clients to make any payments for shelter or other services they provide, clients shall not be required to make additional payments because they or their family members use service animals.
- Implement written procedures to ensure that reasonable modifications are made to County's Domestic Violence Programs when necessary for a client or family member with a disability to participate in such Programs, unless doing so would fundamentally alter the nature of the program.
- Implement written policies to ensure that despite any "drug-free" policy of the County's Domestic Violence Programs, persons with disabilities who use medication prescribed for their use are able to continue using such medication while participating in such Programs or being housed in a shelter.
- If the County contracts with another entity to provide or operate programs that provide shelter, counseling, or other assistance or supportive services to victims of domestic violence or abuse and their families (hereafter referred to as "Domestic Violence Programs"), it will ensure that the other entity complies with the preceding provisions on its behalf. If that entity will not comply with the following provisions, the County will nonetheless take all necessary steps to ensure that its program is accessible to persons with disabilities.
- Some of the of the County's shelters may be owned or operated by other public entities subject to title II or by public accommodations subject to title III and, as such, are subject to the obligation to provide program access or remove barriers to accessibility under the ADA. This Agreement does not limit such future enforcement action against the owners or operators of these facilities by any person or entity, including the Department.
- This Agreement shall not be construed to require the County to divulge confidential information relating to the location or existence of any Domestic Violence Programs, beyond what is otherwise required by applicable law or what is necessary for the Department to effectively enforce this Agreement.
- Except as otherwise specified in this Agreement, at yearly anniversaries of the effective date of this Agreement until it expires, the County will submit written reports to the Department summarizing the actions the County has taken pursuant to this Agreement. Reports will include detailed photographs showing measurements, architectural plans, work orders, notices published in the newspaper, copies of adopted policies, and proof of efforts to secure funding/assistance for structural renovations or equipment.
- Throughout the life of this Agreement, consistent with 28 C.F.R. § 35.133(a), the County will maintain the accessibility of its programs, activities, services, facilities, and equipment, and will take whatever actions are necessary (such as routine testing of accessibility equipment and routine accessibility audits of its programs and facilities) to do so. This provision does not prohibit isolated or temporary interruptions in service or access due to maintenance or repairs. 28 C.F.R. § 35.133(b).
- Throughout the three year period that begins on the effective date of this Agreement, the County will deliver its training programs to all County employees who have direct contact with members of the public. At the end of that period, the County will submit a copy of its training curriculum and materials to the Department, along with a list of employees trained and the name, title, and address of the trainer.
- If at any time the County or MNCPPC desires to modify any portion of this Agreement because of changed conditions making performance impossible or impractical or for any other reason, it will promptly notify the Department in writing, setting forth the facts and circumstances thought to justify modification and the substance of the proposed modification. Until there is written Agreement by the Department to the proposed modification, the proposed modification will not take effect. These actions must receive the prior written approval of the Department, which approval will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.
- The Department may review compliance with this Agreement at any time. If the Department believes that the County or MNCPPC has failed to comply in a timely manner with any requirement of this Agreement without obtaining sufficient advance written agreement with the Department for a modification of the relevant terms, the Department will so notify the County in writing and it will attempt to resolve the issue or issues in good faith. If the Department is unable to reach a satisfactory resolution of the issue or issues raised within 30 days of the date it provides notice to the County or MNCPPC , it may institute a civil action in federal district court to enforce the terms of this Agreement, or it may initiate appropriate steps to enforce title II and section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.
- For purposes of the immediately preceding paragraph, it is a violation of this Agreement for the County or MNCPPC to fail to comply in a timely manner with any of its requirements without obtaining sufficient advance written agreement with the Department for an extension of the relevant time frame imposed by the Agreement.
- Failure by the Department to enforce this entire Agreement or any provision thereof with regard to any deadline or any other provision herein will not be construed as a waiver of the Department's right to enforce other deadlines and provisions of this Agreement.
- This Agreement is a public document. A copy of this document or any information contained in it will be made available to any person by the County, MNCPPC, or the Department on request.
- This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties on the matters raised herein, and no other statement, promise, or agreement, either written or oral, made by either party or agents of either party, that is not contained in this written Agreement (including its Attachments, which are hereby incorporated by reference), will be enforceable. This Agreement does not purport to remedy any other potential violations of the ADA or any other federal law. This Agreement does not affect the County's or MNCPPC's continuing responsibility to comply with all aspects of the ADA and section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.
- This Agreement will remain in effect for six years or until the parties agree that all actions required by the Agreement have been completed, whichever is later.
- The person signing for the County represents that he or she is authorized to bind the County to this Agreement. The person signing for MNCPPC represents that he or she is authorized to bind MNCPPC to this Agreement.
- The effective date of this Agreement is the date of the last signature below.
ACTIONS TAKEN BY THE COUNTY
The County states that it has taken the following actions:
GENERAL EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION PROVISIONS
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES AND POLICIES
PHYSICAL CHANGES TO EMERGENCY SHELTERS
WEB-BASED SERVICES AND PROGRAMS
NEW CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATIONS, PHYSICAL CHANGES TO FACILITIES, AND PROGRAM MODIFICATIONS
PROGRAMS FOR VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ABUSE
IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
For the County:
TIMOTHY L. FIRESTINE, Chief
Administrative Officer, Montgomery County Government
101 Monroe Street
Rockville, MD 20850
For the Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission:
PATRICIA COLIHAN BARNEY
Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission
6611 Kenilworth Avenue
Riverdale, MD 20737
For the United States:
ROY L. AUSTIN, JR.
Deputy Assistant Attorney General
Civil Rights Division
KATHLEEN P. WOLFE, Acting Chief
Disability Rights Section
DOV LUTZKER, Acting Deputy Chief
JENNIFER K. McDANNELL, Supervisory Attorney
Disability Rights Section
SUSAN GEIPE QUINN, Investigator
BRIAN RYU, Architect
Disability Rights Section - NYA
Civil Rights Division
U.S. Department of Justice
Civil Rights Division
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20530
(202) 514-7821 (fax) | 57,650 | 261 |
174,154 | US 5793983 A
A multi-path channel interface for computer input-output systems includes the ability to define and activate unbalanced groups of unidirectional communications sub-channels for a user application. Protocol independent exchange identifications permit not only unbalanced transmission groups but also allow user-controlled extensions for negotiating the values of transmission parameters at the time the transmission group is activated. When error correcting re-transmissions force the re-segmenting of data blocks, second level sub-segment indexing assure the proper order of delivery of the various segments and sub-segments. The exchange identifications include an identification of the user protocol being supported and thus permit interfacing with any user protocol.
1. An input and output communications subsystem at a first network node for transmitting and receiving data over a channel between the first network node and a second network node, the channel being partitioned into a plurality of subchannels of potentially different data capacities, said subsystem comprising
means for allocating the subchannels for transmission of data from the first node to the second node,
means for partitioning data for transmission to the second node into individual blocks for transmission over the allocated subchannels, the partitioning means further comprising means for establishing the sizes of the individual blocks to be equal to or less than the data capacity of the subchannel assigned for transmission of the block,
means for transmitting the individual blocks over the assigned subchannels,
means responsive to a failure of one of the sub-channels for providing a device unavailability signal to the subsystem,
means for automatically deallocating the failed subchannel in response to said device unavailability signal,
means responsive to the deallocating means for reassigning blocks already assigned to the failed subchannel to another one of the subchannels,
means for determining if the reassigned subchannel is of a lesser data capacity than the failed subchannel and, in response thereto, for segmenting blocks already partitioned for the failed subchannel into subsegments for transmission over the reassigned subchannel,
means responsive to a restoration of the failed subchannel for providing a device availability signal to the subsystem, and
means for automatically reallocating the failed subchannel in response to said device availability signal.
2. The input and output communications subsystem according to claim 1 further comprising
means for transmitting one or more identification exchange messages between the first node and the second node to prepare both ends to simultaneously reallocate the failed subchannel.
3. A method for execution by an input and output communications subsystem at a first network node for transmitting and receiving data over a channel between the first network node and a second network node, the channel being partitioned into a plurality of subchannels of potentially different data capacities, said method comprising the steps of
allocating the subchannels for transmission of data from the first node to the second node,
partitioning data for transmission to the second node into individual blocks for transmission over the allocated subchannels, the partitioning step further establishing the sizes of the individual blocks to be equal to or less than the data capacity of the subchannel assigned for transmission of the block,
transmitting the individual blocks over the assigned subchannels,
providing a device unavailability signal to the subsystem responsive to a failure of one of the sub-channels,
automatically deallocating the failed subchannel in response to said device unavailability signal,
reassigning blocks already assigned to the failed subchannel to another one of the subchannels,
determining if the reassigned subchannel is of a lesser data capacity than the failed subchannel and, in response thereto, segmenting blocks already partitioned for the failed subchannel into subsegments for transmission over the reassigned subchannel,
providing a device availability signal to the subsystem responsive to a restoration of the failed subchannel, and
automatically reallocating the failed subchannel in response to said device availability signal.
4. The method of claim 3 further comprising
transmitting one or more identification exchange messages between the first node and the second node to prepare both ends to simultaneously reallocate the failed subchannel.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown a general block diagram of a computer input-output system for a host channel attached computer 21 and comprising a user application 10 executing on computer 21 and requiring input-output (I/O) capabilities. Computer 21 also includes a multi-path channel interface 12 which controls the input and output of data between computer 21 and a remote device or system 17 over one or more channel paths 22, 23 or 24. Channel paths 22-24 utilize adapters 14, 15, 16, 18, 19 and 20 to convert data signals for transmission on media 22-24. Multi-path channel interface 12 controls the connection of user data signals from user application 10 to media 22-24 by packaging the data in protocol data units (PDUs) suitable for the channel paths 22-24. Devices or system 17 may comprise simple I/O devices such as printers, storage systems or terminals, or may comprise another host computer with which user application 10 wishes to communicate. System 17 may also comprise a gateway to a local area or wide area data distribution network having remotely located computers or I/O devices attached thereto.
More particularly, channel paths 22, 23, . . . , 24 may comprise standard byte multiplex multi-conductor cables, burst mode optical fibers or any other form of transmission media over which data blocks can be transmitted. The number of such channel paths can vary all of the way from a single half or fill duplex path to as many as are required or desired to carry the data to be transmitted from computer 21. For simplicity, each of channel paths 22-24 is assumed to be used in the half duplex mode, transmitting in only one direction at a time. While the direction of transmission can be reversed, the possibly high delay latency dictates that such reversals be minimized. The modifications necessary to take advantage of full duplex operation of paths 22-24 are believed to be obvious and will not be further described here.
In accordance with the previously identified co-pending applications of L. Barrett et al., a multi-path channel interface 12 is connected between user application 10 and channel paths 22-24 to provide a transparent interconnection between the prior art user application 10 and the prior art channel paths 22-24 which affords the same level of function in modern data transfer environments that was available in the prior art simpler and more localized systems. More particularly, a new set of exchange identification (XID) messages have been defined (to be discussed in connection with FIGS. 5 through 8) which provide the user with a set of functions which meet basic system interface requirements and, in addition, provide a set of optional user-defined data areas which can be used to implement application-specific requirements, some of which will be described below, but which include the negotiation of system parameters and the provision of user-supplied system verification (security) fields (e.g., encrypted passwords). The exchange of system parameters such as buffering size and control, data flow direction and higher level user protocol support permits efficient and rapid input-output data exchanges.
Before proceeding to a detailed description of the multi-path channel interface 12 of FIG. 1, the format of data and control signals transmitted on transmission paths 22-24 in accordance with the prior art will be described. In FIG. 2 there is shown a graphical representation of a typical transmission block on transmission paths 22-24 comprising a transmission block header 25 followed by one or more protocol data units (PDUs) 27, 29, each having its own header 26 and 28, respectively. Thus PDU1 27 has a PDU header 26 and PDU2 29 has a PDU header 28. Some of the details of headers 25, 26 and 27 are also shown in FIG. 2 in the block below header 25 and connected by dashed lines to header 25. Thus, transmission block header 25 is shown as including a segment number field 30 used to contain a number representing the sequence of this block in a plurality of blocks of data transmitted from the same user application 10 to the same destination. Also included in transmission block header 25 is a plurality of control fields 31 containing information necessary for various control actions at the remote end, particularly when the transmission block is intended for transmission on a packet network system at the remote end. Also included in control fields 31 is a flag marking the last sub-segment of a segmented user data block. Field 32 contains a sub-segment number for this block when the original segment (such as the entire transmission block of FIG. 2) is re-segmented into smaller sub-segments when required for re-transmission after a failure to receive the original block. This sub-segment number is used, as will be described later, to recapture the proper sequence of sub-segments after reception at the remote end of the channel path.
Each of PDUs 27, 29, . . . , has a PDU header comprising a PDU length field 33 and a PDU flag field 34. Note that PDUs can contain either user data or MPC control information. One of the flags in field 34 indicates whether the following information is user data or MPC control signals. One type of such MPC control signal are the Exchange Identification (XID) signals to be discussed in connection with FIGS. 5 through 8. Flags are also available in field 34 to indicate the type of data unit, if appropriate, and to identify the last PDU in a transmission block. Protocol identification field 35 is used to identify the protocol used by the user application which was the source of this data PDU. This protocol identification allows the remote system to process the user data with the appropriate protocol processing and makes the sub-channel control process independent of the protocol of the user application 10 of FIG. 1. PDU header 26 also includes a sequence number field 36 to establish the initial sequence of a plurality of PDUs blocked together in the transmission block should such sequence numbers become necessary for re-assembly of a disassembled transmission block. As will be described in connection with FIGS. 8-12, control PDUs may include optional fields which can be used by the user application to negotiate the values of variables to be used in blocking and queuing of user data.
In FIG. 3 there is shown a more detailed block diagram of the multi-path channel interface 12 of FIG. 1 which includes three major components. MPC data manager 45 interfaces with the user application 10 of FIG. 1 and includes an outbound data formatting process 47 which converts the data and control stream from the user application 10 into blocks suitable for transmission on the available channel paths 22-24. Data manager 45 also includes inbound data queues which accept data from the remote end of the transmission paths 22-24 and store them for delivery to user application 10. A multi-path channel interface transmission control subsystem 48 interfaces the control and data signals from data manager 46 with a plurality of logical input and output sub-channels 49 through 54 over which input and output transmissions can take place. Note that the outputs of processes 48 are logical sub-channels which are unidirectional and suitable for the transmission of fixed sized transmission blocks varying from zero to 64 kilobytes in length. The prior art communications supervisor 13 (FIG. 1) converts these logical sub-channels into multiplexed physical transmission capacity on the physical channel paths 22-24, all in accordance with well known prior art procedures. It should be noted, however, that the logical sub-channels 49-54 shown in FIG. 3 need not be balanced and that more or fewer input channels can be combined with an unequal number of output channels.
Controlling data manager 45 and transmission control processes 48 are a set of MPC control processes 40. Included in processes 40 are a device or system allocate and de-allocate process 41 which utilizes control signals from user application 10 to allocate balanced or unbalanced multi-path channels to a user application. As noted above, these multi-path channel allocations merely verify that the requested transmission capabilities are available in the channel paths 22-24 (FIG. 1). Path activate and deactivate process 42 in FIG. 3 actually controls the exchange of signals which logically connect the allocated transmission groups to the user applications. Process 43 detects errors in received transmission data blocks, typically by detecting missing segments by noting missing segment numbers. Error control process 43 also responds to error messages from the remote device or system indicating missing or corrupted data segments at the remote device or system. Data re-transmission process 44 responds to the error control process 43 to re-transmit missing or corrupted data blocks, as will be described in more detail in connection with FIG. 11.
While the processes of FIG. 3 could be implemented with special purpose circuit elements in a manner obvious to persons of ordinary skill in the art, these processes are preferable implemented by programmed processes on the general purpose host computer 21. These processes will be described in detail in connection with the flow charts of FIGS. 9 through 11. It is believed that the actual programming of these processes are well within the abilities of any person of ordinary skill in the communications programming art from these flow charts and the following descriptions.
In FIG. 4 there is shown a graphical representation of a typical balanced and a typical unbalanced multi-path channel allocated by the multi-path channel interface of FIG. 3 in response to requests (allocate a multi-path channel) of the user application 10 of FIG. 1. User applications communicate with MPC 12 by means of messages implementing such functions as allocating or assigning sub-channels to a particular user application. Such allocations are merely logical reservations which are not activated until a different CCW (activate channel) signal is provided. The allocate channel message allows the user to specify transmission groups with any combination of sub-channels of any size and arbitrary direction of transmission. It is therefore possible for a user application to specify unbalanced multi-path channel groups in which the sizes of the read sub-channels are different from the sizes of the write sub-channels to accommodate unbalanced applications such as multimedia distribution. One such unbalanced transmission group is shown in FIG. 4.
For comparison purposes, a prior art balanced channel group TG1 group 62 is shown in FIG. 4, comprising a write sub-channel 63 and a read sub-channel 64, both served through a channel path 70. Channel path 70 may, of course, comprise an OEMI multiplexed byte mode multi-conductor cable transmission medium, an ESCON burst mode optical fiber cable, or any other transmission medium. It is assumed in FIG. 4 that local user application 60 is communicating with a remote user application 81 at the other end of transmission paths 70 and 71. It is also assumed that a remote multi-path channel interface 72 serves the remote user 81 in the same fashion that local MPC 61 serves local user 60. FIG. 4 is therefore entirely symmetrical.
Thus, write sub-channels 63, 66, 67 and 68 in local MPC 61 are read channels 73,75,76 and 77, respectively, in remote MPC 72 and read sub-channels 64 and 69 in local MPC 61 are write channels 74 and 78, respectively, in remote MPC 72. That is, each logical sub-channel is unidirectional. Moreover, multi-path channel groups 62 and 65 in local MPC 61 correspond precisely to multi-path channel groups 79 and 80, respectively, in remote MPC 72. The allocation and activation of the sub-channels of FIG. 4 is initiated at both the local user application 60 and the remote user application 81 and, indeed, can be initiated simultaneously at both user applications 60 and 81. A technique for resolving the ambiguities that might arise when the two ends of the transmission group attempt to simultaneously allocate or activate the transmission group therebetween is described in connection with FIG. 10. A technique for maintaining proper sequencing of data blocks in the face of multiple re-blocking of data to accommodate channel path failures is described in connection with FIG. 11.
A user application such as user application 60 in FIG. 4 communicates with the multi-path channel interface such as interface 61 in FIG. 4 by means of messages directing the MPC to allocate, activate, and deactivate multi-path channel groups, and to start sending data and complete sending data. In response to these signals, MPC 61 (or MPC 72) creates the logical multi-path channel groups, activates these groups for actual transmission of data and notifies the user to begin sending data or to begin receiving data. When the multi-path channel group is no longer needed, the group is deactivated and when the multi-path channel group is no longer valid, the group is de-allocated. Communication between the MPCs 61 and 72 is by way of exchange identification (XID) signals which convey the necessary information to the remote partner for enabling and disabling transmission paths. More particularly, one or more XID control signal blocks is launched on each sub-channel of a multi-path channel group to effectuate the activation of that sub-channel. Only after all of the sub-channels of a group are successfully activated at both ends is the user signaled to begin the transmission of data. In accordance with the Barrett et al. applications, these sub-channel activate signals include means for activating unbalanced transmission groups and for notifying the remote partner of currently available buffer and data link sizes, thereby permitting dynamic changes in the transmission group assignments to take advantage of, or to conform to, the currently available facilities. In FIGS. 5 and 6 there are shown a typical XID message used by the MPCs 61 and 72 of FIG. 4 to accomplish these results. Other XID formats for other purposes will be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art from the following discussion. Indeed, one of the major advantages of the present invention is the ability of the users to adapt the XID formats to accomplish specific purposes of the users and yet conform to the overall requirements of the MPC interface 12 of FIG. 1.
Thus, in FIG. 5 there is shown a graphical representation of the format of an XID message for activating a particular sub-channel of a multi-path channel group such as those shown in FIG. 4. The XID message of FIG. 5 comprises a header field 90 identifying the type of local station, the address of the destination and the length of the XID message. Field 91 carries an identification of the multi-path channel group to be activated while field 92 contains the status of the multi-path channel group (active or inactive). Field 93 contains an identification of a particular user protocol, for example, the SNA protocol. Field 93 could, of course, contain the identify of a different user protocol (e.g., DECNet or TCP/IP) in which case different information might be included and different processing of the XID messages called for. The protocol identification field 93 allows the same XID signal structure to be used with different protocols and thus makes the multi-path channel interface of the present invention totally independent of the user protocol.
Field 94 of the XID message of FIG. 5 contains the XID status (OK or NG) to be used as will be discussed in connection with FIG. 10 assist in correlating the operations at the two ends of the transmission group. The source address field 95 identifies the sender to the remote receiving MPC interface while the XID option field 96 identifies this message as an multi-path channel group channel activate signal. Field 97 identifies this channel as a read or write channel from the senders viewpoint and provides the basis for creating unbalanced transmission groups. That is, since an XID signal similar to that of FIG. 5 is transmitted on each sub-channel of the transmission group, the sending MPC has the capability of specifying unbalanced groups simply by specifying unbalanced read and write options in field 97.
The XID activate message of FIG. 5 can be optionally extended by the extension fields shown in FIG. 6 whenever the particular application requires such an extension. In the case illustrated in FIG. 6, it is assumed that the sender station does not necessarily know the size of the receiver buffers. It is therefore necessary for the two stations to specify the maximum buffer size available for reception of data blocks in field 98 of FIG. 6. Similarly, field 97 is used to notify the remote station that facilities are available locally to handle contiguous Protocol Data Units (PDUs). The buffer size and contiguous handling ability are important parameters in determining the size and frequency of the data transmissions on the channel group and are used by the multi-path channel interface of FIG. 3, and particularly transmission control processes 48 of FIG. 3, to appropriately block and transmit the user data.
It can be seen that the XID message of FIGS. 5 and 6 permit unbalanced transmission groups and dynamic negotiation of certain communication parameters at the time a transmission group is activated, all in accordance with the Barrett et al. applications. In addition, the possibility of formatting different XID messages for different user protocols makes the entire operation of the multi-path channel interface of the present invention independent of the protocol of the user application. This protocol independence permits a very wide variety of users to take advantage of the same MPC interface. Before proceeding to a detailed flow chart of the XID exchange in accordance with the Barrett et al. applications, the overall process will be described.
The process of allocating and activating a multi-path channel group is initiated in response to a request from the user application 10 of FIG. 1. This process, carried out in the local MPC interface, initially attempts to allocate the local communications facilities into a logical transmission group satisfying the request. Each of the local sub-channels is validated for availability. The physical transmission paths are then established to permit the transmission of a first phase exchange identification (XID-1) message between the local and remote MPC interfaces. The XID-1 message has the format described in connection with FIGS. 5-6, carrying mandatory and optional information about the transmission paths requested. This XID-1 message is replicated and transmitted over each of the sub-channels of the requested multi-path channel group. Meanwhile, at the remote end of the transmission medium, a similar user application will be requesting a similar multi-path channel group from the remote MPC interface, but conforming to the specific requirements of the remote user application. Since these requirements may be different from the requirements of the local user application, some mechanism for negotiating the parameter to be used is required. A second phase of XID exchanges (XID-2) will be used to resolve these differences. Note, however, that the prior art protocols need not know about the multiple XID exchanges and will simply be notified to initiate data transmission when the multiple exchanges are successfully completed.
At the remote MPC interface, the XID-1 messages received on each of the sub-channels of the transmission group are compared to each other to determine if they are identical. The remote MPC interface also verifies that XID-1 messages have been received over each of the sub-channels of the transmission group. The remote MPC interface also validates the size and direction of the requested sub-channels to determine if these facilities are available at the remote MPC interface. The local station, meanwhile is doing the same thing with the XID-1 messages received from the remote MPC. Both the local and the remote MPC interfaces also verify system integrity and system security fields in the received XID-1 messages. Finally, differences in requests for data handling parameters are resolved by whatever rules prescribed by the user application. Typically, however, buffer and data link sizes are always resolved downward to the lowest requested value. Once the fields of the received XID-1 messages are validated and adjusted, both the local and the remote MPC interfaces construct a tentative XID-2 message to confirm the values of the variable optional parameters. A random number generated locally for each XID-1 message and included in the XID-1 message is used to determine which MPC interface will actually initiate the second phase (XID-2) message exchange. The other MPC interface is saves the constructed XID-2 message until a comparison can be made when the XID-2 message is received from the other MPC interface.
If the XID-2 message is received and successfully validated at the receiving MPC interface, the two XID-2 messages are compared to determine if they are the same. If so, the saved XID-2 message is transmitted to the remote MPC interface for the validation and comparison at the remote MPC interface. Finally, if all validations and comparisons are successful, the two user applications are notified of the successful conclusion of the exchange identification process and data transmission can commence. If validation fails at any point in the process, the requested transmission group is taken down and the remote MPC interface notified to do the same. If a comparison of the XID-2 messages fails, the locally generated XID-2 message is used for confirmation. This process will be described in more detail in connection with FIGS. 9 and 10.
In FIG. 7 there is shown a flow chart of the activation of a multi-path channel group by the use of XID messages similar to that shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The process of FIG. 7 must, of course, be concurrently carried out for each sub-channel of the requested multi-path channel group. Starting in start box 110, box 111 is entered where the paths are allocated in accordance with the request from the user application. Such requests may be for balanced or unbalanced multi-path channel groups corresponding, respectively to multi-path channel group MPC1 62 and MPC2 65 of FIG. 4. Indeed, more than one multi-path channel group can be requested for allocation, and only activated as required. Such allocations merely select and ensure the availability of sub-channels of the size and directions requested, but do not actually set up the multi-path channels. Thus, in box 112 the validity of the requested paths are checked. Finally, in box 113, the system integrity is verified. As noted above, the protocol identification fields, such as field 93 in FIG. 5, can include security information such as system identifications which are checked to determine whether or not communication is permitted with the remote end, i.e., to ensure that the requested multi-path channel group to the particular remote device or system is permissible under predetermined access rules. In box 114 the requested transport paths are actually activated, i.e., enabled for transmission. It is, of course, also possible to allocate multi-path channel groups statically by system declarations, as was done in the prior art, and merely activate these pre-established channel groups upon user request, as was also common in the prior art.
Once the sub-channels of a transmission group are physically enabled, one or more exchange identification (XID) messages are exchanged between the two ends of each sub-channel to prepare for the transmission of user data. As discussed in connection with FIGS. 5 and 6, part of this exchange may be to determine the user protocols and to negotiate desired transmission parameters such as buffer sizes or link sizes. A more detailed description of this exchange will be taken up in connection with the flow chart of FIG. 10. It is important to note, however, that this exchange takes place simultaneously over each sub-channel of the requested multi-path channel group to ensure the availability and the identity of both ends of the transmission sub-channel as well as of the necessary transmission parameters requested. Decision box 116 is then entered to determine if the XID exchange has completed successfully. If not, box 117 is entered to notify the user application that the requested channel group will not be activated for data transmission. Box 118 is then entered to de-allocate the transport paths established in box 114 for the XID exchange and the process terminates in terminal box 119. Note that this de-allocation requires a de-allocation message to the remote end of the transmission facility to ensure de-allocation at the other end. It is also important to note that the activation process represented by the flow chart of FIG. 9 can be initiated at either end of the transmission group and, indeed, can be initiated simultaneously at both ends of the transmission group.
If the XID exchange terminates successfully, as determined by decision box 116, box 120 is entered where the transport control processes 48 of the MPC interface of FIG. 3 are initialized to reflect the requested blocking sizes and blocking protocols requested or negotiated with the remote end of the transmission group. Box 121 is then entered to initialize the MPC data manager 45 (FIG. 3) to reflect the data queue 47 size requested or negotiated as well as the data formatting 46 requested. Box 122 is entered to assign the requested direction of transmission on the particular transmission sub-channel and box 123 is entered to select the transmission block size of this sub-channel. Note that boxes 122 and 123 imply the ability to dynamically assign both the direction of transmission as well as the sub-channel capacity at the time of activation. This is in stark contrast to the prior art where both direction of transmission and sub-channel size were statically predetermined and were merely activated at the time of the user request. It is important to note that this initialization of the MPC interface processes is simultaneously taking place at the remote MPC interface in response to the successful completion of the XID exchange.
When all of the sub-channel variables have been selected and implemented, box 124 is entered where the user application is notified of the availability of requested multi-path channel group. Box 125 can then be entered where the user application actually transfers data to the remote location over the allocated and activated channel group. The process of FIG. 9 then terminates in terminal block 119. Although not explicitly disclosed herein, a very similar process to that shown in FIG. 7 is used to de-activate and/or de-allocate the multi-path channel group once the data transmissions are complete or a transmission failure occurs.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 8, there is shown a more detailed flow chart of the XID message exchange process which takes place in the box 115 of FIG. 7. In FIG. 8, starting in start box 130, box 131 is entered where the user request for a multi-path channel group is received. Note that this request can be received at the multi-path channel interfaces (FIG. 3) at both ends of the channel group simultaneously. Since this simultaneous issuance is the most difficult case, it is assumed in the flow chart of FIG. 8 that the MPCs at both ends of the transmission group request the activation of the multi-path channel group at the same time. In box 132, the XID-1 message format is built. For convenience, it is assumed that the XID message format is that shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. Other XID message formats could be used instead for another user application in a manner that is obvious to persons of ordinary skill in the art.
More particularly, in box 132 the transmit size of field 98 is set up as well as the direction of data flow in field 97. Appropriate system integrity information is supplied, when desired, to fields 90 and 91 of FIG. 5 and fields 31 and 35 of the headers of FIG. 2. In order to resolve the ambiguity which might arise from the simultaneous issuance of an XID-1 message at the MPCs at the two ends of the multi-path channel group, an ambiguity resolving signal is introduced into the sequence number field 30 of the header of FIG. 2. This ambiguity resolving signal is a randomly generated number in the illustrative embodiment. This random number will be used at the remote MPC interface to select which of the XID-1 messages will take control of the second phase of the activation process. Another method of resolving such an ambiguity include the use of a pre-defined table of rankings of terminal pairs, available at the two ends of each multi-path channel group.
Following the building of the XID-1 message in box 132, box 133 is entered where the XID message is transmitted on each sub-channel within the allocated multi-path channel group to the remote MPC interface. In box 134 this XID-1 message is received at the remote MPC interface and, in box 136, the parameters in the XID-1 message are validated. That is, the system integrity signals are used to ensure system integrity; the direction of transmission for this sub-channel and the size of the sub-channel are used to ensure availability of the sub-channel and the buffer parameter is used to determine if such facilities are available. Box 136 is then entered where the format of a second phase XID-2 message is built for transmission back to the local MPC interface. The format and field contents of the XID-2 message are identical to the XID-1 message, except for the variable buffer size parameter which may be modified to reflect the actual availability of these facilities. Decision box 137 is then entered where it is determined if the data in the received XID-1 message from the remote MPC interface is valid. If the validations of box 135 are all successful, box 139 is entered where the phase 2 XID-2 message is marked as "OK" in field 94 (FIG. 5). If the validations fail in any respect in box 135, the second phase XID-2 message is marked as "no good" (NG) in field 94. Whether the received XID-1 message is valid or invalid, decision box 140 is entered where the random number in the received XID-1 header segment number field 30 (FIG. 2) is compared to the random number generated for the locally issued XID-1 message. If the received random number is higher in value than the locally generated random number, box 141 is entered and the remote MPC interface waits for a second phase XID-2 message to be received from the remote MPC interface. When this response is received, decision box 142 is entered where the received phase 2 XID-2 message is validated in the same fashion as the original XID-1 message was validated in box 135.
If the received XID-2 message is identical to the locally generated XID-2 message, the locally generated XID-2 signal is marked as "OK" in box 143 and transmitted to the remote MPC interface in box 144 to complete the confirmation process. If the random number is lower in the locally generated XID-1 message, or if the validation of a received XID-2 message fails in decision box 142, box 148 is entered where the XID-2 message is marked as no good ("NG") and box 144 again entered to transmit the XID-2 message to the remote MPC interface. Decision box 145 is then entered to determine if both the local and the remotely generated XID-2 messages are okay. If so, box 146 is entered to notify the user to start transmitting user data. If not, box 143 is entered to activate a failure procedure as described in connection with FIG. 7. In both events, terminal box 147 is then entered to terminate the XID exchange process of FIG. 8 and return to the process of FIG. 7.
Although only two exchanges of XID messages are described in connection with FIG. 8, it is clear that only one exchange is necessary if no parameters need be negotiated for this transmission group. Similarly, if two or more interdependent parameters need to be negotiated before data transfer can begin, it is possible to utilize three or more XID exchanges to implement these negotiations. Such further extensions of the XID exchange process are obvious to persons of ordinary skill in the art and will not be further described here.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 9, there is shown a flow chart of the data segment sub-indexing in accordance with the Barrett et al. applications. Starting at start box 150, box 151 is entered where a local data block is queued in the local MPC interface such as interface 12 of FIG. 1 and shown in more detail in FIG. 3. It is assumed that the XID message exchange has already taken place successfully between a local MPC interface 61 (FIG. 4) and a remote MPC interface 72 for all of the sub-channels 66-69 of the transmission group MPC2 65-80. For the purposes of the flow chart of FIG. 9, it is assumed that the write sub-channels C and D (66-75 and 67-76 in FIG. 4) have a capacity of 4 kilobytes and will therefore take only data blocks of up to four kilobytes long. Write sub-channel E (68-77 in FIG. 3), on the other hand, has a capacity of 16 kilobytes and will therefore take data blocks of up to sixteen kilobytes long. It is assumed that the boxes in FIG. 9 to the left of the dashed vertical line are implemented at the local MPC interface 61 (FIG. 4) while the boxes to the right of the dashed vertical line are implemented at the remote MPC interface 72. These functions are, of course, implemented in a symmetrical fashion for transmissions in the opposite direction.
Returning to FIG. 9, box 152 formats a sixteen kilobyte block of data for transmission on path E while boxes 153 and 154 each format a four kilobyte block of data for transmission on paths D and C, respectively. It is assumed in FIG. 9 that the four kilobyte blocks transmitted on paths C and D are received successfully at the remote MPC in boxes 155 and 156, respectively. The sixteen kilobyte block transmitted on path E, however, is somehow lost (e.g., by the failure of channel path 70 of FIG. 4), as detected by box 157 at the remote MPC interface. If the block transmitted on path E is lost, as detected in box 157, box 158 is entered to de-allocate path E at the remote MPC interface. Since some failure has occurred in path E, it is important to remove this path from service.
The channel represented in FIG. 4 as Channel 7 (78-69 in FIG. 4) will present an error status indicating a path failure and identifying path E, all in accordance with the failure detection system of the prior art. At the local MPC interface, in box 173, path E is de-allocated at the local MPC interface in response to this failure message. Also in response to the failure message, re-transmit box 161 is entered where the lost data segment is re-transmitted to the remote MPC interface. However, since the sixteen kilobyte sub-channel E is no longer available in transmission group MPC2, the sixteen kilobyte data block must be broken up into four 4 kilobyte data sub-segments so that they can be transmitted over the available two 4 kilobyte sub-channels identified as paths C and D. In accordance with the Barret et al. applications, four 4 kilobyte sub-segments are formed out of the original sixteen kilobyte block in boxes 162, 163, 164 and 165. Each of these four kilobyte sub-segments has a segment number added to field 32 of header 25 (FIG. 2) of the transmission block.
It is to be noted that the three data blocks formed in boxes 152, 153 and 154 include segment numbers in field 30 of the header 25 of the data transmission block. The purpose of these segment numbers in field 30 is to allow the remote MPC interface to reassemble these data blocks in the proper order in the event that they are delivered to the remote MPC interface in some other order due to delay anomalies in the varying physical channel paths over which the sub-channels are derived. The sub-segment numbers in the re-transmitted blocks of boxes 162-165 serve the same function for the re-segmented re-transmitted data block. That is, if the four sub-segments generated in boxes 162-165 arrive at the remote MPC interface in some order than the originally transmitted order, the sub-segment numbers allow the remote MPC interface to re-assemble the sub-segments in the proper order for delivery to the ultimate user. Note the original segment number must be retained in sequence number field 30 (FIG. 2) to assure proper ordering of the original blocks.
The second level indexing described above can therefore be called sub-indexing of re-transmitted, re-segmented data segments. Assuming that the re-transmitted re-segmented data sub-segments are all received successfully at the remote MPC interface, as indicated by boxes 166, 167, 168 and 169, the sequence numbers can be used to reassemble the original three segments in box 170. At the same time, the segment numbers of the re-segmented, re-transmitted sub-segments of the sixteen kilobyte segment formed in box 152 and re-segmented in boxes 162-165 are used to properly re-assemble the sub-segments into a new sixteen kilobyte segment which, in turn, is assembled into the original data block in box 170. The re-assembled data block is then delivered to the remote user application in box 171 and process of FIG. 11 terminated in terminal box 172.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 10, there is shown, in accordance with the present invention, a detailed block diagram of a portion of the MPC control processes 40 of FIG. 3 used to control the activation and deactivation of the sub-channels used to form the multi-channel groups described above. In FIG. 10, the control processes 48 comprise an MPC group manager 201 used to control the formation, termination and re-formation of MPC groups of sub-channels. To implement this control process, group manager 201 communicates with MPC sub-group manager 202, including device activation processes 203 and device deactivation processes 204. Sub-group manager 202 controls the actual activation and deactivation of the individual sub-channels of each of the sub-channel groups utilized to transmit data to and from the computer apparatus. More specifically, sub-group manager 202 controls the transport of data between the local MPC system 61 (FIG. 4) and the remote MPC system 72 (FIG. 4). That is, the activation and deactivation of sub-channels must be coordinated at both ends of the physical transmission channels, as will be described hereinafter.
A control input to group manager 201 is derived from VTAM MPC event notification facility (ENF) exit 206. ENF exit 206 responds to device event signals from box 207 to initiate activation and de-activation activities in managers 201 and 202. Such device events are marked by unique states in the host computer operating system triggered, in turn, by signals generated in either the computer software or in the actual hardware transmission devices. Such events can include off-line and on-line triggering events, off-line pending events, reaccessability events, and so forth. The operation of the control circuits of FIG. 10 are shown in the detailed flow charts of FIGS. 11 and 12. ENF exit 206 can for example, be created by declarations in the software activated when the VTAM initialization occurs. That is, VTAM requests the ENF exit 206 to be driven for the defined device events marking the device availability changes. When a device-related event occurs, the host operating system then notifies VTAM of the system event via the ENF exit 206. ENF exit 206 then schedules the MPC group manager 201 for the specified event. MPC group manager 201, in turn, drives sub-channel manager 202 to take the appropriate action, e.g., execute a device activation in response to a device reaccessability signal. The device is then activated by the sub-group manager 202 interactively and undisruptively, requiring no VTAM operator commands and providing appropriate data flow direction.
Referring then to FIG. 11, there is shown a detailed flow chart of the process that occurs in response to a device unavailability signal. More particularly, starting in start box 210, box 211 is entered where the device error is detected. For example, the device may become unattached due to a wire falling out of the rear connection plate of the device. Such an unavailability signal, is forwarded from the ENF exit 206 (FIG. 10) to the MPC group manager 212. In response to this forwarded signal, box 213 is entered where the device deactivation process 204 (FIG. 10) initiates a device deactivation. Box 214 is entered where the local mult-path channel (MPC) control processes deactivates the identified device by deallocating the device address. At or about the same time, a channel program failure is detected in the remote MPC in box 221. Box 218 is then entered to initiate the device deactivation process for the failed sub-channel at the remote location. Box 219 is then automatically entered to attempt to reactivate the deactivated device. A wait state 220 is provided to re-attempt the reactivation process of box 219. This wait state 220 continues until the device is actually available, represented by a standard XID exchange, as will be shown in connection with FIG. 12.
Returning to the local MPC, following the deallocation of the failed device in box 214, the control block representation of the device is also deallocated in box 215 and, in box 216, the user application is notified, via a standard, VTAM message, of the unavailability of the device. The deactivation process of FIG. 11 terminates in stop box 217.
In FIG. 12 there is shown a detailed flow chart of the automatic reactivation and recovery of a device connection in the multi-path channel I/O system of the present invention. More particularly, and starting in start box 231, box 232 is entered where a device reavailability event occurs, e.g., the wire that fell out of the rear of the device is located and reattached to the device. In response to this reavailability event, the host operating system is notified and an event notification signal is generated in box 207 (FIG. 10) to activate the ENF exit 206 in box 233. box 234 is then entered to search and validate the device intended to be reactivated to insure that the MPC system is aware of the device. Box 235 is then entered to start the actual activation of the device. Part of the reactivation process is to build XIDs with protocol information that are to be exchanged with the remote MPC system at the other end of the transmission facility provided by the failed device. In box 236, such an XID signal is sent to the remote MPC, and, in box 242, the remote reactivation process, initiated in box 219 of FIG. 11, is woken up. In response thereto, a remote XID message is created and, in box 243, sent back to the local MPC where it is received in box 237. Box 238 is then entered to rejoin the reactivated device to the active multi-path channel group so that it is available for data transfer in box 239. Finally, the user application is notified in box 240 the device is now available and the process at the local MPC terminated in stop box 241.
After sending the XID validation signal from the remote MPC in box 243, box 244 is entered to rejoin the reactivated device to the active multi-path channel group at the remote location. Box 245 can then be entered to initiate data transfer on the reactivated device. Finally, in box 246, the user application at the remote location is notified of the availability of the reactivated device, and the remote MPC processing terminated in stop box 247.
It can be seen that automatic reactivation processes of the present invention allows a path in an MPC I/O subsystem to be removed from and added back into an MPC group without issuing a VTAM command, dynamically processing the activation and deactivation of the path based on device availability signals available from the host operating system. This allows a failed device to be recovered without disrupting the active MPC group of which it is a part, and allows such path recovery to take place without involving the intervention of user applications in the process. Such automatic device recovery can take place automatically and dynamically regardless of the location of the failure, local or remote. Finally, the effective down time of group reformation after a device failure is avoided, increasing the throughput of the multi-path channel system and improving the data integrity during device outage.
The processes of FIGS. 11 and 12 can be best implemented by programming the host computer in accordance with the flow charts. The preparation of such programmed processes is well within the skill of persons skilled in the art of input/output processing for MPC-type channel sub-systems, using the flow charts, block diagrams and textual descriptions herewith provided.
A complete understanding of the present invention may be gained by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a general block diagram of a computer input-output system in which the automatic multi-path channel management of the present invention will find use;
FIG. 2 shows a graphical representation of the structure of transmission blocks used for communication of input and output data and control signals in the system of FIG. 1 in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a more detailed block diagram of the multi-path channel interface shown in FIG. 1, showing the general architecture of the interface;
FIG. 4 shows a typical example of multi-path channel configurations which are created and which can be exploited by the multi-path channel interface of the present invention;
FIG. 5 shows the format of a typical exchange identification (XID) control signal which might be used in the multi-path channel interface system of the present invention for communication with a controller such as VTAM in an SNA packet network;
FIG. 6 shows an optional extension of the XID control signal format shown in FIG. 5 for indicating the maximum available read buffer size at the receiving end of an input-output transfer;
FIG. 7 shows a detailed flow chart of the process of sub-channel activation used by the multi-path channel interface of FIG. 3 in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 8 shows a more detailed flow chart of the exchange of exchange identification (XID) signals used in t he activation process of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 shows a detailed flow chart of the segment sub-indexing process of the multi-path channel interface of FIG. 3, in accordance with the present invention, used when re-transmission of data segments must take place over sub-channels having a lower capacity than the capacity of the channel over which the original transmission of the segment took place;
FIG. 10 is a more detailed block diagram of the multi-path channel support system of FIG. 3, showing the mechanism for automatically responding to device events to form, terminate and reform sub-channel groups without disruption of service on the sub-channel group;
FIG. 11 is a detailed flow chart of the process for removing failed sub-channels from sub-channel groups automatically in response to device failure signals; and
FIG. 12 is a detailed flow chart of the process for re-activating a previously failed sub-channel automatically in response to device availability signals.
To facilitate reader understanding, identical reference numerals are used to designate elements common to the figures.
This invention relates to data transfer mechanisms and, more particularly to multi-channel, dynamically alterable computer input and output channels with automatic path deletion and reactivation.
Mainframe computer systems such as the IBM S/390 exchange data between input/output devices and main storage by I/O operations collectively known as the channel subsystem. The I/O devices and their control units attach to the channel subsystem. The channel subsystem is a combination of hardware and software which directs the flow of information between the control units of the I/O devices and main storage to relieve the computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) of the task of communicating with the I/O devices. Input and output processing can therefore take place concurrently with normal data processing in the CPU. I/O processing includes path management, testing paths for availability, choosing an available channel path and initiating and terminating the execution of I/O operations with the I/O device. A control unit is a mechanism for converting the characteristics of a particular I/O device to the standard forms used by the channel subsystem.
An improved channel subsystem is described in the co-pending applications of L. Barrett et al., Ser. Nos. 08/252,019 (now abandoned), 08/252,020, (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,549) all filed Jun. 1, 1994, in which a multi-path channel (MPC) interface is provided as a transparent interface between the prior art I/O channel-using user applications and the prior art channel path I/O supervisor processes for both byte multiplex and burst mode transmission paths. More particularly, a new I/O interface is provided which allows the user application to define multi-path channel groups (MPCs) for its use which may comprise unbalanced transmission capabilities between the computer host and the remote facility. User data is blocked to take advantage of the available transmission sub-channels and re-transmitted over the same or different sub-channels when data errors are detected.
Among other advantages, the channel sub-system removes failed sub-channels from a sub-channel group automatically in response to sub-channel failures. Unfortunately, the channel subsystem described in the above-identified applications does not automatically restore failed sub-channels when the cause of the failure is removed. Indeed, in many applications, the entire group must be re-booted to restart all of the logical connections. A customer will, of course, perceive such a rebooting as a service outage and, moreover, an outage of the entire group and not merely the outage of a single sub-channel. Such a re-booting operation is initiated by a standardized Virtual Telecommunications Access Method. (VTAM) command, making the corrected sub-channel available to both the operating system and the VTAM itself, often under the control of different personnel.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, a multi-path channel (MPC) interface is provided which includes a mechanism for automatically recognizing the return of a sub-channel to serviceability after a sub-channel failure, and for restoring that restored sub-channel to service without any cessation of service on the balance of the MPC system. More particularly, an event notification facility (ENF) is provided which receives hardware device event signals indicating the operability or the inoperability of each specific sub-channel provided in the multi-path channel system. Such hardware device event signals include "on-line" and "off-line," reaccessabiltiy and "off-line pending" signals from the host computer system which, in turn, receives these signals from the hardware devices themselves. The ability to respond automatically to such hardware device event signals allows recovery without involving the user and without withdrawing any resources from use, even temporarily, and independent of whether the failure is local or remote.
More particularly, the device event causes the ENF to schedule the MPC group manager to drive the appropriate MPC sub-channel manager to take the action appropriate to the device event. In particular, a previously failed sub-channel which is now restored to operability is restored to use by interactive and undisruptive processes requiring no VTAM command and implementing the proper direction of data flow.
In accordance with one feature of the present invention, the withdrawal and restoral of sub-channels to a multi-path channel support (MPC) system are integrated into a single cooperative process providing automatic withdrawal and restoral of sub-channels without involvement of users and without disruption of service.
More particularly, in further accord with present invention, duplex exchanges of sub-channel verification, activation, deactivation and restoral identification (XID) signals are used to implement the automatic sub-group formation, re-formation and termination at the two ends of the transmission path providing the sub-channels forming the sub-channel groups. | 57,477 | 88 |
31,294 | Settlers XXX: The PEALER-WENNER-LAWRENCE-LADD-DIEFFENBACHER FAMILIES
Dedicated to the Memory of
This little booklet, giving records and short biographical sketches of the Pealer- Wenner- Lawrence-Ladd-Dieffenbacher Families, is the fruit of extensive toilsome research.
Sources for these family records are old bibles, county histories and cemetery markers, and are therefore, authentic. Historical data and biographical sketches, on the other hand, were drawn from memory, having been passed down the line in true family tradition.
Members of the clan who were bothered by letters with requests for photographs and data pertaining to the family records can now see the purpose of furnishing this information. It is hoped that they will continue to supply the details for their immediate families, thus keeping the record up to date. Thanks.
For valuable help rendered in the preparation of this work, the author is especially indebted to the following person:
Cora Pealer Potter, Williamsport, Penna.
The Pealer- Wenner - Lawrence - Ladd - Dieffenbacher Families and their descendants represent the average of the great middle class people of America. They were born. They lived. They worked and died.
The Pealer Family
The German name was originally Pealer - Buller- Buchler- Bueler. There are many English spellings: Pealer, Peelor, Beeler, Beiler, Beler and Bealer. The Military record of PAUL on file in the Archives, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, gives the spelling as Beeler or Bealer; The ELIAS Bealer bible, as Bealer. It remained as such until about the time of the Civil War, when it was generally changed for the Columbia County connection to Pealer.
The ancestry of the family in America begins with the moth-eaten story of the three brothers landing in Philadelphia from the old country. Father Pealer told many times of the three brothers coming to America from Germany about the year 1725 and settling in Berks County, Pennsylvania. He said that we were descendants of Jacob, the oldest of the three brothers. This made a good bedtime story and was often told to the children with some elaboration here and there to make in interesting. The story is not a story at all, but a fact, which has been verified in the book, The Pealor Family, compiled by John W. Peelor of Rockwell, North Carolina, in 1935.
Chapter No. 1 of The Pealor Family, reads as follows:
"Johannes Buller and his family sailed from London on the ship Molly (John Hodgeson, Captain), arriving at Philadelphia, September 30, 1727. Jacob, David and Michael were the children of the family. Jacob and David settled in Pennsylvania. David later settled six miles west of the town of Indiana, where some of his descendants live at the present time. Jacobís location is not known, nor is there any information about his family. There is no record of Johannes Bullerís wife, or the ages of the children when they arrived in Philadelphia. Tradition, however, gives Michael as the youngest son."
Volume No. 1 of Pennsylvania German Pioneers, by Strassberger and Hinke, indicates on pages 13 and 14 ship list and endorsed list of the sailing vessel MOLLY, landing at Philadelphia, September 30, 1727. List 3-A (ship list) has the name JOHANNES BULLER, also fourth from the last. It is apparent, therefore, that the Pealer name and the Buller name represent the same person.
The oldest of the three brothers who landed in Philadelphia with their father, Johannes, on September 30th, 1727, was Jacob, who remained in Berks County, Pennsylvania and was the father of PAUL, the Revolutionary War veteran.
The author of The Pealor Family was a direct descendant of Michael, the youngest of the three brothers. In his book of 248 pages, Mr. Peelor shows in great detail, the story of this branch of the family, most of the members of which lived in the south and west. He gives some data regarding David, who settled in what is now Indiana County in 1782 and was later killed by Indians. It is also interesting to note the following biographical sketch he writes about David Peelor, the great-grandson of the original David.
"David Peelor was one of the noted Civil Engineers of Pennsylvania, and it was he who first discovered the principles of telegraphy. By him, it was communicated to S. F. B. Morse, who had it patented. This was worked out on the David Peelor Plantation, six miles west of Indiana, Indiana County, Pennsylvania."
David Peelor was at one time County Surveyor of Indiana County. In 1854, he made the first map of the county, showing all roads, streams, towns and villages. It also indicates names of farms along the roads he traversed in making surveys. The original county map and many of his drawings of farm and property maps are on file in the Pealer engineering office in Indiana.
The coat of arms here shown was taken from The Pealor Family. Following is the notation of grant:
"In 1622, arms were granted to Nicholas Buchler and his cousin Daniel. They were relatives in the High Counsel of Nuerenberg, Germany.
Mr. L.M. Peelor, Attorney, Indiana, great-great-great-great-grandson of the original David Buller or Pealer, helped in compiling some of this date and has in his possession, The Pealor Family, by John W. Peelor.
PAUL BEALER (great-great-grandfather)
Son of Jacob Pealer or Buller
Paul Bealer Born about 1740, Berks Co, Pa; Died September 1st, 1796
Married Charlotte Speiglemoyer. She was born in 1741; Died February 21, 1806
The Samuel Bealer bible was printed by D. Fenshaw in 1833 (Rev. G. Townsend of Cambridge, England), and published by N. and J. White, 108 Pearl Street, New York City. It mentions six children of the Bealer-Speiglemoyer union as follows.
Daniel born 1765
Catherine born 1771
JOHN (great-grandfather) born March 22, 1779; died May 29, 1864
Mary (twin of John) born March 22, 1779
Samuel born September 28, 1782; died 1854
Daniel married Barbara Stucker on December 10, 1792
Catherine married first, Daniel Stucker; second, John Bright.
JOHN (great-grandfather) married Mary Magdalena on August 30, 1807
Mary married Jacob Yaple
Samuel married Magdalena Shida on November 13, 1804
MILITARY RECORD OF PAUL BEALER
Reference: Pennsylvania Archives, Harrisburg (Series #5, Volume #3, Page #255). He received depreciation pay from the Berks County militia and served as a private in the Revolutionary War.
Paul was quite a rover as he traveled back and forth between Reading and the Fishing Creek Settlement, Northumberland County. After the war, he returned to Reading and must have remained there for some time, since his name is on the personal tax list for the years 1780-1781-1784-1785. Whether his wife and family accompanied him on the frequent trips is not known. However, the family became residents of the Fishing Creek Valley. His wife, Charlotte Speiglemoyer Bealer, is buried in the Zion Cemetery near Stillwater, now Columbia County. Paul died in Reading on September 1st, 1796. Evidently, he was a resident of the Fishing Creek Country at the time of his death because his will is recorded in the Court House, Sunbury (Volume #I, Page #179).
Except for the date of birth, we have no records of Daniel, Catherine, Mary and Jacob. Facts of JOHN (great-grandfather) are in the record. Samuel (1782-1854) was born in Berks County. He was a miller and farmer and did a great deal of traveling about the country. He died in the state of Iowa. He was the father of Samuel J. (1833-1920), who was an eminent educator and engineer, known throughout Columbia County as Professor Pealer.
JOHN BEALER (great-grandfather), son of Paul
Born March 22, 1779; died May 9, 1864. Married August 30, 1807 to Mary Magdalena. She was born February 24, 1791; died October 30, 1845.
Salome: Born November 18, 1808
Thomas: Born April 29, 1811; died at Dushore 1902.
John: Born November 5, 1813
ELIAS (grandfather): Born February 1819; died September 12, 1863.
Susannah: Born June 9, 1816; died February 1, 1831
Abraham: Born January 28, 1822
Daniel: Born April 8, 1825; died November 10, 1846
Mary Magdalena: Born August 6, 1828
Samuel D.: Born January 19, 1831; died in Kansas.
ELIAS (grandfather) married Susannah Wenner October 12, 1840.
Magdalena married Reuben Bostain August 4, 1846
Samuel D. married June 27, 1857.
The original bible of JOHN BEALER is now owned by Mrs. Allen Brown, Shickshinny, Pennsylvania, formerly owned by her father. This bible was stereotyped, printed and published in 1841 by H. and E. Phinney, Cooperstown, New York.
JOHN BEALER was a farmer and at one time owned a large tract of land between Benton and Fishing Creek Township. He later moved to a farm near Stillwater, adjoining what was later known as the ELIAS BEALER farm.
Son Thomas (1811-1902) was a shoemaker by trade. During the later years of his life he had a shop in
Dushore, Sullivan County. He was the father of Charles, proprietor and owner of
the well-known Pealerís Corner Drug Store, Dushore.
Son John (1813- ) located in Shickshinny. He was the grandfather of Mrs. Allen Brown, who has possession of the original JOHN BEALER family bible.
Son ELIAS (grandfather): Facts about his son are in the record.
Son Samuel D. (1831- ) migrated to the west when a young man. He settled in Kansas where he spent the balance of his life as a prosperous farmer and businessman.
[Reference to Will of JOHN BEALER, Bloomsburg Court House (Will book #3, page 474), gives names as follows: Samuel, Salmome, Magdalena, Abraham, Thomas, ELIAS, and John. Will made on November 17, 1857. Witnesses: James Chamberlain and C.M. Baker. Executor: Robert F. Black, Bloomsburg.]
ELIAS BEALER (grandfather), son of John
Elias Bealer born March 19, 1819; died September 12, 1863.
Married October 12, 1840 to Susannah Wenner. She was born February 14, 1822; died May 21, 1875.
The original ELIAS BEALER bible is in possession of Thomas Pealer, Indiana, Pennsylvania. Records of eleven children are found therein:
Sarah: Born September 3, 1841; Died December 27, 1911
Jacob: born October 10, 1842; Died January 15, 1876
Melinda: Born October 21, 1843; Died September 13, 1865.
Francis M. born May 27, 1845; Died November 24, 1924
Mary Elizabeth Born April 30, 1847; Died March 22, 1937.
Rachael: Born May 30, 1849; Died June 26, 1878.
DANIEL WENNER (father) Born February 21, 1851; Died December 3, 1928
Susannah: Born April 23, 1853; Died November 10, 1873.
Wm. Goodrich: Born November 3, 1855; Died December 12, 1928.
Alfred Nevin: Born January 3, 1858; Died March 13, 1919.
Elias Oliver: Born June 26, 1860; Died November 16, 1943.
Sarah- never married
Jacob-married Lodeska Wilcox on April 15, 1866
Melinda-married John Minnick
Francis M. married B. Cramps January 1, 1874
Mary Elizabeth- married Frank Pratt July 12, 1869
Rachael- married Philip Wolfe
DANIEL WENNER-married Elizabeth Ann Lawrence Feb. 16, 1875.
Susannah- never married
William Goodrich- married Cecelia Yaple
Alfred Nevin- married Betha Bengtsses.
Elias Oliver- married Cora Taylor, November 1, 1883
ELIAS BEALER was a farmer and shoemaker by occupation, therefore a man of versatility. By conviction he was a member of the Reformed Church and a Democrat. He was active in the affairs of the Township. And from a later chapter on the Fishing Creek Confederacy, he must have been extremely active as his farm at Stillwater was in the very center of the troubled area.
SUSANNAH WENNER BEALER (Facts of this daughter are in the record of the Wenner family)
SARAH, the oldest of the family, never married. She is deserving of great credit for assisting her mother in running the farm and in keeping the family together after the death of her father. She lived for some time with her uncle, Samuel Pealer, in Kansas. Sarah was a woman of marked individuality, dominating all with whom she came in contact.
JACOB M. learned the shoemaker trade with his father on the Pealer farm. He served in the Union Army throughout the Civil War. After the war, he conducted a shoe shop at Dushore, Sullivan County. He died at the early age of thirty-four as a result of army service. Two daughters survived: Bertha Pealer Deegan and Winifred Pealer Wagner, both of Dushore
FRANCES M. became the owner of the Elias Bealer farm at Stillwater, Columbia County. He was a highly-successful farmer and a leader in church and civic affairs. He was the father of Marion D, who until recently was the owner and operator of the Pealer farm at Stillwater. Marion was at one time County Commissioner of Columbia County.. And it was her who furnished valuable data for the Pealer history. Frances M. died at the home of his daughter, Josie Lanker, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, November 24, 1924.
MARY ELIZBETH married Frank Pratt who was a lumberman and timber estimator. They lived their entire married life in Williamsport, where they celebrated their sixty-fourth wedding anniversary July 12, 1933.
DANIEL WENNER PEALER (father) Facts of this son in family record.
RACHAEL married Philip Wolfe and lived in Williamsport, where she died June 26, 1878.
WILLIAM GOODRICH, named for Rev. Goodrich of the Reformed Church, Fishing Creek Township, was a trader and drover. He bought cows and farm products around his old home in Columbia County, selling them in Wilkes-Barre and Wyoming Valley. Uncle Will once said, "The best way to sell a cow to a coal miner was to stick a union label on her rump." William had two children: Harriet, married to Professor Reese Killgore, noted educator, and Ralph who always lived with his father.
ALFRED NEVIN was by trade a blacksmith. He worked in the lumber woods of Cameron County, where he was accidentally blinded while engaged at his trade. Some years later he entered the industrial home for the blind in Philadelphia, where he lost his life March 13, 1919, by falling down an open elevator shaft. Bertha Bengtsses Pealer and the children of Nevin live in and about Elmira, New York.
ELIAS OLIVER, The youngest child of ELIAS learned the trade of telegraph operator, while living with his brother Daniel at Dushore. He married Cora Taylor of Towanda where he was employed by the Railroad Company. Later, he became chief train dispatcher for the Lehigh Valley Company of Sayre, Bradford County. Oliver was an expert fisherman, devoting all of his spare time to this sport. He was the sole inventor of the ball bearing propeller spinner fish hook, known by the trade name of the "E.O.P. SPINNER." This hook was used successfully for trout, crappie, pike and muskelunge. He manufactured them in large quantities at the Pealer Fish Hook Factory at Sayre. Defending himself against infringement by large interests upon his patent rights cost him his business. Afterward, he was employed as foreman by one of the very companies that infringed upon his patent rights. He died at the home of his daughter, Martha Pealer Bussey, Herkimer Road, Utica, New York.
THE FISHING CREEK CONFEDERACY
Any record of the Pealers or the Wenners that fails to take account of the Fishing Creek Valley and its history is inadequate, for it was there at its very center, the village of Stillwater, where the Pealers and Wenners lived. There the authorís father romped as a boy and witnessed those scenes which have given the region a place in history.
The valley is for the most part hghly productive, save in the north where it becomes rugged and hilly and was formerly covered with a prolific growth of giant hemlocks. In area it is from one to three miles in width and some thiry miles in length. It commences at Bloomsburg, where the waters of the Fishing Creek flow into the Susquehanna and extends to the North Mountain in the neighboring county of Sullivan.
The first school in Fishing Creek Township was taught by Christopher Bealer in a weave shop, located on the spot where John Zanerís residence once stood. The first school house was built at Pealertown, in which Jonathan Colley taught.
The first post office in the township was opened in the year 1849 with Daniel Bealer, grandson of the Revolutionary War veteran, Paul, as the postmaster.
The Fishing Creek Valley was first settled by Germans, who after brief sojourns in Berks County came there. This immigration began at about the commencement of the American Revolution, continued to the dawn of the nineteenth century and then ceased. A few Scotch-Irish were here, but they were so thoroughly absorbed by the native Germans, that years afterwards they could not be distinguished from them. They held to the German customs and retained their native tongue, which afterwards developed into Pennsylvania Dutch. English was hardly spoken at all. There was little contact with the outside world. They became a static people, acted in unison and voted solidly Democratic, with marked pro-southern leaning. Thus, when the war between the states finally broke out, their sympathies were largely with the Confederacy. Many of their sons enlisted or were drafted into the Federal Armies, but a few fled across the Mason and Dixon Line and enrolled under the Confederate banner. The quiet of the Fishing Creek Valley was rudely interrupted by the din of the strife. The conflict was discussed as they met on the roads, alluded to from the pulpits and at their meeting places. The longer it lasted, the more they viewed the effort of the North to suppress the secession movement as a useless expenditure of blood and treasure, and a hopeless undertaking of a majority to inflict upon a minority. They became convinced that the Union had become unworkable and therefore should be dissolved. Then in August of 1864 an event occurred which stirred these sentiments to a white heat.
On the first of August of that year, four furloughed soldiers of the Federal Army, while riding through the valley, encountered a man named Young whom they ordered to halt.
When he disobeyed their command, they fired, but missed. Young replied in kind and one of the four, Lieutenant Stewart by name, fell to the earth mortally wounded. The news spreading like wildfire, aroused the people of the valley to a high pitch of excitement. Soon Federal troops began to appear at Bloomsburg and from that point more than 1,000 of them spread out over the entire valley like a swarm of locusts consuming the substance of the people, a practice customary among armies of occupation. They began an intensive search for the bands of armed men who were supposed to be lurking everywhere, but found none. They combed the surrounding hills for cachets of arms and ammunition that were thought to exist, but with no better results. They penetrated the caves and wilderness of the North Mountain country in the adjoining Sullivan County in a useless quest for the cannon they were certain had been concealed there and the fort they knew had been constructed. Guards were even placed at the polls to make certain at the fall election that no traitors would be chosen for public office.
Largely with rumor as a basis for their accusations, courts martial were established throughout the whole valley, and practically all of the male citizens were hailed before them. Those upon whom a semblance of guilt was thought to be established were spirited away to Harrisburg and other points for further examination and imprisonment.
So great was their zeal that only with reluctance did they consent to release one David Lewis on trial at Fort Mifflin when they could obtain nothing that could be considered proof of guilt from the loyal Professor Samuel J. Pealer, an eminent teacher and engineer of that country. Those sent to prison remained there a few months and then were finally released. Here the matter should have ended. And it might have, but for the recent efforts on the part of many to vindicate the conduct of neighbors and ancestors and to vilify the acts of those whom they deemed their oppressors-unmindful that the pursuit of such a course merely serves to revive memories that might well be forgotten and to lay open wounds which time alone could heal.
Even the superficial student is aware that in the South, scenes like those enacted in the Fishing Creek Valley took place only on a larger scale. Notably was this true in Eastern Tennessee where the efforts of secession to suppress the loyalty of the inhabitants knew no bounds. In like manner, so pronounced was the loyalty of Andrew Johnson to the Federal authorities, that his life was in jeopardy for years.
DANIEL WENNER PEALER (father) son of Elias
Daniel Wenner Pealer born February 21, 1851; died December 3, 1928. Married Elizabeth Ann Lawrence February 16, 1875. She was born August 21, 1854; died May 27, 1928.
The Daniel Pealer family bible is in possession of Thomas Pealer. It gives the following records:
Anna Fluetta: Born January 25, 1876; died September 17, 1927
Merton Lindley: Born January 19, 1877
Nattie Woodward: Born February 20, 1879; died March 8, 1928
Hattie: Born February 20, 1879; died July 24, 1879
Cora Elizabeth: Born May 15, 1881
Thomas: Born August 1, 1883
Anna Fluetta- married F. C. Meyer, April 18th, 1901
Merton Lindley-married Jennie Wilcox
Nattie Woodward- married 1st Ida Ishenbach; 2nd, Floda Johnson
Cora Elizabeth- married 1st William Myers, October 17, 1922; 2nd Milton L. Potter, December 24, 1936.
Thomas- Married Mary Caldwell, May 25, 1909.
DANIEL WENNER PEALER (father), was confirmed in the Reformed church, Fishing Creek Township, Columbia County in the year 1859. He remained at home until he was 20 years old. From there, he went to Williamsport, where he learned the trade of upholstering. He followed this trade in New York City for some time, afterwards locating at Dushore, Sullivan County as an apprentice to his brother, Jacob. Daniel learned the trade of shoemaker and harness maker and then started in business for himself at Canton Corners, Bradford County. Returning to Dushore a couple of years later, he acquired the shop formerly occupied by his brother Jacob. Then he moved to Laporte, the county seat of Sullivan County and remained there until 1884, when again he returned to Dushore. In the year 1889, he located a shoe and harness shop at Lopez, a new lumber town at the junction of the Loyal Sock and the Lopez Creeks. The move to Lopez was prompted more by favorable trout fishing waters than by favorable business opportunities. He was an ardent fisherman, fashioning his own fish lines from horse hair on which he assembled tiny minnow hooks. This tackle was effective when cast to the hungry trout in the upper reaches of the Lopez Creek. He was an early morning fisherman, and often would have his catch ready for the family breakfast. Dan Pealer was well informed, and was a typical country shoemaker philosopher, who told tall stories of the many happenings back home (Columbia County) and about the small trout he caught on the back cast. He told of how he used the same trout for bait and caught the sixteen-inch whopper on the first forward cast in that deep hole on Pigeon Creek, just above the Sock. He was active in politics and, true to family tradition, was a Democrat. At the time of his death he was a member and deacon of the United Evangelical Church of Lopez.
ELIZABETH ANN LAWRENCE PEALER (mother), the daughter of John Horatio Lawrence, was born on a farm one mile east of Dusohre, Sullivan County. She was nineteen when her mother, Susannah Dieffenbacher Lawrence, died, leaving eleven children, the youngest of which was Frank, less than one year of age. A large part of the responsiblility of keeping the family together after the death of the mother was borne by the eldest child. However, she somehow found time to complete her education in the common schools and taught one winter. She married Daniel Wenner Pealer, February 16, 1875. They started their married life at Canton Corners, Bradford County, where their first child, Anna F., was born. It was move-move and more move for Elizabeth and her family, but finally they located at Lopez, Sullivan County in 1889 with a family of five small children. At that time Lopez was more of a lumber camp than a town. The houses were of plank frmae construction, cold as cold in the winter and extremely hot in the summer time.
The earnings from husband Danielís shoe and harness shop were meager. With little coming in and Danís liberality in helping others before he helped himself, often left a difficult problem for the manager of the household. Renting a room to a school teacher now and then and taking in an occasional boarder helped to make ends meet. In the early days of the lumber town, fresh vegetables, milk and eggs were real luxuries but seldom seen on the family table. Berries, watercress, dandelions, beechnuts, fish and wild game supplemented the dietary deficiencies we hear so much about today. In later years a house, with conveniences, was built that was thoroughly enjoyed. At the time of her death, May 27, 1928, she was a member of the United Evangelical Curch of Lopez. Elizabeth Ann and Daniel Wenner Pealer are buried in the Behrs Cemetery near Dushore.
ANNA FLUETTA was born at Canton Corners, Bradford County. Her education included common schools at Dushore and Lopez. She married Fred C. Meyer, Mining Engineer. They lived at Peckville, Luzerne County and at Windber, finally locating on a small farm near Lake Ariel, Lackawanna County, where Mr. Meyer followed the business of truck farming and land surveying. Anna died September 17, 1928. She is buried in a church cemetery near Lake Ariel.
MERTON LINDLEY, born at Dushore, Sullivan County, January 19, 1877. Mert has been barber, storekeeper and sign painter. He is a hobbyist and entertainer. His hobbies have been many and varied. At present he does trick and fancy roller skating, juggling and amateur ventriloquism, performing under the name of "Derio". He married Jennie Wilcox and lives at Canton, Bradford County. They have four children living: Gladys, married to Roderick Kelley, Canton, Pennsylvania; Frank, professional acrobat and circus performer, known by the circus name of "DERISKI." He is married and has five children, all of whom are at present with the King Brothers three-ring circus, featuring the"Deriski Family Act." Lindley is a taxidermist and lives at Canton. He was recently discharged from three years service in the merchant marines. Cora Helen is married to John Wentzel. They live at Sunbury, Pennsylvania.
NATTIE WOODWARD was born at Dushore. He pursued the occupation of butcher and meat cutter. He made his residence at Lopez and several places in West Virginia. He died March 8, 1928 and is buried at Elkins. Nat had two sons from second wife Floda: Woodward D., recently discharged from three years service overseas, United States Army Air Forces. His present address is 766 Maryland Avenue, Cumberland, Maryland. Lawrence, the second son, found employement in the movie industry as an artist on paintings, etc. His last known address: Technicolor Movie Studio, Hollywood, California.
HATTIE, twin of Nattie, died in infancy.
CORA ELIZABETH was born at Dushore, Sullivan County. She graduated from Lopez High School, 1899; graduated from the Williamsport Hospital R.N.., 1919. She was a practicing nurse until her marriage to William Myers, October 17, 1922. Mr Myers died May 10, 1929. On December 24, 1936 she married Milton Potter, an old neigbor she grew up with, formerly from Lopez. Cora carries on a voluminous correspondence with the relatives on all sides of the family. She knows exactly where they are and who they are. Without her help, this little book would have been impossible. She lives at 367 Lincoln Avenue, Williamsport, Pennsylvania.
THOMAS (See record)
THOMAS PEALER, son of Daniel W.
Thomas Pealer born August 1, 1883
Married Anna Mary Caldwell on May 25, 1909. She was born March 6, 1878.
Children: Mary Jane, born January 8, 1912
Ruth, born March 20, 1914
Mary Jane married Russell C. Northover, April 7, 1941
Ruth Married Raymond L. Hess, July 30, 1938
Thomas Pealer, born Laporte, County Seat of Sullivan County, Pennsylvania (population 130). One time corps boy on mine surveying party (assistant engineer, mine surveyor, land surveyor, draftsman, professional engineer). Since 1940, Consulting Engineer, offices in Indiana, Pennsylvania. Member, American Society Civil Engineers; Member, Professional Engineers Society; Member, Sons of the American Revolution.
Mary Caldwell Pealer, born Indiana County. Graduated Indiana High School, Indiana State Teachers College, New York State Teachers College, Oswego, N.Y. Teacher public schools, Apollo; Critic, Teacher Bay City Training School, Bay City, Michigan.
MARY JANE PEALER NORTHOVER, born Indiana, Penna. Graduate Wyoming Seminary, 1930, graduate Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, N.Y. 1934; graduate Indiana State Teachers College, 1936. Before marriage was engaged as reporter and proofreader, Indiana Evening Gazette; also as field investigator and reports, Pennsylvania Welfare Department.
RUSSELL C. NORTHOVER, born Cambria County, Pennsylvania. Graduate Indiana State Teachers College, 1936; connected with the United Eastern Coal Sales Corp. Lieutenant U.S.N.R. stationed at Guam, Pacific Area, for two years. After discharge from Navy in February, 1946, he resumed position as division manager of the Syracuse office of the Coal Sales Corp. Present address 31 Hodge Ave., Buffalo, N.Y.
RUTH PEALER HESS, born Indiana, Penna. Graduate Wyoming Seminary, 1931; Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, 1935; Indiana State Teachers College, 1936. Teacher, Art Department, Aliquippa Schools, 1937-1938-1939-1940.
RAYMOND L. HESS, born Indiana County, Pennsylvania. Graduate Indiana High School, 1931; Princeton University, 1935; Duquesne University Law School, 1940. Present, Secretary and Attorney, Rust Engineering Company, Pittsburgh. Ray and Ruth have two children: Judy, born April 21, 1941 and Deborah, born June 24, 1945. Address, Thorn Run Road, Coraopolis Heights, Coraopolis, Pennsylvania.
THE WENNER FAMILY
From the book entitled Pennsylvania Pioneers, Volume No. 1 by Strassberger and Hinke, it is learned that the first of the Wenners to land in America was Christian Wenner, who disembarked at Philadelphia, September 30, 1727, from the ship Molly (John Hodgeson, Master). His name appears on the same ship list as that of Johannes Pealer or Buller and is there spelled CHRISTIAN WENGER. He eventually settled in what is now Snyder County, Pennsylvania, where his son bearing the same name was born.
CHRISTIAN WENNER (great-great-grandfather) Son of Christian Wenner or Wenger
Christian Wenner born 1752; died Dec. 1822
Married Maria Barbara. She was born Feb. 10, 1765; died April 26, 1838
Children: JACOB (great-grandfather), Andrew, Daniel, George, Christian, Leonard, Jonas, Catherine, Regina, Barbara:
Military Record: Service in American Revolution, Corporal in Henry Ritz' Eighth Company of 1st Battalion of Northumberland County Militia, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Balliet.
After the war, he returned to his home in Snyder County, later settling in Butler Township, Luzerne County, where he devoted himself to farming the rest of his life.
JACOB WENNER (great-grandfather) Son of Christian Wenner
Jacob Wenner born May 18, 1786; died Sept. 1865. Married Elizabeth Beishline. She was born Mary 14, 1792; died February 28, 1865.
The history of Columbia and Montour Counties record the following children: Jacob, born October 2, 1816; Daniel, Magdalena; SUSANNAH (grandmother), born February 4, 1822; Elizabeth; Sarah; Magdalena, married Benj. Hess. SUSANNAH married Elias Bealer, October 12, 1840.
JACOB WENNER (great-grandfather), was born in Snyder County. He moved to Butler Township, Luzerne County with his father about the year 1790. After service in the War of 1812, he located in Fishing Creek Township, Columbia County where he purchased a farm in the vicinity of Stillwater. His will is recorded in the Bloomsburg Court House Will Book No. 3, page 542, probated November 2, 1865. Named therein are his wife Elizabeth, and children Jacob, John, Daniel, SUSANNAH and Mary Magdalena. Witnesses: Michael Beishline and Charles Kindig.
ELIZABETH BEISHLINE WENNER (great-grandmother) was the daughter of Michael Beishline who came from Germany in the early part of the 18th century and settled in what is now Butler Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, ELIZABETH is buried in the St. John Reformed Church Cemetery, Fishing Creek Township, Columbia County.
SUSANNAH WENNER BEALER (grandmother), one of the most outstanding characters among the authorís ancestors, was born and reared in Fishing Creek Township. She was the granddaughter of Christian Wenner, veteran of the Revolutionary War. Her father, Jacob Wenner, was a soldier in the war of 1812; and her son, Jacob ,served throughout the war between the states on the side of the Union. When her husband, Elias, died in 1863, she was left with eleven children, ranging in age from three to twenty-three and a mortgaged farm where the Union soldiers encamped the next year, and consumed her forage during the disturbance of the Fishing Creek Confederacy. Yet she raised the family, freed the farm from encumbrance and accumulated a neat sum of money.
THE LAWRENCE FAMILY
Information concerning the beginning of the Lawrence family in America is very meager. It is known, however, that they are of English descent and that early in the seventeenth century they settled in the Cape Cod country, Massachusetts, afterwards migrating to Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, where we have the first actual records.
JOHN LAWRENCE (great-great-grandfather)
John Lawrence, born September 2, 1775; died August 28, 1823.
Married Mary Morrison on April 2, 1798. She was born December 26, 1776; died Feb. 28, 1849.
John Lawrence is buried in the Quinn Cemetery, between Dushore and New Albany.
Children of John Lawrence and Mary Morrison:
Mordecai, born Jan. 4, 1807; died July 8, 1885
Susannah, born Aug. 8, 1802; died Octo. 25, 1863
WILLIAM (great-grandfather), born May 25, 1805; died Dec. 29, 1883
Margaret, born Aug. 26, 1808; died June 18, 1828
John R. born Jan. 24, 1812; diedÖ..
Mary Ann, born Sept. 9, 1818; diedÖ..
MORDECAI LAWRENCE married Elizabeth Kimball September 18, 1828. They had nine children: Harmon, Abram, Ashley, John, Fanny Elizabeth, Susan, Matilda and William.
SUSANNAH LAWRENCE married Moses Ashley Ladd Oct. 21, 1823.
WILLIAM (great-grandfather) see record.
JOHN R. married Elizabeth Hubett October 6, 1839. He frequently visited the Lawrence family at Dushore, where he was a welcome guest since he told many stories of his wanderings about the country. It seems that he was a man of means and a great traveler of his day.
MARY ANN married Abram Brewer March 2, 1847. They lived and died in Sunbury, Pennsylvania.
WILLIAM LAWRENCE (great-grandfather), son of John
William was born May 28, 1805; died Dec. 29, 1883
Married 1st Eliza Ladd on March 1, 1824. She was born June 20, 1805; died April 25, 1847.
Married 2nd Ann Manley Gage. She was born April 10, 1819; died Jan. 7, 1900.
Children of William and Eliza Ladd:
Anna Maria, born Dec. 19, 1826
Asenath Celinda, born Feb. 24, 1830
Fidelia Jane, born June 4, 1839
Parmelia Christanna, born August 7, 1840
Children of William and Ann Manley Gage:
Ada, born August 8, 1849; died January 12, 1852
William T., born February 26, 1854; died June 22, 1923.
William Lawrence (great-grandfather), was born in Augusta Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, later locating in what is now Cherry Township, Sullivan County. There, in December 1825, he built a log house on land belonging to General Cadwallader of Philadelphia, acquiring later, 48 acres of this land, which was increased by subsequent purchases, to 120 acres. He was one of the first school directors in Cherry Township under the new common school law and held the office of school treasurer for six years. In 1847, he was elected County Commissioner of Sullivan County. In 1854, he was elected County Commissioner of Sullivan County. In 1854, he moved to Bradford County where he bought the Manley farm at Canton Corners. In that county he held the office of Road Commissioner for two terms. For thirteen years he was ruling elder in the Presbyterian Church. At its foundation, he became a member of the Republican Party, whose principles he ardently defended.
ASENATH LAWRENCE, the second child of William, was born in what is now Cherry Township, Sullivan County, February 24, 1830. She married Freeman Wilcox of New Albany. She is buried in the Laddsburg Cemetery.
WILLIAM T. LAWRENCE, son of William Lawrence and Ann Manley Gage Lawrence, was born February 26, 1854. He spent his entire life as a citizen of Canton Township, Bradford County. But his circle of friends was scarcely measured by the borders of the state. A farmer all of his life, he did much to improve the methods of farming in the vicinity in which he lived. His advice and wise experience were sought by different organizations. He was ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church for more than twenty-five years and for most of that time was superintendent of the Sunday School. He was president of the Grange Fire Insurance Company and a director in the Canton-Leroy Telephone Company. For several years he was justice of the peace for Canton Township. The children of William T. Lawrence: Dr. Manley S. Lawrence, Quaker City, Ohio; A.D. Lawrence, Canton, Bradford County, Pennsylvania; and Mrs. William VonDurant, Washington, D.C.
This history of the Lawrence family would be inadequate, indeed, if it did not take note of the invaluable help rendered in the preparation of it by A.D. Lawrence of Canton.
JOHN HORRATIO LAWRENCE (grandfather), son of William.
JOHN HORATIO LAWRENCE born April 11, 1833; died January 17, 1907.
Married Hannah Dieffenbacher in 1853. She was born February 17, 1836; died January 30, 1874.
Elizabeth Ann, born August 21, 1854; died May 27, 1928.
Ida Eliza, born July 18, 1855; died June 9, 1930
William John born February 27, 1857; died February 4, 1944
Clarence, born April 1, 1858; died April 14, 1858.
Charles Thompkins, born April 15, 1860; died September 16, 1924.
Jennie Fidelia, born September 17, 1862; died September 8, 1940
Clinton Emanuel, born October 3, 1864; died 1899
Howard Theodore, born April 27, 1866; died 1889.
Orville Horatio, born September 15, 1867; died about 1932
Celinda May, born December 19, 1869
Laura Pamelia, born April 11, 1871; died April 9, 1942
Frank Wilt, born February 2, 1873.
Elizabeth Ann married Daniel Wenner Pealer, February 16, 1875.
Ida Eliza married Daniel H. Lorah, July 2, 1882
William John married Barbara Ann Baker (nee Icid) June 13, 1877.
Charles Thompkins married Agnes Conner, December 17, 1882.
Jennie Fidelia married Jesse P. Little, March 18, 1880.
Clinton Emanuel married Mary Steafather.
Howard Theodore never married.
Orville Horatio married Laura Utz, September 13, 1887.
Celinda May married Duncan MacDonald, April 8, 1899.
Laura Pamelia married Andrew Jackson Bradley, April 1896.
Frank Wilt married Dorothy Gallup, June 1911.
JOHN HORATIO LAWRENCE (grandfather), was born and reared in Cherry Township, Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. He was educated in the common schools and took a short course at the famous Wyoming Seminary, Kingston, Pennsylvania, where he was one of the first students. At the age of twenty, he married Hannah C. Dieffenbacher, granddaughter of Conrad Dieffenbacher, Revolutionary War veteran. His early career was that of a school teacher and merchant. Later, he purchased a farm located one-and-one-half miles east of Dushore where he raised a family of eleven children. In 1865 he was elected Sheriff of Sullivan County for one term. He remained on the farm until 1888 when he moved to Dushore and made his home with his son Charles. For twelve years he was justice of the peace, Dushore Borough, which office he held at the time of his death in 1907.
John H. Lawrence displayed the thrift and acumen of his Yankee ancestors in his business ventures. In Sullivan County, he acquired sufficient wealth to be looked upon as a man of means. To those in need he was kind and helpful. His advice which was sought by so many was so cherished that he became a real country philosopher. He was so widely read that his opinions on the questions of the day played a great part in moulding the life of the community in which he lived, so that his influence still remains a potent factor. John Horatio Lawrence and Hannah C. Dieffenbacher Lawrence are buried in Fairview Cemetery, Cherry Township, Sullivan County.
ELIZABETH ANN (mother) See Pealer Family Record.
IDA ELIZA taught school for eight or nine terms before her marriage to Daniel Lorah, July 7, 1882. The Lorahs lived at Sonestown, Sullivan County where they ran the Lorah Hotel. Their two sons, Walter and Lloyd, both graduated from Pennsylvanina State College as Civil Engineeers. Walter, a member of the American Civil Engineers, was on construction, Panama Canal, the Cape Cod Canal, the DuPont Company, Delaware and the Hudson Vehicular Tunnels. He died in 1926 at the age of 43. Lloyd, a noted collegiate wrestler, was on the Panama Canal, later employed by the Highway Department of Pennsylvania. At present, surveyor, professional engineer and contractor, Smithport, McKean County, Pennylvania. Ida Eliza showed marked business ability. After the death of her husband, she was proprietress of the Lorah Hotel, ran a country store and millinery shop, did some dressmaking on the side, and looked after a farm back in the country. A couple of years before her death, she took a trip by herself to the west coast to visit her sisters, Jennie and Linda.
WILLIAM JOHN, the oldest son of John Horatio, was the mainstay on the farm after the death of his mother. For a term or two he taught school and afterwards he went to the hard coal field where he learned the carpenter trade. At the age of twenty, he married Barbara Ann Baker. They had five children: Grace, Eva. Saylor, Harriet and John. Grace, Eva and Harriet are presently residing at 117 Chestnut Street, Narbeth, Pennsylvania. Saylor died in Canada in the year 1943. John lives at 407 East Park Street, Wauseon, Ohio.
William John formed a partnership with his brother Charles under the firm name of Lawrence Brothers, contractors and builders, Dushore, Pennsylvania. They erected many buildings in the northesast section of Pennsylvania, among which are the courthouse, Laporte, the Roman Catholic Church and Manse, Sugar Hill, and the court house at Troy. Later, they engaged in the lumber business at Muncy, Pennsylvania, at Kane, McKean County and in Ontario, Canada. William J. was elected Prothonotary, Sullivan County and served two terms. Special mention is due here to Eva Lawrence, daughter of William J., who furnished records from her own private collection for use in compiling much of the historical data concerning the Lawrence and Ladd families. She was untiring in her efforts, prompt in response and ever willing to lend a hand to help put together this brief family record.
CLARENCE died in infancy
CHARLES THOMPKINS first learned the undertaking business at Dushore, after which he became a carpenter. December 17, 1882, he married Agnes Conner of Brooklyn. They had two children: Elsie, a school teacher and Red Cross field agent, and Emma Margaret, who married John W. Onterson. Charles T. was associated with his brother William J. in the building, contracting and lumber business for many years.
JENNIE FIDELIA taught school for several years before her marriage to the Superintendent of the Sullivan County schools, Jesse P. Little. The Little family moved to Oakland, California in the early nineties and have since resided there. The Littles had seven children: Anna, Edith May, Ernest Lawrence, Blanche, Edwin, Edna, Jesse Buffington.
CLINTON EMANUEL, by trade a carpenter and builder. He married Mary Steafather of Lopez. They had three children: Howard, Fluetta and Blanche. Howard, a telegrapher, served overseas in the first World War. Fluetta and Blanche were both trained nurses practicing in California where they moved with their mother in 1917. Later, Blanche married Ivan Wallace of Los Angeles. Clinton Emanuel died in Lopez in 1899 and is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Dushore.
HOWARD THEODORE learned the trade of jeweler at Picture Rocks, after which he established a store at Lopez where he died in the year 1889. Howard was by nature an inventive genius, evident from the fact that after his death were found among his many possesions many models and drawings of new appliances, the outstanding one being the crimped elbow made from a single joint of pipe, which was later patented by his brother Orville.
ORVILE HORATIO, while still a young man, patented the crimped pipe elbow, which his brother Howard had previously designed. A plant for manufacturing this invention was erected at Waverly, New York, where great quantities of the "O.H." elbows were made for stove pepes, lantern pipes and roof spouting. This product was sold in every civilized country of the world. Orville married Laura Utz of Dushore, September 13, 1887. They had four children: Barbara, Nina, Courtney and Frances. Barbara married John Filer, Miami, Florida. Nina married Joe Grumme, 811 West First Street, Elmira, New York. Courtney and Frances, deceased. Orville Horatio sold his interests in the elbow concern and became associated with his brothers, William J. and Charles T. in the lumber business in Ontario, Canada. Orville H. and wife are both buried in Athens, Pennsylvania.
LAURA PAMELIA was a school teacher for six years or more before her marriage to Andrew Jackson Bradley, Attorney, Laporte, Sullivan County. From Laporte they moved to Ohio where their daughter Edna, an only child, lives. She is an art teacher in the Cleveland High Schools and lives at 1606 Elbur Avenue, Lakewood, Ohio.
CELINDA "Linda" MAY and Laura were school teachers together. During vacations they lived with their sister Ida at the Lorah Hotel, Sonestown. Linda continued her school work until she married Duncan MacDonald. The MacDonalds live at Washougal, Washington.
FRANK WILT, a journeyman machinist, married Dorothy Gallup in June 1911. For several years he was connected with the Standard Roller Bearing Company, traveling as their representative in the Chicago district. Later, he was associated with Gar Wood in the manufacturing of hydraulic hoists at Detroit, Michigan. Frank retired from business in 1924.
THE LADD FAMILY
The career of the Ladd family in America begins with Daniel Ladd, who took the oath of supremacy and allegiance to pass to New England on the ship Mary and John, March 24, 1633. February 5, 1637, he was in Ipswich, Massachusetts.
Editor's Note: Per Donald L. Ladd message of March 24, 2004:
You will note that in your source that this date is most likely listed as
24 March 1633/34. 1633 would be the year if using the "old" calendar system but would be
1634 if using the "new" calendar system.
Following is the direct line of descendants of Daniel Ladd to Eliza Ladd, the wife of great-grandfather William Lawrence.
Daniel Ladd (g-g-g-g-g-g-g-grandfather) died July 27, 1693
Married Anna ? She died February 9, 1694.
Samuel Ladd (g-g-g-g-g-g-grandfather) born November 1, 1649; died February 25, 1698.
Married Martha Corliss
Jonathan Ladd (g-g-g-g-g-grandfather) born April 13, 1682
Married Susannah Kingsbury. She was born Decmeber 23, 1713.
Ezekiel Ladd (g-g-g-g-grandfather)
Married Hannah Bigelow
Ezeliel enlisted in the Conn. militia, Captain Orcutt's Company, commanded by Colonel Samuel Chapman, August 3, 1778 and was discharged September 21 of the same year.
Ephraim Ladd (g-g-g-grandfather) born May 11, 1749; died May 4, 1836
Married July 14, 1774 to Louise Chapman. Born Jan. 28, 1756; died May 2, 1836.
EPHRAIM assisted in establishing American Independence. He marched in Boston in Captain Orcutt's Company, April 1775. In the year 1800, he migrated from Tollard, Connecticut to Bradford County, Pennsylvania.
HORATIO LADD (great-great-grandfather), son of Ephraim.
Horatio Ladd born January 21, 1780; died January 12, 1850.
Married January 30, 1800 to Asnath Ives. She was born Oct. 18, 1775; died August 28, 1854.
Clarissa, born October 4, 1800; died May 1864
Moses Ashley, born July 23, 1802; died June 20, 1886.
Lucinda, born Sept. 7, 1807; died June 14, 1814
Olivia, born May 25, 1810; died Sept. 12, 1847.
Arunah, born June 6, 1812; died July 20, 1814.
Lucinda, born Nov. 12, 1814; died Oct. 26, 1840
ELIZA LADD (great-grandmother), born June 20, 1815; died April 13, 1847.
Asenath Celinda, born April 13, 1817; died April 13, 1900.
Arunah, born March 14, 1820; died May 4, 1909.
HORATIO and his wife, Asnath, came to Bradford County, Pennsylvania with his father Ephraim in the year 1800. He rented the Scott farm two miles from Towanda, residing there until April 5, 1805, when he moved to Albany Township where he bcame a large landowner. He was a member and liberal supporter of the Presbyterian Church and was a man of honesty and integrity. HORATIO LADD and Asenath (Ives) Ladd are buried in the Laddsburg Cemetery.
The Ladds were ever a family of pioneers. Thirteen years after the Pilgrim Fathers set foot upon the shores of Plymouth, the Ladds landed in New England to become part of that immigration which began three years before, continued until 1640 and was not resumed again to any extent until 1820. These hardy settlers were imbued with two ideas, the right to worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience and to govern themselfes in local affairs without too much interference from the outside. Into the spirit of that life the Ladds entered and when the American Revolution broke out, which was really fought to maintain those principles, they, in common with many others, were ready to enlist under the patriot banners. When independence was finally achieved, multitudes left New England in search of better living conditions. The Ladds were a part of that host and they found in what is now Bradford County, Pennsylvania, a land of promise, where they have since remained.
THE DIEFFENBACHER FAMILY
CONRAD DIEFFENBACHER, son of Leinhart Dieffenbacher, the first of the family in America, was born in Baden, Germany and landed at Philadelphia when he was 23 years of age Pennsylvania German Pioneers [Volume No. 1, by Strassberger and Hinke, pages 695-696] shows Conrad Dieffenbacher on passenger list (247C) of the ship Richmond (Charles Younghusband, Captain) arriving at Philadelphia from Rotterdam, November 29, 1766.
CONRAD DIEFFENBACHER (g-g-g-grandfather) Son of Leinhart
Conrad Dieffenbacher born March 1, 1743; died Aug. 6, 1813
Married Catherine Betz. She died January 3, 1809.
Abraham, born November 16, 1769
John, born July 13, 1771
Frederick, born May 4, 1773
Jacob (g-g-grandfather) born November 19, 1775
Philip, born February 3, 1778
Henry, born January 31, 1780
Elizabeth, born May 11, 1782
Conrad, born February 15, 1785
Catherine, born May 2, 1787
Davis, born June 17, 1789
Susannah, born August 31, 1791
CONRAD settled in the Faulkner Swanp Settlement, Pennsylvania shortly after his arrival in America. He afterwards moved to Limerick Township, Philadelphia County, now Montgomery County. His name is found on the supply tax list there for 1780 and 1782. In 1783 he owned 150 acres of land, two horses, three cows and three sheep. Military Record: American Revolution, Captain Isaiah Davis Company, commanded by Lieut. Colonel Anton Biting, 3rd class of the 4th battalion. The company, made up of 1-2-3-4 classes, called into service October 1781. Also, Henry Boyer, 6th Company, 4th Battalion, 3rd Class. [Reference: Pennsylvania Archives, Sixth Series, Volume 1, pages 778-794] Montgomery County Militia, 1785, commanded by Matthew Brook. [Reference: Pennsylvania Archives, Sixth series, Volume 3, page 662] About the year 1800, he moved to what is now Columbia County, where he died August 6, 1813.
JACOB DIEFFENBACHER (great-great-grandfather) Son of Conrad
Jacob Dieffenbacher born November 19, 1775; died October 30, 1840
Married Christina Gardner. She was born Feb. 15, 1774; died December 21, 1858
JACOB DIEFFENBACHER, the third son of Conrad, the Revolutionary War Veteran, was born in Montgomery County, near Philadelphia, where his father then resided, moved with his parents to Columbia County about the year 1800, where he married Christina Gardner of Lycoming County and became the father of eleven children.
Susan, married Jacob Fulmer
Elizabeth, married Christol Springer
Sarah, married William Kisner
Charles of Overton
John (great-grandfather)-see record
Hannah, married Adam Thrasher
Mary, married Anthony Weaver
Jacob of Cherry
Henry of Colley
Rebecca, married Amos Reeser
In 1829, he moved to Dushore, Sulivan County. Jacob was a miller by trade, operating grist mills in Columbia and Sullivan Counties. Jacob Dieffenbacher and Christina Gardner Dieffenbacher are both buried in Thrasher's Cemetery near Dushore.
JOHN DIEFFENBACHER (great-grandfather) son of Jacob
John Dieffenbacher born March 29, 1813; died August 22, 1903
Married 1st Elizabeth Hoffa. She was born April 10, 1819; died November 11, 1886.
Married 2nd Caroline Hoffa Suber born April 18, 1827.
In 1835, John Dieffenbacher married Elizabeth Hoffa, the daugher of Catherine Schwalm Hoffa of Schuykill County. Some time after her death in 1886, he maried her sister, Mrs. Caroline Suber.
Children of John & Elizabeth Dieffenbacher:
HANNAH (grandmother) born Jan. 4, 1836; died Jan. 30, 1874.
Jacob born November 26, 1837; died Oct. 1, 1840
Daniel E. born Oct. 11, 1839; died June 7, 1919
John S. born Oct. 29, 1841; died Oct. 11, 1862
Henry born Dec. 15, 1843; died Feb. 6, 1871
Catherine Angie born March 19, 1846; died May 16, 1918
Clinton, born July 20, 1850; died June 7, 1933
George F. born June 6, 1858; died March 20, 1923
Elizabeth L. born Oct. 29, 1864; died Dec. 30, 1942
JOHN DIEFFENBACHER, the sixth child of Jacob, was born in Columbia County, Pennsylvania and at the age of 16 migrated to Sullivan County with his parents. There until 1840, he assisted his father in the construction and operation of grist mills. At that time he acquired a mill of his own and for ten years wass actively engaged in this business. Then he purchased a farm one-and-one half miles east of Dushore, where he lived for the remainder of his life. During this time he was engaged in farming, design and construction of grist mills and saw mills. He also designed and erected covered highway bridges, noteworthy among which was the Tar Bridge, across the Lopez Creek on the Lee Settlement Road and the following bridges across the Loyal Sock Creek: The Seaman Bridge, near the terminus of the Red Rock Turnpike, the Ringdale Bridge at Ringdale, the Forksville Bridge at Forksville.
In 1857, he was chosen County Commissioner of Sullivan County and served in that capacity for two terms. John Dieffenbacher and Elizabeth Hoffa Dieffenbache are buried in Thrasher's Cemetery, near Dushore.
HANNAH (grandmother)-see Lawrence Record
DANIEL E (Uncle Emanuel), maried Loretta Zaner. He lived on a farm in Cherry Township, Sullivan County, adjoining the John H. Lawrence farm on the north.
JOHN S., Veteran, Civil War. Lieutenant, Company D., 141st regiment, P.V.I. died in the army, October 11, 1862.
HENRY was also a veteran of the Civil War.
CATHERINE ANGIE married Julius Vogel. At one time they had a small store at Mildred, Sullivan County; afterwards, they moved to Sayre. They had no children.
CLINTON maried Caroline Kinsley. He was a farmer in Cherry Township, near Dushore. They had four children; Morgan, William, Mary, and John.
GEORGE F. was a contractor and builder, Columbia County. Fist wife: Ada Behr (two children: John and Fred); Second wife; Gertrude Strong; third wife, Minnie Schwinn.
ELIZABETH L. married George Heverly. Two children: Ford E. and Angie E.
Credit for the foregoing historical data on the Dieffenbacher Family is due to the help of Angie Heverly of Sayre, Pennsylvania, daugher of Elizabeth Dieffenbacher Heverly.
This work owes its origin to a scrap book in shich was compiled records, pictures and bits of family history, made for my own amusement and entertainment. Later a graphic chart or outline was drafted showing direct line ancestors and descendants. For the preservation of the records thus accumulated, the idea of this book naturally followed. If time, cost of research and publication had been foreseen, this work might not have been undertaken. But here it is, with my compliments to the surviving members of the five families.
Transcribed for the Sullivan County Genealogical Web Project
Copyright © 2003 Robert E. Sweeney and individual Contributors. All Rights Reserved. Prior written permission is required from Robert E. Sweeney and individual Contributors before this material can be printed or otherwise copied, displayed or distributed in any form. This is a FREE genealogy site sponsored through PAGenWeb and can be reached directly at ~Sullivan County Genealogy Project (http://www.rootsweb.com/~pasulliv) | 57,067 | 329 |
290,527 | Sometimes we have observed children having personal challenges; becoming victims of abuse; abusing others; getting in trouble with various authorities; taking to forms of intoxication or chemical and substance abuse; or other forms of violence; crime against society; and further forms of self destruction, even suicide.
On a number of such occassions we have enquired further into the nature of the child's conception. The results of such a broad survey have provided conclusive evidence that, while we are certainly all under Krishna's charge, and He is free to assist us in His exclusive service
For a number of years, even a couple of generations it has been that all one has to do is chant 50 rounds and by some magic everything will be perfect. Let us look at a couple of harsh realities that unveil other facts:
There are ten offences involved and to be avoided in chanting the Holy Name of the Lord, and until one is purely chanting then the expectation of experiencing Krishna fully present when one performs one's activities is a fantasy. Certainly, even poor japa is better than no japa, but it is a poor imitation of attentive japa.
The chanting of the Lord's Holy name, and uniting with one's mate is a Krishna conscious activity, and not some mere mundane ritual. Krishna Himself says that one who performs this activity of sex in consciousness of Him, not something else, but conscious of Him, the He becomes, or is that rite (Bhagavad Gita 7:11.) Being not contrary to religious principles means actually performing samskara, or ritualistic purification for Him, and not just some dovetailing covert sex life in His name because of lust, and trying to make it legal.
Honesty and integrity in our level of advancement is imperitive. When the showing off of profiles to others or presentations for self preservation are finally given up, we have some chance at doing things properly. We can fool each other, but in the ultimate issue we cannot fool Krishna.
If one is a transcendentalist, meaning actually transcendental to the onslaught of the material influences, then and only then do we become free from the results of material nature in our activities. Srila Prabhupada comments: "There are many good examples in the lives of the great devotees of the Lord of those who became indifferent to the rituals of the Vedas simply by devotional service to the Lord. When a person factually understands Krishna and his relationship with Krishna, he naturally becomes completely indifferent to the rituals of fruitive activities, even though an experienced brähmana. Sri Mädhavendra Puri, a great devotee and ächärya in the line of the devotees, says:
sandhyä-vandana bhadram astu bhavato bhoh snäna tubhyam namo
bho deväh pitarash ca tarpana-vidhau näham kñamam kshamyatäm
yatra kväpi nishadya yädava-kulottamasya kamsa-dvishah
smäram smäram agham harämi tad alam manye kim anyena me
“O my prayers three times a day, all glory to you. O bathing, I offer
my obeisances unto you. O demigods! O forefathers! Please excuse me for
my inability to offer you my respects. Now wherever I sit, I can remember
the great descendant of the Yadu dynasty [Krishna], the enemy of Kamsa,
and thereby I can free myself from all sinful bondage. I think this is
sufficient for me.”
The Vedic rites and rituals are imperative for neophytes: comprehending all kinds of prayer three times a day, taking a bath early in the morning, offering respects to the forefathers, etc. But when one is fully in Krishna consciousness and is engaged in His transcendental loving service, one becomes indifferent to all these regulative principles because he has already attained perfection. If one can reach the platform of understanding by service to the Supreme Lord Krishna, he has no longer to execute different types of penances and sacrifices as recommended in revealed scriptures. And, similarly, if one has not understood that the purpose of the Vedas is to reach Krishna and simply engages in the rituals, etc., then he is uselessly wasting time in such engagements. Persons in Krishna consciousness transcend the limit of shabda-brahma, or the range of the Vedas and Upaniñads." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Bhagavad Gita 2:52. purport.)
The important thing is that we are dedicated to the service of the Lord. Ideally it is best if we are all paramahamsas, but realistically it is great if we are honest devotees. And better still if we treat each other nicely, friends.
There are three exalted kinds of devotees - uttama adhikaris, madhyama adhikaris, and kanistha adikaris. Then there are others too who are devotees, according to Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura - for these devotees it is most important, as they are in the majority that the varnashram system is aided by the functional samskaras performed by competant priests - purohits. Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakur in his Sri Chaitanya Shikshamrita 3rd chapter says, and our own humble experience, by performing the various functionary rites for the community of devotees, these rites themselves act as the glue which bond society, and community together. We have found that as we all come together in wholistic co-operation to celebrate, and appreciate the practical implementation of Daivi Varna Ashram Dharm, whilst ecstaticly chanting the Hare Krishna Maha mantra, our community is healthy and attractive. "Those who are Vaishnavas - the devotees of Lord Vishnu, true to their sense - for them according to their ashram, and nature, how to lead their life - they should look to 'Satkriya-Saradeepika' of Gopal Bhatta Goswami"(Sri Chaitanya Shikshamrtam, page 83.)
"As for the various fruitive results, such as the attainment of rain,
a son, or residing in a celestial material planet, that are offered
to the followers of the karma-kanda rituals in the Vedas. These benefits are offered to attract the minds of ordinary men. When
ordinary men see that these material benefits are actually attained by performing Vedic rituals, they become attracted to study
the Vedas. By studying the Vedas they become able to discriminate between what is temporary and what is eternal. In this way
they gradually become averse to the temporary things of this world and they come to hanker after Brahman. In this way it may
be understood that all the parts of the Vedas describe the Supreme Personality of Godhead.
Vedic rituals bring material benefits as a result only when the performer
of the ritual is filled with material desire. If the performer
is materially desireless, then he does not gain a material result, but rather the result he obtains is purification of the heart and the
manifestation of spiritual knowledge. Therefore the meaning of the verse 'tam etam vedanuvacanena brahman vividisanti',
'brahmanas study the Veda to understand the Supreme Personality of Godhead'(Brhad Aranyaka Upanishad 4:4:22.) is that in
the Vedic rituals when one is required to worship a particular deva, one does so as a limb or representative of the Supreme
Personality of Godhead, and thus by worshipping them one is actually worshiping the Supreme Lord, the result being that one
gradually becomes pure in heart and awake with spiritual knowledge."(Baladev Vidyabhushana. Govinda Bhasya commentary
on Vedanta Sutra 1:4:4. Adhkarana sutra 4.)
"Unless one is transcendentally situated, it is not possible to cease from sense enjoyment. The process of restriction from sense enjoyment by rules and regulations is something like restricting a diseased person from certain types of eatables. The patient, however, neither likes such restrictions nor loses his taste for eatables. Similarly, sense restriction by some spiritual process like astanga-yoga, in the matter of yama, niyama, äsana, pränäyäma, pratyähära, dhäranä, dhyäna, etc., is recommended for less intelligent persons who have no better knowledge. But one who has tasted the beauty of the Supreme Lord Krishna, in the course of his advancement in Krishna consciousness, no longer has a taste for dead, material things. Therefore, restrictions are there for the less intelligent neophytes in the spiritual advancement of life, but such restrictions are only good until one actually has a taste for Krishna consciousness. When one is actually Krishna conscious, he automatically loses his taste for pale things." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Bhagavad Gita 2:59. purport.)
My purport to this is that if you cannot, or refuse to accept that these principles are scientific, and are proposed in the Vedik literatures, and are supported by the Acharyas, then better one not try to bring progeny into the world.
The devotees of the Lord need to develop real family planning. Such planning means, in a mode of goodness at least, and under the sanction of Bhagavad Gita, and the Acharyas teachings, follow the system of samskaras, the purificatory rites devised to change the consciousness to Krishna consciousness, so that activities that follow such rites are in fact purified.
Simply to think therefore I am, is not Vaishnava philosophy. The impure chanting, while still better than no chanting, is not in itself the potency that we want to invoke for our ceremonies, rituals, rites, or during our life-style development. Therefore the injunction is there:
gurur na sa syät sva-jano na sa syät
pitä na sa syäj janani na sä syät
daivam na tat syät na patish ca sa syän
na mocayed yah samupeta-mrityum
“One who cannot deliver his dependent from the path of birth and death should never become a spiritual master, a relative, a father or mother, or a worshipable demigod, nor should such a person become a husband.”
"Everyone naturally gets a father and mother at the time of birth, but the real father and mother are those who can release their offspring from the clutches of imminent death. This is possible only for parents advanced in Krishna consciousness. Therefore any parents who cannot enlighten their offspring in Krishna consciousness cannot be accepted as a real father and mother. The following verse from the Bhakti-rasämrita-sindhu (1.2.200) confirms the uselessness of serving ordinary parents:......" (A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Chaitanya Charitamrita Antya-lila 13:113. purport.)
In the words of Christ, "Is it the fault of the child, or that of the parents, or is it something from previous lives, that makes a child born blind."
Jesus Heals a Man Born BlindWith this understanding we must also aknowldge the hand of God.
9 As he went along, he saw a man blind from birth.
2 His disciples asked him, “Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?”
3 “Neither this man nor his parents sinned,” said Jesus, “but this happened so that the works of God might be displayed in him.
4 As long as it is day, we must do the works of him who sent me. Night is coming, when no one can work.
5 While I am in the world, I am the light of the world.”
6 After saying this, he spit on the ground, made some mud with the saliva, and put it on the man’s eyes.
7 “Go,” he told him, “wash in the Pool of Siloam” (this word means “Sent”). So the man went and washed, and came home seeing.
8 His neighbors and those who had formerly seen him begging asked, “Isn’t this the same man who used to sit and beg?”
9 Some claimed that he was.Others said, “No, he only looks like him.”
But he himself insisted, “I am the man.”
10 “How then were your eyes opened?” they asked.
11 He replied, “The man they call Jesus made some mud and put it on my eyes. He told me to go to Siloam and wash. So I went and washed, and then I could see.”
12 “Where is this man?” they asked him.
“I don’t know,” he said.(John 9.New International Version (NIV))
It is imperitive we understand that what we go through, that who we call, that who we have in our families, and the various pleasures and apins associated with all of this are according to our natures and our deserves. These things do not happen unwarrented. Prudent reading is the essay of Ravindra Swarup prabhu, "Do bad things happen to good people?".
We can blame who we like instead of taking the responsibility upon ourselves, but the fact still remains that when we point at others, there are three fingers pointing back in our direction.
So instead of making excuses for doing things in a lesser or inferior manner, and then trying to caste the blame in every direction but our own, better would be to face up to facts and take note before we plan to procreate.
Varnasankara: Literally means unwanted population. Unwanted by
Unwanted by their parents; unwanted by the governments of the world who they become so dependent upon, because of their solo parental situation, on some kind of hand-out from the government. A lack of intelligence, often causes a life of crime, or drug addiction, prostitution or a combination of all of the above. Such a way of life is not wanted by the society in general, and most end up either in jail(s)(of one sort or another), mental institutions, and being dependent on the rest of society.
Reluctantly around the world society does set up reactionary half-way-houses, and reformatory institutions to help such individuals, but can you see the point that I'm making? Better would have been to be pro-active in the first incident, so as not to bring such burdens onto society. Some might see these writings as some right wing - fascist ideals, but the fact still remains, and I'm not interested in wishy washy liberalistic ideals that have allowed things to deteriate to what they are today, possibly promulgated by varnasankaras themselves.
One person suggested to me that these poor souls have to take their birth somewhere. Sadly it is true, shastra tells us:
This is the process of Vedic civilization. In the beginning of life, as a brahmacäri, one has to undergo severe penances and austerities in order to be educated in spiritual values. The brahmacäri, or student, is never allowed to mingle with women and learn from the beginning of life about sex enjoyment. The basic flaw in modern civilization is that boys and girls are given freedom during school and college to enjoy sex life. Most of the children are varna-sankara, meaning “born of undesirable fathers and mothers.” Consequently, the whole world is in chaos. Actually, human civilization should be based on the Vedic principles. This means that in the beginning of life boys and girls should undergo penances and austerities. When they are grown, they should get married, live for some time at home and beget children. When the children are grown up, the man should leave home and search for Krishna consciousness. In this way one can make one’s life perfect by going home to the kingdom of God. (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam 4:31:1. purport.)
Srima Bhagavad Gita 1:42. clearly states:
doshair etaih kula-ghnänäm
kula-dharmäsh ca shäshvatäh (Bg 1:42.)
"By the evil deeds of those who destroy the family tradition and thus give rise to unwanted children, all kinds of community projects and family welfare activities are devastated."
Community projects for the four orders of human society, combined with family welfare activities, as they are set forth by the institution of sanätana-dharma, or varnäshrama-dharma, are designed to enable the human being to attain his ultimate salvation. Therefore, the breaking of the sanätana-dharma tradition by irresponsible leaders of society brings about chaos in that society, and consequently people forget the aim of life—Vishnu. Such leaders are called blind, and persons who follow such leaders are sure to be led into chaos. (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Bhagavad Gita 1:42. purport.)
narake niyatam väso
bhavatity anushushruma (Bg 1:43.)
"O Krishna, maintainer of the people, I have heard by disciplic succession that those who destroy family traditions dwell always in hell."
Arjuna bases his argument not on his own personal experience, but on what he has heard from the authorities. That is the way of receiving real knowledge. One cannot reach the real point of factual knowledge without being helped by the right person who is already established in that knowledge. There is a system in the varnäshrama institution by which before death one has to undergo the process of atonement for his sinful activities. One who is always engaged in sinful activities must utilize the process of atonement called the präyashchitta. Without doing so, one surely will be transferred to hellish planets to undergo miserable lives as the result of sinful activities. (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Bhagavad Gita 1:43. purport.)
utsideyur ime lokä
na kuryäm karma ced aham
sankarasya ca kartä syäm
upahanyäm imäh prajäm (Bg 3:24.)
"If I did not perform prescribed duties, all these worlds would be put to ruination. I would be the cause of creating unwanted population, and I would thereby destroy the peace of all living beings."
Varna-sankara is unwanted population which disturbs the peace of the general society. In order to check this social disturbance, there are prescribed rules and regulations by which the population can automatically become peaceful and organized for spiritual progress in life. When Lord Krishna descends, naturally He deals with such rules and regulations in order to maintain the prestige and necessity of such important performances. The Lord is the father of all living entities, and if the living entities are misguided, indirectly the responsibility goes to the Lord. Therefore, whenever there is general disregard of regulative principles, the Lord Himself descends and corrects the society. We should, however, note carefully that although we have to follow in the footsteps of the Lord, we still have to remember that we cannot imitate Him. Following and imitating are not on the same level. We cannot imitate the Lord by lifting Govardhana Hill, as the Lord did in His childhood. It is impossible for any human being. We have to follow His instructions, but we may not imitate Him at any time. The Srimad-Bhägavatam (10.33.30–31) affirms:
naitat samäcarej jätu
manasäpi hy anishvarah
vinashyaty äcaran maudhyäd
yathä ’rudro ’bdhi-jam visham
ishvaränäm vachah satyam
teshäm yat sva-vaco-yuktam
buddhimäms tat samäcaret
“One should simply follow the instructions of the Lord and His empowered
servants. Their instructions are all good for us, and any intelligent person
will perform them as instructed. However, one should guard against trying
to imitate their actions. One should not try to drink the ocean of poison
in imitation of Lord Shiva.”
We should always consider the position of the Ishvaras, or those who can actually control the movements of the sun and moon, as superior. Without such power, one cannot imitate the Ishvaras, who are superpowerful. Lord Shiva drank poison to the extent of swallowing an ocean, but if any common man tries to drink even a fragment of such poison, he will be killed. There are many pseudo devotees of Lord Shiva who want to indulge in smoking ganjä (marijuana) and similar intoxicating drugs, forgetting that by so imitating the acts of Lord Shiva they are calling death very near. Similarly, there are some pseudo devotees of Lord Krishna who prefer to imitate the Lord in His räsa-lilä, or dance of love, forgetting their inability to lift Govardhana Hill. It is best, therefore, that one not try to imitate the powerful, but simply follow their instructions; nor should one try to occupy their posts without qualification. There are so many “incarnations” of God without the power of the Supreme Godhead. (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Bhagavad Gita 3:24. purport.)
So similarly we have seen so many try to imitate His Divine Grace Srila Prabhupad and other great devotees in trying to "utilise" material elements while in reality they were not advanced enough to do so. and while it still has to be recognised that they did very worthy service to the community before many of them fell down and went away, or joined opposing camps to challenge the views of their guru, the fact is they fell down, overwhelmed by material nature. Thus one cannot pretend in any way shape or form, one has to be at the level he is at. And if that means that he is not transcendental then maybe one has to be humble and follow what is recommended for us in shastra and by sadhu.
In Bhagavad Gita's 12th chapter ( it is clearly chalked out if you can't do this then do that, but remain in devotional service. The goal is to attain pure loving service to the Lord, and all other exceptions are to allow inclusion until we can, and not that the exception is the goal, as some present.
Reactions to not performing Garbhadanam properly:
"To check the increase of demoniac population, the Vedic civilization enacted so many rules and regulations of social life, the most important of which is the garbhädhäna process for begetting good children. In Bhagavad-gitä Arjuna informed Krishna that if there is unwanted population (varna-sankara), the entire world will appear to be hell. People are very anxious for peace in the world, but there are so many unwanted children born without the benefit of the garbhädhäna ceremony, just like the demons born from Diti. Diti was so lusty that she forced her husband to copulate at a time which was inauspicious, and therefore the demons were born to create disturbances. In having sex life to beget children, one should observe the process for begetting nice children; if each and every householder in every family observes the Vedic system, then there are nice children, not demons, and automatically there is peace in the world. If we do not follow regulations in life for social tranquillity, we cannot expect peace. Rather, we will have to undergo the stringent reactions of natural laws." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam. 3:17:15. purport.)
"Children begotten under the rules and regulations of the scriptures generally become as good as the father and mother, but children born illegitimately mainly become varna-sankara. The varna-sankara population is irresponsible to the family, community and even to themselves. Formerly the varna-sankara population was checked by the observation of the reformatory method called garbhädhäna-samskära, a child-begetting religious ceremony. In this verse we find that although King Puranjana had begotten so many children, they were not varna-sankara. All of them were good, well-behaved children, and they had good qualities like their father and mother. (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam. 4:27:7. purport.)
"It is the duty of a father and mother to arrange for the marriage of their sons and daughters. That is the obligation in Vedic society. Sons and daughters should not be allowed freedom to intermingle with the opposite sex unless they are married. This Vedic social organization is very good in that it stops the promulgation of illicit sex life, or varna-sankara, which appears under different names in this present day. Unfortunately in this age although the father and mother are anxious to get their children married, the children refuse to get married by the arrangement of the parents. Consequently, the number of varna-sankara has increased throughout the world under different names." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam. 4:27:8. purport.)
"The ächäryas specifically mention that in this verse the words mätuh anugrahät (“by the mercy of their mother”) refer to the breast milk of their mother. In India it is a common belief that if a baby is fed his mother’s milk for at least six months, his body will be very strong. Besides that, it is mentioned herein that all the sons of Ägnidhra were endowed with the nature of their mother. Bhagavad-gitä (1:40.) also declares, strishu dushthäsu värshneya jäyate varna-sankarah: when women are polluted, varna-sankara, unqualified children, are generated, and when the varna-sankara population increases, the entire world becomes hellish. Therefore, according to Manu-samhitä, a woman needs a great deal of protection in order to remain pure and chaste so that her children can be fully engaged for the benefit of human society." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam. 5:2:21. purport.)
"The entire American nation has tried to advance in material opulence
without striving to produce ideal human beings. The result is that Americans
are now regretting the wholesale criminality of American society and are
wondering how America has become so lawless and unmanageable. As stated
in Srimad-Bhägavatam (7.5.31), na te viduh svärtha-gatim hi vishnum:
persons who are unenlightened do not know the aim of life, which is to
return home, back to Godhead. Therefore, both individually and collectively,
they try to enjoy so-called material comforts, and they become addicted
to wine and women. The men produced in such a society are less than fourth
class. They are the unwanted population known as varna-sankara, and as
stated in Bhagavad-gitä, an increase of varna-sankara population creates
a hellish society. This is the society in which Americans now find themselves.
Fortunately, however, the Hare Krishna movement has come to America, and many fortunate young men are giving serious attention to this movement, which is creating ideal men of first-class character, men who completely refrain from meat-eating, illicit sex, intoxication and gambling. If the American people are serious about curbing the degraded criminal life of their nation, they must take to the Krishna consciousness movement and try to create the kind of human society advised in Bhagavad-gitä (chätur-varëyam mayä srishtham guna-karma-vibhägashah [Bg. 4:13]). They must divide their society into first-class men, second-class men, third-class men and fourth-class men. Since they are now creating only men who are less than fourth class, how can they avoid the dangers of a criminal society? Long, long ago, Lord Indra regretted his disrespect to his spiritual master, Brihaspati. Similarly, it is advised that the American people regret their mistaken advancement in civilization. They should take advice from the spiritual master, the representative of Krishna. If they do so, they will be happy, and theirs will be an ideal nation to lead the entire world." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam. 6:7:12. purport.)
sa dvijo ’jo jagäda yam
"Those who have been reformed by the garbhädhäna ceremony and other prescribed reformatory methods, performed with Vedic mantras and without interruption, and who have been approved by Lord Brahmä, are dvijas, or twice-born. Such brähmanas, kshatriyas and vaishyas, purified by their family traditions and by their behavior, should worship the Lord, study the Vedas and give charity. In this system, they should follow the principles of the four äshramas [brahmacarya, grihastha, vänaprastha and sannyäsa]."
After giving a general list of thirty qualifications for one’s behavior, Närada Muni now describes the principles of the four varnas and four äshramas. A human being must be trained in the above-mentioned thirty qualities; otherwise, he is not even a human being. Then, among such qualified persons, the varnäshrama process should be introduced. In the varnäshrama system, the first ceremony for purification is garbhädhäna, which is performed with mantras at the time of sex for propagating a good child. One who uses sex life not for sensual pleasures but only to beget children according to the reformatory method is also accepted as a brahmacäri. One should not waste semen on sensual pleasure, violating the principles of Vedic life. Restraint in sex is possible, however, only when the populace is trained in the above-mentioned thirty qualities; otherwise, it is not possible. Even if one is born in a family of dvijas, or twice-born, if they have not followed the reformatory process he is called a dvija-bandhu—not one of the twice-born, but a friend of the twice-born. The whole purpose of this system is to create good population. As stated in Bhagavad-gitä, when women are polluted the populace is varna-sankara, and when the varna-sankara population increases, the situation of the entire world becomes hellish. Therefore, all the Vedic literatures strongly warn against creating varna-sankara population. When there is varna-sankara population, the people cannot be properly controlled for peace and prosperity, regardless of great legislative assemblies, parliaments and similar bodies." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam. 7:11:13. purport.)
Women are to be protected:
This is a much misunderstood statement. To understand a statement we need to look at the goal. When we understand the goal, then we can see why such a statement is made.
strinäm ca pati-devänäm
tad-bandhushv anuvrittish ca
"To render service to the husband, to be always favorably disposed toward the husband, to be equally well disposed toward the husband’s relatives and friends, and to follow the vows of the husband—these are the four principles to be followed by women described as chaste."
...and further in his purport Prabhupada says: "It is very important for peaceful householder life that a woman follow the vow of her husband. Any disagreement with the husband’s vow will disrupt family life. In this regard, Chänakya Pandita gives a very valuable instruction: dampatyoh kalaho nästi tatra shrih svayam ägatäh. When there are no fights between husband and wife, the goddess of fortune automatically comes to the home. A woman’s education should be conducted along the lines indicated in this verse. The basic principle for a chaste woman is to be always favorably disposed toward her husband. In Bhagavad-gitä (1:40) it is said, strishu dushthäsu värshneya jäyate varna-sankarah: if the women are polluted, there will be varna-sankara population. In modern terms, the varna-sankara are the hippies, who do not follow any regulative injunctions. Another explanation is that when the population is varna-sankara, no one can know who is on what platform. The varnäshrama system scientifically divides society into four varëas and four äshramas, but in varna-sankara society there are no such distinctions, and no one can know who is who. In such a society, no one can distinguish between a brähmana, a kshatriya, a vaishya and a shüdra. For peace and happiness in the material world, the varnäshrama institution must be introduced. The symptoms of one’s activities must be defined, and one must be educated accordingly. Then spiritual advancement will automatically be possible." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam. 7:11:25. purport.)
"As far as the women class are concerned, they are accepted as a power of inspiration for men. As such, women are more powerful than men. Mighty Julius Caesar was controlled by a Cleopatra. Such powerful women are controlled by shyness. Therefore, shyness is important for women. Once this control valve is loosened, women can create havoc in society by adultery. Adultery means production of unwanted children known as varna-sankara, who disturb the world." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam. 1:9:27. purport.)
navam navam abhipsantyah
"Women are very easily seduced by men. Therefore, polluted women give
up the friendship of a man who is their well-wisher and establish false
friendship among fools. Indeed, they seek newer and newer friends, one
Because women are easily seduced, the Manu-samhitä enjoins that they should not be given freedom. A woman must always be protected, either by her father, by her husband, or by her elderly son. If women are given freedom to mingle with men like equals, which they now claim to be, they cannot keep their propriety. The nature of a woman, as personally described by Urvashi, is to establish false friendship with someone and then seek new male companions, one after another, even if this means giving up the company of a sincere well-wisher." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam. 9:14:38. purport.)
The modern day feminists especially think that they are above shastra like the Srimad Bhagavatam, and the teachings of the Smriti shastra (like Manu) and the Acharyas, and that they are masters of their own destiny. Fact of the matter is world wide there are more and more single mothers with children, more lesbians, and prostitution in general is rife. Not only as in the profession Vishya kanya, but the general mentality of women, who think that it is okay to go out hunting and rumaging around the night-life, clubs, pubs, etc., looking for a mate.
"So to have good population, the women should be very chaste. That is the basic principle of Vedic civilization. And to keep the women chaste, it was the function of the responsible father, or, in the absence of father, the elder brother... So he must get the woman, the girl, married. It is compulsory. There was no compulsory for man to marry. Because a man may remain brahmacäri. By training, he can abstain from sex. But if woman is not protected very strictly, it is very difficult. It is very difficult. We are discussing shästra. Don’t think otherwise. Chänakya Pandita says: vishväsam naiva kartavyam strishu räja-kuleshu ca. Vishväsam naiva kartavyam. “Don’t trust women.” Vishväsam naiva kartavyam strishu. Strishu means women. Räja-kula... And politicians. Yes. Vishväsam naiva kartavyam strishu räja-kuleshu ca. Never the trust the politician and woman. Of course, when woman comes to Krishna consciousness, that position is different. We are speaking of ordinary woman. Because Krishna says, in another place, striyo vaishyas tathä shüdrah. They are considered, women, vaishya, the mercantile community, and shüdra, and the worker class, they are less intelligent. Päpa-yoni. When the progeny is defective, then they become less intelligent. So Krishna says:
mäm hi pärtha vyapäshritya
ye ’pi syuh päpa-yonayah
striyo vaishyas tathä shüdras
te ’pi yänti param gatih [Bg. 9.32]
Even päpa-yoni, degraded birth, even women, shüdra and vaishya,
they also can become fully Krishna conscious by training. And they can
also go back to home, back to Godhead, without any check.
So when we study things from material point of view, these things are to be taken care. But when a man or woman becomes Krishna conscious, he or she takes care of herself or himself. So it is spoken... Arjuna is speaking of ordinary woman. Strishu dushdhäsu. Just like adharma-abhibhava. Adharma. If the woman is trained, a girl is trained from the very beginning that: “You should remain chaste,” that is dharma. It is called Satitä dharma. Saté means chastity. There are many stories of Sati, chaste woman. Nala-damayanti. His husband became so poverty-stricken. He was king, but he became later on so poverty-stricken that he had no sufficient cloth. The husband and wife was putting on the same cloth, half and half. So still, still there was no divorce. You see. Still the woman did not consider... She was also king’s daughter. But the husband has fallen down to so much poverty-stricken condition. “So why shall I live with him?” These are some of the extreme examples of chastity. Not to speak of olden days, I have seen in Bombay, in 1935 or ’34, on the roadside, there was a beggar. The beggar, the face was defaced. Might be some accident. His eyes and everything became defaced. He could not see, everything became useless. So he, he was sitting on the roadside, and his wife also, also sitting. But I saw that beggar was neat and clean. The wife was also neat and clean. The wife’s business was that to keep the husband always neat and clean and fresh and bring him there and again take him at home. Young woman. So I could understand that the wife is so chaste. She has not left such ugly husband. Because his face was defaced. And helping him.
Because they require some money. So we have seen.
There are many stories of chaste woman. Many stories. There was one
disciple of Rämänujäcärya, a very poor. So Rämänujäcärya
came in that poor disciple’s house and he saw there was no one in the house.
So he thought: “What is this? This is my disciple’s house. He’s family
man. Why there is none?” That means he could understand that the door is
not locked. Door was closed only. Then he could understand that within
the door his wife is there. Therefore he knocked the door, and there was
response also, knocking, but she could not come out. That means she, she
was so poor that she had no garment. She was keeping herself within the
room, naked. So Rämänujäcärya could understand that
“There is his wife. Maybe she has no sufficient clothing.” So immediately,
his own cloth he gave her, within the room, and the woman came out, putting
on that... And then offered obeisances. So he could understand the position.
They were very, very poor. Even no clothing. So after putting on the cloth,
she went to the grocer’s shop. Because Rämänujäcärya
is there. She must receive. Grocer shop. The grocer knew that this woman
is very woman, uh, very poor, so his business was to entice her. But she
never agreed, although she was young. Now this woman went to the grocer’s
shop that: “You know that I am very poor. I require immediately some grains,
ghee, and other things. My Guru Mahäräja has come at home. I
must receive. So tonight I agree with your proposal. Please give me. Even
at the sacrifice of my chastity I want this.” So the grocer was very glad.
“Oh, this woman, I have canvassed her, I have tried to induce her. She
never agreed. And now she’s agreeing.” So: “All right, you take, whatever
you like. Take.” So she was given all kinds of food grains, as much as
she wanted. And she cooked and gave to the spiritual master and his associates,
his servants. Everything was very nice. In the meantime, the husband came,
working whole day. And he saw that everything was nicely done. “Guru Mahäräja
is fed, and his associates, they’re fed.” So he asked his wife: “How did
you get all these things?” Then she narrated the whole story. Then husband
also said: “Yes, you have promised. All right. Take some prasädam
and go to him. Because you have promised to meet him this evening. So go.”
Then the grocer heard the whole story and his mind became changed. “Oh,
such a chaste woman. Such a faithful... You are my mother. You take more
ingredients, grains, as much as you like, you shall...”
So there are still. That is not very long ago. So this was the training. And the psychology is that woman, the first man she meets and if she is kept carefully, she becomes staunch lover. This is psychology. There is good psychology in maintaining the society. Therefore a woman, especially in India, especially in Bengal, before attaining puberty, she was married. Not to meet the husband unless she attains puberty. But she remained at father’s house, but she must know that: “I am married. I have got husband.” This psychology. Then she becomes very chaste. Because she thinks of her husband, and becomes more and more devoted. So this arrangement that woman must be married before puberty... Or even after puberty, she must get a husband. So if this dharma... It is called kanyä-däya, kanyä-däya. Kanyä-däya means it is very obligatory that the father must get the daughter married. This is dharma. So if this dharma, or this religious principle is violated, that is... Arjuna is marking: adharma-abhi, abhi-bhava. When people become neglectful of the family tradition and religious principles, adharma abhibhavät krishna pradushyanti kula-striyah. Kula-striyah. Kula-striyah means... Kula means family, and striyah means woman. So woman must be belonging to a respectable family. Therefore it is said: kula-striyah. Not society-girls. Kula-striyah. Of the family. We have got experience in our school, college days. I was sitting in a friend’s house and one sweeper woman, sweeper, with broomstick and with, what is called, covering?
Prabhupäda: She was standing, say, about twenty yards distant from our sitting place. So I asked my friend that: “Your, this sweeper woman wants to come in. She’s waiting because we are sitting. She is ashamed to come. So let us come here.” So we stood separately. That means although she was a sweeper woman, still we had to honor her to enter. We stood up separately. She was feeling that; “How can I go between two men?” This we have seen in our... So this is Vedic culture. Woman should not be allowed to mix with man. Not allowed. In Japan also, the same system. Before marriage, they can mix. But after marriage they cannot mix. In Japan also I have seen. But in India still the system is there. Woman, without husband, cannot talk with any man. That is also psychological. In the Bhägavata it is stated that man is like ghee, butterpot, and woman is like fire. Therefore, as they, as soon as there is fire and butter pot, the butter pot must melt. Therefore they should be kept aside. These are the statements. And the shästra says that in a solitary place you should not remain even with your daughter, even with your sister, even with your mother.
na viviktah sanevashet
vidväms api karshati
Either your mother or sister, or daughter. No, nobody becomes lusty
with mother or sister or daughter. But shästra says: “Even your mother
or sister or daughter, you should not live in a solitary place.” Then one
may question that “How it is possible?” No. The shästra says: balavän
indriya-grämah. The senses are so strong that it becomes polluted.
“Now it may be, some rascal fools may be polluted like that.” No. Shästra...
Vidväms api karshati. Even the most learned, he can be polluted. So
sometimes in India, I am criticized that I keep women and men in the same
temple. In India, that is not allowed. No women can live at night. They
can come and go. But I defend myself that this is the system of the country,
the women and men, they intermingle. How can I check it? Then the women,
shall I not give them any chance for chanting Hare Krishna? No, I shall
do this chance, I shall give this chance to woman even at the risk. That
is my reply.
So therefore chastity is very, very important thing for producing good population, nice population. So unless the population is good... If the population becomes hippies, then how there can be any peace and prosperity? Therefore, to produce children, there is samskära. First samskära is Garbhädhäna samskära. This is called kula-dharma. Garbhädhäna samskära means when, especially the high caste, brähmana, kshatriya especially...Not shüdra. Shüdra has no samskära. Only the higher class, brähmana, kshatriya and vaishya. Vaishya also sometimes no samskära. But brähmana, kshatriya must have samskära. Dasha-vidhä samskäräh. Ten kinds of samskära. One of the samskära... Samskära means purificatory method. One of the samskära is also marriage. One must get married. So, before the child is given birth, there is a samskära, what is called? Garbhädhäna samskära. It is not that the husband and wife mix without any restriction and have sex life at any time. No. You know that, that mother of Hiranyakashipu, Kashyapa Muni, I think, father. So she, the woman became very much sexually excited and the husband replied that: “This is not time. This is very bad time, evening. Why you are insisting?” But she was too much lusty, and because the husband was obliged, Hiranyakashipu was born, a demon was born.
Therefore there is Garbhädhäna samskära, to find out when the husband and wife should mix and give birth to a child. Therefore in the Bhagavad-gitä you’ll see that sex life which is according to the principle of religious ideas, that is “I am.” So sex life is not bad, provided it is executed according to the religious principles. So Garbhädhäna samskära... Just, what is the idea? The idea is the child born must be first class. He’ll be able to become Krishna conscious. He’ll be able to understand the shästras, the Vedas. He must have the good brain. These were the ideas. But if they are not born in that way, like cats and dog, that is called varna-sankara. Varna-sankara. You cannot specify whether he’s a brähmana or a kshatriya and vaishya and shüdra. That is called varna-sankara. So varna-sankara population is not good. Varna-sankara. No caste. No designation, no definition to which class this man belongs.
So at the present moment, because these purificatory processes are not accepted, even in India... Accepted, they’re unable. Everything has topsy-turvied. Therefore the shästra says that: “Accept everyone as shüdra.” Kalau shüdrah sambhava. There is no more brähmana, kshatriya or vaishya. All shüdras. We have to accept. Because no Vedic culture, no Garbhädhäna samskära. They are born like cats and dogs. So where is this division? There cannot be. Therefore, accept them as shüdra. Varna-sankara is less than shüdra. So at least, shüdra they should be. So there is no Vaidic dikshä. For shüdra, there is no dikshä, there is no initiation. Initiation is meant for the persons who are born in brähmana family, kshatriya family, or vaishya family. The shüdra has no initiation. So in India there are professional gurus. They initiate shüdras, but do not eat foodstuff touched by the disciple. So there are so many things, that if he’s initiated, how he can remain shüdra? But they keep him shüdra; at the same time, they become guru. Sanätana Gosvämi gives direction in the Hari-bhakti-viläsa that: tathä dikshä-vidhänena dvijatvam jäyate nrinäm. If properly initiated, he becomes immediately brähmana. Dvijatvam. Dvija means second birth. Yathä känchanatäm yäti kämsyam rasa-vidhänatah. There is a chemical process that kämsya, bell metal, can be turned into gold by mixing with proportionately mercury. Now here is a hint of chemistry. If anyone can prepare gold... But it is very difficult to mix mercury. As soon as there is little heat, immediately the mercury’s finished. So there is a process. Everything has process. Many yogis know how to make gold from copper. Actually, chemically, copper, tin and mercury, if you mix proportionately, it will be gold. So Sanätana Gosvämi gives this example. As the copper and tin, these two metals, mixed with mercury, there can be production of gold, similarly, by proper initiation, by the proper spiritual master, one shüdra, even though he’s a shüdra, less than shüdra, varna-sankara, or candäla, he can become dvija, brähmana. So our process is to make dvija. Päncarätriki vidhi. Päncarätriki vidhi. That is recommended.
päncarätriki vidhim vinä
aikäntiki harer bhaktir
[Bhakti rasamrita sindhu. 1.2.101]
Rüpa Gosvämi gives this direction that the initiation must
be done according to shruti, smriti or päncharätriki vidhi. There
is nyäya-prasthäna, shruti-prasthäna and smriti-prasthäna.
To make spiritual progress in three ways: by the Vedänta philosophy,
or Vedic ways, or according to Smriti. Smriti means authorized books written
in accordance to the Shruti. Shruti
smriti. Just like Bhagavad-gitä. Bhagavad-gitä is not directly
Vedas, but the all the stanzas of Bhagavad-gitä, they’re strictly
according to the Nyäya-prasthäna and Shruti-prasthäna. So
any book which is strictly written according to the Vedas and Vedäntas,
that is also accepted as Vedic literature. So Päncharätriki vidhi
means that it doesn’t matter whether man is shüdra or candäla...
Candäla means less than shüdra. Panchama The fifth grade. First
class, brähmana; second class, kshatriya; third class, vashya; fourth
class, shüdra; and below this fourth class, they’re all candälas.
Candälas means pancama. Untouchable. They are called untouchable.
So even the untouchables... Because Krishna has said: Mäm hi pärtha
vyapäshritya ye ’pi syuh päpa-yonayah [Bg. 9:32]. The päpa-yoni,
candäla means päpa-yoni, born of low-grade family... The Bhägavata
says, Shukadeva Gosvämi says, that: Kiräta-hünändhra-pulinda-pulkashä
äbhira-shumbhä yavanä khasädayah. Yavana, mlechca yavana.
They, they are called... They are also counted amongst the candälas.
Ye ’nye ca päpäh, even lower than that. Ye ’nye ca päpäh
shuddhyanti. They becomes purified. How? Prabhavishnave namah. When they
are initiated to become Krishna conscious. So if a, one may argue, “How
it is possible to make a candäla a Vaishnava?” No, that is possible.
Prabhavishnave namah. Vishnu is so powerful, omnipotent. He can do that.
So only by Vishnu mantra, by becoming a Vaishnava, one can transcend all
this restriction, sociology. They can be. That is confirmed by Krishna:
mäm cävyabhicärini bhakti-yogena yah sevate sa gunän
brahmätityaitan brahma-bhüyaya kalpate. Immediately he transcends.
He’s in the Brahman platform. One who has taken very seriously this devotional
service, he’s no more on this material platform. So long we are in the
material platform, these distinction, brähmana, kshatriya, vaishya,
varna-sankara, they are considered. But when one is transcendentally situated,
simply in pure, unalloyed service of the Lord, he’s no more in the material
He’s in the spiritual platform. Brahma-bhüyäya kalpate. He’s already in the Brahman platform. Brahman platform means sa gunän samatitya etän. This material platform means three modes of material nature. Sattva-guna, rajo-guna, tamo-guna. Here, even one is brähmana... Sattva-guna means the brahminical qualification. He’s also contaminated. He’s conditioned by the material nature. And what to speak of shüdra and varna-sankara? Everyone is conditioned by the material nature. Daivi hy eshä gunamayi [Bg. 7.14]. Brähmana means to be situated, a first-class prisoner. A first-class prisoner is also prisoner. You cannot say that he’s free. No, free is different from a first-class prisoner. Sometimes, any respectable gentleman, some political offense, he’s put into jail. Just like Gandhi also went to jail. And so many others. But they were given the place, first-class prisoners. They got servant. They got separate bungalow and books, library, all facilities. But they cannot go out of the prison house. They are called first-class prisoners. So to become a brähmana means to becomes a first-class prisoner. That’s all.
So our, our point of view is not to become a first-class prisoner. To get out of the prison. That is Vaishnava vision. You’ll find... Last night I have given comments that Mädhavendra Puri, he was performing the Annakuta ceremony and installing the Deity. So everything was being brähmana, done by brähmana, qualified brähmana, but Mädhavendra Puri initiated them again to become Vaishnava. Then he gave them in charge of the Deity worship. So the Vaishnava functions cannot be done evey by a brähmana. Even one is qualified brähmana, he is unfit to propagate Vaishnava philosophy. That is stated in the shästras.
avaishnavo gurur na syäd
vaisnavah shva-paco guruh
Shva-paco means candäla, who was eating dog. That is considered
the lowest. There are different kinds of meat-eaters. But in India, the
cow-flesh–eaters, they were none. Some of them were eating hogs, even dogs.
No government will not allow to eat the cow flesh. No, that is not allowed.
If you want to eat flesh, you can eat hogs and dogs, and other, goats also.
But you cannot touch a cow. This is restriction. First of all, they should
not be meat-eater. But if you are staunch meat-eaters, then you cannot
touch cow. You can eat some other animal. So shva-pacah. Shva-pacah means
the dog-eaters. In Korea, and some parts of there, they eat dogs. They,
they sell dog flesh publicly. So in India also there is a class. In Asamsaye,
they eat also dog. So the dog-eaters, they are considered lowest of the
mankind. Sva-pacah. Shva means dog and pacah means who cooks. Shva-pacah
means candäla. If a man from the shva-pacah family, or the candäla
family, he becomes a Vaishnava, strictly according to the orders, then
he can become guru, but not a brähmana if he’s not a Vaishnava. This
is the stricture. Even one is born in the family of a brähmana, and
he’s not only born, he’s qualified, sat-karma-nipuno... Nipuno means qualified.
Brähmana has got six kinds of occupation. He must be learned himself,
he must be able to teach others Vedic literatures. That is called padhana
pädhana. Then he must worship... Worship means demigods. Or they consider
that any demigod or God, the same, some impersonalists. So yajana, yäjana.
There are other also, religious ritual functions. They perform. That is
called yajana. Yajana yäjana. And däna pratigriha. A brähmana
takes contribution. A brähmana is never engaged in service like shüdra.
That is shüdra’s business.
So these are called dharmas. There are so many departmental dharmas. So Arjuna is referring to this, that: adharma-abhibhavät krishna. When these principles are sacrificed and there is awakening of adharma, irreligious principles, then the result will be... Adharma abhibhavät krishna pradudyanti kula-striyah. Then the stricture will be withdrawn and the family women, women, they’ll be polluted. And as soon as the women is polluted, strishu dushdhäsu, the woman is polluted, värshneya, “My dear Krishna,” jäyate varna-sankara, “then the whole population will be varna-sankara.” And the next verse will explain how varna sankara population makes this world exactly like hell. That is stated. (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. 28th July 1973. Bhagavad Gita lecture 1:40. London.)
"So these are the principles. This is called human society. Varnäshramäcaravatä
purushena parah pumän. In human society, vishnur ärädhyate,
the Lord is worshiped. But ne te viduh svärtha-gatim hi vishnuh. At
the present moment, these rascals, they do not know. Andhä yathändair
upaniyamänäh. And the so-called leaders, they are blind, themselves,
and they are trying to lead other blind men. This is the social position.
Therefore there is no more hope of reviving the Vedic culture. But by the
grace of Caitanya Mahäprabhu, ceto darpanam märjanam... The Vedic
culture means to cleanse the heart and make him perfect. Brahma-bhütam,
perfectly spiritualized. That is Vedic culture. Vedaish ca sarvair aham
eva vedyah [Bg. 15:15]. To know the Supreme Lord. That is Vedic culture.
Now everything is topsy-turvied. Therefore, by the grace of Caitanya Mahäprabhu,
He has simply recommended: harer näma harer näma harer näma
eva kevalam [Chaitanya Charitamrita. Ädi 17.21]. Only chant. Then
the result will be: ceto-darpana-märjanam [Chaitanya Charitamrita.
Antya 20.12]. The same result as the Vedic culture introduced will purify
the heart to understand one’s position. By the chanting of Hare
Krishna mantra, the same position will come. Kirtanäd eva krishnasya
mukta-sangah param vrajet. Therefore there is no question of being depressed
that: “We do not belong to this, do not belong to that.” Never mind. Whatever
it is. Simply chant and you’ll become purified. That is Krishna consciousness
Thank you very much. (end) (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. 28th July 1973. Bhagavad Gita lecture 1:40. London.)
"In our own lives, we are meant to follow the principles indicated herewith
for getting good children. Of course, it is not possible for everyone to
get Krishna as his son, but at least one can get very good sons and daughters
for the benefit of human society. In Bhagavad-gitä it is said that
if human beings do not follow the spiritual way of life, there will be
an increase of varna-sankara population, population begotten like cats
and dogs, and the entire world will become like hell. Not practicing Krishna
consciousness but simply encouraging artificial means to check the population
will be futile; the population will increase, and it will consist of varna-sankara,
unwanted progeny. It is better to teach people how to beget children not
like hogs and dogs, but in controlled life.
Human life is meant not for becoming a hog or dog, but for tapo divyam [Srimad Bhagavatam 5:5:1], transcendental austerity. Everyone should be taught to undergo austerity, tapasya. Although it may not be possible to undergo tapasya like that of Prishni and Sutapä, the shästra has given an opportunity for a method of tapasya very easy to perform—the sankirtana movement. One cannot expect to undergo tapasya to get Krishna as one’s child, yet simply by chanting the Hare Krishna mahä-mantra (kirtanäd eva krishnasya), one can become so pure that one becomes free from all the contamination of this material world (mukta-sangah) and goes back home, back to Godhead (param vrajet). The Krishna consciousness movement, therefore, is teaching people not to adopt artificial means of happiness, but to take the real path of happiness as prescribed in the shästra—the chanting of the Hare Krishna mantra—and become perfect in every aspect of material existence." (Srila A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Srimad Bhagavatam 10:3:34-35. purport.)
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- Jesus Didn't Exist
- The year pie became the earths religeon
- The 4th Tree
- This one time, a parabola raped a goldfish. Then the two of them traveled back in time to the year 4.
- "4" is the Japanese unlucky number. Fortunately Japan wasn't invented yet in the year 4, so no major disasters occurred.
- 5 is a number.
- God sneezed, millions died during the massive flood of Bogusness.
- Biotches Favorite's expensive perfume, including Marilyn Monroe, Coco Chanel, and Her Brother Piña Discovery. As a fact, 1ml of No. 5 Chanel perfume is equal to Over 9000 dollars.
- Jesus invented McDonalds in Jerusalem, then it sprang a chain over the whole of Israel.
- You mean 3, sir. 3.
“1 is masturbation, 2 is regular sex, 3 is a threesome, 4 is a foursome, but 5, my friend, is the ALMIGHTY ORGY ”
- Jesus Didn't Exist
- The number between three and five (not four)
- Mentioned on Jeopardy! that was strangely hosted by Will Ferrel dressed like Alex Trebek.
- Eevee's steel type evolved form
- 7 ate 9
- Was emotionally scarred for life upon witnessing 7 eat 9
- Windows 1.0 is invented
- Jesus Didn't exist
- God said to Abraham, "You will kill your son, Issac!" and Abraham said, "I can't hear you! You'll have to speak into the microphone!" and God said "Oh! I'm sorry! Is this better? Check! Check! Jerry, pull the high end out, I'm still getting some hiss back here!"
- God is 7
7.1 which is secretly 69
The number that is .1 more than 7, which is 69
- The number ϼ
- The luckiest number
- Kinda looks like a Q, doesn't it.
- Another Lost number? Could this be the answer?
- When Sideways it become infinity.
- Is great!!
- Mario finally got to the last world! He fell in the lava.
- It's what 7 did to 9
- Bowser provided re-animation tech by a man called "Solomon."
- is 6 in disguise and killed its counterpart (no 6)
- was eaten by 7
- What Hitler said when asked "You gonna invade Poland?"
- It's the strongest!
- 56=5x+(2x-7) What is X?
- Number Fleen pronounced 'Fléén'.
- Is a number between 9 and 10.
- has an element named after it called Fleenium, it contains 9.5 protons with the same number of electrons, with the chemical Symbol 'Fl'
- There has been a lot of debate over whether the number is between 9 and 10 (i.e. 9.5) or is actually in fact 10. In the latter theory the placement of Fleen then shifts every number after it forwards by 1 place
- In the Harry Potter books, the train is actually on Platform ‡.
- Was used to keep out Lexiconean invaders.
- Population of humans on Earth exceeds 1 Billion.
- The year that badminton was invented by polar bears. IN A TREE.
- 9's Funeral is held.
- Binary FINALY gets a number 2.
- The letter Badgington.
- First used by Professor Oxfordbadgerquailsmithingtonshire XXIII of England.
- Mathematically lengthens tongue on IM faces :Þ
- 11 has no friends.
- Also known as the number of the gays. (10 being the number of the straight race, and 00 the number of the lesbians. Think about it.)
- 11 is so ridiculous, it's not even funny.
- The first game of dodgeball (or dodgerock as it was known) is played.
- Jews are forced into hiding.
- Coincidentally, this is the total number of houses in Nebraska. Everyone else, for tax purposes, decided to live in barns.
- Looks like you.
- I wounder why 11 doesn't have any friends - maybe because he bonned me!
- 12 year old girl theory
- The number Elkith.
- It is approximately 12½.
- Scientists believe it can be used to cure cancer and is closely related to ancient text written by Badgerites.
- Wallpaper flocks before it.
- 5 is a number.
- Numbers are invented and the history of the universe is retconned to include numeral implementation.
- The English perfect their accents.
- Jews blamed for inventing the Spanish.
- Spanish blamed for inventing ugly people.
- Following the uprise of human religion, cities and conscious thought, Animals create Zodialogical Government
- it is proven Bakers can't count when they make thirteen buns instead of twelve, coincidentally, this happens in the thirteenth year.
- A man flees eastern North America and finds Easter Island. There, he founds Duroria and declares himself the Tempus Popus. He is lonely, and makes himself large stone heads for company.
- Are you superstitious?
- Friday the 13th
“I HATE 14!!! AAHH!! What a STUPID number!!! ”
- Shape was invented.
- Augustus becomes a god. Tiberius takes over his earthy duties with characteristic wackiness.
- 6x4=14, not 24.
- Nothing happened.
- Lost number....
- It is equal to -6
- The age of consent is invented. +2
- The age era and # and answer to everything
- Jews are discriminated against.
- Duendes are found..
- Another Lost number
- The optional number between sixteen and seventeen. Umpteen LOOOOOKSSSSSS like *8
- Kirby goes to Dreamland to fight King Dedede.
“17 is amazing!!! NOT!!!”
“Hahahahahahahaha 17 in art!!!”
Official sacred number of the NFRE. The best number of all time and can only be worn by the greatest of people. NNNNNNIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- New world record in air pollution. 0.01%! Scientists around the world panic and start building anti-ice-age bunkers.
- A single year away from the year which allows you to have sex with nearly anyone.
- Epic Age Fail
- In 2009, Ryan Handfield achieved 17 in art.
=17.5= the worlds most common random number is created - 17.5
- Vegetarians are spawned out of the rotting flesh of thousands of ruthless carnivores. They immediately deny this fact and attempt to proselytize the world, irritating the world.
- Jews are discriminated against.
- One of the more useless years, as you're already quite past 18, yet not nearly close enough to 21.
- Unless of course you live in Canada
- Stephen King travelled back in time and conquered this year.
- I kid you not, but in 1985, some guy wrote a song about the Vietnam War that was played in nightclubs across America, called "19". Don't believe me? Here's a link to the music video on YouTube:
- Nothing happened twice this year, except 10.
“YOU SUCK AT COMEDY!”
It was a good year for nothings everywhere.
- Nothing happened the year before as well, except for the first time a year was skipped. This happens several more times due to the time-space continuum and Jesus'
- The number Kətchup.
- Used by several species of quail to represent sauce.
- The only number that does not harbor boss badminton skills.
- Approximatly 20½.
- 21 in conjunction with 18 (see above) becomes a drinking age gag.
- Humor is restricted based on context, previously everything was funny.
- A good year, as people everywhere had predicted.
- Lucky the leprechaun has his lucky charms stolen for first time. Kills 3 random children in revenge. Charms are returned.
- Jesus' younger lesser known sibling Stephen is born.
- Jews are discriminated against.
- Blackjack is invented.
- The age where the suicide rate is the highest. Maybe because they are almost done with college, able to drink and still haven't gotten any.
- Half of the answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything was solved
- my friend Fernando likes this number.
- nothing to see here
- this isn't the number you're looking for.
- Move along.
“HAHAHAHAHA 23!! you just lost the game.... you suck!!!”
“In Soviet Russia, 23 counts to YOU!”
“23 took over my life......Don't let it happen to you...BEWARE”
why is it everywhere?
Dear Lord! Red is number eight on the color wheel and is green is number fifteen....RED+GREEN=23 ?!?!?!!?
The meaning of 23. Holy $#%&!!!! 23!
23ness is the most 23ish of all numbers!!!1!!!1!
twenty fucking 3
I was at a football game, and it was 3rd and 23 on the 23 yard line, with 23 seconds left in the quarter and one team had two time outs and one had 3... TWENTY FUCKING THREE!
- Jews have a pretty good year, although they are still discriminated against.
- "The significance of years and energy" is a thesis published by Doctor Johnathan Smith of the Solomon Foundation.
- No one likes you when you're 23. What's my age again? What's my age again.
- If 25 is funnier then 24, 24 is less funnier then 25!
- Continuing a popular trend, the Roman Empire discriminates against Jews.
- Funnier then 24.
- Jews are discriminated against.
- This is funny because Jews can't spell this number.
- Has a well-established history due to being documented by sad bastards.
- First discovered documentation of nothing happening.
- The greatest man ever to live Dylan322 is born and sets out to kill all that oppose him.
- Rules become commonplace outside of marriage.
- DauntedPeak eats Dylan332 for being a furry
- Jews are discriminated against
- How many days Donnie Darko has left before the universe implodes and his girlfriend dies.
- The Holy Hand Grenade is used for the first time by Jesus against Satan Bunny after he tempts Him in the desert.
- God got breast implants.
- Days Later
- Weeks Later
- Months Later
- Years Later
- Random person number 29 is born.
- Joshua Iziah Leea has crossed the Atlantic Ocean on the back of Jesus (hay-Zeus) on this day, 1321 B.C.
- Scientists predict that on the 29th day of the 29th month year 2099, the Earth will be restored. This research is carried out in Falmouth, home of the Solomon Foundation.
- Native American engineers in Carolina develop a hydrogen bomb.
- The 1337 h@x c0d3 "Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A Start" was invented for Contra.
- Native American engineers in Carolina develop an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile.
- The age Jade Goody will never reach
- Egyptians captivated by L0LCATZ
- The banana is born. God is therefore proven true.
- The events of Passion of the Christ II: Crucify This take place in Judea.
- It is proven that 100 does not divide by three. This makes anti-metric yanks very happy.
- Five people fell into a volcano marked with an image of the Virgin Mary's face. All of them drowned in the lava while carving out the holy image to sell on eBay.
- The world's first coffee filter is invented.
six squared not much else
- Caligula invested with imperial powers by the Roman Senate as a result of incredible bad judgment. start happening almost immediately giving later historians much to laugh about.
- Upon learning this, Kevin Smith becomes obsessed with the number 37
- This number is very boring.
- At some point during his life, Lex Luthor went back in time and stole this year.
- Some thieves move to Arabia.
- Completely insane *** finally ends as Caligula is stabbed to bits. Skatman Claudius becomes emperor.
- 200 Horses lose senatorial positions to 200 old men. Chaos resumes in Roman Empire.
- The second most unhappy number, first being 0. Long ago, the number 41 set out to kill 42 for it is not the answer to life, the universe, and everything.
- This is the answer to the universe and all in it. 41+1=42 43-1=42 ...
- The meaning of life is changed, according to Acerebral Camel's Dungheap Dictionary for Pederasts. The changes to the meaning of life to include such things as:
- NOTE: Neither Uncyclopedia, nor the Uncyclomedia foundation take responsibility for any similarities to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Ian Dury & the Blockheads, the "Hippy" movement, or anything else for that matter... Well... Except brain damage and severe seizures caused by excessive use of doublethink. Never mind, that liability has been revoked. Also, 42 is the known x coordinate for the end of the universe. Many 'experts' believe this to be false, but colleges are made of salt, regardless.
- All things above are included in the state charter for Nevada.
- The product of 6 and 9. (That is, using base 13)
- 42 achieves celebrity status, and proceeds to shave its head.
- 42 is the number of roads a man must walk. That's just over 2 miles for you American blokes.
- 42 is found to be an answer to a large amount of equations accumulated by the Solomon Foundation.
- 42 is the answer to a famous riddle - see duct tape
- Any number divided by zero equals 42
- A toilet was stolen from a police department. Police had nothing to "go" on.
- One digit higher than 42, therefore being greater than 42.
- 43 is what you get when you add a One to the ultimate answer to the meaning of life.
- Kevin Bacon rubs hot oil on his neck as he runs through a forest. This is apparently how he got that woman from "The Closer" with the fake southern accent..
- Nero learns about the future and wants to be like Hitler
- Hulk Hogan defeats Kevin Nash in a "Battle of the Newborns" match to win his 17th World Heavyweight Championship.
RAM memory full, Autorestart begins in 3, 2, 1... loading... .txt file loaded successfully! What was i thinking about? Ahh yes, 44... Nothing interesting about this year - look at 45 and afterward.
- God wonders about starting a world war. Decides to "hold it off for a while."
- Spoon invented, but then lost until 2009 due to Cult of the Spork.
- Are you still reading this?
- Not a thing happens this year. Yep. Nothing. Nada. Zilch.
- The Invention of Lying.
- Spoonguard invented. Against spoons.
“Duh, that's my I.Q.”
“No, you stupid McCall, the section about your I.Q. should have appeared much higher up the list”
- 42 adjusted for mild inflation.
- God has a tea party with Pete Sampras and Judge Reinhold. Judge takes gold for best Cosby impression.
- Supra-lucky number. 7=lucky; 7²=49; therefore, 49=supra-lucky.
- Spork is made, world peace is madeded
- You didn't realize 48 was skipped
- The Pink Death starts, hundreds of dorks go on a rampage killing in the thousands. They kidnap Santa from Jail and make him drink hot sauce, that find their way into the 10 I.Q. version of the bible.
50 is also EXACTLY half of a hundred. It is the only number that fills this need. This makes it half of a century, of which is a 10th of a millennium, making 50 a 20th of a millennium.
- The number everyone assumes is a prime number.
Cookies invented - an alternative if your server does not allow it. Sandwiched between prime numbers.
- If you are interested in answers, you may be looking for: 54.
- The first inhabitants of Indonesia, the 2nd League of Crescent Wrenches, first begin settling in Southeast Asia.
- Jim dies due to a freak accident with a time machine.
- Claudius dies and, in a shock revelation, he was probably poisoned. Nero becomes roman emperor; that's sure to be good.
- Mini Chedders finally given citizenship by Roman Senate. Nero honours Claudius by proclaiming him a God of scat music.
- You didn't realize 53 was skipped
- This much over-looked year was in fact the year when the number 55 1st existed, before that every one always skipped it.
- Nobody in the history of the world has ever been able to drive at this speed or follow this limit.
- Shfifty shfive.
- Lies are invented. (Like, wow. It's been 56 years and they FINALLY come up with these?!
- Liars are invented. People burn pants in anger.
- Husbands start cheating on their wives and vice versa.
- This is the year 57 A.D.
- January 22 Gollum dies of loving himself too much; his ring is sent to inspire directors to create movies for preschoolers (The Ring)
- November 1 Tuesday is invented.
- The amount of varieties Heinz claim to produce, though what these are varieties of is not made clear.
- 57 HEINZ ROCKS - steelersfan
- Uncyclopedia's first cult is formed.
- The Pope faces charges of murder.
- Varieties are invented.
- The year I spilled spot remover on my dog and he disappeared. His name-Spot.
- Magic number. Pronounce it in Danish and there won't be a dry pantie in the room.
- The cat and the dog are created by sick scientist and then trained to attack the floor.
- The color blue becomes a color.
- People realise that Elephant *** is huge.
- The Colonel requests scissors and comments on how good it is when the famous purple stuffed worm...
- Some bastard peed on the Lebowski's rug.
- Also, many were shot for bowling "over the line."
- God is bored and makes the first ever nuclear weapon but then racists steal it and blow up half of the known universe. The grunt of the force is sent back in time via Time Vortex Manipulation Technology and thus the Big Bang.
- The number that comes after:
Shwam. Doo. Two and heif. Scheven. Schfourteenteen. Schwenty one. Twenty seven heif. Twenty seven, thirty seven! WHAT YOU SAY?!?!
- The first trans-national highway is built leading from Rome to the Parthian Empire. Highway quickly closed after it is pointed out to the Roman emperor that it would make it "stupifyingly easy for Parthia to invade at will".
- I need sissors, 61!!!!!!
- Church of Satan
- The year after 66.
- Not quite, but just about almost exactly completely different from the number 18.
- Wannabe 69.
- You do me, I'll owe you one.
“In 77 and 69 revolution was in the air”
“ Your mom and I”
“When I look back now, the summer seemed to last forever..”
“69 is a number.”
- becomes interesting.
- Due to a typo involving the similarities of capital i, lower case L, and the number 1, hundreds of thousands of people starve to death in an administrative accident in the Roman Empire.
- First hypodiliac formed.
- Nero kills himself due to not getting enough of this newfangled 69 action. Roman Senate doesn't care as they're all getting plenty.
- After a bloody battle and a lot of fighting Vespasian emerges as the new emperor of Rome, the first Ross Kemp lookalike to do so. He immeadiatly outlaws rock and roll, but does it all the time himself.
- 3 x 23
- The cancer epidemic begins
- A romantic dinner for two
- The year 70 is skipped.
- Same as the year 69, but with two fingers up your ass!
- Carlton Fisk is born
- Carlton Fisk dies of madness
- Kool-Aid gets its 74th flavor, shit.
- 1337 people die of food poisoning
Jarhead Strovinski sets the world record for Most Booze Drank Without Having to go Pee
- Year named after the number of trombones leading the big parade.
- July 7, of this year: luckiest day in history. Ever.
- You feel bad that you missed the luckiest day ever, so you commit suicide.
- The year of the genius.
When luck dies.
- The Pompeii Football Club moves its team headquarters to the province of Brittania becoming the second Roman team to join the English Premiership. Coincidentally, the team left only a few hours before the towns destruction.
- 80 is half of 100 in hexadecimal.
- This is the year Mary Magdalene landed on the costa Costa Rica with her daughter Sarah.
- Madonna is born.
- Many people are getting angry at the world. Also hungy and aggy, in their quest to find words that should end in -gry but don't.
- You commit suicide for not seeing the years 81-85
- The first time the number 88 is used in Bingo, the announcer calls out '2 fat ladies 88' and is promptly beaten to death by the entire audience of fat ladies.
- Four strong, statuesque women set out to retrieve the Golden Scepter but fail miserably in the process.
- Someone builds a time traveling Delorean and then sees some serious Advocane
- No one cares about 87
- 89 is invented, essentially 69 with a Siamese twin.
- Steve Jobs is given a 'Steve Job' by Bill Gates.
- Lily Allen is found guilty for crimes against music and is subsequently hung, drawn and quartered
- God then orders the music festival Known in latter years as The Big Day Out
- Kenny survives the bastards and is worshipped as a God. He is then killed by some bastards.
- Roman Emperor Domitian is brutally stabbed to death as part of the popular Roman theatrical production .
- Pioneered by The Unauthorised Kama Sutra, The 96 position is similar to the 69, but was voted less popular in a contemporary poll.
- Sheep-shagging is invented in Caledonia by lonely Pictish shepherds and a great tradition begins.
- The year that everything that could possibly happen happened, and nobody remembered because the zombie clones of Brad Pitt had amnesia and forgot to write about it.
- Discordianism established as a secular philosophy
- pizza was prohibited, but later the ban was repealed by a 2/3 vote in the Roman senate after the emperor (Caesar & his pizza thus bringing Caesar's pizza into this) demanded it.
- Listing was invented
- Chemistry for Retards is first published in Athens.
- Dalmations are created
- 50,000 people die from trying to eat scissors, scientists around the world strive for the vaccine
- Some guy climbs a hill and eats sandwiches and dies, thus creating the storyline for the first CSI ever.
- That annoying thing bus drivers will say instead of saying 'ok' or 'alright'
- The first year that anyone ever considered that you can't eat scissors
- Named after the number of cornets close at hand. (see 76)
- Also called eleventy.
- Dutch time travelers return from the year 999 via the Solomon Vortex 5 and introduce the police department, fire department and ambulances. Arjen Robben gets into the history books by being the first passenger.
- Trajan becomes Roman Emperor, the first flame job to do on his chariot since Tiberius.
Made famous by Master Chief Petty Officer John-117 of the Office of Naval Intelligence Section 3's(we also like to call him big matt homie),. It also deals with benching that is something that big matt homie can't do. He brags he can pull off this wondrous stunt but ends up screwing himself over in the process and lies to make himself feel bad. So if you ever see him down the halls, yell out 115 until you get in trouble, then yell out 114.9. Big Matt Homie is like no other, he is a bad idiot/ tattle tale, confusing huh? Big Matt Homie is more than just a body builder, he is always a NBA point guard, Wide receiver for the Miami Dolphins, and head coach of Mansfield University's sprint football coach. In the NBA he plays for the domination Oklahoma City Thunder leading them with 363845096837405967309586 points on the season....(even though the team has a total of 544245 this season).
- SPARTAN-II "Supersoldier" program of the United Nations Space Command Defense Force emergency military uniting Earth and her many colonies.
Master Chief Petty Officer John-117 saved the world, got the girl. Was caught eating scissors. Then for some reason the flood doesn't revive him as a zombie
That's when the delivery company 118 was set up. It is surprising how even now we still haven't figured out why they are always one day late and deliver the chewed ball-point pen instead of the flower you asked for.
- Man finds out that ocean is salty, travels the world preaching the fact, nearly starts new religion.
It can't find its way home
- still no sissy flower
“WE ARE 138! WE are 138! WEEEEE ARRRREEEE ONE THIRTY EIGHT!!!!!!”
“138 Is A Number”
- This year is gross.
- The Year of the Hyakugojyuuichi begins.
- The World Council of Bodhisattvas strips the High Bodhisattva of his bodhisattva status. Meanwhile, people in the Roman world don't care about what a bodhisattva is (many Romans think it's a piece of bread).
- Antidisistablishmentarianism is first witnessed being fueded over as the "biggest word in Webster's Dictionary"
- Nothing happened this year. At all.
- And I mean nothing, like entirely.
- I don't think you get, not one thing happened in the entire universe.
- It's like this: imagine it's New Years, right? and you're all happy 'cause it's New Years 154 and there's a countdown and everything but instead of the calendar turning to 154 it turns to 155, that's how us mortals saw it.
- Seriously, that's what happened. It's like entropy just went to zero for a year then came back to normal.
- OK, fine, don't believe me. Just ask Buddha, I think you'll be enlightened.
- Really, My stupid flower did not come yet, THAT IS HOW MUCH HAS HAPPENED!
- Mass chaos and rioting occurs because people are confused as to why nothing happened in 154 and because the calendars that they got for Christmas in 153 have gone to waste. Mostly the latter.
- Uncyclopedia isn't invented. Stupidly.
“It's a mystery how that nothing happened in 154 but yet Uncyclopediacs were still disappointed no matter what. ***.”
- Oxygen takes a break, population holds breath.
- Carbon Dioxide replaces Oxygen and there is a small decrease in life expectancy.
- Humanity realizes that this was a stupid waste of time.
- People in China get angry after they receive 2,000,000 yellow turbans rather than 2,000,000 copies of new Dan Brown novel. Rebellion starts.
- Romans ditch Mary Antoinette in Scotland after they discover her dog doesn't keep Scots out.
The Roman Emperor Commodus is killed in the Colloseum by general-turned-gladiator Maximus leading to the restoration of the Roman Republic. Lying historians claim Commodus was assassinated and that some bloke called Pertinax became Emperor. The truth is only uncovered with historian Ridley Scott's 2000 film Gladiator.
- Discordianism recharacterized as an applied religious philosophy.
- Nitrogen is discovered so people would stop catching fire.
- The Holy Chariot of the Trinity is built in Alexandria. It is capable of reaching speeds of up to 2 feet per second.
- Emergency Protocol X invented by Solomon Foundation.
- California runs out of available unused Interstate highway numbers.
Were you expecting something in this year?
- A young Chinaman invents Tea, this is known as First Tea.
- 242, No $%#@ flower!
- Bouncy Balls!
- 242, set....hike!
- Native Americans found the oldest city in America Rock Hill.
- Native American scientists in Carolina invent nuclear power on the Savannah River.
- An outbreak of supposed Madness occurs, later re-diagnosed as Sparta.
- This year, Leonidas dines in france.
- This is the year where You're a Transistor, a Lightning Resistor, conducting to (your) Mother Star... And yes, that IS what you are. Just ask the band.
- About 95% of the readers of Uncyclopedia don't know what the above entry refers to. Hint: Lead singer is Nick Hexum, and lead rapper is Vince "SA" Martinez
311 is a rock, ska, reggae, funk, _______(insert your own genre idea) band from Omaha, Nebraska, formed in 1988. Their work history includes:
Dammit! (1990) (released by What Have You Records, <1000 copies) Unity (1991) (released by What Have You Records, <1000 copies) Hydroponic (1992) (released by What Have You Records, <1000 copies) Music (1993) Grassroots (1994) 311 (1995) Transistor (1997) Live! (1998) Omaha Sessions (1998) Soundsystem (1999) From Chaos (2001) Evolver (2003) Don't Tread on Me (2005) Uplifter (2009) DVDs Enlarged to Show Detail Enlarged to Show Detail 2 311 Day: Live in New Orleans (2004) The Road to 311 Day 2008
Members are: Tim Mahoney, Aaron "P-Nut" Wills, Chad Sexton, Nick Hexum, and Doug "SA" Martinez
- Rotterdam is again looted by Vikings. The city would continue to be attacked by everyone from the Mongols to the French until the present day when it finds itself under siege by Euro-Disney Land
- Car of Donald Duck has been invented for the first time by God. It was rebuilt by Oscar Wilde in 1999
- The world destroys itself, but comes to its senses and realizes that we really CAN all get along. World reforms soon after, with it, destroying the years of precious war humans fought valiantly for. War begins again. Solomon Foundation invents the Cannon.
- Constantine claims to see a ☧ in the sky, although it was only the flying spaghetti monster chilling nearby, shining in the sunlight.
- An old lady from somewhere in Latin America notices Jesus Christ's image in a pi she had just baked.
- Also, this is Commander Keen's IQ.
- A year that will live forever in infamy, this was the year when the Pirates, the Vikings, the Ninjas, the Robots, the Zombies, the Gunslingers and the Canadians went to war. Solomon Foundation begins research into these seven powerful races.
- Sailor Jupiter gets a stone cold stunner.
- The Book of Austin is written.
- No flowers
- Stone Cold says so.
- The calendar is lost.
- The calendar is found. Oops, forgot about that meeting with the UN -Underwear Ninnies.
- Satan liked this half much
- He's blue and circular, of annoyingly questionable alleigence, and sounds like the C3PU-gold-bot from that space movie.
- It's Three-Four-Three Guilty Spark (Monitor of Installation 04)!!!!!!!!!
- October 15 - Marathon becomes Snickers.
- Bruce Wayne is born.
- The Moon and Earth split.
- The Moon gets sucked into a black hole.
- A new Moon is constructed by the surviving inhabitants of the old Moon. Aid is provided in this endeavour by the Solomon Foundation.
- Aliens visit earth, and settle. They are known as Asians. Reasearch is conducted on them by the Solomon Foundation.
- Kayne West hits his mother, which is later in the book she wrote. Nobody read it.
- Myspace and the Trojan Virus created. Trojan Virus found to be created from Project: Heart of Darkness, a research project begun by the Solomon Foundation.
- "This band wont last past the year 478" Jagger say's after his first gig.
- First documented use of the letter "P" instead of "O" in Owned
- Other P/O related things such as Pokémon, and Pockets invented. Pockets are credited to Sol Inc.
- Everybody born this year was really really really tall.
- First documented event of a cat asking his dog to look at his Pokémanz.
- Just a random year in the middle of the mellenium. No one really cares about 359.
- Somebody says something random
- Tumbleweed rolls past.
- Microsoft executives meet in this guy's basement and begin development on the Xbox 360.Bill Gates collaberates with desdigners from Sol Inc to create the specs.
- Elvis tries weed for the first time.
- Bruce Wayne is born again
- Elvis kills Kenny.
- An Internet forum with changing name was invented. First it had no own name, now the forum name changes twice within a minute or two.
- Between 396 AD and 398 AD, 397 AD was, in fact, the Current Year.
- February 19 - First Kitten Recyling Centre founded near Dublin, Ireland, much to the dismay of local residents
- March 23 - Tom Hanks elopes with a giraffe, who is later found out to be his mother.
- October 23 - Jesus X is killed by an meteorite on Mars while studying Proust.This event is later discovered by observers from the Solomon Foundation.
- Harper Lee won the Pulitzer Prize for her groundbreaking coming of age tale, I Know Why the Huckamocking Finnbird Sings.
- Pasta and kittens were discovered. The two would not be combined in a delicious meal for another 700 years.
- Sorry, you do not have the authorization to visit this year. Your Time Machine may not have supplied the required credentials. Insert several dozen quarters; that might help.
- 404's little brother Andrew 403 is born. Up for adoption at a local Best Buy.
- It is discovered that comedy helps extend life expectancy by 10 years. This is published by Doctor Johnathan Smith of the Solomon Foundation in his thesis "The use of comedic talent in the human genome.
- Also, you may not be able to touch this, see 403
|The year you are looking at is unreachable.|
This may mean the following:
HTTP 404 - Cannot
find usable route to packet destination. Text turned green, because PETA did it
- Cleaning product invented, but no one has any clue what to call it.
- Jebus returns to life and creates Mountain Dew.
- Α&Ω founded by Paris Hilton, Angelina Jolie, and Roseanne.
- Sol Inc puts up applications for jobs in their HQ in One Canada Square, also known as Canary Wharf.
- Marijuana is invented in China and Japan, via research scientists of the Solomon Foundation. Subsequently, God creates the duck-billed platypus.
- Atlantis celebrates the invention of Marijuana by attempting to smoke it continuously for a year. This resulted in disaster after only four months and twenty days. At 4:20 PM the island ran aground and swiftly sank in only 260 seconds (four minutes twenty seconds)
- The Great Marijuana War starts in England. The war began when a man against the smoking of the "evil herb" killed two who were using it. These men's friend went and alerted the guards, but the killer had already started a guild to end the use of Marijuana. They would then go out onto the fields and have several great battles with more than 2000 men on each side. (Marijuana was, in fact, legal before the end of the war in 425.) Weaponry was provided via Sol Inc.
- is the number of hitler so on 420 god commands us to say "hitler, lets get high!"
The writer of the Atlantis bit was most likely celebrating 420, since an island cannot run aground.
- Not to be confused with "Black Monday", it is the time of the year when the sales of snacks, pizza, and Black N' Mild cigarillos throughout the world soar to unbelievable heights. This day is referred to as "Green...uhh, what's today dude?"
- Cattzs was born, therefore beginning the second world war.
- Canadians and Vikings sign peace treaty in Vancouver.
- During the Great Marijuana War, an army of Canadians and Vikings, users of Marijuana, defeat a Gunslinger Army in what will become Texas. One of the last great victories for the users.
- The non-users win the Great Marijuana War on April 20. Marijuana use is then declared a violation that is punishable by beheading by the king. According to well-known historians, the reason the non-users won the war was because the users were so smashed that they didn't know which side they were on and began killing their own men. If this hadn't happened, Marijuana would still be legal. Marijuana users then complain, "This sucks," Before being beheaded. Axe used for the act was inscribed as being created by Solomon J Grundy.
- Attila the Hun
- June 23 The Western Roman Empire falls to Barbarians. Last Emperor of the West, Romulus Augustus (16), is sent into retirement without any supper.
- June 24 The Goths settle all around Europe.
- June 27 The Emo people settle in England, France, and Scandanavia.
- August 23 The Byzantine Empire surives the carnage of the West. This is because they ate three shredded wheat.
- Emo people build on ruins of "Taylor Inc".
- Start of the Thousand Years War.
- Year of the exploding swastica.
- The Rolling Stones still exist.
- The Uncyclomedia Server Project gets underway. The technology used to run the Sever, as well as the money, are provided by the Solomon Foundation.
- The Lovely Password of Younha.
- See also : Password 486
- 500 Internal Year Error.
- Laws are invented. Widely considered overrated.
- Also, the Ford Five Hundered was invented in this year using V-5 SF. VROOOM!!
- A strong alcoholic drink is brewed, too many people drink it and become Drunk for a long peirod of time, they all form a country named Ireland.
- Plasma is discovered by George Washington.
- This shocks resident Solomon Foundation scientists.
- Jimmy is out of his brain, on the train.
- April 3 Henry Kissinger sets Rome on fire, leaving half of the city not in flames.
“"Burn Rome Burn"”
- Year death of King Arthur declared after Lady Morgana, Sir Mordred and Goddess Eris combine their magic and turn him into a newt. But he gets better.
- Year Fearless Fred invents the Galactic Moped
- Number of Americans in charge of federal legislation (435 congressmen and women, 100 senators, 1 president and 1 vice president)
- Number of Americans who screw up federal legislation (435 congressmen and women, 100 senators, 1 president and 1 vice president)
- A number invented by slipknot so that they could make a folk metal song called "the heretic enema."
- The number of humans.
- God realises that slipknot is horrible, so he kills them all.
- The Amphiprotic Substance starts his/her/its reign of terror in a small country town, targeting children and childlike teenagers.
- They then come back from the dead as zombies just to laugh at god.
- No @%^%$&^$%&%*&(*)(*&*^@ flowers %$%$#@%$@$@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- Global warming shrinks the icecaps, Iceland and all ice in the world. Penguins call all out war. Iceland dies first.
- Kenny is AK-47ed by penguins, thrice!
- Penguins win.
- Konami becomes the shadow government of Japan; the Dance Dance Revolution Ninjas are formed. Conspirasists believe that the money used by the government is provided by Sol Inc.
- Maradona invents a white country in south america called Israel
- Some bastards kill Kenny.
- Some bastards kill Kenny again.
- some emo wizard turns some guy into a frog because his immaginary freind told him to, after killing his real dad
- the stereotype of people being turned into frogs by magic people is born
- some frog pwnz a bunch of scary nuns with a broadsword while at the same time saving a mute kid named chrono and his *** *** girlfreind. by doing this he invents multitasking
- An angry Wizard wages war with a random Kingdom for "Being Meanies!!!!"
- The Beast is born.
- Shortly after, The Beast, also known as Bob, was put up for adoption.
- Jews are discriminated against.
- Rey Mysterio was born
- A angry wizard called Denisa invents Kitten Chauffeuing
- Al Gore invents the Zula planet.
- God gets 12363,000,000 numbers of spam mail (world record)
- February 30 - The great war with the three most awesome groups ended. Much pillaging occurred in the many years but in the end the Pirates took out the Ninjas and the Vikings. This confirms the research released by the Solomon Foundation, titled "The Superiority of Pirates".
- Osama bin Laden founds Ladenism in Dubai. The religion sucks and is overrun by n00bs from the barnyard of Mecca.
- Bill Gates makes his famous declaration that this ought to be enough years for anybody.
- Mario finally reborn. Goes on a killing spree.
- The first "FATALITY!" done by Scorpion
- May 15 - First recorded use of the word 'ankle' in a game of Scrabble.
- December 14 - People began wondering if Jesus ever wore double-breasted suits. In 643 wearing double-breasted suits was still very exceptional. Even today, historians are still arguing if anybody ever wore double-breasted suits during that time. Unfortunately nobody has found any evidence.
- Pie inherits the earth.
- Colin Mochrie saves the world... again after killing Kenny.
- Sol Inc release's their annual report on world progress. Their verdict? "Snails Pace".
- Asia goes on a killing spree, almost dominating the world, before being stopped by JESUS 9000.
- January 1- A powerful native American king creates Sun Kingdom (modern Arizona) after selling his soul to The Sun Devil.
- January 3- In the Sultanate of Carolina, modern-day Clemson University receives $421,249,499,782,000 from Sun Kingdom to buy plans for an advance urban civilization.
- March 4- Sun Kingdom begins construction fueled by investments by the Sultanate of Carolina.
- Satan comes early. "I swear, this has never happened before. It's just that I've got all this stress at work", Satan apologized. Despite being deprived of a fiery climax, humanity was sympathetic, saying "It's okay, honey. It happens to every man at some point in his life."
- is X=666 so X-56 PI 77x56x84x9999-453543423432543.65656565656565656565656565656565=486
- is 999 incognito (in cog; neat-o)
- Satan Loves this number!
- Spyro Is born
- June 6, 6 am - Satan turns 6 2/3.
- The Beast Jr. is born.
- First recorded Satanic cliché made about people's birth dates
- Obama is reborn as Satan's son and high priest of the Church of Scientology.
- Church of Scientology put under reveiw by Solomon Foundation, to seek truth in claims.
- The Rolling Stones first Gig, at the upside down tavern in Kings Cross.
- Iron Maiden Present their first CD
- Jack Thompson is born
- Harry The Hamster is horribly thrown from his ever powerful perch of leader of the united spades. Belief's that this was due to influence via Sol Inc was unconfirmed.
- Abdul Alhazred, author of the Necronomicon, is born
- June 6- Western Native Americans make an offering of 666 virgins to The Sun Devil who then approves the founding of present-day Arizona State University.
- The Sun Devil decends to earth and takes over the the body of Sun Kingdom's King.
- A miniature sun is brought down with him making Arizona hotter than Hell.
- Jesus' lesser known brother Stephen rises to the position of High Priest of the Satanic Temple.
- Satan Decides to plague all earth street corners with chavs
- People fear the end of the world. Sol Inc reps assure public of chance of happening being low.
- Jesus wonders what the big deal is.
- December 30 - Saddam Hussein is legally married to Paris Hilton
- Mister Rogers is born.
- 4Kids Entertainment is formed.
- When Something goes bad on this day blame society, or better yet, blame vista.
- Satan sends his bastards to kill Kenny.
- Casket is born. MUAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHA!
- The prince of darkness, Ozzy Osbourne, was borne. Satan laughed and spread his wings.
- The sum of ASCII code of Bill Gates
- Formed, the FCC is.
- Scrabble realesed a Devil Edition
- It is rumoured in certain cylinders that if you ring this number within the United Kingdom, you will get an upside-down policeman, but rumors suggest that this man is in fact possessed by the devil.
- The neighbor (guy who lives across the street) of the beast.
- Due to the chavs coming to Earth last year, Optimus Prime announces the annual chav shoot out.
- Research into the chav via the Solomon Foundation reveal a lower capacity of brain power. This is published by Professor Oscar Strife, with aid from Doctor Johnathan Smith, in the thesis, "The reduction of intellect in the alien species IV "Chav".
- See 999
- September 5 - Native American scientists create the first Cyborg at MUSC in present-day Charleston, but killed it because it didn't look right.
- December 30 - Native American scientists at MUSC release "The Perfect Man" into Carolina to breed with other humans at age 15.
- July 7- Seeing that the Native Americans are about to bring the end of the world God sends Jesus to earth.
- Native American engineers in Carolina in the town of present-day Charleston invent a robot.
- The Town of Chikakee (modern-day Charlotte, North Carolina) reaches 12 million people.
- Sun Kingdom (Modern-day Phoenix area) reaches a population of 52,349,453 native americans.
- A bunch of random people pwn some other random people.
- December 25 - A super-quake rated at 1,830.4 on the Richter scale and lasting for 30 minutes is accidentally caused by native American scientists and engineers in Carolina trying to control tectonic plates with hydrogen bombs it destroys every city on modern day eastern seaboard of United States and kills 100,078,943.
- Appalachian Mountains are thrusted up to a height of +29,000 feet in just 30 minutes.
- A volcano called Satan's horn located in modern-day upstate South Carolina is created and explodes with the force of 100,000 hydrogen bombs.
- Long Island in New York is created.
- The earth's tilt is altered by 10 degrees starting an ice age.
- The earth's orbit is altered to the point that in the year 1000 it will crash into my ass.
- A human runs for president, ending the one year species barrier.
- The Sun Devil's mini-sun (located in present-day Scottdale) kills 32,505 in a mini solar flare.
- Solomon Foundation return to active status amid the rubble of the Robots|Human wars. Their findings indicate how evolution is what controls the outcome of these wars.
The man who interrupts people is born. God save us all.
- February 14 - The Sultan of Carolina orders 500 hydrogen bomb ICBM's be sent to China to destroy the Zhou Dynasty, showing that the Native Americans of Carolina are the master race. Then, he sends his scientists over tokilldiestabbleedstudy the effects.
- 90% of the world population is killed.
- February 15 - Thinking thatrofliareinteruptThe Sultan has gone to far, "The Perfect Man" creates an ultra-twister with 100,000mph winds and destroys every major city in Carolina and rips a hole in the atmosphere.
- February 18 - Nuclearlolwtfhaxwinter makes ice age worse.
- May 24- The Sultan of Carolina is assassinated by five students who where followers of "The Perfect Man" from present-day College of Charleston. Which begins a new era of peace and prosperity in Carolina.
- May 25- "The Perfect Man" becomes Sultan of Carolina and makes present-day Charlotte, North Carolina the new capital.
- May 29- CSA (Carolina Sky Association) is created by The Sultan to re-tilt the earth ending the ice age and put earth back in orbit.
- Ice Age ends
- A RABID CLAN OF MUDKIP TAKE OVER THE PLANET.
- Lil wayne stutters one of the first of his many raps about getting that cash-money, hos, drugs, and on occassion about his idol Tom Jones, where it's believed he got most of his musical influence from. Then this happened. Everybody and their mother's cat then puts whatever latest hits he has out on their cryspace. Boo lil wayne.
- Mark Henry stops Lil wayne's godcousin from eating Randy Orton & John Cena's children FOR BREAKFAST!
- Geoge W. Bush resides in the brian of Godzilla.
- Kelly Clarkson is bred.
- This Guy stands under your Um-br-ella 'ella, 'ella, ay, ay, ay.
- Mrs. Clause is born from a family of cats, and raised as one of their own. She then proceeds to become a sixth grade teacher, and eat duke.
- Another lucky year.
- The cause of most heart attacks and loss of sanity in casinos.
- The meaning of life itself.
- Survivors crash on the Lost Island.
- The Others subsequently invent the Metric System
- In Soviet Russia, Metric System invented YOU!!
- Luck number for short actors.
- When 8 is added to 2 then added to 6 u get 16.
- The year when beavers(yes the animals) controlled East Russia(The files and records of this were burned when Lobster Jesus saw their rule unfit and banished the beavers to a life of making dams, eating wood, and living in low society parts of the zoos and of the world).
- The reciprocal of 1/826. (yes carly that is the reciprocal)
- The Huns attack the Goths, who respond by attacking the Emos, who then attack the Klingons, who attack Patrick Swayze who then gets overpowered whooped, thus forming that one country that is known today as "that one country."
- Metalheads run to the scene only to discover a Patrick Swayze,the Then leader of the Metalheads DImebag leads an assault on the Emos and goths dieing in the process.But in that split second before he died he screamed a word so powerful it gave birth to super genre known to mere mortals as grunge...
- Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin and tries to take over the earth. He dies of trying to drink something gross.
- You know that really amazing thing that happens, and someone sees it happen, and he wants to tell all his friends about it, but when he does, they throw rabid capybaras at him? Yeah, that happened in 899.
- Those Aristocat cats finally find their way back home.
- Grungers take over Communist China under Leader Kurt Cobain.
- My locker number!
- Again nothing out of the ordinary happened, Jew persecuted, Hitler sits in Satan's anus waiting for the right time to strike.
- The Who write the song 1978 and release it on their album "Who are You".
Joanne Rivers is born.
- The police, fire stations, AND ambulances are invented in America
- Followed by a boyband who suck more than anyone could ever comprehend
- Death to America! Jihad! Jihad!
- Lu Bu returns after a long wander-slaughter, finds the world boring and thus destroys Atlantis and then a swarm of hippies.
- Everyone takes a break for the day except for treehugging hippies who always are on break.
“Yeah! Take that, Al Gore!”
- WARNING:Shameless Plug: Day of the most elaborate TV hoax of all times, where "the only people who saw airplanes work for FOX or CBS or CNN". (Reference: www.livevideo.com/video/6F393F4DE41C4CF798CBB438E6378129/september-clues-part1.aspx)
- After 6 years of sadness and flag mongering, American realize that maybe they should just get on with their lives.
- The Stock Market is invented and subsequently crashes, thus causing the Great Depression which inevitably tumbles into the creation of emo.
- A lot of niggers were found dead in the basement of lead singer of U2 Bono's basent at his Lockport, NY ranch
- The universe suddenly goes pitch black. Chuck Norris, Oscar Wilde, Steve Ballmer, and <insert name here> are destroyed by grunge.
- The scribe Abu Kuffar records the Islamic prophecy of the Mustaches of Legend, regarding nine mustachioed individuals destined to oppose the Mahdi on the Last Day. There was subsequent suicide bombings, even before gun powder was widely used.
- The Rus invade Bulgaria, subsequently setting off the chain of events that later becomes The 69 Conspiracy.
- Stalin records his hit black metal record "...And I Will *** Lenin's Creation" with his band J.V.S
- May 1 - Ethelred II, ever-unready, shows up late with his April Fools' Day gag.
- King Ethelred the Unready fought off no fewer than 23 challenges to the throne of England in a single year. He successfully repelled invasions by Danes, Normans, a Native American, documentary film-makers, and 's Angels.
- The Native Americans of Carolina decided they needed more than one 10 year-old to invade England.
- Lame video game studio is formed
- Matrix found and subsequently rebooted
- 10,000,000 Heretics burned in Rome, after watching a Slipknot concert.
November 5Scientists at modern-day Arizona State University create a sun 50 miles into the earth.
- England invents the Tardis.
- Satan's mentally retarded brother Drew Morgan shows up on earth and just kinda chills out for a while.
- America decides to steal the English language before discovering it originally came from Japan.
- Americans screw up the English language.
- Black people mess the american-English language up.
- Rednecks further the English-language-fornicating-up procress.
- Japan formally denounces the use of English, except on cute T-shirts.
- Oprah eats her first baby
- Nutmeg gets you high!
- Lu Bu disappears for a while, he is seen stealing an entire ship and walking offshore with it in his hands.
- Upsidedown Satin is born from his dad's arse
- 999-940=69... heh heh
- Policemen realise they should be stood on their feet and not their heads.
This page is a member of the Uncyclopedia Timeline. If an event isn't listed in the timeline, it most likely happened.
Represented here are the time periods from 0AD to 1000AD. | 55,937 | 680 |
948,757 | 1.the state capital of South Australia
definition of Wikipedia
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Adelaide de Maurienne • Adelaide of Italy • Adelaide of Normandy • Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen • Adelaide, Countess Palatine of Burgundy • Adelaide-Gillette Billet Dufrenoy • Adélaïde Dufrénoy • Adélaïde-Gillette Billet Dufrénoy • Albert Park railway station, Adelaide • Alberton railway station, Adelaide • Aquinas College (University of Adelaide) • Bank of Adelaide • Bonython Park, Adelaide • Bowden railway station, Adelaide • Brighton railway station, Adelaide • Broadmeadows railway station, Adelaide • C31 Adelaide • Chambers Gully, Adelaide • Cheltenham Racecourse railway station, Adelaide • Cheltenham railway station, Adelaide • Chidda railway station, Adelaide • Christian Brothers College, Adelaide • Christie Downs railway station, Adelaide • City of Adelaide • City of Adelaide (1864) • City of Adelaide (disambiguation) • Clapham railway station, Adelaide • Clarence Park railway station, Adelaide • Climate of Adelaide • Clovelly Park railway station, Adelaide • Coromandel railway 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Port Adelaide Magpies Football Club • Port Adelaide Uniting Church • Port Dock railway station, Adelaide • Portrush Road, Adelaide • Princess Marie Adélaïde of France • Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge • Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein • Queen Adelaide, Cambridgeshire • Radio Adelaide • Royal Adelaide Golf Club • Royal Adelaide Show • Rundle Street, Adelaide • Scotch College, Adelaide • Seacliff railway station, Adelaide • Seaton Park railway station, Adelaide • Skycity Adelaide • Smithfield Interchange, Adelaide • South Adelaide Football Club • South Road, Adelaide • Sport at the University of Adelaide • St Bartholomew's Church, Norwood, Adelaide • St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide • St Peter's College, Adelaide • St. Mark's College (University of Adelaide) • Stanislas Marie Adelaide, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre • Tambelin railway station, Adelaide • Taperoo railway station, Adelaide • The Adelaide Zoo • The Parade, Adelaide • Timeline of Adelaide history • Tonsley railway line, Adelaide • Transport in Adelaide • Tube Mills railway station, Adelaide • University of Adelaide • University of Adelaide Law School • Warradale railway station, Adelaide • Waterfall Gully, Adelaide • West Adelaide • West Adelaide Bearcats • West Croydon railway station, Adelaide • Womma railway station, Adelaide • Woodlands Park railway station, Adelaide • Woodville Park railway station, Adelaide
ville d'Australie (fr)[Classe...]
Adelaide (pr. n.)
(From top left to bottom right) the city centre at night, Victoria Square, the Convention Centre, King William Road Bridge, Adelaide Railway Station, St Peter's Cathedral, the Festival Centre, Glenelg beach, South Australian Museum Complex, Aerial view of the City of Adelaide.
|Population:||1,203,873 (2010) (5th)|
|• Density:||659/km² (1,706.8/sq mi) (2006)|
|Established:||28 December 1836|
|Area:||1826.9 km² (705.4 sq mi)|
• Summer (DST)
Adelaide ( //) is the capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in Australia. Adelaide has an estimated population of more than 1.2 million. The demonym "Adelaidean" is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is located north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills, and 90 km (56 mi) from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south.
Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for a freely settled British province in Australia. Colonel William Light, one of Adelaide's founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Light's design set out Adelaide in a grid layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares, and entirely surrounded by parkland. Early Adelaide was shaped by religious freedom and a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties, which led to the moniker "City of Churches".
As South Australia's seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the cultural boulevard of North Terrace, King William Street and in various districts of the metropolitan area. Today, Adelaide is noted for its many festivals and sporting events, its food, wine and culture, its long beachfronts, and its large defence and manufacturing sectors. It ranks highly in terms of liveability, being listed in the Top 10 of The Economist's World's Most Liveable Cities index in 2010 and being ranked the most liveable city in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011.
South Australia was officially proclaimed as a new British colony on 28 December 1836, near The Old Gum Tree in what is now the suburb of Glenelg North. The event is commemorated in South Australia as Proclamation Day. The site of the colony's capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light, the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, through the design made by the architect George Strickland Kingston. In 1823, Light had fondly written of the Sicilian city of Catania: "The two principal streets cross each other at right angles in the square in the direction of north and south and east and west. They are wide and spacious and about a mile long", and this became the basis for the plan of Adelaide. Light chose, not without opposition, a site on rising ground close to the River Torrens, which was the chief early water supply for the fledgling colony. "Light's Vision", as it has been termed, has meant that the initial design of Adelaide required little modification as the settlement grew and prospered.
Adelaide was established as a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Wakefield had read accounts of Australian settlement while in prison in London for attempting to abduct an heiress, and realised that the eastern colonies suffered from a lack of available labour, due to the practice of giving land grants to all arrivals. Wakefield's idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen. Funds raised from the sale of land were to be used to bring out working class emigrants, who would have to work hard for the monied settlers to ever afford their own land. As a result of this policy, Adelaide does not share the convict settlement history of other Australian cities like Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Hobart.
As it was believed that in a colony of free settlers there would be little crime, no provision was made for a gaol in Colonel Light's 1837 plan. However, by mid-1837 the South Australian Register was warning of escaped convicts from New South Wales, and tenders for a temporary gaol were sought. Following a burglary, a murder, and two attempted murders in Adelaide during March 1838, Governor Hindmarsh created the South Australian Police Force (now named South Australia Police) in April 1838 under 21-year-old Henry Inman. The first Sheriff, Mr Samuel Smart, was wounded during the robbery, and on 2 May 1838 one of the offenders, Michael Magee, became the first person to be hanged in South Australia. William Baker Ashton was appointed Governor of the temporary goal in 1839, and in 1840 George Strickland Kingston was commissioned to design Adelaide's new Gaol. Construction of Adelaide Gaol commenced in 1841.
Adelaide's early history was wrought by economic uncertainty and incompetent leadership. The first governor of South Australia, John Hindmarsh, clashed frequently with others, in particular with the Resident Commissioner, James Hurtle Fisher. The rural area surrounding Adelaide was surveyed by Light in preparation to sell a total of over 405 km2 (156 sq mi) of land. Adelaide's early economy started to get on its feet in 1838 with the arrival of livestock from New South Wales and Tasmania. Wool production provided an early basis for the South Australian economy. Light's survey was completed in this period, and land was promptly offered for sale to early colonists. By 1860, wheat farms had been established from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north.
Governor Gawler took over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and, despite being under orders from the Select Committee on South Australia in Britain not to undertake any public works, promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, the Adelaide Gaol, police barracks, a hospital, a customs house and a wharf at Port Adelaide. In addition, houses for public officials and missionaries, and outstations for police and surveyors were also constructed during Gawler's governorship. Adelaide had also become economically self-sufficient during this period, but at heavy cost: as a result of Gawler's public works the colony was heavily in debt and relied on bail-outs from London to stay afloat. Gawler was recalled and replaced by Governor Grey in 1841. Grey slashed public expenditure against heavy opposition, although its impact was negligible at this point: silver was discovered in Glen Osmond that year, agriculture was well underway, and other mines sprung up all over the state, aiding Adelaide's commercial development. The city exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat by the time Grey left in 1845, contrasting with a low point in 1842 when one-third of Adelaide houses were abandoned.
Trade links with the rest of the Australian states were established with the Murray River being successfully navigated in 1853 by Francis Cadell, an Adelaide resident. South Australia became a self-governing colony in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. Secret ballots were introduced, and a bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province.
In 1860 the Thorndon Park reservoir was opened, finally providing an alternative water source to the now turbid River Torrens. In 1867 gas street lighting was implemented, the University of Adelaide was founded in 1874, the South Australian Art Gallery opened in 1881 and the Happy Valley Reservoir opened in 1896. In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle. The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia. Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief. Only one year of deficit was recorded, but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn.
Electric street lighting was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909. 28,000 men were sent to fight in World War I. Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom but, with the return of droughts, entered the Great Depression of the 1930s, later returning to prosperity under strong government leadership. Secondary industries helped reduce the state's dependence on primary industries. World War II brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide under the Playford Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location. Seventy thousand men and women enlisted and shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of Whyalla.
The South Australian Government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries. International manufacturers like General Motors Holden and Chrysler made use of these factories around Adelaide, completing its transformation from an agricultural service centre to a 20th-century city. A pipeline from Mannum brought River Murray water to Adelaide in 1954 and an airport opened at West Beach in 1955. An assisted migration scheme brought 215,000 immigrants of many nationalities, mainly European, to South Australia between 1947 and 1973. Flinders University and the Flinders Medical Centre were established in the 1960s at Bedford Park, South of the City.
The Dunstan Governments of the 1970s saw something of an Adelaide 'cultural revival' – establishing a wide array of social reforms and overseeing the city becoming a centre of the arts, building upon the biennial "Adelaide Festival of Arts" which commenced in 1960. Adelaide hosted the Formula One Australian Grand Prix between 1985 and 1996 on a street circuit in the city's east parklands, before tough economic conditions due to the state bank collapse. The 1991 State Bank collapse plunged both Adelaide and South Australia into economic recession, and its effects lasted until 2004, when ratings agency Standard & Poor's reinstated South Australia's AAA credit rating. Recent years have seen the Clipsal 500 V8 Supercars race make use of sections of the former Formula One circuit.
Adelaide is located north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. The city stretches 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills, and 90 km (56 mi) from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Adelaide Metropolitan Region has a total land area of 870 km2 (340 sq mi), and is at an average elevation of 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level. Mount Lofty is located east of the Adelaide metropolitan region in the Adelaide Hills at an elevation of 727 metres (2,385 ft). It is the tallest point of the city and in the state south of Burra.
Much of Adelaide was bushland before British settlement, with some variation – sandhills, swamps and marshlands were prevalent around the coast. The loss of the sandhills to urban developement had a particularly destructive affect on the coastline due to erosion. Where practical, the government has implemented programs to rebuild and vegetate sandhills at several of Adelaides beachside suburbs. Much of the original vegetation has been cleared with what is left to be found in reserves such as the Cleland Conservation Park and Belair National Park. A number of creeks and rivers flow through the Adelaide region. The largest are the Torrens and Onkaparinga catchments. Adelaide relies on its many reservoirs for water supply with the Happy Valley Reservoir supplying around 40% and the much larger Mount Bold Reservoir 10% of Adelaide's domestic requirements respectively.
Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first surveyor-general of South Australia, Colonel William Light. His plan, now known as Light's Vision, arranged Adelaide in a grid, with five squares in the Adelaide city centre and a ring of parks, known as the Adelaide Parklands, surrounding it. Light's design was initially unpopular with the early settlers, as well as South Australia's first Governor, John Hindmarsh. Light persisted with his design against this initial opposition.
The benefits of Light's design are numerous; Adelaide has had wide multi-lane roads from its beginning, an easily navigable grid layout and a beautiful green ring around the city centre. There are two sets of ring roads in Adelaide that have resulted from the original design. The inner ring route (A21) borders the parklands, and the outer route (A3/A13/A16/A17) completely bypasses the inner city via (in clockwise order) Grand Junction Road, Hampstead Road, Ascot Avenue, Portrush Road, Cross Road and South Road.
Suburban expansion has to some extent outgrown Light's original plan. Numerous former outlying villages and "country towns", and the satellite city of Elizabeth, have been enveloped by its suburban sprawl. Expanding developments in the Adelaide Hills region led to the construction of the South Eastern Freeway to cope with growth, which has subsequently led to new developments and further improvements to that transport corridor. Similarly, the booming development in Adelaide's South led to the construction of the Southern Expressway.
New roads are not the only transport infrastructure developed to cope with the urban growth. The O-Bahn Busway is an example of a unique solution to Tea Tree Gully's transport woes in the 1980s. The development of the nearby suburb of Golden Grove in the late 1980s is possibly an example of well-thought-out urban planning. The newer suburban areas as a whole, however, are not as integrated into the urban layout as much as older areas, and therefore place more stress on Adelaide's transportation system – although not on a level comparable with Melbourne or Sydney.
In the 1960s a Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study Plan was proposed in order to cater for the future growth of the city. The plan involved the construction of freeways, expressways and the upgrade of certain aspects of the public transport system. The then premier Steele Hall approved many parts of the plan and the government went as far as purchasing land for the project. The later Labor government elected under Don Dunstan shelved the plan, but allowed the purchased land to remain vacant, should the future need for freeways arise. In 1980, the Liberal party won government and premier David Tonkin committed his government to selling off the land acquired for the MATS plan ensuring that even when needs changed, the construction of most MATS-proposed freeways would be impractical. Some parts of this land have been used for transport, (e.g. the O-Bahn Busway and Southern Expressway), while most has been progressively subdivided for residential use.
In 2008 the SA Government announced plans for a network of transport-oriented developments across the Adelaide metropolitan area and purchased a 10 hectare industrial site at Bowden for $52.5 million as the first of these developments.
Adelaide has a warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa), where most of the rain falls in the winter months. Of the Australian capital cities, Adelaide is the driest, however it receives enough annual precipitation to avoid Köppen's BSh (semi-arid climate) classification . Rainfall is unreliable, light and infrequent throughout summer. In contrast, the winter has fairly reliable rainfall with June being the wettest month of the year, averaging around 80 mm. Frosts are occasional, with the most notable occurrences having occurred in July 1908 and July 1982. Hail is also common in winter. There is usually no appreciable snowfall, except for very light falls at Mount Lofty and some places in the Adelaide Hills.
|Climate data for Continentaltown (Kent Town, 1981-2010)|
|Record high °C (°F)||45.7
|Average high °C (°F)||29.3
|Average low °C (°F)||17.1
|Record low °C (°F)||9.2
|Rainfall mm (inches)||19.7
|Avg. rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)||2.9||2.0||3.5||5.1.||8.8||11.3||12.0||12.1||9.0||6.7||4.7||4.4||82.5|
|Mean monthly sunshine hours||269.7||221.2||226.3||189.0||142.6||123.0||136.4||167.4||183.0||226.3||225.0||260.4||2,370.3|
|Source: Bureau of Meteorology |
Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the Government of South Australia. As Adelaide is South Australia's capital and most populous city, the State Government co-operates extensively with the City of Adelaide. In 2006, the Ministry for the City of Adelaide was created to facilitate the state government's collaboration with the Adelaide City Council and the Lord Mayor to improve Adelaide's image. The state parliament's Capital City Committee is also involved in the governance of the City of Adelaide, being primarily concerned with the planning of Adelaide's urban development and growth.
The Adelaide metropolitan area is divided between eighteen local government areas, including, at its centre, the City of Adelaide, which administers the Adelaide city centre, North Adelaide, and the surrounding Adelaide Parklands. It is the oldest municipal authority in Australia and was established in 1840, when Adelaide and Australia's first mayor, James Hurtle Fisher, was elected. From 1919 onwards, the City has had a Lord Mayor, the current being Lord Mayor Stephen Yarwood.
As of 2006 Census, Adelaide had a metropolitan population of more than 1,105,839, making it Australia's fifth largest city. In the 2002–03 period the population grew by 0.6%, while the national average was 1.2%. Some 70.3% of the population of South Australia are residents of the Adelaide metropolitan area, making South Australia one of the most centralised states.
Major areas of population growth in recent years were in outer suburbs such as Mawson Lakes and Golden Grove. Adelaide's inhabitants occupy 341,227 houses, 54,826 semi-detached, row terrace or town houses and 49,327 flats, units or apartments.
High socioeconomic areas include a number of the coastal suburbs, most of the inner north-eastern, eastern, south-eastern and inner southern suburbs, the Adelaide hills and North Adelaide. Almost a fifth (17.9%) of the population had university qualifications. The number of Adelaideans with vocational qualifications (such as tradespersons) fell from 62.1% of the labour force in the 1991 census to 52.4% in the 2001 census.
Overseas-born Adelaideans composed 23.7% (262,367) of the total population. The north-western suburbs (such as Woodville and Athol Park) and suburbs close to the CBD have a higher ratio of overseas-born residents. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from England (7.3%), Italy (1.9%), Scotland (1.0%), Vietnam (0.9%), and Greece (0.9%). The most-spoken languages other than English were Italian (3.0%), Greek (2.2%), Vietnamese (1.2%), Mandarin (0.8%), and Cantonese (0.7%).
The large number of churches in the city of Adelaide has led to it being known as The City of Churches. In fact, approximately 24% of the population expressed no religious affiliation in the 2006 Census, compared with the national average of 18.7%. Over half of the population of Adelaide identifies as Christian, with the largest denominations being Catholic (22.1%), Anglican (14.0%), Uniting Church (8.4%) and Eastern Orthodox (3.8%).
Overall, Adelaide is ageing more rapidly than other Australian capital cities. Just over a quarter (26.7%) of Adelaide's population is aged 55 years or older, in comparison to the national average of 24.3%. Adelaide has the lowest number of children (under-15 year olds), which composed 17.8% of the population, compared to the national average of 19.8%.
South Australia's largest employment sector is health care and social assistance, surpassing manufacturing in SA as the largest employer since 2006–07. In 2009–10, manufacturing in SA had average annual employment of 83,700 persons compared with 103,300 for health care and social assistance. Health care and social assistance represented nearly 13% of the state average annual employment.
The retail trade is the second largest employer in SA (2009–10), with 91,900 jobs, and 12 per cent of the state workforce.
Manufacturing, defence technology, high tech electronic systems and research, commodity export and corresponding service industries play a role in the SA economy. Almost half of all cars produced in Australia are made in Adelaide at the General Motors Holden plant in Elizabeth. Adelaide has over 40% of Australia's high-tech electronics industry which designs and produces electronic systems that are sold worldwide for applications in medical, communications, defence, automotive, food and wine processing and industrial sectors. The revenue of Adelaide's electronics industry has grown at over 15% per annum since 1990, and in 2010 exceeds A$5 billion. The electronics industry in Adelaide employs over 14,000 people or 17% of all manufacturing employment.
The global media conglomerate News Corporation was founded in and until 2004 incorporated in Adelaide and is still considered its 'spiritual' home by Rupert Murdoch. Australia's largest oil company, Santos, prominent South Australian brewery, Coopers, major national retailer Harris Scarfe and Australia's second largest listed investment company Argo Investments Limited call Adelaide their home.
The collapse of the State Bank in 1992 resulted in large levels of state public debt (as much as A$4 billion). The collapse had meant that successive governments had enacted lean budgets, cutting spending, which had been a setback to the further economic development of the city and state. The debt has recently been reduced with the State Government once again receiving a AAA+ Credit Rating. The South Australian economy, very closely tied to Adelaide's, still enjoys a trade surplus and has higher per capita growth than Australia as a whole.
Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries, which contribute over A$1 billion to South Australia's Gross State Product. Seventy-two percent of Australian defence companies are located in Adelaide. The principal government military research institution, the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, and other defence technology organisations such as BAE Systems Australia and Lockheed Martin Australia, are located north of Salisbury and west of Elizabeth in an area now called "Edinburgh Parks", adjacent to RAAF Base Edinburgh.
Others, such as Saab Systems and Raytheon, are located in or near Technology Park. The Australian Submarine Corporation, based in the industrial suburb of Osborne, was charged with constructing Australia's Collins class submarines and more recently the A$6 billion contract to construct the Royal Australian Navy's new air-warfare destroyers.
There are 466,829 employed people in Adelaide, with 62.3% full-time and 35.1% part-time. In recent years there has been a growing trend towards part-time (which includes casual) employment, increasing from 11.6% of the workplace in 1991, to over a third today.
The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over is $447 per week, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income is $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally. Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%. The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.
Education forms an increasingly important part of the city's economy, with the South Australian Government and educational institutions attempting to position Adelaide as "Australia's education hub" and marketing it as a "Learning City." The number of international students studying in Adelaide has increased rapidly in recent years to 23,300, of which 2,380 are secondary school students. In addition to the city's existing institutions, foreign institutions have been attracted to set up campuses in order to increase its attractiveness as an education hub.
At the level of primary and secondary education, there are two systems of school education. There is a public system operated by the South Australian Government and a private system of independent and Catholic schools. All schools provide education under the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE) or, to a lesser extent, the International Baccalaureate (IB), with Adelaide having the highest number of IB schools in Australia.
There are three public universities local to Adelaide, as well as three constituent colleges of three foreign universities. The Flinders University of South Australia, the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia are based in Adelaide and were all ranked within the world's top 400 universities in the Times Higher Education magazine in 2007. The historic Torrens Building in Victoria Square houses Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College Australia, Cranfield University's Defence College of Management and Technology, and University College London's School of Energy and Resources (Australia), and constitute the city's international university precinct.
The University of Adelaide, with 20,478 students, is Australia's third-oldest university, and a member of the leading "Group of Eight". It has five campuses throughout the state, including two in the city-centre, and also has a campus in Singapore. The University of South Australia, with 36,000 students, has two North Terrace campuses, three other campuses in the metropolitan area and campuses at Whyalla and Mount Gambier. The Flinders University of South Australia, with 16,237 students, is located in the southern suburb of Bedford Park, alongside the Flinders Medical Centre, and also maintains a small city campus in Victoria Square.
There are also several South Australian TAFE (Technical and Further Education) campuses located in the metropolitan area which provide a range of vocational education and training. The Adelaide College of the Arts, as a school of TAFE SA, provides nationally recognised training in both visual and performing arts.
In addition to the universities, Adelaide is home to a number of research institutes, including the Royal Institution of Australia, established in 2009 as a counterpart to the two hundred year-old Royal Institution of Great Britain. Many of the organisations involved in research tend to be geographically clustered throughout the Adelaide metropolitan area:
While established as a British province, and very much English in terms of its culture, Adelaide attracted immigrants from other parts of Europe early on, including German and other European non-conformists escaping religious persecution. The first German Lutherans arrived in 1838 bringing with them the vine cuttings that they used to found the acclaimed wineries of the Barossa Valley.
After the Second World War, British, Italian, Greek, Dutch, Polish and other European immigrants settled in Adelaide. The conclusion of the Vietnam War in 1975 saw an influx of Indo-Chinese immigrants to Adelaide. See: Immigration history of Australia
Adelaide's arts scene flourished in the 1960s and 1970s with the support of successive premiers of both major political parties. The renowned Adelaide Festival of Arts and Fringe Festival were established in 1960 under Thomas Playford. Construction of the Adelaide Festival Centre began under Steele Hall in 1970, and was completed under the subsequent government of Don Dunstan, who also established the South Australian Film Corporation and, in 1976, the State Opera of South Australia.
Over time, the Adelaide Festival has expanded to include the Adelaide Cabaret Festival, Adelaide Film Festival, Adelaide Festival of Ideas, Adelaide Writers' Week, and WOMADelaide, all held predominately in the autumnal month of March (that month is sometimes jocularly called 'mad March' by locals due to the hectic clustering of these events). Other festivals include FEAST (a queer culture celebration), Tasting Australia (a biennial food and wine affair), and the Royal Adelaide Show (an annual agricultural show and state fair). There are also many international cultural fairs, most notably the German Schützenfest and Greek Glendi. Adelaide is also home to the Adelaide Christmas Pageant, the world's largest Christmas parade. As the state capital, Adelaide is also home to a great number of cultural institutions with many located along the boulevard of North Terrace. The Art Gallery of South Australia, with around 35,000 works, holds Australia's second largest state-based collection.
Situated adjacent are the South Australian Museum and State Library of South Australia, while the Adelaide Botanic Garden, National Wine Centre and Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute are located nearby in the East End of the city. In the back of the State Library lies the Migration Museum is Australia's oldest museum of its kind. Adelaide Festival Centre, on the banks of the Torrens, is the focal point for much of the cultural activity in the city and home to the State Theatre Company of South Australia, with other venues including the Adelaide Entertainment Centre and the city's many smaller theatres, pubs and cabaret bars.
The music of Adelaide has produced various musical groups and individuals who have achieved both national and international fame. This includes the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, the Adelaide Youth Orchestra, rock bands: The Angels, Cold Chisel, The Superjesus, Wolf & Cub, Fire! Santa Rosa, Fire!, roots/blues group The Audreys, internationally acclaimed metal acts I Killed The Prom Queen and Double Dragon, popular Australian hip-hop outfit Hilltop Hoods, pop acts like Sia, Orianthi, Guy Sebastian, and Wes Carr, as well as internationally successful tribute act The Australian Pink Floyd Show.
Noted rocker Jimmy Barnes spent most of his youth in the northern suburb of Elizabeth. Paul Kelly grew up in Adelaide and was head prefect at Rostrevor College. The first Australian Idol winner, Guy Sebastian, hails from the north-eastern suburb of Golden Grove. American musician Ben Folds used to base himself in Adelaide when he was married to Australian Frally Hynes. Folds recorded a song about Adelaide before he moved away from the city. In addition to its own WOMADelaide, Adelaide attracts several touring music festivals, including Big Day Out, Parklife and Laneway.
Adelaide also plays host to two of Australia's leading contemporary dance companies. The Australian Dance Theatre and Leigh Warren & Dancers contribute to state festivals and perform nationally and internationally. Restless Dance Theatre is also based in Adelaide and is nationally recognised for working with disabled and non-disabled dancers to use movement as a means of expression.
Adelaide pop-concert venues (past and present) include: Adelaide Entertainment Centre; Adelaide Festival Theatre; Adelaide Oval; Apollo Stadium; Memorial Drive Park; Thebarton Theatre. Other concert and live theatre venues include: Adelaide Town Hall; Dunstan Playhouse; Her Majesty's Theatre.
Newspapers in Adelaide are dominated by News Corporation publications—Adelaide being the birthplace of News Corporation itself. The only South Australian daily newspaper is The Advertiser, published by News Corporation six days a week. The same group publishes a Sunday paper, the Sunday Mail.
There are eleven suburban community newspapers published weekly, known collectively as the Messenger Newspapers, also published by a subsidiary of News Corporation. The Independent Weekly was a small independent newspaper providing one alternative view, but abolished its print edition in November 2010 and now exists as a digital daily newsletter only. Two national daily newspapers are circulated in the city: The Australian and its weekend publication, The Weekend Australian, also published by News Corporation; and The Australian Financial Review published by Fairfax. Interstate dailies, The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald, published by Fairfax, are also typically available. The Adelaide Review is a free paper published fortnightly, and other independent magazine-style papers are published, but are not as widely available.
All of the five Australian national television networks broadcast both analogue PAL and high definition digital services in Adelaide. They share three transmission towers on the ridge near the summit of Mount Lofty. The two government-funded stations are run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC1) and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS One). The Seven Network and Network Ten both own their Adelaide stations (SAS-7 and ADS-10 respectively).
Adelaide's NWS-9 is affiliated with the Nine Network and was owned by Southern Cross Broadcasting until the sale to WIN Corporation in May 2007. New digital-only channels available in addition to ABC1, Seven, Nine, Ten and SBS One include One HD, Eleven, ABC2, ABC3, ABC News 24, SBS Two, 7Two, 7mate, GEM HD and GO!. Adelaide also has a community television station, C31 Adelaide. The Foxtel pay TV service is available as cable television in a few areas, and as satellite television to the entire metropolitan area. It is resold by a number of other brands, mostly telephone companies.
As part of a nation-wide phase-out of analogue television in Australia, Adelaide's analogue TV service is slated to be shut down in the second half of 2013.
There are twenty radio stations that serve the metropolitan area, as well as four community stations that serve only parts of the metropolitan area. Of the twenty full coverage stations, there are six commercial stations, six community stations, six national stations and two narrowcast stations. A complete list can be found at List of radio stations in Australia#Adelaide.
Commercial stations include:
ABC and other non-profit stations include:
The main sports played professionally in Adelaide are Australian rules, football, cricket, netball and basketball. Adelaide is the home of two Australian Football League teams: the Adelaide Crows and Port Adelaide Power, and one A-League team, Adelaide United. A local Australian rules league, the SANFL, is made up of nine teams from around Adelaide.
Adelaide has developed a strong culture of attracting crowds to major sporting events. Most large sporting events take place at either AAMI Stadium or the historic Adelaide Oval, home of the Southern Redbacks cricket team. Adelaide hosts an international cricket test every summer, along with a number of One Day International cricket matches. Memorial Drive Park, adjacent to the Adelaide Oval, used to host the Adelaide International, a major men's tennis tournament in the lead-up to the Australian Open before the tournament was moved to Brisbane in 2009. Adelaide's professional football team, Adelaide United, play in the A-League. Founded in 2003, their home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium, which has a capacity of 17,000 and is one of the few purpose-built football stadia in Australia.
Adelaide was represented in the National Rugby League (NRL) for two seasons (1997 and 1998) by the Adelaide Rams club. In 2008 the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, a Sydney NRL club, and the South Australian Government announced a three-year contract in which the Sharks will play a single home game each season at Hindmarsh. Unfortunately this only happened for 2009. From 2010 the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs signed an agreement to play one home game per season at the Adelaide Oval for three years with the hope of establishing a strong supporter base in Adelaide.
Adelaide has two professional basketball teams, the men's team being the Adelaide 36ers who play in the NBL and the women's team, the Adelaide Lightning who play in the WNBL. The 36ers play their home games at the Adelaide Arena while the Lightning mostly play at the Wayville Sports Centre and occasionally at The Dome. Adelaide has a professional netball team, the Adelaide Thunderbirds play in the trans-Tasman netball competition, the ANZ Championship, with home games played at ETSA Park. The Thunderbirds also occasionally play games or finals at The Dome or the Adelaide Entertainment Centre. Adelaide hosts the Tour Down Under bicycle race, the largest cycling event outside Europe and the first event outside Europe with UCI ProTour status.
Adelaide maintains a franchise in the Australian Baseball League, the Adelaide Bite. They have been playing since 2009, and their home stadium is Coopers Stadium. Their name stems from the local Great Australian Bight, and from the abundance of local Great White Sharks.
The Australian Grand Prix for Formula One racing was hosted by Adelaide from 1985 to 1995 on a street circuit in the city's eastern parklands. The Grand Prix became a source of pride and losing the event to Melbourne in a surprise announcement left a void that has since been filled with the highly successful Clipsal 500 for V8 Supercar racing, held on a modified version of the same street circuit. The Classic Adelaide, a rally of classic sporting vehicles, is also held in the city and its surrounds.
The World Solar Challenge race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations although some are fielded by high schools. The race has a 20-year history spanning nine races, with the inaugural event taking place in 1987. Adelaide will host the 2012 World Bowls Championships at Lockleys Bowling Club. Adelaide will become the third city in the world to have held the championships twice, having previously hosted the event in 1996.
Adelaide's first hospital is the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH). Founded in 1840, it is one of the major hospitals in Adelaide and is a teaching hospital of the University of Adelaide. It has a capacity of 705 beds. Two other RAH campuses which specialise in specific patient services are located in the suburbs of Adelaide – the Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre in Northfield, and the Glenside Campus Mental Health Service. Four other large hospitals in the Adelaide area are: the Women's and Children's Hospital (305 beds), which is located on King William Road in North Adelaide; the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (340 beds), located in Woodville, the Flinders Medical Centre (580 beds), located in Bedford Park and in the northern suburbs, and the Lyell McEwin Hospital (198 beds) in Elizabeth. These hospitals are also associated with medical schools. The Women's and Children's, the Queen Elizabeth and the Lyell McEwin are affiliated with the University of Adelaide, Flinders Medical Centre is affiliated Flinders University, and the Lyell McEwin is also affiliated with the University of South Australia.
In June 2007 the State Government announced a series of overhauls to the health sector that would see a new hospital constructed on railyards at the west end of the city, to replace the Royal Adelaide Hospital located at the east end of the city. Should it go ahead, the new 800 bed hospital would cost A$1.7 bn and be named the "Marjorie Jackson-Nelson Hospital" after the former Governor of South Australia. However, in 2009, at the former governor's request, the state government chose to drop this name and instead transfer the Royal Adelaide Hospital name to the proposed facility.
In addition, major upgrades would see the Flinders Medical Centre become the primary centre for health care for the southern suburbs, while upgrades for the Lyell McEwin Hospital in Elizabeth would see that become the centre for the northern suburbs. The trio of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, the Modbury Hospital and the Noarlunga Hospital would become specialist elective surgery centres. The Repatriation General Hospital would also expand its range of speciality areas beyond veterans' health to incorporate stroke, orthopaedic rehabilitation and aged care. With the "Global Financial Crisis" of 2008, it remains to be seen if and how these initiatives will proceed.
Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for east-west and north-south routes. The city itself has a metropolitan-wide public transport system, which is managed by and known as the Adelaide Metro. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the O-Bahn Busway, metropolitan railways, and the Adelaide-Glenelg Tram, which was extended as a metropolitan tram in 2010 through the city centre to the inner north-west suburb of Hindmarsh.
Road transport in Adelaide has historically been comparatively easier than many of the other Australian cities, with a well-defined city layout and wide multiple-lane roads from the beginning of its development. Historically, Adelaide was known as a "twenty-minute city", with commuters having been able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes. However, these roads are now often considered inadequate to cope with Adelaide's growing road traffic, and often experience traffic congestion.
Adelaide has one freeway and two expressways; the South Eastern Freeway, connecting the city with the Adelaide Hills and beyond to Murray Bridge, the Port River Expressway connecting Port Adelaide and Outer Harbor to interstate routes, and the Southern Expressway, an interchangeable one-way road connecting the southern suburbs with the city proper. The Gawler Bypass skirting Gawler is another expressway style, high speed inter-urban corridor. In February 2010, the current state government announced plans to upgrade the Southern Expressway to a dual direction expressway if it was re-elected at the next State election.
A third expressway, the Northern Expressway (formerly the Sturt Highway extension), a northern suburbs bypass route—connecting the Gawler Bypass to Port Wakefield Road—started construction in 2008. There are also plans for major upgrades to busy sections of South Road, including road widening and underpasses of Anzac Highway (completed in 2009), Grange Road, Port Road and the Outer Harbour Railway Line, during the first stage.
Adelaide Airport, located in Adelaide's western suburbs, is designed to serve in excess of 6.3 million passengers annually. The dual international/domestic terminal named T1 incorporates glass aerobridges and has the ability to cater for the Airbus A380. The airport is designed to handle 27 aircraft simultaneously and is capable of processing 3,000 passengers per hour. Unusually for a major city, it is located only seven kilometres (4.4 mi) from the Adelaide city centre. The airport is serviced by five international airlines in addition to domestic, regional and charter operators, including: Air New Zealand, Qantas, Virgin Australia, Cathay Pacific, Malaysia Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Pacific Blue Airlines, Jetstar Airways and QantasLink. Adelaide airport currently has direct flights servicing Denpasar (Bali, Indonesia), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Hong Kong, Singapore and Auckland (New Zealand). In March 2007, Adelaide Airport was rated the world's second best airport in the 5–15 million passengers category at the Airports Council International (ACI) 2006 awards in Dubai.
Parafield Airport, Adelaide's second airport, located eighteen kilometres (11.2 mi) north of the CBD, is used for small aircraft, pilot training and recreational aviation purposes.
Adelaide's energy requirements were originally met by the Adelaide Electric Supply Company, which was nationalised by the Playford government in 1946, becoming the Electricity Trust of South Australia (ETSA). Despite significant public opposition and the Labor party's anti-privatisation stance which left the Liberal party one vote short of the numbers needed to pass the legislation, ETSA was privatised by the Olsen Government in 1999 by way of a 200 year lease for the distribution network and the outright purchase of ETSA Power by the Cheung Kong Holdings for $3.5 billion (11 times ETSA's annual earnings) after Labor MP Trevor Crothers resigned from the party and voted with the government. The electricity retail market was opened to competition in 2003 and although competition was expected to result in lower retail costs, prices increased by 23.7% in the markets first year. In 2004 the privatisation was deemed to be a failure with consumers paying 60% more for their power and with the state government estimated to lose $3 billion in power generation net income in the first ten years of privatisation. In 2012, the industry came under scrutiny for allegedly reducing supply by shutting down generators during periods of peak demand to force prices up. Increased media attention also revealed that in 2009 the state government had approved a 46% increase in retail prices to cover expected increases in the costs of generation while generation costs had in fact fallen 35% by 2012. These price increases and large subsides have led to South Australia paying the highest retail price for electricity in the world.
ETSA now distributes electricity from transmission companies to end users. Privatisation led to competition from a variety of companies who now separately provide for the generation, transmission, distribution and retail sales of gas and electricity. Some of the major companies are: TRUenergy, which generates electricity; ElectraNet, which transmits electricity from the generators to the distribution network and AGL Energy, which retails gas and electricity. Substantial investment has been made in maintenance and reinforcement of the electricity supply network to provide continued reliability of supply.
Adelaide derives most of its electricity from a gas-fired plant operated by AGL Energy at Torrens Island, with more coming from power stations at Port Augusta and Pelican Point, and from connections to the national grid. Gas is mainly supplied from the Moomba Gas Processing Plant in the Cooper Basin, and is piped to Adelaide and other areas within the state. South Australia also generates 18% of its electricity from wind power, and has 51% of the installed capacity of wind generators in Australia.
Adelaide's water supply is gained from its reservoirs: Mount Bold, Happy Valley, Myponga, Millbrook, Hope Valley, Little Para and South Para. The yield from these reservoir catchments can be as little as 10% of the city's requirements in drought years and about 60% in average years. The remaining demand is met by the pumping of water from the River Murray. A sea water desalination plant capable of supplying half of Adelaide's water requirements (100GL per annum) is currently in construction and expected to be completed during 2012. The provision of water services is by the government-owned SA Water.
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243,182 | Protecting the wellbeing
Ethics of dementia research
Background information about the protection of wellbeing
Wellbeing is notoriously difficult to define. The World Health Organisation partly and indirectly defines wellbeing through its definition of mental health:
“Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community (WHO, 2011).”
This definition emphasises productivity and the ability to contribute to society. This is also reflected in several other definitions of wellbeing. Some, alternatively, define wellbeing as a state of being or feeling happy and healthy or as a good or satisfactory state of existence, sometimes linked to health and prosperity.
In this report, there are sections which address issues such as consent, involving people with dementia in research, considering risks and benefits and protecting their interests. Collectively, the points raised may contribute towards ensuring that it is possible for people with dementia, amongst others, to take part in research, without undue stress, exploitation or danger and in so doing both participate in and contribute to society. In this section of the report, we examine issues linked to the way that people with dementia participating in research are considered and treated. This is more directly linked to wellbeing in the sense of feeling good about oneself, in relation to others and with regard to society.
According to White (2008), wellbeing is also a dynamic process with material, relational and subjective elements which occur within a particular timeframe and geographical space. Please see figure 3 below.
Figure 3: Wellbeing as process (White, 2008)
People’s understanding and perception of wellbeing may change from one moment in time to another (e.g. as people age, linked to changes in health and on the basis of people’s experiences in life and on the people they encounter). Time in relation to the perception of wellbeing is not limited to the present time but also covers people’s reflections about the past and expectations for the future (which may be affected by the experience of dementia). Perceptions of wellbeing may also be affected by their geographical location (the space in which one lives and moves about) (White, 2008).
Perceptions of wellbeing are socially constructed within cultural contexts. The relational dimension of wellbeing is very important and repeatedly occurs in people’s definitions of wellbeing (White, 2008). However, there may also be cultural differences in the importance attributed to wellbeing. In a recent four-nation survey involving 431 adults from Canada, India, China and India, which explored factors which people consider “make for a good life”, wellbeing and contentment was fourth out of the thirty most prevalent indicators identified (Tafarodi et al., 2011). It was not amongst the top ten most prevalent indicators for the Canadian participants whereas it was the third most prevalent for Indian participants, being cited more often than wealth, success and close and enduring friendships. This may indicate different interpretations of the term wellbeing as well as different degrees of importance attributed to it.
Nevertheless, people who participate in research are voluntarily contributing to society and irrespective of the importance that they assign to their own wellbeing, it is the duty and responsibility of researchers to protect participants’ wellbeing and even to contribute towards it if possible. Participating in research can and should be a positive experience.
Dignity is an important ethical issue in research and is linked in some way to certain other ethical principles such as respect for privacy and confidentiality, the sanctity of life, respect for justice and inclusiveness, and respect for vulnerable research participants. It has been described as the cardinal principle of modern research ethics and as a principle which aspires to protect the multiple and interdependent interests of the person - from bodily to psychological to cultural integrity (Health Canada, 2007). Hellström et al. (2008) suggest that excluding people with dementia from research is an affront to their dignity whereas including them in research may enhance their dignity of personal identity.
Nordenfelt (2002) identified four types of dignity: Menschenwürde, the dignity of merit, the dignity of moral stature and the dignity of identity. Menschenwürde is the dignity that is inherent in being a human being. This German term reflects the undeniable value of human beings regardless of their social, mental or physical properties. Another term that is often used is “basic dignity”. People have the same degree of Menschenwürde throughout their whole lives and it is something that cannot be taken away from a person (Nordenfelt, 2002).
The dignity of merit applies to people who are considered as having achieved excellence or distinction such as a high rank (Nordenfelt, 2002). This may be formally bestowed on a person or informally achieved by artists, athletes or scientists but nevertheless acknowledged and respected. This kind of dignity can be acquired and lost. In the context of research, people with dementia can be officially recognised for their contribution to society, in some cases officially by means of public recognition, in other cases, on a more personal basis through the gratitude of those involved in or likely to benefit from the study. For many people who take part in research, their participation is anonymous and part of a global effort which is worthy of merit but unfortunately not always acknowledged.
Another type of dignity is that of moral stature which is linked to the respect that people have for themselves and to their own dignified conduct, as well as to respecting other people’s rights (Nordenfelt, 2002). As a person’s capacities in various areas of everyday life gradually decline as a result of having dementia, the social roles they have or could have may be adversely affected. The opportunities to reciprocate or to engage in activities which they considered worthwhile and beneficial to others may be reduced. Being able to benefit other people through participation in research may, for some people, contribute towards their sense of self-respect. However, some research methods may result in people’s deficiencies being highlighted or in attention being drawn to behaviour which might be considered by the participants or other people as undignified. This need not be the case even for studies involving measurement of various capacities, provided that the researchers are sensitive to the need to protect the person’s dignity.
The dignity of personal identity is described as the kind of dignity that people attach to themselves as integrated and autonomous people who have their own history, future and relationships with other people (Nordenfelt, 2002). This type of dignity is dependent on other people in that a person’s perceived value and worthiness that is reflected back in the context of interaction. It can therefore be considered as an attribute that can be subjectively felt but also something which can be denied, ignored, withheld and violated. Examples of failure to respect a person’s dignity of personal identity include not treating somebody with respect, belittling, ridiculing or humiliating them, ignoring or insufficiently acknowledging them, seeing them as a member of a group rather than as a unique individual, and/or physically or mentally transgressing their personal space (Holmerová et al., 2007; Jacobson, 2007; Mann quoted in Horton, 2004). Such acts could occur in a wide range of settings, including the research setting. For further issues of relevance to the dignity of personal identity, please see sub-section 5.2.4 on personhood.
Nordenfelt (2002) explains that the dignity of personal identity is also objective because it can be violated even in cases where a person is not aware of the violation or even no longer alive. This has implications for the respect of people with end-stage dementia who may have reduced self-awareness and also for the way that a person’s body is treated in the case of post mortem brain tissue donation and research. The respect of the individual dignity of people with dementia, in general and especially in such circumstances, is equally important for the wellbeing of their relatives and loved ones.
Integrity refers to a kind of wholeness. According to the Danish philosophers, Rendtorff and Kemp (2000) integrity has two moral dimensions. The first consists of a created and narrated coherence of life, in the form of a coherent and complete life story, which should not be violated. The second consists of a personal sphere for experience, creativity and personal self-determination (Ebbesen and Pedersen, 2008). Some people with dementia may have difficulty communicating their life story and protecting or promoting their personal sphere. It may be difficult for researchers to understand the integrity of each person with dementia they encounter but they can reflect on whether their treatment of the person might in some way fail to respect their integrity. On the other hand, researchers may also be instrumental in promoting or respecting the integrity of research participants through the use of certain research methods, such as narrative interviewing, participant observation and ethnographic research, which focus on the whole person and provide a means for experience, creativity and self-determination.
Respect can be reflected in both behaviour and attitudes towards other people. Respect might include having consideration for another person’s feelings, refraining from offending him/her, and being polite and courteous toward him/her. There may be certain cultural differences between different groups in society as to what is considered as respectful (e.g. depending on cultural background, age and education).
Nevertheless, acts of consideration and attitudes which reflect genuine interest in a participant’s wellbeing are likely to be appreciated such as offering the person a seat, not keeping him/her waiting for longer than needed, the tone of voice used, providing refreshments, asking how the person is feeling and even offering a little gift as a token of appreciation at the end of a study. Accepting gestures of hospitality (e.g. when interviewing in the participant’s home) may also be an important sign of respect. Treating participants with respect is important for the ethical conduct of research in that it is linked to personhood and dignity and may in addition have an effect on the quality of data collected.
The importance of relationships
Personhood is at the core of several ethical principles and, like dignity, has a fundamental inherent character as well as one that is socially constructed and maintained. There is a huge ethical debate on the topic of personhood, covering for example, the role of consciousness, rationality and psychological and biological continuity, with possible implications for the legal status of a person (e.g. relating to the validity of advance directives). A full discussion of these issues is beyond the scope of this report in which the emphasis is quite simply on the relational aspect of personhood, namely the way in which people are recognised and treated as unique human beings as opposed to animals or inanimate objects.
For some people, personhood may be linked to spiritual beliefs (e.g. that a person has a unique essence). This is perhaps more common in the Judeo-Christian tradition. In Hindu, Buddhist and Native American cultures, many people believe that a person is reincarnated as another person or animal after death or that a person embodies the spirit of ancestors or animals (Goodfellow et al, 2003). In such cases, personhood may be understood slightly differently.
Interdependence has been described as a necessary condition of being human. This emphasizes the importance of relationships (Kitwood and Bredin, 1992). Buber (1970) identified two different ways in which people relate to one another, which are also of relevance to the maintenance of personhood in people with dementia. The I-It mode of relating is one in which a person relates to the other in a cool, distanced, non-involved way which fails to fully acknowledge the individuality of the other as the other is objectified. The I-Thou mode of relating involves meeting the other person in a genuine human exchange (i.e. an authentic and meaningful encounter or dialogue). People with dementia may eventually lose the capacity to create and encourage a genuine human exchange. If, in addition, they have become an object in the eyes of other people, their personhood may be jeopardized.
In the context of care, Kitwood (1990) drew attention to processes and interactions which depersonalize people (described as “malignant social psychology”). Examples include infantilizing, disempowering, intimidating, labeling, stigmatizing, outpacing (going too fast for a person with dementia), invalidating (failing to validate the subjectivity of the person with dementia), banishment (being physically or psychologically separated from contact with other people) and objectification. These ways of relating to people with dementia could all occur in the research setting. This is quite clear from the following examples of objectification and intimidation which were provided by Kitwood (but in relation to care):
“The dementia sufferer is not treated as a person; that is, as one who is an autonomous centre of life. Instead he or she is treated in some respects like a lump of dead matter, to be measured, pushed around, manipulated, drained, filled, dumped etc.
“The dementia sufferer is made afraid by such processes as head scans or psychological assessments, these being carried out in a somewhat impersonal way, by professionals who are powerful and competent, Sometimes intimidation includes threats, or actual physical assault.” (Kitwood, 1990, 38-39).
Objectification and cognitive separation
According to Kitwood and Bredin (1992), objectification involves a clear division being made between us (members of the so-called normal population) and them (people with dementia), whereby they are considered as being “in a bad way for they are afflicted with a primary degenerative disease in the grey matter” whilst we are “basically sound, undamaged, competent, kind”. Link and Phelan (2001; 2006) used the term “cognitive separation” to refer to the process (which they also defined as a component of stigma) whereby people with a socially salient attribute come to be seen as fundamentally different. Some researchers have explored this concept in the form of dis-identification, which is the extent to which a certain group of people are considered as being different to oneself (Servais and Saunders, 2007). This process of cognitive separation from certain groups of people, which can in the extreme lead to objectification, may serve the psychological function of protecting people from existential anxiety and helping them to continue believing in a stable, orderly and just world in which they identify with the in-group and convince themselves that they are very different from the out-group (Lerner, 1980; Novak and Lerner, 1968; Solomon et al., 1991).
The relationship between researchers and participants
In most forms of research, there are at least two distinct groups, namely the researchers and the participants. This does not necessarily imply an “us” and “them” relationship involving processes of cognitive separation. It is merely the result of the agreed temporary relationship between the two parties. After the research, most participants will return to their everyday lives and will no longer be a separate group. However, some participants are already perceived by many people, including the researchers, as being an identifiably separate group (e.g. based on age, cultural identity or health conditions such as dementia). This may be important for the purposes of obtaining appropriate support but may also increase the likelihood of cognitive separation, objectification and loss of personhood.
In addition, the process of research may involve subjecting people to batteries of tests, observing them, measuring response times or reactions, taking samples and so on. This can be done with consideration and respect, thereby respecting the personhood and dignity of the participants. However, as highlighted by Kitwood such treatment may also lead to the objectification of the person. In his “involutionary spiral of the dementia process”, Kitwood (1990) described how various ways of relating to people with dementia may lead to a diminished sense of personhood as well as shame, low self-esteem, social withdrawal and depersonalisation.
Researchers have different motives for carrying out research. Some are working towards the award of an academic degree, some are carrying out research in the context of their work (practitioner-researchers) and for some, research is their actual profession. Researchers therefore have their own personal interests such as the need to make a living, to obtain research grants, to publish in peer reviewed journals, to be officially recognised and to advance in their professional careers in addition to their interest in the research topic itself. There is a need for researchers to be cognizant of both the needs and values of the research participants with whom they are engaged and to have regard “not only to the content of research, but also to the process” (Kitwood, 1995).
In qualitative studies involving interviewing (either face to face or by telephone), people reveal information about how they think, feel and act to the researcher carrying out the study or in some cases to people who have been trained to collect such data on behalf of the researcher. In most cases, participants will have been assured that their identities will not be revealed and that the information they provide will be anonymised. This means that in addition to the use of pseudonyms (i.e. using a special code or name instead of the person’s real name), any information which might make it possible for another person to identify a particular participant will be changed. This is important in cases where quotes are included in published articles which anyone might pick up and read.
In studies involving surveys or questionnaires, it may also be possible to provide anonymity with regard to the researcher. This means that people can send completed questionnaires to the researcher without revealing their identity. This may result in greater honesty but makes it difficult to protect the well-being of participants. The questions asked may be disturbing to some people but the researcher would not know this. Even if s/he detected this in the response to open-ended questions or spontaneous comments on the form, the researcher would not be able to contact the person.
Information about third parties
In the course of an interview a person may reveal information about another person (sometimes spontaneously). Although such information would also be anonymised, the researcher may know that person and then knows information that that person might not have wanted to disclose. Although the researcher would hopefully treat such information with the same degree of confidentiality, it nevertheless represents an infringement of the right to privacy of other people as they did not consent to such disclosure (Hadjistavropoulos and Smythe, 2001).
Focus groups consist of focused discussions amongst homogenous groups within a group setting, facilitated by a moderator. People tend to disclose more about themselves to people who resemble them in various ways than they do to people who differ from them (Jourard, 1964). Self-disclosure is also facilitated by the existence of a non-threatening environment and perhaps in some cases due to being amongst relative strangers rather than personal acquaintances (Krueger and Casey, 2009). This is ideal for researchers who are interested in obtaining rich, meaningful data for their study but the researchers cannot guarantee that all members of the focus groups will respect the principle of confidentiality. Sometimes people may find that they know other members of the focus group and this may hamper self-disclosure and at the same time make anonymity within the group impossible.
Information about illegal behaviour
Sometimes, especially if they have been assured anonymity, participants may reveal information about behaviour that is unlawful or unethical (such as cheating in exams, stealing or abusing a vulnerable person). There may be less likelihood of this occurring if people are warned in advance but in some cases, people may unwittingly reveal such information. The researcher is then faced with a dilemma. On one hand, s/he promised the participant anonymity and confidentiality and should respect this promise (i.e. be trustworthy and honest) and on the other hand, s/he is ethically bound to report serious cases of abuse or other significant crimes. He/she may also be bound by deontological rules. This touches on the researcher’s sense of integrity as a researcher and member of society.
Sometimes, in applications for ethical approval, researchers are asked to explain how they would handle such situations, should they occur. This forces researchers to consider the possibility of this occurring and to have the necessary measures in place.
Storage of data
Often auditory or video recordings are made of interviews and usually a written transcript is made of the whole interaction. Some researchers literally label and cut up statements before sorting them into categories. Nowadays, the whole process of qualitative analysis has become much more sophisticated and several computer packages exist which facilitate the management of data. Consequently, the transcript and even video recordings of the interaction are usually transferred onto computers. This raises questions about access to various stored records (on paper, on film, on auditory recorders, in word format and on computerised qualitative data analysis packages). The data gradually become dispersed and researchers must consider who should have access to each source of data and how to ensure that unauthorised people do not.
At the same time, there is a need to ensure that data are stored for a sufficiently long period. In order to serve as proof of the findings in case of dispute, the original data (e.g. the voice recording or samples) should be stored beyond the end of the study. Researchers might also want to save data for possible further research which this then raises the issue of consent for the further use of research data (which has been addressed elsewhere in this report).
What is privacy?
Privacy covers issues related to the control and management of personal information about somebody’s thoughts, body and experiences (Fawcett and Garity, 2009). In the context of the person’s body information could perhaps be understood as including somebody else seeing that person’s body. The control and management of privacy by the person concerned depends to some extent on the situation or context, as well as his/her personal values and experience. There may also be cultural differences linked to what is considered acceptable or appropriate.
Privacy in observational research
In some forms of research, such as ethnographic or field research, the researchers are interested in observing naturally occurring behaviour and conversations. Sometimes (e.g. in participant observational studies), the researchers interact directly with the participants, sometimes joining them in their daily activities, whereas in others they remain separate and observe or record behaviour from a distance.
Observing other people’s behaviour represents an intrusion into their privacy. This is perhaps not so much the case when they are in the public domain (e.g. sitting in a park, waiting for a train or shopping) but there is a difference between passively watching people go about their daily lives and systematically studying their observed behaviour. Researchers must obtain consent if they want to observe people for the purposes of a study, either in person or by means of recording equipment. However, for some studies the people who are to be observed lack the capacity to consent or even assent to being observed. Their relatives or legal advisors may have consented to an observational study. They might not necessarily have explained to the person concerned that s/he is being observed.
Some people may not mind being observed and even appreciate the attention. Others may object to being observed or consent to it but then feel very uncomfortable about it and have a feeling that their privacy is being invaded (Parrot, 2002).
Provided that people know that they are being observed (and also where and when) and have the opportunity to consent and withdraw from the study, there should not be an ethical problem. The problem arises, when they are not aware of this or did not consent to it.
Observational research raises issues of dignity and respect. To a greater or lesser extent, people generally like to have some control over the image that they present to other people. One’s image is a reflection of one’s identity and may affect the way that one is treated by others. According to Goffman (1959), people manage their appearance and behaviour (in a similar way to actors taking on various roles and performances) and people cooperate with each other in supporting each other’s social identities and performances. People with dementia may find it increasingly difficult to manage their performance. Video recording without their consent results in a record being made of a performance which they might have preferred not to share.
In group settings, some people may have consented to being observed or filmed for research purposes but others not. However, it may be difficult for the researchers not to film them too and may occasionally interact with them. This may make some people with dementia feel uneasy and perhaps distrustful of the researchers. After all, how can they be sure that they are not also being studied? Also, even if they are not, they have nevertheless been filmed without their consent and that film may be seen by other people. They have no control over the diffusion of images that have been taken of them.
Privacy in the context of qualitative interviewing
When people consent to being interviewed, they should normally already have some idea of the topic that will be discussed. However, there are different approaches to qualitative interviewing ranging from very structured, to semi-structured, to unstructured. Sometimes participants will just have an idea of the general topic, sometimes they may already know the precise questions that they will be asked. One of the features of qualitative interviewing is that it is flexible so researchers may spend more time on some issues and less on others, follow up hunches, test out their understanding of what the person means and focus on novel issues that a person raises which are relevant to the topic.
Consequently, participants do not always realize until the questioning starts how deep or probing the questions will be. Some may find the depth of probing disturbing but have difficulty expressing why or stopping the interview, particularly if the interview is taking place in their own home. Some people may only start to feel uneasy about the depth of disclosure after the interview.
It is quite common for people with dementia to be interviewed in the presence of their carer as the latter can help the person to understand the questions or communicate their thoughts to the researcher. The presence of a carer may also be helpful in detecting fatigue, stress or discomfort and help bring the interview to a premature end. The researcher should also be attentive to such factors but having less knowledge about the participant might fail to detect the relevant signs. In some cases, researchers might be equally interested in the views of the carer and that is the reason for the presence of the carer (although clearly the two could be interviewed separately in that case).
A drawback to having the carer present is that it could interfere with the right to privacy of the person with dementia. It cannot be presumed that all couples share all their thoughts and feelings with each other. Moreover, depending on the topic, the presence of the carer may result in certain information being withheld which would not be conducive to good research but is an issue which researchers need to take into account when designing their study and in particular how to collect data.
Vulnerable groups and what we mean by vulnerability
A wide range of vulnerable human research participants have been identified in several reports and international documents on ethics and research. Those which might be relevant to people with dementia include people incapable of giving consent, people in nursing homes, ethnic and racial minority groups, older people, people with limited capacity or freedom to consent or to decline consent, people who will not derive benefit from participation, people for whom research is mixed with clinical care, the very sick and the institutionalized (Hurst, 2008). Vulnerability may also be contextual and influenced by dynamic processes which are not permanent. For example, a person may be more vulnerable at certain times of the day, in certain environments, after a couple of hours’ discussion or after an operation. Researchers cannot be expected to know specific circumstances which might render individual people vulnerable. Consultation with carers would therefore be beneficial.
Hurst (2008) draws attention to issues of particular importance when considering the protection of vulnerable research participants such as those linked to consent, harm and fairness. These issues are in fact relevant to all research participants but in the case of vulnerable research participants, depending on the particular feature which leads to them being considered as vulnerable, additional efforts may be needed to protect them. Consequently, the protection of vulnerable research participants does not address additional ethical issues; it simply increases the efforts needed to ensure that general ethical issues are adequately addressed for certain groups of people in order to reduce the likelihood of those people incurring additional or greater wrong (Hurst, 2008).
In the case of dementia, the main issues which might result in people with dementia (as a group, not individually) being considered as vulnerable are age, cognitive impairment, being dependent on others for care and/or being a resident in a long-term care institution. Additional factors may co-exist based on being a member of an ethnic minority group, gender, physical disability, sexual orientation and living situation (e.g. being homeless, a prisoner or nomadic). Research participants who have end-stage dementia represent yet another sub-group (this is further discussed in section 8 on end-of-life research). The particular vulnerability of people with dementia might therefore be linked to factors such as them not understanding the risks involved, giving invalid consent, being coerced to consent, not being respected (due to ageism and the stigma generally associated with mental disorders), not being consulted at all, being in a less powerful position, being denied access to participation or alternatively being exploited. This will vary depending on the situation of each individual and the severity of his/her dementia. Also, some studies may just involve people with dementia from a particular sub-group (e.g. people with dementia in institutional care, over a specific age, just male or just female, from an ethnic group etc.).
People in the last stage of a terminal illness have been described as especially vulnerable as they are faced with many losses, confronted with overwhelming burdens, may be afraid and may be experiencing unpleasant symptoms. Whenever a person is dependent on another for his/her treatment, care and wellbeing, there is a risk of that person feeling under pressure to participate in a study. Raudonis (1992) describes participants in end-of-life research as “a captive audience” but this could equally apply to other kinds of research carried out in institutional settings. Participants may be afraid that failure to cooperate will result in the loss of their place in a palliative care unit. People dying with or from dementia may be dependent on others involved in the research for the appropriate and timely administration of pain relief or to take care of their basic needs (Addington-Hall, 2002). They may be afraid of the consequences of non-compliance with the researcher’s requests and feel that having agreed, they no longer have any choice. Such fears may also apply to carers who are asked to consent on behalf of a person with dementia, particularly when the person is receiving care and treatment in a hospital or hospice where they cannot be present all the time.
Risks linked to categorizing groups of people as vulnerable
Several arguments have been put forward against a group-based approach to vulnerability.
First, it detracts somewhat from the perception of the potential vulnerability of all human beings (as being capable of suffering) as well as of the increased vulnerability of individuals based on reasons which are not immediately evident.
Second, it focuses on the groups concerned and highlights a particular attribute (i.e. being vulnerable). This could be interpreted as those groups having or being “the problem”. Another way of looking at vulnerability would be in the context of relationships between people. Hurst (2008) describes vulnerability as a two-way street also involving researchers who have a duty to avoid identifiable wrongs.
Third, the reference to groups contributes towards overlooking similarities and differences between both groups and individuals. For example, many groups require the same type of protection, some people belong to more than one group and some members of a group may need additional protection with regard to certain issues but not others (DuBois, 2008).
Fourth, there is a risk of stereotyping vulnerable research participants. This might involve attaching additional attributes (such as weak, needy, powerless etc.) which devalue those groups of people and may lead to unfair treatment or discrimination. Stereotypes are inaccurate generalizations which exaggerate and distort similarities and ignore the differences between people from various identifiable groups. Linking vulnerability to particular groups may also reinforce existing stereotypes associated with those groups (e.g. that people with dementia are totally incapacitated).
Finally, there is a risk that categorizing people as vulnerable might result in their over-protection. This would prevent them from exercising their autonomy and having an equal right to take part in research. It could also interfere with the advancement of science and at the same time prevent people with dementia from benefiting from the results of research into their condition, care and treatment (Hurst, 2008).
Types of vulnerability and a non-group-based approach to vulnerability
An alternative non-group based approach to vulnerability involves assessing people for specific vulnerabilities and heightened risks. A specific condition or diagnosis (e.g. dementia) would alert researchers and justify them in assessing people with that condition for different types of vulnerability insofar as they relate to their study (DuBois, 2008). Six types of vulnerability have been identified by the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (2001). These are: cognitive or communicative vulnerability, institutional vulnerability, deferential vulnerability, medical vulnerability, economic vulnerability and social vulnerability.
Transparency and official recognition of researchers and studies
Researchers are not always recognisable as such. They do not tend to have official cards proving their status as a researcher, although most principal researchers would have documents proving that they had been granted ethical approval, governance approval or funding. This should be stated in the participant information sheet which all potential participants should receive as part of the informed consent process. However, very few people would ask to see copies of such authorisation.
Some researchers have academic posts, student identification or proof that they are a member of a recognised organisation (e.g. a pharmaceutical company, government body or advocacy group) which is carrying out research. When the researcher is a medical professional (e.g. a doctor or nurse), it may be unclear that s/he isalsoa researcher.
In observational/ethnographic research, the role of the researcher may be somewhat ambiguous in that it may be unclear who is a researcher and who is not. The researcher might, for example, participate in the research in the guise of a member of staff (e.g. observing people with dementia or even other members of staff). In some studies, researchers may actually be members of staff (e.g. in day care centres or nursing homes) who use data routinely collected during their daily work or during specific periods of observation. Ethical issues linked to transparency, but also to dignity, privacy and autonomy, therefore need to be addressed when carrying out research of this kind.
Sometimes, people with dementia and carers are asked for their opinions or advice (e.g. about services, care, support or other relevant issues). This may involve filling out a questionnaire, being interviewed or perhaps taking part in a focus group. It may represent a worthwhile attempt to improve some aspect of the lives of people with dementia or their carers (e.g. to develop useful assistive technology or improve services) but not fulfil the strict criteria for it to be classed as research. Such attempts to involve service users in the creation, development or improvement of services should be seen in a positive light provided that the nature of the questioning or involvement is clear to all involved.
A distinction can perhaps be made between scientific or academic research and what is sometimes called “market research” (which is an organised event to gather information about markets or customers). The involvement of people with dementia and carers in such studies is questionable when the purpose is solely for the commercial gain or personal interest of a company or individual and when this is not made clear or when the person with dementia lacks the necessary capacity to understand this. However, if information about the nature of the proposed involvement is provided and understood by the person with dementia or any other person who is asked to participate, they can make an informed decision about participation and may have reasons for wanting to be involved.
As has already been mentioned in sub-section 4.3, it is essential that people with dementia (or their legal representative if one has been appointed) understand the fundamental difference between research and treatment and that they are aware that they are consenting to research when this is the case. In some cases, researchers are not clear about this distinction either.
Research ethics committees often encourage researchers to involve patients and carers in the various stages of research such as the conceptualization and design of the study, and the dissemination of the results. Consulting people with dementia and carers in the initial development of the study and when drafting the protocol would take place before ethical approval was sought. As such, their involvement could be better described as co-researcher or advisor than as participant or subject. This has implications for the protection of their well-being. Although they would be involved in research, they would not have received a participant information sheet or signed a consent form, would not necessarily know in advance what to expect and would not benefit from the results of the reflection on ethical issues which is part of the process of seeking ethical approval for a study.
What is deception?
Deception was used fairly extensively in social psychology studies in the 1970s and 1980s (DuBois, 2008) but is not used as much nowadays (Hertwig and Ortmann, 2008). When used, it often involves lying (providing information that is untrue) and concealment (not revealing the purpose of the study or the identities of various people involved in the study) but there are other forms of deception such as exaggerating, making understatements and making indirect, ambiguous or misleading statements (Buller and Burgoon, 1996). Day et al. (2011), who carried out qualitative interviews with people with dementia about the use of lies and deception in dementia care, report that some people with dementia made a distinction between blatant lies and little white lies, the latter being associated with deceptive acts which are more subtle in nature.
Some researchers use deception but opt for controlled transparency in which participants are not deceived or tricked but the information provided just covers the essential details that participants need to know in order to make an informed decision.
Deception may also occur where people agree to take part in a study because they believe that it will be beneficial to them. This is called the therapeutic misconception. This may be due to their failure to understand the difference between treatment or care and research and not involve any kind of deliberate deception. However, it is the duty of researchers to ensure that potential participants have understood this distinction.
Arguments in favour of the use of deception
Deception about the purpose of the study has been justified on the grounds of social desirability. This means that there is a risk that if participants know everything about the study, they may give responses or try to behave in a way that that they think will be perceived as socially desirable or acceptable by the researcher. However, irrespective of whether deception is used, other reactions are possible. According to Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998),
- some participants will try to be helpful by behaving in accordance with what they think the researcher wants,
- some participants will be negativistic or suspicious and deliberately do the opposite of what they think the researcher wants, and
- some will try to act and answer authentically.
The use of deception in research is still accepted by the American Psychological Association (APA) provided that 1) the study is of significant value, 2) that non-deceptive procedures are not feasible, 3) that deception would not cause pain or severe emotional distress and 4) that participants are informed of the deception at the latest at the conclusion of the data collection, so that they can withdraw their data if they so wish (DuBois, 2008).
Benham (2008) argues in favour of deception in social-behavioural research based on a presumed “enrichment benefit”. He describes this as a unique opportunity to gain insight into oneself or others based on conditions or methods to which people do not normally have access. This is, of course, based on researchers revealing the deception and the results of the study to the participants afterwards, which is probably not always the case.
It is possible that for people with limited capacity or whose capacity deteriorates during the course of the study or before the results are made available, the concept of deception may not be fully understood or its revelation may come too late. Also, some might be unable to gain insight into themselves or others due to cognitive impairments. Depending on the duration of the study and the speed of cognitive decline of participants with dementia, debriefing may be impossible for some participants.
Nevertheless, it is possible that the total prohibition of all forms of deception in research would prevent researchers from carrying out many important studies which would have been beneficial for society (Kimmel, 1998) and such prohibition could therefore be considered as immoral (Christensen, 1988).
Arguments against the use of deception in research
Baumrind (1976) argues that the benefits to society are often over-estimated and the costs to the individual and society underestimated. In line with a personalist approach to ethics, which places greater value on the life and integrity of the person than on any function that the person might be called upon to serve, and as ethical theories do not tend to condone deception as a principle of action, Baumrind concludes that deception is unacceptable within research and that researchers who use deception are taking advantage of people’s implicit trust (Baumrind, 1964 and 1976). She further states:
“Only by acting in accord with agreed-upon rules, keeping promises, and avoiding deceit can human beings construct for themselves a coherent, consistent environment in which purposive behavior becomes possible. Thus, the long-range good that truth-telling promotes facilitates self-determination or authority over one's own person.” (Baumrind, 1976, 23-11)
This seems to be particularly relevant in the case of dementia research in which some participants may be struggling to make sense of their everyday lives, as well as venturing into the unfamiliar domain of research.
Other criticisms of the use of deception are that it fails to respect participants, may result in loss of trust, may harm participants and may foster insincerity amongst participants which would be counterproductive to researchers and that other approaches should be found (Baumrind, 1964; Sieber, 1982 in DuBois, 2008). It has also been suggested that deception in research may wrong people (NHS, 2009). This has connotations of injustice, violation and being discredited.
With regard to psychological wellbeing, deception may result in feelings of incongruence, perhaps resulting in people feeling that they have acted in a way which is not in keeping with their values. Guidelines (e.g. from the American Psychological Association) suggest that deception should not be used if it would be likely to cause severe emotional distress. There must be some measure of severe emotional distress which is meaningful to people with dementia and which takes into account the difficulties they may experience communicating their distress. Feeling tricked or deceived may be particularly worrying for people who are dependent on others for their wellbeing and care as is the case for many people with dementia. Moreover, if the distress occurs after the study, there may be no measures in place to help the participant deal with it.
Clare (2003) draws attention to emotion-based coping strategies which are often used by people with dementia (such as denial or normalization of the illness or symptoms) and how the discovery of a lie may inhibit such strategies by forcing people to face their illness.
The study by Day et al. (2011) into the attitudes of people with dementia regarding lies and deception in dementia care suggests that the impact of lies and deception may differ according to who is using such practices, the stage of dementia of the person on the receiving end, whether s/he is aware of the lie and whether it is in his/her best interests. The participants felt that lying elicited distress or anger due to the impact on relationships or self-concept, and that they found it patronising or demeaning, implying that they were perceived as a person with dementia rather than a “normal” person. Whilst this study was small scale, it suggests that the use of lies and deception may be perceived differently by people who have dementia than by people who do not.
Carers may also feel misled, disappointed and distressed if they find out that the person with dementia will not benefit from the study which s/he is already taking part in. The subsequent lack of trust in researchers by people with dementia and their carers may damage the reputation of individual researchers or research organisations and even the research profession in general with possible consequences for the recruitment of participants for other studies (Epley and Huff, 1998; Ortmann and Hertwig, 1998).
The whole issue of possible harm caused by deception is unclear. Some researchers argue that research participants do not perceive deception as being harmful and that some even enjoy the experience of such studies and their educational benefits more than studies not involving deception (Christensen, 1988). They nevertheless suggest that the use of deception is more likely to be perceived as unethical in studies investigating private behaviours. Hertwig and Ortmann (2008) suggest that there are many factors influencing possible distress caused by deception such as how well a person tolerates loss of control and being fooled, his/her expectations about honesty within research and the extent and nature of the deception. Theyconclude that further research is needed to clarify the impact of deception on research participants.
The word “thou” is another word for “you” (i.e. the second person singular pronoun). It is generally considered as being archaic but is still sometimes used in religious contexts and this is in keeping with Buber’s work.
This is a reflection of the terminology used at the time Kitwood was writing. The term “sufferer” is not generally used nowadays to refer to people with dementia.
Protection against harm
- Researchers should have at least a basic understanding of dementia.
- Lay people (including carers of people with dementia) should be encouraged to sit on research ethics committees and to be actively involved in the assessment of dementia research.
- Lay people and professionals who sit on research ethics committees should be provided with any necessary training (e.g. linked to ethics, research or dementia).
- Researchers should envisage the possibility of participants experiencing emotional or psychological harm and ensure that any person who is exposed to their research materials or data collection processes knows whom to contact for support. This could be a member of the research team with the appropriate training and skills or perhaps a counsellor or relevant association.
- Participants should have the full contact details of a person whom they can contact in case of dissatisfaction with any aspect of the study. The contact person should be somebody who is not directly involved in the data collection and analysis but is knowledgeable about the study and has the means to deal with possible problematic situations.
Dignity, ignity, integrity and respect
- Respecting the dignity of people with dementia and carers (and other research participants) should include polite, respectful behaviour (e.g. being considerate, attentive and well-mannered), and respecting individuality and cultural traditions.
- Researchers should use appropriate language when speaking to or referring to people with dementia. Terms such as “demented” and “suffering from dementia” should be avoided.
- Researchers should, through their own behaviour and attitudes, strive to promote and protect the dignity of people with dementia even in cases where it seems that the latter are not concerned or lack awareness or insight.
- The protection of the dignity of research participants should extend to the body of the deceased person in the case of post-mortem research.
- Measures to promote the wellbeing of research participants should focus on what is positive and desirable, rather than concentrating solely on what is lacking and negative.
- As wellbeing is encompassing and holistic, as well as a subjective experience, attempts should be made during and after the research to assess how people feel or felt about the experience.
- The use of standard feedback forms and quantitative measures, which can be completed anonymously, should be considered. This may be particularly helpful in eliciting criticism and discontent.
- Qualitative methods and approaches involving direct, meaningful interaction with participants should also be considered for the purposes of obtaining feedback about participants’ wellbeing but also as a means to actively contribute to their wellbeing and communicate to them that they are valued.
- Researchers should try to meet people with dementia in a genuine human exchange, even in the absence of verbal communication.
- This may require familiarization with verbal and non-verbal communication techniques in order to facilitate interaction.
- Researchers should be aware of and if necessary challenge processes and interactions in the context of research which risk depersonalizing people with dementia.
Privacy and confidentiality
- Strategies to ensure privacy and confidentiality should be included in the research protocol.
- Participants should be informed in advance that if they participate in the study, whilst confidentiality would be assured, the researcher would have to consider taking appropriate action if informed of criminal acts.
- People with dementia should not be labelled in a blanket fashion as vulnerable.
- The diagnostic label of dementia should justify the assessment of people with dementia for specific vulnerabilities in relation to a specific study as they may be more vulnerable than others.
- Principal researchers should have some means of proving their status as researcher and of identifying their research assistants or co-researchers.
- A system should be developed by independent or academic research ethics committees to provide researchers having obtained ethical approval with a means of identification, which participants can verify.
- Measures should be taken to ensure that participants understand whether they are being asked to participate in research or in other activities such as service user-involvement, consultation or “market research.”
The use of deception, particularly with participants who have dementia, should be avoided and only used in exceptional circumstances.
Even in exceptional circumstances, the use of deception should only be considered if:
- an alternative design which would not involve deception is not possible;
- the study does not entail more than minimal risk;
- there is a sound scientific justification for the use of deception;
- participants will be debriefed after the study;
- other people or representatives from the target group of participants have been consulted in the design of the project.
If deception is used in a study, participants should have the right, once debriefed, to request that any data collected from them be excluded from the study.
Last Updated: jeudi 29 mars 2012 | 55,205 | 140 |
108,802 | Migraines can be triggered by many everyday things. Different people respond to different triggers, so it is important to track your migraine patterns to help you avoid things that set off your migraine attacks. Common migraine triggers include:
- Emotional stress
- Intense physical exertion
- Abrupt weather changes
- Bright or flickering lights
- High altitude
- Travel motion
- Lack of sleep
- Skipping meals
- Certain foods and beverages (aged cheese, chocolate, red wine, beer, coffee, and many others)
- Food additives or preservatives (such as nitrates and monosodium glutamate)
Migraine Treatment Approaches
Migraines need a two-pronged approach: Treatment and prevention. Treatment uses medications that provide quick pain relief when attacks occur. These drugs include pain relievers such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, generic), triptans such as sumatriptan (Imitrex, generic), and ergotamine drugs.
Preventive strategies begin with non-drug approaches, including behavioral therapies and lifestyle changes. If headache attacks continue to occur at least once a week, or if your attacks do not respond well to treatment, your doctor may recommend you try preventive medication.
Migraine Prevention Guidelines
In 2012, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) updated its guidelines for prevention of migraine in adults. The main treatments recommended by the AAN for migraine prevention are:
- Anti-seizure drugs [usually divalproex (Depakote, generic), valproate (Depacon, generic) or topiramate (Topamax, generic)]
- Beta-blocker drugs [propranolol (Inderal, generic), timolol (Blocadren), or metoprolol (Lopressor, generic)]
- The triptan frovatriptan (Frova) for menstrual migraine
- The herbal remedy butterbur (Petasites hybridus)
Antidepressants [amitriptyline (Elavil, generic) or venlafaxine (Effexor, generic)] are also considered for migraine prevention. OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) injections are approved for prevention of chronic migraine.
Migraine headaches are a type of neurovascular headaches, a category that also includes cluster headaches. Doctors believe that neurovascular headaches are caused by an interaction between blood vessel and nerve abnormalities. Migraine headaches are the second most common type of primary headache after tension headaches. A primary headache is a headache that is not caused by another disease or condition. [For more information, see In-Depth Report #11: Headaches - tension and Report #99: Headaches - cluster.]
Migraine headaches are characterized by throbbing disabling pain on one side of the head, which sometimes spreads to affect the entire head. In fact, migraine comes from the Greek word hemikrania, meaning “half of the head.”
Migraines are classified as occurring either:
- With aura (previously called classic migraine) or
- Without aura (previously called common migraine)
Auras are sensory disturbances that occur before a migraine attack that can cause changes in vision, with or without other neurologic symptoms. [For more information on auras, see Symptoms section of this report.]
Episodic and Chronic Migraine
Migraines typically occur as isolated episodic attacks, which can happen once a year or several times within one week. In some cases, patients eventually experience on-going and chronic migraine (previously called transformed migraine). Chronic migraines typically begin as episodic headaches when patients are in their teens or 20s, and then increase in frequency over time. A headache is considered chronic when it occurs at least half of the days in a month, and often on a daily or near-daily basis.
The majority of chronic migraines are caused by overuse of analgesic migraine medications, both prescription pain reliever drugs and over-the-counter medications. Medication overuse headaches are also called rebound headaches. Obesity and caffeine overuse are other factors that may increase the risk of episodic migraine transforming to chronic migraine.
Chronic migraines can resemble tension-type headaches and it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between them. Both types of headaches can co-exist. In addition to throbbing pain on one side of the head, chronic migraine is marked by gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. Many patients with chronic migraine also suffer from depression.
Other Types of Migraine
Menstrual Migraines. Migraines are often tied to a woman's menstrual cycle, typically in the first days preceding or beginning menstruation. Estrogen and progesterone fluctuations may play a role. About half of women with migraines report an association with menstruation. Compared to migraines that occur at other times of the month, menstrual migraines tend to be more severe, last longer, and not have auras. Triptan drugs can provide relief and may also help prevent these types of migraines.
Basilar Migraine. Considered a subtype of migraine with aura, this migraine starts in the basilar artery, which forms at the base of the skull. It occurs mainly in young people. Symptoms may include vertigo (a sensation of dizziness), ringing in the ears, slurred speech, unsteadiness, possibly loss of consciousness, and severe headaches.
Abdominal Migraine. This migraine tends to occur in children who have a family history of migraine. Periodic migraine attacks are accompanied by abdominal pain, and often nausea and vomiting.
Ophthalmoplegic Migraine. This very rare headache tends to occur in younger adults. The pain centers around one eye and is usually less intense than in a standard migraine. It may be accompanied by vomiting, double vision, a droopy eyelid, and paralysis of eye muscles. Attacks can last from hours to months. A computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be needed to rule out bleeding from an aneurysm (a weakened blood vessel) in the brain.
Retinal Migraine. Symptoms of retinal migraine are short-term blind spots or total blindness in one eye that lasts less than an hour. A headache may precede or occur with the eye symptoms. Sometimes retinal migraines develop without headache. Other eye and neurologic disorders must be ruled out.
Vestibular Migraine. These attacks produce episodic dizziness, which can develop alone or with headache and other typical migraine symptoms. Ringing in the ears (tinnitus) and ear fullness are common.
Familial Hemiplegic Migraine. This is a very rare inherited genetic migraine disease. It can cause temporary paralysis on one side of the body, vision problems, and vertigo. These symptoms occur about 10 - 90 minutes before the headache.
Status Migrainosus. This is a serious and rare migraine. It is so severe and lasts so long that it requires hospitalization.
The exact causes of migraine headaches are unknown. Doctors think that migraines may start with an underlying central nervous system disorder. When triggered by various stimuli, this disorder may set off a chain of neurologic and biochemical events, some of which subsequently affect the brain's blood vessel (vascular) system.
There is certainly a strong genetic component to migraines. Several different genes are probably involved.
Many brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) and nerve pathway disrupters appear to play a role in causing migraines. They include the neurotransmitter serotonin, magnesium deficiencies, and abnormalities in the channels within cells that transport electrical ions such as calcium.
Many types of events and conditions can alter conditions in the brain and trigger migraines. They include:
- Emotional stress
- Physical exertion (such as intense exercise, lifting, or even bowel movements or sexual activity)
- Abrupt weather changes
- Bright or flickering lights
- High altitude
- Travel motion
- Lack of sleep
- Skipping meals
- Certain foods, and chemicals contained in them. More than 100 foods and beverages may potentially trigger migraine headache. Caffeine is one such trigger. Caffeine withdrawal can also trigger migraines in people who are accustomed to caffeine. Red wine and beer are also common triggers. Preservatives and additives (such as nitrates, nitrites, and MSG) can also trigger attacks. Doctors recommend that patients keep a headache diary to track the foods that trigger migraine.
- Fluctuations of female hormones may trigger migraines in women.
About 75% of all migraine sufferers are women. During childhood, boys and girls are equally affected. After puberty, migraines are more common in girls. Migraine most commonly affects women between the ages of 20 - 45.
Fluctuations of female hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, appear to increase the risk for migraines and their severity in some women. About half of women with migraines report headaches associated with their menstrual cycle. For some women, migraines also tend to be worse during the first trimester of pregnancy, but improve during the last trimester.
Migraine headaches typically affect people between the ages of 15 - 55. However, migraine also affects about 5 - 10% of all children. Many children with migraine eventually stop having attacks when they reach adulthood or transition to less severe tension-type headaches. Children with a family history of migraine may be more likely to continue having migraines.
Migraines tend to run in families. About 70 - 80% of patients with migraine have a family history of the condition.
Medical Conditions Associated with Migraines
People with migraine may have a history of depression, anxiety, stroke, epilepsy, irritable bowel syndrome, or high blood pressure. These conditions do not necessarily increase the risk for migraine, but they are associated with it.
A migraine attack may involve up to four symptom phases: prodrome phase, auras, the attack, and the postdrome phase. These phases may not occur in every patient or every headache.
The prodrome phase is a group of vague symptoms that may precede a migraine attack by several hours, or even a day or two. Prodrome symptoms may include:
- Sensitivity to light or sound
- Changes in appetite, including decreased appetite or food cravings
- Fatigue and drowsiness
- Mood changes, including depression, irritability, or restlessness
Auras are sensory disturbances that occur before the migraine attack in 1 in 5 patients. Visually, auras are referred to as being positive or negative:
- Positive auras include bright or shimmering light or shapes at the edge of the field of vision called scintillating scotoma. They can enlarge and fill the line of vision. Other positive aura experiences are zigzag lines or stars.
- Negative auras are dark holes, blind spots, or tunnel vision (inability to see to the side).
- Patients may have mixed positive and negative auras. This is a visual experience that is sometimes described as a fortress with sharp angles around a dark center.
Other neurologic symptoms may occur at the same time as the aura, although they are less common. They may include:
- Speech disturbances
- Tingling, numbness, or weakness in an arm or leg
- Perceptual disturbances such as space or size distortions
Migraine Attack Symptoms
If left untreated, attacks usually last from 4 - 72 hours. A typical migraine attack produces the following symptoms:
- Throbbing pain on one side of the head. Pain also sometimes spreads to affect the entire head.
- Pain worsened by physical activity
- Nausea, sometimes with vomiting
- Visual symptoms
- Facial tingling or numbness
- Extreme sensitivity to light and noise
- Looking pale and feeling cold
Less common symptoms include tearing and redness in one eye, swelling of the eyelid, and nasal congestion, including runny nose. (Such symptoms are more common in certain other headaches, notably cluster headaches.)
After a migraine attack, there is usually a postdrome phase, in which patients may feel exhausted and mentally foggy for a while.
For many people, migraines eventually go into remission and sometimes disappear completely, particularly as they age. Estrogen decline after menopause may be responsible for remission in some older women.
Risk for Stroke and Heart Disease. Migraine or severe headache is a risk factor for stroke in both men and women, especially before age 50. Research indicates that migraine may also increase the risk for other types of heart problems.
Migraine with aura appears to carry a higher risk for stroke than migraine without aura, especially for women. Because of this, it is very important that women with migraine avoid other stroke risks such as smoking and possibly birth control pills. Some studies suggest that people who have migraine with aura are more likely than people without migraine to have cardiovascular risk factors (such as high cholesterol and high blood pressure) that increase the risk for stroke. [For more information, see In-Depth Report #45: Stroke.]
Emotional Disorders and Quality of Life. Migraines have a significant negative impact on quality of life, family relations, and work productivity. Studies indicate that people with migraines have poorer social interactions and emotional health than patients with many chronic medical illnesses, including asthma, diabetes, and arthritis. Anxiety (particularly panic disorders) and major depression are also strongly associated with migraines.
A National Headache Foundation-sponsored survey of migraine sufferers reported that:
- 90% of people with migraines could not function normally on the day of a migraine attack
- 80% experienced abnormal sensitivity to light and noise
- 75% experienced nausea and vomiting
- 30% required bed rest
- 25% missed at least 1 day of work due to migraine in past 3 months
Anyone, including children, with recurring or persistent headaches should consult a doctor. There are no blood tests or imaging techniques that can be used to diagnose migraine headaches. A diagnosis will be made on the basis of medical history and physical exam, and, if necessary, tests may be necessary to rule out other diseases or conditions that may be causing the headaches. It is important to choose a doctor who is sensitive to the needs of headache sufferers and aware of the latest advances in treatment.
Diagnostic Criteria for Migraine
A diagnosis of migraine is usually made on the basis of repeated attacks (at least 5) that meet the following criteria:
- Headache attacks that last 4 - 72 hours
- Headache has at least two of the following characteristics: Location on one side of the head; throbbing pain; moderate or severe pain intensity; pain worsened by normal physical activity (such as walking or climbing stairs)
- During the headache, the patient has one or both of the following characteristics: Nausea or vomiting; extreme sensitivity to light or sound
- The headache cannot be attributed to another disorder
The patient should try to recall what seems to bring on the headache and anything that relieves it. Keeping a headache diary is a useful way to identify triggers that bring on headaches, as well as to track the duration and frequency of headache attacks. Some tips include:
- Note all conditions, including any foods eaten, preceding an attack. Often two or more triggers interact to produce a headache. For example, a combination of weather changes and fatigue can make headaches more likely than the presence of just one of these events.
- Keep a migraine record for at least three menstrual cycles. For women, this can help to confirm a diagnosis of menstrual migraine.
- Track medications. This is important for identifying possible medication-overuse (rebound) headache or chronic (transformed) migraine.
- Attempt to define the intensity of the headache using a number system, such as:
1 = Mild, barely noticeable
2 = Noticeable, but does not interfere with work/activities
3 = Distracts from work/activities
4 = Makes work/activities very difficult
5 = Incapacitating
Medical and Personal History
Tell your doctor any other conditions that might be associated with headache, including:
- Any chronic or recent illness and their treatments
- Any injuries, particularly head or back injuries
- Any dietary changes
- Any current medications or recent withdrawals from any drugs, including over-the-counter or natural (herbal or dietary supplement) remedies
- Any history of caffeine, alcohol, or drug abuse
- Any serious stress, depression, or anxiety
The doctor will also need a general medical and family history of headaches or diseases, such as epilepsy, that may increase their risk. Migraine tends to run in families.
The doctor will examine the head and neck and will usually perform a neurologic examination, which includes a series of simple exercises to test strength, reflexes, coordination, and sensation. The doctor may ask questions to test short-term memory and related aspects of mental function.
Differentiating Between Migraine and Other Types of Headaches
Differentiating Between Migraines and Tension Headaches. Migraine and tension-type headaches have some similar characteristics, but also some important differences:
- Migraine pain is throbbing, while tension-type headache pain is usually a steady ache
- Migraine pain may affect only one side of the head while tension-type headache pain typically affects both sides of the head
- Migraine pain, but not tension-type pain, worsens with head movement
- Migraine headaches, but not tension-type headaches, may be accompanied by nausea or vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, or aura
[For more information, see In-Depth Report #11: Tension-type headache.]
Differentiating Between Migraines and Sinus Headaches. Many primary headaches, including migraine, are misdiagnosed as sinus headaches, causing patients to be treated inappropriately with antibiotics. Many patients who think they have sinus headaches may actually have had a migraine. It is also possible for patients to have migraines with sinus symptoms such as congestion and facial pressure.
Sinus headaches occur in the front of the face, with pain or pressure around the eyes, across the cheeks, or over the forehead. They are usually accompanied by fever, runny nose or congestion, and fatigue. In sinus headaches, the nasal discharge is thick green or yellow. Nasal discharge in migraines is clear and watery.
A real sinus headache is a sign of an acute sinus infection, which responds to treatment with decongestants and may sometimes require antibiotics. If sinus headaches seem to recur, the patient is likely experiencing migraines.
The doctor may order a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test of the head to check for brain abnormalities that may be causing the headaches. Imaging tests of the brain may be recommended if the results of the history and physical examination suggest neurologic problems such as:
- Changes in vision
- Muscle weakness
- Stiff neck
- Changes in the way someone walks
- Changes in someone's mental status (disorientation)
Imaging tests may also be recommended for patients with headache:
- That wakes them at night
- A sudden or severe headache, or a headache that is the worst headache of someone's life
- New headaches in adults over 50 years, especially in the elderly. In this age group, it is particularly important to first rule out age-related disorders including stroke, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), accumulation of fluid within the brain (hydrocephalus), and head injuries (usually from falls).
- Worsening headache or headaches that do not respond to routine treatment.
A CT (computed tomography) scan is a much more sensitive imaging technique than x-ray, allowing high definition of not only the bony structures but also the soft tissues. Clear images of organs and structures, such as the brain, muscles, joints, veins and arteries, as well as of tumors and hemorrhages, may be obtained with or without the injection of contrasting dye.
Symptoms that Could Indicate a Serious Underlying Condition
Headaches indicating a serious underlying problem, such as cerebrovascular disorder or malignant hypertension, are uncommon. (It should be emphasized that a headache without other neurologic symptoms is not a common symptom of a brain tumor.) People with existing chronic headaches, however, might miss a more serious condition by believing it to be one of their usual headaches. Such patients should call a doctor promptly if the quality of a headache or accompanying symptoms has changed. Everyone should call a doctor for any of the following symptoms:
- Sudden, severe headache that persists or increases in intensity over the following hours, sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or altered mental states (possible hemorrhagic stroke)
- Sudden, very severe headache, worse than any headache ever experienced (possible indication of hemorrhage or a ruptured aneurysm)
- Chronic or severe headaches that begin after age 50
- Headaches accompanied by other symptoms, such as memory loss, confusion, loss of balance, changes in speech or vision, or loss of strength in or numbness or tingling in arms or legs (possibility of stroke or brain tumor)
- Headaches after head injury, especially if drowsiness or nausea are present (possibility of hemorrhage)
- Headaches accompanied by fever, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting (possibility of spinal meningitis)
- Headaches that increase with coughing or straining (possibility of brain swelling).
- A throbbing pain around or behind the eyes or in the forehead accompanied by redness in the eye and perceptions of halos or rings around lights (possibility of acute glaucoma)
- A one-sided headache in the temple in elderly people; the artery in the temple is firm and knotty and has no pulse; scalp is tender (possibility of temporal arteritis, which can cause blindness or even stroke if not treated)
- Sudden onset and then persistent, throbbing pain around the eye possibly spreading to the ear or neck unrelieved by pain medication (possibility of blood clot in one of the sinus veins of the brain)
Migraine treatment involves both treating acute attacks when they occur and developing preventive strategies for reducing the frequency and severity of attacks.
Treating Migraine Attacks
Many effective headache remedies are available for treating a migraine attack. Still, many patients are treated with unapproved drugs, including opoids and barbiturates that can be potentially addictive or dangerous.
The main types of medications for treating a migraine attack are:
- Pain relievers [usually nonprescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen]
It is best to treat a migraine attack as soon as symptoms first occur. Doctors generally recommend:
- Start with nonprescription pain relievers for mild-to-moderate attacks. If migraine pain is severe, a prescription version of an NSAID may be recommended.
- A triptan is generally the next drug of choice.
- Ergotamine drugs tend to be less effective than triptans but are helpful for some patients.
- Depending on the severity of the attacks, and accompanying symptoms, the doctor may recommend taking a triptan or ergotamine drug in tablet, injection, or suppository form. The doctor may also prescribe specific medications for treating symptoms such as nausea.
Try to guard against medication overuse, which can cause a rebound effect. Nearly all pain relief drugs used for migraine can cause rebound headache, and patients should not take any the drugs more than 9 days per month. If you find that you need to use acute migraine treatment more frequently, talk to your doctor about preventive medications.
Preventing Migraine Attacks
Preventive strategies for migraine include both drug treatment and behavioral therapy or lifestyle adjustments.
Patients should consider using preventive migraine drugs if they have:
- Migraines that are not helped by acute treatment drugs
- Frequent attacks (more than once per week)
- Side effects from acute treatment drugs or contraindications to taking them
The main preventive drug treatments for migraine are:
- Beta-blocker drugs [usually propranolol (Inderal, generic) or timolol (Blocadren)]
- Anti-seizure drugs [usually divalproex (Depakote, generic), valproate (Depacon, generic) or topiramate (Topamax, generic)]
- Tricyclic antidepressants [usually amitriptyline (Elavil, generic)] or the dual inhibitor antidepressant venlafaxine (Effexor, generic)
- The triptan frovatriptan (Frova) for menstruation-associated migraine
OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) injection is also approved for prevention of migraine but it appears to work best for chronic (not episodic) migraine.
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) is an herbal remedy that may be effective for migraine prevention. It is recommended by the American Academy of Neurology.
A preventive medication strategy needs to be carefully tailored to an individual patient, taking into account the patient's medical history and co-existing medical conditions. These drugs can have serious side effects.
A preventive medication is usually started at a low dose, and then gradually increased. It may take 2 - 3 months for a drug to achieve its full effect. Preventive treatment may be needed for 6 - 12 months or longer. Most patients take preventive medications on a daily basis, but some patients may use these drugs intermittently (for example, for preventing menstrual migraine).
Patients can also help prevent migraines by identifying and avoiding potential triggers, such as specific foods. Relaxation therapy and stress reduction techniques may also help. (See Lifestyle section in this report.)
Treatment Approaches for Children
Migraine Treatment for Children. Most children with migraines may need only mild pain relievers and home remedies (such as ginger tea) to treat their headaches. The American Academy of Neurology's practice guidelines for children and adolescents recommend the following drug treatments:
- For children age 6 years and older, ibuprofen (Advil, generic) is recommended. Acetaminophen (Tylenol, generic) may also be effective. Acetaminophen works faster than ibuprofen, but the effects of ibuprofen last longer.
- For adolescents age 12 years and older, sumaptriptan (Imitrex) nasal spray is recommended.
Migraine Prevention for Children. Non-medicinal methods, including biofeedback and muscle relaxation techniques, may be helpful. If these methods fail, then preventive drugs may be used, although evidence is weak on the effectiveness of standard migraine preventive drugs in children.
Withdrawing from Medications
If medication overuse causes rebound migraines to develop, the patient cannot recover without stopping the drugs. (If caffeine is the culprit, a person may need only to reduce coffee or tea drinking to a reasonable level, not necessarily stop drinking it altogether.) The patient can usually stop abruptly or gradually. The patient should expect the following:
- Most headache drugs can be stopped abruptly, but the patient should talk to their doctor first. Certain non-headache medications, such as anti-anxiety drugs or beta-blockers, require gradual withdrawal under medical supervision.
- If the patient chooses to taper off standard headache medications, withdrawal should be completed within 3 days.
- The patient may take other pain medicines during the first days. Examples of drugs that may be used include dihydroergotamine (with or without metoclopramide), NSAIDs (in mild cases), corticosteroids, or valproate.
- Patients should expect their headaches to get worse after they stop taking their medications, no matter which method they use. Most people feel better within 2 weeks, although headache symptoms can persist up to 16 weeks (and in rare cases even longer).
- If the symptoms do not respond to treatment and cause severe nausea and vomiting, the patient may need to be hospitalized.
Medications for Treating Migraine Attacks
Many different medications are used to treat migraines. Some migraines respond to non-prescription pain relievers such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen, or aspirin. Among prescription drugs, triptans and ergotamine are the only types of medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for migraine treatment.
Other types of drugs, including opioids and barbiturates, are sometimes prescribed off-label for migraine treatment. Opioids and barbiturates have not been approved by the FDA for migraine relief, and they can be addictive.
All FDA-approved migraine treatments are approved only for adults. No migraine products have officially been approved for use in children.
Some patients with mild migraines respond well to over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers, particularly if they take a full dose of the medicine at the very first sign of an attack. OTC pain relievers, also called analgesics, include:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, generic), naproxen (Aleve, generic), and aspirin. Products marketed as Advil Migraine or Motrin Migraine Pain are simply ibuprofen in a liquid-filled capsule.
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol, generic). Excedrin Migraine contains a combination of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine.
There are also prescription-only NSAIDs such as diclofenac (Cataflam, generic).
NSAID Side Effects. High dosages and long-term use of NSAIDs can increase the risk for heart attack, stroke, kidney problems, and stomach bleeding. Aspirin does not increase the risk for heart problems, but it can cause other NSAID-related side effects. Frequent or daily use of NSAIDs may worsen migraines and lead to the development of medication overuse headache.
Triptans (also referred to as serotonin agonists) were the first drugs specifically developed for migraine treatment. They are the most important migraine drugs currently available. They help maintain serotonin levels in the brain. Serotonin is one of the major brain chemicals involved in migraines.
Triptans are recommended as first-line drugs for adult patients with moderate-to-severe migraines when NSAIDs are not effective. Triptans have the following benefits:
- They are effective for most patients with migraine, as well as patients with combination tension and migraine headaches.
- They do not have the sedative effect of other migraine drugs.
- Withdrawal after overuse appears to be shorter and less severe than with other migraine medications
Sumatriptan. Sumatriptan (Imitrex, generic) has the longest track record and is the most studied of all triptans. It is available as a fast-dissolving pill, nasal spray, or injection. Injected sumatriptan works the fastest of all the triptans and is the most effective, but it can cause pain at the injection site. The nasal spray form bypasses the stomach and is absorbed more quickly than the oral form. Some patients report relief as soon as 15 minutes after administration. The spray tends to work less well when a person has nasal congestion from cold or allergy. It may also leave a bad taste. Sumatriptan is effective for many patients, but for some people headache recurs within 24 hours after taking the drug.
Other Triptans. Newer triptans include almotriptan (Axert), zolmitriptan (Zomig), naratriptan (Amerge, generic), rizatriptan (Maxalt), frovatriptan (Frova), and eletriptan (Relpax). Treximet combines in one pill both sumatriptan and the anti-inflammatory pain reliever naproxen (Aleve, generic). Frovatriptan is also recommended for prevention of menstrual migraine, and naratriptan and zolmitriptan may possibly be effective.
Although triptans, (like all migraine medications), are approved only for adults, researchers are investigating zolmitriptan for treating migraines in adolescents.
Side Effects. Side effects of triptans may include:
- Tingling and numbness in the toes
- Sensations of warmth
- Discomfort in the ear, nose, and throat
- Muscle weakness
- Heaviness or pain in the chest (especially with sumatriptan)
- Rapid heart rate
Complications of Triptans. The following are potentially serious problems.
- Complications of heart and circulation. Triptans narrow (constrict) blood vessels. Because of this effect, spasms in the blood vessels may occur and cause serious side effects, including stroke and heart attack. Such events are rare, but patients with an existing history or risk factors for these conditions should generally avoid triptans.
- Serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is a life-threatening condition that occurs from an excess of the brain chemical serotonin. Triptan drugs used to treat migraine, as well as certain types of antidepressant medications, can increase serotonin levels. These antidepressant drugs include serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) -- such as fluoxetine (Prozac, generic), paroxetine (Paxil, generic), and sertraline (Zoloft, generic) -- and selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor, generic). It is very important that patients not combine a triptan drug with a SSRI or SNRI drug. Serotonin syndrome is most likely to occur when starting or increasing the dose of a triptan or antidepressant drug. Symptoms include restlessness, hallucinations, rapid heartbeat, tremors, increased body temperature, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. You should seek immediate medical care if you have these symptoms.
The following people should avoid triptans or take them with caution and only under a doctor's supervision:
- Anyone with a history or any risk factors for stroke, uncontrolled diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease.
- People taking antidepressants that increase serotonin levels.
- Children and adolescents. They may be safe, but controlled studies are needed to confirm this. (Triptans should not, in any case, be the first-line treatment for children.)
- People with basilar or hemiplegic migraines. (Triptans are not indicated for these migraineurs.)
- There is no evidence to date of any higher risk for birth defects in pregnant women who take triptans. Still, women should be cautious about taking any medications during pregnancy and discuss any possible adverse effects with their doctors.
Drugs containing ergotamine (commonly called ergots) constrict smooth muscles, including those in blood vessels, and are useful for migraine. They were the first anti-migraine drugs available. Ergotamine is available by prescription in the following preparations:
- Dihydroergotamine (DHE) is an ergot derivative. It is administered as a nasal spray form (Migranal) or by injection, which can be performed at home.
- Ergotamine is available as tablets taken by mouth, tablets taken under the tongue (sublingual), and rectal suppositories. Some of the tablet forms of ergotamine contain caffeine.
Ergotamine's role since the introduction of triptans is now less certain. Only the rectal forms of ergotamine are superior to rectal triptans. Injected, oral, and nasal-spray forms are all inferior to the triptans. Ergotamine may still be helpful for patients with status migrainous or those with frequent recurring headaches.
Side Effects. Side effects of ergotamine include:
- Tingling sensations
- Muscle cramps
- Chest or abdominal pain
The following are potentially serious problems:
- Toxicity. Ergotamine is toxic at high levels.
- Adverse effects on blood vessels. Ergot can cause persistent blood vessel contractions, which may pose a danger for people with heart disease or risk factors for heart attack or stroke.
- Internal scarring (fibrosis). Scarring can occur in the areas around the lungs, heart, or kidneys. It is often reversible if the drug is stopped.
The following patients should avoid ergots:
- Pregnant women. Ergots can cause miscarriage.
- People over age 60.
- Patients with serious, chronic health problems, particularly those with heart and circulation conditions.
Ergotamine can interact with other medications, such as antifungal drugs and some antibiotics. All ergotamine products approved by the FDA contain a "black box" warning in the prescription label explaining these drug interactions. The five FDA-approved ergotamine products are:
- Migergot suppository (marketed by G and W Labs)
- Ergotamine Tartrate and Caffeine tablets (marketed by Mikart and West Ward)
- Cafergot tablets (marketed by Sandoz)
- Ergomar sublingual tablets (marketed by Rosedale Therapeutics)
If migraine pain is very severe and does not respond to other drugs, doctors may try painkillers containing opioids. Opioid drugs include morphine, codeine, meperidine (Demerol, generic), and oxycodone (Oxycontin)]. Butorphanol is an opioid in nasal spray form that may be useful as a rescue treatment when others fail.
Opioids are not approved for migraine treatment and should not be used as first-line therapy. Nevertheless, many opioid products are prescribed to patients with migraine, sometimes with dangerous results. For example, following reports of several drug-related deaths, the FDA warned that the cancer pain pill fentanyl (Fentora, generic) should not be used to treat patients with migraine or others conditions for which the drug is not specifically approved.
Side Effects. Side effects for all opioids include drowsiness, impaired judgment, nausea, and constipation. There is a risk for addiction, and these drugs can become ineffective with long-term use for chronic migraines. Doctors should not prescribe opioids to patients at risk for drug abuse, including those with personality or psychiatric disorders.
Drugs Used for Nausea and Vomiting
Metoclopramide (Reglan, generic) is used in combination with other drugs to treat the nausea and vomiting that sometimes occur either as a medication side effect or migraine symptom. Metoclopramide and other anti-nausea drugs may help the intestine better absorb migraine medications.
Medications for Preventing Migraine Attacks
The FDA’s approved drugs for prevention of migraine are:
- Propanolol (Inderal, generic)
- Timolol (Blocadren)
- Divalproex sodium (Depakote, generic)
- Valproate sodium (Depacon, generic)
- Valproic acid (Stavzor, Depakene, generic)
- Topiramate (Topamax, generic)
- OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox)
Propanolol and timolol are beta-blocker drugs. Divalproex, valproate, valproic acid, and topiramate are anti-seizure drugs. Many other drugs are also being used or investigated for preventing migraines.
Beta blockers are usually prescribed to reduce high blood pressure. Some beta blockers are also useful in reducing the frequency of migraine attacks and their severity when they occur. Propranolol (Inderal, generic) and timolol (Blocadren) are approved specifically for prevention of migraine. Metoprolol (Lopressor, generic) is also recommended and atenolol (Tenormin, generic), and nadolol (Corgard, generic) may also be considered for migraine prevention.
Side Effects. Side effects may include:
- Fatigue and lethargy are common.
- Some people experience vivid dreams and nightmares, depression, and memory loss.
- Dizziness and lightheadedness may occur upon standing.
- Exercise capacity may be reduced.
- Other side effects may include cold extremities (legs, arms, feet, hands), asthma, decreased heart function, gastrointestinal problems, and sexual dysfunction.
If side effects occur, the patient should call a doctor, but it is extremely important not to stop the drug abruptly. Some evidence suggests that people with migraines who have had a stroke should avoid beta blockers.
Anti-seizure drugs, also called anticonvulsant drugs, are commonly used for treating epilepsy and bipolar disorder. Divalproex sodium (Depakote, Depakote ER, generic), valproic acid (Stavzor, Depakene, generic) and topiramate (Topamax, generic) are the only anti-seizure drugs that are approved for migraine prevention.
Side Effects. Anti-seizure medication side effects vary by drug but may include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Tingling sensation in arms and legs
- Hair loss
- Blurred vision
- Weight gain (or with topiramate, weight loss)
- Valproate and divalproex can cause serious side effects of inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) and damage to the liver
Divalproex sodium, valproic acid, and topiramate can increase the risk for birth defects, particularly cleft palate and cognitive development. These drugs should not be used during the first trimester of pregnancy. Women who are of child-bearing age and considering pregnancy should discuss the safety of these drugs with their doctors and consider other types of migraine preventive medication.
All anti-seizure drugs can increase the risks of suicidal thoughts and behavior (suicidality). The highest risk of suicide can occur as soon as 1 week after beginning drug treatment and can continue for at least 24 weeks. Patients who take these drugs should be monitored for signs of depression, changes in behavior, or suicidality. [For more information, see In-Depth Report #44: Epilepsy.]
Tricyclics and Other Antidepressants
Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep, generic), a tricyclic antidepressant drug, has been used for many years as a first-line treatment for migraine prevention. It may work best for patients who also have depression or insomnia. Tricyclics can have significant side effects, including disturbances in heart rhythms, and can be fatal in overdose. Although other tricyclic antidepressants may have fewer side effects than amitritpyline, they do not appear to be particularly effective for migraine prevention.
Venlafaxine (Effexor, generic) is another antidepressant recommended for migraine prevention. It is a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine (Prozac, generic), do not appear to be effective for migraine prevention.
OnabtulinumtoxinA (Botox) is now approved for preventing chronic migraine in adults. Botox is given by multiple injections to the head and neck area about every 12 weeks. These injections may help to dull future headache symptoms. Botox appears to work best for chronic migraines. It has not been shown to work for migraines that occur less frequently than 14 days a month or for other types of headaches (such as tension headaches). The most common side effects are neck pain and headache.
Other Treatments for Preventing Migraines
Other types of medications and treatments are being used or investigated for prevention of migraines.
Triptans. Frovatriptan is effective for prevention of menstrual migraines. Naratriptan (Amerge, generic) and zolmitriptan (Zomig) may also be helpful.
NSAIDs. Certain over-the-counter and prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be helpful for migraine prevention. They include naproxen (Aleve, generic), ibuprofen (Aleve, Motrin, generic), fenoprofen (Nalpron), and ketoprofen (Nexcede, generic). However, daily use of NSAIDs can cause stomach problems and may also lead to a condition called medication overuse headache.
ACE Inhibitors. Commonly used for treating high blood pressure, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as lisinopril (Prinivil, generic) block the production of the protein angiotensin, which constricts blood vessels and may be involved in migraine.
Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers. Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), such as candesartan (Atacand), are another type of high blood pressure medications being studied for migraine prevention.
Histamine. Subcutaneous (under the skin) injections of histamine may be helpful for migraine prevention.
Neurostimulation Devices. Researchers are investigating a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device to help stop migraines before they occur. The hair dryer-size device is held to the back of the head and delivers quick magnetic pulses. The device is used when a patient experiences the first signs of a migraine. Other types of nerve stimulation devices are also under investigation.
Nasal Devices. New types of nasal sprays and powders are being researched. Some of them use capsaicin, the chemical found in cayenne peppers, to help relieve pain.
Herbs and Dietary Supplements. Certain herbs and dietary supplements may be helpful for migraine prevention. See Non-Drug Treatments and Lifestyle Changes section of this report.
Non-Drug Treatments and Lifestyle Changes
There are several ways to prevent migraine attacks. You should first try a healthy diet, the right amount of sleep, and non-drug approaches (such as biofeedback) for prevention.
Behavioral techniques that reduce stress and empower the patient may help some people with migraines. They generally include:
- Biofeedback therapy
- Relaxation techniques
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Behavioral methods may help counteract the tendency for muscle contraction and uneven blood flow associated with some headaches. They may be particularly beneficial for children, adolescents, pregnant and nursing women, and anyone who cannot take most migraine medications. Studies generally find that these techniques work best when used in combination with medications.
Biofeedback. Many studies have demonstrated that biofeedback is effective for reducing migraine headache frequency. Biofeedback training teaches the patient to monitor and modify physical responses, such as muscle tension, using special instruments for feedback.
Relaxation Therapy. Relaxation therapy techniques include relaxation response, progressive muscle relaxation, visualization, and deep breathing. Muscle relaxation techniques are simple and easy to learn, and can be effective. Some patients may also find that relaxation techniques combined with applying a cold compress to the forehead may help provide some pain relief during attacks. Some commercially available products use a pad containing a gel that cools the skin for several hours.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) teaches patients how to recognize and cope with stressors in their life. It can help patients understand how their thoughts and behavior patterns may affect their symptoms, and how to change the way the body responds to anticipated pain. CBT may be included with stress management techniques. Research indicates that CBT is most effective when combined with relaxation training or biofeedback.
Acupuncture is a Chinese medicine technique that uses thin needles to stimulate specific points aligned with energy pathways in the body. Studies have showed mixed results on the benefits of acupuncture for preventing migraine.
Making a few minor changes in your lifestyle can make your migraines more bearable. Improving sleep habits is important for everyone, and especially those with headaches. What you eat also has a huge impact on migraines, so dietary changes can be extremely beneficial, too.
Avoid Food Triggers. Avoiding foods that trigger migraine is an important preventive measure. Common food triggers include monosodium glutamate (MSG), processed lunch meats that contain nitrates, dried fruits that contain sulfites, aged cheese, alcohol and red wine, chocolate, and caffeine. However, people’s responses to triggers differ. Keeping a headache diary that tracks diet and headache onset can help identify individual food triggers.
Eat Regularly. Eating regularly is important to prevent low blood sugar. People with migraines who fast periodically for religious reasons might consider taking preventive medications.
Stay Physically Active. Exercise is certainly helpful for relieving stress. An analysis of several studies reported that aerobic exercise in particular might help prevent migraines. It is important, however, to warm up gradually before beginning a session, since sudden, vigorous exercise might actually precipitate or aggravate a migraine attack.
Limit Estrogen-Containing Medications. Medications that contain estrogen, such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, may trigger migraines or make them worse. Talk to your doctor about whether you should stop taking these types of medications or reduce the dosage.
Herbs and Supplements
Manufacturers of herbal remedies and dietary supplements do not need Food and Drug Administration approval to sell their products. Just like a drug, herbs and supplements can affect the body's chemistry, and therefore have the potential to produce side effects that may be harmful. There have been several reported cases of serious and even lethal side effects from herbal products. Patients should always check with their doctors before using any herbal remedies or dietary supplements.
In 2012, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) updated its guidelines on migraine prevention to include complementary treatments. Based on reviews of clinical studies, the AAN recommends:
- Butterbur (Petasites hybridus). Butterbur is a traditional herbal remedy used for many types of ailments, including migraine. The AAN considers butterbur “effective” and recommends it be offered for migraine prevention. Butterbur was the only non-drug treatment ranked by the AAN as having the highest proof of evidence (Level A) for effectiveness. Butterbur may cause an allergic reaction in people who are sensitive to ragweed and related plants.
- Feverfew. Feverfew is another well-studied herbal remedy for headaches. The AAN ranks feverfew as “probably effective” (Level B evidence) and recommends that it be considered for migraine prevention. Pregnant women should not take this herb as it may potentially harm the fetus.
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Magnesium. Riboflavin and magnesium are the two vitamin and mineral supplments ranked by the AAN as “probably effective”. Vitamin B2 is generally safe, although some people taking high doses develop diarrhea. Magnesium helps relax blood vessels. Some studies have reported a higher rate of magnesium deficiencies in some patients with migraine..
Although not specifically recommended by the AAN, other herbal and dietary supplements associated with migraine prevention include:
- Fish Oil. Some studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish oil, have anti-inflammatory and nerve protecting actions. These fatty acids can be found in oily fish, such as salmon, mackerel, or sardines. They can also be obtained in supplements of specific omega-3 compounds (DHA-EPA).
- Ginger. In general, herbal medicines should never be used by children or pregnant or nursing women without medical counsel. One exception may be ginger, which has no side effects and can be eaten or taken as a tea in powder or fresh form, as long as quantities are not excessive. Some people have reported less pain and frequency of migraines while taking ginger, and children can take it without danger. Ginger is also a popular home remedy for relieving nausea.
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1,075,840 | The Human Brain as a Special Brain
What makes us human? Is our brain, the only one known to study other brains, special in any way? According to a recent popular account of what makes us unique, “we have brains that are bigger than expected for an ape, we have a neocortex that is three times bigger than predicted for our body size, we have some areas of the neocortex and the cerebellum that are larger than expected, we have more white matter” – and the list goes on (Gazzaniga, 2008
). Most specialists seem to agree (for example, Marino, 1998
; Rilling, 2006
; Sherwood et al., 2006
). Since ours is obviously not the largest brain on Earth, our superior cognitive abilities cannot be accounted for by something as simple as brain size, the most readily measurable parameter regarding the brain. Emphasis is thus placed on an exceptionality that is, curiously, not brain-centered, but rather body-centered: With a smaller body but a larger brain than great apes, the human species deviates from the relationship between body and brain size that applies to other primates, great apes included, boasting a brain that is 5–7× too large for its body size (Jerison, 1973
; Marino, 1998
). Recent efforts to support this uniqueness have focused on finding genetic differences between humans and other primates (reviewed in Vallender, 2008
), as well as cellular particularities such as the presence and distribution of Von Economo neurons (Nimchinsky et al., 1999
; but see Butti et al., 2009
; Hakeem et al., 2009
To regard the human brain as unique requires considering it to be an outlier: an exception to the rule, whatever that rule is. This makes little sense, however, in light of evolution. If we go to such great lengths to affirm, and teach, that evolution is the origin of diversity in life, and to find trends and laws that apply to kingdoms, phyla and orders as a whole, why then insist that whatever scaling rules apply to other primates must not apply to us? In view of the vexing size inferiority in brain size and of the lack of information about what our brains are actually made of – and how that compares to other brains, particularly those of whales and elephants – resorting to a quest for uniqueness may have seemed as a necessary, natural step to justify the cognitive superiority of the human brain.
Recently, a novel quantitative tool developed in our lab (Herculano-Houzel and Lent, 2005
) has finally made the numbers of neurons and non-neuronal cells that compose the brains of various mammals, humans included, available for comparative analysis. This review will focus on such a quantitative, comparative analysis, with emphasis on the numbers that characterize the human brain: what they are, how they have been viewed in the past, and how they change our view of where the human brain fits into the diversity of the mammalian nervous system.
The Human Brain in Numbers
How many neurons does the human brain have, and how does that compare to other species? Many original articles, reviews and textbooks affirm that we have 100 billion neurons and 10 times more glial cells (Kandel et al., 2000
; Ullian et al., 2001
; Doetsch, 2003
; Nishiyama et al., 2005
; Noctor et al., 2007
; Allen and Barres, 2009
), usually with no references cited. This leaves the reader with the impression that the cellular composition of the human brain has long been determined. Indeed, an informal survey with senior neuroscientists that we ran in 2007 showed that most believed that the number of cells in the human brain was indeed already known: that we have about 100 billion neurons, outnumbered by about 10 times more glial cells – but none of the consulted scientists could cite an original reference for these numbers (Herculano-Houzel and Lent, unpublished observations). Curiously, the widespread concept that neurons represent about 10% of all cells in the human brain might be one of the arguments behind the popular, but mistaken, notion that we only use 10% of our brain (Herculano-Houzel, 2002
The reason for such lack of references is that indeed there was, to our knowledge, no actual, direct estimate of numbers of cells or of neurons in the entire human brain to be cited until 2009. A reasonable approximation was provided by Williams and Herrup (1988)
, from the compilation of partial numbers in the literature. These authors estimated the number of neurons in the human brain at about 85 billion: 12–15 billion in the telencephalon (Shariff, 1953
), 70 billion in the cerebellum, as granule cells (based on Lange, 1975
), and fewer than 1 billion in the brainstem. With more recent estimates of 21–26 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex (Pelvig et al., 2008
) and 101 billion neurons in the cerebellum (Andersen et al., 1992
), however, the total number of neurons in the human brain would increase to over 120 billion neurons.
As to the 10 times more numerous glial cells in the human brain, that seems to be the case only in subcortical nuclei such as the thalamus (17 glial cells per neuron) and the ventral pallidum (12 glial cells per neuron; Pakkenberg and Gundersen, 1988
). In the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, glial cells outnumber neurons by a factor of <2 (Sherwood et al., 2006
; Pelvig et al., 2008
). Given the relatively small number of glial cells reported for the human cerebellum, where they are outnumbered by neurons by at least 25:1 (Andersen et al., 1992
), the only possible explanation for the ubiquitous quote of 10 times more glial than neuronal cells in the entire human brain would be the presence of nearly one trillion glial cells in the remaining structures alone – an unlikely scenario, since these structures represent <10% of total brain mass.
Why Bother with Cell Numbers?
Across species, the number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is widely considered to be a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior (Williams and Herrup, 1988
). Among mammals, those species with the largest brains, such as cetaceans and primates, have a greater range and versatility of behavior than those with the smallest brains, such as insectivores (Jerison, 1985
; Marino, 2002
). Among birds, those that are larger-brained (corvids, parrots and owls) are also considered the most intelligent (Lefebvre et al., 2004
). A recent comparison of several parameters, including brain size, relative brain size, encephalization, conduction velocity and estimated numbers of neurons led two authors to conclude that the “factors that correlate better with intelligence (across species) are the number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity, as the basis for information processing” (Roth and Dicke, 2005
). Indeed, within non-human primates, a recent meta-analysis concluded that the best predictor of the cognitive abilities of a species is absolute brain size, not relative size nor encephalization quotient (EQ;Deaner et al., 2007
However, the correlation between absolute brain size and cognitive abilities breaks down when species of similar brain size are compared across orders. Monkeys, for instance, possess brains that are much smaller than those of ungulates, but the higher cognitive and behavioral flexibility of monkeys over ungulates is anecdotally evident to any observer who compares the ingenious and complex abilities of macaques to those of cows or horses, even though the latter have 4–5× larger brains than macaques. For similar-sized brains, rodents also perform more poorly than primates: With a brain of only 52 g, the behavioral, social and cognitive repertoire of the capuchin monkey is outstanding compared to the capybara, a giant Amazonian rodent (MacDonald, 1981
), even though the latter has a larger brain of 75 g. This is reminiscent of the most striking and troubling discrepancy regarding brain size and cognitive abilities: that between humans and larger-brained species such as whales and elephants. If the latter have brains that are up to six times larger than a human brain, why should we be more cognitively able? Answering this question requires a direct examination of the numbers of neurons that compose the brains of humans and other species.
Brain and Body Scaling: The Traditional View
Assumption 1: Body Size Matters
If the smaller size of the human brain compared to elephant and whale brains (Figure 1
) translates into a smaller number of neurons in the human brain than in the latter, then what makes the human brain outstanding in its cognitive abilities? In the absence of direct estimates of numbers of neurons in these and other species, the search for a neural correlate for human capacities has placed emphasis on the characteristic that most undisputedly places humans above other mammals: the EQ (Jerison, 1973
). This measure is based on the observation that, across species, brain size correlates with body size in a way that can be described mathematically with a power function, thus allowing the predicted brain mass to be calculated for any species. EQ indicates how much the observed brain mass of a species deviates from the expected for its body mass: an EQ of 1 indicates that the observed brain mass matches the expected value; an EQ >1 means that brain size in that species is larger than expected for its body mass.
Figure 1. The human brain is not the largest.
Brains of a human and of an African elephant are depicted here at the same scale. Drawings by Lorena Kaz based on images freely available from the University of Wisconsin and Michigan State Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections (www.brainmuseum.org
Compared to mammals as a whole, humans have the largest EQ found for any mammal, of between 7 and 8 (Jerison, 1973
); even if compared to anthropoid primates only, humans still have an EQ of over 3, a value that is larger than that obtained for any other primate or cetacean (Marino, 1998
). The position of the human species as an outlier in the body × brain comparison is made clear if one considers that although gorillas and orangutans overlap or exceed humans in body size, their brains amount to only about one-third of the size of the human brain.
There are, however, several problems with the notion that the explanation for the superior cognitive abilities of the human species lies in its large EQ. For one, it is not obvious how larger-than-expected brain mass would confer a cognitive advantage. In principle, this advantage would rely on the availability for cognitive functions of whatever brain mass exceeds what is necessary to process body-related information. However, according to this notion, small-brained animals with very large EQs should be expected to have more cognitive abilities than large-brained animals with smaller EQs. Capuchin monkeys, for instance, have much larger EQs than gorillas (Marino, 1998
), but are outranked by these in cognitive performance (Deaner et al., 2007
). Absolute brain mass and number of neurons, left out of the encephalization equation, must clearly be taken into consideration, since the “exceeding number of neurons” in a large brain should necessarily be larger than that in a smaller brain of same EQ (Herculano-Houzel, 2007
Another problem with the utility of the EQ is that the body–brain mass relationship from which expected brain mass is derived depends on the precise combination of species computed (Barton, 2006
; Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007
). We have recently found that, compared to the linear brain × body relationship that applies to the primate species in our sample (which consisted of simian and prosimian primates; Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007
), the human brain deviates by only 10% from its expected size (Azevedo et al., 2009
). This conformity to the body × brain relationship that applies to non-anthropoid primates is consistent with the observation that, like in other non-anthropoid primates, the human brain mass represents about 2% of body mass. Given the sensitivity of EQ to the species included and our finding that the human brain conforms to the scaling rules that apply to other primates (see below), we have suggested that, rather than humans having a larger brain than expected, it is the great apes such as orangutans and, more notably, gorillas that have bodies that are much larger than expected for primates of their brain size (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007
This latter possibility of a dissociation between brain and body development in evolution (which might be only circumstantially, and not causally, related) constitutes a final criticism to the usefulness of the EQ as an index of “brain” evolution in comparative studies: indeed, the emphasis on the body-centered EQ overlooks the observation that, compared to other mammalian orders, primate encephalization is the result of a shift in postcranial growth processes, not a modification of brain growth (Deacon, 1997
). In the words of Deacon, “if primates have big brains merely because they have small bodies, we cannot presume that this represents an evolutionary trend driven by cognitive demands”(p. 343). In this scenario, however, the human brain exhibits a further modification in that it continues to grow as though in a larger body (Deacon, 1997
Assumption 2: Brain Size Matters
Brain size varies across mammals by a factor of approximately 100,000 (Tower, 1954
; Stolzenburg et al., 1989
). Different mammalian orders have traditionally been pooled together in studies of brain allometry, as if their brains were built according to the same scaling rules (for example, Haug, 1987
; Zhang and Sejnowski, 2000
Comparisons across orders that seem to invalidate the correlation between numbers of neurons and cognitive ability, such as between monkeys and ungulates, or rodents and primates, also bear this hidden caveat: the assumption that brain size relates to number of neurons in the brain in a similar fashion across orders. This assumption, which was justifiable by the lack of direct estimates of the neuronal composition of the brain of different species, is so widespread that it implicitly or explicitly underlies most comparative studies to date (for example, Haug, 1987
; Finlay and Darlington, 1995
; Barton and Harvey, 2000
; Clark et al., 2001
). The very concept of encephalization presupposes that not only the brain scales as a function of body size, but that all brains scale the same way, such that the only informative (and sufficient) variable is brain size and its deviation from the expected. However, our quantitative studies on the cellular scaling rules that apply to different mammalian orders have shown that this assumption is invalid and therefore should no longer be applied (see below).
Assumption 3: Proportions and Relative Size Matter
An often cited argument in favor of the uniqueness of the human brain is its relatively large cerebral cortex, which accounts for 82% of brain mass. Within this large cerebral cortex, a relative enlargement of the prefrontal cortex was once considered a hallmark of the human brain, but this view has however been overthrown by modern measurements (Semendeferi et al., 2002
). Still, the distribution of cortical mass in humans may differ from that in other primates, endowing particularly relevant regions such as area 10 with relatively more neurons in the human cortex (Semendeferi et al., 2001
Relative size is supposed to be a meaningful indicator of relative functional importance of a brain structure based on the assumption that it is a proxy for relative number of neurons. For instance, the increase in relative size of the cerebral cortex with increasing brain size simultaneously with no systematic change in the relative size of the cerebellum has been used as evidence that these structures are functionally independent and have been evolving separately (Clark et al., 2001
). Such discrepancy would support the popular notion that brain evolution equates with development of the cerebral cortex, which comes to predominate over the other brain structures. However, analysis of absolute, rather than relative, cerebral cortical and cerebellar volumes in the same dataset leads to the opposite conclusion: the coordinated scaling of these volumes, as well as of the surface areas of these structures, would be evidence that the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are functionally related and have been evolving coordinately (Barton, 2002
; Sultan, 2002
As it turns out, however, the underlying assumption that the relative size of a brain structure reflects the relative number of brain neurons that it contains is flawed.
Now that numbers of neurons are available across rodents, primates and insectivores, we find that the cerebral cortex, despite varying in relative size from 42% (in the mouse) to 82% of brain mass (in the human), contains between 13 and 28% of all brain neurons in 15 of 18 species studied, ranging between 13% (in moles) and 41% (in the squirrel monkey; Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006
; Sarko et al., 2009
). Most importantly, this fractional number of neurons in the cerebral cortex relative to the whole brain is not correlated with the relative size of the cerebral cortex (Figure 2
). Instead, the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex increases coordinately with the number of neurons in the cerebellum (Herculano-Houzel, submitted).
Figure 2. Relative size of the cerebral cortex does not inform about the relative number of neurons in the cortex compared to the whole brain.
Each point indicates, for a given species, the average relative cortical mass as a percentage of total brain mass (X-axis) and the average relative number of cortical neurons as a percentage of the total number of neurons in the brain (Y-axis). Data from Herculano-Houzel et al. (2006
); Azevedo et al. (2009)
; and Sarko et al. (2009)
A New View: Scaling of Neuronal Numbers
Cellular Scaling Rules for Rodent, Insectivore, and Primate Brains
Our group has been investigating the cellular scaling rules that apply to brain allometry in different mammalian orders using the novel method of isotropic fractionation, which produces cell counts derived from tissue homogenates from anatomically defined brain regions (Herculano-Houzel and Lent, 2005
). Through the estimation of absolute numbers of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the brains of different mammalian species and their comparison within individual orders, we have been able to determine the scaling rules that apply to the brains of species spanning a wide range of body and brain masses in rodents (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006
), primates (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007
) and more recently in insectivores (Sarko et al., 2009
). A comparative overview of brain mass and total number of neurons for these species can be seen in Figure 3
Figure 3. Brain mass and total number of neurons for the mammalian species examined so far with the isotropic fractionator.
Brains are arranged from left to right, top to bottom, in order of increasing number of neurons according to average species values from Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006
(rodents), Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007
(non-human primates), Sarko et al., 2009
(insectivores) and Azevedo et al., 2009
(human brain). Rodent brains face right, primate brains face left, insectivore brains can be identified in the figure by their bluish hue (due to illumination conditions). All images shown to the same scale. Primate images, except for the capuchin monkey and human brain, from the University of Wisconsin and Michigan State Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections (www.brainmuseum.org
). Insectivore images kindly provided by Diana Sarko, and human brain image by Roberto Lent. Rodent images from the author. Notice that some rodent brains, such as the agouti and the capybara, contain fewer neurons than primate brains that are smaller than them.
A recent issue in comparative studies of brain scaling has been the examination of how residual variation in different parameters relate to phylogenetic relationships once shared evolutionary commonalities in body or brain size are accounted for (Harvey and Pagel, 1991
; Nunn and Barton, 2000
). Although such analyses of independent contrasts are instrumental for identifying evolutionary correlations across taxa while taking into account this phylogenetic nonindependence, they overlook the very issue at hand here: how the size of the brain reflects the number of neurons that it contains, regardless of body size and of any other shared characteristics. For this reason, the analysis reviewed here, referred to as unveiling the “cellular scaling rules” for the brain of different mammalian orders, considers solely how brain size changes as a function of its number of neurons within a given order, irrespective of body size, and without any concerns regarding phylogenenetic effects within that order, or even whether evolution of the extant species has involved an expansion of brain size, a reduction, or both. In the particular case of primates, we have recently extended our analysis to another set of five primate species (Gabi et al., submitted), and found that the same cellular scaling relationships apply to the original dataset (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007
), to the second dataset, and to the combined, extended dataset. This is evidence that the cellular scaling rules considered here from a set of primate species also extend to primates as a whole, and can be used to infer the expected cellular composition of the human brain – even though small variations may occur across species that might, indeed, be due to phylogenetic interdependencies.
In the order Rodentia, we find that the brain increases in size faster than it gains neurons, with a decrease in neuronal densities which, in the presence of constant non-neuronal cell densities, implies that average neuronal size increases rapidly as neurons become more numerous (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006
). The increase in numbers of neurons in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and remaining areas is concurrent with an even greater increase in numbers of non-neurons, yielding a maximal glia/neuron ratio that increases with brain size (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006
). These findings corroborated previous studies describing neuronal density decreasing and the glia-to-neuron ratio increasing with increasing brain size across mammalian taxa (Tower and Elliot, 1952
; Shariff, 1953
; Friede, 1954
; Tower, 1954
; Hawking and Olszewski, 1957
; Haug, 1987
; Reichenbach, 1989
; Stolzenburg et al., 1989
In contrast to rodent brains, which scale hypermetrically in size with their numbers of neurons, primate brain size increases approximately isometrically as a function of neuron number, with no systematic change in neuronal density or in the non-neuronal/neuronal ratio with increasing brain size (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007
). Across insectivore species, on the other hand, the cerebellum increases linearly in size as a function of its number of neurons (as in primates), while the cerebral cortex increases in size hypermetrically as it gains neurons (as in rodents; Sarko et al., 2009
). In view of the similar non-neuronal cell densities across species, hypermetric scaling of brain structure mass as a function of its number of neurons implies a concurrent increase in the average neuronal size (which, in the method’s definition, includes not only the cell soma but also the entire dendritic and axonal arborizations as well as synapses; Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006
). As a consequence of these different cellular scaling rules, shown in Table 1
, a 10-fold increase in the number of neurons in a rodent brain results in a 35-fold larger brain; in contrast, a similar 10-fold increase in the number of neurons in a primate brain results in an increase in brain size of only 11-fold.
Not all Brains are Created Equal: Cognitive Abilities and Numbers of Neurons
The different cellular scaling rules that apply to rodent, primate and insectivore brains show very clearly that brain size cannot be used indiscriminately as a proxy for numbers of neurons in the brain, or even in a brain structure, across orders. By maintaining the average neuronal size (including all arborizations) invariant as brain size changes, primate brains scale in size in a much more space-saving, economical manner compared to the inflationary growth that occurs in rodents, in which larger numbers of neurons are accompanied by larger neurons.
The cognitive consequences of this difference, which allows primate brains to enjoy the benefits of a large increase in numbers of neurons without the otherwise associated cost of a much larger increase in overall brain volume, can be glimpsed by returning to the comparison between rodents and primates of similar brain size. Now that absolute numbers of neurons can be compared across the similar-sized brains of agoutis and owl monkeys, and of capybaras and capuchin monkeys (Figure 4
), the expected correlation between cognitive ability and numbers of neurons is actually found to hold: with 1468 million neurons, owl monkeys have almost twice as many neurons in the brain as agoutis (which hold 857 million), and about four times more neurons in the cerebral cortex than the agouti (442 million versus 113 million). Likewise, the capuchin monkey brain has more than twice the number of neurons of the larger-brained capybara (3.7 billion against 1.6 billion), and also about four times more neurons in the cerebral cortex (1.1 billion against 0.3).
Figure 4. Brain size is not a reliable indicator of number of neurons across orders.
Because of the different cellular scaling rules that apply to rodent and primate brains, primates always concentrate larger numbers of neurons in the brain than rodents of a similar, or even larger, brain size. Data from Herculano-Houzel et al. (2006
). Illustration by Lorena Kaz.
The significance of the difference in scaling rules for building brains with large numbers of neurons becomes even more obvious if one considers the expected number of neurons for a generic rodent brain of human-sized proportions, weighing 1.5 kg: such a brain would have only 12 billion neurons, and a much larger number of 46 billion non-neuronal cells. This number of neurons is smaller than the number of neurons estimated to exist in the human cerebral cortex alone (Pakkenberg and Gundersen, 1997
; Pelvig et al., 2008
), and about seven times smaller than the number of neurons predicted for a 1.5-kg brain built with the scaling rules that apply to primates (see below).
The Cellular Composition of the Human Brain
The determination of the cellular scaling rules that apply to primate brains (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007
) enabled us to predict the cellular composition of the human brain. According to these rules, a generic primate brain of 1.5 kg should have 93 billion neurons, and 112 billion non-neuronal cells: glial cells, thus, should constitute at most half of all brain cells. This generic primate brain should have a cerebral cortex of about 1.4 kg, containing 25 billion neurons, and a cerebellum weighing 120 g, with 70 billion neurons (Table 2
Establishing whether the human brain indeed conforms to the scaling rules that apply to other primates, however, required determining its cellular composition using the same method. This was accomplished by Azevedo et al. (2009)
, who found that the adult male human brain, at an average of 1.5 kg, has 86 billion neurons and 85 billion non-neuronal cells – numbers that deviate from the expected by 7 and 24% only. The human cerebral cortex, with an average 1233 g and 16 billion neurons, is slightly below expectations for a primate brain of 1.5 kg, while the human cerebellum, at 154 g and 69 billion neurons, matches or even slightly exceeds the expected (Table 2
Although not observed in the comparatively small rodent species analyzed, the enlargement of the cerebral cortex is not, in principle, an exclusive feature of the human brain: a similar expansion of the mass of the cerebral cortex, relative to the whole brain, is predicted by both the rodent and primate cellular scaling rules, irrespective of the number of neurons contained in the cortex (Table 2
). Remarkably, the human cerebral cortex, which represents 82% of brain mass, holds only 19% of all neurons in the human brain – a fraction that is similar to the fraction that we observed in several other primates, rodents, and even insectivores (Figure 1
). The relatively large human cerebral cortex, therefore, is not different from the cerebral cortex of other animals in its relative number of neurons.
It should be noted that the unchanging proportional number of neurons in the cerebral cortex relative to the whole brain does not contradict an expansion in volume, function and number of neurons of the cerebral cortex in evolution: the absolute number of neurons in the rodent and primate cerebral cortex does increase much faster in larger brains compared to the number of neurons in the combined brainstem, diencephalon and basal ganglia, and is accompanied by a similarly fast increase in the number of neurons in the cerebellum (Figure 5
Because of the diverging power laws that relate brain size and number of neurons across rodents and primates, the latter can hold more neurons in the same brain volume, with larger neuronal densities than found in rodents. Since neuronal density does not scale with brain size in primates, but decreases with increasing brain size in rodents, the larger the brain size, the larger is the difference in number of neurons across similar-sized rodent and primate brains.
Predictions for Great Apes
The finding that the same cellular scaling rules apply to humans and non-anthropoid primate brains alike, irrespective of body size, indicates that the brains of the great apes, which diverged from the hominin lineage before humans, should also conform to the same cellular scaling rules. An examination of the cellular composition of the cerebellum of orangutans and one gorilla shows that the sizes of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex predicted for these species from the number of cells in the cerebellum match their actual sizes, which suggests that the brain of these animals indeed is built according to the same scaling rules that apply to humans and other primates (Herculano-Houzel and Kaas, in preparation). In view of the discrepant relationship between body and brain size in humans, great apes, and non-anthropoid primates, these findings suggest that the rules that apply to scaling primate brains are much more conserved than those that apply to scaling the body. This raises the possibility that brain mass and body mass across species are only correlated, rather than brain mass being determined by body mass, as presumed in studies that focus on the variation of residuals after regression onto body size. Supportive evidence comes from the dissociation between brain and body growth in development, in which the former actually precedes the latter (reviewed in Deacon, 1997
), and from our observation that body mass seems more free to vary across species than brain mass as a function of its number of neurons. In this view, it will be interesting to consider the alternative hypothesis that body size is not a determining variable for brain size in comparative studies of brain neuroanatomy, and particularly not an (independent) parameter for assessing quantitative aspects of the human brain.
Do we have the Most Neurons? Predictions for other Large-Brained Mammals
The different cellular scaling rules that apply to rodents and primates strongly indicate that it is not valid to use brain size as a proxy for number of neurons across humans, whales, elephants and other large-brained species belonging to different mammalian orders. One consequence of this realization is that sheer size alone, or in relation to body size, is not an adequate parameter to qualify, or disqualify, the human brain as “special”.
A comparison of expected numbers can nevertheless be very illuminating. For instance, given the cellular scaling rules that we have observed for rodents (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006
), a hypothetical rodent brain with 86 billion neurons, like the human brain, would be predicted to weigh overwhelming 35 kg – a value that is way beyond the largest known brain mass of 9 kg for the blue whale, and probably physiologically unattainable. As mentioned above, a generic rodent brain of human-sized proportions, weighing 1.5 kg, would have only 12 billion neurons: in this sense, therefore, being a primate endows us with seven times more neurons than would be expected if we were rodents. Notice that this remarkable difference does not rely on assumptions about how brain size or cellular composition relate to body size in the species.
A burning question is now whether cetaceans and elephants, endowed with much larger brains than humans, also have much larger numbers of neurons than humans. According to one estimate, the false killer whale and the African elephant would have about 11 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex, despite their large size – and fewer neurons than the 11.5 billion estimated by the same method for the human cerebral cortex, though only marginally so (Roth and Dicke, 2005
). These estimates, however, were obtained by simply multiplying cerebral cortical volume and the neuronal densities determined for a few cortical areas, which probably do not reflect average neuronal density in the entire cortex.
Although direct measurements of cellular composition are not yet available from whole elephant and whale brains, it is illuminating to consider how their cellular compositions would differ depending on whether predicted from the scaling rules that apply to rodent or to primate brains. As shown in Table 3
, the difference in numbers of neurons predicted to compose the brains of the false killer whale and of the African elephant is 10-fold depending on the scaling rules employed. Speculatively, the estimate of neuronal density in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex of the whale and the elephant at a low figure of about 7000 neurons/mm3
) suggests that these brains conform to scaling rules that are much closer to those that apply to rodents than to the primate scaling rules. It may turn out, therefore, these very large brains are composed of remarkably fewer neurons than the human brain, despite their size, thanks to the distinct, economical scaling rules that apply to primates in general (and not to humans in particular).
The Human Brain is a Linearly Scaled-Up Primate Brain in its Number of Neurons. What Now?
Cognitive Abilities, Brain Size and Number of Neurons
To conclude that the human brain is a linearly scaled-up primate brain, with just the expected number of neurons for a primate brain of its size, is not to state that it is unremarkable in its capabilities. However, as studies on the cognitive abilities of non-human primates and other large-brained animals progress, it becomes increasingly likely that humans do not have truly unique cognitive abilities, and hence must differ from these animals not qualitatively, but rather in the combination and extent of abilities such as theory of mind, imitation and social cognition (Marino et al., 2009
). Quantitative changes in the neuronal composition of the brain could therefore be a main driving force that, through the exponential combination of processing units, and therefore of computational abilities, leads to events that may look like “jumps” in the evolution of brains and intelligence (Roth and Dicke, 2005
). Such quantitative changes are likely to be warranted by increases in the absolute (rather than relative) numbers of neurons in relevant cortical areas and, coordinately, in the cerebellar circuits that interact with them (Ramnani, 2006
). Moreover, viewing the human brain as a linearly scaled-up primate brain in its cellular composition does not diminish the role that particular neuroanatomical arrangements, such as changes in the relative size of functional cortical areas (for instance, Semendeferi et al., 2001
; Rilling and Seligman, 2002
), in the volume of prefrontal white matter (Schoenemann et al., 2005
) or in the size of specific portions of the cerebellum (Ramnani, 2006
) may play in human cognition. Rather, such arrangements should contribute to brain function in combination with the large number of neurons in the human brain. Our analysis of numbers of neurons has so far been restricted to large brain divisions, such as the entire cerebral cortex and the ensemble of brainstem, diencephalon and basal ganglia, but an analysis of the cellular scaling of separate functional cortical areas and the related subcortical structures is underway. Such data should allow us to address important issues such as mosaic evolution through concerted changes in the functionally related components of distributed systems, and the presumed increase in relative number of neurons in systems that increase in importance (Barton and Harvey, 2000
; Barton, 2006
If cognitive abilities among non-human primates scale with absolute brain size (Deaner et al., 2007
) and brain size scales linearly across primates with its number of neurons (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007
), it is tempting to infer that the cognitive abilities of a primate, and of other mammals for that matter, are directly related to the number of neurons in its brain. In this sense, it is interesting to realize that, if the same linear scaling rules are considered to apply to great apes as to other primates, then similar three-fold differences in brain size and in brain neurons alike apply to humans compared to gorillas, and to gorillas compared to baboons. This, however, is not to say that any cognitive advantages that the human brain may have over the gorilla and that the gorilla may have over the baboon are equally three-fold – although these differences are difficult to quantify. Since neurons interact combinatorially through the synapses they establish with one another, and further so as they interact in networks, the increase in cognitive abilities afforded by increasing the number of neurons in the brain can be expected to increase exponentially with absolute number of neurons, and might even be subject to a thresholding effect once critical points of information processing are reached. In this way, the effects of a three-fold increase in numbers of neurons may be much more remarkable when comparing already large brains, such as those of humans and gorillas, than when comparing small brains, such as those of squirrel monkeys and galagos.
Intraspecific Variability in Size, Numbers and Abilities
One final caveat to keep in mind when studying scaling of numbers of brain neurons, particularly in regard to cognition, is that relationships observed across species need not apply to comparisons across individuals of the same species. Not only the extent of intraspecific variation is much smaller (on the order of 10–50%) than interspecific variation (which spans five orders of magnitude within mammals; Tower, 1954
; Stolzenburg et al., 1989
), but also the mechanisms underlying interspecific and intraspecific variation are also likely to differ. Our own preliminary data suggest that, indeed, variations in brain size across rats of the same age are not correlated with variations in numbers of neurons (Morterá and Herculano-Houzel, unpublished observations). There is no justification, therefore, to extend the linear correlation between brain size and number of neurons across primates to a putative correlation across persons of different brain sizes (which might be used, inappropriately, as grounds for claims that larger-brained individuals have more neurons, and are therefore “smarter”, than smaller-brained persons). In fact, although men have been reported to have more neurons in the cerebral cortex than women (Pakkenberg and Gundersen, 1997
; Pelvig et al., 2008
), there is no significant correlation between brain size and general cognitive ability within families (Schoenemann et al., 2000
). Across these individuals, other factors such as variations in number and identity of synaptic connections within and across structures, building on a statistically normal, albeit variable, number of neurons, and depending on genetics and life experiences such as learning, are more likely to be determinant of the individual cognitive abilities (see, for instance, Mollgaard et al., 1971
; Black et al., 1990
; Irwin et al., 2000
; Draganski et al., 2004
Concluding Remarks: our Place in Nature
Novel quantitative data on the cellular composition of the human brain and its comparison to other primate brains strongly indicate that we need to rethink our notions about the place that the human brain holds in nature and evolution, and rewrite some of the basic concepts that are taught in textbooks. Accumulating evidence (Deacon, 1997
; Roth and Dicke, 2005
; Deaner et al., 2007
) indicates that an alternative view of the source of variations in cognitive abilities across species merits investigation: one that disregards body and brain size and examines absolute numbers of neurons as a more relevant parameter instead. Now that these numbers can be determined in various brains and their structures, direct comparisons can be made across species and orders, with no assumptions about body–brain size relationships required. Complementarily, however, it now becomes possible to examine how numbers of neurons in the brain, rather than brain size, relate to body mass and surface as well as metabolism, parameters that have been considered relevant in comparative studies (Martin, 1981
; Fox and Wilczynski, 1986
; MacLarnon, 1996
; Schoenemann, 2004
), in order to establish what mechanisms underlie the loosely correlated scaling of body and brain.
According to this now possible neuron-centered view, rather than to the body-centered view that dominates the literature (see Gazzaniga, 2008
, for a comprehensive review), the human brain has the number of neurons that is expected of a primate brain of its size; a cerebral cortex that is exactly as large as expected for a primate brain of 1.5 kg; just as many neurons as expected in the cerebral cortex for the size of this structure; and, despite having a relatively large cerebral cortex (which, however, a rodent brain of 1.5 kg would also be predicted to have), this enlarged cortex holds just the same proportion of brain neurons in humans as do other primate cortices (and rodent cortices, for that matter). This final observation calls for a reappraisal of the view of brain evolution that concentrates on the expansion of the cerebral cortex, and its replacement with a more integrated view of coordinate evolution of cellular composition, neuroanatomical structure, and function of cerebral cortex and cerebellum (Whiting and Barton, 2003
Other “facts” that deserve updating are the ubiquitous quote of 100 billion neurons (a value that lies outside of the margin of variation found so far in human brains; Azevedo et al., 2009
), and, more strikingly, the widespread remark that there are 10× more glial cells than neurons in the human brain. As we have shown, glial cells in the human brain are at most 50% of all brain cells, which is an important finding since it is one more brain characteristic that we share with other primates (Azevedo et al., 2009
Finally, if being considered the bearer of a linearly scaled-up primate brain does not sound worthy enough for the animal that considers himself the most cognitively able on Earth, one can note that there are, indeed, two advantages to the human brain when compared to others – even if it is not an outlier, nor unique in any remarkable way. First, the human brain scales as a primate brain: this economical property of scaling alone, compared to rodents, assures that the human brain has many more neurons than would fit into a rodent brain of similar size, and possibly into any other similar-sized brain. And second, our standing among primates as the proud owners of the largest living brain assures that, at least among primates, we enjoy the largest number of neurons from which to derive cognition and behavior as a whole. It will now be interesting to determine whether humans, indeed, have the largest number of neurons in the brain among mammals as a whole.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Thanks to Roberto Lent and Jon Kaas for continued support and encouragement, to Bruno Mota for insightful discussions, and to the colleagues who participated in the quantification of the cellular composition of the brain of various species. Supported by CNPq-Ed. Universal and FAPERJ-Jovem Cientista do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
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1,075,138 | GILPIN to WALSINGHAM.
As Mr. Aty, the bearer, knows all that has passed before and
since my lord Buckhurst's arrival, I need not write thereof. From
yours of March 23 I was glad to understand the continuance of
your favour ; not that I doubted it, though to many of my letters
I have received no answer. I thank you for dealing with her
Majesty on my behalf, and trust at length to prevail, my lord of
Buckhurst having promised to second your honour ; encouraging
me in the meantime to tarry, as it is most needful to have me
here. Whereupon I am resolved to discharge my duty ; assuring
you that in the time of most troubles I have stood Mr. Wilkes in
good stead, "and yet not one penny recompense towards my
excessive charges and continuing toil." I am in daily attendance
on my lord, whose letters I dispatch to all parts, besides performing
other services, and shall attend him to Utrecht.
I hear that 8s. a day is allowed out of her Majesty's pay to a
water-bailiff at the Brill ; who would sell the same, serving it now
only by a substitute. The States say there never was such an
officer in peace, nor is he needful, or at least he ought to know the
country custom and language. I would I had the allowance,
though to speak plainly I could wish for some office here in court,
whereby I might more roundly deal for the service of her Majesty
and my country.—The Hague, 21 April, 1587.
Signed. Add. Endd. 2½ pp. [Holland XIV. f. 107.]
HUDDILSTON to WALSINGHAM.
Acknowledges letter for his repair to the court ; has just lost his
wife, asks him to satisfy the Queen, and will be ready at all hours
to go, to answer anything that concerns him. Meanwhile will
send for Grove to repair thither.—22 April, 1587.
Add. Endd. ¾ p. [Ibid. XIV. f. 109.]
April 22./May 2.
Extract from resolutions of the States General for the delivery
to the Council of State of 200,000 livres for the payment of the
troops, taken on Saturday, 2 May 1587. (fn. 1)
Fr. 1 p. [S.P. For. Arch. XC., p. 212.]
April 23./May 3.
Attestation by Hotman that about February last, advertisement
was given to Mr. Wilkes (ambassador for her Majesty
in the Low Countries) by the burgomaster of Grave, that two
young Italians in his Excellency's suite had been bribed by the
Prince of Parma to kill his said Excellency, to whom Mr. Wilkes
(being very ill) asked deponent to send the said advertisement
just as it had come to him in writing ; which deponent did as
desired.—The Hague, 3 May, 1587.
Signed. Endd. ¾ p. [Holland XIV. f. 111.]
ANDREA DE LOO to LORD BUCKHURST.
From London I wrote to your lordship on the 15th by Mr.
Francis Croft the substance of what was negotiated on my
last journey, and of the Duke's letter to her Majesty, giving full
satisfaction both as to his very sufficient authority and his entire
disposition to conclude the peace, and willingly granting her the
honour of nominating the time and place for the meeting of the
deputies, with assurance that the king would confirm it ; wherewith
her Majesty showed herself well satisfied. But when she
came to M. de Champagny's letter, she was much disturbed on
the point of religion, of which the said letter makes mention, for
assurance of the truth of that which I had said to his Highness
on the part of her Majesty ; viz : that she would be satisfied not
to stand on other points as to Religion than to obtain from the
king for Holland and Zeeland so much toleration as he could
concede with safety, conscience and honour ; with which his
Highness seemed to be well content, by reason of his confidence
in the good meaning and sincere intention of her said Majesty,
and that she would not urge the king further than he would wish
to go. But M. de Champagney, wishing to be clear on this matter,
rather characteristically saying precisely that Religion was not
to be spoken of, gave some offence to her Majesty, who thought
that what had been said on her part to the Duke ought to suffice,
who, when he was expecting that in reply to his said letter she
would mention place and time for the meeting of the deputies,
seeing that the affair was put off with the statement that he must
first treat with Holland and Zeeland as regards what was granted
in the treaty made with them, as without their consent her
Majesty could conclude nothing in which they were concerned ;
I say that by this it appears to his Highness that she is not proceeding
with the sincerity which has been shown on his part, and
that after having granted all that was desired, he finds himself
treated in this manner ; as if before coming to this her Majesty
should not have known, as also your lordship and the lords
Treasurer and Controller what was agreed on with the said provinces ;
a thing which afflicts me not a little, as also does, on the
other hand the departure of Drake afresh with a good fleet to do
the worst that he is able, making me fear that both these proceedings
might easily cause God knows only too much harm to
the general repose, and therefore, if it were not that I desire
much to have letters from your lordship, to understand what you
hope to do as to these people, I should go to my house, as soon as
I had his Highness' reply, and let matters take their own course,
not however without my very great grief to leave here so much
dissatisfaction, and principally with myself as the unworthy
instrument, who have been most importunate in inducing the
duke to agree to every thing for the public peace, as he
graciously accepted my account of your lordship's conversation ;
and now to have to feel that I have left them deceived, and
shall not be believed any more, amounts to this quod oleum et
operam perdo, nihil proficiendo. It would seem that for our
greater punishment God in his secret counsel has so ordained it,
since that now on this side is seen that security of their sincere
intentions which was desired. Having asked permission of his
Highness to write this he wishes me to salute you on his behalf,
desiring to make your acquaintance upon so good an occasion as
would be the conclusion of this holy peace, if God should permit
it.—Brussels, 23 April, 1587, stilo vecchio.
In de Loo's handwriting and by him. Endd. as Copy of the
letter written to M. de Buckhurst. Italian. 1¼ pp. [Flanders
I. f. 269.]
Rough notes by Burghley of moneys expended for the troops ;
endorsed by him "A note of the charges in the Low Countries."
2pp. [Holland XIV. f. 112.]
THE EARL OF LEICESTER to the CONTROLLERS AND COMMISSARIES
OF THE MUSTERS in the English garrison towns.
Order to proceed upon Friday next, the 28th inst, to take the
present muster, requiring the captains to be ready on that day
with their companies at the hour and place assigned ; it having
been found expedient by Lord Buckhurst and Sir John Norrys
to have a general muster taken of her Majesty's auxiliary forces
and others of her nation, serving in the United Provinces.—
Margin, names of eleven towns in which the musters are to be
1 p. [S.P. For. Arch. XCI., p. 92.]
COL. FREMIN to LEICESTER.
Unnecessary to write of the affairs of the country, but must
tell him that his speedy return is very necessary and will be of
more use than ten thousand men.
The Duke of Parma dreads nothing so much, knowing well
that his future ruin depends on nothing but her Majesty's
embracing of the government of the country and H.E.'s return.
Meanwhile, he is about to put in execution some great enterprises
in the islands of Tertolen, Tregouze and other places, which will
assuredly be prevented by H.E.'s presence.
Refers to letter sent by Capt. Vere. Has still three foot companies
remaining of the regiment which H.E. was pleased to give
him, and hopes on his return to receive better treatment than has
had from the Estates.—Bergen-op-Zoom, 25 April, 1587, old style.
Signed. Add. Endd. Fr. 1 p. [Holland XIV. f. 114.]
GILPIN to WILKES.
Perceiving that you cannot come hither because of your indisposition,
I will briefly tell you what has passed since our
arrival. On Saturday, my lord was met, a mile from the town
by horse and foot ; the Count of Meurs, the Baron of 'High
Saxon,' Baxe and other gentlemen ; also by General Norris and
all his captains. As he entered the gates the great ordnance was
shot off ; the burgers were in arms up to his lodging where the
magistrates, who had before saluted him at the gates, made
another speech and feasted him with great cheer, "with many
healths, but all modestly and in sober order ; having never seen
nor heard the Count of Meurs so quiet."
Sunday afternoon the States of Utrecht saluted his lordship,
and were asked to come next morning to hear what he had to
declare to them, but owing to a swelling in one of his legs, he kept
his bed and they were deferred till to-morrow morning. Yesterday
(being Monday) afternoon, the captains of the town came to
welcome him, "their Secretary making a solemn speech, wishing
her Majesty to accept the sovereignty etc., whereto was answered
in courteous sort, concluding that although her Majesty found it
not fit as yet to intermeddle with the sovereignty" yet she was
resolved to aid them with a larger force than last year.
My lord has several times met with Mr. Norris and Mr. Clark
but I know not what is resolved. I find the burgomaster, Deventer,
resolved to maintain the authority of his Excellency,
and using all means to that end.
Here are certain deputies from Guelderland and Overyssel,
busy about the dispatch of their deputies to the general meeting
with instruction to deal especially with the negotiation of my
lord Buckhurst, and what must be done against his Excellency's
I see small hope of the return of the banished men, especially
the five principal ones, but after to-morrow's meeting I shall
know further. I have had sundry conferences with Mr. Webbe,
but defer particulars till our meeting. Sir Thos. Shirley is gone
this morning into Zeeland, to try to levy some money among the
merchants, the want whereof has hindered the proposed enterprise.
I hear that the soldiers of Lochum have spoiled the townsmen.
"These be the fruits of deferring so long to relieve their necessities."
Signed. Add. Endd. 2 pp. [Holland XIV. f. 116.]
April 25./May 5.
"Copy of the oath ministered anew by Count Maurice," resolved
by the States on the 6th of March, 1587, sent with letters
of May 5 to Capt. Villiers [and other captains] desiring them to
take it themselves, and have it taken by their men. (fn. 2)
Endd. Fr. 1 p. [Ibid. XIV. f. 118.]
SIR JOHN NORREYS to BURGHLEY.
What effects my Lord Buckhurst's negotiation has wrought
with the States General, he himself has certified to you, and by
all appearances the differences here will also be easily compounded.
For my own particular, "I had employed my father and mother
to solicit my revocation at such time as my lord of Leicester
should return, not willing to endure such violent usage as was
offered me by my lord during his government. By my lord of
Buckhurst's induction, who is persuaded that by tarrying here I
may do her Majesty and the cause service, I have given my consent
thereto ; not that I look that the affairs shall proceed otherwise
than they have done, or myself better used ; but because I
will refuse nothing that may be pretended to the advancement
of her Highness' service."
I have only moved that I may have my commission from her
Majesty, and crave your favour in this, as a most reasonable
request. A great disgrace is offered me by my lord of Leicester
"in appointing the muster-master and the auditor to make
warrants for the distribution of her Majesty's treasure, leaving
me clean out of any knowledge thereof ; a very extraordinary
example, that such one as should be thought fit to command her
Majesty's forces might not be suffered to be acquainted with the
laying out of the money." The fruits of this I have already
felt, for though I engaged myself for certain sums to relieve the
companies in their necessity, yet I am not appointed to reinburse
one penny ; and as for the treasure brought out by Sir Thomas
Shurley, I have received both for my horse and footmen not ten
days' pay, and if the like authority be continued for the distributing
of the next, I must break my companies, both of horse and
foot ; "which hitherto I have maintained the fairest in this
country, to my extreme charges."
In their commission also there was no mention for paying
of any entertainment to me and my officers, so that if my lord
Buckhurst had not favoured me with an order,...I had been
utterly unprovided.... I pray you stand my good lord that
our entertainments may be established from her Majesty, "for
I am too well acquainted with the States' paying to be referred
over to them, and in truth, it would be a plain show to be disfavoured
by her Majesty if I do not receive pay and commission
from her Majesty ; which were as much worth as my life if I did
fall into the enemy's hands."
The extreme want of victuals has held back the enemy. "He
is now on foot in every quarter, and maketh show sometimes to
attempt Berghes up Zome ; sometimes Sluis or Ostend and sometimes
to march toward Guelderland, and in my opinion, thither
will be his chiefest force employed. On our side, the most of
our companies, both of horse and foot are greatly decayed ; our
towns unprovided of victuals and all provisions of war greatly
behind-hand ;...it now plainly appeareth that if we had kept
the field this winter but with a reasonable troop, we had made
the enemy unable to make war this summer." I am going up the
Rhine to revictual the towns in those parts ; my troops are but
small and our pay very short ; wherefore I beseech you to further
the despatch of supplies and money, that no disaster may happen
to us.—Utrecht, 26 April, 1587.
Holograph. Add. Endd. 3 pp. [Holland XIV. f. 119.]
LORD BUCKHURST to WALSINGHAM.
I will do all I can for Mr. Brune, but the necessity of this State
is such that if they employ their money to pay debts and not to
pay the soldier, all would be lost. I can but procure him some
assurance of pay towards winter, when the enemy is gone into
garrison ; yet the fear is that all the money will be wasted with
this summer's war. I am sorry not to see by your letters that
Browne was committed and severely punished, for he justly
deserves it. When he obtained the 1500l. the debt owing him
was known well enough and promised to be paid, but he was
told that first care must be taken for the victualling as the
soldiers were like to be perished ; "whereas, so soon as he had
the money, he retains it to pay his former debt, and leaves the
poor soldiers to famish ; which they had done, or a revolt of the
town to the enemy, if we had not devised new means to help it."
There are many other complaints against him, but with my lord
of Leicester's countenance, he dares do anything.
Mr. Brune, on the other side, is here much commended ; but
let him take heed how he disburse his money here upon hope of
pay, for God knows it is dangerous.... I hear he is a very
honest man, and therefore I pity the more his case.—27 April,
Holograph. Add. Endd. 1½ pp. [Holland XIV. f. 121.]
STEPHEN LE SIEUR to WALSINGHAM.
On the 9th instant, I wrote to you from Dunkirk that I had
taken up 50l. sterling and sent the bills to your honour which I
hope you have accepted. Next day I was to have taken my
journey to Conde but it fell out that I came directly to Brussels
in company with a Spanish captain of Dunkirk and Mr. Bodenham.
Reaching Brussels on the 13th, by order of the Prince I
was sent to the public prison of the Provost General, who ordered
the keeper to lodge and use me well, and to let me speak with
such as I desired. The next day, after dinner, the Prince sent
for me. His speeches being to no great purpose, I desist to write
thereof, hoping in person to declare them to you. I returned to
the prison, and the day following three Spanish soldiers came to
bring me to this castle. At the water-side, I met with Sir William
Stanley, Mr. Yorck, Mr. Tressam and others, in whose company
I came to this town ; they lamenting my poor estate and offering
to assist me to their power. Arriving here the same night, I
came with my soldiers to the Castle, where I was lodged in a
tavern. The next day the soldiers left me. The 17th "Col.
Mondragon came to my lodging, and having received me kindly,
told me that it was the Prince's pleasure not to lodge me in a
prison, but where I might be well used, yet well looked unto for
escaping ; and that I should speak with nobody but by consent" ;
giving me hope shortly to enjoy my liberty, but how, I could not
know. The 20th he sent for me to the garden and told me he
had a letter from Col. Morgan, now governor of Bergues, on my
behalf, and had sent it to the Prince. "With this and great
kindness in words, I returned to my solitary lodging... On the
22nd, one Mr. Middleton came with leave of Mondragon unto me,
by whom I understood that at the request of Col. Morgan and M.
Fremyn, long since made unto the said Middleton I was come from
Dunkirk hither with good appearance of my short liberty. These
friendly actions make me believe his words, for he has persuaded
the Prince to let me have more liberty ; and being delivered into
his hands, he brought me into a very good lodging in the town.
He is bound for me, that I shall not depart without leave, but
demands no other assurance than my faith—which God willing
I will keep unviolated—and I may walk up and down the streets
at my pleasure.
I beseech you to acknowledge these great favours to Col.
Morgan, M. Fremin and Mr. Middleton, whom I find my very
friends and by whose means I hope within few days to receive
my liberty and return to England.
I pray you let my lord of Leicester and Sir Robert Sidney have
part in this letter.—Antwerp, 27 April, 1587, stilo Anglo.
Add. Endd. 2½ pp. [Flanders I. f. 271.]
LORD BUCKHURST to WALSINGHAM.
"I perceive that more advertisement touching the supply of
2000 men to be sent out of England is understood as though so
many of her Majesty's soldiers here were dead, and thereby so
much less money to be transported hither," wherefore I have
thought it expedient to explain the truth. The cautionary towns,
by her Majesty's express order, have now in them 500 men above
the ordinary garrison, which Sir John Norris thinks most necessary
to continue ; there are at least 1000 men too weak, sick and
impotent to serve ; 200 men are allowed to my lord of Leicester
and 100 to Sir William Pelham, "whereof, as Sir John Norris
assureth me, there hath not been since the end of October, nor
is at this present, one man.
Our English in the States' pay have been so ill paid and provided
for "that of eleven companies there will scarce rise a
thousand men, and those so weak and ill-furnished as is lamentable.
Any checks that result from incomplete companies are
allotted to necessary uses, as to the raising of decayed and broken
bands. Thus you may guess how inconvenient it were to abate
the sending of the treasure, assuring you that if it comes not
very speedily, we know not how or what to do. Fearing that
want of wind might delay it, Mr. Treasurer is even now gone to
Middelburgh with my letter to the merchants, to see what both
our credits can procure.
I beseech you also to send the 2000 men as soon as may be,
for it is most necessary, which must be done "by levies of her
Majesty and not of private captains, for the year is now so far
spent as that those kind of levies would come too late."
Sir John Norris and I have conferred whether her Majesty's
forces may be filled without charging the country by making
a full pay to the 12 of May, and we both think it may be done ;
and that thenceforth, if 20s. a man be allowed to every captain,
out of the checks, the bands shall be very well completed. He
says it was continued with very good success until it was overthrown
by the muster-master (whose pay and profit arises wholly
out of checks).
I have had great care for furnishing Ostend and Sluis with men
and victuals. For Sluys, it is affirmed by the States that on the
captain's return from England, besides the 600l. from her Majesty,
he had 1700l. from them, and was sufficiently victualled for a
good while, if he have not wasted it ; and that for men he has too
many, since fewer might well defend it.
For Ostend, where are six companies of her Majesty's men,
I could not persuade them to furnish a siege magazine ; they
saying that divers times having done so, the English soldiers
broke into them and consumed them, and that now, wanting pay,
they would do the like again. Whereupon I got their consent
that 500l. due by her Majesty's soldiers to those of Brill might be
used for a magazine for a month's victuals there, promising to
take order with Sir John Conway (as I have done) for it not to
be touched save in time of siege or for ready money. The rest
of the loan money due to Brill, I got them to disburse to certain
English soldiers in their pay, being in most miserable want.
I hear nothing yet of the King of Portugal's son. When he
brings me her Majesty's letters, I will do my utmost to perform
her will therein.
I told you before how far I thought her Majesty's treasure
would extend, but since then the remainder has fallen out to be
greater and thereby the pay lesser ; for certainty whereof I refer
you to the account sent by Mr. Treasurer.
In his own hand. "And thus, lying lame in my bed and therefore
forced to use my servants' writing, I commit you to God's protection.
—Utrecht, 28 April, 1587.
P.S. I caught my hurt with the stroke of a horse, which of
itself not great, but being forced by continual business to neglect
due care thereof, and to go upon it, hath made it now very ill
unto me. I hear by bruit the 200 men are arrived at Ostend."
Add. Endd. 2¾ pp. [Holland XIV. f. 123.]
April 28./May 8.
Summary state of the troops in the pay of the States according
to the muster made on May 8, stilo novo.
Cavalry, 19 companies, besides that of Baron Willoughby,
transferred to her Majesty's pay
Infantry of the States
" 11 English companies, comprising
Sum of the Infantry
Attested by De Vic. Noted as exhibited on 6 June. Endd.
¾ p. [Ibid. XIV. f. 125.]
LORD BUCKHURST to WALSINGHAM.
I send you enclosed a letter lately received from Andrea "di
Lo" and the copy of my answer, praying you as my especial dear
friend that if, when you impart them to her Majesty, there should
be anything offensive to her in my answer, "you will help it
with her the best sort you can, knowing that whatsoever fault be
found, it is committed in the abundance of all love and duty to
Touching Hohenlo (fn. 3) I am infinitely bound to you for your good
counsel. "Mr. Wilkes never meant it to such an end ; for he
had but bare suspicions, nothing fit, God knoweth, to come to
such a reckoning. He saith he meant it but for a premonition to
you there, but I think it will from henceforth be a premonition
to himself, to take heed to have good ground before he write of
such particular. I could have done the same upon most of his
own grounds, and so the like also touching others, but being
but bare presumptions, and yet shrewd presumptions, I thought
best rather to deliver it in a generality than in particular."—
Utrecht, 29 April, 1587.
Postscript. "I write nothing to you but at your pleasure you
may impart to Mr. Vice-Chamberlain, sed non sic de ceteris ;
I mean for such things as by your discretion are not to be showed
to all, whereof I think shortly to send you a long letter."
Holograph. Add. Endd. 1 p. [Holland XIV. f. 126.]
WILKES to WALSINGHAM.
My lord Buckhurst, after his late dispatch, sent by Mr. Atye,
repaired to Utrecht, "where he received her Majesty's packet
brought by Mr. Francis Croft, myself remaining sick at the
Hague. Immediately upon the receipt whereof, his lordship
wrote unto me to come with all expedition to Utrecht, and to
bring with me my cipher, by the which he was to decipher a letter
written unto him by her Majesty ; and because I was not then in
case to travel without danger, I sent to his lordship the cipher,
and excused myself in respect of my disease.
"Notwithstanding, the next day, upon a second letter from his
lordship, signifying the necessity of my repair unto him for her
Majesty's important service, I ventured the journey and arrived
here upon Wednesday last. As soon as I came, his lordship
showed me a letter in cipher, signed with her Majesty's hand, by
the which he was commanded, after advice first had with Sir
John Norreys (fn. 4) and me to proceed to the seizing of the person of
Count Hohenlo, whereat I was not a little amazed, considering
that her Majesty's resolution in that case was founded upon a late
advertisement written by me to your honour, which I hoped you
would have reserved to your own knowledge, until upon further
inquisition I might have been able to have attained to a more
perfect understanding of the matter, by discovering of his instruments
and the effect of his practice with the Duke of Parma.
But to the purpose of her Majesty's letter :—how difficile and
dangerous a thing it will be to proceed to the apprehension of
his person, as her Majesty commandeth, your honour in your
wisdom and experience can best consider, although the means
thereunto were as facile as her Majesty's conceipt to imagine the
same ; the executing whereof is accompanied with so many dangers
to this broken and weak estate, as in all appearance the attempting
thereof will hazard the ruin and overthrow of the countries,
for the reasons at large deduced in my lord's letter to her Majesty,
which I forbear to mention herein because I know you shall be
made partaker of that.
"I have made it appear unto my lord from whom I received
the intelligences and of what persons, amongst whom there are
some that avouch to have seen and spoken with the ministers of
Hohenlo at Tremulus [Deventer] coming thither with letters to
Stanley and to the 60 [Governors] of Caesar [Zutphen] and
Androglass [Groningen], then remaining at Deventer, which
persons were now by chance in this town, to be spoken withal
by his lordship. I have also nominated and offered to produce
others for the verifying of like advertisements from other places,
so as it is not to be doubted but Hohenloe hath been tampering
with 25 [the enemy], but to what end, or what hath been concluded
is yet unknown.
"I trust my last letters by Page's man are come to your
honour's hands, and that it hath pleased you to have consideration
of my danger, which is manifoldly increased by the participating
of my letters concerning Hohenlo with her Majesty
who as your honour knoweth, can hold no secrets. If her Majesty
do impart it to Themistocles [Leicester] I am sped, unless you help
to hasten me home the faster, and in the mean time that her
Majesty be seriously entreated to conceal it from Themistocles, or
in case it be imparted unto him, then to lay upon him an extraordinary
charge and commandment not to use it to my harm.
"Here is, notwithstanding the late pacification on all sides
made by my lord Buckhurst, secret working under-hand as well
by Count Maurice, Hohenlo as 100 [the States] to make all things
sure before the return of Themistocles. The two first are even
now departed on a voyage upon the frontiers of P. [Holland] and
into R. [Zeeland], to assure all the towns, and to establish in them
such new companies as were appointed unto them at the
beginning of our alterations here ; and in Zeeland they intend
also to confirm him who was lately elected by Count Maurice as
his lieutenant, as well over the whole province as over the regiment.
"To deal plainly with your honour and under confidence of
secrecy, I do see and palpably touch that the three above-named
will never be soundly reconciled to Themistocles, whose return,
in all appearance, will work dangerous effects here ; and yet
I see the necessity of his coming such, for the preservation of
these countries, that there is no remedy but that he must come
and withal, if anything make Hohenlo play false, it will be the
return of Themistocles, whom he hateth deadly, notwithstanding
all his fair promises to my lord ambassador. I am sorry that the
state of things here do give me cause to write in this sort unto
your honour, which in discharge of my duty I may not omit to
do. For mine own particular, howsoever the world go, or
whosoever cometh or cometh not, I beseech your honour...that
my revocation be speedily procured,"—Utrecht, 29 April, 1587.
Postscript. After writing this, your honour's of the 13th was
delivered to me, wherein, to my great discomfort, you advise me
not to labour for my revocation, because her Majesty from some
opinion of my ability to serve her here, will hardly be drawn to
yield thereunto. "I may answer justly that I am very insufficient
for many considerations...yet when mine employment
shall be accompanied with so many apparent hazards of my poor
life...it seemeth unto me, under correction, a hard reward for
my faithful services to be left to the mercy of such as have will
and means by revenge to bereave her Majesty of a true and obedient
servant, and me of my life in an obscure sort to my perpetual
infamy, to the pleasing of mine enemies and the discomforting
of all honest men by my example from serving of her Majesty with
that due sincerity that in her like services will be requisite, and
therefore I trust your honour...will have good consideration
of my case."
Copy. 3 pp. [S.P. For. Archives XCI., p. 89.]
LEICESTER to LORD BUCKHURST.
I have received both your letters, and am very sorry it was my
hap to procure you so much travail but so little advantage to me,
your poor friend ; but contrary to my expectation and I trust
against any former purpose of your lordship, things have other
wise fallen out than I looked for. Before I tell you my particular
grief, I will call to your remembrance my manner of dealing with
you, and your own resolution how you meant then to proceed,
unless your lordship will have me think that all the informations
you [sent?] here (which not only your ears but your eyes were
witness of) were altogether frivolous and false. (fn. 5) "But leaving
you to those thoughts of yours then, I will now go to the particular
parts of your letters whereby I cannot but draw them to a
flat contrary course from that you both seemed and faithfully
promised to me you would take.
"The first particular point which seemed strange to me was
[that] in dealing with the States touching the lewd letters which
[you?] did see, and I am sure then did mislike it, nevertheless
that app[arently?], upon a simple answer without replication
your lordship accepted the same for satisfaction, and specially
they alleging unto you that the letters they wrote grew upon a
piquant letter first written from one unto them, which answer
was as false as it was, in my poor opinion, over easily rec[eived]
and past over ; for I suppose for the meanest friend that you had
had any estimation of, your lordship could not have done less,
specially in advertising her Majesty but first have called for a
sight of the letters, and if they had given you such cause to
procure me in your opinion such a[n answer] from them, I must
the less have blamed you to lay so m[uch] open ; but it seemed the
answer was acceptable and used accord[ingly] readily for their
excuse and my discredit ; but although you [did not] do so much
for me as to cause call for such a letter before [...] it, yet I thank
God I have procured the [......] and to my lords of the
Council, by whom I trust I [am exonerated of] giving any such
cause to the States either to word [their letter] as they did or at
all to mislike my letter.... This being [the case I] think it
must then be found there was little regard had for [my] credit,
which I did wholly and altogether recommend unto your...
"The second particular matter that I have some cause to
[think my] friendship in small account with you is this. It was
[.....] to yourself, not only by mine own information to you
but [by your] own letter to her Majesty, which your lordship
brought to me and read it to me, albeit it pleased her Majesty
before to show it me, and what resolution yourself made of Mr.
Norrys to me I refer to your own memory ; but this I am sure :—
you thought him no fit man to be in service with me, neither at
that time to remain there, but advised her Majesty yourself
most earnestly to revoke him from thence ; and for my part, I
did then resolutely and advisedly tell you that he and I would
not serve there together and thereon did you advisedly and
resolutely agree and conclude with me that he was no man to
remain there, no, if it were your case as it was mine, all the world
should not make you have him serve with you." There are
enough here who are not ignorant of this. Yet you have not
only changed that mind, but have written to her Majesty "that
she may not remove Mr. Norrys and that there is no such man for
that service...and withal moving her Majesty in a 'reciphreque'
manner as it were to deal between Norrys and me as though he
were my equal, and no offence had been made me, and that you
had prepared his mind to be well content to receive my favour
conditionally that the like promise be made on my part as of his ;
wherein, how little soever your lordship esteemeth both of my
place and calling, I would have had more regard of my lord of
Buckhurst if the case had been between him and Norrys or his
match... Your lordship hath deserved little thanks of me, if
I must deal plainly, that doth equal me after this sort with him,
whose best place is Colonel under me ; and once my servant and
preferred by me to all the honourable places he had. And I
must now, in your lordship's sight be made as it were a competitor
with this companion, who never yet to this day hath done so
much as take knowledge of my mislike of him," no not to say
this much that he desired my suspension till he might either
speak with me or be charged from me, and if then....it should
appear he had justly given me cause of offence, he would both
acknowledge his fault and make me any honest satisfaction....
And ever so much I think your lordship doth me wrong...to
make so little difference between John Norrys, my man not long
sithence and now but my man under me, as though we were but
equals. And I cannot but more than marvel...when I remember
your promises of friendship, first to me and then your
opinion and judgment so resolutely set down of the man ; knowing
my heart and full mind as you did, making you also acquainted
with the thwart and unthankful dealings of Wilkes, and all other
the usages there against me. [Further reproaches and protestations.]
"As for the reconciliations and love days (?) you have made
there, truly I have liked well of it, for your lordship did show me
your disposition therein before, and I allowed of it ; and I had
received letters both from Count Maurice and Hohenlo of their
humility and kindness towards me ; yet now in your last letters
you write that they have uttered at last the cause of their mislike
towards me, which you forbear to write of, looking so speedily
for my return. [But] therein, my lord, I think it is some wrong
offered me, that [I should be] so handled as by those men, who
one while speak [fair words of me] and another while they accuse
and show discontentation [of me]... [If] it should be that the
Count Hohenlo should now seem dis[contented, it] groweth upon
a practice that I should hire one to kill him. This is a matter
properly foisted in to drive me to choler [and] bring my name in
question for so odious an act ; but your lordship sh[all] see,
whether it please you to deal well or otherwise in it, I [shall not]
suffer it to rest thus. I will challenge so much f[avour at] all
the Provinces' hands as either I will be publicly [cleared of] this
slander or the authors duly and severely punished. And albeit
I see well enough the plot of this wicked devise, yet shall it not
work that effect the devisers have done it for. No, my lord, he
is a villain and a false lying knave, whatsoever he be and of what
nation soever that hath forged this device ; for Count Hohenlo
doth know I never gave him cause to fear me so much. I would
not have used him as I did, if I had had so hard opinion of him.
There was ways and means offered me, as well by himself as
others to have quitted him of the country if I had so ill liked of
him, but there was a former device as true as this which he always
alleged to be the ground of his unkindness till now, and that was
that I did procure Edward Norrys to send him his cartel, wherein
I protest before the lord I was as ignorant as he that was in
England, and his brother John can tell whether I did not send for
him, to have committed him for it, but that in truth, upon the
perusing of it, it was very reasonably written ; and did consider
also the great wrong offered him by the said Count, did forbear
it, and no other cause did he allege but this all this while till a
new monstrous villany is found out, which I so hate and detest
as I would look for the right judgment of God to fall upon myself
if I had but once imagined it. I had more cause to fear those
practices than he had, and I was so careful for his safety after the
brawl between him and Norrys as I charged Sir John that if any
harm came to the Count's person by any of his or under him that
he should answer it. Therefore I take this to be bred in the bosom
of some 'machelike' [qy. Machiavelic] atheist or villain whatsoever
he were and I will complain me to the whole States and
Provinces of it, and to make trial whence it came, as there is
means enough. For Villiers is the first breaker of it to Dr.
Clarke and Wilkes, and took witness of Wilkes that he hath
heard of it before. All which makes good proof of his former good
dealing with me, that hath heard of so vile and villanous a
reproach of me and never gave me knowledge. But I trust your
lordship shall receive her Majesty's order for this, as for a matter
that toucheth herself in honour and me, her poor servant and
minister as deeply as any matter can do."
For what you show me in your letters of the earnest desire of
the people for my return and the speed you wish me to make
thither, I can hardly be persuaded, howsoever the general sort
desire it, that the higher sort do wish it ; neither hath your
lordship, in my judgment, taken the way to have it so.... As
first for the matter of Sir John Norrys, with whom you knew I
would not serve, you would not so hastily without me have given
the advice you did to her Majesty ; for thereby it must appear
either you thought me a very unconstant man or a very simple soul
...either to allow of Norrys, or else, if I [valued] myself no more
than one of your men would do, I must refuse to come thither."
[Refers again to the matter of Buckhurst having too easily
accepted the States' answer, giving it as a proof that his lordship
did not really desire his return.]
"The third impediment that I gather that your lordship meant
not my so hasty coming over is the villanous slander...which
was a matter only to choke my disposition if any might serve ;
as indeed this nor any the rest can if her Majesty deal in the cause
so graciously as is wished. For as I know her Majesty will make
more difference between Norrys and me than I find your lordship
doth, so do I not think that would be any stop to me, no more
should the rest, being most assured the trial of them shall turn
to mine honour, both there and here, and I am not so simple, my
lord, but I can see very easily all these drifts and the ground of
them. And as one device failed Mr. Norrys when he offered to
serve with the same forces her Majesty doth now only allow
against all the King of Spain's forces, and saw no cause why her
charges should be increased, so now it appears from your lordship
and himself also that 50,000l. increase is little enough ; and yet
you know I yielded to less than that sum ; but I mean not to
strive with his worship, but to be 'habled' to maintain the cause
with probability. I [am] no mercenary man ; let them make
bargains as they can that must [live] by them. For my part, if
her Majesty deal to enable to whole [...] by her protection and
goodness, I will adventure mine own [life and] all I have withal,
otherwise all Holland cannot hire me [to do it]....—Croydon,
last of April, 1587. (fn. 6)
Copy, in Wilkes' hand. Endd. 5 pp. [Holland XIV. f. 129.]
LORD BUCKHURST to BURGHLEY.
"We stand here upon hope and expectation from England,
wherein if we fail, we are very like to fall. I beseech God incline
her Majesty's heart to send a full pay for her poor soldiers. They
live in great want and many also die, and her Majesty saves never
a penny ; for the checks, they say, must of force go to new raising
of bands, as in truth I think they must, or else in a short time they
will decrease to nothing. I have sent a project of a new form of
government here if my lord of Lester come not, and I verily
think it will bring great good and surety to this estate. (fn. 7) I did
it, being advertised that my lord of Lester's coming was doubtful,
in respect of the great demands from her Majesty. I am forced,
being stark weary with writing, to refer your lordship to Mr.
Secretary's letter.—Utrecht, last of April, 1587.
Holograph. Add. Endd. 1 p. [Holland XIV. f. 133.]
BUCKHURST to WALSINGHAM.
"Lest it may seem strange unto you for that in my project I
appoint so great authority to Hohenlo, (fn. 8) upon whom lately so
vehement suspicion hath been laid, I have thought good by these
few [lines] to let you know that as the matters gathered against
him are merely matters of presumption and not of proof, so hath
both Sir John Noris, Mr. Wilkes and myself...thus finally
resolved :—namely that either it is a device plotted even between
the States and him only to entertain the enemy with vain hope
for awhile, whereby the rather to stay him from his preparations
and attempts ; which kind of practice the Prince of Orange
oftentimes did use : or else, if it should be meant indeed, that
there it only groweth from the root of that mortal hatred which
he bears unto 40 [the Earl of Leicester]. To the intent that if
the said Earl of Leicester shall return, and by his authority and
proceeding so bridle Hohenlo as might not be to his liking, that
then he would always have this matter in store, as well to make
his gain as to revenge himself upon the said Earl of Leicester.
But if the said Earl shall not return and withal Hohenlo to have
such honour and authority as by the said project is ascribed unto
him, it is thought that without all doubt, howsoever the case stand,
he will retire himself from all such intention and faithfully and
truly serve the States. (fn. 7) —Utrecht, last of April, 1587.
Holograph. Add. Endd. 1 p. [Ibid. XIV. f. 137.]
THE QUEEN to BUCKHURST.
Whereas we have of late used your service about an intended
treaty of peace between the King of Spain and us, dealt in by
the Duke of Parma, to the end you may now perceive how far
forth the matter hath since proceeded we send you herewith the
copies of such letters as have lately been written, both to ourself
by the said Duke, and by Champigny to the Controller of our
house in that behalf ; by the contents whereof, finding that the
gravest difficulty like to be by them stood upon will be the point
of religion, we think it necessary for the better removing of the
same, to dispatch one to the said Duke with a copy of such letters
as we have lately received from the States ; by the which it may
appear how peremptorily they do specially stand upon the said
point of religion, to the end that upon knowledge of such their
resolution, he may the easilier be persuaded to employ himself
to dispose the King's mind to relent therein, in some convenient
sort. And for that purpose, we have taken order that the said
Duke, by the party whom we mean to send unto him shall be
put in mind of the treaty held at Gaunt in anno 76, called the
Pacification of Gaunt, which being afterward confirmed by the
King himself was published at Brussels in anno 77. And that
in a later treaty, held at Cologne in anno 79, it was, among other
articles also agreed that the said treaty...should in all points
be duly observed and executed ; which giveth just cause to hope
that if the said King be willing to embrace peace, and the said
Duke to further the same, as he pretendeth he may be induced to
such a toleration as in the said pacification is contained.
"Now it resteth that you should seek to frame the minds of
the people of these countries...to content themselves with the
said toleration, for which purpose you shall of yourself, as one
that wisheth well to the Countries, deal with some well chosen
persons there...good patriots, void of ambition and covetousness
and not desirous of the continuance of the war, in respect
that thereby they draw private gain...laying before them how
impossible it is for them, by means of the contributions...to
continue the war and to make head any long time against so
mighty and puissant a prince as the King of Spain ; and how
unable ourselves shall be to supply them still with such relief
as the necessity of their state doth require...the consideration
whereof, you may tell them, moveth you...to advise them to
dispose both their own minds and the minds of that people to a
sound peace, which, in your opinion, they cannot at any time
treat of with greater advantage than at this present ; the King of
Spain being, as he is, at so low an ebb both at home and in these
countries, for want as well of victuals as of other necessary things
to continue the wars ; which occasion being not now taken hold
of, they shall not perhaps hereafter happen upon the like again ;
with such other pertinent reasons and persuasions as yourself
may devise and find necessary to prepare their minds to hearken
to a peace.
"Nevertheless, if you shall find that the using of these reasons
and persuasions in our name may further the cause by moving
them the rather to hearken unto peace, we leave it to yourself to
use in such case, your own advice and discretion therein. And
for that some ill-affected persons there, upon speeches that may
be given out touching our dealing with the said Duke (whereof,
as we understand, they have some inkling) may be some ground
to breed some unnecessary jealousies in the peoples' heads of
the countries, we think it meet that you should assure them,...
that whatsoever shall pass between us and the said Duke, we will
not fail to have the care of them that appertaineth, considering
how greatly their surety standeth with our well-doing (?).
Endd. "April, 1587. M[inute] from her Majesty to the Lord
of Buckhurst, touching the proceeding in peace." 3¾ pp. [Holland
XIV. f. 228.]
Paper endorsed "Abuses [i.e. slanders] offered to her Majesty,
his Excellency and her nation, by the States and others in these
That her Majesty, by demanding a thousand lasts of corn for
the famine in London, meant to exhaust these countries of victuals
and means of carrying on the war.
Margin. The minister at Delft, M. Moreau came to ask me the
truth of this, saying the town was much excited by the news.
A merchant of La Rochelle, desiring a passport for corn, told me
he had heard the same.
That she was giving ear to ambassadors of foreign kings and
princes, to treat of peace with Spain, against her promise and the
Margin. This has been in the mouth of many, whereupon the
letter was written by M. de Villiers to her Majesty. Parasis says
that Sylla has written it from England, and M. Menin says he
knows of it for certain.
That she would not accept the sovereignty except entirely
and without reservation, and wished to put these countries
under the law of "Pressed," i.e. forcing men to go to the war.
Margin. This rumour was spread at Leyden, shortly after
the taking of Deventer. Rogemorter came express from Leyden
to ask me about it. And Mr. Deventer writes that there has been
the same report at Gorcum.
That Stanley being a person of such quality in England, it is
not likely he would have committed such a treason without the
knowledge and consent of her Majesty.
Margin. Sir Roger Williams has heard this and other like
discourse at the table of the Count of Hoh[enlo].
That on his departure his Excellency had the coffers of the
Treasury opened and carried away what he chose into England.
Margin. Mr. Wood and other English heard Cooper say this.
And M. the Elector [Truchsess] says that Bardesius used the like
That his Excellency managed the contributions granted to
him so badly, that the garrisons received no pay during the nine
months of his government.
Margin. Captain Le Farge said this one day at the table of
M. de Buy in the presence of several captains.
That he received from these countries and from England great
sums which are not accounted for.
Margin. This report has been in everyone's mouth.
That the English gentlemen who came over made their personal
profit with H.E.'s knowledge.
That he had thrust himself into the government and they
must thank God his year was expired.
Margin. Brassart and others of the States said to be the
authors of this.
That he put Stanley and Yorck into their posts expressly in
order to betray them.
Margin. Penredoc heard this at Leyden from a Walloon
That by means of the Restriction of the Council of State
he had carried the authority into England, where he and the
Privy Council might dispose of all things at their pleasure.
Margin. Said by Barnevelt and others both in open Council
That the English nation has been ill-treated both by words and
deeds, and at one time the talk was of chasing them away and
cutting them in pieces, as enemies of the State.
Margin. Said to have been threatened in the Council of State.
That the country had never been so much deceived by the French
as by the English ; and that their government was intolerable.
Margin. Said by Barnevelt in the Council of State.
That the country had fallen de tyrannide in tyrannidem and if
they had not suffered the tyranny of the Spaniards and French,
still less will they bear it from the English.
Margin. Carlo Roorda has held this and the like discourse at
the table of M. the Elector.
That the English are cowards and unfit for war, so that they
cannot bear its hardships.
Margin. The Count of M[œurs] has said this several times.
And that there should no longer be any English troops or governor
but only money from her Majesty to carry on the war.
Margin. Mr. Roger Williams says that a burgomaster of
Delft uttered this at Count Hollock's table.
And say moreover openly that this country and especially
the province of Holland can defend itself without foreign aid ;
and that it was very harmful to impress the contrary opinion on
the minds of the people.
Margin. Barnevelt said it in the Assembly of the States of
Holland, and Paul Buis, in talk with me, has maintained the
Endd. "Aprilis, 1587." Fr. 3 pp. The marginal notes
in a different hand. [Holland XIV. f. 93.]
BONAVENTURE VAN ONCKEL to WALSINGHAM.
Lamenting that the hopes of help given him by his honour
have not yet been fulfilled. If his Excellency returns to the
Low Countries, would wish to be recommended to him, to make
manifest by results what it would be boastful for him to say of
himself. Fears that factious persons or ill-wishers may have
traduced him, or that his honour's multiplicity of affairs has
prevented him from learning the truth. Would rather be at
once dispatched by a mortal blow, considering the extremity to
which he is reduced, not by evil living but by failure in that to
which he had vowed himself ; which will not make him fear a
more sad and thorny path, to save the soul of honour.
Add. Endd. "April 1587." Fr. 1 p. of very close writing.
[Ibid. XIV. f. 150.]
Names of towns or garrisons, with, in some cases, number of
cannon. No covering sheet. 1½ pp. [Ibid. XIV. f. 152.]
Note of places where the nine commissaries of musters are to
be placed. With names both of those of her Majesty and of the
States. 1 p. Endd. with date. [Holland XIV. f. 153.]
"Means to strengthen the bands both of horse and foot."
For the cavalry ; to give the captains three or four months'
pay according to their old rolls. Or else, send six soldiers and
six merchants into the East countries, where they can buy as
many good horses as they list for six and eight pounds apiece,
as the reiters have.
For the footmen ; to give the captains two months' pay after
their old rolls, or else 40s. a head.
By these means, within three months after receipt of their
money they will have their companies complete and fair, according
to the numbers by their commissions.
Endd. "April, 1587." ½ p. [Ibid. XIV. f. 159.]
"The expence of her Majesty's treasure for the Low Countries."
Payments for the troops, garrisons of cautionary towns, principal
officers, extraordinaries etc., amounting to 192,154l. 12s. 7d.
2½ pp. [Ibid. XIV. f. 160.]
Copy of portion of the above ; with memoranda by Burghley.
2½ pp. [Ibid. XIV. f. 162.]
Another copy of part of the above.
1½ pp. [Ibid. XIV. f. 164.]
Notes of the said charges by Burghley, apparently part of a
draft for the above.
2½ pp. [Ibid. XIV. f. 166.]
Document endorsed "List of the horsemen and footmen pretended
to be in the States' pay, and as they mean to have the
companies filled. Delivered to my L. Buckhurst. A cunning
attempted by the States in pretending to have so many in their
pay, to the end they might have no more of the English brought
Names of captains and number in their companies. A grand
total of 35,151 heads.
7 pp. [Ibid. XIV. f. 155.]
A "project of the ordinary [and extraordinary] charges to be
sustained by the States of the United Provinces, April, 1587."
"A project of the ordinary yearly charges, as well of the
20,000 footmen in garrison as also of sending other things thereto
pertaining [details given]
"The ordinary yearly charge of 2000 horsemen lances ordinary
to be dispersed in garrison or to be adjourned to the army.
Sum total, 296,800l.
"A project of the extraordinary charges for 1000 pioneers ;
7000 footmen and 2000 ritters ; parcel of the army. And of
divers other things belonging to the said army [details given]
Sum of all the said charges, 94,600l.
And so the whole charges for the war for this year...amounts
to, over and besides the ordinary forces of her Majesty 391,400l.
Toward which is paid by the ordinary contribution of 20,000l. a
And so remains to be paid by extraordinary levies 151,400l.
of which the General States promise to levy 101,400l., so as it may
please your Majesty of your grace to disburse the other 50,000l.
Endd. 2 sheets. [Holland XIV. f. 135.]
Notes, with contents endorsed as follows :
(By Burghley's clerk) "April, 1587. Entertainment of principal
officers of the field.
Per diem, 10l. 10s. Per mensem, 294l."
(By Burghley). "The entertainment of the Earl of Leicester
by the States at 27l. per diem. Whereof received, a 22 May, 1586,
ad 28 Jan., 1587 [N.S.], 6205l."
1 p. [Ibid. XIV. f. 168.] | 55,002 | 937 |
66,480 | US 7959943 B2
Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion (COME), Recurrent Acute Otitis Media (RAOM), cholesteatoma, and other bacterial ear conditions may be treated by applying a solvating system containing greater than 0.2 wt. % surfactant to a bacterial biofilm in the middle or inner ear, disrupting the biofilm, and applying a protective layer of a polymeric film-forming medical sealant.
1. A method for treating chronic otitis media and other bacterial ear conditions, which method comprises:
a) applying an aqueous solvating system comprising a metal ion sequestering agent and greater than 0.2 wt. % surfactant to a treatment site comprising a bacterial biofilm comprising an extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached or adhered to at least a portion of the middle or inner ear,
b) detaching, removing or otherwise disrupting at least a part of the biofilm by solvating the extracellular polysaccharide matrix with the solvating system and then rinsing away the solvating system, and then
c) applying to the treatment site a protective layer of a polymeric film-forming sealant.
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This application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/431,495 filed May 10, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to the treatment of chronic otitis media with effusion (COME), Recurrent Acute Otitis Media (RAOM), cholesteatoma, and other bacterial ear conditions.
COME and RAOM are inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. Biofilm formation may be a factor in the pathogenesis of COME, see Post, J.C., “Direct evidence of bacterial biofilms in otitis media”, Laryngoscope 111(12):2083-94 (2001), Ehrlich et al., “Mucosal Biofilm Formation on Middle-Ear Mucosa in the Chinchilla Model of Otitis Media”, JAMA 287(13): 1710-15 (2002) and Fergie, N et al., “Is otitis media with effusion a biofilm infection?”, Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 29(1):38-46 (2004). Biofilms form when bacteria interact with a surface to form polymeric films (sometimes referred to as exopolysaccharide or extracellular polysaccharide polymers) that coat the surface and provide a living colony for further bacterial proliferation. Bacteria lodged in biofilms are much more difficult to remove or kill than bacteria in a plaktonic (suspended) state, and are extremely resistant to many antibiotics and biocides. Both the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix and the toxins produced by a number of different bacteria have been shown to cause inflammation by the host. It appears that the chronic inflammation associated with COME and RAOM is a host response to the bacterial biofilm.
COME and RAOM are usually initially treated using oral antibiotics and then, if need be, are more aggressively treated by placement of a tympanostomy tube. Occasionally in cases involving severe infection or high mucous content in the middle ear, the middle ear may be irrigated (e.g., with saline solution). While tympanostomy tubes work on most patients, about 20% of patients who undergo primary tympanostomy tube placement require an additional surgery (an adenoidectomy, a second set of tympanostomy tubes, and usually both an adenoidectomy and tympanostomy tube placement) to treat persistent COME or persistent RAOM.
Cholesteatoma is another ear disease condition of concern. Although generally thought to be primarily a cyst comprised of dermal cells, bacteria biofilms have also been implicated in this disease, see Chole et al., “Evidence for Biofilm Formation in Cholesteatomas”, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 128, pp. 1129-33 (October 2002). In cholesteatoma, bacterial biofilms appear to form, incite inflammation, and cause generation of a benign tumor composed mainly of bacteria at its core and dermal cells. The tumor can erode both the ossicular chain (hearing bones) and the mastoid bone, detrimentally affecting hearing. Surgical exposure and excision is the most common treatment for cholesteatoma removal. Up to 25% of these procedures fail due to recurrence of the cholesteatoma and thus require additional surgery or other treatment.
The etiology and chronicity of COME, RAOM and cholesteatoma appear to be related to the presence of bacterial biofilms as well as their recalcitrance post-surgery.
Patients, and their parents in the case of children, dislike infection recurrence and the possible need to undergo repeat or additional surgery. Although antibiotics may initially be administered at elevated dosages to address these problems, antibiotics have been shown to be ineffective against chronic infections that involve a bacterial biofilm and administering them can also promote drug resistance in the targeted and other bacterial species. It would be highly desirable to employ alternative treatments that permit a reduction or elimination in the amount of required antibiotics yet discourage recurrence of the treated condition. When the treated condition involves a bacterial biofilm on a tissue surface, it would be desirable to remove or disrupt the biofilm more effectively than is the case when saline irrigation is employed, so that remaining bacteria may more effectively be attacked by antibiotics or by the body's own natural defenses. It would also be desirable to at least temporarily seal or otherwise protect the thus-treated surface in order to repel bacterial adherence and biofilm reformation. It would also be desirable to do so while meeting biocompatibility requirements for contact with human tissue, and while using small dosages of administered materials and short periods of application. Our copending application Ser. No. (attorney docket no. 151-P-28476US01), filed even date herewith, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a solvating system comprising a metal ion sequestering agent and surfactant and its use to disrupt bacterial biofilms within the middle or inner ear.
The present invention provides in one aspect a method for treating chronic otitis media and other bacterial ear conditions, which method comprises:
The disclosed method may be used for treatment or post-operative care of the middle or inner ear, and may be used to treat maladies or chronic conditions including chronic otitis media with effusion, recurrent acute otitis media, cholesteatoma and other bacterial ear conditions.
Like reference symbols in the various figures of the drawing indicate like elements. The elements in the drawing are not to scale.
The following detailed description describes certain embodiments and is not to be taken in a limiting sense. All weights, amounts and ratios herein are by weight, unless otherwise specifically noted. The terms shown below have the following meanings:
The term “antimicrobial agent” refers to a substance having the ability to cause greater than a 90% numeric reduction (viz., greater than a 1-log order reduction) in a population of one or more of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis or any other bacteria implicated in the etiology of COME, RAOM or cholesteatoma using the bacterial plate count procedure described below in the Examples.
The terms “attached” and “adhered” when used in reference to a bacterial biofilm and a surface mean that the biofilm is established on and at least partially coats or covers the surface, and has some resistance to removal from the surface. As the nature of this relationship is complex and poorly understood, no particular mechanism of attachment or adherence is intended by such usage.
The term “adhesion” refers to the sticking together of a material to tissues or tissue to tissue with which it is in intimate contact for extended periods or tissue that connects opposing tissues or prosthetic materials across a normally open space.
The term “bacterial biofilm” means a community of bacteria attached to a surface, with the organisms in the community being contained within an EPS matrix produced by the bacteria.
The term “biocompatible” when used in reference to a substance means that the substance presents no significant deleterious or untoward effects upon the body.
The term “biodegradable” when used in reference to a substance means that the substance will degrade or erode in vivo to form smaller chemical species. Such degradation process may be enzymatic, chemical or physical.
The term “bioresorbable” when used in reference to a substance means that the substance is capable of being absorbed by the body.
The terms “detaching”, “removing” and “disrupting” when used in reference to a bacterial biofilm attached or adhered to a surface mean that at least a significant amount of the biofilm initially present on the surface no longer is attached or adhered to the surface. No particular mechanism of detachment, removal or disruption is intended by such usage.
The term “hemostat” means a device or material which stops blood flow.
The term “polymeric sealant” means that the sealant is either formed from a synthetic crosslinked or uncrosslinked polymer or is a natural material such as a protein which has been crosslinked (e.g., synthetically crosslinked).
The term “residence time” when used in reference to a polymeric sealant at a treatment site means the time period during which the sealant remains in place in vivo under gross observation.
The term “sequestering agent” means a chemical that will combine with another material, especially a metal ion, to discourage or prevent the material from coming out of solution. The term “metal ion sequestering agent” means a sequestering agent that will combine with one or more metal ions such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, iron and the like to discourage or prevent the metal ion from coming out of solution. In order of increasing atomic number the alkali metals are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium, and the alkaline earth metals are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium.
The term “solvating” means to form a solution or dispersion containing a solvent or other carrier within which a solute is dissolved or suspended.
The solvating system may be directed through cannula 12 and applied to the desired treatment site to detach, remove or otherwise disrupt at least a part of a bacterial biofilm attached or adhered to at least a portion of the middle or inner ear. The solvating system desirably is applied in at least an amount and thickness sufficient to cover the desired portion of the biofilm. The treatment may involve chemical dilution or mechanical disruption. For example, the solvating system may with appropriate care be applied as a pressurized spray to dislodge the bacterial biofilm, bacteria and other foreign body buildup at the treatment site. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the solvating system may dissolve the biofilm and bring it into solution or suspension so that the thus-disrupted biofilm can be easily flushed or otherwise removed from the treatment site using aspiration, lavage or other removal techniques performed via the myringotomy or through the Eustachian tube or nose. Any remaining bacteria at the treatment site may then more readily be attacked by an antimicrobial agent or by the body's natural defenses. Bacterial attack may for example be assisted by including an antimicrobial agent in the solvating system or in the polymeric film-forming medical sealant, or by separately applying an antimicrobial agent intra operatively or post operatively (e.g., topically, orally or systemically). It may be desirable to inject sufficient solvating system into the treatment area to displace any pus or other material that may be present, allowing excess material to overflow from the treatment area until the color of the excess material no longer changes. The solvating system may be left in place until it can drain away or is otherwise eliminated or resorbed, or the solvating system may be allowed to stand for a suitable time (e.g., a few minutes, a few hours or longer) and then may be rinsed away using saline or another suitable liquid. The solvating system preferably is applied directly into the middle or inner ear region rather than merely being applied to the ear canal and allowed to transport across the tympanic membrane, as such direct application may promote faster biofilm breakup. Application of the solvating system and removal of dislodged or disrupted biofilm and bacteria may also be repeated as desired to ensure thorough removal of the offending organisms.
To discourage bacterial recolonization and biofilm reformation, the polymeric film-forming medical sealant is also applied to the treatment site. This may for example be accomplished using cannula 12 as shown in
A variety of solvating systems may be used in the disclosed method. As noted above, the solvating system comprises greater than 0.2 wt. % surfactant. The surfactant desirably is water-soluble and nontoxic. Exemplary surfactants include anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants and zwitterionic surfactants. Exemplary anionic surfactants include but are not limited to C6-C24 alkylbenzene sulfonates; C6-C24 olefin sulfonates; C6-C24 paraffin sulfonates; cumene sulfonate; xylene sulfonate; C6-C24 alkyl naphthalene sulfonates; C6-C24 alkyl or dialkyl diphenyl ether sulfonates or disulfonates, C4-C24 mono or dialkyl sulfosuccinates; sulfonated or sulfated fatty acids; C6-C24 alcohol sulfates (for example C6-C12 alcohol sulfates); C6-C24 alcohol ether sulfates having 1 to about 20 ethylene oxide groups; C4-C24 alkyl, aryl or alkaryl phosphate esters or their alkoxylated analogues having 1 to about 40 ethylene, propylene or butylene oxide units; and mixtures thereof. For example, the anionic surfactant may be sodium chenodeoxycholate, N-lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, lithium dodecyl sulfate, 1-octanesulfonic acid sodium salt, sodium cholate hydrate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate (also known as sodium lauryl sulfate) or sodium glycodeoxycholate.
Exemplary cationic surfactants include but are not limited to quaternary amine compounds having the formula:
Exemplary nonionic surfactants include but are not limited to C6-C24 alcohol ethoxylates (for example C6-C14 alcohol ethoxylates) having 1 to about 20 ethylene oxide groups (for example about 9 to about 20 ethylene oxide groups); C6-C24 alkylphenol ethoxylates (for example C8-C10 alkylphenol ethoxylates) having 1 to about 100 ethylene oxide groups (for example about 12 to about 20 ethylene oxide groups); C6-C24 alkylpolyglycosides (for example C6-C20 alkylpolyglycosides) having 1 to about 20 glycoside groups (for example about 9 to about 20 glycoside groups); C6-C24 fatty acid ester ethoxylates, propoxylates or glycerides; C4-C24 mono or di alkanolamides; and mixtures thereof. For example, the nonionic surfactant may be polyoxyethyleneglycol dodecyl ether, N-decanoyl-N-methylglucamine, digitonin, n-dodecyl B-D-maltoside, octyl B-D-glucopyranoside, octylphenol ethoxylate, polyoxyethylene (8) isooctyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate or polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate.
Exemplary zwitterionic surfactants include but are not limited to aminoalkylsulfonate compounds having the formula:
Preferred surfactants include alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates and zwitterionic surfactants. The desired surfactants may be obtained as pure compounds or in some instances may be obtained by using products such as liquid Castile soap. The surfactant may for example be present at a concentration of at least about 0.002 M, at least about 0.005 M or at least about 0.01 M, e.g., about 0.002 to about 1 M, about 0.005 to about 0.7 M or about 0.01 to about 0.5 M. Expressed on a weight basis, the surfactant is greater than 0.2 wt. % of the solvating system and may for example be about 0.3% to about 30%, about 0.5% to about 25% or about 1% to about 20% of the solvating system. Increased surfactant amounts may promote faster biofilm breakup.
The solvating system may optionally contain a metal ion sequestering agent. The sequestering agent desirably is a mild acid whose acidity is sufficient to sequester one or more metal ions in the exopolysaccharide or extracellular polysaccharide matrix, but which is not so acidic so as to harm the treated middle or inner ear tissue. Metal ions of particular interest (due to their likely involvement in the targeted bacterial biofilms) include sodium, calcium and iron. The metal ion sequestering agent desirably is water-soluble, nontoxic and not prone to aggravate long-term hearing loss. Representative acids include but are not limited to carboxylic acids, diacids, or triacids such as formic acid, acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, oxalic acid, oxamic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, aspartic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, iminodiacetic acid, glutaric acid, 2-ketoglutaric acid, glutamic acid, adipic acid, citric acid, glucuronic acid, mucic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, salicylic acid, ketopimelic acid, benzoic acid, mandelic acid, chloromandelic acid, phenylacetic acid, phthalic acid and boric acid; mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, orthophosphoric acid and phosphonic acid; and mixtures thereof. Citric acid is a preferred acid. The metal ion sequestering agent may for example be present at a concentration of at least about 0.01 M, at least about 0.05 M or at least about 0.1 M, e.g., about 0.01 to about 0.5 M, about 0.05 to about 0.4 M or about 0.1 to about 0.3 M. Increased metal ion sequestering agent amounts may promote faster biofilm breakup.
The solvating system may optionally include a variety of other ingredients, including water and other solvents (e.g., alcohols), buffering agents, antimicrobial agents and a variety of adjuvants. Preferably the solvating system contains water and one or more buffering agents. The buffering agent preferably maintains the solvating system at an appropriate pH for contacting human tissue, and desirably at a pH greater than 5. For example, the solvating system may be buffered to have a near-neutral pH, e.g., a pH greater than 5 and less than 8.5. Buffering agents may for example be up to about 25% of the solvating system. Exemplary buffering agents include but are not limited to potassium chloride, glycine, potassium hydrogen phthalate, sodium acetate, potassium hydrogen phthalate, barbitone sodium and sodium citrate. When the metal ion sequestering agent is a mild acid, the buffering agent desirably is a salt of that acid.
Solvating systems containing one or more antimicrobial agents are also preferred. The EPS matrix allows the biofilm to stick to an underlying surface and also protects the embedded organisms; thus, bacteria in biofilms are approximately 100 to 1000 times more resistant to the effects of antibiotics than planktonic bacteria. After the biofilm has been broken down into unbound polymers or fragments and solvated or otherwise disrupted by the solvating system, an antimicrobial agent can much more effectively attack the remaining bacteria. Exemplary antimicrobial agents include active oxygen compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, isolated or equilibrium derived or isolated peracids such as chloroperbenzoic acids, peracetic acid, perheptanoic acid, peroctanoic acid, perdecanoic acid, performic acid, percitric acid, perglycolic acid, perlactic acid, perbenzoic acid, and monoester peracids derived from diacids or diesters such as adipic, succinic, glutaric, or malonic acid; amphenicols; ampicillins; ansamycins; beta-lactams such as carbacephems, carbapenems, cephalosporins, cephamycins, monobactams, oxacephems, penicillins and any of their derivatives; carboxylic esters such as p-hydroxy alkyl benzoates and alkyl cinnamates; chitosan salts; cubic-phase lipids; gallium-containing antimicrobial agents such as gallium acetylacetonate, gallium bromide, gallium chloride, gallium fluoride, gallium iodide, gallium maltolate, gallium nitrate, gallium nitride, gallium percolate, gallium phosphide and gallium sulfate; iodo-compounds and other active halogen compounds such as iodine, interhalides, polyhalides, metal hypochlorites, hypochlorous acid, metal hypobromites, hypobromous acid, chloro- and bromo-hydantoins, chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite; lincosamides; macrolides; nitrofurans; organic peroxides including benzoyl peroxide and alkyl benzoyl peroxides; ozone; phenolic derivatives including o-phenyl phenol, o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol, tert-amyl phenol and C1-C6 alkyl hydroxy benzoates; quaternary ammonium compounds such as alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride; quinolines; singlet oxygen generators; sulfonamides; sulfones; sulfonic acids such as dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid; tetracyclines; vancomycin; derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Many of these recited agents represent classes containing useful specific materials whose individual utility will be recognized by persons having ordinary skill in the art. For example, exemplary penicillins include but are not limited to amdinocillin, amdinocillin pivoxil, amoxicillin ampicillin, apalcillin, aspoxicillin, axidocillin, azlocillin, acampicillin, bacampicillin, benzylpenicillinic acid, benzylpenicillin sodium, carbenicillin, carindacillin, clometocillin, cloxacillin, cyclacillin, dicloxacillin, epicillin, fenbenicillin, floxacillin, hetacillin, lenampicillin, metampicillin, methicillin sodium, mezlocillin, nafcillin sodium, oxacillin, penamecillin, penethamate hydriodide, penicillin G benethamine, penicillin G benzathine, penicillin G benzhydrylamine, penicillin G calcium, penicillin G hydrabamine, penicillin G potassium, penicillin G. procaine, penicillin N, penicillin O, penicillin V, penicillin V banzathine, penicillin V hydrabamine, penimepicycline, phenethicillin potassium, piperacillin, pivampicillin propicillin, quinacillin, sulbenicillin, sultamicillin, talampicillin, temocillin, ticarcillin and mixtures thereof or with other materials (e.g., penicillins combined with clavulanic aid such as the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid available as AUGMENTIN™ from GlaxoSmithKline).
An antimicrobial agent such as those described above may optionally be applied in a separate treatment step (if need be in a suitable carrier) after application of the solvating system and before application of the polymeric film-forming medical sealant. An antimicrobial agent may also be applied as a part of the sealant. Whether applied as a part of the solvating system, in a separate step, or as a part of the sealant, the antimicrobial agent preferably provides greater than a 99% numeric reduction (viz., at least a 2-log order reduction), greater than a 99.9% numeric reduction (viz., at least a 3-log order reduction), greater than a 99.99% numeric reduction (viz., at least a 4-log order reduction) or greater than a 99.999% numeric reduction (viz., at least a 5-log order reduction) in a population of one or more of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. pneumonia, H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis bacteria using the bacterial plate count procedure described below in the Examples.
The solvating system may contain additional therapeutic agents. Exemplary therapeutic agents include any material suitable for otologic use including analgesics, anti-cholinergics, anti-fungal agents, antihistamines, steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anti-parasitic agents, antiviral agents, biostatic compositions, chemotherapeutic/antineoplastic agents, cytokines, decongestants, immunosuppressors, mucolytics, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, steroids, vasoconstrictor's, vitamins, mixtures thereof, and other therapeutic materials that will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Several such additional therapeutic agents are discussed in more detail below in connection with the polymeric film-forming medical sealant. Other adjuvants that may be included in the solvating system include dyes, pigments or other colorants (e.g., FD & C Red No. 3, FD & C Red No. 20, FD & C Yellow No. 6, FD & C Blue No. 2, D & C Green No. 5, D & C Orange No. 4, D & C Red No. 8, caramel, titanium dioxide, fruit or vegetable colorants such as beet powder or beta-carotene, turmeric, paprika and other materials that will be familiar to those skilled in the art); indicators; flavoring or sweetening agents including but not limited to anise oil, cherry, cinnamon oil, citrus oil (e.g., lemon, lime or orange oil), cocoa, eucalyptus, herbal aromatics (e.g., clove oil, sage oil or cassia oil), lactose, maltose, menthol, peppermint oil, saccharine, sodium cyclamate, spearmint oil, sorbitol, sucrose, vanillin, wintergreen oil, xylitol and mixtures thereof; antioxidants; antifoam agents; and rheology modifiers including thickeners and thixotropes.
The solvating system desirably has a sufficiently low viscosity to enable easy delivery to the treatment site using for example power spray or other spray application, lavage, misting, mopping, wicking or dripping. The solvating system desirably also may be easily removed from the treatment site by subsequent flushing, rinsing, draining or absorption. The solvating system need not be applied in liquid form and may for example be applied as a powder, gel, foam, sponge, film strip or other suitable form. The solvating system may be applied to treatment sites in the middle or inner ear or in associated structures such as the Eustachian tubes. The solvating system is biocompatible with the delicate tissues and structures of the middle or inner ear, and desirably does not contain ingredients which might potentially harm such tissues or structures or unduly compromise long-term hearing.
A variety of polymeric film-forming medical sealants may be used in the disclosed method. The sealant preferably is a biodegradable or bioresorbable material having a residence time in vivo of from one day to a few (e.g., 2, 3 or 4) days, weeks or months. The sealant may be uncrosslinked, crosslinked before being applied to the treatment site, or crosslinked after application. In one embodiment, the sealant may be a viscoelastic material. In another embodiment, the sealant may harden after application. The sealant may be a synthetic polymer (for example, polyethylene glycol or PEG), natural polymer (for example, a polysaccharide, lipid or polypeptide), or a synthetically-modified natural polymer (for example, a polypeptide reacted with PEG). Other exemplary synthetic polymers include polyacetals, polyacrylic acid, polyalkylene oxalates, polyalkylene succinates, polyamides, polyamino acids, polyaspartic acid, polyanhydrides, polycaprolactones, polycarbonates, polycyanoacrylates, polydiaxonones, polyesteramides, polyetheresters, polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(glycolic acids) and other poly(glycolides), polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates, polyketals, poly(lactic acid) and other polylactides including poly(lactide-co-glycolides), poly(malic acids), polyorthoesters, polyphosphazines, polyphosphoesters, polypropylene oxide (PPO), degradable polyurethanes, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and copolymers, terpolymers, blends, and mixtures thereof.
Exemplary polysaccharides include cellulose and its derivatives such as oxidized cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carboxymethyl amylose (CMA), carboxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC); chitin; chitosan and its derivatives such as carboxymethyl chitosan and trimethylchitosan; dextran and its derivatives such as carboxymethyl dextran; glycogen; glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan (e.g., hyaluronic acid and its derivatives including esters and polymers), heparin, heparin sulfate, dermatin sulfate, and chondroitin-6-sulfate; gums such as alginate, gellan gum and xanthan gum; pectin; and starch and its derivatives.
Exemplary lipids include glyceryl based lipid compounds such as glyceryl monooleate, and liquid crystal lipids which can be delivered in fluid form and which when in contact with moisture will convert to a cubic phase to provide a waxy cubic or crystalline material.
Exemplary polypeptides include albumin, collagen, gelatin, silk and their derivatives. For example, crosslinked hydrogels may be formed from many polypeptides by reacting them with a suitable crosslinking agent such as an aldehyde (e.g., glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde), carbodiimide, chitin, CMC or a glycol such as a PEG.
The polymeric film-forming medical sealant may include antimicrobial agents, additional therapeutic agents and other adjuvants like those mentioned above in connection with the solvating system. Sealants containing therapeutic agents that offer both anti-infective and anti-inflammatory properties (e.g., tetracyclines) are a preferred embodiment. Sealants containing additional therapeutic agents such as anti-fungal agents, antihistamines, steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anti-parasitic agents, antiviral agents, chemotherapeutic/antineoplastic agents, decongestants or mucolytics are another preferred embodiment. Sealants containing antimicrobial agents and additional therapeutic agents are yet another preferred embodiment. Exemplary anti-fungal agents include but are not limited to allylamines, imidazoles, polyenes, thiocarbamates, triazoles, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Exemplary antihistamines include but are not limited to azelastine, diphenhydramine, loratidine, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Exemplary steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include but are not limited to 21-acetoxypregnenolone, alclometasone, algestone, amcinonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, budesonide, chloroprednisone, clobetasol, clobetansone, clocortolone, cloprednol, corticosterone, cortisone, cortivazol, deflazacort, desonide, desoximetasone, dexamethasone, diflorasone, diflucortolone, difluprednate, enoxolone, fluazacort, flucloronide, flumethasone flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, fluocortin butyl, fluocortolone, fluorometholone, fluperolone acetate, fluprednidene acetate, fluprednisolone, flurandrenolide, fluticasone propionate, formocortal, halcinonide, halobetasol propionate, halometasone, halopredone acetate, hydrocortamate, hydrocortisone, loteprednol etabonate, mazipredone, medrysone, meprednisone, methylprednisolone, mometasone furoate, paramethosone, prednicarbate, prednisolone, prednisolone 25-diethylamino-acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, prednisone, prednival, prednylidene, rimexolone, tixocortol, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, triamcinolone benetonide, triamcinolone hexacetonide, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Preferred steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone proprionate and mometasonefuroate. Exemplary nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents include but are not limited to COX inhibitors (COX-1 or COX nonspecific inhibitors) and selective COX-2 inhibitors. Exemplary COX inhibitors include but are not limited to salicylic acid derivatives such as aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline magnesium trisalicylate, salicylate, diflunisal, sulfasalazine and olsalazine; para-aminophenol derivatives such as acetaminophen; indole and indene acetic acids such as indomethacin and sulindac; heteroaryl acetic acids such as tolmetin, dicofenac and ketorolac; arylpropionic acids such as ibuprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen and oxaprozin; anthranilic acids (fenamates) such as mefenamic acid and meloxicam; enolic acids such as the oxicams (piroxicam, meloxicam); alkanones such as nabumetone; derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Exemplary COX-2 inhibitors include but are not limited to diaryl-substituted furanones such as refecoxib; diaryl-substituted pyrazoles such as celecoxib; indole acetic acids such as etodolac and sulfonanilides such as nimesulide; derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Exemplary anti-parasitic agents include but are not limited to atovaquone clindamycin, dapsone, iodoquinol, metronidazle, pentamidine, primaquine, pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim/sufamethoxazole, trimetrexate, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Exemplary antiviral agents include but are not limited to acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir, edoxudine, ganciclovir, foscamet, cidovir (available as VISTIDE™ from Gilead Sciences, Inc.), vitrasert, formivirsen, HPMPA (9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine), PMEA (9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine), HPMPG (9-(3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl)guanine), PMEG (9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine), HPMPC (1-(2-phosphonomethoxy-3-hydroxypropyl)-cytosine), ribavirin, EICAR (5-ethynl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carbonxamine), pyrazofurin (3-[beta-D-ribofuranosyl]-4-hydroxypyrazole-5-carboxamine), 3-Deazaguanine, GR-92938X (1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrazole-3,4-dicarboxamide), LY253963 (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl-cyanamide), RD3-0028 (1,4-dihydro-2,3-benzodithiin), CL387626 (4,4′-bis[4,6-di] [3-aminophenyl-N,N-bis(2-carbamoylethyl)-sulfonilimino]-1,3,5-triazine-2-ylamino-biphenyl-2-,2′-disulfonic acid disodium salt), BABIM (bis[5-amidino-2-benzimidazoly-1]-methane), NIH351, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Exemplary chemotherapeutic/antineoplastic agents include but are not limited to antitumor agents (e.g., cancer chemotherapeutic agents, biological response modifiers, vascularization inhibitors, hormone receptor blocks, and cryotherapeutic agents or other agents that destroy or inhibit neoplasia or tumorigenesis) such as alkylating agents or other agents which directly kill cancer cells by attacking their DNA (e.g., cyclophosphamide and isophosphamide), nitrosoureas or other agents which kill cancer cells by inhibiting changes necessary for cellular DNA repair (e.g., carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)), antimetabolites and other agents that block cancer cell growth by interfering with certain cell functions, usually DNA synthesis (e.g., 6 mercaptopurine and 5-fluorouracil (5FU)), antitumor antibiotics and other compounds that act by binding or intercalating DNA and preventing RNA synthesis (e.g., doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitomycin-C and bleomycin), plant (vinca) alkaloids and other anti-tumor agents derived from plants (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine), steroid hormones, hormone inhibitors, hormone receptor antagonists and other agents which affect the growth of hormone-responsive cancers (e.g., tamoxifen, herceptin, aromatase inhibitors such as aminoglutethamide and formestane, triazole inhibitors such as letrozole and anastrazole, and steroidal inhibitors such as exemastane), antiangiogenic proteins, small molecules, gene therapies or other agents that inhibit angiogenesis or vascularization of tumors (e.g., meth-1, meth-2 and thalidomide), bevacizumab (available as AVASTIN™ from Genentech), squalamine, endostatin, angiostatin, ANGIOZYME™ from Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, neovastat (available as AE-941 ™ from Aetema Zentaris), CC-5013 (available as REVIMID™ from Celgene Corp.), medi-522 (available as VITAXIN™ from MedImmune, Inc.), 2-methoxyestradiol or 2ME2 (available as PANZEM™ from Entremed, Inc.), carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), combretastatin A4 prodrug (CA4P), SU6668, SU11248, BMS-275291, COL-3, EMD 121974, IMC-1C11, IM862, TNP-470, celecoxib (available as CELEBREX™ from Pfizer Inc.), refecoxib, interferon alpha, interleukin-12 (IL-12) or any of the compounds identified in Science Vol. 289, Pages 1197-1201 (Aug. 17, 2000) which is expressly incorporated herein by reference, biological response modifiers (e.g., interferon, bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG), monoclonal antibodies, interluken 2, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), etc.), PGDF receptor antagonists, herceptin, asparaginase, busulphan, carboplatin, cisplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cytarabine, dacarbazine, etoposide, flucarbazine, flurouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, ifosphamide, irinotecan, lomustine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, thioguanine, thiotepa, tomudex, topotecan, treosulfan, vinblastine, vincristine, mitoazitrone, oxaliplatin, procarbazine streptocin, taxol or paclitaxel, taxotere, analogs/congeners, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Exemplary decongestants include but are not limited to epinephrine, oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, tetrahydrozolidine, xylometazoline, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Exemplary mucolytics include but are not limited to acetylcysteine, dornase alpha, guaifenesin, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof.
In those instances where it is desirable to remove water from tissue, e.g., to remove fluid from edematous tissue, a hyperosmolar agent may be employed in the sealant. Exemplary hyperosmolar agents include but are not limited to furosemide, sodium chloride gel and other salt preparations that draw water from tissue or substances that directly or indirectly change the osmolar content of the mucous layer. Where sustained release or delayed release of the therapeutic agent is desirable, a release agent modifier may also be included in the sealant.
The sealant desirably has a sufficiently low viscosity to enable easy delivery to the treatment site using for example power spray or other spray application, lavage, misting, mopping, wicking or dripping. The sealant need not be applied in liquid form and may for example be applied as a powder, gel, foam, sponge, film strip or other suitable form. The sealant may be applied to treatment sites in the middle or inner ear or in associated structures such as the Eustachian tubes. The applied sealant may be bioresorbable or biodegradable after a desired period of time once healing has occurred. The sealant desirably includes at least one characteristic that promotes retention of the sealant at the treatment site. This characteristic may be selected from a variety of features including but not limited to thickness, size, shape, density, viscosity, hardness, bioadhesiveness, mucoadhesiveness, manner of application or insertion, and the like. The sealant may prevent bacterial recolonization or the formation or reformation of bacterial biofilms by covering the treatment site (e.g., mucosa from which a bacterial biofilm has been removed by the solvating system) with an alternative film structure whose surface is not readily penetrable by bacteria associated with bacterial ear conditions. The sealant is biocompatible with the delicate tissues and structures of the middle or inner ear, and desirably does not contain ingredients which might potentially harm such tissues or structures or unduly compromise long-term hearing.
The solvating system and sealant may desirably be used as a part of a multi-step treatment regimen which disrupts the bacterial biofilm and discourages its return. For example, a series of steps that may be broadly classified as Cleansing/Disrupting, Killing, Protecting/Coating, Aerating, and Healing may be carried out. The Cleansing/Disrupting step may be carried out by administering the solvating system as described above. The Killing step may be carried out by applying a suitable antimicrobial agent to the treatment site. This may as described above be accomplished by including an antimicrobial agent in the solvating system, in the sealant, or in both the solvating system and sealant. As noted above, an antimicrobial agent may also be applied as a separate step between application of the solvating system and application of the sealant. An antimicrobial agent may also be applied or administered post operatively. The Protecting/Coating step may be carried out by coating at least part of the thus-treated tissue with a protective sealant layer as described above. The Aerating step may be carried out by preserving or forming a suitable opening or openings (e.g., a slit in the tympanic membrane) and leaving it or them open for a period of time sufficient to allow aeration of the treated ear region. The time period may be affected by the nature of the opening(s) and by whether or not a tympanostomy tube is installed. For example, if a slit has been formed in the tympanic membrane and a tube is not placed in the opening then the slit may remain open for a few days and heal over, thereby closing the ear space naturally. The Healing step may be carried out by allowing the cleansed, protected and sealed tissue surface to undergo a return to a normal state, e.g., through one or more healing mechanisms such as modulation of an inflammatory response, phagocytosis, mucosal remodeling, reciliation or full or partial restoration of normal hearing or balance.
A comparable series of steps may be performed in a multi-step treatment regimen which disrupts a bacterial biofilm in a sinus cavity. Further details regarding such a regimen may be found in copending application Ser. No. 11/739,480, filed even date herewith, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The invention is further illustrated in the following non-limiting examples.
As a proxy for the S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacteria that may be implicated in bacterial biofilms in the middle ear (other bacteria that may be implicated include S. pneumonia, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis), bacterial isolates were recovered from the sinuses of patients with sinus disorders. Patients with cystic fibrosis or an underlying immunosuppressive disease (HIV infection, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or renal disease) and patients who had taken antibiotics or oral prednisone in the previous month were excluded. All patients had refractory sinusitis, that is, persistent symptoms resistant to medical therapy despite having undergone technically successful functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyposis. The occurrence of CRS was diagnosed in accordance with the 2003 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) guidelines set out in Benninger et al., “Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: Definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology”, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129(3 suppl):S1-S32 (2003). The selected patients had been refractory to medical therapy for more than 12 months before sample collection, and the failure of FESS was judged not to be associated with technical factors such as obstructive synechiae, frontal sinus obstruction, or a retained uncinate process. Samples were collected consecutively until 10 specimens each of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were obtained using direct endoscopic guidance and the procedure described by Nadel et al., “Endoscopically guided cultures in chronic sinusitis”, Am J Rhinol 12:233-241 (1998). Briefly, a topical anesthetic agent was administered, the nasal ala retracted, and an endoscope used to visualize the middle meatus and sinus cavities. A thin, flexible calcium alginate swab (STARSWAB II™ Collection and Transport System, Starplex Scientific, Etobicoke, Ontario) was inserted and directed to the site with the most purulence. If no purulence was observed, the surface of the maxillary sinus was swabbed for 15 seconds. Care was taken to avoid contact with the lateral nasal wall or nasal vestibule. Samples were plated and incubated using standard procedures. Bacteria were identified using a VITEK 2™ system (Biomérieux, Durham, N.C.). Crystal violet staining to confirm the presence of biofilms was performed according to the method described by Stepanovic et al., “A modified microtiter-plate test for quantification of staphylococcal biofilm formation”, J Microbiol Methods 40:175-179 (2000). For incubation and culture, previously frozen strains were inoculated on trypticase soy agar (TSA) with 0.5% sheep blood. After 24 hours, one to four colonies per strain were cultured on TSA. Cultures were incubated at 37° C. for 24 hours to condition them to a trypticase soy broth (TSB)-TSA medium and ensure noncontamination. Colonies grown on TSA solid medium were then amplified in 5 mL of TSB medium with 0.5% glucose according to the method described by Gotz, “Staphylococcus and biofilms”, Mol Microbiol 43:1367-1378 (2002) and incubated at 37° C. for at least 24 hours.
A drip-flow reactor (DFR) was used to determine the effectiveness of various test solutions delivered to S aureus and P aeruginosa biofilms on hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated microscope slides for removing these bacterial biofilms with and without hydrodynamic force. The slides in the DFR are tipped at 10° from the horizontal, thereby modeling a low shear environment. The DFR was housed in an incubator at 37° C. under aerobic conditions. Approximately 20 minutes before bacterial inoculation, sterile medium (10% TSB for S aureus; 1% TSB for P aeruginosa) was dripped on the slides in the DFR and allowed to collect over the slides to form a conditioning layer. The slides were then inoculated with 1 mL of a culture of either S aureus or P aeruginosa. The DFR was tilted so that the slides would be horizontal for 4 hours to allow bacterial attachment to the substrate. Subsequently, the DFR was set so that the slides were once again at a 10° angle, with sterile medium dripping on the slides at a rate of 10 mL per hour. After 3 days, biofilm-removal experiments were performed. Two methods were used to treat the biofilms formed by each bacterial species. The first application method involved a static treatment in the DFR, with a solvating agent (referred to as CAZS) being dripped onto the biofilms. The CAZS solvating agent contained deionized water, 25 g/L (corresponding to 0.13 M) citric acid, 5.35 g/L (corresponding to 0.02 M) caprylyl sulfobetaine zwitterionic surfactant (CH3(CH2)9N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3 −, CAS 15163-36-7) and sufficient sodium citrate (about 240 g/L) to buffer the system to pH 5.4. The second application method involved delivery of saline or delivery of CAZS outside the DFR, using a pressurized jet lavage to apply a hydrodynamic shearing force to the biofilm. For all treatments, preliminary runs were done to ensure that variations among slides were within acceptable limits. In addition, multiple plates of both bacterial species were produced to determine the within-run and run-to-run variations. A control slide was made for each DFR run. Three runs were evaluated for each treatment of each type of bacteria.
For static treatment, flow to the DFR was halted, the DFR was placed in a horizontal position, and the cover was removed. A 25 mL portion of CAZS was applied to one slide. Control slides were not treated with CAZS. After 10 minutes, the slides were rinsed with saline (25 mL). The DFR was then disconnected from the inflow tube, and each slide was removed under a laminar flow hood and placed in a sterile 50-mL tube. After another saline rinse (2 mL), the surface of the slide was scraped repeatedly, and the scrapings and saline were collected in the tube. The tube was vortexed for 10 seconds, sonicated for 2 minutes, and vortexed again for 10 seconds to disperse the bacteria into suspension. The suspensions were then serially diluted and 100 μmL aliquots applied to three plates containing TSA and incubated at 37° C. for 24 hours. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted manually, and the number of CFUs per square centimeter was calculated. The resulting plate counts were log (10) transformed and expressed as the mean (±SD) value derived from plate counts from two DFR runs of three slides each.
For hydrodynamic treatment, the slides were removed from the DFR and placed in a glove box. The slides were placed in a holder and sprayed for approximately 20 seconds with about 150 mL of either saline or CAZS using a device that provided pressurized jet lavage. The spraying was done with both a side-to-side and an up-and-down sweeping motion so that all areas were sprayed twice, once in each axis. The slides were then placed in sterile 50-mL tubes, rinsed, scraped, dispersed, incubated and evaluated as described above.
The mean (±SD) percent reduction from control values in the quantity of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacteria (viz., the number of CFUs on each plate) after each treatment was calculated and the results assessed using two-sample t tests (MINITAB™ version 14, Minitab, State College, Pa.). A P value less than 0.05 was considered to represent a significant difference from the control value. The results are shown below in Table 1, expressed as the mean (±SD) number of colony-forming units per centimeter (log) derived from three plates assessed twice:
The results in Table 1 show that significant bacterial biofilm removal was obtained. Before treatment, ample biofilms formed in the DFR cultures of both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, with CFU counts for these Controls ranging from 7.8 to 9.5 log/cm2. Static administration of CAZS resulted in a 2.5 log reduction (5.11×108 to 1.65×106; P=0.001) in the number of S. aureus CFUs and a 2.9 log reduction (1.69×109 to 1.91×106; P=0.002) in the number of P. aeruginosa CFUs. Mechanical disruption using hydrodynamic saline delivery alone decreased the number of S. aureus CFUs by 2.3 log units (5.11×108 to 2.38×106; P=0.001) and the number of P. aeruginosa CFUs by 2.4 log units (1.69×109 to 7.31×106; P=0.001). However, mechanical disruption using hydrodynamic CAZS decreased the S. aureus CFU count by 3.9 log units (5.11×108 to 6.37×104; P=0.001) and the P. aeruginosa CFU count by 5.2 log units (1.69×109 to 1.04×104; P=0.001).
Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was performed on three slides (for each treatment and bacteria species) not subjected to plate counts to allow imaging of the biofilm architecture in control and treated samples. The slides were stained for CSLM using a BACLIGHT™ Live/Dead kit (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) containing two nucleic acid stains (SYTO 9, which detects living cells by fluorescing green, and propidium iodide, which detects dead cells by fluorescing red). After staining, the slides were examined using CSLM at a 630× magnification using a LEICA™ SP2 acoustic-optical beam splitter with a 2-photon MAI TAI™ attachment (Leica Microsystems, Bannockburn, Ill.) and fluorescence excitation and detection in both the green and red spectra. Each slide area was divided into 10 equally sized segments. A microscopic field was selected at random from each segment, and images were obtained at 1-μm intervals from the top of the biofilm to the substrate, thereby creating an image stack for each location. The CSLM analysis revealed that a thick biofilm carpeted the Control slides. Hydrodynamic treatment with saline and static treatment with CAZS decreased the amount of biofilm coverage markedly and reduced the organization of the remaining biofilm. Hydrodynamic treatment with CAZS produced a greater reduction both in biofilm coverage and in the amount of order in the biofilm community. The results corresponded generally to the plate count assessments with respect to the relative reductions in the amount of biofilm achieved with each treatment.
Of the three treatments investigated, power irrigation using CAZS and a pressurized jet lavage was the most effective in disrupting the bacterial biofilms. Power irrigation using saline had appreciable biofilm-reducing effects. However, the presence of a surfactant and citric acid in the irrigation solution significantly enhanced the reduction in CFU count in both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms. Large, statistically significant reductions occurred, with the mean decreases in bacterial plate counts being 3.9 and 5.2 log (a reduction of 10,000 to 100,000 times), respectively, for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms. A decrease of this magnitude in vitro indicates that an appropriate in vivo treatment in the middle or inner ear should effectively disrupt bacterial biofilms found there. Any remaining low level of persistent bacterial infection might be dealt with by host defenses or a topically or orally administered antimicrobial agent, and by application of a sealant as described above.
Experimental work conducted using S aureus and P aeruginosa cultures grown on TSA solid medium (viz., cultures made without use of HA-coated glass slides and the DFR and less likely to include a durable biofilm) indicates that a solvating system containing the surfactant but no metal ion sequestering agent may be less effective as a biofilm disrupter than a solvating system which also contains the metal ion sequestering agent. However, either solvating system may be a more effective biofilm disrupter than saline solution.
The CAZS solvating system employed in Example 1 was modified by replacing some of the water with gallium nitrate so that the modified system contained 25% gallium nitrate. A Control solution containing 25% gallium nitrate in deionized water was also prepared. When evaluated using the static treatment technique of Example 1, administration of the gallium nitrate Control solution resulted in a 3.4 log reduction (average of 4 runs) in the number of S. aureus CFUs and a 4.1 log reduction (average of 3 runs) in the number of P. aeruginosa CFUs. Static administration of the solution containing CAZS and gallium nitrate resulted in a 5.2 log reduction (average of 2 runs) in the number of S. aureus CFUs and a 5.5 log reduction (average of 2 runs) in the number of P. aeruginosa CFUs.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein for purposes of description of the preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of alternate or equivalent implementations calculated to achieve the same purposes may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the preferred embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof. | 54,963 | 95 |
160,114 | THE HIGH HISTORY OF THE HOLY GRAAL
Another branch that Josephus telleth us recounteth and witnesseth of the Holy Graal, and here beginneth for us in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
Messire Gawain rode until he came to a forest, and seeth a land right fair and rich in a great enclosure of wall, and round the land and country-side within, the wall stretched right far away. Thitherward he cometh and seeth but one entrance thereinto, and he seeth the fairest land that ever he beheld and the best garnished and the fairest orchards. The country was not more than four leagues Welsh in length, and in the midst thereof was a tower on a high rock. And on the top was a crane that kept watch over it and cried when any strange man came into the country. Messire Gawain rode amidst the land and the crane cried out so loud that the King of Wales heard it, that was lord of the land. Thereupon, behold you, two knights that come after Messire Gawain and say to him: "Hold, Sir knight, and come speak with the king of this country, for no strange knight passeth through his land but he seeth him."
"Lords," saith Messire Gawain, "I knew not of the custom. Willingly will I go."
They led him thither to the hall where the King was, and Messire Gawain alighteth and setteth his shield and his spear leaning against a mounting stage and goeth up into the hall. The King maketh great joy of him and asketh him whither he would go?
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "Into a country where I was never."
"Well I know," saith the king, "where it is, for that you are passing through my land. You are going to the country of King Gurgalain to conquer the sword wherewith S. John was beheaded."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "You say true. God grant me that I may have it!"
"That may not be so hastily," saith the King, "For you shall not go forth of my land before a year."
"Ha, Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "For God's sake, mercy!"
"None other mercy is here," saith the King. Straightway he maketh Messire Gawain be disarmed and afterward maketh bring a robe wherewith to apparel him, and showeth him much honour. But ill is he at ease, wherefore he saith to him: "Sir, wherefore are you fain to hold me here within so long?"
"For this, that I know well you will have the sword and will not return by me."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "I pledge you my word that, so God give me to conquer it, I will return by you."
"And I will allow you to depart from me at your will. For nought is there that I so much desire to see."
He lay the night therewithin, and on the morrow departed thence and issued forth of the land right glad and joyful. And he goeth toward the land of King Gurgalain. And he entereth into a noisome forest at the lower part and findeth at the right hour of noon a fountain that was enclosed of marble, and it was overshadowed of the forest like as it were with leaves down below, and it had rich pillars of marble all round about with fillets of gold and set with precious stones. Against the master-pillar hung a vessel of gold by a silver chain, and in the midst of the fountain was an image so deftly wrought as if it had been alive. When Messire appeared at the fountain, the image set itself in the water and was hidden therewith. Messire Gawain goeth down, and would fain have taken hold on the vessel of gold when a voice crieth out to him: "You are not the Good Knight unto whom is served thereof and who thereby is made whole."
Messire Gawain draweth him back and seeth a clerk come to the fountain that was young of age and clad inú white garments, and he had a stole on his arm and held a little square vessel of gold, and cometh to the little vessel that was hanging on the marble pillar and looketh therein, and then rinseth out the other little golden vessel that he held, and then setteth the one that he held in the place of the other. Therewithal, behold, three damsels that come of right great beauty, and they had white garments and their heads were covered with white cloths, and they carried, one, bread in a little golden vessel, and the other wine in a little ivory vessel, and the third flesh in one of silver. And they come to the vessel of gold that hung against the pillar and set therein that which they have brought, and afterward they make the sign of the cross over the pillar and come back again. But on their going back, it seemed to Messire Gawain that only one was there. Messire Gawain much marvelled him of this miracle. He goeth after the clerk that carried the other vessel of gold, and saith unto him: "Fair Sir, speak to me."
"What is your pleasure?" saith the clerk.
"Whither carry you this golden vessel and that which is therein?"
"To the hermits," saith he, "that are in this forest, and to the Good knight that lieth sick in the house of his uncle King Hermit."
"Is it far from hence?" saith Messire Gawain.
"Yea, Sir," saith the clerk, "to yourself. But I shall be there sooner than will you."
"By God," saith Messire Gawain, "I would fain I were there now, so that I might see him and speak to him."
"That believe I well," saith the clerk, "But now is the place not here."
Messire Gawain taketh leave and goeth his way and rideth until he findeth a hermitage and seeth the hermit therewithout. He was old and bald and of good life.
"Sir," saith he to Messire Gawain, "Whither go you?"
"To the land of King Gurgalain, Sir; is this the way?"
"Yea," saith the hermit, "But many knights have passed hereby that hither have never returned."
"Is it far?" saith he.
"He and his land are hard by, but far away is the castle wherein is the sword."
Messire Gawain lay the night therewithin. On the morrow when he had heard mass, he departed and rode until he cometh to the land of King Gurgalain, and heareth the folk of the land making dole right sore. And he meeteth a knight that cometh a great pace to a castle.
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "Wherefore make the folk of this castle such dole, and they of all this land and all this country? For I hear them weep and beat their palms together on every side."
"Sir," saith he, "I will tell you. King Gurgalain had one only son of whom he hath been bereft by a Giant that hath done him many mischiefs and wasted much of his land. Now hath the King let everywhere be cried that to him that shall bring back his son and slay the Giant he will give the fairest sword of the world, the which sword he hath, and of all his treasure so much as he may be fain to take. As at this time, he findeth no knight so hardy that he durst go; and much more blameth he his own law than the law of the Christians, and he saith that if any Christian should come into his land, he would receive him."
Right joyous is Messire Gawain of these tidings, and departeth from the castle and rideth on until he cometh to the castle of King Gurgalain. The tidings come to the King that there is a Christian come into his castle. The King maketh great joy thereof, and maketh him come before him and asketh him of his name and of what land he is.
"Sir," saith he, "My name is Gawain and I am of the land of King Arthur."
"You are," saith he, "of the land of the Good Knight. But of mine own land may I find none that durst give counsel in a matter I have on hand. But if you be of such valour that you be willing to undertake to counsel me herein, right well will I reward you. A Giant hath carried off my son whom I loved greatly, and so you be willing to set your body in jeopardy for my son, I will give you the richest sword that was ever forged, whereby the head of S. John was cut off. Every day at right noon is it bloody, for that at that hour the good man had his head cut off."
The King made fetch him the sword, and in the first place showeth him the scabbard that was loaded of precious stones and the mountings were of silk with buttons of gold, and the hilt in likewise, and the pommel of a most holy sacred stone that Enax, a high emperor of Rome, made be set thereon. Then the King draweth it forth of the scabbard, and the sword came forth thereof all bloody, for it was the hour of noon. And he made hold it before Messire Gawain until the hour was past, and thereafter the sword becometh as clear as an emerald and as green. And Messire looketh at it and coveteth it much more than ever he did before, and he seeth that it is as long as another sword, albeit, when it is sheathed in the scabbard, neither scabbard nor sword seemeth of two spans length.
"Sir Knight," saith the King, "This sword will I give you, and another thing will I do whereof you shall have joy."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "And I will do your need, if God please and His sweet Mother."
Thereupon he teacheth him the way whereby the Giant went, and the place where he had his repair, and Messire Gawain goeth his way thitherward and commendeth himself to God. The country folk pray for him according to their belief that he may back repair with life and health, for that he goeth in great peril. He hath ridden until that he cometh to a great high mountain that lay round about a land that the Giant had all laid waste, and the enclosure of the mountain went round about for a good three leagues Welsh, and therewithin was the Giant, so great and cruel and horrible that he feared no man in the world, and for a long time had he not been sought out by any knight, for none durst won in that quarter. And the pass of the mountain whereby he went to his hold was so strait that no horse might get through; wherefore behoveth Messire Gawain leave his horse and his shield and spear and to pass beyond the mountain by sheer force, for the way was like a cut between sharp rocks. He is come to level ground and looketh before him and seeth a hold that the Giant had on the top of a rock, and espieth the Giant and the lad where they were sitting on the level ground under a tree. Messire Gawain was armed and had his sword girt on, and goeth his way thitherward. And the Giant seeth him coming and leapeth up and taketh in hand a great axe that was at his side, and cometh toward Messire Gawain all girded for the fight and thinketh to smite him a two-handed stroke right amidst the head. But Messire Gawain swerveth aside and bestirreth him with his sword and dealeth him a blow such that he cut off his arm, axe and all. And the Giant returneth backward when he feeleth himself wounded, and taketh the King's son by the neck with his other hand and grippeth him so straitly that he strangleth and slayeth him. Then he cometh back to Messire Gawain and falleth upon him and grippeth him sore strait by the flanks, and lifteth him three foot high off the ground and thinketh to carry him to his hold that was within the rock. And as he goeth thither he falleth, Messire Gawain and all, and he lieth undermost. Howbeit, he thinketh to rise, but cannot, for Messire Gawain sendeth him his sword right through his heart and beyond. Afterward, he cut off the head and cometh there where the King's child lay dead, whereof is he right sorrowful. And he beareth him on his neck, and taketh the Giant's head in his hand and returneth there where he had left his horse and shield and spear, and mounteth and cometh back and bringeth the King's son before the King and the head of the Giant hanging.
The King and all they of the castle come to meet him with right great joy, but when they see the young man dead, their great joy is turned into right great dole thereby. And Messire Gawain alighteth before the castle and presenteth to the King his son and the head of the Giant.
"Certes," said he, "might I have presented him to you on live, much more joyful should I have been thereof."
"This believe I well," saith the King, "Howbeit, of so much as you have done am I well pleased, and your guerdon shall you have."
And he looketh at his son and lamenteth him right sweetly, and all they of the castle after him. Thereafter he maketh light a great show of torches in the midst of the city, and causeth a great fire to be made, and his son be set thereon in a brazen vessel all full of water, and maketh him be cooked and sodden over this fire, and maketh the Giant's head be hanged at the gate.
When his son was well cooked, he maketh him be cut up as small as he may, and biddeth send for all the high men of his land and giveth thereof to each so long as there was any left. After that he maketh bring the sword and giveth it to Messire Gawain, and Messire Gawain thanketh him much thereof.
"More yet will I do for you," saith the King. He biddeth send for all the men of his land to come to his hall and castle.
"Sir," saith he, "I am fain to baptize me."
"God be praised thereof," saith Messire Gawain. The King biddeth send for a hermit of the forest, and maketh himself be baptized, and he had the name of Archis in right baptism; and of all them that were not willing to believe in God, he commanded Messire Gawain that he should cut off their heads.
In such wise was this King baptized that was the lord of Albanie, by the miracle of God and the knighthood of Messire Gawain, that departeth from the castle with right great joy and rideth until he has come into the land of the King of Wales and bethought him he would go fulfil his pledge. He alighted before the hall, and the King made right great cheer when he saw him come. And Messire Gawain hath told him: "I come to redeem my pledge. Behold, here is the sword."
And the King taketh it in his hand and looketh thereon right fainly, and afterward maketh great joy thereof and setteth it in his treasury and saith: "Now have I done my desire."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "Then have you betrayed me."
"By my head," saith the King, "That have I not, for I am of the lineage of him that beheaded S. John, wherefore have I better right to it than you."
"Sir," say the knights to the King, "Right loyal and courteous knight is Messire Gawain, wherefore yield him that which he hath conquered, for sore blame will you have of evil-treating him."
"I will yield it," saith the King "on such condition that the first damsel that maketh request of him, what thing soever she may require and whatsoever it be shall not be denied of him."
And Messire Gawain agreeth thereto, and of this agreement thereafter did he suffer much shame and anguish and was blamed of many knights. And the King yielded him the Sword. He lay the night therewithin, and on the morrow so soon as he might, he departed and rode until he came without the city where the burgess gave him the horse in exchange for his own. And he remembered him of his covenant, and abideth a long space and leaneth him on the hilt of his sword until the burgess cometh. Therewithal made they great joy the one of the other, and Messire showeth him the sword, and the burgess taketh it and smiteth his horse with his spurs and goeth a great gallop toward the city. And Messire Gawain goeth after a great pace and crieth out that he doth great treachery.
"Come not after me into the city," saith the burgess, "for the folk have a commune."
Howbeit, he followeth after into the city for that he might not overtake him before, and therein he meeteth a great procession of priests and clerks that bore crosses and censers. And Messire Gawain alighteth on account of the procession, and seeth the burgess that hath gone into the church and the procession after.
"Lords," saith Messire Gawain, "Make yield me the sword whereof this burgess that hath entered your church hath plundered me."
"Sir," say the priests, "Well know we that it is the sword wherewith S. John was beheaded, wherefore the burgess hath brought it to us to set with our hallows in yonder, and saith that it was given him."
"Ha, lords!" saith Messire Gawain, "Not so! I have but shown it to him to fulfil my pledge. And he hath carried it off by treachery."
Afterward he telleth them as it had befallen him, and the priests make the burgess give it up, and with great joy Messire Gawain departeth and remounteth his horse and issueth forth of the city. He hath scarce gone far before he meeteth a knight that came all armed, as fast as his horse could carry him, spear in rest.
"Sir," saith he to Messire Gawain, "I have come to help you. We were told that you had been evil-entreated in the city, and I am of the castle that succoureth all strange knights that pass hereby whensoever they have need thereof."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "Blessed be the castle! I plain me not of the trespass for that right hath been done me. And how is the castle named?"
"Sir, they call it the Castle of the Ball. Will you return back thither with me, since you are delivered, and lodge there the night with Messire, that is a right worshipful man, and of good conditions?"
Therewith they go together to the castle, that was right fair and well-seeming. They enter in, and when they were within, the Lord, that sate on a mounting-stage of marble, had two right fair daughters, and he made them play before him with a ball of gold, and looked at them right fainly. He seeth Messire Gawain alight and cometh to meet him and maketh him great cheer. Afterward, he biddeth his two daughters lead him into the hall.
When he was disarmed, the one brought him a right rich robe, and after meat the two maidens sit beside him and make him right great cheer. Thereupon behold you, a dwarf that issueth forth of a chamber, and he holdeth a scourge. And he cometh to the damsels and smiteth them over their faces and their heads.
"Rise up," saith he, "ye fools, ill-taught! Ye make cheer unto him whom you ought to hate! For this is Messire Gawain, King Arthur's nephew, by whom was your uncle slain!"
Thereupon they rise, all ashamed, and go into the chamber, and Messire Gawain remaineth there sore abashed. But their father comforteth him and saith: "Sir, be not troubled for aught that he saith, for the dwarf is our master: he chastiseth and teacheth my daughters, and he is wroth for that you have slain his brother, whom you slew the day that Marin slew his wife on your account, whereof we are right sorrowful in this castle."
"So also am I," saith Messire Gawain, "But no blame of her death have I nor she, as God knoweth of very truth."
Messire Gawain lay the night at the castle, and departed on the morrow, and rode on his journeys until he cometh to the castle at the entrance to the land of the rich King Fisherman, where he seeth that the lion is not at the entrance nor were the serjeants of copper shooting. And he seeth in great procession the priests and them of the castle coming to meet him, and he alighteth, and a squire was apparelled ready, that took his armour and his horse, and he showeth the sword to them that were come to meet him. It was the hour of noon. He draweth the sword, and seeth it all bloody, and they bow down and worship it, and sing `Te Deum laudamus'. With such joy was Messire Gawain received at the castle, and he set the sword back in his scabbard, and kept it right anigh him, and made it not known in all the places where he lodged that it was such. The priests and knights of the castle make right great joy, and pray him right instantly that so God should lead him to the castle of King Fisherman, and the Graal should appear before him, he would not be so forgetful as the other knights. And he made answer that he would do that which God should teach him.
"Messire Gawain," saith the master of the priests, that was right ancient: "Great need have you to take rest, for meseemeth you have had much travail."
"Sir, many things have I seen whereof I am sore abashed, nor know I what castle this may be."
"Sir," saith the priest, "This Castle is the Castle of Inquest, for nought you shall ask whereof it shall not tell you the meaning, by the witness of Joseph, the good clerk and good hermit through whom we have it, and he knoweth it by annunciation of the Holy Ghost."
"By my faith," saith Messire Gawain, "I am much abashed of the three damsels that were at the court of King Arthur. Two of them carried, the one the head of a king and the other of a queen, and they had in a car an hundred and fifty heads of knights whereof some were sealed in gold, other in silver, and the rest in lead."
"True," saith the priest, "For as by the queen was the king betrayed and killed, and the knights whereof the heads were in the car, so saith she truth as Joseph witnesseth to us, for he saith of remembrance that by envy was Adam betrayed, and all the people that were after him and the people that are yet to come shall have dole thereof for ever more. And for that Adam was the first man is he called King, for he was our earthly father, and his wife Queen. And the heads of the knights sealed in gold signify the new law, and the heads sealed in silver the old, and the heads sealed in lead the false law of the Sarrazins. Of these three manner of folk is the world stablished."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "I marvel of the castle of the Black Hermit, there where the heads were all taken from her, and the Damsel told me that the Good Knight should cast them all forth when he should come. And the other folk that are therewithin are longing for him."
"Well know you," saith the priest, "that on account of the apple that Eve gave Adam to eat, all went to hell alike, the good as well as the evil, and to cast His people forth from hell did God become man, and cast these souls forth from hell of His bounty and of His puissance. And to this doth Joseph make us allusion by the castle or the Black Hermit which signifieth hell, and the Good Knight that shall thence cast forth them that are within. And I tell you that the Black Hermit is Lucifer, that is Lord of hell in like manner as he fain would have been Lord of Paradise."
"Sir," saith the priest, "By this significance is he fain to draw the good hermits on behalt of the new law wherein the most part are not well learned, wherefore he would fain make allusion by ensample."
"By God," saith Messire Gawain, "I marvel much of the Damsel that was all bald, and said that never should she have her hair again until such time as the Good Knight should have achieved the Holy Graal."
"Sir," saith the good man, "Each day full bald behoveth her to be, ever since bald she became when the good King fell into languishment on account of the knight whom he harboured that made not the demand. The bald damsel signifieth Joseu Josephus, that was bald before the crucifixion of Our Lord, nor never had his hair again until such time as He had redeemed His people by His blood and by His death. The car that she leadeth after her signifieth the wheel of fortune, for like as the car goeth on the wheels, doth she lay the burden of the world on the two damsels that follow her; and this you may see well, for the fairest followeth afoot and the other was on a sorry hackney, and they were poorly clad, whereas the third had costlier attire. The shield whereon was the red cross, that she left at the court of King Arthur, signifieth the most holy shield of the rood that never none durst lift save God alone."
Messire Gawain heareth these significances and much pleaseth him thereof, and thinketh him that none durst set his hand to nor lift the shield that hung in the King's hall, as he had heard tell in many places; wherefore day by day were they waiting for the Good Knight that should come for the shield.
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "By this that you tell me you do me to wit that whereof I was abashed, but I have been right sorrowful of a lady that a knight slew on my account albeit no blame had she therein, nor had I."
"Sir," saith the priest, "Right great significance was there in her death, for Josephus witnesseth us that the old law was destroyed by the stroke of a sword without recover, and to destroy the old law did Our Lord suffer Himself to be smitten in the side of a spear. By this stroke was the old law destroyed, and by His crucifixion. The lady signifieth the old law. Would you ask more of me?" saith the priest.
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "I met a knight in the forest that rode behind before and carried his arms upside down. And he said that he was the Knight Coward, and his habergeon carried he on his neck, and so soon as he saw me he set his arms to rights and rode like any other knight."
"The law was turned to the worse," saith the priest, "before Our Lord's crucifixion, and so soon as He was crucified, was again restored to right."
"Even yet have I not asked you of all," saith Messire Gawain, "For a knight came and jousted with me party of black and white, and challenged me of the death of the lady on behalf of her husband, and told me and I should vanquish him that he and his men would be my men. I did vanquish him and he did me homage."
"It is right," saith the priest, "On account of the old law that was destroyed were all they that remained therein made subject, and shall be for ever more. Wish you to enquire of aught further?" saith the priest.
"I marvel me right sore," saith Messire Gawain, "of a child that rode a lion in a hermitage, and none durst come nigh the lion save the child only, and he was not of more than six years, and the lion was right fell. The child was the son of the lady that was slain on my account."
"Right well have you spoken," saith the priest, "in reminding me thereof. The child signifieth the Saviour of the world that was born under the old law and was circumcised, and the lion whereon he rode signifieth the world and the people that are therein, and beasts and birds that none may govern save by virtue of Him alone."
"God!" saith Messire Gawain, "How great joy have I at heart of that you tell me! Sir, I found a fountain in a forest, the fairest that was ever seen, and an image had it within that hid itself when it saw me, and a clerk brought a golden vessel and took another golden vessel that hung at the column that was there, and set his own in place thereof. Afterward, came three damsels and filled the vessel with that they had brought thither, and straightway meseemed that but one was there."
"Sir, saith the priest, "I will tell you no more thereof than you have heard, and therewithal ought you to hold yourself well apaid, for behoveth not discover the secrets of the Saviour, and them also to whom they are committed behoveth keep them covertly."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "I would fain ask you of a King. When I had brought him his son back dead, he made him be cooked and thereafter made him be eaten of all the folk of his land."
"Sir," saith the priest, "Already had he leant his heart upon Jesus Christ, and would fain make sacrifice of his flesh and blood to Our Lord, and for this did he make all those of his land eat thereof, and would fain that their thoughts should be even such as his own. And therefore was all evil belief uprooted from his land, so that none remained therein."
"Blessed be the hour," saith Messire Gawain, "that I came herewithin!"
"Mine be it!" saith the priest.
Messire Gawain lay therewithin the night, and right well lodged was he. The morrow, when he had heard mass, he departed and went forth of the castle when he had taken leave. And he findeth the fairest land of the world and the fairest meadow-grounds that were ever seen, and the fairest rivers and forests garnished of wild deer and hermitages. And he rideth until he cometh one day as evening was about to draw on, to the house of a hermit, and the house was so low that his horse might not enter therein. And his chapel was scarce taller, and the good man had never issued therefrom of forty years past. The Hermit putteth his head out of the window when he seeth Messire Gawain and saith, "Sir, welcome may you be," saith he.
"Sir, God give you joy, Will you give me lodging to-night?" saith Messire Gawain.
"Sir, herewithin none harboureth save the Lord God alone, for earthly man hath never entered herewithin but me this forty year, but see, here in front is the castle wherein the good knights are lodged."
"What is the castle?"
"Sir, the good King Fisherman's, that is surrounded with great waters and plenteous in all things good, so the lord were in joy. But behoveth them harbour none there save good knights only."
"God grant," saith Messire Gawain, "that I may come therein."
When he knoweth that he is nigh the castle, he alighteth and confesseth him to the hermit, and avoweth all his sins and repenteth him thereof right truly.
"Sir," saith the hermit, "Now forget not, so God be willing to allow you, to ask that which the other knight forgat, and be not afeard for ought you may see at the entrance of the castle, but ride on without misgiving and adore the holy chapel you will see appear in the castle, there where the flame of the Holy Spirit descendeth each day for the most Holy Graal and the point of the lance that is served there."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "God teach me to do His will!"
He taketh leave, and goeth his way and rideth until the valley appeareth wherein the castle is seated garnished of all things good, and he seeth appear the most holy chapel. He alighteth, and then setteth him on his knees and boweth him down and adoreth right sweetly. Thereafter he remounteth and rideth until he findeth a sepulchre right rich, and it had a cover over, and it lay very nigh the castle, and it seemed to be within a little burial-ground that was enclosed all round about, nor were any other tombs therein. A voice crieth to him as he passeth the burial-ground: "Touch not the sepulchre, for you are not the Good Knight through whom shall it be known who lieth therein."
Messire Gawain passeth beyond when he had heard the voice and draweth nigh the entrance of the castle, and seeth that three bridges are there, right great and right horrible to pass. And three great waters run below, and him seemeth that the first bridge is a bowshot in length and in breadth not more than a foot. Strait seemeth the bridge and the water deep and swift and wide. He knoweth not what he may do, for it seemeth him that none may pass it, neither afoot nor on horse.
Thereupon, lo you, a knight that issueth forth of the castle and cometh as far as the head of the bridge, that was called the Bridge of the Eel, and shouteth aloud: "Sir Knight, pass quickly before it shall be already night, for they of the castle are awaiting us."
"Ha," saith Messire Gawain, "Fair sir, but teach me how I may pass hereby."
"Certes, Sir Knight, no passage know I to this entrance other than this, and if you desire to come to the castle, pass on without misgiving."
Messire Gawain hath shame for that he hath stayed so long, and forthinketh him of this that the Hermit told him, that of no mortal thing need he be troubled at the entrance of the castle, and therewithal that he is truly confessed of his sins, wherefore behoveth him be the less adread of death. He crosseth and blesseth himself and commendeth himself to God as he that thinketh to die, and so smiteth his horse with his spurs and findeth the bridge wide and large as soon as he goeth forward, for by this passing were proven most of the knights that were fain to enter therein. Much marvelled he that he found the bridge so wide that had seemed him so narrow. And when he had passed beyond, the bridge, that was a drawbridge, lifted itself by engine behind him, for the water below ran too swiftly for other bridge to be made. The knight draweth himself back beyond the great bridge and Messire Gawain cometh nigh to pass it, and this seemed him as long as the other. And he seeth the water below, that was not less swift nor less deep, and, so far as he could judge, the bridge was of ice, feeble and thin, and of a great height above the water, and he looked at it with much marvelling, yet natheless not for that would he any the more hold back from passing on toward the entrance. He goeth forward and commendeth himself to God, and cometh in the midst thereof and seeth that the bridge was the fairest and richest and strongest he had ever beheld, and the abutments thereof were all full of images. When he was beyond the bridge, it lifted itself up behind him as the other had done, and he looketh before him and seeth not the knight, and is come to the third bridge and nought was he adread for anything he might see. And it was not less rich than the other, and had columns of marble all round about, and upon each a knop so rich that it seemed to be of gold. After that, he beholdeth the gate over against him, and seeth Our Lord there figured even as He was set upon the rood, and His Mother of the one side and S. John of the other, whereof the images were all of gold, with rich precious stones that flashed like fire. And on the right hand he seeth an angel, passing fair, that pointed with his finger to the chapel where was the Holy Graal, and on his breast had he a precious stone, and letters written above his head that told how the lord of the castle was the like pure and clean of all evil-seeming as was this stone.
Thereafter at the entrance of the gate he seeth a lion right great and horrible, and he was upright upon his feet. So soon as he seeth Messire Gawain, he croucheth to the ground, and Messire Gawain passeth the entrance without gainsay and cometh to the castle, and alighteth afoot, and setteth his shield and his spear against the wall of the hall, and mounteth up a flight of marble steps and cometh into a hall right fair and rich, and here and there in divers places was it painted with golden images. In the midst thereof he findeth a couch right fair and rich and high, and at the foot of this couch was a chess-board right fair and rich, with an orle of gold all full of precious stones, and the pieces were of gold and silver and were not upon the board. Meanwhile, as Messire Gawain was looking at the beauty of the chess-board and the hall, behold you two knights that issue forth of a chamber and come to him.
"Sir," say the knights, "Welcome may you be."
"God give you joy and good. adventure," saith Messire Gawain.
They make him sit upon the couch and after that make him be disarmed. They bring him, in two basins of gold, water to wash his face and hands. After that, come two damsels that bring him a rich robe of silk and cloth of gold. Then they make him do on the same. Then say the two damsels to him, "Take in good part whatsoever may be done to you therewithin, for this is the hostel of good knights and loyal."
"Damsels," saith Messire Gawain, "So will I do. Gramercy of your service."
He seeth well that albeit the night were dark, within was so great brightness of light without candles that it was marvel. And it seemed him the sun shone there. Wherefore marvelled he right sore whence so great light should come.
When Messire Gawain was clad in the rich robe, right comely was he to behold, and well seemed he to be a knight of great valour. "Sir," say the knights, "May it please you come see the lord of this castle?"
"Right gladly will I see him," saith he, "For I would fain present him with a rich sword."
They lead him into the chamber where lay King Fisherman, and it seemed as it were all strown and sprinkled of balm, and it was all strown with green herbs and reeds. And King Fisherman lay on a bed hung on cords whereof the stavs were of ivory; and therein was a mattress of straw whereon he lay, and above a coverlid of sables whereof the cloth was right rich. And he had a cap of sables on his head covered with a red samite of silk, and a golden cross, and under his head was a pillow all smelling sweet of balm, and at the four corners of the pillow were four stones that gave out a right great brightness of light; and over against him was a pillar of copper whereon sate an eagle that held a cross of gold wherein was a piece of the true cross whereon God was set, as long as was the cross itself; the which the good man adored. And in four tall candle sticks of gold were four tall wax tapers set as often as was need. Messire Gawain cometh before the King and saluteth him. And the King maketh him right great cheer, and biddeth him be welcome.
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, I present you with the sword whereof John was beheaded."
"Gramercy." saith the King: "Certes, I knew well that you would bring it, for neither you nor other might have come in hither without the sword, and if you had not been of great valour you would not have conquered it."
He taketh the sword and setteth it to his mouth and so kisseth it right sweetly and maketh right great joy thereof. And a damsel cometh to sit at the head of the bed, to whom he giveth the sword in keeping. Two others sit at his feet that look at him right sweetly.
"What is your name?" saith the King.
"Sir, my name is Gawain."
"Ha, Messire Gawain," saith he, "This brightness of light that shineth there within cometh to us of God for love of you. For every time that a knight cometh hither to harbour within this castle it appeareth as brightly as you see it now. And greater cheer would I make you than I do were I able to help myself, but I am fallen into languishment from the hour that the knight of whom you have heard tell harboured herewithin. On account of one single word he delayed to speak, did this languishment come upon me. Wherefore I pray you for God's sake that you remember to speak it, for right glad should you be and you may restore me my health. And see here is the daughter of my sister that hath been plundered of her land and disinherited in such wise that never can she have it again save through her brother only whom she goeth to seek; and we have been told that he is the Best Knight of the world, but we can learn no true tidings of him."
"Sir," saith the damsel to her uncle the King, "Thank Messire Gawain of the honour he did to my lady-mother when he came to her hostel. He stablished our land again in peace, and conquered the keeping of the castle for a year, and set my lady-mother's five knights there with us to keep it. The year hath now passed, wherefore will the war be now renewed against us and God succour us not, and I find not my brother whom we have lost so long."
"Damsel," saith Messire Gawain, "I helped you so far as I might, and so would I again and I were there. And fainer am I to see your brother than all the knights of the world. But no true tidings may I hear of him, save so much, that I was at a hermitage where was a King hermit and he bade me make no noise for that the Best Knight of the world lay sick therewithin, and he told me that name was Par-lui-fet. I saw his horse being led by a squire before the chapel, and his arms and shield whereon was a sun figured."
"Sir," saith the damsel, "My brother's name is not Par-lui-fet, but Perlesvax in right baptism, and it is said of them that have seen him that never comelier knight was known."
"Certes," saith the King, "Never saw I comelier than he that came in hither nor better like to be good knight, and I know of a truth that such he is, for otherwise never might he have entered hereinto. But good reward of harbouring him had I not, for I may help neither myself nor other. For God's sake, Messire Gawain, hold me in remembrance this night, for great affiance have I in your valour."
"Certes, Sir, please God, nought will I do within yonder, whereof I may be blamed of right."
Thereupon Messire Gawain was led into the hall and findeth twelve ancient knights, all bald, albeit they seemed not to be so old as they were, for each was of a hundred year of age or more and yet none of them seemed as though he were forty. They have set Messire Gawain to eat at a right rich table of ivory and seat themselves all round about him.
"Sir," saith the Master of the Knights, "Remember you of that the good King hath prayed of you and told you this night as you have heard."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "God remember it!"
With that bring they larded meats of venison and wild-boar's flesh and other in great plenty, and on the table was rich array of vessels of silver and great cups of gold with their covers, and the rich candlesticks where the great candles were burning, albeit their brightness was hidden of the great light that appeared within.
Thereon, lo you, two damsels that issue forth of a chapel, whereof the one holdeth in her hands the most Holy Graal, and the other the Lance whereof the point bleedeth thereinto. And the one goeth beside the other in the midst of the hall where the knights and Messire Gawain sat at meat, and so sweet a smell and so holy came to them therefrom that they forgat to eat. Messire Gawain looketh at the Graal, and it seemed him that a chalice was therein, albeit none there was as at this time, and he seeth the point of the lance whence the red blood ran thereinto, and it seemeth him he seeth two angels that bear two candlesticks of gold filled with candles. And the damsels pass before Messire Gawain, and go into another chapel. And Messire Gawain is thoughtful, and so great a joy cometh to him that nought remembereth he in his thinking save of God only. The knights are all daunted and sorrowful in their hearts, and look at Messire Gawain. Thereupon behold you the damsels that issue forth of the chamber and come again before Messire Gawain, and him seemeth that he seeth three there where before he had seen but two, and seemeth him that in the midst of the Graal he seeth the figure of a child. The Master of the Knights beckoneth to Messire Gawain. Messire Gawain looketh before him and seeth three drops of blood fall upon the table. He was all abashed to look at them and spake no word.
Therewith the damsels pass forth and the knights are all adread and look one at the other. Howbeit Messire Gawain may not withdraw his eyes from the three drops of blood, and when he would fain kiss them they vanish away, whereof he is right sorrowful, for he may not set his hand nor aught that of him is to touch thereof. Therewithal behold you the two damsels that come again before the table and seemeth to Messire Gawain that there are three, and he looketh up and it seemeth him to be the Graal all in flesh, grid he seeth above, as him thinketh, a King crowned, nailed upon a rood, and the spear was still fast in his side. Messire Gawain seeth it and hath great pity thereof, and of nought doth he remember him save of the pain that this King suffereth. And the Master of the Knights summoneth him again by word of mouth, and telleth him that if he delayeth longer, never more will he recover it. Messire Gawain is silent, as he that heareth not the knight speak, and looketh upward. But the damsels go back into the chapel and carry back the most Holy Graal and the Lance, and the knights make the tablecloths be taken away and rise from meat and go into another hall and leave Messire Gawain all alone. And he looketh all around and seeth the doors all shut and made fast, and looketh to the foot of the hall and seeth two candlesticks with many candles burning round about the chessboard, and he seeth that the pieces are set, whereof the one sort are silver and the other gold. Messire Gawain sitteth at the game, and they of gold played against him and mated him twice. At the third time, when he thought to revenge himself and saw that he had the worse, he swept the pieces off the board. And the damsel issued forth of a chamber and made a squire take the chess-board and the pieces and so carry them away. And Messire Gawain, that was way-worn of his wanderings to come thither where he now hath come, slept upon the couch until the morrow when it was day, and he heard a horn sound right shrill.
Thereupon he armeth him and would fain go to take leave of King Fisherman, but he findeth the doors bolted so that he may not get forth. And right fair service seeth he done in a chapel, and right sorrowful is he for that he may not hear the mass. A damsel cometh into the hall and saith to him: "Sir, now may you hear the service and the joy that is made on account of the sword you presented to the good King, and right glad at heart ought you to have been if you had been within the chapel. But you lost entering therein on account of a right little word. For the place of the chapel is so hallowed of the holy relics that are therein that man nor priest may never enter therein from the Saturday at noon until the Monday after mass."
And he heard the sweetest voices and the fairest services that were ever done in chapel. Messire Gawain answereth her not a word so is he abashed. Howbeit the damsel saith to him: "Sir, God be guardian of your body, for methinketh that it was not of your own default that you would not speak the word whereof this castle would have been in joy."
With that the damsel departeth and Messire Gawain heareth the horn sound a second time and a voice warning him aloud: "He that is from without, let him go hence! for the bridges are lowered and the gate open, and the lion is in his den. And thereafter behoveth the bridge be lifted again on account of the King of the Castle Mortal, that warreth against this castle, and therefore of this thing shall he die."
Thereupon Messire Gawain issueth forth of the hall and findeth his horse all made ready at the mounting-stage, together with his arms. He goeth forth and findeth the bridges broad and long, and goeth his way a great pace beside a great river that runneth in the midst of the valley. And he seeth in a great forest a mighty rain and tempest, and so strong a thunderstorm ariseth in the forest that it seemeth like all the trees should be uprooted. So great is the rain and the tempest that it compelleth him set his shield over his horse's head lest he be drowned of the abundance of rain. In this mis-ease rideth he down beside the river that runneth in the forest until he seeth in a launde across the river a knight and a damsel right gaily appointed riding at pleasure, and the knight carrieth a bird on his fist, and the damsel hath a garland of flowers on her head. Two brachets follow the knight. The sun shineth right fair on the meadow and the air is right clear and fresh. Messire Gawain marvelleth much of this, that it raineth so heavily on his way, whereas, in the meadow where the knight and the damsel are riding, the sun shineth clear and the weather is bright and calm. And he seeth them ride joyously. He can ask them naught for they are too far away. Messire Gawain looketh about and seeth on the other side the river a squire nearer to him than is the knight.
"Fair friend" saith Messire Gawain, "How is this that it raineth upon me on this side the river, but on the other raineth it not at all?"
"Sir," saith the squire, "This have you deserved, for such is the custom of the forest."
"Will this tempest that is over me last for ever?" saith Messire Gawain.
"At the first bridge you come to will it be stayed upon you," saith the squire.
Therewith the squire departeth, and the tempest rageth incontinent until he is come to the bridge; and he rideth beyond and cometh to the meadow, and the storm is stayed so that he setteth his shield to rights again upon his neck. And he seeth before him a castle where was a great company of folk that were making great cheer. He rideth until he cometh to the castle and seeth right great throng of folk, knights and dames and damsels. Messire Gawain alighteth, but findeth in the castle none that is willing to take his reins, so busied are they making merry. Messire Gawain presenteth himself on the one side and the other, but all of them avoid him, and he seeth that he maketh but an ill stay therewithin for himself, wherefore he departeth from the castle and meeteth a knight at the gate.
"Sir," saith he, "What castle is this?"
"And see you not," saith the knight, "that it is a castle of joy?"
"By my faith" saith Messire Gawain, "They of the castle be not over-courteous, for all this time hath none come to take my reins."
"Not for this lose they their courtesy," saith the knight, "For this is no more than you have deserved. They take you to be as slothful of deed as you are of word, and they saw that you were come through the Forest Perilous whereby pass all the discomfited, as well appeareth by your arms and your horse."
Therewith the knight departeth, and Messire Gawain hath ridden a great space sorrowful and sore abashed, until he cometh to a land parched and poor and barren of all comfort, and therein findeth he a poor castle, whereinto he cometh and seeth it much wasted, but that within was there a hall that seemed haunted of folk. And Messire Gawain cometh thitherward and alighteth, and a knight cometh down the steps of the hall right poorly clad.
"Sir," saith the knight to Messire Gawain, "Welcome may you be!"
After that, he taketh him by the hand and leadeth him upward to the hall, that was all waste. Therewithal issue two damsels from a chamber, right poorly clad, that were of passing great beauty, and make great cheer to Messire Gawain. So, when he was fain to disarm, behold you thereupon a knight that entereth into the hall, and he was smitten with the broken end of a lance through his body. He seeth Messire Gawain, whom he knoweth.
"Now haste!" saith he, "and disarm you not! Right joyful am I that I have found you! I come from this forest wherein have I left Lancelot fighting with four knights, whereof one is dead, and they think that it is you, and they are of kindred to the knight that you slew at the tent where you destroyed the evil custom. I was fain to help Lancelot, when one of the knights smote me as you may see."
Messire Gawain goeth down from the hall and mounteth all armed upon his horse.
"Sir," saith the knight of the hall, "I would go help you to my power, but I may not issue forth of the castle until such time as it be replenished of the folk that are wont to come therein and until my land be again given up to me through the valour of the Good Knight."
Messire Gawain departeth from the castle as fast as horse may carry him, and entereth the forest and followeth the track of the blood along the way the knight had come, and rideth so far in the forest as that he heareth the noise of swords, and seeth in the midst of the launde Lancelot and the three knights, and the fourth dead on the ground. But one of the knights had drawn him aback, for he might abide the combat no longer, for the knight that brought the tidings to Messire Gawain had sore wounded him. The two knights beset Lancelot full sore, and right weary was he of the buffets that he had given and received. Messire Gawain cometh to one of the knights and smiteth him right through the body and maketh him and his horse roll over all of a heap.
When Lancelot perceiveth Messire Gawain, much joy maketh he thereof. In the meanwhile as the one held the other, the fourth knight fled full speed through the midst of the forest, and he that the knight had wounded fell dead. They take their horses, and Messire Gawain telleth Lancelot he hath the most poverty- stricken host that ever he hath seen, and the fairest damsels known, but that right poorly are they clad. "Shall we therefore take them of our booty?"
"I agree," saith Lancelot, "But sore grieveth me of the knight that hath thus escaped us."
"Take no heed," saith Messire Gawain, "We shall do well enough herein."
Thereupon they return back toward the poor knight's hostel and alight before the hall, and the Poor Knight cometh to meet them, and the two damsels, and they deliver to them the three horses of the three knights that were dead. The knight hath great joy thereof, and telleth them that now is he a rich man and that betimes will his sisters be better clad than are they now, as well as himself.
Thereupon come they into the hall. The knight maketh one of his own squires stable the horses and the two damsels help disarm Lancelot and Messire Gawain.
"Lords," saith the knight, "So God help me, nought have I to lend you wherewith to clothe you, for robe have I none save mine own jerkin."
Lancelot hath great pity thereof and Messire Gawain, and the two damsels take off their kirtles that were made like surcoats of cloth that covered their poor shirts, and their jackets that, were all to-torn and ragged and worn, and present them to the knights to clothe them. They were fain not to refuse, lest the damsels should think they held them not in honour, and did on the two kirtles right poor as they were. The damsels had great joy thereof that so good knights should deign wear garments so poor.
"Lords," saith the Poor Knight, "The knight that brought the tidings hither, and was stricken through of a lance-shaft, is dead and lieth on a bier in a chapel within the castle, and he confessed himself right well to a hermit and bade salute you both, and was right fain you should see him after that he were dead, and he prayed me instantly that I would ask you to be to-morrow at his burial, for better knights than be ye might not be thereat, so he told me."
"Certes," saith Lancelot, "A good knight was he, and much mischief is it of his death; and sore grieveth me that I know not his name nor of what country he was."
"Sir," saith Messire Gawain, "He said that you should yet know it well."
The two good knights lay the night at the castle, and the Poor Knight lodged them as well as he might. When it cometh to morning, they go to the chapel to hear mass and to be at the burial of the body. After that they take leave of the Poor Knight and the two damsels and depart from the castle all armed.
"Messire Gawain," saith Lancelot, "They know not at court what hath become of you, and they hold you for dead as they suppose."
"By my faith," saith Messire Gawain, "thitherward will I go, for I have had sore travail, and there will I abide until some will shall come to me to go seek adventure."
He recounteth to Lancelot how the Graal hath appeared to him at the court of King Fisherman: "And even as it was there before me, I forgat to ask how it served and of what?"
"Ha, Sir," saith Lancelot, "Have you then been there?"
"Yea," saith he, "And thereof am I right sorry and glad: glad for the great holiness I have seen, sorry for that I asked not that whereof King Fisherman prayed me right sweetly."
"Sir," saith Lancelot, "Right sorely ill have you wrought, nor is there not whereof I have so great desire as I have to go to his castle."
"By my faith," saith Messire Gawain, "Much shamed was I there, but this doth somewhat recomfort me, that the Best Knight was there before me that gat blame thereof in like manner as I."
Lancelot departeth from Messire Gawain, and they take leave either of other. They issue forth of a forest, and each taketh his own way without saying a word. | 54,563 | 173 |
22,161 | US 6055228 A
A loop isolation circuit (LIC) to enable subdivision of a single daisy-chained communication loop (e.g., FC-AL) into smaller loops and to enable joining of smaller loops into a single larger loop. An LIC comprises essentially two multiplexors configured so as to permit controlled subdivision or joining of two loop portions. In a first selected state, the LIC subdivides a communication loop in which it is inserted into two loops. This configuration sacrifices accessibility among some devices previously on the larger loop for the benefit of enhanced bandwidth and reduced overhead due to node count. Bandwidth is enhanced by enabling simultaneous operation of two (or more) loop portions for establishing and communicating over logical circuit connections. However, when a failure of a redundant loop precludes access to devices, the LIC may be set to a second state to rejoin previously subdivided loops into a larger loop. This configuration restores access among all devices sharing common access to the larger loop. The LIC of the present invention therefore enables communication loop controllers to dynamically reconfigure a daisy-chained loop communication system to enhance performance in normal operation. The LIC of further enables restoration of the larger loop to restore redundant loop configurations. The LIC of the present invention is applicable in many daisy-chained loop communication environments including, but not limited to, Fiber Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL).
1. A method for using a loop isolation circuit to reconfigure a redundant pair of Fibre Channel communication loop media to modify node delay bandwidth overhead comprising the steps of:
reducing node delay bandwidth overhead by subdividing said redundant pair of Fibre Channel communication loop media into two independent redundant pairs of communication loop portions wherein each of said loop portions provides redundant connectivity to each device attached thereto; and
increasing node delay bandwidth overhead by joining said two independent redundant pairs of communication loop portions into a single redundant pair of Fibre Channel communication loop media wherein said single loop provides redundant connectivity to each device attached thereto.
2. A method for using a loop isolation circuit to reconfigure a redundant pair of Fibre Channel communication loop media to modify available bandwidth comprising the steps of:
increasing available bandwidth by subdividing said redundant pair of Fibre Channel communication loop media into two independent redundant pairs of communication loop portions wherein each of said loop portions provides redundant connectivity to each device attached thereto; and
reducing available bandwidth by joining said two independent redundant pairs of communication loop portions into a single redundant pair of Fibre Channel communication loop media wherein said single loop provides redundant connectivity to each device attached thereto.
3. A storage system comprising:
a first set of storage devices;
a second set of storage devices;
a first loop communication link connecting said first set of storage devices and said second set of storage devices;
a loop isolation circuit; and
a second loop communication link connecting said first set of storage devices said second set of storage devices and said loop isolation circuit,
wherein said loop isolation circuit is operable to controllably subdivide said second loop communication link into two loops portions, and
wherein said loop isolation circuit is further operable to controllably join said two loop portions to restore said second loop communication link.
4. The system of claim 3 further comprising:
a first storage controller connected to said first loop communication link and connected to said second loop communication link and connected to said first loop portion; and
a second storage controller connected to said first loop communication link and connected to said second loop communication link and connected to said second loop portion.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein said loop isolation circuit is coupled to at least one controller of said first storage controller or said second storage controller and wherein said loop isolation circuit is operable in response to a control signal received from said at least one controller.
6. The system of claim 3 wherein said first loop communication link comprises a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop and wherein said second loop communication link comprises a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop.
7. A storage system comprising:
a plurality of Serial Storage Architecture devices;
a Serial Storage Architecture loop communication link connecting said devices; and
a loop isolation circuit connected to said Serial Storage Architecture loop communication link,
wherein said loop isolation circuit is operable to controllably reconfigure said Serial Storage Architecture loop to modify the hop count between at least two of said devices.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein said plurality of Serial Storage Architecture devices includes:
a first storage controller connected; and
a second storage controller,
wherein said loop isolation circuit is operable to reconfigure said Serial Storage Architecture loop in one of two states wherein in a first state the hop count between said first storage controller and said second storage controller is less than the hop count in a second state.
9. The system of claim 8 wherein said loop isolation circuit is coupled to at least one controller of said first storage controller or said second storage controller and wherein said loop isolation circuit is operable in response to a control signal received from said at least one controller.
10. A method for using a loop isolation circuit to reconfigure a Serial Storage Architecture pair of communication loop media to modify hop count between two devices of a plurality of devices on said media comprising the steps of:
reducing said hop count by configuring said loop isolation circuit into a first pre-determined state having each of said plurality of devices interconnected via both of said pair of redundant communication loop media; and
increasing said hop count by configuring said loop isolation circuit into a second pre-determined state having each of said plurality of devices interconnected via both of said pair of redundant communication loop media.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, a specific embodiment thereof has been shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that it is not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The circuit of the present invention is useful in communication applications wherein a communication medium is connected to a number of devices in a so-called "daisy-chained" manner. In such a daisy-chain configuration, the communication medium is connected in series from one device to the next. The signals transmitted on the communication medium are routed into a communication control device, processed in accordance with the protocols and content of the data, and then, depending upon the processing performed (if any) routed out of the communication control device on to the next device.
In particular, the present invention is applicable to daisy-chained communication media. In such a loop configuration daisy-chained communication medium, all devices in the chain may communication with any other device in the chain by directing information around the loop. Some common loop configurations, such as Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loops (FC-AL) or Serial Storage Architecture (SSA), permit (or in the case of SSA-require) redundant loops. Rules regarding the use of the redundant connections vary in accordance with the requirements of the particular protocols and applications. In general, there are two paths by which data may be transferred from a first device to a second device.
FIG. 3 is a generalized depiction of a typical daisy-chain communication loop application having redundant (dual) loops connecting a plurality of devices. Communication control devices 300, 302, 304, and 306 are all commonly connected to each of two communication loops. A first loop is comprised of loop segments 310, 312, 314, and 316 while the second loop is comprised of loop segments 318, 320, 322, and 324. Signals applied to a segment (e.g., 310) flow into a first device (e.g., 302), then out of that device via the next segment (e.g., 312) to the next device (e.g., 304), etc. In like manner, signals applied to a segment (e.g., 318) flow into a first device (e.g., 300), then out of that device via the next segment (e.g., 324) to the next device (e.g., 306), etc.
As used herein, "daisy-chain" is intended to represent any such communication applications wherein information is passed from one device attached to the communication medium to the next and so on. Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loops are one example of such communication applications. In addition, as used herein, a "loop" is any such daisy-chained communication medium applied in such a manner as to topologically represent a ring or circle of alternating loop segments and communication control devices.
Data generally flows in one direction in a particular communication medium loop. Relative to a communication control device attached to segments of the communication medium, the segment from which data is received is referred to herein as the "upstream" segment or "upstream side" while the other segment, to which data is transmitted, is referred to herein as the "downstream" segment or the downstream side."
The direction of information flow in such a loop as well as other attributes governing data flow on the loop are often constrained by the specifications of the particular protocol in use on the loop. The methods of the present invention may be advantageously applied to many such configurations and protocols.
A first embodiment of the present invention provides for subdividing one of the redundant loops to provide additional bandwidth as well as improved bandwidth utilization but at the cost of fully redundant access among all devices on the loops. However, the LIC of the present invention may controllably re-join the subdivided portions at any time to restore the fully redundant access of the original configuration.
A problem in such loop topologies arises in that for a first device to communicate with a second device, a number of intervening devices each need to receive the information and forward it to a neighbor for further processing. Each intervening node imposes some overhead processing delay before determining that the information is to be passed on to a neighboring device for further transmission around the loop. This overhead processing reduces the usable bandwidth of the medium and is also referred to herein as node delay bandwidth overhead. This overhead processing is typically implemented as application specific circuits to minimize this overhead processing. None the less, the cumulative overhead processing of a large number of intervening nodes can be significant.
The present invention therefore provides a loop isolation circuit (LIC) which permits the automated subdivision of a loop into two (or more) loop portions as well as the joining of two loop portions into a single loop. A larger single loop enables access to any device on the loop from any device on the loop. A single loop configuration is therefore useful when a loop must be relied upon to provide redundant access to a device in case of failure of another loop or loop portion.
A plurality of smaller loops, subdivided from a single large loop, provides improved performance by adding available bandwidth to the topology. When a larger loop is subdivided into two (or more) loop portions, all loop portions may be simultaneously active. In particular, FC-AL applications include an arbitration process by which an node establishes a peer-to-peer logical circuit to another node. When the link is established, all other nodes on the loop are in a monitoring state to simply pass received messages to their downstream neighbors. By subdividing a large loop into two (or more) loop portions, the available bandwidth is thereby multiplied by a factor of two (or more). By re-joining previously subdivided loop portions, the available bandwidth is thereby reduced by a factor of two (or more) but communication is restored between all nodes on the larger loop.
For example, a 100 MB/second Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop when subdivided provides two (smaller) loops each operating a 100 MB/second thereby allowing up to 200 MB/second bandwidth utilization. The addition of a redundant Fibre Channel loop therefore permits a total of 300 MB/second (200 via the subdivided portions of the first loop plus 100 via the second redundant loop). The second redundant loop provides the connectivity required among all devices while the subdivided loop portions provide improved bandwidth utilization at the cost of reduced access among the devices. The LIC of the present invention therefore allows automatic selection of either of these configurations as the needs of the application dictate.
LIC GENERAL EMBODIMENT
The LIC of the present invention applies a loop resiliency circuit (LRC) discussed in co-pending patent application 96-025. The LRC is disclosed therein as applied to loopback testing of devices on daisy-chained communication media. The LRC as applied in the present invention, enables switching two loop portions so as to separate them for improved performance or to join them for reliability purposes.
As noted in co-pending patent application 96-025, the LRC comprises a pair of bypass circuits. The circuits individually are known to the art as discussed in Annex I of the ANSI draft specification entitled FIBRE CHANNEL ARBITRATED LOOP FC-AL (ANSI specification X3.272-1996--readily available in industry). The combination of two such circuits in the present invention permits two loop portions to be joined into, or subdivided from, a larger communication loop.
FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an LIC circuit 100 of the present invention. As is the LRC of co-pending patent application 96-025, the LIC circuit 100 is a combination of two MUXs configured and applied in such a way as to permit joining or separation of two loop portions. Input signal paths 160 and 164 each represent upstream portions of the daisy-chained communication medium (relative to the LIC circuit 100). Output signal paths 162 and 166 represent downstream portions of the daisy-chained communication medium. Control signal input path 168 provides a selection signal for MUXs 102 and 104. Buffers 106, 108, 110, 112, and 114 buffer external signal paths 160-168 from corresponding internal signal paths 150-158, respectively, of the LIC circuit 100.
MUX 102 selects either of two communication loop upstream input paths 150 and 154 and applies signals thereon to downstream output signal path 152. MUX 104 selects either of two communication loop upstream input paths 150 and 154 and applies signals thereon to downstream output signal path 156. Selection of MUXs 102 and 104 depends upon the signal applied to path 158 by an external control circuit (not shown).
FIGS. 1B and 1C depict the LIC circuit 100 in a logical first operational state and a logical second operational state, respectively. In the first state of FIG. 1B, MUXs 102 and 104 are controlled by an input value of "1" applied to path 158. In this state, upstream daisy-chain communication loop input path 150 is connected to downstream daisy-chain communication loop output path 152 and upstream daisy-chain communication loop input path 154 is connected to downstream daisy-chain communication loop output path 156. In the second state of FIG. 1C, MUXs 102 and 104 are controlled by an input value of "0" applied to path 158. In this state, upstream daisy-chain communication loop input path 150 is connected to downstream daisy-chain communication loop output path 156 and upstream daisy-chain communication loop input path 154 is connected to downstream daisy-chain communication loop output path 152.
By controlling the selection of MUXs 102 and 104 of FIG. 1A, the two states of FIGS. 1B and 1C may be utilized to reconfigure a loop communication medium. In the first state of FIG. 1B, two portions of a communication medium may be joined to make a single loop out of two to assure reliable access to all devices on both loop portions. In the second state of FIG. 1C, one loop is subdivided into two loop portions to improve performance of the communication system.
FIGS. 2 and 4 are block diagrams of an LIC circuit 100 in a loop communication application. Two control devices, controller A 200 and controller B 202, share access to a plurality of storage devices, 204-210, via redundant communication loops. The first loop comprises loop segments 250-260 (collectively referred to as loop 1). The second of the redundant pair of communication loops comprises loop segments 270-284 (collectively referred to as loop 2). All devices, control devices 200 and 202 as well as storage devices 204-210, can access all other devices on either of the redundant communication loops. The LIC 100 of FIG. 2 is in the above identified first state to join loop segments 272, 274, 282, and 284, in such a way as to make a single communication loop from segments 270-284. Either of control devices 200 and 202 may control the selection of LIC circuit 100 via signals applied to path 299.
The LIC of FIG. 4 is in the second of the above identified states wherein the second loop is subdivided into two loops. The first subdivided loop comprises loop segments 270-276 (collectively referred to as loop 2A). The second subdivided loop comprises loop segments 278-284 (collectively referred to as loop 2B). In this subdivided loop state, only controller A 200 may access storage device 204 and 206 on loop 2B and only controller B 202 may access storage devices 208 and 210 on loop 2A. The reduced size of each of the subdivided loops enhances the performance of the accesses between devices on each loop by reducing the node count for information flowing therebetween, and doubles the available bandwidth by enabling simultaneous operation of two loop portions, loop 2A and 2B.
If access to a device on loop 1 is lost due to failure of a loop portion, then loops 2A and 2B of FIG. 4 may be rejoined by LIC circuit 100 as shown in FIG. 2. Such a reconfiguration restores full access among all devices on loop 1 using the redundant single loop 2 of FIG. 2.
LIC BEST KNOWN MODE
A second embodiment representing the best presently known mode of implementing the present invention is depicted in FIGS. 5A-7B. In arrayed storage devices (e.g., RAID storage subsystems) it is common to have clusters (blocks) of storage devices (disk drives) easily removable as a unit. In view of this common feature, the LIC of the present invention is distributed within a plurality of device block interface circuits. Each device block interface circuit has a plurality of drive port circuits within each able to accept a loop communication enabled (e.g., FC-AL) disk drive from a clustered unit. A port bypass circuit (as taught in co-pending patent application 96-025) circuit in each drive port circuit of the device block interface is adapted to allow the daisy-chained communication medium to bypass any missing or non-functional disk drive at each drive port.
The MUX devices of the LIC are split among adjacent pairs of device block interface units. The LIC circuit is therefore subdivided such that one of the MUX devices is contained in a first device block interface and the mated MUX device of the LIC is in a second, adjacent, connected device block interface. Additional logic associated with the LIC in a device block interface switches the LIC state when a loss of signal is detected from an adjacent, connected device block interface. A loss of signal would typically indicate a cabling failure between the two devices.
FIG. 5A is a block diagram of the device block interface 500 (DBI) embodying an LIC of the present invention. DBI 500 includes a plurality of disk port circuits 516 (DPC) to connect one or more storage devices (not shown) into the daisy-chained communication medium. During normal operation, transmitted information is received on path 553 from a neighboring "upstream" device (not shown) on the daisy-chain communication medium. The signal passes through loss of signal detector 510 (LOS) onto path 556 to MUX 504. MUX 504 is normally selected to pass its input path 556 through to output path 566. DPC 516 then receives the information on path 566 and either passes it through an attached storage device on path 574 and 576 thence onto path 568, or bypasses the storage device to pass the signals directly from path 566 to path 568. A next DPC 518 receives signal on path 568 and either passes it through an attached storage device (not shown) via paths 578 and 580 thence onto path 551, or bypasses the storage device to apply the signals on path 568 directly to path 551. Any number of disk port circuits and attached storage devices may be active within this chain between paths 566 and 551.
Path 551 then connects DBI 500 to a neighboring "downstream" device on the daisy-chained communication medium. A return path for the daisy-chained communication loop is provided from path 550 through to path 552. Specifically, path 550 connects DBI 500 to its "upstream" neighbor. Signals on path 550 normally pass through LOS 508 onto path 554 as an input to MUX 506. MUX 506 is normally selected to pass its input on path 554 through to its output path 552. Path 552 connects DBI 500 to its "downstream" neighbor.
As shown in the diagram of FIG. 5B, DBI 500 connects to a neighbor on its left side via paths 552 and 553 and to a neighbor on its right side via paths 550 and 551. In normal operation DBI 500 receives transmitted information from its left side neighbor device on path 553, passes the transmission through one or more storage devices each attached to one of a plurality of DPCs (e.g., 516 and 518), then passes the transmission on to its right side neighbor device on path 551. The return path for the communication loop starts with information received from the right side neighbor on path 550 and passes through DBI 500 to its left side neighbor on path 552.
Control signals on paths 582 and 584 (labeled "A" and "B", respectively) may alter the standard selection of MUX 506 and 504, respectively. When a control device (not shown) applies a signal to label "A" path 582, OR gate 514 applies that signal to path 564 to alter the selection of input signals by MUX 506. When so selected, MUX 506 applies its input signal path 551 to its output path 552. This state effectively disconnects all devices to the right of DBI 500 from the loop portion containing DBI 500. FIG. 5C depicts this state in which signal received by DBI 500 on path 553 are effectively routed through the DPCs 516 and 518 and back to loop return path 552 via path 551 and MUX 506.
Similarly, when a control device (not shown) applies a signal to label "B" path 584, OR gate 512 applies that signal to path 562 to alter the selection of input signals by MUX 504. When so selected, MUX 504 applies its input signal path 552 to its output path 566. This state effectively disconnects all devices to the left of DBI 500 from the loop portion containing DBI 500. FIG. 5D depicts this state in which signal received by DBI 500 on path 550 are effectively routed through the DPCs 516 and 518 via path 552, MUX 504, and path 566, then back to loop return path 551.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram depicting the DPC 516 and 518 in additional detail. Each DPC 516 and 518 is essentially a port bypass circuit as described in co-pending patent application 96-025. Since they are identical to one another than the paths which connect them to other components, both will be described herein with reference only to DPC 516. Transmissions received on path 566 are applied as an input to MUX 600 and applied to path 574. A storage device (e.g., disk drive--not shown) receives the signals on path 574 and processes them as required to pass on signals to path 576. Signal detect unit 604 (SDU) senses the absence or failure of the storage device based upon the signals received from path 576 and applies the received signals to path 652 as another input to MUX 600. In addition, SDU 604 applies a signal to path 650 to indicate that the storage device has failed or is not present. OR gate 602 receives one input signal from SDU 604 on path 650 and a second input signal from path 570 (a control signal generated by a control device--not shown). If either signal indicates that the storage device is to be bypassed (due to failure, absence, or controlled configuration matters) then OR gate 602 applies a signal to control the selection of MUX 600.
Therefore, when an enabled, operation storage device is attached to paths 574 and 576, DPC 516 is operable to connect the device to the daisy-chained communication medium via paths 566, 574, 576, 652, and 568 through SDU 604 and MUX 600. When no operable device is detected by SDU 604 or none when the device is disabled by the control device (not shown), the storage device is bypassed by connecting the daisy chain medium without the device via paths 566 and 568 through MUX 600.
As noted above, DBI 500 incorporates a plurality of such DPCs to permit a plurality of storage devices to be easily configured in or out of the daisy-chained communication loop.
Further, referring again to FIG. 5A, LOS 508 in conjunction with OR gate 514 are operable to automatically changes the selected state of MUX 506 to that of FIG. 5C when LOS 508 detects loss of all signal from its input path 550. Similarly, LOS 510 in conjunction with OR gate 512 are operable to automatically changes the selected state of MUX 504 to that of FIG. 5D when LOS 510 detects loss of all signal from its input path 553. Each LOS 508 and 510 thereby reconfigures the communication loop automatically in response to, for example, unintended disconnection of a cable or outright failure of a cable or of a neighboring device on the daisy-chain.
FIGS. 7A and 7B are block diagrams depicting the application of DBI 500 embodying the LIC of the present invention. Two controller devices 706 (CTLR 1 and CTLR 2) are connected to two shared storage modules 700 through two DBIs 500. All devices are connected via a common daisy-chained communication loop. When cables 750 between the DBIs 500 are broken or fail, the two DBIs 500 will automatically reconfigure the single loop to create two function loop portions as shown in FIG. 7B. As noted above, control means (such as controllers 706) may apply signals to the DBIs 500 to force the same subdivision of the larger loop into two (or more) smaller loops.
In particular, the left DBI 500 switches its LIC MUX 504 from the state depicted in FIG. 5B to that of FIG. 5C while the right DBI 500 switches its LIC MUX 506 from the state depicted in FIG. 5B to that of FIG. 5D.
As noted above, subdivision of a larger loop into smaller loop portions increases available bandwidth, thereby improving subsystem performance, by multiplying the number of loop portions which may be simultaneously active. The subdivision further improves performance by reducing the node count on each loop portion to thereby reduce the node delay for message transferred around the loop.
Further as noted above, a second, redundant large loop may be connected to all devices of FIGS. 7A and 7B to allow continued connectivity among all devices on the original larger loop.
SSA APPLICATION OF THE LIC
SSA application derive another, related benefit from application of the LIC of the present invention. As noted above, in accordance with SSA communication standards, one node transmits messages to another node in a first direction in the SSA medium and responses thereto are transmitted in the opposite direction on the same medium. Intervening nodes between the pair of communicating nodes (the count of which is referred to as a hop count) are idled by such communication in that they remain in a pass-through mode simply transferring information from an upstream neighbor the downstream neighbor in the daisy-chain. Though in general other nodes may utilize unused segments of the SSA medium (portions not between a pair of communicating nodes) through known spatial reuse techniques, the nodes which intervene between two communicating nodes are precluded therefrom. The LIC of the present invention is therefore beneficially applied to SSA communication applications to allow reconfiguration of the SSA topology so as to reduce the number of intervening node between a particular pair of node which require frequent and/or rapid communication.
One common application of SSA media to storage subsystems utilizes redundant loops interconnecting all devices on the loops. A first loop is used for communication in one direction and the second loop is used for communication in the opposite direction. Messages sent from one node to another stop at the destination node rather than traveling further in the loop. Any reply message is sent in the opposite direction on the opposite loop back to the originator of the communication. The number of intervening nodes between two communication nodes is therefore a limiting factor on the performance of SSA communication subsystems.
In certain applications, it may desirable to minimize the hop count (intervening nodes) between a particular pair of nodes while in other applications of the same subsystem, another pair may represent a performance bottleneck. The LIC of the present invention, as applied to SSA communication loops, enables dynamic reconfiguration of the redundant loops to alter the hop count between particular nodes.
For example, in storage applications having redundant control modules, there may be applications where the hop count between the two controllers is more critical than the hop count between either controller and the storage devices. For example, if the controllers are initialized to operate as redundant/mirrored devices, there may be substantial communication between the controllers to synchronize their operations. In such an instance, it may be preferred to minimize the hop count between the two controllers at the cost of increasing the hop count between each controller and certain of the storage devices. However, if the controllers are initialized for non-mirrored, independent operation, it may be preferred to minimize the average hop count between each controller and any of the storage devices since there will be little or no communication required between the independent controller. Both situations may arise within the same storage subsystem. The particular initialization may depend on a number of external factors. The present invention therefore allows the storage subsystem to reconfigure the relative positions of the devices on the SSA loops.
FIG. 8A is a block diagram showing two controllers 800 (CTLR 1 and CTLR 2) connected via SSA communication loops to four storage devices 804. Each controller 800 has two SSA loop control components 802. The LIC of the present invention as applied in FIG. 8A comprises two LRC circuits 100 as taught in co-pending patent application 96-025. The paths that interconnect the controllers 800, storage devices 804, and LRCs 100 are shown with terminator labels for graphical clarity.
One LRC circuit 100 (the left one) has two inputs labeled "A" and "G", respectively, and two outputs labeled "H" and "B", respectively. The other LRC 100 (the right one) has two inputs labeled "C" and "E", respectively, and two outputs labeled "D" and "F", respectively.
In a first state of the LRCs 100, inputs are connected to outputs as follows: ##EQU1## The connection resulting from this state of the LRCs 100 is shown in FIG. 8B. For graphical clarity in FIG. 8B, the LRCs 100 are shown to the side in a dashed box to make the logical connections clearer. In this state, each controller 800 is separated from the other controller 800 by a hop count of two (two intervening storage devices 804 on either of the two loops). However, no storage device 804 is separated from a controller 800 by more than a hop count of one.
In a second state of the LRCs 100, inputs are connected to outputs as follows: ##EQU2## The connection resulting from this state of the LRCs 100 is shown in FIG. 8C. For graphical clarity in FIG. 8C, the LRCs 100 are shown to the side in a dashed box to make the logical connections clearer. In this state, each controller 800 is separated from the other controller 800 by a hop count of zero (no intervening storage devices 804 on one loop). However, storage devices 804 are separated from either controller 800 by more than a hop counts of 0-3 depending on the device to be accessed.
In this second state, communications between the redundant controllers 800 may be improved at the cost of certain communications between either controller 800 and the furthest storage devices 804.
One of ordinary skill will readily recognize that the present invention may be similarly applied to SSA topologies other than loop configurations. More generally, the present invention permits reconfiguration any daisy-chained communication configuration. Such reconfiguration may be for purposes of improving the utilization of existing communication bandwidth as well as for purposes of increasing the available bandwidth by permitting more extensive parallel operation of the portions or segments of the communication medium. Those skilled in the art will therefore recognize many equivalent applications of the LIC of the present invention to Fibre Channel communications, SSA communications, and a number of similar daisy-chained communication media and protocols.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description is to be considered as exemplary and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiment and minor variants thereof have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected.
FIGS. 1A-1C are block diagrams of the LIC of the present invention including a functional presentation of the two selectable states of the LIC;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram a communication loop environment with an LIC of the present invention inserted therein to join two loop portions;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a generalized daisy-chained communication loop application;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram a communication loop environment with an LIC of the present invention inserted therein to subdivide a loop into two loop portions;
FIGS. 5A-5D are block diagrams of an alternate embodiment of the LIC of the present invention including a functional presentation of the two selectable states of the LIC;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing additional detail of the drive port circuit of the LIC of FIG. 5A;
FIGS. 7A and 7B are block diagrams showing exemplary application of the LIC of FIG. 5A in each of two operational states; and
FIGS. 8A-8C are block diagrams of another embodiment of the LIC of the present invention as applied to reconfiguration of relative device positions and functional presentations of the two selectable states of the LIC.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to daisy-chained communication devices and in particular relates to apparatus and associated methods for enabling dynamic reconfiguration of daisy-chained communication topologies to subdivide or reconfigure daisy-chained communication systems for improved performance.
2. Description of Related Art
Daisy-chained communication media and methods are now commonly applied to interconnect a plurality of communication control devices. In the application of such communication media to computer mass storage interfaces, one or more storage controller devices (e.g., host adapters or RAID controllers) may be connected to a plurality of storage devices (e.g., disk drives or array modules) by redundant daisy-chained communication strings or loops. Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loops (FC-AL) and IBM's Serial Storage Architecture (SSA) are common applications of such communication standards for the interconnection of storage controllers and storage devices.
A string or loop communication medium is often configured in a daisy-chained manner as distinct from a bus configuration. In other words, information flows from one device, through the medium, into the neighboring device. The neighboring device determines whether the information is to be processed therein or to be directed to another device. If the information is to be processed by another device, the neighboring device repeats the process and transmits (forwards) the information to its neighbor, etc., until the information reaches its intended destination. In other words, all information passes through intervening nodes on its way from a source device to a destination device. This is as distinguished from a bus configuration in which all nodes exchange information over a bus connecting all devices in a parallel fashion.
FC-AL devices perform arbitration when one node wishes to establish a link (a logical circuit) to a second node. When the temporary circuit is established, all other nodes on the loop are essentially idle--operating in a monitoring state to pass all received messages to its downstream neighbor, toward the destination node. Therefore, only two devices on a loop are using bandwidth of the loop at a given point in time. It is therefore a problem in FC-AL applications that a large number of nodes on the medium are idle while only two devices consume the entire bandwidth of the communication medium.
In addition, since FC-AL communications between an initiator and target pass through all nodes on the loop, each node may impart a delay before the message is passed on to its neighbor node for routing to the intended target. The cumulative delay generated is therefore proportional to the number of nodes in a communication loop. FC-AL communication bandwidth is therefore, in part, limited by the number of nodes on the loop. It is therefore another problem in FC-AL applications that large loops consume a part of the available media bandwidth in wasted delay times in proportion to the number of nodes on the loop.
SSA applications may be configured in string or loop daisy-chained configurations. In addition, switching port devices (essentially routing devices operable based on the device addressing) may be used to create "network" topologies combining various loops, strings, and networks. In accordance with SSA standards, a message is sent from a first node to a second node on the medium (on the string, loop or network). In general, messages generated in response to receipt of the first message are returned from the second node to the first node in the opposite direction on the same string, loop, or network. As in FC-AL applications, intervening nodes in the path between to communicating nodes are occupied to pass received information from their upstream neighbor to their downstream neighbor. However, only those nodes on the segment of the medium intervening the two communicating nodes are so occupied. The number of such intervening nodes is referred to as the "hop count." The entire bandwidth of the segment of the SSA medium between two communicating nodes is therefore consumed by a single pair of communicating nodes. The remaining segment(s) of the SSA medium is (are) available for use other communicating nodes.
In an SSA loop communication application, information may flow in either direction around the loop from a first node to a second node. One path may be in use by other communicating nodes or one path around the loop may have fewer intervening nodes (smaller hop count) than the other path. Therefore, in SSA loop configurations, there exists a preferred direction and path for communicating between two nodes--that which has the fewest intervening nodes and/or is available. SSA nodes (in a loop configuration in particular) therefore determine the preferred path for communications when a transfer is initiated to another node.
Spatial reuse techniques are applied to SSA communication media to utilize unused segments of the SSA medium for other communicating devices while other segments are in use by particular communicating pair of nodes. However, it remains a problem that the particular intervening nodes in any one segment of the SSA medium are precluded from use of the SSA medium bandwidth while that segment is in use. Placement of nodes in an SSA communication medium may therefore affect the overall utilization of the available bandwidth. If a particular pair of nodes are frequently communicating, the intervening nodes between that pair are precluded from any use of the SSA medium, despite that fact that other portions of the medium (outside the section used by a currently communicating pair of nodes) are available for other communication traffic (as provided by spatial reuse techniques).
In addition, as for FC-AL applications, a larger hop count translates to larger delay times for communications due to the delay imposed as the messages pass through each intervening node. A smaller hop count is therefore desirable.
The topology of FC-AL and SSA communication applications is generally fixed and determined by the cabling configuration connecting nodes to the medium. Presently known techniques and devices do not therefore allow the topology to be reconfigured to optimize the topology for particular benefit of the application. For example in SSA applications where a plurality of storage control modules and storage devices are connected to the medium, one ordering of the devices on the medium may be preferred where the controllers operate independent of one another (i.e., minimize hop counts between each controller and the storage devices) while another ordering may be preferred where the controllers cooperate to provided redundant and/or mirrored operation (i.e., minimize hop count between the cooperating controllers). More generally, it would be desirable to permit reconfiguration of a daisy-chained communication medium to optimize available bandwidth and bandwidth utilization in response to a particular operational environment in which the communication application is started.
It is apparent from the above discussion that a need exists for methods and associated apparatus which permit performance tuning and optimization of a daisy-chained communication application topology to increase available bandwidth and/or to improve bandwidth utilization.
The present invention solves the above and other problems, thereby advancing the state of the useful arts, by providing apparatus and associated methods of operating same to increase available bandwidth and to enhance bandwidth utilization of daisy-chained communication topologies. The present invention provides circuits and methods for applying same to reconfigure the topology of a daisy-chained communication application. Though the present invention may be applied to a wide variety of daisy-chained communication applications, the presentation herein focuses primarily on application to storage subsystems which utilize daisy-chained communication media and protocols to connect storage devices with storage control modules. Such applications often include a plurality of storage devices and a plurality of control modules all interconnected by the daisy-chained communication medium. The control modules communicate with the storage devices to store and retrieve data. In many such storage applications (e.g., redundant/mirrored controller and/or RAID applications) the controllers communicate amongst one another to coordinate access to the storage devices.
The reconfiguration enabled by the apparatus and methods of the present invention may be dynamically applied, for example, at initial startup of the subsystem or during operation of the subsystem in response to changes in the operating environment. The present invention is applicable to FC-AL applications having redundant loops as well as many SSA applications to improve effective communication performance among the devices on the medium.
It is common in FC-AL configurations to have redundant loops to enhance the reliability of the storage subsystem. Though a first loop becomes inoperable, the second loop may remain operational. For example, FC-AL specification allow for two (or more) loops connecting each device in the subsystem. When the first loop is inoperable for some reason, information can be diverted to the other loop to enable continued communications with all devices on the redundant loops. The present invention specifically provides a loop isolation circuit which is capable of switching states to join or separate two communication loop portions. When the loop portions are joined, the two loop portions effectively become one thereby making all devices on both loop portions accessible to one another as on a single loop. When the loop isolation circuit again separates the loops into two portions, each loop portion may be used independently and in a manner to enhance performance by reducing the node count on each loop portion.
The present invention therefore allows for improved bandwidth utilization by allowing dynamic configuration to subdivide a single loop into two (or more) loop portions. When the loop is subdivided, there are fewer intervening nodes imposing delays between any two communicating nodes on each loop portion. The present invention also allows the subdivided loop portions to be automatically joined to permit access to otherwise inaccessible devices in case of a failure of the redundant loop structure.
The present invention further enhances performance of the FC-AL communication subsystem by effectively increasing the available bandwidth. When a large loop is subdivided into two (or more) loop portions, each portion may be simultaneously operating. Therefore, two nodes on each of the two (or more) loop portions may be simultaneously communicating. This feature of the present invention effectively increases the available bandwidth by a factor equal to the number of loop portions divided off of the larger loop (e.g., by a factor of two when a large loop is subdivided into two loop portions). The enhanced bandwidth is derived at the cost of connectivity in that the nodes are subdivided and distributed among the loop portions. Therefore, nodes on one loop portion cannot communicate with nodes on another loop portion. However, in a dual loop configuration, as is common in FC-AL applications, the redundant loop may remain undivided to permit full connectivity on at least one of the two redundant loops. In addition, as noted above, the present invention allows the loop portions to be re-joined, if necessary, to restore the connectivity among all nodes on the original large loop.
In particular, the present invention provides a loop isolation circuit (LIC) which is similar in structure to the port bypass circuit with loopback capability defined in co-pending patent application 96-025 (which is herein incorporated by reference). The loop isolation circuit (LIC) is inserted into a communication loop medium in such a manner as to permit one of two states to be controllably selected: a first state in which the loop is a single contiguous loop, and a second state wherein the single loop is subdivided into two loop portions. In normal operation, where there is no device or loop failure, the LIC may be configured in the second state to subdivide the loop into two loop portions. This state allows enhanced bandwidth utilization because the size of each of the two portions is reduced to thereby reduce the node count between communicating node on the loop. However, if another loop portion (a loop or loop portion for which the present loop is a redundant mate) becomes inoperable, the LIC of the present invention may be switched to the first state in which the two loop portions are re-joined. In this first state, all devices normally accessible through the single loop configuration are again accessible.
More specifically, the LIC of the present invention comprises a pair of multiplexors, or similar switching devices, configured in such a manner as to connect either of two input signal paths to either of two output signal paths. The signal paths to be connected may be, for example, Fibre Channel signal connections, or other similar daisy-chained communication media. More generally, the multiplexors may be any similar multiplexing or switching means which provide appropriate switching signal capacity and performance for the particular communication medium.
In a second embodiment of the present invention, multiple LICs may be applied to a single FC-AL loop, or hierarchically deployed within subdivided portions of an FC-AL loop to further enhance performance in a flexible manner while retaining the redundant reliability essential to the storage subsystem.
In an SSA applications, the LIC of the present invention is connected to the SSA medium in such a manner as to allow controlled reconfiguration of the topology. Specifically, the medium may be controllably reconfigured through the LIC to alter the relative position of nodes on the SSA media segments. Altering the relative position of nodes on the SSA media allows the hop count between particular nodes to be altered. More importantly, devices may be repositioned by the reconfiguration process such that certain device pairs which frequently communicate may be isolated to a particular segment of the media (e.g., they can be adjacent neighbors having a hop count of zero). Such a reconfiguration makes all other segments of the SSA media available for use by other devices. No device intervene between the frequently communicating devices and therefore no devices are precluded from using other segments of the SSA media while the frequently communicating pair are actively exchanging information.
For example, consider an SSA application which includes a plurality of storage control modules and a plurality of storage modules interconnected on the SSA medium. If the controllers operate independently to access information on the storage devices, the preferred positioning of the controllers is interspersed among the storage devices to reduce the average hop count between any controller and any storage device. If, however, the controllers are operable in a cooperative manner (e.g., as redundant/mirrored controllers), the controllers may require frequent inter-controller communications. In such an environment, positioning the controllers adjacent one another on the SSA medium reduces the number of (eliminates) intervening nodes between the controllers to thereby improve the potential benefit of spatial reuse for remaining segment(s) of the SSA medium. Or, for example, one of the controllers may require more frequent access to a particular subset of the storage devices (e.g., a RAID LUN) as opposed to others of the storage devices. The present invention may therefore be applied to reconfigure the topology of the communication media to localize the exchange of information between associated devices to as small a segment of the SSA media as possible. This feature also enables improved benefits from spatial reuse techniques applied to the SSA medium.
In such a configuration, the LIC of the present invention may be switched between two states: a first state to bandwidth utilization (including spatial reuse) for one set of devices, and a second state to optimize for another set of devices. This use of the LIC of the present invention therefore allows dynamic reconfiguration of the SSA loop geometry to improve utilization of bandwidth in an SSA application.
The present invention therefore provides a simple apparatus for controllably reconfiguring a daisy-chained communication medium to enhance communication performance.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide apparatus and methods for operating same which permits reconfiguration of a daisy-chained communication medium to increase available bandwidth.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide apparatus and methods for operating same which permits reconfiguration of a daisy-chained communication medium to improve available bandwidth utilization.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide apparatus and methods for operating same which permit dynamic reconfiguration of a daisy-chained communication loop by subdividing the loop into a plurality of smaller loop portions.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide apparatus and methods for operating same which permit dynamic subdivision of a communication loop and subsequent reconfiguration to join subdivided portions.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide apparatus and methods for operating same which permit dynamic reconfiguration of a communication loop to alter the relative positions of devices on the daisy-chained communication medium.
The present invention is related to commonly assigned and co-pending U.S. patent application entitled "Method And Apparatus For Providing Loop Coherency", invented by Dennis J. Hahn and Jeremy Stover, and having an internal docket number of 96-073 and a serial number of 08/772,616, filed concurrently herewith on, and co-pending U.S. patent application entitled "Port Bypass Circuit With Loopback Capability", invented by Charles Binford and Jeremy Stover, and having an internal docket number of 96-025 and a serial number of 08/776,615, filed concurrently herewith on Dec. 23, 1996, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. | 54,347 | 122 |
7,391 | US 6061387 A
A system and method for broadcasting an audio signal in a turbo-coded satellite digital audio broadcasting system is provided that utilizes the combination of a turbo coding system having code combining and code diversity techniques to lower the power required for transmittal and to transmit at a higher code rate of 1/4 by utilizing the puncturing sequence and a pilot signal assisted orthogonal CDMA; the invention includes an improved receiver system that uses modified RAKE receivers in order to mitigate the Rayleigh multipath fading, shadowing, and temporal blockage and improve performance. The invention further uses a terrestrial gap filler network having a reduced amount of gap fillers.
1. A method of communicating audio signals using Turbo Coding in a digital audio broadcast (DAB) system, the method comprising the steps of:
encoding each audio signal according to the Turbo Code punctured to a code rate of 1/2 for transmission on a first path to a first satellite in a substantially geosynchronous orbit;
combining a first pilot signal and a predetermined number of encoded audio signals using an orthogonal CDMA (OCDMA) modulator, said OCDMA modulator consisting essentially of a first set of orthogonal Walsh sequences to form a first turbo encoded broadcast signal;
transmitting said first turbo encoded broadcast signal on said first path having said first pilot signal transmitted at a higher power than the encoded broadcast signal;
encoding each interleaved audio signal according to the Turbo Code punctured to a rate of 1/2 for transmission on a second path to a second satellite;
combining a second pilot signal and the interleaved encoded audio signals using another OCDMA modulator, said another OCDMA modulator consisting essentially of a second set of orthogonal Walsh sequences;
transmitting said second turbo encoded broadcast signal on said second path having said second pilot signal transmitted at a higher power than the encoded broadcast signals;
at a receiver:
receiving said first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals;
demodulating a selected audio channel from said first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals using orthogonal Walsh sequences using separate RAKE receivers so as to optimally combine audio signals for the selected audio channel from said first and second turbo encoded signals received from said first and second paths.
2. The method of claim 1 further including the step of:
transmitting said first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals to a network of gap fillers.
3. The method of claim 2 further including the step of:
delaying the transmission of said first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals so as to compensate for signal delay through said first and second paths to a network of satellites.
4. The method of claim 3 is further including, at the receiver, the steps of:
demultiplexing said first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals so as to separate systematic audio signals from multiplexed systematic sequences and parity sequences; and
combining a code diversity of each of said first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals, each of said first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals having a code rate of 1/2, whereby said code diversity and said combining of said first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals result in a code rate of 1/4.
5. The method of claim 4 further including the steps of:
at the receiver:
receiving said first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals on an antenna;
obtaining said first and second pilot signals including information indicative of a rate of transmission of said orthogonal Walsh sequences of said received first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals;
demultiplexing each of said received turbo encoded broadcast signals into separate first and second systemic audio signals and first and second parity sequences;
supplying the first parity sequence and the first systemic audio signal to a first MAP decoder;
supplying a decoded output signal of said first MAP decoder to an interleaver;
combining an interleaved decoded output signal from said interleaver with said second parity sequence to form a second output signal;
supplying said second output signal and said second systemic audio signal to a second MAP decoder so as to output a decoded digital audio signal thereby deinterleaving the audio signals; and
providing the audio signals to an output device.
6. A transmission system comprising:
long pseudo noise (PN) sequence means for generating a first PN sequence for a first PN channel and a second PN sequence for a second PN channel;
a plurality of audio encoder means, each successively sampling and encoding input analog audio data into packetized digital audio data, said audio encoder means having inputs for a predetermined number of audio channels, each of said audio channels being coupled to said audio encoder means;
a plurality of turbo encoder means, each coupled to one of said audio encoder means for encoding said packetized digital audio data, each of said turbo encoder means encoding digital audio data according to a Turbo Code encoding process, each of said turbo encoder mean encoding said digital audio data into a first turbo encoded signal and a second turbo encoded signal for each of said audio channels;
modulator means for modulating said first PN sequence, said second PN sequence, said first turbo encoded signal and said second turbo encoded signal according to orthogonal Walsh sequences, said modulator means modulating said first PN sequence into a first pilot signal by multiplying said first PN sequence by a Walsh code W.sub.0, said modulator means modulating said second PN sequence into a second pilot signal by multiplying said first PN sequence by a Walsh code W.sub.32, said modulator means modulating said first turbo encoded signal for each of said audio channels by multiplying said first turbo encoded signal on each of said channels by a Walsh code W.sub.1, W.sub.2, . . . W.sub.31, respectively, said modulator means modulating said second turbo encoded signal by multiplying said second turbo encoded signal for each of said audio channels by a Walsh code W.sub.33, W.sub.34 . . . , W.sub.63, respectively;
means for combining said first pilot signal spread by Walsh code W.sub.0 and said first turbo encoded signals spread by said Walsh codes W.sub.1 . . . W.sub.31 to form a first turbo encoded broadcast signal, and for combining said second pilot signal spread by said Walsh code W.sub.32 and said second turbo encoded signal spread by said Walsh codes W.sub.33 . . . W.sub.63 to a second turbo encoded broadcast signal, said first and second pilot signals are transmitted at a higher power than the turbo encoded broadcast signals; and
means for transmitting said combined first pilot signal and said first turbo encoded broadcast signal on a first transmission path, and for transmitting said combined second pilot signal and said second turbo encoded broadcast signal on a second transmission path.
7. The transmission system of claim 6 wherein said first transmission path is to a first satellite and to a gap filler.
8. The transmission system of claim 7 wherein said second transmission path is to a second satellite and a gap filler.
9. A receiver for a Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) system, comprising:
an antenna for receiving radio frequency (RF) signals consisting of spread spectrum turbo encoded broadcast signals;
an amplifier coupled to said antenna for amplifying said RF signals;
down converter means coupled to said amplifier for converting the amplified RF signals to a predetermined frequency determined by a local oscillator, said down converter means multiplying the amplified RF signals by a sinusoidal wave form generated by said local oscillator;
analog-to-digital (A/D) converter means coupled to said down converter means for converting from analog to a digitized signal for said received turbo encoded broadcast signals;
demodulator means for demodulating said turbo encoded broadcast signals supplied by said A/D converter means, said demodulator means including dual synchronization means, each of said synchronization means detecting at least one pilot sequence by multiplying said turbo encoded broadcast signals by a first Walsh sequence W.sub.0 to form a first estimation of a first bit and packet epoch time RX.sub.1 for a turbo encoded broadcast signal transmitted on a first signal path A.sub.1 and by multiplying said received turbo encoded broadcast signals by a second Walsh sequence W.sub.32 to form a second estimation of a second bit and packet epoch time RX.sub.2 of a turbo encoded broadcast signal transmitted on a second signal path A.sub.2,
dual RAKE receiver means, each of said dual RAKE receiver means being coupled to said A/D converter means for receiving the digitized turbo encoded broadcast signals, said dual RAKE receiver means further receiving input from said demodulator means concerning said bits and packet epoch times from respective said synchronization means in the form of output signals RX.sub.1 and RX.sub.2,
dual channel selection means for selecting a desired channel from one of a predetermined number of channels, said channel selection means providing a selected one of Walsh Code Sequence W.sub.i and W.sub.i+32 to each respective one of the dual RAKE receiver means;
turbo decoder means for decoding turbo encoded broadcast signals of the selected channel in the output signals RX.sub.1 and RX.sub.2 according to a Turbo Code, said turbo decoder means comprising:
demultiplexing means for demultiplexing two sequences from each of the output signals RX.sub.1 and RX.sub.2 from said dual RAKE receiver means,
code diversity combiner means for combining said the sequences from said demultiplexer means into the sequences X.sub.1, Y.sub.1, X.sub.2, Y.sub.2, and
an iterative decoding means for decoding noise-contaminated sequences X.sub.1, Y.sub.1, X.sub.2, Y.sub.2 into a packetized error-free audio data signal d.sub.k, said iterative decoding means comprising a first MAP decoder, a packet combiner means for combining output of the first MAP decoder and an output of said code diversity combiner means representative of said X.sub.2 sequence;
audio decoder means for decoding said packetized error-free audio data signal d.sub.k into an analog audio signal; and
output means for outputting said analog audio signal to a user.
10. The receiver of claim 9 wherein said antenna is a hemispherical coverage antenna.
11. The receiver of claim 9 wherein said predetermined frequency is a base band frequency.
12. The receiver of claim 9 wherein said predetermined frequency is an intermediate frequency.
13. The receiver of claim 12 wherein said packet combiner means combines an output signal Λ.sub.1 received from said first MAP decoder via an interleaver and the sequence X.sub.2 received from said code diversity combiner means, said packet combiner means adding outputs of each of a log-likelihood ratio of the output signal Λ.sub.1 and of a log-likelihood ratio of said sequence X.sub.2 whereby said packet combiner means provides two independent estimations of said sequence X.sub.2.
14. The receiver of claim 13 wherein said iterative decoding means further includes a second MAP decoder, said second MAP decoder decoding an output signal Λ.sub.combined and Y.sub.2 sequences.
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/908,045 filed Aug. 11, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,907,582.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) system for the wide-area distribution of multiple channels of audio programming, and in particular to a DAB system and method having improved receiver performance through coding gain from code diversity and packet combining, and distributed gap filler network.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Several DAB methods and systems have been proposed for Direct Broadcast Satellite Radio that essentially broadcasts digital audio signals for reception by fixed and mobile receivers. Such DAB systems and methods heretofore have yet to overcome problems that affect the overall system performance so as to make it commercially feasible. The most significant problems in DAB systems are signal shadowing, fading, and temporal blockage. Shadowing problems are dominated by factors such as the intermittent blockage of the line of sight to the receiver from the satellite by natural or man-made objects. For example, in suburban environments tree shadowing is the prominent signal impairment, while in urban environments, buildings cause the major shadowing effect. Fading problems are mainly caused by multipath signals to the mobile receiver in suburban and urban environments. Signal fading can be mitigated by adapting temporal diversity techniques such as time diversity and spatial diversity. Conventional time diversity schemes operate on the same signal so as to randomize the outage patterns through interleaving, data repetition, and/or some form of channel coding. Conventional spatial diversity techniques operate on the same signal using a dual satellite scheme and/or an antenna diversity technique for remedying shadowing and temporal blockages.
Conventional DAB systems and methods have sought to mitigate the problems of multipath fading and foliage attenuation by employing two geosynchronous satellites. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,319,673 and 5,278,863 to Briskman disclose a polarization diversity technique in a spread spectrum system (either direct sequence or frequency hopping schemes) that employs frequency diversity to combat fading in a frequency selective channel. A conventional Code Division Multiple access (CDMA) system, using two geosynchronous satellites and a dual diversity technique is utilized, however, the Briskman system cannot provide seamless high performance service over the entire coverage area, since conventional CDMA system performance is limited by self-interference. Self-interference is induced by the cross-correlations of the Pseudo Noise (PN) sequences used for the different program channels. Furthermore, the Briskman system employs a dual polarization approach to separate signals from two satellites, the receiver then selecting the stronger of the two broadcasts of the same signal. While a dual satellite system increases the probability that a mobile or fixed receiver has line-of-sight contact with one of at least two satellites, the unselected satellite's signal must be separated and eliminated from further signal processing, otherwise, the weaker signal acts like added noise to the stronger signal. Additionally, preserving the polarization in the mobile signal path is very difficult because the reflected signals tend to invert the polarization. Therefore, conventional DAB systems are inefficient in power and bandwidth usage whereby performance is inadequate for subscription-grade quality of service.
Finally, even with two satellites, signal blockage, shadowing, and fading problems continue to occur in urban and suburban environments. Conventional DAB systems have sought to solve this problem by employing a network of gap filler tansmitters to provide the signal when both satellites are blocked from view. However, such network of gap fillers transmitting the same broadcast signal increases the self-interference problem, which in turn increases the cost and complexity of the gap filler network because of the desire to use increased transmit power levels to combat self-interference. Previous attempts to solve this problem have been inadequate for subscription grade service given the intended DAB service area (continental United States) and the pervasiveness of the shadowing/fading problem; this has created new cost problems whereby gap fillers are required in virtually all urban and suburban locations. Therefore, the DAB method and system of the present invention advantageously provides a way to reduce the number and cost of such gap fillers and a critical solution to the overall network design problem. The DAB method and system of the present invention advantageously utilizes code diversity (whereby two different non-self-interfering turbo encoded signals are transmitted and substantially combined inside the receiver) to provide improved performance through higher coding gains, fewer gap fillers, and reduced transmit power level requirements from either of each of the satellite or the gap fillers.
Other DAB systems have used dual antennas and a Viterbi-algorithm method over a fading channel to reduce the affects of signal fading in the received signal. U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,598 to Backstrom et al. discloses a system for receiving radio signals on at least two mutually spaced antennas End a receiver to process samples of the signal using a Viterbi-algorithm thereby reducing signal fading. Various antenna diversity schemes also have been used and these are characterized by the orthogonal polarization of the broadcast signals. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,485,485 to Briskman, a dual antenna system is disclosed that selects the stronger of two signals having substantially the same content and frequency. The dual antenna approach requires two physical antennas on the mobile receiving station which is inconvenient and expensive as multiple antennas are installed on the vehicle's roof, and their employment illustrates the severity of the reception problems of conventional DAB systems. Additionally, the performance gain due to a dual-antenna system is minimal unless the receiver uses extensive signal processing techniques to accurately compensate for the angle of arrival. The method and system of the present invention solves these problems by advantageously utilizing RAKE receivers to combine multipath signals from satellites and gap fillers at the DAB receiver.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,544,156 to Teder et al. discloses a system and method for coherently demodulating an uplink signal in a multirate, CDMA system. However, the receiver performance of the conventional CDMA and/or Viterbi based coding systems is limited by multiple access channel interference and does not provide performance and coding gains at the level provided by the present invention. As a result, the present invention uses a Turbo Code method and system along with Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) techniques to advantageously eliminate the effects of multiple access interference and provide high coding gain, which results in robust DAB reception at lower overall power levels.
Finally, an error coding system using turbo codes, i.e., codes that associate with parallel concatenation of two convolutional codes separated by an interleaver, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,747 to Berrou and U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,570 to Berrou et al. While such systems have acceptable coding gain they do not address the dual-signal path case or the benefits provided through the use of code combining and code diversity. These codes do not transmit interleaved data elements, but only transmit uninterleaved data elements and parity check elements from both uninterleaved and interleaved sequences. The present invention transmits uninterleaved and interleaved data elements with corresponding coded data elements to two separate signal paths, and at the turbo decoder, combines these two elements advantageously to achieve an effective overall code rate 1/4 from the simultaneous reception and combination of two code rate 1/2 signals, thereby providing significantly improved performance.
The present invention is aimed at overcoming these different drawbacks of the prior art
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved DAB method and system using an implementation of turbo code over two complementary satellite links in the DAB system to allow the reduction of the satellite transmitter output power.
It is an object of the present invention to increase the coverage area with a minimum number of gap fillers using the high coding gain of the turbo code.
Another object of the present invention is to provide code diversity at a code rate of 1/2 coupled with packet combining to result in an overall system code rate of 1/4. A code diversity scheme, coupled with a code combining scheme advantageously provides improved performance through very high coding gain, allows the reduction of transponder output power, and provides seamless service over the coverage area with a minimum number of required gap fillers. Code diversity and packet combining are used to mitigate Rayleigh multipath fading, shadowing, and temporal blockage.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a DAB system using a synchronous Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) scheme for DAB applications, e.g. CD Quality Radio, messaging transmission and Internet download server, so as to completely eliminate self interference from other audio channels encountered with the use of a conventional CDMA system.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a DAB system having dual RAKE receivers, arranged whereby one RAKE receiver is used to combine the satellite, gap filler, and multipath signals associated with each of two complementary satellite data streams.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide high powered pilot channels to assist the receiver to acquire synchronization of the signals from multiple satellites and gap filler transmitters.
Finally, the present invention can provide advantageously a terrestrial gap filler network for retransmission of the uplinked satellite signals in areas where there is a high probability that signals from both satellites might be blocked, with proper built-in signal propagation delay to compensate for the signal delay through the satellite path. A variable delay is applied to each gap filler signal so as to accommodate propagation delays on the satellite paths, including Doppler shift associated with the normally encountered daily motion of the satellites in their respective geosynchronous orbit locations. In this way, each gap filler transmitter in a given service area retransmits the same signals as the two satellites so as to align the satellite-delivered and gap filler delivered signals in time at each receiver in the gap filler's service area. So long as the delay spread is maintained to less than one bit period, orthogonality of the OCDMA signals is maintained at the RAKE receiver, and the satellite, gap filler, and multipath reflection signals can be combined in the receiver to overcome the problems of conventional systems.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a digital audio broadcasting (DAB) system adapted to broadcast signals of digital radio information and to reduce multipath fading, signal shadowing and temporal blockage having a broadcast source having a transmitter for transmitting a first turbo encoded broadcast signal and a second turbo encoded broadcast signal that includes the digital radio information, whereby the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals are transmitted at a code rate of 1/2 on at least one predetermined path, for example, the first turbo encoded broadcast signal on a first path to a first satellite, the second turbo encoded signal on a second path to a second satellite source, and/or the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals to a network of gap fillers that have delay circuitry for delaying the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals to compensate for propagation signal delay through the first and second satellites. The first turbo encoded broadcast signal consists essentially of uninterleaved data and parity check elements. The second turbo encoded broadcast signal consists essentially of interleaved data and parity check elements. The system has at least one transmitter for transmitting the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals on separate signal paths to each of the first and second satellite sources, respectively, and for transmitting the first and second satellite sources to the network of gap fillers. The system has a plurality of receivers for,-receiving the first an-d second turbo encoded broadcast signals, the receivers are located at or near the surface of the earth, each of the receivers has circuitry for outputting the digital radio information from the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals. The receiver includes an antenna connected for receiving radio frequency (RF) signalIs consisting of spread sign of the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals. The receiver has downconverter means for converting the RF signal to the baseband frequency of the first and second DAB encoded broadcast signals.
Accordingly the present invention provides a method of communicating an audio signal from a transmitter to a receiver using Turbo Coding in a digital audio broadcast (DAB) system. The method includes encoding the audio signal according to the Turbo Code rate punctured to a code rate of 1/2, combining a first pilot signal and a predetermined number of channels of encoded audio signals using an orthogonal CDMA (OCDMA) modulator, whereby the OCDMA modulator consists essentially of an orthogonal Walsh sequence of W.sub.0, W.sub.1, W.sub.2, . . . W.sub.31 to form a first turbo encoded broadcast signal containing the first pilot signal and the encoded audio signals of the predetermined channels, transmitting the first turbo encoded broadcast signal on a first path having the first pilot signal transmitted at a higher power. The method includes encoding the audio signal having been interleaved according to the Turbo Code punctured to a rate of 1/2, combining a second pilot signal and the interleaved encoded audio signals of the channels using the OCDMA modulator, the OCDMA modulator consists essentially of an orthogonal Walsh sequence of W.sub.32, W.sub.33, W.sub.34, . . . , W.sub.63 to form a second turbo encoded broadcast signal containing the second pilot signal and the interleaved encoded audio signal of the predetermined channels, and the second turbo encoded broadcast signal is transmitted on a second path having the second pilot signal W.sub.32 transmitted at a higher power. The method includes, at the receiver, receiving the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals, demodulating a selected channel of the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals using said orthogonal Walsh sequence, whereby the demodulation of the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals is adapted to use separate RAKE receivers so as to optimally combine the audio signal from the first and second turbo encoded signals received from the first and second paths. The method demultiplexes the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals so as to separate systematic audio signals from multiplexed systematic sequences and parity sequences, and further the combining of an uninterleaved systematic sequence X.sub.1 and interleaved systematic sequence X.sub.2 in conjunction with a code diversity combining of the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals achieves an overall code rate 1/4.
The features and advantages of the present invention will become more clearly appreciated from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like elements are denoted by like reference numerals and in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a DAB method and system;
FIG. 2 illustrates a DAB transmission method and system indicating the flow of audio data in the DAB system;
FIG. 3 illustrates a method and system of turbo encoding the program data signal for transmission of a channel of audio data in relation to FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 illustrates and is used in explaining the method of implementing a punctured pattern for the output of the turbo encoder and the creation and subsequent transmission of the two complementary data signals in relation to FIGS. 2 and 3;
FIG. 5 illustrates a DAB receiver and method of receiving the audio data signals in the DAB system; and
FIG. 6 illustrates and is used in explaining a method of decoding the audio data signal received in relation to FIG. 5.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a DAB system 100 is described according to an embodiment of the present invention. The DAB system 100 provides for the improved digital broadcasting of a signal having program data and information, such as, for example, digital radio information, CD Quality Audio, Messaging, Internet downloads and the like. The DAB system 100 has an uplink earth station or transmitter 102 designed for fixed--feeder transmission (SEF or higher frequency) to a plurality of separately spaced satellites in geosynchronous orbits, which for ease of illustration are shown by dual satellites 104 and 106. The transmitter 102 can provide a plurality of uplink audio data signals A.sub.x, for example, uplink signals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 to each of satellites 104 and 106 spaced apart in a geosynchronous orbit. Such satellite transmissions can be by way of fixed-feeder transmission links to the geosynchronous satellites or to a web or network of low orbital satellites enabling switching transmission such as GPS and the like. The DAB system 100 also has a plurality of receivers 108, whether fixed or mobile, for receiving such audio data signals A.sub.x after they are retransmitted to a footprint or coverage area represented as a plurality of downlink paths from the satellites 104 and 106. The DAB system 100 advantageously can broadcast signals A.sub.x terrestrially from the uplink station 102 to a plurality of gap fillers 110 along land-lines, optical networks, microwave ground networks or the like. The gap fillers 110 transmit both uplink signals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2, in connection with a continuously adaptive propagation delay scheme to accommodate timing shifts caused by variations in the satellite paths. Gap fillers operate to fill gaps in the reception of the satellite signal data, for example, high density areas having acute problems of fading or shadowing. Such gaps can be the result of signal path blockage or fading such as, for example, urban areas where th a high probability that buildings will block signals A.sub.1 or A.sub.2, or both.
The adaptive propagation delay 112 system compensates for the difference between the propagation delay through satellites and the propagation delay through the terrestrial gap filler 112 network. The delay system includes, in this case, two delays; one to align the gap filler's transmission of the A.sub.1 signal with the A.sub.1 signal transmitted by satellite 104, and one to align the gap filler's transmission of the A.sub.2 signal with the A.sub.2 signal transmitted by satellite 106. The arrival delay spread of the signals from satellites, gap filler transmitter, and reflected multipaths is thereby maintained within one bit period to preserve the orthogonality of the synchronous OCDMA system, to eliminate self-interference at the RAKE receiver. In this manner, the DAB system 100 can transmit the audio data signals. Additionally, the present invention advantageously can allow for the transmission and reception of the digitized program data and information in a highly efficient, reliable and cost effective manner, so as to better manage transmitter power and bandwidth resources.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the DAB system 100 utilizes a time diversity scheme that implements a Turbo Code (TC) iterative channel coding scheme. The Turbo Coding scheme combines several simple codes in parallel to communicate audio program data and information in the signals to each uplink path (A.sub.1, A.sub.2) so as to provide for receiver performance at or near theoretical Shannon's limit, such as, for example, in the range of 0.3 to 0.7 dB signal-to-noise ratio at a bit error rate of 10.sup.-5 for the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation scheme. The DAB system 100 advantageously provides a high performance TC scheme achieving the code rate of 1/4 as described herein in relation to FIGS. 2-4. In this manner, the present invention advantageously provides temporal diversity through a TC implementation, thereby reducing the satellite transmitter output power and resulting in improved coverage area with a minimum number of gap fillers.
As shown in FIG. 2, the transmitter 102 includes a plurality of channels for sending the audio data signal, for example, a 31 Channel DAB transmission system. For ease of illustration, Channels 3 through 30 are not shown. The transmitter 102 includes pilot signal generators 112 and 114 for generating pilot signals PS1 and PS2. The pilot signal generators send pseudo-random noise (PN) sequences PN.sub.1 and PN.sub.2 on Channels 0 and 32. The PN sequences RN.sub.1 and PN.sub.2 are spread by Walsh codes W.sub.0 and W.sub.32. Subsequently, pilot signal PS.sub.1 on Channel 0 is combined with the first turbo encoded audio signal and sent as a first turbo encoded broadcast signal via signal path A.sub.1. Pilot signal PS.sub.2 on and Channel 32 is combined with a second turbo encoded audio signal and sent as a second turbo encoded broadcast signal via signal path A.sub.2. The pilot signals are transmitted at a higher power or rate than the individual signals of the audio data channels. Pilot signals PS.sub.1 and PS.sub.2 are used by the receiver 108 to acquire and maintain synchronization of the first and second turbo encoded broadcast signals for each channel on the A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 paths, and to obtain the predetermined number of strongest multipath signals for the RAKE receiver.
As is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, the transmitter 102 provides Channels 1 through 31 with the broadcast programming or digital audio data and information from the source channels to respective audio encoders 120. The output of each audio encoder for channels 1-31 is provided to a turbo encoder 122. Each turbo encoder 122 has two separate outputs designated 124 and 126. Non-interleaved outputs multiplexed with parity bits on output 124 are spread by Welsh codes W.sub.1 through W.sub.31 and combined together with the spread pilot signal W.sub.0, for transmission as signal A.sub.1 to satellite 104 and to the gap filler 110. Interleaved outputs are similarly multiplexed with parity bits on output 126, are spread with Walsh codes W.sub.33 and W.sub.63 and combined with the other spread pilot sign W.sub.32, for transmission as signal A.sub.2 to satellite 106, and to the gap filler 110.
The spread circuitry 116 operates according to an orthoganal Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) scheme to spread the PN sequences generated for pilot signals PS.sub.1 and PS.sub.2, encoded audio program data and information, or interleaved encoded audio program data and information with a Walsh code sequence in a known manner and represented herein by the sequence W.sub.0, W.sub.1, W.sub.2, . . . W.sub.63 for a system supporting 31 channels of CD-quality stereo audio. The pilot signals PS.sub.1 and PS.sub.2 generated for Channels 0 and 32 are directly spread by the Walsh sequences W.sub.0 and W.sub.32 without turbo encoding. Encoded audio data and information on Channels 1 through 31 are spread and sequenced with Welsh codes W.sub.1 through W.sub.31 for transmission via the A1 path. Similarly, encoded and interleaved audio data and information on channels 33 through 63 are spread and sequenced with Walsh codes W.sub.33 through W.sub.63 for transmission via the A.sub.2 path. All 64 Walsh sequences are generated by the Hadamard matrix, and each sequence is thus orthogonal to every other sequences including delayed versions of itself, unless the delay spread exceeds one bit period. The orthogonality results in the self interference free spread spectrum operation of the OCDMA. The spread circuitry 116 outputs the spread sequence of Channels 0 through 31 to the combiner 118 for ultimate transmission to satellite 104 and to the gap filler 110, and Channels 32 through 63 to combiner 118 for ultimate transmission to satellite 106 and to gap filler 110.
As shown in FIG. 3, the turbo encoder 122 includes an interleaver 132 between two constituent recursive convolutional encoders 134 and 136 to permute incoming digital audio information sequence in random fashion. The permutation breaks the cross correlation between the two turbo encoded sequences. The operation of the constituent encoders 134 and 136 can be described by the polynomial representation,
(1, g.sub.1 /g.sub.2)=(1,1+D.sup.4 /1+D+D.sup.2 +D.sup.3 +D.sup.4)(1)
Conventional octal representation for the illustrated code is (g.sub.1, g.sub.2)=(21, 37). Here, the g.sub.1 represents the feed forward connection, and the g.sub.2 represents the feed back connection. The constituent codes are illustrated as identical with each having four memory elements (D). However, the present invention is not limited by this particular polynomial nor by the number of memory elements. The parity sequence outputs of two encoders 134 and 136 are input to puncturers 138 and 140 to generate two different punctured sequences described in greater detail in FIG. 4. These punctured parity sequence outputs are multiplexed with X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 representing the unaltered source sequences d.sub.k and d.sub.ki at MUX 142 and at MUX 144, respectively. The turbo encoder 122 associated with each audio channel can advantageously process broadcast programming or encoded audio data according to puncturing patterns discussed herein to combine the audio data and the parity data onto two carriers for subsequent advantageous use by an iterative decoding process in the turbo decoder 172 of each receiver 108.
In operation, the original audio program data sequences, represented as d.sub.k in FIG. 3, are supplied to the turbo encoder 122, which outputs an unaltered copy of the systematic audio data X.sub.1 to one input of MUX 142. The audio data d.sub.k is also supplied to the first constituent recursive encoder 134, which supplies parity output Y.sub.1, to one input of the first puncturer 138 and to one input of the second puncturer 140. The audio data d.sub.k are also supplied to interleaver 132. The second constituent encoder 136 is supplied with an interleaved audio program data signal dki. Unaltered interleaved signal d.sub.ki is supplied in systematic form as sequence X.sub.2 to one input of MUX 144 for ultimate transmission to signal path 126. A copy of d.sub.ki is supplied to the second constituent encoder 136, which encodes each interleaved bit of audio data and generates a parity sequence Y.sub.2 which is supplied to both puncturers 138 and 140.
The parity outputs Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 generated by audio data d.sub.k and d.sub.ki are punctured according to the puncturing pattern ##EQU1## by the first puncturer 138 in an alternating y.sub.1 and y.sub.2 bit output sequence. The parity outputs Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 generated by program data d.sub.k and d.sub.ki are punctured according to the puncturing pattern ##EQU2## by the second puncturer 140 in an alternating y.sub.2 and y.sub.1 bit output sequence. In this manner, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the DAB system 100 has a puncturing code rate of 1/2 for each signal path A.sub.1 and A.sub.2. By transmitting the uninterleaved systematic sequence X.sub.1 and interleaved systematic sequence X.sub.2 in conjunction with code diversity combining at the receiver, overall code rate 1/4 is achieved to provide improved performance over the known DAB systems.
The puncturing pattern for the output of the turbo encoder 122 is described in FIG. 4. The turbo encoded audio data signal to be transmitted is represented by data bits sequences X.sub.1, Y.sub.1, X.sub.2, Y.sub.2 throughout this discussion so as to illustrate the turbo code method of the present invention. The unaltered audio data and information d.sub.k, represented as X.sub.1, has a sequence of
X.sub.1 =>x.sub.1 (0), x.sub.1 (1), x.sub.1 (2), x.sub.1 (3) . . . , x.sub.1 (n) (2)
where n=the bit timing index
Similarly, the second interleaved unaltered audio data and information d.sub.ki is represented as X.sub.2, and has a sequence of
X.sub.2 =>x.sub.2,(0), x.sub.2 (1), x.sub.2 (2), x.sub.2 (3), . . . , x.sub.2 (n) (3)
where n=the bit timing index
The first constituent encoder 134 generates the systematic sequence output X.sub.1 and the parity sequence output Y.sub.1 using uninterleaved sequence d.sub.k, and the second constituent encoder 136 generates the systematic interleaved sequence X.sub.2 and parity sequence output Y.sub.2 using the interleaved sequence d.sub.ki, whereby each parity sequence output has a sequence of
Y.sub.1 =>y.sub.1 (0), y.sub.1,(1), y.sub.1 (2), y.sub.1 (3), . . . , y.sub.1 (n) (4)
where n=the bit timing index
Y.sub.2 =>y.sub.2 (0), y.sub.2,(1), y.sub.2 (2), y.sub.2 (3), . . . , y.sub.2 (n) (5)
where n=the bit timing index
As the puncture pattern is applied to the Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 sequences by puncturers 138 and 140, the output of the first puncturer 138 has a sequence of
y.sub.2 (0), y.sub.1,(1), y.sub.2 (2), y.sub.1 (3), (6)
as a result of the puncturing pattern ##EQU3##
The output of the second puncturer 140 has a sequence of
y.sub.1 (0), y.sub.2,(1), y.sub.1 (2), y.sub.2 (3), (7)
As a result of the puncturing pattern ##EQU4## The resulting punctured outputs 138 and 140 are multiplexed with sequence X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 at MUX's 142 and 144, respectively. The outputs of the two encoders 134 and 136 yield the code rate 1/4 overall, and are punctured and multiplexed into two separate signal paths 124 and 126, each with the individual code rate of 1/2. Accordingly, the output sequence from MUX 142 is represented as
x.sub.1 (0), y.sub.2 (0), x.sub.1 (1), y.sub.1 (1), x.sub.1 (2), y.sub.2 (2), (8)
The output sequence of the MUX 144 is represented as:
x.sub.2 (0), y.sub.1 (0), x.sub.2 (1), y.sub.2 (1), x.sub.2 (2), y.sub.1 (2), (9)
The output of MUX 142 is transmitted to the first satellite 104 and the output of MUX 144 is transmitted to the second satellite 106, after the spreading and combining processes are performed on each of the half-channels associated with the uplink portion of the DAB system. Thereafter, at the receiver, if both signals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 are available, the code combining and code diversity of the present invention achieves an overall code rate of 1/4, based on one interleaved bit and two parity bits per one input encoded bit d.sub.k.
In addition to the improved performance from the code rate of 1/4, other advantages include reduction or elimination of fading, shadowing and/or other loss of data transmitted in the signal. For example, performance of conventional DAB systems are compromised because the same signal is sent from each satellite, wasting valuable power and create multiple access noise interference. If the code rate 1/2 signal from the first satellite is not available, the conventional receiver receives the same signal from second satellite and overall performance is limited to code rate 1/2. In the DAB system 100 of the present invention, the signal from the second satellite 106 will have all the information necessary for estimating the missing audio data from the first satellite 104 and successfully performing the iterative algorithm. Through this iterative process, the performance of the receiver is greatly improved.
Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, an embodiment of the fixed or mobile receivers 108 of the present invention is illustrated whereby the DAB system 100 advantageously uses a DAB receiver 150 to receive and decode the two transmitted turbo encoded audio data signals. The DAB receiver 108 can utilize two RAKE receivers or the like. The DAB receiver 108 can be in a fixed or mobile platform and have an antenna 152 which accepts two OCDMA radio frequency (RF) transmissions of turbo encoded broadcast signals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 (whether from each of satellites 104 and 106 and/or both of the signal sets from gap filler 110). The DAB receiver 108 also has radio frequency (RF) amplification circuitry 154, down conversion circuitry 156, analog-to-digital (A/D) converters 158, tuning circuitry for the desired channel, a turbo decoder (including code diversity combining circuitry 170, and code combining circuitry 172), as shown in greater detail in FIG. 6, and audio decoder circuitry 174. The present invention uses RAKE receiver structure to combine a predetermined number of multipath signals from satellite and/or gap filler signals according to their signal strengths. Additionally, the present invention manipulates the time alignment of the gap filler signal so as to substantially correspond with the arrival of an identical satellite signal, whereby each is seen to be a multipath of the other, and the RAKE receiver provides the signal summation effect that is lacking in conventional strongest-signal-selection methods.
In FIG. 5, antenna 152 is a hemispherical coverage antenna for use with the fixed and/or mobile DAB system 100 of the present invention. Received spread signal from the antenna 152 is supplied to the RF amplifier stage 154 for amplification. Output from RF amplifier 154 is supplied to the down converter circuitry 156. The down converter circuitry 156 converts the RF signal to baseband signals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 from satellites 104 and 106 and/or gap filler 110 using conventional techniques with locally generated oscillator frequency 160. The local oscillator operates to translate the carrier frequency of the received data signal to baseband or to a predetermined Intermediate Frequency (IF). After conversion to baseband or IF, it is sampled and quantized to a digital bit stream by the operation of conventional A/D converter 158. The sampling rate of the A/D converter is twice the chip rate to maintain signal integrity. The digitally converted signal is then supplied from A/D converter to both RAKE receivers 166 and synchronization circuitry 168.
The demodulator 170, is the combination of synchronization circuits 168 and RAKE receivers 166. The synch circuit 168 acquires synchronization by despreading the pilot signals of signal paths A.sub.1 and A.sub.2, separately represented in FIG. 5 as RXA and RXB respectively, by multiplying pilot signal Welsh sequences W.sub.0 and W.sub.32. The synch circuits 168 for each signal path A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 receive despread baseband signals and correlates with the long PN sequence pilot channels to properly acquire the frame synch indicating the frame epoch time. The synch circuit 168 identifies out of synch conditions between signal paths A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 to provide the synchronization information to the turbo decoder 172. The RAKE receivers 166 rely on the orthogonal spreading sequences W.sub.0 through W.sub.63, which are designed to provide zero correlation between sequences, to combine the satellite, gap filler, and multipath signals without self interference. When these multiple components are delayed in time by more than a chip duration, but less than one bit period, they appear like uncorrelated noise at the OCDMA receiver, and are combined in order to improved the signal to noise ratio at the receiver. The RAKE receiver attempts to collect the time-shifted versions of the original signal by providing a separate correlation receiver for each of the incoming signals over signal paths A.sub.1 and A.sub.2. Each RAKE receiver 166 combines a predetermined number of strongest signals. The outputs RX1 and RX2 of the RAKE receivers 166 are tuned by the selecting a spreading sequence pair W.sub.i and W.sub.i+32 so as to despread each signal and supply it to the turbo decoder 172. The output of the turbo decoder is supplied to the audio decoder 174 which feeds an output device 176 such as an amplifier and speaker. According to the method of the present invention, the demodulated encoded program data sequences (X.sub.1 Y.sub.1, X.sub.2, Y.sub.2) are supplied to the turbo decoder 172. For example, the RX.sub.1 input at the turbo decoder 172 comprises the sequence of x.sub.1 (0), y.sub.2 (0), x.sub.1 (1), y.sub.1 (1), . . . and the RX.sub.2 input of the turbo decoder 172 is fed the set x.sub.2 (0), y.sub.1 (0), x.sub.2 (1), y.sub.2 (1), . . . as had been transmitted thereby. Ultimately, these signals are processed to form a very reliable audio data signal sequence which is then supplied to the audio decoder 174.
As is illustrated in FIG. 6, the turbo decoder 172 of the present invention advantageously performs demultiplexing to separate systematic audio data sequences from the multiplexed signals and depunctures parity check sequences. Through this depuncturing and reshuffling processes, code combining is achieved. The turbo decoder 172 includes a de-multiplexer stage 178 having de-multiplexers 180 and 182 that demultiplex each of the Channels RX.sub.1 and RX.sub.2 respectively. As will be appreciated the input signals to the demultiplexers 180 and 182 are estimations of the encoded audio data signal sequences corrupted with channel noise and other external factors. For example, the input to demultiplexer 180 is:
x.sub.1 (0), y.sub.2 (0), x.sub.1 (1), y.sub.1 (1), x.sub.1 (2), y.sub.2 (2)(10)
Similarly, the input to demultiplexer 182 is:
x.sub.2 (0), y.sub.1 (0), x.sub.2 (1), y.sub.2 (1), x.sub.2 (2),y.sub.1 (2)(11)
Each of the demultiplexers 180 and 182 separates the RX.sub.1 and RX.sub.2 data into systematic audio data information sequences and punctured parity check data sequences. The code combiner 184 depunctures and achieves the code diversity combining so as to output systematic forms of uninterleaved audio signal sequence X.sub.1 and depunctured parity sequence Y.sub.1 to the first MAP decoder 186 which is symmetric to the first recursive systematic convolutional encoder 134 of the turbo encoder 122. The code combiner 184 also outputs systematic forms of interleaved audio signal sequence X.sub.2 and corresponding depunctured parity sequence Y.sub.2 to the packet code combiner 192 and depunctured parity sequence to the second MAP decoder 188. For example, input signals to the code combiner 184 from each of the demultiplexers 180 and 182 are: ##EQU5## Outputs from the code combiner 184 are the reshuffled signals: ##EQU6## The output from previously uninterleaved audio signal data (represented by equation 14), is supplied to the first MAP decoder 186. The MAP decoder 186 further receives a feedback loop from the second MAP decoder 188 as is defined herein. Previously estimated audio data sequence which improves the reliability of successive iterations. This reliability information and feedback loop has been depicted as "extrinsic information" in the turbo code literature and is well understood.
The MAP decoders 186 and 188 are known in the art as powerful constituent Maximum A Posteriori Probability (MAP) decoders. On the first iteration, the MAP decoder 186 accepts the input of (X.sub.1, Y.sub.1) sequences as supplied by the code combiner 184 and the feedback signal is set to a neutral value (set to "zero"). The output of the first MAP decoder 186 is indicative of extrinsic information of the original audio data signal d.sub.k which is the reliability of the decoded audio data sequence and is represented as Λ.sub.1 .sup.(x). The information signal is supplied to an interleaver 190 to interleave the information according to the original interleaver 132 in FIG. 3.
The output signal Λ.sub.1.sup.(xi) from the interleaver 190 is fed to the packet combiner 192 and is combined with the X.sub.2 estimated interleaved audio data sequence from the code diversity combiner 184. The packet combiner is a significant improvement over prior art and functions or operates to combine the d.sub.k estimated audio data information of Λ.sub.1.sup.(xi) and the received d.sub.ki information. The signal output from the packet combiner is supplied to one input of the second decoder 188. The packet combiner combines two independent estimated sequences by adding the value of a log-likelihood ratio Λ.sub.1.sup.(xi) as a Posteriori probability and the reliability information regarding X.sub.2 from the channel. Combined interleaved audio data reliability information Λ.sub.combined.sup.(xi) is supplied to another input of the MAP decoder 188. The second MAP decoder 188 operates on the Λ.sub.combined.sup.(xi) information and Y.sub.2. The second MAP decoder 188 also outputs the reliability data about d.sub.ki as an extrinsic feedback signal Λ.sub.2.sup.(xi) to the first MAP decoder 186 so as to supply some estimation information about the d.sub.k input for successive iterations. The Λ.sub.2.sup.(xi) signal is supplied to deinterleavers 194 and 196 (of the feedback loop) which undo the interleaving of the estimated audio data sequence to d.sub.k. The deinterleaver 196 supplies the data sequence as a feedback signal Λ.sub.2.sup.(x) to an input of the first MAP decoder 186. The second deinterleaver 194 supplies the final d.sub.k estimation output signal to a hard limiter 198. The hard limiter operates in a known manner on the supplied signal to form d.sub.k after a predetermined number of iterations, so as to output one of two binary states, for example, everything above zero is assigned +1, everything below is assigned -1. The d.sub.k signal is supplied to the audio decoder 174 to decode the audio data signal and to supply it to a loudspeaker 176 for listening by a user.
Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, the invention can be applied to any wide area broadcasting applications using multiple signal paths, such as nationwide digital TV and audio broadcasting and digital information download services. Additionally, the invention can be utilized a network of low-orbital communications satellites, for example, GPS or other systems for transmissions of the first and second broadcast signals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 thereto. | 54,331 | 127 |
416,268 | Commissioner’s overview 5
1 Introduction 7
1.1 Purpose of the report 8
1.2 Structure of the report 8
1.3 What this report does not cover 8
Figure 1.1: Department of Conservation land 9
2 New Zealand’s conservation estate 11
2.1 History of New Zealand’s conservation estate 11
Figure 2.1: Timeline of major events and legislation relating
to the development of the public conservation estate 12
Box 2.1: A strange and wondrous land 12
2.2 Classifications of public conservation land 13
2.3 Ecological areas 14
2.4 Threats facing the conservation estate 14
Figure 2.2: Ship rat eating fantail nestlings. 14
3 Mining and its environmental impacts 15
3.1 Where are the minerals? 16
Figure 3.1: A map showing conservation land
and known mineral deposits 16
3.2 The mining process 17
3.3 Environmental effects of mining 17
Figure 3.2: The Oceania gold mine near Reefton
in the Victoria Conservation Park 18
3.4 Factors affecting environmental impacts of mining 18
3.5 Managing environmental impacts 19
4 Managing mining on the conservation estate 21
4.1 Requirement 1: Mineral permit 21
4.2 Requirement 2: Access agreement 21
Figure 4.1: Requirements for gaining approval
to mine conservation land 22
4.3 Requirement 3: Resource consents 23
4.4 Opportunities for public input 23
Figure 4.2: Trampers on the Routeburn Track 24
5 Granting access to mine on conservation land 25
5.1 A fundamental principle –
conservation must take precedence 25
5.2 The Government’s proposals 26
5.3 A lower hurdle for mining 26
5.4 A consistent national approach 27
Box 5.1: Biodiversity offsetting principles 28
5.5 Increasing transparency and public participation 29
5.6 Making mining companies pay their fair share 30
6 Conclusions and recommendations 31
6.1 The Minister of Conservation should remain the sole decision-maker on access 31
6.2 Access for mining needs to pass the same test as other commercial 32
6.3 Mining should provide net conservation benefit 32
6.4 Provide national guidance on access 33
6.5 Improve public access to information 33
6.6 Public participation in decision making 34
6.7 Include ecological areas in Schedule 4 34
7 Endnotes 35
From mountains to sea, New Zealand presents many beautiful landscapes, full of rich diversity. There are other treasures that lie within. Our mineral resources have been the target of activity over generations. From Māori use of pounamu for tools, weapons and ornaments to the European pursuit of gold and coal, people have sought to use the mineral resource that the land has provided.
Many of these mines are on land owned by the Crown. Indeed, there are over 57 mines currently operating on land within the public conservation estate, with the majority being for the extraction of coal and gold on the West Coast of the South Island.1
In August last year, the Minister for Energy and Resources, Hon Gerry Brownlee, raised the prospect of “unlocking New Zealand’s mineral potential”, beginning a vigorous public debate on the environmental impacts of mining, especially in relation to mining on public conservation land.2
In March this year, the Government released a discussion paper seeking public feedback on the “development of New Zealand’s extensive mineral estate”.3 Included was the proposal to remove 7,058 hectares currently protected by Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act. Other policy initiatives are to change access arrangements to include the Minister of Energy and Resources as part of the decision-making process and the addition of almost 12,500 hectares of land to Schedule 4.
The prospect of mining on public conservation land, especially the land held within Schedule 4, struck a nerve with the public. At the time the Minister of Energy and Resources acknowledged that mining is an emotive issue.4 A number of protests were held around the country, including an estimated 40,000 people who marched through Auckland, seeking to give the Government a firm message to stay away from mining on conservation land.
The high level of public interest resulted in just over 37,500 submissions being made. In response, the Government decided not to remove any land from Schedule 4, with the Minister of Energy and Resources saying that the consultation process had determined “where the minerals industry can and can’t go”5. Instead the Government announced it would undertake aero-magnetic surveys of mineral potential in Northland and the West Coast.
The Government has also confirmed that they will pursue joint decision-making, meaning that both landholding Ministers and the Minister of Energy and Resources will need to sign off on applications from mining companies for access to Crown land, including conservation land.
The latest decisions from the Government indicate that more mining on land not on Schedule 4 will be encouraged. This land includes forest parks, conservation parks, stewardship areas, ecological areas, and scenic reserves. It covers over half of the conservation estate, and it is access for mining to this land that is the subject of this investigation.
This report has been produced pursuant to subsections 16(1)(a) and (b) of the Environment Act 1986.
The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment is an independent Officer of Parliament. Her role allows a unique opportunity to provide Members of Parliament with independent advice in their consideration of matters that may impact on the quality of the environment.
In April 2010, the Commissioner made a submission on the Government’s discussion document on mining (available at).
During the preparation of that submission a number of issues about mining on public conservation land were raised and the Commissioner decided to investigate them further. Thus the purpose of this report is to provide some practical guidance on aspects of mining on conservation land.
The remainder of the report is structured as follows:
Chapter 2 discusses the development of New Zealand’s public conservation estate and the threat posed by introduced pests.
Chapter 3 describes the location of minerals, different mining methods, and environmental impacts.
Chapter 4 outlines the regulatory framework for managing mining on conservation land.
Chapter 5 discusses various issues related to access for mining on conservation land, ranging from the Government’s new policy to increasing transparency and public participation.
Chapter 6 contains the conclusions of the report and seven recommendations from the Commissioner.
This report is available on the Commissioner’s website,.
1.3 What this report does not cover
This report is focused on the 60% of the land managed by the Department of Conservation where mining can currently occur, that is, the land not listed on Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act (see Figure 1.1). It is specifically concerned with access on to this land for mining. Therefore, issues like changing the current rules governing prospecting for minerals on Schedule 4 land are not considered.
The environmental impacts of mines operating on conservation land are controlled by two sets of conditions. The first are the conditions on access to the land imposed by the Department of Conservation. The second are the conditions in the resource consents issued by local authorities under the Resource Management Act. This report is concerned with the roles and responsibilities of the Minister of Conservation and the Department of Conservation, not those of local authorities.
Recently there has been discussion over the potential to mine the seabed, such as in the Kermadec trench. Such developments also lie outside the scope of this report.
Climate change is the greatest environmental challenge of our time. Coal whether mined on conservation land or anywhere else will be burned and emit a high amount of carbon dioxide per unit of energy – about twice as much as natural gas. The wider issue of the carbon dioxide generated from the combustion of coal is set aside from this report, but is addressed through other work undertaken by the Commissioner.
Figure 1.1: Department of Conservation land
2. New Zealand's conservation estate
New Zealand is renowned internationally for its unique animal and plant life, as well as some of the most spectacular landscapes in the world. That New Zealanders recognise the special status of their lands is reflected in large and varied conservation areas – both public and private.
This chapter outlines a broad history of the public conservation estate; that is, all Crown land designated as conservation land. This history includes the changing purposes and management of the estate, as well as the key threats facing the species and ecosystems within it.
2.1 History of New Zealand's conservation estate
New Zealand’s public conservation estate has evolved over time (see Figure 2.1). The first significant area protected for conservation purposes was Tongariro National Park in the late 1800s.6 New Zealand began to systematically protect areas for conservation purposes from 1903 under the Scenery Preservation Act.
Much of our agricultural land was created by the felling of forests and the draining of wetlands to create ‘productive’ land. Consequently, much of the conservation estate is made up of land not suitable for farming or forestry, such as mountainous areas and rugged country. These areas may also contain impressive landscapes that the early conservation efforts were focused on protecting.
From the early part of the 20th century, the focus on conserving landscapes was largely replaced by a policy of multiple use (‘wise use’) of forests.7 This lasted until the public sector reforms which began in 1984 and differentiated between ‘productive’ and ‘conservation’ lands. In 1987, the Department of Conservation 8 was established as the central government agency responsible for the management of the public conservation estate. The department is now responsible for protected areas - including 14 national parks - that cover a total of 8.5 million hectares, or 35% of New Zealand’s land area.9
The focus on conserving non-productive high lands and rugged areas meant many ecosystems fell outside the conservation estate. 10 The Department of Conservation has identified lowland forests, wetlands and sand dunes as high conservation priorities.11 Successful protection of these areas will also require the co-operation of private landowners, on whose land these habitats occur.
There are mechanisms available to set aside private land for conservation purposes. These include Queen Elizabeth II National Trust covenants, Nature Heritage Fund covenants, or Ngā Whenua Rāhui Kawenata. New Zealand is also a signatory to several international conservation conventions.12
Figure 2.1: Timeline of major events and legislation relating to the development of the public conservation estate
The value of conservation land
Public conservation land is held and managed for a wide range of purposes. These include protecting natural and cultural heritage, retaining areas of wilderness and enabling recreation opportunities.13 New Zealand’s isolation has resulted in many diverse and unique species found nowhere else in the world (see Box 2.1).
Box 2.1: A strange and wondrous land
New Zealand floated away from the ancient landmass Gondwanaland some 65 million years ago – before the evolution of mammals. As a result, many of our insects, reptiles and birds have evolved into the roles filled by mammals elsewhere. Thus, giant weta are equivalent to armoured, hairless mice, and kiwis are like large, feathered, shaggy hedgehogs.
The lack of mammalian predators also means many of our species never developed or have lost their predator defences. This includes the power of flight and fast breeding cycles with many young. The kakapo’s response to predators, for example, is to sit very still on the ground. This works well against a visually hunting predator such as the extinct native eagle, but has no effect against a stoat or dog hunting by smell. Similarly, our native plants lack defences (toxic chemicals or hard unpalatable leaves) against browsing mammals. This makes them particularly vulnerable to over-grazing by species such as possums, deer and goats.
2.2 Classifications of public conservation land
The conservation estate contains a large number of different classifications or categories of protected land. The most significant four classifications in terms of area are national parks, conservation parks, ecological areas and stewardship areas.
As well as these classifications, land can also be included in Schedule 4 under the Crown Minerals Act. Land in Schedule 4 is essentially closed to mining. Specific areas of land are included in Schedule 4 rather than classes of land, although some classes such as national parks are included in Schedule 4 in their entirety.
The main conservation classifications are:
National parks (3 million hectares14) are the largest area in the conservation estate. According to the National Parks Act 1980 these areas represent and protect beautiful, unique, or scientifically important natural features, intrinsic value, and opportunities for public recreation.15 All national parks are included in Schedule 4.
Conservation parks (1.9 million hectares16) are managed under the Conservation Act 1987 to protect their natural and historic resources, while providing for public recreation. Many were set up as forest parks, for example, Tararua Forest Park, but newer conservation parks in the South Island high country include other types of habitat, such as tussock.
Ecological areas (176,000 hectares17) were identified as representative samples of ecosystems. Only one of 55 ecological areas is included in Schedule 4. These areas are examined in more detail in the next section.
Stewardship areas (2 million hectares18) are primarily forest lands that have been transferred to the Department of Conservation with no protected status at the time of transfer.19 The conservation value of different stewardship areas has not been systematically assessed. These areas may be reclassified in the future if specific conservation values (such as landscape, flora, or fauna) are identified.20 Stewardship areas are generally not included in Schedule 4.
Other classifications that apply to conservation areas
There are many other types of conservation classifications including scenic reserves, nature reserves, scientific reserves, marine reserves, sanctuary areas, wilderness areas and wetlands of international importance.21 These all aim to protect specific values of a place, and maintain areas in their natural state as far as possible.
How conservation land is classified will determine how it is managed. That includes what the conservation goals are and types of activities that can take place. However, land within classification types is very diverse and the classification should not be relied on as an indicator of the conservation value of a particular site.
2.3 Ecological areas
There are 55 ecological areas in New Zealand covering 176,000 ha.22 Ecological areas were created by the New Zealand Forest Service as representative examples of the full range of ecosystems that occur within identified ecological regions. Reasons for reserving these areas include conserving representative areas of indigenous forest, preserving unique areas of indigenous forest habitat or topography, and providing reference areas to compare with managed (i.e. logged) indigenous forests. Some of these ecological areas have subsequently been reclassified and included within other conservation lands such as national parks. The majority of the remaining ecological areas are located on the West Coast. These were managed by Timberlands, before being transferred to the Department of Conservation in 2000.
Ecological Areas were systematically assessed and specifically set aside for their ecological values.23 When Schedule 4 was added to the Crown Minerals Act, the conservation significance of ecological areas was not well documented. As a consequence, only the Otahu Ecological Area was included. While other ecological areas could be added to Schedule 4, to date none have. The representative significance of ecological areas suggests that they should be included in Schedule 4. In some cases, it may be that an ecological area has been so degraded that it is not appropriate to add it to Schedule 4, but this should be the exception.
2.4 Threats facing the conservation estate
The threat of mining on Schedule 4 land galvanised thousands of people around the country. However, the most significant and pervasive threat to the conservation estate is the threat to biodiversity from introduced pests, both plants and animals (floater).24 While commercial activities, such as mining, may have a major localised impact on the estate, introduced pests remain the biggest problem.
For example, stoats kill around 40% of all juvenile kiwi and without active management only about 5% of all kiwi chicks make it to adulthood.25 Many other native species face similar threats.
Active management means either controlling predators or providing refuges from predation - such as building predator-proof fences or removing species to locations that are free of predators. Clearly, this is costly.
Figure 2.2: Rat eating bird's egg
3. Mining and its environmental impacts
Mining on the conservation estate already takes place. There are 57 mines on land within the public conservation estate.26 The bulk of these are for the extraction of coal and gold on the West Coast of the South Island. This chapter explores why there is mining on conservation land, and provides background information on the mining industry: what is mining, what impacts it can have, and how those impacts can be managed.
3.1 Where are the minerals?
New Zealand is a geologically active country. It straddles two major tectonic plates that are moving against each other. These continental plate and fault movements have created the country’s rugged and varied landscape and its mineral deposits. Different geological processes across the country have resulted in different types and concentrations of minerals. For example, deposits of gold, silver and copper around the Coromandel Peninsula and Taupo are associated with volcanic activity. In contrast, coal deposits on the West Coast are associated with sedimentary processes.
Many of New Zealand’s mineral deposits are found within the conservation estate (see Figure 3.1). The reason is that many of our mineral deposits are located in same remote and hilly landscapes that make up most of the conservation estate. In some cases, the very areas which contain our best remaining examples of native ecosystems also have high mineral potential. That is why it is critically important to have clear guidelines on when, where and how mining can take place on the conservation estate.
Figure 3.1: A map showing conservation land and known mineral deposits
Map showing overlap of mineral deposits and conservation land.
3.2 The mining process
The development of a mine takes place in a three-stage process: prospecting, exploration and extraction. As it progresses through each stage the environmental impact increases.
The aim of prospecting is to identify where minerals of interest might be present without drilling. Initially a desktop exercise, follow-up field techniques include aerial surveys and ground-based fossicking. Generally, prospecting has a relatively low level of environmental impact.
When minerals are identified through prospecting, the next step is exploration. One method is to drill cores through the mineral deposit to find out how large and concentrated the deposits are. A drilling rig is required to drill cores. The exact environmental impacts of exploration will depend on things such as the size of the rig, its operation, and how it is transported to the site.
Extraction is the most environmentally damaging stage. The most common extraction methods in New Zealand include open cast, dredging and underground mining.
• Open cast mining: Used in situations where the minerals are relatively shallow or less concentrated. The Oceania gold mine at Reefton is an open cast mine on the conservation estate (see Figure 3.2).
• Dredging: Used where mineral deposits at the surface have been weathered away and have found their way into rivers, yielding ‘alluvial’ deposits downstream. Dredging for alluvial gold deposits has been practised in the South Island for many decades.
• Underground mining: Used for deposits at greater depth, higher grade deposits, or vein ores (for example, gold deposited in quartz veins). It is generally more expensive, but less environmentally destructive than open cast. The Pike River coal mine on the West Coast and the Favona gold mine on the Coromandel are two examples of underground mines.
In this report, ‘mining’ is taken to be extraction.
3.3 Environmental effects of mining
It is difficult to generalise about the environmental impacts of mining. However, they can be separated into direct and indirect impacts.
Direct impacts of mining
Types of impacts that result in the direct physical disturbance of the environment can include: the clearance of vegetation and removal of soil in open cast mines, the diversion or modification of waterways, and the dumping of soil and rock as overburden. These activities can directly affect the plants and animals that occur in the area, either by killing them outright or displacing them.
Indirect impacts of mining
These impacts come from the processes and activities associated with the mining operation. They can be more serious than direct impacts. For example, water quality in water bodies outside the mine site can be affected – often for many years after the mine has closed - by sediment, acid mine drainage27 or the leaching of toxic chemicals used in the extraction.28 In cases where the ore has been chemically extracted, mine tailings can be a source of contamination themselves. Mining roads can also act as convenient access ways for pest plants29 and potentially animals.
Figure 3.2: The Oceania gold mine near Reefton in the Victoria Conservation Park
3.4 Factors affecting environmental impacts of mining
The actual environmental impact of a mine will depend on the type of mineral, the mining process that is being used, the vulnerability of the surrounding area, and the timescale over which impacts are considered.
The extraction of different minerals can have different impacts on the surrounding environment. For example, gold deposits can be accompanied by arsenic, lead and mercury. These can leach into surrounding land and waterways when the gold is mined.
Method of extraction
Open cast mining is far more environmentally damaging than underground mining. For example, the construction of an entranceway for an underground mine may displace a small number of individual birds, but not affect their long term survival or breeding success. In comparison, it may take tens to hundreds of years following the clearing of old growth forest for open cast mining for a similar forest to develop.
Vulnerability of surrounding area
Impacts will also depend on the physical characteristics of the mine’s location. For example, high rainfall increases the chance of damaging contaminants flowing into rivers. In wet areas such as the West Coast the effect can be significant if not managed well. As discussed in a previous report, Stockton revisited: The mine and the regulatory minefield, high rainfall (up to 8 m per year) on the Stockton Plateau meant that Solid Energy had to invest a lot of time and resources to improve the quality of water flowing from its open cast mine into the local Ngakawau river.
Environmental impacts also need to be considered over different timescales. Some impacts may be short lived, while others may last for years, or be permanent.
3.5 Managing environmental impacts
When evaluating a proposal for access, it will not always be possible to manage the environmental impacts of a mine in a way that is consistent with the intent of the Conservation Act. This may mean that the only option is to decline access.
If access is granted, then conditions will be placed on that access by the Department of Conservation. These conditions will be additional to those set by the local authority in the resource consents.
The conditions placed by the department can and often should be of different kinds.
• Minimisation of damage to the conservation estate
• Rehabilitation of the site
• Monetary compensation for residual damage
• Other forms of compensation such as ‘biodiversity offsetting’
The challenges include identifying and quantifying the conservation value of landscapes, species and ecosystems, and ensuring that the compensation is continued for the lifetime of the impact.
In all cases, good processes, monitoring, and enforcement are required to ensure that the proposed mitigation of environmental impacts occurs and is effective.30
Each mining operation’s impact will be different depending on size, method of extraction and the mineral sought. Because of these differences each mining proposal must be individually assessed. However, comprehensive national guidelines can ensure that an appropriate conservation plan is implemented and that it achieves the desired results.
Management of mining on the
4. Managing mining on the conservation estate
The Crown manages mining on the conservation estate in two main ways. The first is by deciding on the allocation of mineral rights to mining companies. This is the responsibility of the Minister of Energy. The second is by implementing conditions to control the environmental impacts of the mining operation. This responsibility is split between the Minister of Conservation and local authorities.
There are three requirements for gaining approval to mine on public conservation land.
• Mineral permit: The mining company must acquire rights to the minerals from the Minister of Energy under the Crown Minerals Act 1991.
• Access agreement: The company must get permission to access the land from the Minister of Conservation under the Crown Minerals Act 1991.
• Resource consents: The company must obtain resource consents from the relevant local authorities under the Resource Management Act 1991.
4.1 Requirement 1: Mineral permit
A minerals permit31 gives the holder the right to prospect, explore, or extract minerals in a specific area. Mineral permits must be issued in accordance with the government’s mineral programme.
The mineral programme sets out the government’s policies in relation to the allocation of mineral rights and what royalties must be paid. They are publicly available from the Ministry of Economic Development.32 The mineral programme does not consider environmental impacts. 33
4.2 Requirement 2: Access agreement
Although the holder of a minerals permit has a right to the minerals, the holder cannot access land without the permission of the landowner. For conservation land this means they must have an access agreement with the Minister of Conservation.34 The Ministercan refuse access.35
Department of Conservation staff evaluate the application and recommend to the Minister of Conservation whether access should be granted, and if so, what conditions should be imposed to protect against damaging conservation land. The mining company may also need to provide compensation for the impact of the activity.36 Compensation can include pest control work or protecting native species.37 Sometimes the Department of Conservation will require a bond based on the cost of rehabilitation, to ensure compliance should the miner default, for instance by going bankrupt.38
Figure 4.1: Requirements for gaining approval to mine on conservation land
The criteria that the Minister of Conservation must have regard39 to when considering an application for access are detailed in the Crown Minerals Act.40.
Commercial concessions on conservation land
All commercial activities on conservation land, other than mining, require a concession - issued under the Conservation Act - from the Department of Conservation. A concession can only be granted if the activity is not “contrary to the provisions of this Act or the purposes for which the land concerned is held.”41 This is a much higher bar than the test for mining. If the concessions criteria applied to mining, the Minister of Conservation would be prohibited from granting access unless the impacts could be managed consistently with the purpose for which the land is held.
Additional activities associated with the mining, but not included in the mining permit (for example, construction of infrastructure such as an access road) still have to be authorised by a concession.42 A concession can take different legal forms, and may be an easement, a lease, licences or permit.43
The Department of Conservation has recently completed a review of its concession process to improve its processes and decision making for granting concessions under the Conservation Act 1987.44 Many of the issues identified in the review are also relevant to access arrangements for mining under the Crown Minerals Act. In particular:
• the acknowledgement that people using public resources for commercial gain should pay for that benefit
• opportunities for public participation should be improved
• the decision making processes should be streamlined and simplified
• national support for decision making at the conservancy level should be improved.
Standardising access arrangements for mining
While the Minister of Conservation holds responsibility for decisions made about mining on conservation land, most negotiations and decisions are delegated to the conservancy level. The Department of Conservation is preparing a national standard operating procedure45 to standardise processing and administration of access arrangements for mining across conservancies.
Generally, an application for an access arrangement is lodged with the local conservancy office. Conservancy staff coordinate the information gathering, including a site visit and assessment by the local area office staff, and produce a departmental report recommending that access is approved or denied. Local knowledge and expertise sit with the conservancy office, while other experts can be called in to assist with the assessment.
4.3 Requirement 3: Resource consents
In addition to a minerals permit and access agreement, a mining company must also obtain whatever resource consents are required under the Resource Management Act (RMA).46 The actual consents required will differ depending on the applicable regional council or territorial authority’s individual resource management plan.47 These local authorities are also responsible for the monitoring and enforcement of any consent conditions.
Resource consents for mining will typically include conditions on air and water quality, limits on water takes, tailing dam standards, and conditions for any major land clearance and rehabilitation. The councils are responsible for impacts on amenity, earthworks, traffic impacts, noise (including vibration) and dust control from any blasting. Both regional councils and territorial authorities can impose a financial bond to ensure compliance with a condition of resource consent.
There is likely to be overlap between the resource consent conditions and those imposed under an access agreement to conservation land. The legislative requirements for access agreements and the resource consents are not linked. While there is likely to be liaison at conservancy level, there is no formal link between the two processes.
4.4 Opportunities for public input
The Government has determined in principle that significant applications to mine on public land should be publicly notified. This would be a welcome improvement over current practice. Currently public input is limited to the resource consent stage, even though mining on conservation land attracts considerable public interest.
5. Granting access to mine on conservation land
The Government is currently planning to change the way that access to mine land owned by the Crown should be granted. These changes would apply to the 60% of the conservation estate not listed on Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act.48
This chapter assesses the way in which access for mining is currently granted and the Government’s new policy. Further, changes and improvements are suggested which should lead to better outcomes for conservation and potentially increase public trust.
5.1 A fundamental principle – conservation must take precedence
The Minister of Conservation holds the conservation estate in trust for New Zealanders49 for many purposes, including the protection of natural and cultural heritage, recreation and conservation of wilderness areas.50
This is not to say commercial activities including mining should not occur on the conservation estate, but managing the conservation estate responsibly means that the first priority is to safeguard the purposes for which the estate is held. To do otherwise is to fundamentally change the rationale of the Conservation Act.
There are some circumstances when mining could benefit the conservation estate and the purposes for which it is held.
The largest and most pervasive threat facing native species and ecosystems on the conservation estate is introduced pests, both plants and animals.51 Pests can even damage landscapes – the wilding pine invasion of the South Island high country is a worrying example. Current and projected public funding is and will not be enough to stop pests wiping out much of our unique biodiversity.52 Commercial use (including mining) of the conservation estate offers an opportunity to address some of that funding shortfall.
Mining companies wanting to use the estate for commercial gain should do more than just rectify any damage. There is no reason why the Crown should not earn income from this huge asset, provided the conservation value of the estate is protected, or better still, enhanced. Mining could and indeed should provide benefits for the purposes for which the conservation estate is held. This means that any monetary payments should be made to and retained by the Department of Conservation.
5.2 The Government’s proposals
The Government’s proposed changes are:
1. Decisions regarding access to land for mining activities will be made jointly by the Minister of Conservation and the Minister of Energy and Resources. Currently, the Minister of Conservation makes these decisions.
2. Consideration of the economic, mineral and national significance of proposals for access will be added to the matters that must be considered under the Crown Minerals Act 1991. Currently, the matters that must be considered relate to the purpose for which the land is held – namely, conservation.
These proposed changes fundamentally alter the original intent of the Crown Minerals Act, in which a key principle is to distinguish between the granting of rights to the minerals and the granting of access to the land under which the minerals lie.
Currently, under the Crown Minerals Act the Minister of Conservation decides if access should be granted to a mining company and how the impacts of the mining activities can be managed or compensated for. The Minister as the sole decision maker is accountable to the public for safeguarding the conservation estate.53 The Minister is both responsible for the decision made and accountable for the outcome – the effect on the conservation estate.
In contrast, if the Minister of Energy and Resources becomes a joint decision maker, then the power to make access decisions will be shared, but the accountability for the outcome will not.
It is a basic principle of good governance that power and accountability are aligned.
Underlying the Government’s proposals is the principle of balancing conservation and economic values. This is at odds with the principle discussed above – namely, that conservation should take precedence on the land managed by the Department of Conservation.
5.3 A lower hurdle for mining
Requests for access to mine on conservation land must pass a test under the Crown Minerals Act. Requests for access for other commercial activities must however pass a much stronger test under the Conservation Act.
When the Minister of Conservation considers a request for access for mining, she/he must only “have regard to” the purposes for which the land is held – namely, conservation.
However, when she/he considers a request for access for other commercial uses by granting a concession, the test is much stronger: “The Minister shall not grant an application for a concession if the proposed activity is contrary to the provisions of this Act or the purposes for which the land concerned is held.”54
This special status of mining appears to be a legacy of the even more special status it enjoyed prior to the Crown Minerals Act.55
5.4 A consistent national approach
There is considerable room for improvement to the way in which access is granted for mining on the conservation estate. More can be done to effectively safeguard the conservation estate and to realise the potential for mining operations to provide a net conservation benefit.
According to the Government the current system for granting access to conservation for mining is frustrating for both the Department of Conservation and mining interests.56 This is partly because different conservancies make decisions about allowing mining access independently using their own criteria. The Department of Conservation is preparing standardised national procedures for assessing mining access to rectify this problem.
A consequence of the conservancy system is that it can be difficult to consider the conservation estate as a whole when deciding whether the proposed management of a mining company’s plan is sufficient. Instead, the current system encourages conservancies to only consider compensation and management options within their own boundaries.
To improve the possibility of mining delivering a net conservation benefit a national approach is needed for managing mining (and other commercial uses) of the conservation estate.
It is particularly urgent to develop a national approach to biodiversity offsetting.
Example: National guidelines for biodiversity offsetting
Biodiversity offsetting is enhancing the value of other areas as compensation (or betterment) for the loss of some conservation value due to a mining operation. Offsetting is controversial and consequently should be done with great care (see Box 5.1). It is not a substitute for avoiding or reducing environmental damage at the mine site, and should only be considered as an option to compensate for residual unavoidable impacts. At present offsetting is ad hoc and there are no clear national guidelines or consistency on how to evaluate proposals.
A national approach to biodiversity offsetting would allow a wider range of options for compensating the impacts of mining. A small number of organisations have trialled or are using biodiversity offsetting, for instance Solid Energy as part of its mining operations on the West Coast.
The Department of Conservation is currently leading a research project to develop a national system for biodiversity offsetting.57 The prospect of greater commercial use (including mining) of the conservation estate means this project is urgent.
Box 5.1: Biodiversity offsetting principles
To help consider when and where biodiversity offsets may be an appropriate option, the following six principles have been proposed by Professor David Norton at the University of Canterbury:58
1. Biodiversity offsets should only be used as part of a hierarchy of actions in which a development project must first seek to avoid impacts and then minimise the impacts that do occur.
2. Some form of guarantee must be provided that the offset proposed will occur.
3. Biodiversity offsets are inappropriate for certain habitat types because of their rarity or the presence of particular species in them makes the clearance of these habitats inappropriate under any circumstances.
4. Biodiversity offsets can involve protection of existing habitat, but most often involve the creation of new habitat.
5. A clear currency is required that allows transparent quantification of values likely to be lost and values likely to be gained to ensure equivalency between cleared and offset areas.
6. Determining offsets must take into account both the uncertainty in obtaining the desired outcome for the offset area, and the time-lag involved in reaching this point.
Making assessments at the conservancy level
It is important to avoid the expectation that a nationally consistent process will mean similar proposals for mining access will have the same outcome. Every site is different. Detailed evaluation of conservation value at a particular site and of the impacts of a particular mining proposal must still be done by conservancy staff. However, guidelines for conducting such evaluations should be national.
For example, national guidelines for conservancy staff evaluating the biodiversity significance of a site could include the requirement to assess the following:
• the presence of rare or threatened species and the importance of the particular area for those species in terms of their distribution and extinction risk
• the rarity or representativeness of the particular habitat or ecosystem in question
• estimates of ecosystem health or functioning, such as intact pollination cycles59 or food webs.60
5.5 Increasing transparency and public participation
Greater public input and transparency on decisions to mine public conservation land are critical for ensuring public trust in the management of the public conservation estate.
Making information readily available
Information on all mining permits is easily accessible from the Crown Minerals website.61 In contrast, the Department of Conservation does not make information about mining on conservation land readily available. In some cases, information must be obtained through Official Information Act requests.
The most effective (and possibly efficient) way to improve public trust in the Department of Conservation’s management of mining on conservation land is to develop a website. Ideally the website would include:
• lodged applications for permits or access agreements62
• existing mining permits on conservation land
• existing access agreements, including the operational requirements to avoid or mitigate impacts, compensation, offsetting agreements and bonds
• links to relevant resource consents
• information on the conservation value of the mining sites
• links to other DOC databases on species distributions, habitat types and threats.63
Providing for public input
The first time the public has any opportunity to submit on a mining proposal on conservation land is during the resource consent process.
The Government is proposing to address this by providing for public input on significant mining applications under the Crown Minerals Act. This would put the notification of mining applications on a similar footing to other commercial uses under the Conservation Act.
However, the Conservation Act only requires the Minister to publicly notify a decision to grant a concession.64 This is unsatisfactory because the decision is widely seen as largely predetermined at the point of public notification.65 The Concessions Review Panel proposed that the Conservation Act be amended to require notification of an application, as opposed to notification of the intention to grant.66
The Government should adopt the Panel’s proposal for the notification of mining applications, so that public submissions on mining applications are included in the information considered by the Minister. A further opportunity to improve public input could be to align consultation under the Crown Minerals act with consultation under the Resource Management Act.
5.6 Making mining companies pay their fair share
Commercial users of public conservation land seek to earn a profit from the use of that land. One of the key functions of the concessions process under the Conservation Act is to make sure that the public will benefit from any such commercial activity.67 However, under the Crown Minerals Act, mining companies are only required to compensate for the damage caused by their activities. Mining companies should face the same financial obligations as other private users of the conservation estate.
Under the Conservation Act, the Department of Conservation receives income from granting commercial users (concessions) access to the public conservation estate. This is in addition to any compensation for damage to conservation estate. There is no reason why the Department of Conservation should not also receive income from mining. This should be considered separate from mining royalties, which are a return on mineral assets, not a return on the right to access the land.
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
The conservation estate is held in trust for current and future New Zealanders. “Clean and green” is more than just a marketing brand – it is how we as New Zealanders increasingly identify ourselves and differentiate our country from others. The land managed by the Department of Conservation is critical in protecting biodiversity, unique ecosystems and landscapes, and allowing our tourists and ourselves to experience wilderness.
This investigation was triggered by the Government’s recent proposal that approvals given to mining companies for access to conservation land be jointly decided by the Minister of Energy and Resources and the Minister of Conservation. The examination of this issue led to a broader investigation of the framework and processes that apply to access agreements. As a result, this final chapter contains a total of seven recommendations.
6.1 The Minister of Conservation should remain the sole decision-maker on access
Mining is off-limits on the 40% of the conservation estate listed on Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act. The process by which mining companies are enabled to extract minerals from the remaining 60% currently involves two Ministers. The Minister of Energy and Resources grants permits for the minerals under the ground. The Minister of Conservation grants access to the land above the minerals.
This differentiation of functions and powers is a fundamental principle of the Crown Minerals Act. Equally fundamental to the Conservation Act is that the Minister of Conservation is the guardian of the conservation estate. Protecting the conservation purposes of that land must take precedence over commercial use.
The proposal for the two Ministers to jointly decide access to conservation land for mining is at odds with a basic principle of good governance, namely that the power to make a decision should be aligned with the accountability for the outcome of that decision.
I recommend that:
1. Parliament does not support legislation that requires decisions on access to public conservation land for mining to be made jointly by the Minister of Conservation and the Minister of Energy and Resources.
6.2 Access for mining needs to pass the same test as other commercial uses
Mining is already treated differently to other commercial uses on conservation land. The legal test for access applied by the Minister of Conservation in considering applications for mining access is different from that for access for other commercial uses.
In considering access for mining, the Minister need only “have regard “ to the objectives of the Conservation Act and the purposes for which the land is held. In other words, the conservation value of the land need not take precedence over the economic value of the mine.
In considering access for any other commercial activity, the Minister must not grant a concession if the activity would damage the conservation value of the land.
There is no reason why mining applications should be required to meet a lower test than other proposals for commercial use of the conservation estate. It has been indicated that legislation will be introduced amending the Crown Minerals Act later this year. This provides an opportunity to make the amendment suggested below.
I recommend that:
2. The Minister of Energy and Resources and the Minister of Conservation introduce legislation to ensure that all proposals for access to the conservation estate for commercial uses can only be granted if consistent with the purpose for which the land is managed.
6.3 Mining should provide net conservation benefit
The conservation estate is a major Crown asset. When it is used for commercial gain, the Crown is justified on seeking a return on this asset. Any private landowner allowing access to their properties would ensure that a payment was made for that access as well as compensation for any damage. A royalty is a return on the mineral asset, not a return for the right to access the land.
Payments for access rights should be used to benefit the conservation estate. Mining companies should do more than just compensate for the damage they cause. The provision of a net conservation benefit would give the Crown a return on this asset. However, the prospect of additional revenue to the Department of Conservation should not be used as a reason for cutting baseline funding – the battle against introduced pests is not being won.
I recommend that:
3. The Minister of Conservation ensure that mining operations on public conservation land provide a net conservation benefit as well as compensating for the damage they cause.
6.4 Provide national guidance on access
Different conservancies make decisions about allowing mining access independently using their own criteria. Assessment of applications for access should certainly be done by conservancy staff who have the required local knowledge. However, national guidance on how to evaluate the conservation value of sites, the impact of proposed mining operations, criteria to be used in making decisions and setting conditions on access would increase efficiency and provide consistency.
Currently, Department of Conservation staff are drafting a national Standard Operating Procedure for decisions on access to the conservation estate. However, it appears to be focussed on assigning roles and responsibilities for making decisions rather than providing guidance on how decisions should be made.
One of the limitations of the conservancy system is that it does not easily allow consideration of the conservation estate as a whole when considering offsetting (or betterment) options. Instead, the current system encourages decision makers to only consider such options within conservancy boundaries.
I recommend that:
4. The Minister of Conservation directs officials to develop a nationally consistent framework and guidelines for evaluating applications for mining on public conservation land and setting access conditions.
6.5 Improve public access to information
Mining on the conservation estate has been and will continue to be a fraught issue, despite the Government’s recent decision to not take any land out of Schedule 4, at least for the meantime. Having to obtain information on mining on conservation land through requests under the Official Information Act does not engender public trust.
Making information readily available on a website would increase transparency and go some way toward greater public trust. Information included on such a website should cover existing permits and access agreements with attached conditions, as well as lodged applications and proposed conditions including offsetting agreements.
People should then be able to easily answer questions such as: What mines are currently operational on conservation land? Where are those mines? What safeguards are in place?
I recommend that:
5. The Minister for Conservation improves public access to information about mining on public conservation land by making relevant information readily available on the internet.
6.6 Public participation in decision making
It is pleasing to see that the Government has agreed in principle that significant applications to mine on public conservation should be publically notified. However, there is no detail on how that public submission process will work, nor on what would consititute a significant application. Submitters should have adequate information and a genuine opportunity to influence decisions. Moreover, this opportunity should be extended from just significant applications for access for mining to all significant applications for access to conservation land.
I recommend that:
6. The Minister of Conservation ensures that all significant applications for access to conservation land be publically notified and that ‘significant’ be defined so it applies consistently to all conservancies.
6.7 Include ecological areas in Schedule 4
There are 55 ecological areas in the conservation estate covering 176,000 ha. They were created as representative examples of the full range of ecosystems that occurred within identified ecological regions and districts. Only one of the 55 - the Otahu Ecological Area – is listed on Schedule 4.
Ecological areas have been assessed and specifically set aside because of their ecological value. However, it is possible that since the assessments were done, some of the 55 ecological areas may have been degraded. But there is a strong case for including those that have not been significantly degraded on Schedule 4 to ensure their protection. This can currently be done by Order in Council.
However, the Government proposes amending the Crown Minerals Act to ensure that conservation areas falling into certain classes (like national parks) will automatically be included in Schedule 4. An alternative way ahead would be to reclassify the ecological areas that should be added to Schedule 4 into classes that automatically qualify for inclusion.
I recommend that:
7. The Minister of Conservation adds all ecological areas to Schedule 4 unless there is a good reason for excluding some. | 54,122 | 292 |
657,518 | People talk so much about
young love, first love, being so
strong, etc. Just as if there
was any difference between first
and last love. It is my opin
ion last love is just as sweet
and strong as first love. Love
will be love, and vou can't
make anything else out of it
A man of thirty, or even forty,
loves just as much as one of
twenty; more, for his feelings
are stronger, and he would
place his Jove on a firmer basis.
The heart has its changes and
seasons as everything else has ;
"none," however, says a writer,
"which resembles its first fresh
ness and purity." Perhaps that
is so, but where the freshness
is lost in a second love there
are strength and truth gained.
Less romance, but a more ; solid
ground-work for a life's happi
ness. There Is more of the
ideal about first love no doubt,
but by the time you experience
a second love you become more
rational. Every year we live,
more ; wisdom will have min
gled in our dream of love until
it becomes less unselfish and
more reasonable. First loye is
two-thirds imagination anyway.
I know a dark-eyed girl ;who
thinks ihe' isr; passing through
the o'ffttHofj first love now ;
-tiTW: years she will look
back at this love and laugh.
Ioften hear girls express
great horror at the idea of be
ing a second wife, for they fear
they should not be loved so
well as the first. That is
wrong; second love is often
stronger, if anything, in its
newly-awakened bliss, than the
first. The birds always sing
sweeter, the trees wave a rich
er foliage, roses are more beau
tiful, the air is fresher, when we
are in love, no matter if it be
a first, second, or third experi
By a Young Lady.
Seal-skin saofiues and jaok
ets will be quite as fashionable
next winter as last There is
no change in the cut or style
of the garments, a fact ladies
who have seal-skin on hand
will be glad to know.
The panic has reached Utah.
Business men, according to an
exchange, are reducing their
number of wives, and getting
rid of all such outstanding obli
gations as fast as possible.
A St. Louis girl signaled a
train with her parasol and pre
vented an accident. She was
awarded a free pass by the com-?
pany, and realized two dollars
xtra profit on the sunshade.
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Itelatcs Incidents and Accidents beyoi
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I I. II.. I,. ul. III'..
frjickicill iiiiiiriiiiiLion , ttiicu ii niiiii-n, inn
sketchns and miscellany are adapted to both
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I do not know of any paper that is devotod
to all tho interests ot thu human family, as
much as THETIMES. If, T. Transuu, Sand
TIIKTIMEH Is very popular hero, for ono
reason, and that Is, your outspoken course
against tho salary stealer. W. A. Wyun,
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WEEKLY TIMES for three years, and I can't
well do without it now. W. P. Maxwell, Hay
I think it Is the best linper In tho world. I
like tho way you talk In regard to Congres
sional frauds; and I also like your support of
tho Putrons of Hiiobandry. J. C. Lyon, Val
ley Junction, Iowa.
Every Patron or THE WEEKLY TIMES Is
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ft- ll... lain flnv nf XnviHiihor. A. 1). 1H7H
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set for further liearingiin ine mini uny oi iu
HE ROMANCE OF CURE!
The many evidences of extraordinary cures
that are daily reported as effected through
Ready ltellof and Perfect Purgative Pills, in
written testimonials from all parts of the
world, surpass in wonder the most extravagant
miracles ot enchantment. Physicians and
medical r.ien in all countries pronounce these
wonderful remedies a mystery, that neither
theirsciencoof analysis or chemical Hkillcan
explain. True, those medicines cIToct tho
most marvelous cures, and restore tho dying to
life, and relievo the must wretched pum-suf-ferlng
victim of his tortures, in from one to
twenty minutes, and although they know some
of the ingredients of their composition, amlilr.
Kadwav has published tholr formula (vilh-
holdiiigouly two uewly discovered roots), still
both French, Gorman, English and American
chemists and pharmaceutists utterly fail with
the sanio ingredients as prepared by them. Tho
great success, which theso wonderful remedies
are constantly achievinir. lies In tho srreat se
cret of combining tho ingredients together,
afteroxercisingduocuro iu selecting the pure
and gouuino roots.
Such Wonders of Modern Chemistry as the
S AUS A PA lilLLI AN KESOLVENT, HE AD Y
RELIEF KADWAY'S PILLS, are without
parallel in tho History of Medicino, for there
are some intlrmities and diseases that aro con
sidered as incurable, and sure death. Yetlhc
most astounding euros have been made thro'
these remedies of some diseases thathavo nev
er been known to be cured bv medicine
CONSUMPTION, SCHO'FULA. WHITE
SWELLING, Tumors in the Womb. Stomach,
Ovaries, Bnwols, Bright' Disease of tho Kid
neys that have been vronounccd Incurable.
CanceiY) Ulcers, Swellings, Stone In the Blad
der, l uicuiotis uoncretions, u icors una wires oi
tho Bones, Kickcts so deenly seated that no
othor medicines have been known to reach,
have been cured by the 8ABSAPARILLIAN
RESOLVENT, aided by the READY RELIEF
Palsy, Paralysis, DryGangcno that threat
ens a living dentil dmly rotting away of tho
limbs and flesh Diubetcs. Involuntary Dis
charge of Water, Fungi In the Bladder (the
KnitMr Napoleon's disease),TerturliH ium
when diNcharfi'liiir urine RHEUMATISM.
GOUT, NEURALGIA each and every ono of
these complaints though but a few of tho
many other diseases. Railway's 8ar8aiarilliun
ivunoivun tins i-.u reii aiui isuany curing inuii
parts ot the world.
In one word, auv discaso no mnttcr under
what nnnio designated, that is nourished or
increased by bad, impure, depraved, weak,
thin, watery or poisoned blooa enn bo cured
by HAD WAY'S SARSAPARILLIAN RE
SOLVENT. Dr. Railway A Co. have never claimed one-
hundrcth part of tho curative virtues tor their
remedies as is ascribed to tnem by the people
who have used them; for bear in mind, only
such diseases and complaints as Dr. Railway,
after successful treatment with their remedies
knew they would cure, wore enumerated iu
their curative list, so that mnnv of the extraor
dinary cases that have been reported nwaken-
euas miicii astonishment in tne discovery or
their remedial agents as in those who had been
rescued' from ilenth, and made whole and
As many nei sons discredited their extraor
dinary power, from tho fact of their disau-
liiuiiuiiuiii. in inuiiMuui uuiuruuvuruni'M icinu-
iltesaud 'ubo. Jieliovcd it impossible for
simple medicines mnde only from vegetable
substances routs, .herbs, Ike should possess
such marvelous power. Yet they can readily
comprehend that the simple grasses of the
Held, after undergoing the chemical process of
distillation designed by nature in tho cow and
churn, furnishes us with butter certainly the
most abundant fat, caloric or heat-niakin
bono, tissue, muscle, sinew and blood-making
constituents for the human body.
But when those people who first doubt the
efficacy of these remedies commence their use,
they become their most earnest advocates.
THE ONLY SAFE & SURE REMEDY FOR
TAPE, PIN, ft WORMS OF ALL KINDS.
OVARIAN TUMOR CURE.
Never has a medicino taken internally, been
known to have cured Tumors, cither of the
Womb, Uterus, Ovaries or Bowels; the knife
has been the sole reliance in the hands of ex
nerienccd surgeons; but Dr. Rudway's Sar
saparillian settles this question. It has cured
over twenty persons of Ovarian Cysts ami
rumors, as wen as Tumors in mo jioweis,
Uterus, Womb, Liver, Dropsical Ell'usion,
Ascites, and Calculous Concretions.
Tumor of 13 Years' Growth Cured by
Beverly, Mass., July 18, 1801).
Dr. Uadway: I have bad Ovarian Tumor
iu the ovaries and bowels. All the doctors
said there wus no help for It. tried every
thing that was recommended, but nothing
helped me. I saw your Resolvent and thought
I would try it, hut had no faith in it, because
I h.i 0,ia-ur,.,i for ie 1 took ix bottles
of thu Resolvent, one box of Railway's nils.
and used two bottles or your Ready ltellel,anil
there is not a sign of a tumor to be seen or
felt, and I feel better, smarter anil happier
than I have for 12 years. The vort tumor
was In thu left sido of tho bowels, over tho
groin. I write this to you for tho benefit of
others. You can publish it If you choose.
HANNAH P. KNAI'P.
AN iaiPOItTANT LETTER
From a prominent gentleman and resident of
Cincinnati, Ohio, for tho past forty years well
known to tho newspaper publishers through
out the United Stales:
NlW YORK, Oct 11th, 1670.
Dltait adw at Dear Sir: I am induced hv a
sense of duty to the suffering to make a brief
statement of tho working of your medicino on
myself. For several years I navo been nlltict
eif with somo trouble in the bladder and urin
ary organs, which some months ago culmina
ted in a most terribly nlllicting disease, which
the physicians nil said was spasmodic stric
ture in the liretba, as also Inhumation of the
kidnevs and bladder, and iravo it as their
opinion that my ago 73 years would prevent
my ever getting radically cured. I had tried
a number of physicians, and had taken a largo
quantity of medicine, both allopathic and lu
nivopat'hic, hut got no relief. I had read of
astonishing cures having been made by your
remedies; and somo four months ago I rend a
notice hi the Philadelphia Saturday Evening
Post of a euro having been effected on a per
son who hail ioiig been sulleringasl had been.
I w ent right off and got some of each your
Sursaiiarilliun Resolvent, Ready Relief, and
Kegulatlng rills and commenced taking
thoiii. In three davs I was irrcatlv relieved.
and now feel as well as ever.
.1. W. jamks, Cincinnati, o.
Price ono dollar per bottle. Sold by Drug
gists everywhere, and at Dr. uatlway's, no. 31
Warren, cor. Church St., N. Y.
Cures the worst Pains in from 1 to 20 minutes!
fiWi-NOT ONE HOUR after reading this
advertisement need any one suffer with pain.
KADWAY'S READY RELIEF
Is a euro for every pain. It was the first and
Is thu only Pain Remedy that Instantly stops
the most excruciating pains, allays inllaiiima
Hons, and cures congestions, whether of tho
Lungs, Stomach, Dowels or other glands nnd
organs, by ono application, in from one to
twenty minutes, No matter how violent or
excruciating tho pain, the Rheumatic, lied
ridden, Iiillrm, Crippled, Nervous, Neuralgic
or prostrated with disease may suffer,
11 AD W A rs READY RE 11 EE
Will afford Instant case:
Inflammation of the Kidneys, Inllummation of
ino manner, iniiiiminaiion 01 ine iinweis,
Congestion of the Lungs, Sore Throat, Dilll
cult Ilrealhing, Palpitation of tho lleartjlys
torics, Croun. Dlpthurla, Catarrh, lnlluen.n,
Headache, Toothache, Neuralgia, Rheuma
tism. Colds. Chills. A mie Chills.
Thu Application of the Ready Relief to tho
liar or parts wnuru iiiu pain or uiiucimy ux
Ists will afford case and comfort.
SO Drops In half tumbler Water will.
in a few minutes, cure Cramps, Spasms, Sour
Stomach, Heartburn, Sick Headache, Dlur
rhuiii, Dysentery, Colic, Wind in the Bowels,
and all fntiirnnf l'alns.
Travelers should always carry a bottle of
Kiuiway s ueiiei wun ineni. a lewurniisin
water will ureveiit sickness or nalns from
change of water. It Is butter than Preach
llranuy or Hitters as a stimulant.
PEVEB A.1TID AGUE,
Fever and A Hue cured for 50 cent a
Thorn Is not a remedial nuent In this world
that will cure Fever and Ague, and all Unit
Malarious, billions. Scarlet, Typhoid, Yellow
and other Fevers (aided by Railway's Pills) so
quick as Railways ueauy neiioi. w ecu is per
PERFECT PURGATIVE PI I
Perfectly tasteless, elegantly coted, for the
cure of all disorders of the Stomach, Liver,
llowels, Kidneys, lilailder, Nervous Diseases,
Headache. Const nation. Cost! veness, Indiges.
tlon, Dyspepsia, biliousness, Dillons Fever,
Inlliiinmatloli of the llowels. Piles and all de
rangements of the internal Visoura,warrauted
to I'lleet a nosltlvc cure.
I' V RELY YKUKTABI.K. L'ontniiilng
Mercury, Minerals, or deletcrloiisdrngs,
BivylMiervii thu following symptoms re
iiiTiiuif from diseases of the digestive organs
CoiiKllimtlon, Inward Piles, Fullness of tho
blood to the Head, Acidity of the Stomach
fruuscu, Heartburn, Disgust for food, Full
liens or weight in the Pit of the Stomach
Swlnini nirnf the Head. Hurried anil dlllloul
llreslhlng, Fluttering at the Heart, Choking
or SiifToeiUlng Sensations when ilia lying Pos
ture, Dimness of Vision, Dots or Webs bef ore
thoHlirht. Fever and Dull Pain In thu Head
lii'llcluni'v in Perspiration, Vcl'owness of Hie
Skin and Eyes. Pain In iho Side, Cheat, Limbs
mid Sudden Flushes of bent, Hurrbig In Ibo
Flesh. A few doses of Railway's Pills will
free the system from all the sbovs disorders,
Pries US Cents par llo
RADWAY A CO.,89 Warren cor Clin-ch
Vltcad Fslso and Trim. Send one loUe
stnuip to Railway A Co., No. B Warren, cor,
inurc.n si., a, i. iniormsiion worm 111011
audi will ue teat you.
An Illustrated Monthly Journal,
Universal Admitted to be the
Handsomest Periodical in
the World. A Repre
sentative & Cham- .
pion of Amer
Not for Sale in Boot or News Stores,
THE ALDINE, while issuod with all tho
regularity, nas none 01 mo temporary or time
ly interest characteristic ol'ordlnnry periodi
cals. It is au elegant miscellany of pure,
light and graceful literature; and a collection
of pictures, the rarest specimens of artistic
skill, in black ami while. Although each
succeeding number nll'onls a fresh pleasure to
its friends, the real value and heantv or tiik
ALIHNE will be most appreciated utter it has
been bound 1111 at the -close of tho year.
While other publications may claim superior
cheapness, as coiuiiarcd with rivals of a simi
lar class, THE ALDINE is a unique and orig
inal conception alono and iinaiiiiroiiebeil
absolutely without competition iu price or
character. The possessor of a compluto vol
ume, cannot dcplicato tho quantity of lino pa-
Itvi mm vuniaims 111 nuy ouiur snapo or
number of volumes for teu times its cost; and
then, there are the chromes, besides !
AIIT DEPARTMENT, 1874,
Tho illustrations of THE A LDLNE have won
a world-wide rcuututlon, nnd in the centres
ofEuropo it is an admitted fact that its wood
cuts are examples of the highest perfection
over attained. TI10 common prejudice iu fa
vor of "stool pkitcs," is rapidly yielding to n
more oducated und disc.riminniing taste which
rcgogniises tho advantages of superior artistic
finality wttli greater facility of production.
Thu wiod-ruts ol THIO ALDlNE possess nil
the delicacy and olnhoruto iinish of the most
costly steel plate, while they mmt a better
rendering of the artist's original. . .
To nuiy realized the wonderful work which
THE ALDINE is doing for the cause, of art
culture in America, it is only necessary to
consider the cost to the people of any other de
cent representations of tho productions of
In addition to designs by tho members of
the National Acnduinv.nnd other noted Ainer
eiin artists. TIIK ALDINE will reproduce ex
amples of tho best foreign musters, selected
with n view to the highest iirtisticsuccessund
greatest general interest. Thus tho subscri
bers to THE ALDINE will, at a trilling cost,
enjoy in his own homo tho pleasures and re
lining influences of true art.
Tho quarterly tinted plates for 1WI will bo
by Thos. Mornn and J. I). Woodward.
The Christina issue for ln74 will contain
special designs appropriate to tho season, by
our best artists, and will surpass in iittrnc
tions nny of its predecessors.
rreuilum for 1874.
Every subReribqr to Til K ALDINE for tho
year 1874 will recvjvO a pair of chronios. Tho
original pictures were painted in oil for the
publishers of THE ALDINE, by Thomas Mu
ral), whose treat Colorado picture was pur
chased by Congress for ten thousand dollars.
Tho subjects were chosen, to represent "The
East" and "Tho West." Ono is a view in the
tVhltu Mountains, New Hampshire; the other
gives the Clifl'sof Green Rivor, Wyoming Ter
ritory. Tho difference in the n'aturo of the
scenes themselves is a pleasing contrast, and
affords a good displuy of thu artist's scope
and coloring. The chromos are each worked
from thirty distinct plates, and nro in size
(12xl(i)nud appearance exact facsimiles of
the originals. Tho presentation of a worthy
example of America's greatest landscape
painter to the subscribers of TIIK A CHIN K
wus a bold but peculiarly huppv Idea, and
its successful realization is attested by the
following testimonial, over tho signature of
Sir. M01 nil himself.
New Yohk, Sept. 20th, 1873.
Messrs. James Sutton Co.
Gentlemen. I am delighted with tho proofs
ill coior of your chronios. They are wonder
fully successful representations by mechani
cal processor tho original paintings.
These chromos nro In every sense Ameri
can. They nro by tho original American
process, with innterinl of American miiniifac
ture, from designs of American scenery by
an American painter, and presented to 'sub
scribers to tho tlrst successful American Art
Journal. If 110 belter because of all this, they
will certainly possess nil Interest no foreign
production can inspire, and neither are they
any the worse if by reason of peculiar facili
ties 01 prouueuon nicy cost tne puiitisiiers
only h trille, while cipi
every respect to
other chromos that are sold singly for double
the subscription price of Til K A I'. DINE. Per
sons of tnsto will prize these pictures for
themselves not for tho price tlicv did not
cost, and will appreciate tho enterprise that
renders their distribution possible.
If nny subscriber should indicate a prefer
ence for a llgtiro subject, tho publishers will
send "Thoughts of lloine," a new and beauti
ful rhromo, 14x20 inches, representing a little
itulliln lxlle Wltoio af-unlf in nycn lieli-ny tlM'
longings of his heart.
TERMS S5 per annum, in advance, with
Oil Chromos tree. For fiO cents extra, the
chromos will be sent, mounted, vuiiiisbed,
and prepaid hv mail,
THE ALDINE will hereafter, he obtainable
only by subscription. There will be noieiliic
ed for club rate; cash for subscriptions must
be sent to tho publishers direct, or bunded to
the local canvasser, without responsibility to
the publishers, except in eases where tho cer
tificate is given, hearing the fac-siiuilu signa
ture of J AMES Sl'TTOS & CO.
Any person wishing to act permanently as 0
local canvasser will receivo full and prompt
information hv applying to
JAMES fcCT'i'ON CO., Pub.s',
ivfJe&w. 08 Maiden Lune, N. Y,
Tiie National Crop Reporter
ri'UUSIIKD WEEKLY AT
Is devoted to the publication of repoi t9 from
reliable correspondents in nil sections of the
United States, showing thu condition during
f;rowth und location after harvest of all the
eading agricultural crops and llvo slock.
These farts as received will he submitted to
tho public In Iho most condensed form, ac
companied by comprehensive editorial sum
maries. In addition, nil reliable Intelligence
icarliig uuon the above tonics will ho culled
from leading European exchnnges nnd urc-
soiitcd in the columns of tho Reporter.
A series of llvo map-charts will be publish
ed during tho year, showing tho location ru-
nectivcly of the corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco
nun sugar producing crops, anil give sues
uioiinauon ns 10 local cuarnciur, average
i runnel, etc., as may ue snowii most snusiac-
orny 10 i ne eye.
Willi the moans of securing reliable Inlor
illation available, the Re purler will ho made
misiidispensiihle aid alike hi thu farmer, Hie
merman i ami ino iiianuiaciurer, a source oi
inUdliuenuo no business man can all'ord to
TO FA II II HUH, rt.ANTKIIR,
And those engaged in tho raising of live
stork the Reitorier odors the best iiiMSible
means oi securing ino largest reiurn inr ineir
labor by enabling them to determine ns In the
nioHiiiivoranie iimeior uisposing oi ineir sur.
ilus iimdiict. Tho nulillcutlon of tho Reuuv
t linvliiirliiii.il f.i,it..iiinli.li,il lirliiiiil'Il V niiirn
especially In the interests oil hu agriculturist,
ino moss oi our iiiiormaiinii Having to ue De
rived from this uluss to whom Ibo largest
bcnellts Inevitable revert It becomes a mat
ter of insportunce to every one addressed that
no interest liluiseii in Severn I ways, viz: nisi
in securing for tho Reporter at least one relia
ble correspondent In his county; next, to the
extent of subscribing torn cony ol tho work
and lust and all the time in furnishing us
either directly or through thu conesiHindnnt,
nil desirable informal on.
Notice of inaccuracies in renorts will he
Tho nuhllcntion will not derive Its suuiiort
from nilvurllsuiiiunti, but will depend upon
us menu inr a siiHiuiiiiug patronage,
The niibllcatlon will bo conducted bv CO'
oiicnuivo Association. annual iiieiiiner
..f.i ii.... tin ...in ....int.. ii ...
nilli, r"-oli( rivi nil! wivn.iu lnu jiiii ill
copy l o Weekly Reporter throughout the
year, n.i.i to toe series oi live cuaris,
Where a society Inn taken a mouibondiln,
extra conies of the Weekln Reitorier mav
oiitainoti ny innivinuai meiiibers at f) per an
To thoso not members tho subscription will
bo for the Iteporter alone !", or for ths Charts,
All communications should bn addressed
U TIIK NATIONAL CROP RIU'OU
TKIt, Jacksonville, 111.
UIAH. W. (1REKNE,
Hoc'y National AgrlcultiirnliCon
gresH, juauiigur. no,
Tr ANSAS CENTRAL LAN1
Mo). JOHN W. 1IEI1KS. Manager.
Ileal Eslatn Business; also bavn for sale
he lands of tho Kansas Pacillc llallwnv Coin.
pirn y, iiniounflng to over 5,bo(i,ooo acres of the
uiosiiiesiraiiio in i.enirni nun western llsn
"lis ; nlso Mill Sites. Coal l,ams. Farms, C't
tin Uiincbes and (liy I'niierlv In Hall nil am
the iiiiIuIiImmIiik towns, for snln at nil itiin.a
Jijr Send for tho "Knnsiu Central Advo
Cllle." n I ll mo 82-columii lainl on our. mis wind
wo have for sale, and read all about tho great
KcystonoStaWof the Wiist. in.,
Wo glvo below n list of a fow of tho best and
most popular collections of bound Piano Mu
sic, and will send nny work, post-paid, on ic
euipt of the marked price.
Address all orders to
.1. L. I'KTKUS, Music Publisher,
6IH1 Hrondway, N. V.
Fairy Fingers. Easy Music. Small hand,!l 75
Magie Circle. Easy Music. Small hands, 175
Young Piunist. For young ulayurs, 175
Pearl Drops. Easy Dauco Music. 175
Musical Recreations. Moderate dilllciilty, 175
Pleasunt Memories. " " 1 76
Golden Chillies. Parlor Music,. .. Kiukcl. 175
llrilliant Corns, 170
The above arealso bound in clotii, gilt
sides, price, 50 each.
Pearls of Melody, A collection of Music
for advanced Playors,. Boards, 800
Elegantly bound in cloth nnd gilt, 4 00
Peters' Addition of Strauss' Waltzes, in a
volumes, price, $:1UU in boards, f 1 1X1
each in cloth. - -
Bach's 48 Preludes and Figures. Cloth, . . .$5 00
" iu Four Hooks. Paper covers, 1 (SO
Beethoven's 8H Sonatas. Full gilt, 8 50
Beethoven's l Pianos Pieces. Full gilt,.. 00
Chopin's Valses, Still' paper covers, 150
mopiirs Aociuriies,. . ,
Chopin's Mazurkas,... " " "
Chopin's Ballads, " "
Chopin's Preludes, " " "
Chopin's Sonatas, " " "
Aieniieissoiin's Unnplctoeriano Works Fo
lio Edition. Full gilt. In 4 volumes,... .80 00
The same. Svo. Full gilt. Complete in 4
Tho same. Svo. Paper. Complete In 4 vols.,10 00
Vol. I, cont'g Coneertos,Sonatas, etc. Fo
lio. Ciilt, 600
The sumo. Svo. tiilt, 8 60
The same. Svo. l'aper, SI 50
Vol' ".! .rnnt'iyr Cuprlccios, Andautcs,
etc. Folio. Oilt,.;.., . 000
The same. Svo. tiilt, 8 50
The same. Svo. Paper, 2 60
Vol. IV. cont'ng Songs without words.
(8 books,) Folio, tiilt, 650
The same. Svo. Uilt 8 50
The sumo. 8vo. Pnper, 2 59
Mendelssohn's Overtures as Piano Solos.
Cloth, 8 50
Mendelssohn's Overtures as Piano Duets.
Cloth. IS 50
Mozart's 18 Sonatas. Elegantly bound.
Schubert's 10 Sonatas. Elegantly bound.
Full gilt, 8 00
Schubert's Dances. Complete. Elegant
ly bound. Full gilt, 3 00
scliubert's rhino Pieces. Elegantly b'd,
Schumann's Piano-Forto Album. Ele
gantly bound. Full gilt,
The same. Papers covers,
Weber's Complete Piano Works. Ele
gantly bouud. Full gilt, 8 60
Shining Lights. Sacred Songs, ?1 75
Clolden Leaves. Vols. 1 nnd 2. A collec
tion of Songs by V ill . s. Hays,. . . each, 1 75
Hearth and lloine. A Col'tion ol'lIo'cS'ng 1 75
Fireside Echoes, " " " 1 75
Sweet Sounds, "1 75
Priceless tieins. Choice Ballads, 175
The above are. also bound In cloth, gilt
sides. Price Ift 50 each. Each vol
ume contains about f 10 worth
of Choice Vocal Music.
Tho Opera at Home. Cloth, gilt, edges,. . 5 00
Containing principles Songs from over
25 Standing Operas.
German Volkslieder Album. 40 Songs,
English and German Words. Paper 8 50
Mendelssohn's 7(1 Songs. Edited und in,
part translated by Macfnrrcu. Folio.
Cloth. Full gilt, 8 50
Tho saino for a deep voice. 8vo. With
Original Words. 2 vols. Papur,....eoch, 250
Do. Cloth, eaclL, 8 50
Dioore'sirisnAiciodics. wun new svm
phonies, and Piano Accompaniments hv
gilt, 8 50
Mother Goose; or, National Nttrsory
Rhymes. Beautifully Illustrated by the
Brother Dalziel. (Ask for Novella's
Edition, or you will get ll cheap Photo
graph copy.) Hoards, 1 50
Thu same, elegantly b'd ill cloth. Fu'l g't, 9 50
Schumann's V ocal Album. 80 Songs, with
Eng. nnd Uerm. Words. Paper, 2 50
The same, elegantly b'd iu cloth. 1")1 gilt, 8 50
Wo w ill send auyof the above worli, post
paid, on receipt of tho marked prlco. Cata
logues containing from I.'j.wki to 20,000 Musical
Subjects, sent free on application. Address
J. L. PETEIIS. Music Publisher.
nlO-c&w. 5MI Broadway, N. Y .
Weekly Enquirer ! I
5 0,0 00 O O
Cold Pens, Pencils, Satchels, Pncket
llooks, Furs, Silverware, Watches,
Musical Instruments, Sew
ing Machines, &c.
Wc place these premiums within oasv ranch
of any of our patrons, by allowing them liber
al commissions on w suuscriuors lor ino
Weekly Enquirer, as follows:
For 5 names and $10 a credit of - 2 50
" 10 " " 20 a " " - 5 50
" 15 " " 80 a " "... 825
" SO " " 40 a " u - - - 12 00
" 80 ' " CO ft " " - - 19 00
ii 4fl ii ii go "... 20 00
' 50 " " 100 a " " - 82 50
" 75 ' 150 ll " "... 52 50
" 100 " " 200tt " ... 7000
" 150 800a " " 8000
" 200 " " 300n " " . 100 00
" 800 " O00a " " - 800 00
" 500 " "1,000 a ' " ... 500 00
For those who do not desire to enter clubs.
gotten up to secure premiums on tho above
plan, we olfer the following choice. selection
of Cliromo Premiums.
"AHKINO A III.EHHINO,"
A beautiful iilcturo in sixtcens colors. 12x20
inches, sells at reloal for V 50.
A beautil'nl nlcturo In elirhteen colors. 12x17
inches, sous at renin inr finsi. zou sunscri
burs, who do not eneer clubs for other premi
ums, can have either ono of the abovo named
UK 80T0 DIHCOVKRINO TIIK MISSISSIPPI,"
Is a sidendld plcturo In twenty-onn colors.
size inx27i inches, mid sells at retail for 115,
fa will pay a years suhshriptinn, ami entitle
ine sttnscriiier in tins nisi uuuieii piciuro. ror
full particulurs send for stiucliiion copies,
Never hefore were such favorublo terms of.
fured for securing n liandsoiiiu premium of
Tho Knuulror Almnnao Ornnger'a Mnn
nnlforlKII. Will hu sent free to overv sub
scrlbor retelved since April 15, 1874. Address
all letters to
nt-ToAw, Cincinnati, O,
BWrAll now subscribers to TIIK CITLTI
V A T'OU t OIJ.NTUV (iKNTLIOMAN for
I Hit, paying In advance, previous to tho close
of 1H7:I. will receive the paper WKKK LY.from
receipt of remittance to .lanuiiry 1st, 1B7I,
The Country Gentleman.
Volume for 1874. .
TlIK CUI.TIVATOH Af.'OIINTHV HKNTf.P.HAN,
for the mist forty years, lias ranked, both in
this country and abroad, us the Standahii
.Ioiihnai. or Ahkiiiuan Aiikiciii.tiikk. The
Kditors and Proprietors, in addition to their
own personal labors, are regularly assistud by
a very largo number of Special Correspond
ents nnd Itogular Contributors, nmoug w hom
are Included many lending Agriculturists. In
all pin ts of the Country, Kust and West nnd
by over five Hundred Occasional and Volun
tary Writers, directly In thu ranks of the
best Fanners and llortlculliirlsls of nearly
every Slutu iu the Colon With tho co-opur-atliiii
of 10 large a corps of practical men. this
Journal Is intended to possess exceplionnl
value us thee hoscn Medium of liiter-commii
nicntioii uniuiig nil classes Interested in the
Products mid Furl I Illy of the land those who
Cultlvnliinnd those who Consume the Buyer
and Shipper, as well as the II rst owner of the
crop iii'iieiiius oi iiiipioveii nunnais nun
their customers Manufacturers of improved
machinery and those who purclinsii and um
ulov It Nuracrvint'ii nnd fruit raisers and.
especially, lo supply fuller and better data as
to the progress, prospects and returns of each
iiM'4sslve season, ns throwing light upon ono
of the must i m m m it nt of nil questions
n nen to ouy una vneii to neii.
TKIt MS. Tim Coi'NTUV (iKNTI.KHAH Is
publlslird weekly, on the following bums,
when pnld strictly In ndvniicni One copy one
year, t'i.50: four conies. 110.00. and an addi
tional ropy fur the yunr free to thu sender nf
me ciuiii ten copies, ihj, nun an iniiiiiiouui
copy for thu year fri'o l tne sea ler of the
i'iiio. niniciiiicii oopies iree. a unless i,t
tiikk Tui'KKR A Son, Publishers, Albany,
I KEEP CONSTANTLY ON HAND
EYEBY DESCRIPTION of rURNITDBE of MODERN TYLES.
I niniiiifnctiu-0 to ordor and repair Turnituroof all kinds, at tho most reasonable prices. I am
prepared to furnish i
COFFINS OF EVERY STYLE AND VARIETY,
and accompany them with a Ilearso. flgyTk puMio r invited to call and
examine my Stock,
March 10th, 1872.
POST -HOE BOREE.
Patentee and Manufacturer of
SAW AND GRIST MILLS
Head Blocks, Post-Hole Borers, &c.
Clarksburg, West. Va. '
THE Grist Mills, being portable, aro on
Iron Frauio, ami
STRONG, DURABLE. EFFICIENT,
And the best Mill ever mndo for all kinds ot
grinding: can be easily attached to Saw Mills
or any other power, aud warranted to grind
Flour and Meal or a superior quality at
greater rato of sliced than any other Mill,
without boating or other dilUculty the
weight being 1,400 pounds, occupying only 3
feet square on the floor. Will grind SO to 60
bushels pcahour. If within thirty days, the
Mill does not prove satisfactory, it may bo re
turned and money and all charges refunded.
TIart's Post-IIolo Borr,
i Is guaranteed to mako two holes to
one of any other; docs its work rap
idly onii perfectly.
SAVES ITS COST
IN ONE DAY!
No lault can be found with It after
rial. Sent to any one on trial who
will send mo the endorsement of the
Post Master. Agents wanted.
Clarksburg, W. Va.
MM Farmers and others can see the
Post-Hole llorer at the Enquiiieb
PREMIUMS AND COMMIS
SIONS OP THE
For thro dollars, we will send tho Cuurch
Union year to any address, nnd also give as a
Premium either of tho following standard
works, the price of which at tho bookstores or
through agents is $4 50 each.
Smith's Bible Dictionary.
1,017 pp. Finely llliutrated.
A condensation of thousands of volumes of
essays, histories, travels and commentaries
tor tne eliminations ami illustration ine
Hi bin. nreiiared bv liev. llr. Wim.iam Smith,
of the University of London, assisted by over
seventy distinguished Divines und Authors,
of both Kuropo aud America; or
CONYBEARE & IIOWSON'S
Life anil Epistles of St, Paul.
Whole niimbor of pages 1,075, with prefuce by
KUV. I'r. 1.K0MAKU UAUUN.
TERMS TO AGENTS.
To the Reirular Agents of our pnper, wo
irive thirtu nor rent, of the amount thoy re
ceive, as follows:
Paper alono, - - - 900 0 60
ll aud cithor book, . - 8 00 0
nnu noin noons, - - o ou i uu
" and chromos, - - 4 00 1 20
" chromos and eitlior book, ft 00 1 ISO
" chromos aud both books, 7 00 it 10
Anvone dosirhiir to become an Agent may
receive an outfit by sending us the price of
nny of tho items mentioned above, deducting
t no imriy per cent.
We will send Church Union to Clubi on
tho following terms:
Vive copies, ono year, for - - I8O0
Ten copies, .. . is 00
Twenty coplos, " " - S0
No premiums to Clubs, or commissions to
those who form them; any one desiring a pre
mium must send us tne lull amount.
Tho Chromos are sent to our subscribers by
innll. We pay tho postage.
The Itooks are sent by express, and subscri
bers will pay the express rates on delivery.
Agents may charge to those ordering pre
miums tho amount extra that In due for ex
pressing the books to their locality. Address,
GEO. E. TllltLL, No. Stt lleokman St,, N. Y.
Principles of the Church Union.
1. Whatever occasion may have existed In
times past for the division of the Church Into
separate denominations, ws hold that tho cf
fortsof Christians should henceforth he posi
tive nnd continuous toward an actual and
vis hie oncneis.
ii. While oiiooscd to anv such concentration
of powor as would trench upon the Inherent
iineiiy oi mo innivinuai i.nristittn or society
..I' .11.... I.. I... ..... I...I.I .1.... .1.. II I t.n
ill llini,liiun, wo Hum innb IIIU cvliliKViivni iru-
llevers and congregations of each locality
siioiiui aim to in an i lest to toe worm ineir vs
tentiiil unity in faith and spirit.
8. We hold those churches to he evangell
nil, which, maintained the Holy Scriptures
lo bo the only Infallible rule of faith and
iirncllce, do believe in tho Lord Jesus Christ
(thu only-begotten of tho Father, King of
Kings and Lord of Lords, In whom dwulloth
tho fulness of tho Godhead bodily, and who
was moo sin ror us, inougn knowing no sin,
bearing our sins in Ills own body on tho tree)
us tho only nume under heaven given among
men whereby we must be surou from ever
We subscribe to the abovo principles, and
are deenly Interested in tho welfare nnd
main tendance of the CllUUOU CXION as devo
ted to their advocacy.
II Crosby, 8 I) Iturclunl,
.1 T Duryea, W I Itiidlngton,
W M Taylor, C F Dooms,
T S Hustings, TLCuylor,
T Ho WlttTulinage, II M Scuddor,
TIlWoolsov, J 11 Smith,
K P Ingersoll, II F Pentecost,
T ! Mulish, W C MoCiino,
W llower, J Edwards,
Oil Griffon, 8 II S lllssell,
W W How, K PThwing,
10 P Marvin, 8 Fowler,
T T Kundrick, K Cameron,
O.llreeil, W II Welionl,
11 II llrmlford, J J Whl to,
N Richardson, WW Warner,
C C Snlter, M I) Helms,
K P Payson, J I ) llaithcox,
.1 II C'lonveland, A J Sessions,
II II Philips, C R Illlss,
C II Miilcom, T P Stevenson,
.1 Croon wood, A Foster,
W. llurr, RC Stone,
H Hiiffey, 11 DMscnrlhy,
ll Ihhotsnn, G.H, Thrall,
it II llnll, L Griggs,
J V II Fluck, I C lilllinan,
K U Miuvr, U 11 Chappell, .
r isiiif.i.iin isn-n...
sT ' M L linil.lllllBlslH i
Dr. J. Walker's California
Vinegar Bitters aro a purely Veg
etable preparation, mado chiefly from
tho. native liorbs found ou tho lower
ranges of tho Sierra Novada moun
tains of California, tho niodicinal
properties of which nro extractod
therefrom without tho uso of Alcohol.
Tho question is almost daily aslcod,
" What is tho cause of tho unpar
alleled SUCeCSS Of VlSEGAR BlT-
teus 1" Our answer is, that they
romovo the causo of disease, and
the patient rocuvors his houlth. Thoy
aro the great blood puriliur nnd a
lifo-giviii? priuciplo, a perfuct ltouo
vator and Iuvi;orator ol" tho system.
Never btiforo in tho history of tho world
ha a medicino been compounded pos
sessing tho romai'kablo tjuitlitius of Vix
SOAR Cittkrs iu healing tho sick of
ovory discaso man is heir t. They aro
a geutlo Purgative as well as a Tonic,
relieving Congestion or Inflammation of
tho Liver and Visceral Organs, in liilioua
The properties of Da. Walk-
K's Vinkoar HiTTiittsaro Aperient, Uia
phorotic, Carminative, Nutritious, Luxa
tivo, Diuretic, Sedative, Counter-Irrituut,
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Morrow 8:58 8:40
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., n. in.
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7:10 a. in.
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xml | txt | 53,767 | 1,438 |
561,303 | I am sorry for your loss. I hope you can find comfort in the words written at (Jeremiah 29:11,12)
Now once again singing with her Sisters this time as an angel in Heaven .Rip Patty Great voice now silenced here on earth.M&E S.
God Bless you for all the uplifting joy and hope that you and your sisters brought to the thousands of soldiers in WWII. May the Lord bless of all your generations here now and those to come.
I was born in the 1970's but like to listen to the music of the 1940's. The Andrews Sisters will always be my favourite from that time period. I wish I could've met Patty just to hear the stories of when she and her sisters toured while the men were serving in the armed forces during WWII. May god rest all of their souls.
You and your sisters made a tremendous contribution to the world during WW2 and I miss hearing your lovely voices. RIP.
A NC fan.
You have my deepest sympathy for the loss of your dear love one.
The meek one themselves will possess the earth, and they will indeed find their exquisite delight in the abundance of peace.
i love listening to the andrews sisters.there the only ones can sing boogie woogie bugle boy and others with perfect harmony
May you rest in the arms of the Lord and bring the sweet sounds of the music of days gone by , to heaven! I loved you and your sisters all those years ago, in the Abbott and Costello movies. Peace!
You and your sisters will be in our mind forever!XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
You and your sisters will be in our mind for ever
Many memories my mother and I listening to & singing along with u & your sistes or watching a movie u were in. Along with your family of you, I have of my mother. God Bless
May your family be comfort together at this time of lost, certainly she help to appreciate ...Isaiah 2:verse 4
Ms. Andrews, You & Your Sisters Boogie-Woogied Into All Of Our Hearts. Rest In Peace, Ma'am. See You On The Other Side.
your songs will live on fore ever god bless
as the bible says at Luke 43:23 we will see Patty in paradise
always liked hearing you sing when i went for my walk
I was young(1956) but I rememberhearing the songs on the radio & loved them RIP Patty & all them GIs in heaven hear you at them pearly gates!!!!
Thank you dear Patty to you and your sisters God bless you.Yours voices sound also in my country Romania.
To say "thank you" for so many years of wonderful entertainment just doesn't seem enough. However we will forever appreciate the contributions both you and your sisters have made to the music industry. RIP Patty....
Ask us to identify the top singer from 5 years ago... Ask us who sung Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy... The Andrews sisters certainly left their mark in history, and touched multi generations of music lovers. I think they'll hear Patty ccoming long before she reachs those pearly golden gates.
My Dad was in Company B of the 701st Tank Destroyer Batallion. He, too, recently passed at age 92, & knew every word to her every song right up to the end. RIP, Patty--you have a lot of soldiers awaiting your arrival in Heaven!
My Mom and dad loved the girls.records were played in are home all the time and loved the moves the sisters were in. Dad loved the U.S.O. Shows during WW2 if he wasn't stuck in the cold an mud. I was born in 1963 and grew up loving the sisters from older movies and records. I had a kids crush on Patty. God bless her family and she is at peace with her Maker Emil Bux U.S.Army and Chicago police dept. What a great and ausome time to have lived in.GOD BLESS
The greatest era of great singers and songs! They don't make them anymore. But.... "I can dream, can't I? "
My mom loved your music and I always remember her singing Don't sit under the apple tree with anyone else but me (that's all the lyrics I remember to the son) anyway she also told me because she loved your voice so much she named me after you. It was an honor to be named after someone such as yourself. Blessings in the light to you. I'm sure you will join the choir of angels in heaven.
Patty will be missed. I always loved to hear her sing and watch her in the moves.
My prayers go out to you at this difficult time. I have always enjoyed listening to the Andrews sisters music .
My deepest condolencs
We are sorry for your loss. It is never too late to express our appreciation for the many sacrifices Patty and her sisters made for our country and their many contributions through music that brought joy to many. May the God of love value the life that she lived and grant her to be one of a great crowd of citizens in his kingdom arrangement.--Matthew 6:9-10. Remembering Patty for my mother who was also born in 1918, and who loved and enjoyed Patty's music through radio and movies.
One of my fondest childhood memories of growing up in the 1970's was coming home from church on Sunday and watching Abbott & Costello movies cable. I fell in love with Patty Andews when I was 10 years old. God bless!
ur prolly b4eakin hearts & makin every 1 smile u r, here with us.
the andrews sisters was one of my favorite groups...loved their style and harmony....God be with you in this time of sorrow.
Yet another ending to a great past.
So sorry to hear about your loss. May God be with you all. We know she will be greatly missed.
To the Andrews family of Patty Andrews
I'm so sorry for the loss of your love one Patty. As I was reading her obituary, I didn't know she was actually the real group called the Andrews sisters. I only thought it was just the for the movie because I'm much younger. It's no wonder they all looked so much alike and head great harmony.
My most fond memories of her was when Patty and her sisters would sing Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company B". Every time that movie came on, I watch it to hear Patty and her sisters sing. After that many others did that song because it was so energetic and fun.
Patty will surely be missed by all she touch and especially the men at war during those times. I Offer you my condolences and pray that God will continue to Bless each of you at this difficult time.
I may be only 45 yrs old, but I enjoyed watching all the old classic movies. You will darely be missed, my heart and prays go out to your family.
Dearest Patty...may you give as much joy to the choir of angels as you have for your earthly fans! You and your sisters were a blessing for our Armed Forces at home and overseas. You legacy will live on in our hearts. Blessings and strength for family and friends you leave behind.
With great admiration, Cheryl, an avid fan.
I loved your music. Somebody remembers, someone cares, your name is whispered in someone's prayers.
Dear Andrews's Family hello there my name is Faith Tobin and I'd luv to express my condolences's by saying I'm sorry for your'e loss.luv,Faith
This girl did it all.with just a beautiful voice she briefly ruled the world.Rest in peace doll.
Dear Andrews family we are sorry for your loss.May the peace God gives through prayer
May she rest in peace. I'm not from the Greatest Generation but I've enjoyed this genre of music (big band) from the time of earliest memories. God Bless her and take her into his arms for she has added her voice to the heavenly orchestra.
Thank you Ms. Andrews for a wonderful fulfilled life being there for others. My Mother loved your music and instilled it into me, and now my 2 daughters know and love you and your sisters through recordings and movies with Abbott and Costello. May God be with remaining family members, and move over one space Heaven's Choir, Patty is ready to sing!
I grew up listening to the Andrews sister. My mom loved this kind of music and so I would listen and grew to love and enjoy and appreciate it. Thank you.
No doubt Patty was an outstanding lady who put others' needs ahead of her own. Isaiah 35:1 would bring sense of comfort and something she can sing about in the New World.
Thank you for all the wonderful music and memories. God be with you.
Enjoyed you sisters over the years thank you.RIP
Andrews Family,My deepest condolences go out to you on the loss of Patty,May the God of comfort and peace be with you all.
I know You were a SPECIAL singer and person. I hope and Pray You have a GREAT after life in HEAVEN. Rest in PEACE My love. May God have a special spot for You in His Kingdom!!!
The Andrews sisters were really gifted vocalists. Notice what John 5:25 says, “... The hour is coming... when the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God and those who have given heed will live.”
The love & joy that these dear women brought to soo many during dark times will always be remembered! Many condolences to the Andrews family. May our God of comfort, hope & peace be with you
My condolences to the Andrews family. May the God of all continue to strengthen the family during this difficult time. 1 Corinthians 1: 3 ,4
I have a picture of Patty sitting on a blanket with my mother. They were friends. It is dated 1944, and in North Adams Mass. I really will miss you Patty. Rest in peace.
The Andrew Sisters have held a special place in harmony. Other groups could imitate them, but never achieve their natural fun loving talents. As a child of the 60's, I discovered their special voices on my own. In my early 50's now, my love of their songs hasn't lessened. May those girls rest until they can join each other again, singing and laughing again in paradise!
I saw movies and TV movies.
I taught popular cultural units in my United States history courses and one of my favorite topics was Entertaining the Troops (during World War 2). The Andrew Sisters rendition of "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company B" always drew enthusiasm from my students.
I will always treasure the wonderful music and songs you and your sisters performed. You made the world a much lovelier place to live in.
I met Patty Andrews years ago. A delightful lady. One that I will miss.
Condolences to family & friends.
Love their music! Saw the play about them last year. I have Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy on my
favorites YouTube list. Play it whenever I need
a pick me up. Thank you !
The Andrews Sisters were my parents favorite group. I am only just discovering them through their movies and CD's. Patty was supremely talented. She was the best all-around singer, great dancer and commedienne. Their song " There Will Never Be Another You" speaks volumes of her talent. Although she lived a long life, I am still profoundly saddened by her passing. America has lost a great talent and a even greater American. God bless Patty Andrews and condolescences to her family and friends.
I am very sorry for the family's loss, as well as that of the many others who loved and admired Ms. Andrews. One thing that has been a great comfort to me is the promise that all our tears and pain will come to an end. I am happy to have something good to look forward to for the future, and I hope you can to.
Loved the Andrew Sisters music and remembering them in the Abbott and Costello movies. Thank you for the memories.
MAY THE TRUE GOD HELP THE FAMILY TO COPE WITH THEIR GRIEF AND MAY HE GRANT YOU PEACE IN THIS TIME OF SORROW.
Rest in Peace Patty Andrews!! I loved your music even as a kid!!!
You will always live in our hearts and prayers.
I grew up with the Andrew sisters. I enjoyed their music. They will be missed. R.I.P. Patty. At least she isn't suffering.
Rest in Peace Patty. You will always be remembered for your songs, movies and the special shows you and your sisters performed for the troops during WWII. Thank you!
I grew up listening to the Andrew Sisters. My deepest sympathy goes out to your family. Rest in peace Patty Andrew.
Another great legend in music has passed away. I have their albums in my record collection. I do like the music of the 40,s especialy jazz swing type music from the films of that decade.I appreciate the nostalgic type of music of the 20,s to the 60,s. I will miss her and the Andrew Sisters music.
I am sure they are singing somewhere and I will seek that out in time...Goodbye Patty....
I am sorry for your loss.
May I add my deep respect and admiration for the great talent and immeasurable entertainment I, and many others, have derived from this wonderful lady. God bless the family & bring you many great memories.
My parents introduced me to the music and style of the Andrews Sisters in the 60's, when I was young. Talent is timeless...God rest Patty and comfort her family and friends.
Ladies and Gentlemen we have lost one of the great Andrew Sisters. I could listen to their records 24 hours a day around the clock. All the great ones have left us Patti Page Julie London Anita Oday. To me and all Americans Patty Andrews represents the true USA. She and her sisters did everything from selling War Bonds to entertaining our troops in foreign lands. Take particular notice of how well the Andrews Sisters blended their wonderful voices together. They needed no loud Rock Bands to Back them up. Their voices were an orchestra in themselves. And back then men treated ladies with all respect and women acted like women. No ear piercings. Just plain good old USA respect. I will always remember the Andrew Sisters as the FOREMOST in Singing Groups. They had it and all of the troops respectedn them. Back home in USA the fans loved them. They were an American Icon. Patty Maxine Laverne We will be with the THREE of YOU not only IN APPLE BLOSSOM TIME but FOREVER. Thank You Patty and all the Andrews for being the Spirit of American not just yesterday but today tomorrow and Forever.
I hope your life in heaven is AMAZING! I loved all three of you so much!! Patty, have fun in the after life all of our thoughts and prays go out to you.
I grew up to the Andrews sisters music. I loved them all, but Patty was my favorite. May God bless her, and her entire family. She will be in my prayers.
We grew up watching the Andrew Sisters on Abbott and Costello movies in the early 70's when were just kids. Patty is now up there with her sisters singing in the Lords choir. Rest in Peace Patty you are sadly missed. Thank you for being there for my late uncle and late father in law. You brought them joy when they needed it with the war. Thank you!
Our deepest sympathy goes out to your family
We will miss Patty and her lovely voice. I was not born yet when they sang but watching some of the war movies especially with Abbott and Costello well they were great. All the sisters are now in heaven together and singing in the Lords choir of angels. Rest in Peace Patty.
Another Great Entertainer from the Golden era has left us, there aren't too many left. I loved watching the Abbott and Costello movies with the Andrew Sisters. God Bless and Thank you.
the songs will be forever God bless
May you rest in peace Patty. The pleasure and comfort provided to my Grandfather and the military can never be replicated. Wish the current generation appreciated your wonderful legacy as much as I.
Condolences to all family, friends and admirers alike.
I loved boogie woogie bugle boy. Me and my show choir did a tribute to the andrews sisters, and I felt like I was honoring them. Rip Andrews Sisters.
i love your songs and performances.
To say you touched many lives would be a gross understatement. You will be sadly missed. Thanks for the memories.
As a very young boy in the 1940's, being home bound due to polio, my only outlet to the world was the newspaper and the radio. I loved listening to the radio, especially music. Many of the record being played at that time were by the Andrew Sisters and as time went by, I healed to a point that I could move my arms, leaned to play the piano and went on to entertain many with the songs I heard the Andrew Sisters sing during my youth. They, more than most entertainers, contributed to the 'song list' I used in the 1960s. God now has a great singing trio to praise his name.
We were so sorry to hear of your loss. The thoughts of many are with you at this time of sorrow.
I was born during the war (1944), and grew up listening to the Andrews Sisters music as a young boy. They were Great !
Heaven has added another great voice to it's choir.
RIP Patty. Thanks.
THANK YOU FOR FOR ALL YOU AND YOUR SISTERS DID FOR OUR ARMED FORCES.
my parents loved you guys.
Thnaks for all the really great music.
My father was a combat veteran of WWII; I grew up listening to the sounds of the Andrew Sister, and, even now, I love to hear those wonderful voices. The Greatest Generation gave us some of the world's greatest music, and the Andrew Sisters were certainly a part of that genius. I can see our boys now…dancing along the streets of Eternity to “He makes the company jump when he plays reveille. He's the boogie woogie bugle boy of Company B.” The music of the Greatest Generation is forever…
I heard the sound of a thousand bells ring and from that, a thousand angels came... RIP
To the Andrews family I'm so sorry for your loss I hope you can find a measure of comfort in prayer during this difficult time. 2 corthians 1:3,4
I was very little when WWII broke out. I read the news papers, listened to the radio, saw the Newsreels at the movies. And how I loved the Andrew Sisters. You were America when we needed you.How wonderful the Andrew were, I too loved Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy and everything you all sang. Now you are singing in heaven. Three more of God's Angels.
There's some happy singing in Heaven tonight ! They were a one of a kind trio, never to be duplicated.
What a loss, truly a Red Blooded American girl, she and her sisters made me love music, and I'm from the 70s generation, but grew up watching 40s, 50s, and 60s movies and listening to their music. Wow them up above Patty, you are all together now, wow the crowds up there, again!!
Loved your voices and songs. You, Maxine and Laverne were what was right about America. True patriots.
Your incredible vocals combined with those of your sisters inspired and raised the moral of nearly every Sailor, Soldier, Marine and Airman who participated in WWII. You are all back together and playing in the finest band with the most outstanding harmonies. I can only imagine how many heavenly encores there will be tonight with the reunited "Andrew Sisters. Godspeed and may you all rest in peace.
here;s to the best girl band ever. thanks for the films and songs.
Rest in peace Patty, you will never be forgotten !!! Mom & Dad listened to your music when I was growing up, we love it !!!
As a female vet, your "Boogie Woodie Bugle Boy" still brings a smile to me. Corkey Addcox, Mt. Shasta, CA.
so sorry to hear about this nice and good lady now she with god
we have lost the last of the best singing trio ever. i remember listening to them in the forties. of course i was just a kid. rest in peace and you and your sisters will never be forgotten
The legacy of the Andrews Sisters will not perish. Thank you Patty and rest in peace.
RIP Patty and I salute you back. Thanks for all the wonderful music. We will always have that.
WWII is over officially. RIP, Patty.
Being a WWII baby (1943) I grew up on all the music of the 40's. Mom & Dad now deceased loved your music. Beer Barrel Polka a family favorite always...I now play "Rum & Coca Cola" for my 18 month old granddaughter and she loves the beat. You and your sisters were the best...A Real Class Act...I wish we had those acts today....God Bless and we will never forge.....
Thank you for all you have done for this country and it's people. We salute you.
Patty, you and your sisters will be sorely missed, but will live on forever in our memories.
Rest in Peace dear lady.
The Andrews Sisters were one of the greatest acts in the history of entertainment. Patty Andrews will be missed. My condolences to her family and friends.
Your gift will not be forgotten.
Your music defined a generation and hearing your songs reminds me of my mom and dad and a more innocent and hopeful America. God Bless you and I hope to hear you sing in Heaven.
I HAVE BEEN A FAN OF THE ANDREW SISTER'S, FOR MANCY YEAR'S .THEY WERE WONDERFUL,AND REALLY LOOKED LIKE THEY LOVED TO SING, AND WE THE FANS LOVED THEM. IT WILL BE GREAT LOST NOW WITH PATTY GONE . THEIR RECORDS WILL LIVE ON , AND THEY WILL BE MISSED. LOVE LINDA
May the God of all comfort be with you during this difficult time
still have the 78 rpm records of my sisters. Your sound will never leave all of the world. RIP
Patty, may you rest in harmony.....
Loved your singing.
A dime got me into the local movie house where I was able to see my favorite trio! Thank you Patty, LaVerne and Maxine.
Thank you for sharing your great talent with all of us. We are grateful. God bless.
Time marches on but memories remain. We will remember their lively and sweet renderings.
ALWAYS REMEMBER YOURE SONGS
I did not know you personally, Patty, but surely enjoyed your singing. Thank you for all the service you gave to the Veterans, living and deceased. May you rest in the arms of the Comforter.
sorry for your lost MAY THE GOD OF PEACE BE WITH YOU FAMILY AND FRIENDS MY SYMPATHY GOES ALL,PHIL4 ;6,7 GA.
I was very young during WW II but I always assoicate the Andrew sisters with Bob Hope and his GI tours God Bless....
May God bless you and your family in this time of sorrow.
Hearing the name of Patty Andrews brings back so many wonderful memories of the times and the music of the Andrews Sisters. Thank you for all the happiness you brought to our soldiers away from home and to those of us around the radio! To your family and friends, know many around the world are sending you their love and support at this difficult time.
Always love there songs,will never forget good family people REP
Heaven now will hear their wonderful voices. What a great trio we heard and loved. They broke the mold with that era, it was great. RIP all of the Andrew Sisters!
WWII 2 sweet hearts are now gone. RIP
Thank you for many wonderful memories. My mom turned me on to your music and I have continued to love it. God Be with your family.
Im sorry to see you go. I enjoyed you as a teenager, and loved all of you. There will never be any one to replace you.
The heavenly choir has another star! Goodbye Patty and thank you for all the songs that soothed our brow and comforted our hearts.
I always loved her music she was a great talent and made millions laugh smile and tap their feet you will be missed
Always enjoyed The Andrews Sisters,They were great.Hope they get back together in Heaven.
wow what a photo,sisters are always cool. ready too buy bonds for the cause. Thank you for sharring music with us all.
thank you Patty for the wonderful music, may you rest in eternal peace
The Andrew Sisters Music Ment so much to so many people . We and generations to come will enjoy your sweet sounds of a special time for always. Your singing toutched the hearts of The "Gratest Generation"
An American ..aged 76.
for the 3 grate ladys God Bless them
God Bless You,Sweet Soul.
I remember the sisters in Abbott and Costello movies...hilarious. Besides Bugle Boy, I think I heard Rum and Coca Cola a lot during WWII. It's our favorite song and my wife's favorite beverage. Beat me Daddy is another favorite. Great era, great music, great talent.
I have a collection of "Abbott & Costello"(who I love and grew up watching) movies of which the Andrew Sisters are in most of them. I am a member of 3 sisters and we would imatate the Andrew Sisters, with the 2nd oldest one being.. "Patty"!! My regards for continued Blessings to the family.
The passing of Patty Andrews brings us to an end of a wonderful trio of great close harmonizing sisters who had disdinctive style and sound.Their entertaining of troops,civilians, and U.S. War Bond drives helped get Americans through WW11 and brought happiness to many, a wonderful legacy!
When growing up I loved any picture that had the Andrews sisters in it. I loved Patty's antics as she always tried to get her man. I know she has rejoined the group in heaven. May they make joyful noise beyond those pearly gates. My condolences to the families of all three.
My condolences to her family and friends. The world has lost yet another great artist - but she and her sisters will never be forgotten.
So saddened to hear of Patti's death. Will always remember the music. RIP
Miss Andrews was a great entertainer. She lived her life on her own terms and she spent that lifetime doing what she loved to do, and did best: showcasing her prime talents while entertaining and endearing herself to millions with her God-given skills and her wonderful, upbeat personality. My condolensces to Pam Dubois, who was so dedicated to Patty for so long. May the good Lord bless and keep The Andrews Sisters.
Loved all the Andrews Sisters! Have all their music.
BB in Ohio
You will always live in our hearts and prayers.
Bye patty, you are with the Lord and other family members NOW. You and your sisters were wonderful.
"Don't Sit under the apple tree" will always bring back good memories. Hug
your sisters and rest in peace.
Deeply saddened another national treasure gone. My parents loved the Andrew Sisters so I hope they are enjoying seeing them and hearing them in Heaven. God Bless and Rest in Peace
Thanks for what you did for our country in a time of need.
What a sad time - the Andrews Sisters were my favorites growing up - they had the most beautiful voices and they were so pretty!!!! Now they're all together again and singing for the Lord - what a wonderful sound!!!! Thank you for all the times I heard you sing - I still have some of your records - they are precious to me!!!! Condolences, thoughts and prayers to the family and friends!!!!
You and your sisters are what real women look like. Full body. You girls were beautiful. All of America loved you.
My condolences are with your family for
your loss,and I know that the God of peace and comfort will be with you during your time of grief,.(Phil.4:7)
Thank you for sharing a part of your life with us.
Thank you for your contribution to society. RIP
My condolences to the group and family
I'm sorry to hear of the passing of your dear loved one and I would like to express my deepest sympathies. May "the God who supplies endurance and comfort" supply the family with much comfort and peace during this time. Rom.15:5
Thank you for all you did for our Men and Women in Uniform. Our Men and Women in uniform who are now in Heaven can once again listen to you and your sisters. RIP.
the best singing group of all times..love ya Patty....a real friend..mitch
Now all 3 of you, can sing to the Lord, my grandparents, and my parents. May the Angels rejoice. You'll be deeply missed.
Thank you for the many years of joy you and your sisters gave to me. I'll always remember your music. RIP, A Fan in Minnesota
As a little girl in the '60s, watching my daddy shave, we would sing "Don't sit under the apple tree" together all the time. Why, I can just picture the Stage Door Canteen welcoming back the Andrew Sisters. Please sing that song for my Dad ... he'll know it's from me.
Godspeed, Patty and RIP. And thank you for giving me such memories.
This group was the greatest. Thank you for sharing your talent with the world. Your music and talents will live on.
My sympathy to the family.
There will never be another girl group like the Andrews sisters. May you rest in peace. You & your sisters are now singing for the Lord in heaven.
To the family of Patty Andrews.
My sincere sympathy in your loss. What wonderful memories I have of the group singing during the War years, and beyond.
My prayers are with you during this very sad time of your lives.
I am very sorry for your loss. Please except my condolences. During this difficult time you can gain comfort and support by leaning on God for support. Turn to God in prayer and his word the Bible.
great music and personalities for a trio of sisters in that era. thank you. M.E. THOMAS
sorry for your lost and my god be with you in your time of need.
To the family and the friends I'm deeply sorry for your lost and hope you will be able to cope quickly with the lost a great bible verse at 1 Corinthians 15:21 that is great to read
The Andrews Sisters were a class act in every sense of the term. I extend my thanks to Patty and her sisters for their service to our country.
I loved The Andrews Sisters songs. They were from my parents era. But when I got older I started to like that kind of music and even bought a cassette of their greatest hits. That really hooked me on that music! They were my favorite womens singing group. Seems the war years music to me sounded like some of the best music written.
My Deepest Sympathy to all of Patty's family.
Thank you for all the beautiful music and the joy you brought during a dark time.
Thank you for the music of our youth. Condolences to the family and to all who loved her and her sisters.
Growing up my parents used to listen to the Andrew Sister's all the time and listening to them it was a joy to listen to them they were a wonder group of women I ever heard and even in movie's to.My favorite song will always be Boogie Woolie Bugle Boy. Patty you will be missed by all that loved you. My Deepest Sympathy to all friends and family.
My aunt introduced me to the Andrews Sisters' music and I have loved it ever since. We have lost another outstanding member of the Greatest Generation. May she rest in peace.
My love and prayers go out to the family of Patty andrews. May you experience the comfort that God gives to those that throw their burden on him.
TO THE ANDREWS FAMILY,
MUCH BEAUTY FROM THE HEART AND SOUND OF THESE THREE SISTERS. LISTENED TO THERE RECORDS OFTEN AS DID MY GRANDPARENTS. LOVED THEM AND MAY THEY ALL NOW BE AT PEACE. GOD BLESS THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR WORLD.
TONY AND ELLEN VETERE - PGH. PA
Patty Andrews and The Andrews Sisters not only was a musical group that I admired, they seemed like a friend as well. I am glad to have received an autograph from Patty in 1996. Patty is gone now but she will live forever in her music.
He Will Raise You Up On Eagle's Wings,
Bear You On The Breath Of Dawn,
Make You To Shine Like The Sun,
And Hold You In The Palm Of His Hand.
An Old Friend
Patty Andrews music comforted a war-time generation. Today, society is still at war in many ways. But may we and Ms. Andrews' family take comfort in God's promise to 'end all wars on the earth.' Psalm 46:8,9
Thanks for the Memories and Andrews sisters
I know of no one else who captured the spirit of America with such grace and
beauty than Patty. Gene Mclane.
Patty and her sisters were always a special treat during our annual 4th of July Parade. Tho they were not physically at the reviewing stand the three ladies dressed in appropriate military wear of that time gave a stirring rendition of the Andrew Sisters famous songs. RIP Patty.
The Andrews Sisters, were the best...Patty, rest in peace...you have joined your sisters again, you will be making beautiful music together....
My parents were born in 1927. My dad was in WWII. Thank you for your talents and for helping keep the soldiers spirits up. My mom said The Andrews sisters were the best! We grew up knowing your songs too.God Bless all of you. Be sure to sing alot in heaven. Lots of people up there have been waiting for you!
It's been a joy to listen to you and to your sisters through the years. You will be missed forever. RIP
May the eternal light shine upon her....
Once upon a time, music was music.. and how I wish those who were part of that time knew how much they were appreciated. She gave her talents to our country, and God gave her a wonderful long life as a blessing. God bless.
THIS IS AN ERA WHICH WILL NO LONGER BE, WITH THE COMPASSION THAT NO ONE UNDERSTANDS TODAY, A GENERATION WITH HEART AND SOUL, CERTAINLY THIS FINE LADY CONTRIBUTED SO MUCH TO OUR SOLDIERS !
Loved watching their movies, hearing their songs and even got to witness two of the sisters on Broadway. Now they are together again and probably putting on some great shows. Thanks for the memories.
Thank you for your gift of music. God bless you and your loved ones.
My deepest sympathy to the family of Patty. May the God of all hope and comfort be with you during this time of difficulty,
Our dear Patti, you will be missed. Prayers go out to the family.
How well I remember seeing you perform at Radio City Music Hall back in the fifties. Patty Page appearing with you and your sister's that very same show. "Thee" very best entertainment of the times. Shall not be forgotten.
I remember the andrew sisters as a young boy growing up during ww2.very sad but will always be with us.thoughts and prayers to family.
I loved your music,Talant going to Heavan
L.H. New Orleans,La.
You girls go right on singing together in Heaven. Will miss your voices together and thanks for all my childhood memories of The Andrew Sisters.
My sisters and I used to pretend we were the Andrews sisters when we played as children and I was always Patty. You will be missed and you were someone who I looked up to. R.I.P, Love to your family. Sandi Ulm
Jim Ford---God has another leed singer
GOD BLESS PART OF AN ICON OF THE PAST.
Our loss is heaven's gain. Thank you dear lady for setting such a great example. Condolances to family. God Bless.
We're so very sorry for your loss.She was a very good singer and dancer.May she rest in peace.
I danced to your music when I was a baby, the boogie woogie was my first dance as a wee little one.
With deepest sympathy to the Andrews family during your time of grief...God is for you a refuge and strength, A help that is there to be found during difficult times...May God provide you with peace and comfort to endure the days ahead.
To the family-God Bless you. We are losing all the greats from the greatest generation. Always enjoyed the Andrews Sisters.
You and your sisters will all be missed each day. You were wonderful and brought so much joy to all of us to enjoy for so many years. May you rest in peace along with your sisters and blessings to the family.
My thoughts and prayers go out to her family and friends. I remember when I was growing up that if the Andrews sisters were going to be on TV, everything else came to a stop as the show would be watched without interruption. I loved there songs and their contagious smiles that always just made you feel good.
I was just a little girl of 7 and I would sing all their songs and I always said I would get married in Apple Blossom time and I did May 15 1954 and married for 55yrs my husband passed in 2009 I just loved that song and the Andrew sisters rest in peace
Enjoyed you and your sisters, as did many others. I'll be seeing you in apple blossom time.
Patty, I am sure you are having a joyous reunion with Maxine and LaVerne and - with Bud (Abbott) and Lou Costello.
I am sure Heaven is filled with sweet harmony.
Loved these sisters. Still play their music. Seems like the end of another era and it saddens me.RIP Patty.
The Good Ole Days...Thanks for the Memories :) Now you are all together
singing up in Heaven.
My spympathies go out to the families.
A little part of all of us dies with Patty Andrews. The Andrews Sisters' wholesome family style was a part of Americana for several generations. Thank you for sharing your gifts with our soldiers, our country and the world. You and your sisters will be remembered fondly by this baby boomer.
My Dad introduced me to The Andrews Sisters. They had such great harmony. I loved it when they were on the radio with Bob Hope and Bing Crosby. So sad she is gone, but so glad that their voices will last forever.
God Bless.... Now you are with your sisters to sing all together again now as True Angels in Heaven
RIP Ms.Andrwews! Thank you for your service to our country and entertaining all of us for so many years! God Bless!
Saw your sister and you (and a very young John Travolta) on stage on Broadway in "Over Here" and enjoyed it. Thank you so much for the memories. Bei Mir Bist Du SEHR Schon!
A true American and Patriot.
THANK YOU ANDREWS FAMILY FOR SHARING THIS GRAND LADY WITH THE WORLD. ANOTHER ANGEL ADDED TO THE HEAVENLY CHOIR. GOD BLESS YOU & MAY YOU FIND COMFORT IN KNOWING OTHERS SHARE YOUR LOSS!!
It seems like yesterday we were singing to the songs of this famous trio...I know they brought great joy to those who fought in WWII...May Patty rest in peace knowing that she and her sisters were a great insperation to our brave military. Condolences to her family.
Thank you for your service to our Country.
I remember listening to the tunes sung by Patty and her sisters; especially those that they made so famous. Thank you Patty for all the joy that you brought to so many. May you forever enjoy peace in the hereafter.
Rip patty . Yous brought a lot of happiness to a lot of young men who were fighting for our country . God bless you .
God bless Patty's memory. She and her sisters did such wonderful things for the troops and brought a lot of joy to everyone's lives. I loved watching her on the old Abbott & Costello shows. What a talent and what a loss to this world. Our loss is heaven's gain.
May your hearts soon be filled with wonderful memories of joyful times together as you celebrate a life well lived.
Her passing is definitely the end or an era. The Andrews Sisters were wonderful and legendary. God rest her soul.
May You sing with the Angels,We Salute Patty.
A long and wonderufl life, thank you Patty for all that you and your sisters have done for this Nation when they needed it most....LOVE to you ALL!
A talented, gracious lady and a true American. RIP Miss Patty.
Thank you and your family for sharing your talents with the world. Bobby (PR)
God bless! One of the greatest from the "greatest generation"
May God bless you and your family in this time of sorrow.
I loved your voice, music, great songs, and especially your humor. Many lovely memories for me. Having been born in 1941, I grew up listening to your music. Thank you.
To your family, my sincere sympathy on your loss.
Patty and her sisters are the type of people we in America today..God bless Patty and her sisters
We have lost an era of no returns....For Patty's family we will have you in our prayers. She was a funny lady and it will be missed. God bless the father for all is his.
Our prayers to the Andrews family. May the God who gives peace be with all of you.-RO.15:33
You and your sisters were super singers and gave a lot of support in WWII. I had 5 Uncles in that was war and I'm sure that they listed to your records. God bless you and your sisters and all the family.
Mrs. Patty we be missed in the musical word she live a long life she was one of the trio's who sung during the war time MAY YOU AND YOUR FAMILY FIND COMFORT DURING THIS TIME of SORROW. PSALM;68:20
Their up there now singing for the boys that did't come home god bless them all
S Chapman Pennsylvania
I had no idea she was still living. Oh, how sad. Even though I was born in 1942,I always loved the Andrews Sisters, especially, Patti. May she rest in peace.
Sorry for your loss of your dear love one,
God do promise us a wonderful hope .
The Andrew sisters were a huge part of my youth, after dinner every Sunday the records would come out, we would dance, sing to all the great music especially the andrew sisters, Apple blossum time is still my favorite song ever.......RIP Patty
May God bless the memories of the Andrew Sisters and thier unwavering commitment to our Troops and the United States of America. +May you rest in eternal peace+
Godspeed Patty. We will not forget you.
Thank you ladies for all the love and warmth you gave all out service men and allies during difficult times, and thank you for being wonderful mentors for the young girls that idolized ya'all go in peace with God
I love watching old movies even though I am 59 and love hearing them sign RIP and GOD BLESS
You will be missed Patty. Loved all your songs and still have many records.
I'm so sorry for your loss. I have many great memories as a child singing along with their albums. I always wanted to sing like Patty. The world has lost a great voice and entertainer. Thank you Andrew Sisters for your sharing your gift with us. Heaven has some awesome singing going on right now.
Patty is now with her sisters singing for our troops,those that never made it back home & those that have passed on since.
They brought so much joy with their singing,dancing & all around entertainment. Guess its'"Apple Blossom Time" in the heavens about now.
To the family of Patty Andrews, My heartfelt prayers are with you all, at this most difficult time. Continue to remember and cherish the wonderful memories of her in your heart and through her music and career. The Andrew Sisters were a great talent when I was growing up I enjoyed listening to their music and watching them on television, they all will be sadly missed.
May the "God of all comfort be with you".
To one of the greatest female singers ever....your Bugle Boy will live on thruout all time, thru generation, and generation...I even listened to it in my Army days in 1971....My dad who served in World War II would bounce all of us kids on his lap singing Dont sit under the Apple Tree, and Bugle Boy....
Thank You, and your sisters for bringing joy in our heart, and lightenibg up our soldiers .
May peace be with you and in.jesus arms thruout eternity..
Dearest Patty: I am shocked to hear of your passing. My Mom was a WW II Brat and had all of your 78 records and sheet music. I grew up listening to the 40's music, and I still love it. Thank you for also taking care of the troops. They all loved the Andrew Sisters, and yes, my Mother could do the Jitterbug too. RIP.
you left us a gift of joy and great memories.
The Andrew Sisters will go down in history as well as they should. Other than Kate Smith will there ever be a more memorable and devoted entertainer to our country. I was and always will be a devoted fan. RIP and God love you and your sisters.
God Bless you Patty and your sisters, for all you had done for the spirit of America during WWII. Hope you are sitting under the apple tree right now,,,still singing.
I've always had a special fondness in my heart for the Andrews' Sisters because of my last name. I will truly miss their voices and memories of them. Rodney S. Andrews
i have all your records u were a great lady.
God bless u
Ms brandy redwood city calif
I'm 81 years old... WWII was going on as I grew up with you... God Bless and I hope that there is a place in Heaven for you and your sisters to sing!
The greatest trio, together again---Boogie Woogie in heaven, what a thought!
Thank you Patty---love, til we hear you and the girls again,when we come home!
I recall the sisters beautiful harmony, and the perfect way their voices blended. I listened to them as a child, and a great lady has passed. My condolences to her family.
RIP, Patty. America salutes you and your sisters for bringing our men and women through a very hard and difficult war. God Bless you all!
Always Loved you , rest in peace Dear!!
Patty you will always be in the hearts and souls of are boys GOD BLESS
May your hearts soon be filled with wonderful memories of joyful times together as you celebrate a life well lived.
RIP. Thanks for the great music that you and your sisters put out. I throughly enjoyed it.
So now the sisters are together and dancin' up a storm followed by Bob Hope telling jokes with a putter in his hand. A great scene that thousands enjoyed for decades. Thank you all for your service
I'm very sorry for your loss. I'm 62 yrs. old and remember that song when I was a very young girl and I steal love it boogie Woogie Bugle Boy in Company B <3
To entertain and bring such joy to thousands, especially during WW2,is a God Given Gift, may you R. I. P.
MAY GOD BLESS with wonderfull memories in are minds and warmth in are hearts
Such wonderful music and memories which will live on forever. Patty is missed. 1Peter 5:8.
You sure did shine in your lifetime you all were a blessing to many
My dad talked about the Andrew sisters and how they made his time in WW2 much easier. God bless you and your sisters. May you all Rest in Peace.
To the familly of Patty Andrews,
I sent you deepest sympathy on her passing. My sister an next door neigbor often pretened to the Andrews sister when we were young. Thank you for the joy your family gave to this nation through the years.
A truly, truly great American.
rest in peace God Bless we love you!
Radio shows, USO tours, millions in record sales, a greatful nation salutes a great lady. Your service to your country was greatly appreciated by soldiers on the front lines and in hospitals around the world. God bless the Andrews Sisters for being there for America...
Th three of you got a lot of us through the South Pacific during WW2. God Bless you for ever.
may you continue to be comforted by the love and support of God, family and friends. (1Corinthains 1: 3,4
I am 51 years old and I watched every movie I could ever find with the Andrews sisters in it because I so love the entertainment they provided. So very thankful they gave up their lives to entertain all of us. She will be missed greatly. R.I.P. My sympathy goes out to their families.
God Bless You and your family, Patty
My dad once was once part of a cowboy band in Minnesota in the 1930s and the sisters sang for him personally while visiting someone on a farm. I don't know the details, but am grateful they did that. I was born in 1947 and my earliest radio memories were listening to the Andrews Sisters. Have always enjoyed their unique style. They will be missed.
What a truly Great American. Our Nation will miss you and your sisters. May God Bless you.
Ohhh, the end of era. I enjoyed her
so much. Sorry about her death.
RIP Patty with your soulful sisters. You gave a renewal of spirit and love to our troops - even through all the years - and to all who embraced and were lifted by the energy of your music. Thanks for uplifting the love that all Americans feel for the USA.
Another Singing Sister
Edison, New Jersey, USA
This is so sad, my dad promoted the Andrew Sisters back in the 50's & 60's...Always listen to there music when I was younger....RIP, Patty....you will be missed...
i have a picture of you, my husband and i on my tv in the livivng room. we were on an amtrak tour and we saw your show, and after you sat for a picture with every one. you had a lovely voice.
This sad to hear, I believe back in the 50's & 60's my dad promoted them, he always was talking about the Andrews sisters...
May the Heavens ring with sounds of music as the sisters reunite! God Bless
I loved the Andrews Sisters. They had style, were fun and Patty's voice was wonderful. Enjoyed their films, their songs with other celebs. They are missed. Patty can join her sisters and perform in Heaven. God Bless you, Patty!
MY CONDOLENCES TO THE FAMILY LEFT BEHIND... I LOVED HER MUSIC AND LOVED WATCHING HER ENTERTAIN THE TROOPS... SHE WILL BE REUNITED WITH HER SISTERS.. I LOVE, LOVE, LOVE TO LISTEN TO YOUR MUSIC, YOU WILL BE MISSED..
God bless you Patty with eternal life through Jesus Christ. We will miss you girls and our own family and friends from the Greatest Generation.
they brought smiles to a lot of GI sad faces.."bless 'em all"
God Bless you, you made our country proud!
Thanks for the memories with your songs, sense of humor and the way you jiggerbugged. Rest in Peace. God Bless.
May God grant your family comfort & peace during this most difficult time.
I'm listening to "I can dream, can't I" right now remembering Patty and her sisters. Now reunited...
Me, being a babby-boomer have also danced and sang along with Patty, Maxine, and LaVerne; 'The Andrews Sisters'. There will 'never' be anyone else like you girls/women here on this Earth. Thanks for all you have done, especially for all of the Servicemen in the past. May GOD be with you and your friends! Also 'Thanks-For-The-Memories. Rest In Peace.
God bless you, dear Patty, and your lovely sisters. You inspired many music lovers through the years. "You loved us much too much....."
sorry for the passing of Patti.
These 3 ladies did a great job entertaining soldiers during WWII... God bless u Pattie. Enjoy the bliss of Heaven.
Oh the singing in Heaven right about now!! God Bless you!
The gift of music is greater than any other. So many songs--love songs, zany novelty songs, polkas, hymns, latin-beat--all performed in beautiful harmony. What a legacy to leave a weary world.
SO SORRY FOR YOUR LOSS. I REMEMBER MY MOTHER SINGING AND DANCING AROUND THE HOUSE TO YOUR TUNES. ALMIGHY GOD ALSO REMEMBERS THE JOY YOU SISTERS BOUGHT TO SO MANY
PEOPLE. HE PROMISES A RESURRECTION OF ALL OR OUR LOVE ONES WHO HAVE FALLEN ASLEEP IN DEATH.
There's some mighty nice harmonizing going on in Heaven right now. What a
Another member of the greatest generation goes to Heaven! Patty and her sisters served our nation by keeping up morale, at home and on both fronts! Rest in peace! The sisters are together again!
RIP You and your sisters brought so much joy to so many. Heaven must be jumping tonight so many GI's there that loved you so much
the passing of Patty.
Rest in peace Dear Lady.
Thank you - THANK YOU !
for your help during WW II.
What a wonderful life. she will always live in the Light.
Thank you for a beautiful contribution to American history. Your songs will continue to be enjoyed for many generations.
The Andrews Sisters were at the height of their popularity long before I was born. But they have always been a big part of my life. They were the best. They will all be remembered fondly. Rest in peace.
Just listening to a couple of there songs the other day patty was the brassy one with a special talent that's hard to explain but she was something special . What a great act,one we'll never see again god blees them all now that they are to-gether again. John masso atco n.j.
So sad to hear of your passing. I remember onc time when I visited Frank Daley's Meadowbrook and thesisters were there visiting also, Patti asked me to dance and I was too shy and refused. The girls were great and I think the best around. Thank you for the memories girls.
Thank You for the Music...I know you now get to sing with your sisters again... R.I.P.
I was named after you Patty Ann. My mom and dad loved you and you will be sorely missed. Your singing brought joy to their lives and they passed tha along to us kids. We love you.
May God bless you forever and ever. Amen.
You were loved by my parents and I grew up listening to all of your wonderful music. You and your sisters did so much for our country and I am happy knowing that you are all together once again. Rest in peace after a job well-done.
Thank you for what you and your lovely sisters did for our servicemen and women during WWII. You have left us many happy memories. Eternal rest grant unto her, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine on her! God bless her family!
The Andrews Sisters gave our soldiers something wonderful to hang on to while overseas at war. God bless them.
I am so sorry for the loss of your loved one. Please find peace and comfort in Psalms 65:2.
Thanks for the wonderful memories and all the fun.
So sad, she will be missed by a lot of GIs
May you rest in peace, you will be missed.
You and your sisters were inspirations of heavenly bliss to so many. I recall my folks who have passed on enjoying The Andrews Sisters treasury of songs. I recall so many of my past relatives who served in WWII adoring the beautiful and warm songs of tht era, that you and your sisters performed and recorded. I still have those old recordings and they'll be past down to my grandchildren. Heaven will enjoy all of you together once more. RIP Ms. Andrews.
To the Andrews Family,
The Hearer of Prayer is always there for us in good times and in sorrowful times. May you keep your prays ongoing to him for strength.
GOODBYE PATTY, YOU WERE PART OF MY CHILDHOOD AND I'LL MISS YOUR SONGS.
I know many vets will agree, we have lost a national treasure.
A beautiful voice silenced from a time in our history that was memorable. The Andrew Sisters were one of a kind and I remember Patty's voice how beautiful it was. Their harmony was unbelievable. You have earned your reward, Patty. You will never be forgotten by your many fans and your beautiful voice made in Heaven.
Your songs touched many hearts. There was no singer better. Rest in Peace.
RIP. You were one of the greats.
She was part of something special. The Andrews Sisters gave our troops a part of home when they couldn't be there and those back in the States a piece of their servicemen and women abroad all through one common bond - music. And we are lucky to still have that music living in us today. Thank you Patty and your sisters for what you gave to us.
We loved your music even though my husband and I were born in 1945. You and your sisters were a favorite of ours. Our heartfelt sympathy goes to your family. You will be missed by so many. Thanks for all the joy you brought to our soldiers when they really needed it.
THEY WERE THE BEST AT A TIME WHEN THE COUNTRY NEEDED THEIR MORALE BUILDING MUSIC TO GET IT THROUGH THE HARD TIMES. RIP, PATTY.
Thank you Patty for all of the beautiful music and sound's you and your sister's gave to us ll. I loved you all. Resy in peace.
I will always remember my parents taking me to their show in Seattle. I was about 10 years old. My parents and I loved their singing and songs...............rip Patty.
Great artist will be greatly missed. A great fan of yours, Gary Toms
I remember their beautiful singing. I am sad that they are no longer with us. The music was so beautiful back then. | 53,707 | 389 |
474,305 | KRUSE FAMILY HISTORY
Our Kruse Family of the old Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany
Our known Kruse Family history starts three and a half centuries ago with church records from the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Neukirchen, near Buetzow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, now the German State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Neukirchen is a small town, that has the church, and is located in far northeastern Germany between the larger cities of Rostock and Buetzow, or about 25 miles south of the Baltic Sea, and 100 miles northwest of Berlin. Mecklenburg-Schwerin was the name of the old grand duchy or small region of land bounded on the north by the Baltic Sea (Ostsee in German), on the west by Schleswig-Holstein, on the southwest by Hanover, on the south by Brandenburg, and on the east by West Pomerania. In 1990, along with the old Prussian Province of West Pomerania, it became the current German State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Mecklenburg, however, was never a part of old Prussia. Current Germany is small compared to the size of the United States and is about the same regional size of New Mexico. The church at Neukirchen was originally a Roman Catholic Church built in 1233 and became an Evangelical Lutheran Church by 1549 with the advent of Martin Luther's Lutheran Reformation. No that is not a mistake, 1233 is the actual date of the Church! See this old 1896 map of Mecklenburg showing the parishes like Neukirchen, south of the large city of Rostock. The Church records, or called Parish records in Germany, exist in old handwritten church books (Kirchenbuchs in German) starting in 1660. The older church books before 1660 were destroyed by fires and wars. The original church still stands today with Pastor Lange. (click on left church photo). This photograph is courtesy of Robert Preihs (Priess). Parish records from Neukirchen and neighboring parishes like Satow, Kirch Mulsow, and others of far northern old Mecklenburg-Schwerin are still undergoing research, and more family history will likely be recovered. Of note if you have "Google Earth" you can see northern Germany and zoom right in to the small towns and actually see the church, roads, and farmlands at Neukirchen.
German Empire 1871 showing the old Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and the K is the location of the Neukirchen Church
Kruse Family History Search Begins in 1999
My curiosity with the Kruse Family genealogy began in the summer of 1999 when my niece Katelyn asked if I could look up the meaning of Kruse on the internet for a school project. I searched for Kruse on the World Wide Web and found a plethora of genealogy links. I was fascinated with the wide range of information available on the web. I knew the Kruse side of the family had come from Germany, but never knew the town. Family and relatives were questioned, but no one knew of the exact places in Germany. There was one clue to the town of Neukirchen in an obit on Wihelmine Kruse who married a Lehmann, but there were several Neukirchen towns in Germany. Also an Aunt had an old Kruse Family Bible that told of John Kruse came from Brandenburg, and his wife Marie Sommer came from Mecklenburg. Both of these places are provinces of old Germany and not a town.
From relatives, I knew they came from Chicago, so I started by ordering microfilms of census records which gave me the immigration time frame. My family had some old photos of Lehmans, Thodes, and Schroeders who had married Kruses. Using these surnames and a time frame, a genealogist, Linda Bethke, found them together in the "Germans To America" series all on the same ship, the S.S. Allemannia from the Hamburg Port in 1869. I was totally shocked when the dates on the ship record index matched with known census information. This was only the Arrival Passenger List to New York and this did not show the town name. So I had to order the actual Hamburg Departure ship list manifest to hopefully find the town in Germany. The week I ordered the ship list from my local Family History Center in Dodge City, Kansas was the longest week I had ever lived, it seemed, as I awaited in high anticipation for the microfilm to arrive. Sure enough there was our old Kruse family, with the town listed as Vietzen in Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Vietzen is the old spelling used on the ship records and also the old spelling on some of the Neukirchen church records. Also the old way of spelling Neukirchen is Nuenkirchen. The current spelling of Vietzen is Viezen. From this I ordered the old church book records that were microfilmed by the Mormons, for Neukirchen. I spent the next 3 years going to our local Family History Center and looking at the 5 rolls of microfilmed church book records almost every Thursday. Some of these hand written church book entries by the Pastor are in the beautiful Latin script, while much of the older books in the 17th Century are in the old German Gothic Script, and looks like hens scratchings. The church books are of births, baptisms, marriages, and deaths starting in 1660.
17th Century Old Kruse Ancestors Found at Neukirchen Parish
The earliest known Kruse ancestor, Marcus Kruse, was born about 1635 in Selow and died on 3 March 1675. He was my 6th Great Grandfather. His father would have been my 7th Great Grandfather born around 1610. The baptism of Joachim Kruse on 9 November 1664 at Neukirchen, son of Marcus Kruse, is the clearest church book entry showing Marcus. Marcus had a son, Johann Kruse, my 5th Great Grandfather, and was born in January 1667 and baptised on 11 January in Selow. He married his second wife, Margaretha Moeller, on 28 May 1717 at the Neukirchen Parish. Their child, my 4th Great Grandfather, was Christian David Kruse. His birth record at Selow from the church at Neukirchen shows he was baptised on 3 February 1729. He was just recently found to have married Charlotte Elisabeth Franz at another parish at Kirch Mulsow on 19 October 1743 thanks to a family researcher Grit Ende. This marriage of his daughter, Louisa, to Johann Westphal in 1790 at Kirch Mulsow is the proof that shows Christian David Kruse was from Klein Belitz or near Selow of the Neukirchen Parish. I had been looking for a marriage to Elisabeth Juerss as one of the kids deaths showed. Charlotte's mom turned out to be Elisabeth Dorothea Juerss of Moiton. Some of the confusion in the Neukirchen Parish entries are probably due to them coming in from another parish. They had four children in the small town of Steinhagen of Kirch Mulsow Parish, then 4 others from Klein Belitz of the Neukirchen Parish. My 3rd Great Grandfather, Jacob Martin Albrecht Kruse, was baptised on 31 March 1778 in Klein Belitz. His birth record shows his father as a haecker, or small farmer from Klein Belitz. This record does not show the first name of his father which is presumed to be Christian David Kruse, however his death record shows his father was the cottager Christian Kruse of Klein Belitz. The death record for Johann Christoph, brother to Albrecht, is the only record that shows his mother as Elisabeth Juerss, which we now presume to be an error. They lived in the small town of Klein Belitz, or one quarter of a mile southeast of the church at Neukirchen.
Jacob Martin Albrecht Kruse, more commonly called Albrecht in many of the church records, became a hauswirt in Reinstorf. A hauswirt is German for a peasant landowner who leased land. A typical hauswirt leased anywhere from 12 to 50 acres of land. He married Friedricke Sophia Margaretha Koppelmann on 5 December 1800 at Neukirchen. They had nine children; Sophia, Johann, Elisabeth, Maria, Sophia, Elisabeth M., Ferdinand (my 2nd Great Grandfather), Jaspar, and Joachim Kruse. The Germans named the children after the godparents first names, and many times there were 3 godparents. They lived in the very small town of Reinstorf or one tenth of a mile southwest of Neukirchen.
My Great Great Grandfather, Ferdinand Vollrath Friedrich Kruse, was born on 18 May 1817 in Reinstorf. He probably worked for his dad Albrecht as a farm hand along with his brothers and sisters in Reinstorf. Ferdinand married Maria Sophia Dorothea Jenning on 25 October 1842 in Neukirchen. They had four children; Sophia Maria Caroline, Maria Christina Friederica, Wilhelmine Elisabeth Friedricke, and Johann Ferdinand Christian Kruse (my Great Grandfather), and were born in the very small town of Viezen, near Buetzow. Viezen (picture) is about one and one half miles southwest of Neukirchen (picture from recent trip in 2001) and currently has only 37 homes.
After Ferdinand married in 1842, he worked as a day laborer (tageloehner in German) in Viezen. A day laborer is one who worked different small jobs daily for a salary. The work day started at 5 am and ended at dusk with a 2 hour break. The typical tageloehner made one tageloehn a day which is equal to 10 shillings for men and 6 for women. 10 shillings in today's dollar is about 67 cents. He then became a Katenmann in Viezen which is a cottager who owned a very small parcel of land for animals, a small house, and a garden.
My Great Grandfather, Johann Ferdinand Christian Kruse (pictured), Ferdinand and Maria's last child, was born 27 January 1852 in Viezen. Johann's grandfather, Albrecht, died about a year later on 12 December 1852 at the age of 74 of wassersucht. Wassersucht is German for congestive heart failure or dropsy. Johann's dad, Ferdinand, then died of lungenschlag or a chest disease about three years later on 10 September 1855 at age 38. He left Johann, age 3, Johann's mom, Maria 37, and his three sisters; Sophia 12, Maria 10, and Wilhelmine 7 years old. Sophia married Ludwig Christoph Johann Schroeder nine years later in 1864 at Neukirchen, and Maria married Adolph Friederich Wilhelm Thode in 1867 at Schwaan.
According to the 1867 census in Viezen, Ludwig Schroeder and his wife Sophia Kruse Schroeder, their two children Wilhelmine and Carl, and Maria Jenning Kruse (Sophia's mom), with her teenage child Johann Kruse (my Great Grandfather), were living together. Possibly after Maria Jenning Kruse's husband, Ferdinand died in 1855, the family moved in with the Schroeders.
Kruse Relatives Immigrate to Buffalo and West Chicago DuPage County Illinois in the 1850's
These Kruses are of my 3rd great grandfather's brothers children, Joachim Heinrich Kruse. In an email from Arlene Kruse, in June 2006, she was looking for her Great Great Grandfather, Peter Kruse, for over 20 years. It turns out I had him in my Kruse Family Tree, but that linegae had not been linked to mine yet. Then Grit Ende, a good friend and avid family researcher in Rostock, found that Peter's dad was Joachim who was born in 1766 at Steinhagen of the Kirch Mulsow Parish. More importantly, his father, or my 4th great grandfather, was Christian David Kruse who married Charlotte Frantz of Kirch Mulsow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in 1763. These new findings now link several other previously unlinked Kruse Families to my Ancestral lineage.
Peter Kruse, Joachim's son, born in 1807 at Juergenshagen, of the Neukirchen Parish, married Charlotte Schult in 1837 at Satow. They immigrated about 1853 probably through Quebec to Buffalo, New York with his 3 kids, Frederick, Sophia, and John. We presume through Quebec because we so far cannot find any immigration of them to New York or any other U.S. Port. They then migrated probably to Cottage Hill, now Elmhurst, DuPage Co., Illinois about 1856. Two of Peter's kids, Sophia and John, were confirmed at Zion Lutheran Church in Bensenville in 1856 and 1858. Peter's older brother, John and family, immigrated in 1854 and to York Center, DuPage Co. by 1860 but we cannot find Peter and family in any U.S. census. If we can find the ship and immigration from Hamburg this will answer a lot of questions.
Daughter, Sophia, then married John Dannenberg in 1860 at Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church. First son, Frederick, married Laura Hilgendorf about 1867, and second son, John married Laura's sister, Sophia Hilgendorf in 1869 at First Zion Lutheran Church in Chicago. In 1869 John worked on Wells Street in Chicago as a Section Foreman. Could this be why my great grandfather, John Kruse immigrated to Chicago in 1869 and later lived in a house on Wells? They were 2nd cousins. Peter's son, John, then moved to old Turner Junction, now called West Chicago, near Wheaton, DuPage Co. and worked for the Chicago and Galena Railroad. This Railroad Company then consolidated with the Chicago and North Western Company where he retired in 1910 at age 66. He and Sophia lived in what was known as "Little Heidelberg" on the south side of Church Street.
John was a very civic minded individual. He served on the Turner Village Board for about 20 years, and was a member of the School Board for 10 years. They were among the founders of early members of Trinity Lutheran Church in West Chicago. Sophia, who came from Neuenkirchen, near Anklam, of old West Pomerania, Prussia, was employed by Dr. Madison as a Midwife. She was said to have a lovely singing voice. She was rather strict and stern and did not show much outwardly affection, but was always willing to help others in need. She died in 1919 after an illness of 7 months of myocardial exhaustion, and she was very heavy set. She was laid to rest in Glen Oak Cemetery in West Chicago. Afterward her husband, John, ailing for 3 years, died in 1924 of senile degeneration of the brain, and was buried next to Sophia. From this family, Frederick Kruse was born in 1874, and his old house was left to the West Chicago Historical Society and named the Kruse House Museum.
Sophia and John Dannenberg appeared in the 1865 Census in Addison Township, in the Cottage Hill area. More importantly the Census showed there was one male age 50 to 60 (Peter Kruse), 2 males 20 to 30 (John Dannenberg, and either Fred or John Kruse), 1 female 20 to 30 (Sophia Kruse Dannenberg), and 2 females 0 to 10 years old (Louisa and Emma Dannenberg). Then in the 1870 Census at Yellowhead Township in Kankakee Co., Illinois. John had purchased 4000 acres in Yellowhead Township, for 1000 dollars on 27 Feb 1869. John Dannenberg was said to work on the farm of Henry Nethatty (spelling?) and lived in York Township, DuPage County, with his family in 1860. Peter Kruse lived with his daughter Sophia and family in Kankakee County where he died in 1878 and was buried at St. Paul Lutheran Cemetery in Petersburg, Illinois. The birth date on the tombstone shows as born 24 March 1807. This matches his knownbirth date in Juergenshagen with the microfilmed records at Neukirchen! Sophia and John Dannenberg remained on the farm in Kankakee County for the rest of their lives. After they died the four remaining sons stayed on the family homestead until their deaths.
Very little is known of Peter's first born, Frederick Kruse, born in 1838 at Miekenhagen, parish of Satow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany. It was said he served in the Civil War and possibly with Grant at Lookout Mountain and Vicksburg. There is listed in the IL Civil War Veterans database, a Frederick Cruse who served with the 9th IL US Cavalry, F Company of Chicago. In August of 1866 he became the Godfather to his sister Sophia Dannenberg's son Friedrich and married his wife Laura Hilgendorf in 1867. They had 3 children born in Chicago from 1868 to 1871. Nothing is found of Frederick after this and we think he died about 1878. His wife then married Frederick Zuttermeister in 1881.
The later Kruse families and relatives migrated to other towns in Illinois, Wisconsin, California, Florida, and other States. Some towns are Round Lake, Bloomington, Hurley, Freeport, Aurora, Winfield, Batavia, Geneva, Milwaukee, Oak Park, St. Petersburg, Richmond, Woodstock, Burbank, Glendale, Albuquerque, Waukesha, Mattoon, St. Charles, Sandwich, Elgin, and Nashville. Welcome aboard to Arlene Kruse, my newly found 5th Cousin and all other newly found cousins since June 2006, and a big thanks to Grit!
My Kruse Ancestors Leave Their German Homeland in 1869
Between 1820 and 1890 about 250,000 people left their homes in Mecklenburg in several waves of emigration. The emigrants especially went to America or other cities in Germany, such as Hamburg and Bremen, as well as the province of Schleswig-Holstein. In North America the word was out that anyone could purchase land for very low prices.
The emigration of thousands of people from Mecklenburg belongs to the darkest chapters in the history of the region. With the annulment of serfdom in 1820 many landowners stopped caring for the poor. They decreased the number of apartments on their land and made it much harder to receive the right of abode. Even in the "Domanium" (land owned by the grand duke of Schwerin), it was hard to find work or housing. Due to the system of guilds in the cities the hope of the citizens to set themselves up in life by working hard and being economical decreased. As a result of those problems among the people of Mecklenburg a mass emigration started in the early 19th century, and about one fourth of the population left their homes. For many of them Hamburg was the last stop on German grounds.
Mass emigration is a signal for a severe social crisis in any country. The emigration wave was not limited to Mecklenburg. It also covered all other parts of the fragmented German Empire. In all several million people emigrated from Germany. The emigration movement spread to other European countries as well, but Mecklenburg was especially hit, in fact, after 1850 it was, after Ireland and Galicia, the third worst of the emigration affected region in Europe.
So in about September 1869, the remaining Kruse families and relatives, under extreme economic stress, and the hope of a new life and their own land in America left their Viezen home for the Hamburg Port to emigrate out of Germany. This group consisted of Johann Kruse (my Great Grandfather) now age 17, his mom, Maria 51 (my Great Great Grandmother), his sister, Sophia 25, with husband, Ludwig 30, and their two children, Wilhelmine 4, Carl 2; his other sister, Maria Kruse Thode 24, with her husband, Adolph Thode 37, and their infant daughter, Wilhelmina 6 months; his other unmarried sister, Wilhelmine 21, and Johann's uncle, Johann Jochim Kruse 65, with his second wife Friedricke Magdelina Sophia Lange 54, and their two children, Ferdinand Peter 20, and Maria Sophia 17. The 14 of them traveled the 105 miles from Viezen to Hamburg, probably by railroad, to board the S.S. (Steam Ship) Allemannia (pictured) at port in Hamburg.
Boarding the Steam Ship Allemannia at Hamburg in 1869
The steamship Allemannia was built by C. A. Day & Co, Southampton, for the Hamburg American Line, and launched on May 11th, 1865. It weighed 2,695 tons, its length was 315 ft, and width was 41 feet. It had a straight bow, 1 funnel, and 2 masts. It was constructed of iron with screw propulsion and had a service speed of 15 mph. The ship could accommodate 60 passengers in 1st class, 100 in 2nd class, and 600 in steerage, and had a crew of 90.
The steerage section is so called because it was located near the steering apparatus between the main or upper deck and the hold. The steerage is a section occupied by passengers paying the smallest fares and receiving inferior accommodations. Passengers traveled 1st class for luxury, 2nd class for comfort, 3rd class for economy, and steerage class was only for immigrants. There wasn't much room for the steerage passengers, less than 6 feet overhead and anywhere between 14-20 square feet of floor space, which served as sleeping quarters as well as an area for food preparation.
The S.S. Allemannia had its maiden voyage on September 1865 from Hamburg to Southampton to New York. In 1872 it was fitted with compound engines. The last voyage on the Hamburg to New York line was 5 October 1872. It was then used for Hamburg to New Orleans service for a time, then had Hamburg to West Indies service. From April to September 1880 it resumed Hamburg to New York service. In 1880 it was purchased by W. Hunter & Co, Liverpool, and renamed Oxenhole. In 1894 it was sold to A. Chapman of Liverpool. Its final voyage was 6 June 1894. It was bound to South America and was stranded near Santa Catharina, Brazil, with no loss of life.
The Viezen area Kruses and families must have met a farmer Carl Friedrich Lehmann, age 28, from Perniek, either on the ship or just before because he is listed just after the Kruses on the Hamburg Departure Ship list manifest. Perniek is part of the Gross Tessin parish which is about five miles southwest of Viezen.
The 15 of them boarded the steerage section of the ship along with 603 other steerage passengers, and 80 second class passengers, according to the actual ship manifest from Hamburg. Among the 618 in steerage were 324 males and 294 females. 110 of steerage were one to nine years old, and 48 were infants. So 698 total passengers and 60 crew left Hamburg port with Captain Bardua of the S.S. Allemannia on 13 October 1869. The ship would travel along the Elbe River (see bottom of map) from Hamburg, then out to the North Sea and through the English Channel.
They stopped at Le Havre port, France along the English Channel to make a second pick-up of 4 more second class and 75 first class passengers and then started the journey across the Atlantic Ocean toward North America. Sea-sickness was rampant for many, not used to the sea, for the first week. Many would be so sick they would not eat for days. Before Steam Ships were made prior to 1850, sail ships took an average of 43 days to up to 120 days to make the Atlantic journey. Before the Steam Ships many passengers died on the way over because of unsanitary conditions that caused disease and sometimes death to spread among them. If someone died during the Atlantic journey they would say a prayer and throw him overboard for burial at sea. With the advent of the steam engine the voyage would be drastically cut short to only 7 to 18 days.
Kruses Arrive In America in October 1869
After the 15th day they arrived at the New York port of immigration, Castle Garden, on 28 October 1869, shown on the arrival ship record. The famous immigration port at Ellis Island was not yet built. Ellis Island was ready to receive its first immigrants on 1 January 1892, or 23 years later.
Castle Garden was located at the Battery in lower Manhattan and was the immigration center for the Port of New York. By all accounts, the most exciting part of the journey was its end, the day of arrival, when ships made port, and at long last the weary travelers could land. New York City was the principal port of entry for immigrants, their path to America determined by well established shipping lanes across the Atlantic Ocean. New York held the nation's largest seaport since the 1820's, and was also a major railroad hub that offered access to nearly every part of the country.
Because of the waves of newcomers entering the city, New York was the first port to open an immigration depot, Castle Garden, a massive stone structure built in 1808 as a fort. It later served as an opera house until 1855, when New York State authorities transformed it into a landing station.
Castle Garden's primary purpose was not to inspect, but to protect hapless newcomers from the crooks, prostitutes, and swindlers, that prowled the piers looking for easy victims. Within Castle Garden's walls, immigrants could exchange money, purchase food and rail tickets, attend to baggage, and obtain information about boarding houses and employment. By the time it closed in 1890, the old depot, run-down and shabby from hard use, had registered over 8 million immigrants.
Immigrate to Chicago Illinois and Belle Plaine Wisconsin
From Castle Garden, New York, Johann Kruse (my Great Grandfather), his mom, Maria Jenning Kruse, (my GG Grandmother) and his two sisters and their families, his third sister Wilhelmine, and the farmer from Gross Tessin, Carl Friedrich Lehmann migrated to Chicago, Illinois. Just how they were transported to Chicago is unknown, however typically immigrants would travel by steamer up the Hudson River from New York Harbor to Albany. From Albany they could go by train to Buffalo on Lake Erie, then take a steam ship across Lake Erie to Detroit, take a train to New Buffalo on the other side of Michigan, and lastly take another Great Lakes steamer to Chicago.
Carl Lehmann and John's unmarried sister, Wilhelmine, must have fallen for each other on the way over from Hamburg to Chicago because they were married about a month and a half later on 12 December 1869 in Chicago at Trinity Lutheran Church.Johann Joachim Kruse, my Great Great Grand Uncle, and his wife Friedricke Magdelina Sophia Lange and their two children, Ferdinand Peter Friedrich, and Maria Sophia Christina Kruse probably went on to Belle Plaine, Wisconsin. Belle Plaine is the town where several of Johann's kids from his first marriage had migrated in 1866. Ferdinand Peter Friedrich Kruse married Augusta Retzlaff in 1878 in Belle Plaine, Wisconsin. The Belle Plaine Kruse family was just located in January 2002. Lisa Eschenburg, a genealogist friend, found them in the 1900 census in Belle Plaine and a death record from Shawano County verifies Ferdinand's father and mother as John Kruse and Friedricke Lange. Welcome aboard to all our newly found cousins in Wisconsin. Maria Sophia Christina Kruse (Ferdinand's sister) married Friedrich Peters in 1871, probably at Belle Plaine, and had 11 children. Ferdinand Kruse and family owned a Dairy farm on Capitol Drive in Belle Plaine and lived next to the Peters farm. They are buried at St. Martin's Lutheran Church Cemetery and some in the Friendship Cemetery. For pictures of St. Martin's Church, the Cemeteries, and Ferdinand Kruse's Dairy Farm see the St. Martin Lutheran Church Page.
John Kruse Becomes a Carpenter in Chicago in 1870
Johann Ferdinand Kruse (my Great Grandfather) was listed as John and his mom Maria Jenning Kruse (my Great Great Grandmother) was listed as Mary according to the 1870 Illinois census. They again, as in Viezen, lived with the Schroeder's (Johann's sister Sophia's family) and near the Thode and Lehmann families at Ward 6 on Chicago's south side. John is listed in the business section of the 1870 Chicago Directory as a carpenter with the company "Hepp and Schoenthaler" on 195 West Chicago Avenue. John was said to be a wagon maker in Germany.
The Great Chicago Fire occurred on 8 October 1871. It started at the O'Leary Family barn at Taylor Street near Clinton Street on Chicago's West Side just north of 12th Street. The fire spread toward downtown Chicago with strong southwest winds. The Kruses lived on 25th street, on the south side, and were about 13 blocks south of the conflagration.
By the 1880 Illinois census they are in Ward 5 on 164 Kossuth Street, near the corner at Hanover Street. This is probably the same location they were in 1870 because Ward 6 in 1870 is the same as Ward 5 in 1880. John, age 28, and his mom Maria Jenning Kruse, age 63, were still living with the Schroeder's and their five children. In 1883 the street was changed from Kossuth to 25th Place. John's sister's family, the Thode's, were living next door at 168 Kossuth with four children and John's other sister's family, the Lehmann's, were nearby at 202 Kossuth with their three children. Of note also the pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church, Louis Lochner and family, were living at the corner of old Kossuth and Hanover, now on the current location of W. 25th Place and S. Canal Street (near I-90/94 and I-55), probably in the church parsonage and Trinity Lutheran itself at the corner lot. See the 1876 street map of Chicago.John's sister, Maria Thode, died at age 36 on 18 April 1881 in Chicago. Her husband, Adolph Thode, re-married. Also in 1881 the Lehmann's moved to Reedsburg, Wisconsin to farm land. John and his mom probably visited the Lehmann's in Reedsburg from time to time in the early 1880's and at sometime, around 1882, John met his wife to be, Marie A. Sommer. Later in 1915, the Lehmann's purchased 60 acres from an Adolph and Louise Sommers in Ironton Township, Sauk County, Wisconsin. We still do not know if these Sommers are related to Marie Sommer? John's sister Wilhelmine "Minnie" Lehmann gave birth to Wilhelm "Will" Lehmann on 2 April 1884 in Reedsburg, Wisconsin.
More Kruse Relatives Migrate to Des Plaines Illinois in 1884
Joachim Kruse (my Great Granduncle), brother of my Great Great Grandfather, Ferdinand Kruse, married Elisabeth Wichmann in 1852 at Neukirchen. They had 7 children born in Wokrent. Joachim died in 1876 and 8 years later, Elisabeth and family emigrated to America on the Steamship (S.S.) Lessing on 10 November 1884. They arrived at Castle Garden, the New York Port, and then migrated to Des Plaines, Maine Township, Cook County, Illinois. See the Arrival Passenger List. Catharina Kruse, the first born, married John Hintz in 1877 and the family with kids, Fred, Carl, and Wilhelm also were on this ship. Carl (Charles) Hintz had a child, Arthur Hintz, and he was the Chief of Police in Des Plaines. Elisabeth Kruse's last son, John Kruse married Minnie Bruescher in 1895 at Des Plaines. Two of their children, George and Arthur Kruse, owned one of the oldest Standard Dealers in Cook County, Kruse Brothers Service Station, founded in 1929. This location was at 1215 Manheim at Manheim and Algonquin Avenue. See the Des Plaines' Kruse relatives at RootsWeb WorldConnect Project. Many of these relatives are buried at the Maine Cemetery in Des Plaines.
The Mystery of Marie Sommer Kruse
Now the hunt was on to solve the mystery of Marie Sommer, where did she come from, when, who were her parents, did she come alone on the ship, and what church did John and Marie Sommer Kruse marry in? I posted this mystery to my website front page and the Ancestry.com and Genealogy.com message boards, hoping that someone might be able to give me some clues.
Marie Sommer, from family stories, was supposedly a nurse maid for relatives in Wisconsin. She was said to come to America by herself at a very young age of around 14 and was supposed to be from Mecklenburg. I searched for the ship in the "Germans To America" series CD's that I had purchased from Family Tree Maker and found several Sommers and Sommer families that could be her based on what we knew about her history. One was a Sommer family on the "Konprinz Friedrich Wilhelm" that arrived in 1882 from the Bremen Port. This showed a Marie Sommer, age 21, with her uncles family, August and Emilie Sommer and children. So I had to put this on the back burner until more info came to light.
Esther Bozeman contacted me in November 2002 from my message on the Cook County message board on Ancestry.com and she also wrote to the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod. Marvin Huggins of the Concordia Historical Institute responded and a few months later I got an email from their research department on the 2 churches I was looking for, St. Peter's, and Trinity Lutheran of Chicago. They said to contact John Hallman, the Northern Illinois District Archivist, for more info on St. Peter's. Meanwhile, Carolyn Hermann, a good friend who lives near Chicago, was also helping me find the church, then wrote a message to John. He said there is a Trinity Lutheran Church on 31st and Lowe, now known as First Lutheran Church of the Trinity and Louis Lochner used to be the Pastor. Ok, this is what I needed because I knew the Kruses lived next to the Lochner family on 25th place (Kossuth) and Louis Lochner signed John and Marie Sommer Kruse's marriage license. John said the original Trinity Lutheran Church had moved (see 1876 Chicago Map) from the corner of W. 25th Place (old Kossuth) and S. Canal Street (old Hanover) to its current location at 643 W. 31st Street and Lowe, and the Trinity Lutheran Church Book records are available at the new church. Now with the mystery of the church almost solved, and with much excitement, I contacted Carolyn and she agreed to visit the First Lutheran Church of the Trinity.
Marie Sommer Found in Wilhelmine Brandenburg Prussia
So Carolyn went to the First Lutheran Church of the Trinity on 6 December 2003 and found lots of Kruse family entries in the old church books. She called me that evening and told me of all the records, and I wrote it all down with much anticipation as she dictated the entries. One of them was the marriage of John Kruse and Marie Sommer (my Great Grandparents) with the town listed as Wilhelmien, Prussia. I frantically went on the internet to try to find this town, and must have spent the whole night thinking about it without hardly any sleep. Carol made copies of these church book entries and mailed them to me. I could not believe all this was happening, the town of Marie Sommer, and the old church has been found! The image below is the Trinity Marriage Register.
Marriage Register (Trau in German) of the Marriage entry in the Church book at the old Trinity Lutheran Church
Sure enough the marriage register showed that on 9th September 1884 they were married as Johann Kruse of Vietzen, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Marie Sommer of Wilhelmien, Prussia. Eureka!! This was the big breakthrough we were looking for! The town of Marie Sommer finally is seen for the first time and now we know the church they were married in! I was in complete shock, that after the past 4 years of searching for her town in Germany and looking for the church, that I was staring at the town! But now where is this town? I contacted several internet friends, Jeff, Robert Albert, and Robert T., who were all familiar with German language and towns. They helped me locate several candidates in old Prussia, but which one of these is it? Jeff made a breakthrough and found a family on the internet from Australia with Sommer family from Willmine, Uckermark, Brandenburg, Prussia. I ordered the church records for Willmine and with another shock there she was, my Great Grandmother's, Marie Sommer's, birth entry! So I am very grateful for such great help from all my friends, I could not have done this without you guys. Thanks is just not enough! Below is the actual church book entry of Marie Sommer birth and her parents.
Gross Fredenwalde Church book entry showing birth of Marie Emilie Sommer of Willmine
This church book was a duplicate of the original church book of Gross Fredenwalde and filmed by the Mormons. There she was, Marie Emilie (Amalie) Sommer, from Willmine, also known as Wilhelmine, born on 17 June 1860 (the exact month and day on her death record), and parents of Christian Sommer and Friedrike Weber of Willmine. Holy Cow!! The mystery of Marie Sommer solved and now I know my new Great Great Grandparents! It turns out that the Family Bible showing John Kruse from Brandenburg and Marie Sommer from Mecklenburg had it reversed, and John was from Mecklenburg and Marie from Brandenburg. Willmine is about 50 miles northeast of Berlin in the province of Brandenburg of old Prussia. These duplicate parish records for Gross Fredenwalde are from 1845 to 1873, so I am currently trying to locate previous years. See the Marie Sommer Kruse History Page for current info and images of the church records from Trinity Lutheran and of Gross Fredenwalde.
This new info now also verified that I had the correct ship of Marie Sommer, the "Konprinz Friedrich Wilhelm". This ship arrived on 21 March 1882 from the Bremen Port, Germany. Marie's age of 21 shown on the ship matches with her birth date in 1860 and the other Sommer relatives on this ship were listed as Godparents in several Kruse births at Trinity Lutheran. The census in Chicago also verifies these families.
John Kruse and Marie Sommer are Married in 1884
So now we know that John married Marie Sommer at Trinity Lutheran Church on 9 September 1884. John was 32 years old and Marie was 24 on their wedding day. (Pictured left at Trinity) They were married by Louis Lochner, an Evangelical Lutheran Pastor, who also lived next door to them in Chicago. This photo given to me by Aunt Phyllis is may favorite old photograph.
On 4 July 1885 John and Marie had their first child, a daughter born in Chicago, Sophia Caroline. Walter Lewis was then born on 22 July 1886. John Charles "Jack" was born 10 May 1888. Marie A. was born on 16 September 1889. Nellie Augusta was born on January 1892. These children were all baptized at Trinity Lutheran Church. John's mom Maria then died that summer on 29 July 1892, at age 73, listed as paralysis on the death certificate. William Christopher was later born on 23 August 1893. Carl "Charles" was born on 15 November 1895 and tragically died 2 days later on the 17th. Anna Bess "Bessie" was born on 25 October 1896 and George Frederick was born on 17 March 1899. These last children were baptized at St. Peter's Lutheran Church. See the link for some old pictures of the kids at St. Peter's School on Princeton and 46th Street.
John must have made some good money working as a carpenter since coming to America in 1869. They moved 12 blocks south from 25th and bought a big house or 4 plex apartment building at 3648 5th Avenue, at the corner of 37th Street, sometime around 1893 after John's mom, Maria Jenning Kruse, died. According to the 1900 Illinois census they lived in this apartment building with their 8 children; Sophia age 14, Walter 13, John 12, Mary 9, Nellie 8, William 6, Annie 3, and baby George 1 year old. The residence was listed as owned and mortgaged by John Kruse.
Also at the same address were three other families and a cook that were renting. The house must have been a four family apartment building. The three other families were; the Jacobsen's from Denmark, the Vandenberg's from Holland, and the Walshe's from Ireland. Minnie Reynolds age 30 was listed as a cook. A total of 23 people were listed at this address on 3648 5th Avenue. It is possible that John, being a carpenter, may have helped build this apartment, or added on to the original single family house.
My Grandfather Fred Kruse Born in 1903
Minnie Ruth, their 10th child, was born on 17 January 1902 in Chicago. Ferdinand Karl Friedrich Kruse (Frederick Charles Kruse), our 10th generation ancestor, my Grandfather, was born on 14 July 1903, and the final child, a daughter to John and Marie was Florence born 19 August 1906. John was listed as a carpenter/contractor since 1889 in Chicago. He was said to have helped to build a church, and this was probably the Saint Peter's Evangelical Lutheran German Church located at 3918 Dearborn Street. See Map of Chicago 1876. This church was the St. Peter's Lutheran Church, and is where the last kids were baptized, and was only 7 blocks to the southeast of their home on South 5th Avenue now Wells Street. This address is currently the location (see current map) of the Chicago White Sox Stadium parking lot at Comiskey Park now U.S. Cellular Field !
The 1889 Chicago business directory showed Adolph Thode working at a milk depot on 168 25th Place. This is the same address as his residence. One of my old pictures shows a man, Adolph or Ludwig Schroeder, with a horse drawn milk carriage. The carriage shows the title of "Jersey Dairy" on the left panel and L. Schroeder Depot on the right. (pictured) We know the John Kruse family had a horse called Franky or possibly Willie. Is this the same dappled horse? Did Ludwig Schroeder own the operation and did Adolph Thode work for him? Is this him in front of his house? We do not know at this time. This picture (to the right) is a great old photo of the era. Click on it for an enlarged view.
The Kruse's had a goat out in the backyard for baby Florence. Apparently Florence had a digestive problem with regular cows milk and goats milk was all she could drink. When Marie, her mom, would go out to get the milk from the goat it would always run after her and head butt her. The children got a big kick out of watching their mom scurrying about the yard being chased by the goat. When Sunday came the whole family would pile into the buggy to go to church at St. Peter's only 3 blocks away and being pulled by "Franky or Willie" the horse. The kids Sunday shoes were all lined up on the stairway steps inside the house. John was characterized as a strict but kind father. These little stories were related to me by my Aunt Romaine.
John Kruse Passes Away in 1909
John Kruse (my Great Grandfather) then died, only 3 years after their last child, Florence (born 1906), at age 57, in Chicago on Monday, November 29th, 1909. The obituary from the Chicago Daily News on Tuesday, November 30th reads:
Krause.---- John Christian, November 29th, 1909, aged 50 years 10 months 29 days beloved husband of Mary Krause(nee Sommer). Funeral from late residence 3648 5th Ave, Friday at 10 am to St.Petri Church, Rev. Merbitz burial at Concordia.
The newspaper made a few mistakes. It should have read Kruse, not Krause, and the age should have read 57 years 10 months 2 days. According to the church records at Neukirchen he was born as Johann Ferdinand Christian Kruse on January 27th, 1852 in Viezen. St. Petri was the German name for St. Peter's.
In 1909 John left behind his wife, Marie, age 49, called Mary, with 11 children. According to the 1910 Illinois census, they are still in the residence at 3648 5th Ave. Mary was 50 years old, a widow, with Sophia, age 24; Walter, 23, is a carpenter listed at the house address; John Jr., 21, listed separately at the house; Mary, 20, working as a clerk on State Street; Nellie, age 18, working as an inspector at the house address; William, 16, as an auto operator; Anna 14, George 12, Minnie 10, (pictured left) Ferdinand 7 and little Florence, age 3. Daughter Mary married Louis Hafner about 1910. In 1911 the house address street was changed to 3648 South 5th Ave. (added South)
Since John died it looked as if some of the kids were taking over the business of carpenter-contractor with Walter listed as a carpenter and Nellie as an inspector. Walter had married Genevieve "Gennie" and John Jr. "Jack" had married Mildred Dane. Since Walter and Jack are listed separately at 3648 South 5th Avenue it looks like these two new families have taken over two of the three other rooms of the four room apartment building.
Some tragic years follow John's death of 1909. On 23 June 1911, Florence died at an early age of 4 missing her 5th birthday by 2 months. John's sister, Sophia Schroeder, (photo) died on 15 November 1911 at 68. John Schroeder, Sophia's son, died 11 September 1912 at age 35. John's sister, Wilhelmine "Minnie" Lehman, died 31 March 1914 of pneumonia, at age 66, in Reedsburg. Mary and daughter, Sophie Kruse, attended the funeral in Reedsburg. (see copy of obituary) In 1916 Ludwig Schroeder died in Chicago, he was John's sister Sophia's husband.
On 16 April 1916, Ferdinand Karl Friedrich Kruse "Frederick", my grandfather, was confirmed at age 13 at Saint Peter's Church, 3918 Dearborn St., in Chicago by Reverend F. P. Merbitz. This is the same Church and Pastor of Ferdinand's dads funeral, and was possibly the same Church that his dad, John, had helped build.
According to the Chicago directories, Mary and John Jr., still have the house or apartment building at 3648 South 5th Avenue, at the corner of 37th and 5th, through 1915. The old Comiskey Park was built just north of them, at 35th and Shields, and started the first ball games in 1910. By the 1920 Illinois Census they moved to 6004 South Marshfield Avenue in Chicago. Listed were Mary age 59, Sophie 34, William 26, George 20, Minnie 17, and Ferdinand 16 years old. Walter and his wife Genevieve were not at the house and Jack and his wife Mildred were also not listed there. John Kruse Jr. and Mildred "Millie" were listed at 11809 State Street with two children, James age 5, and Adair 3.
Nellie married Albert Block (pictured) about 1913 and had three children, Dorothy, Robert, and Ruth. Anna Bess married William Andrew Lorimer about 1916 and had one girl Romaine. William "Uncle Dick" married Bertha Kaiser about 1920. Uncle Dick owned an auto shop, shown on a photograph, called "Dependon Motor Company", or called Wm. C. Kruse Motor Sales, on 3821 Michigan Avenue around 1917, and his secretary was his wife, Bertha. Minnie married Glen "Boz" Boswell about 1923 in Chicago. George died at age 29 on 28 April 1928. George had sustained 2 serious head injuries and had epileptic seizures because of them. Nellie died after 1930.
Sophie never married and worked for "Marshall Field Company" at State and Washington Street, as a well paid seamstress. Her application for Social Security was on 30 November 1936. She was a designer for the wealthy at Shop 28, part of "Marshall Fields" where she worked for over 30 years. By the 1930 Census, Sophie bought her own house on 8443 South Oglesby Avenue with her own money. (See Chicago map of the house location) Her younger sisters Nellie and Mary, and her younger brother, William (Uncle Dick), ( pictured at confirmation) and her mom, Mary, lived with her at the house for a time.
I remember the family visiting Aunt Sophie and Uncle Dick many times at the old red brick house in Chicago in the 60's. I was shocked at my first visit to see how close together the houses were on Oglesby Ave. You could almost reach out the window and touch the other house next door. There was a piano we would play and drive everybody crazy. I think Sophie and Uncle would sprout out a few swear words in German that we could not understand. I remember sitting in the kitchen while Sophie would feed us kids milk and cookies. Sophia Caroline, affectionately known as Aunt Sophie, later died on 31 October 1969 at age 84. For a picture of the house see the Marie Sommer Kruse page near the bottom.
Fred Kruse Marries Annabelle Vercruysse of Belgium in 1930
Frederick Kruse was the last child of John and Mary to be married. He married Gabriella Angela "Annabelle" Vercruysse on 1 July 1930 in Chicago. Frederick was 26 and Annabelle was 21 years old. (see photo of them near marriage time) Fred's mom Mary Sommer Kruse died about 5 years later on 25 April 1934 at 74 years of age. Fred, Glen "Boz" Boswell, and his wife Minnie Kruse Boswell, enjoyed fishing together. (photo left)
Frederick and Annabelle moved around the country while he was a representative for Oldsmobile. They went from Chicago to Des Moines, Pueblo, Milwaukee, Merrill, and finally to Baraboo, Wisconsin around 1949. It was one of Fred's dreams to acquire his own dealership. His dream came true when he and his brother, William C. , went into partnership and purchased the auto dealership at 515 Broadway from Joy E. Prothero in April 1949 in Baraboo. Fred became the General Manager of the business "Kruse Motor Sales". Eleven years later Fred passed away from prostate cancer on 14 March 1960 at the age of 56, leaving behind his wife Annabelle and his 3 children, Phyllis, Fred Jr., and Robert. See photo of Annabelle and two of her children, my father, Frederick Kruse Jr. and Robert William Kruse, his brother. Robert died on 26 July 1995 of cancer at the age of 55.
My grandmother, Annabelle, was a very kind hearted lady. She was born as Gabriella Angela Vercruysse in the small town of Lichtervelde, in the province of West Flanders, Belgium. Lichtervelde is located in far western Belgium about 15 miles north of Roeselare or 15 miles from the North Sea coast. She was born on 27 December 1908. Her father was Leon Clement Vercruysse, from Torhout, and her mother was Alida Maria Boussauw, from Lichtervelde. The Vercruysse family (one of my favorite pictures) first came to America in 1912 and lived in Detroit. They were scheduled to take the Titanic, but at the last minute they changed to a different ship. This would have been a fateful mistake. This was the Titanic's last journey as it hit an iceberg near New Foundland on 15 April 1912. Leon later died in 1915 of a motorcycle accident in Detroit. Alida with Annabelle, age 7, moved back to Belgium with two of Annabelle's siblings, baby Leona and Camiel age 3. Then on 31 May 1920 Alida and Annabelle left Belgium to return to Detroit. They left the port at Antwerp on the ship called the "Kroonland". They left behind Leona and Camiel. Alida married Theodule Fruy in 1921 and they lived at 103 Louis Avenue in Detroit. Annabelle and her step dad Theodule did not get along. He was very mean to her and killed her kitty cat. Alida and Theodule then moved back to Belgium in 1925 leaving behind Annabelle. At some point Annabelle moved to Chicago and worked at a Tea Room, possibly the old South Grill room in Marshal Field's Depatment Store. The South Grill had one of the earliest tea rooms. In fact around 1920 Field's had not one tea room, but six. The South Grill (now the Walnut Room) was one of those that served afternoon tea, on wicker tables and chairs clustered around the fountain. Wicker furniture was extremely popular in the Teens, and the tables and chairs borrow from the styles of the Arts & Crafts movement. Among the many items on Field's afternoon tea menu were a basket of assorted sandwiches, orange straws, chicken salad with thin bread & butter, sliced pineapple and cheese salad, and fig sandwiches. This is where we think she met her husband to be, Frederick Kruse, around 1928. They were married in 1 July of 1930 in Chicago and finally moved to Baraboo in 1949. Annabelle never saw sister Leona again since she left on the Kroonland in 1920. Camiel, her brother, came to Baraboo to visit about 1982. Annabelle, affectionately called Grandma A, enjoyed living in the small town of Baraboo and worked for "The Chocolate Shop" in downtown Baraboo. She later died peacefully in her sleep on 24 November 1983 of heart disease at the age of 74. Her sister, Leona Adrienna Vercruysse died 20 November 2001 in Roeselare, Belgium at the age of 86. Her brother Camiel died in Tourhout on 18 Feb 2006 at age 93. Ivan Beernaert, a Belgium genealogist, sent me a pedigree chart of our Vercruysse ancestors back to the 17th Century, so be sure to look at the on-line Kruse Family Tree for all of these new ancestors some dating back to 1492.
Trip to Belgium and Germany in 2001
On our trip to Belgium in September 2001 we learned of a very touching and sad story about Annabelle's dad, Leon. When he was going to the hospital in Detroit to see his newly born daughter, Leona, a bus apparently went through a stop sign and ran over Leon on his motorcycle and he was killed. At Leon's funeral they showed him his daughter for the first time at his casket. Needless to say, many tears were shed when we heard of the story from Leona.
This trip to Belgium and Germany in 2001 was the first time my Dad and I set foot in Europe. We arrived at Dusseldorf Airport where we picked up a rental car and met our old Belgium relatives. We visited Torhout, West Flanders, and spent sometime touring Annabelle's birth place in Lichtervelde and talking with Annabelle's sister Leona, and her brother, Camille. The Belgium chocolate truffles are amazing. Then we went to Hamburg and saw the old port of our Kruse Ancestors. The next day we drove to into Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, and to Neukirchen, the old church of our Kruse ancestors built in 1233. This day was both joyous and filled with sadness all at once. We first laid eyes on Neukirchen on 11 September 2001, at the same time the planes were smashing into the Trade Center at New York. We did not learn of the American tragedy until we got back to the Hotel room and turned on the TV. We thought we were watching a TV movie and were shocked to realize it was no movie!
We then started are trip back and drove to Berlin and toured the old Berlin Wall and the Berlin gate called Brandenburger Tor. Then to Lutherstadt Wittenberg, home of Martin Luther, and visited the old Castle Church where the 95 Theses were nailed to the church door. We went to a church service and part of the service was given in English. We sang my favorite hymn, "A Mighty Fortress is Our God" and they gave a very touching tribute to America on its recent tragedy. Finally got back to Dusseldorf and contacted the Airline and we were amazed that our plane was scheduled to take off on time. For more stories and pictures of our trip make sure to visit Belgium and Germany 2001 Highlights and our Germany 2001 Photo Gallery pages.
Kruses Love the Green Bay Packers
From the 1960's many Kruses stayed in Chicago while others moved to California and Wisconsin. From here history is still being made, with Kruses marrying and moving about the country. A major event happened for family in Wisconsin, the Green Bay Packers won the first Super Bowl in 1966 beating Kansas City 35-10. Bart Starr, famous quarterback for Green Bay, became a household celebrity, and the family would go up to Green Bay to see the Packers practice and get autographs. The famous Ray Nitschke, the Packers legendary defensive linebacker, even came to Baraboo to sign autographs and show off his gigantic Superbowl ring. So the Green Bay team is like family to the Kruses. Just mention the Green Bay Packers and you're immediate friends. Since Bart Starr, old Green Bay quarterback, Brett Favre, has become a favorite along with the Packers new QB Aaron Rodgers. So if you see a person on the street dressed in green and gold, ask if they are a Kruse, and you will probably be surprised at the answer. Also if anyone has anymore of the old Kruse history, stories, pictures, any memorabilia, or can add to or correct any information, please contact me. Thanks!
Updated 2 November 2012 | 53,674 | 90 |
181,287 | Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, Committee on Ensuring the Utility and Integrity of Research Data in a Digital Age; National Academy of Sciences, 2009.
"Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age examines the consequences of the changes affecting research data with respect to three issues integrity, accessibility, and stewardship and finds a need for a new approach to the design and the management of research projects. The report recommends that all researchers receive appropriate training in the management of research data, and calls on researchers to make all research data, methods, and other information underlying results publicly accessible in a timely manner."
For more information, please see <http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12615>.
Online Learning as a Strategic Asset: Volume I: A Resource for Campus Leaders, © Association of Public and Land-grant Universities, August 2009.
"Online learning is a complex undertaking that holds great potential as a teaching and learning mode that public colleges and universities may strategically employ to achieve broad institutional priorities and contribute to the attainment of national goals. The APLU-Sloan National Commission on Online Learning Benchmarking Study was designed to illuminate how public institutions develop and implement the key organizational strategies, processes, and procedures that contribute to successful and robust online learning initiatives....The Online Commission has developed a set of observations about successful strategic online learning initiatives. These observations are based on 231 Institutional Interviews with administrators, faculty, and students at 45 public institutions across the country and close to 11,000 responses from a national Faculty Survey."
For more information, please see <http://www.aplu.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=1348>.
Online Learning as a Strategic Asset: Volume II: The Paradox of Faculty Voices: Views and Experiences with Online Learning, by Jeff Seaman, © Association of Public and Land-grant Universities, August 2009.
From the Background to the report: "The key observations and findings from the Benchmarking Study are contained in two volumes: Online Learning as a Strategic Asset: Volume I: A Resource for Campus Leaders and this volume, The Paradox of Faculty Voices: Views and Experiences with Online Learning. This second volume is a detailed analysis of the Faculty Survey portion of the Benchmarking Study. It examines the contours of the faculty who design and deliver online content, as well as their attitudes toward many of the fundamental aspects of online learning, including time and effort, institutional support and incentives, and perceptions of the quality of learning outcomes."
For more information, please see <http://www.aplu.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=1348>.
The Internet and Civic Engagement, by Aaron Smith, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, Henry Brad, Pew Internet & American Life Project, September 1, 2009.
From the Overview: "Political and civic involvement have long been dominated by those with high levels of income and education, leading some advocates to hope that internet-based engagement might alter this pattern. However, a new report by the Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project shows that the internet is not changing the fundamental socio-economic character of civic engagement in America. When it comes to online activities such as contributing money, contacting a government official or signing an online petition, the wealthy and well-educated continue to lead the way. Still, there are hints that the new forms of civic engagement anchored in blogs and social networking sites could alter long-standing patterns."
For more information, please see <http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/15--The-Internet-and-Civic-Engagement.aspx>.
Evaluation of Evidence-Based Practices in Online Learning: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies, prepared by Barbara Means, Yukie Toyama, Robert Murphy, Marianne Bakia, and Karla Jones, Center for Technology in Learning for the U.S. Department of Education Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy Development Policy and Program Studies Service, 2009.
"The findings presented here are derived from (a) a systematic search for empirical studies of the effectiveness of online learning and (b) a meta-analysis of those studies from which effect sizes that contrasted online and face-to-face instruction could be extracted or estimated. A narrative summary of studies comparing different forms of online learning is also provided....This meta-analysis and review of empirical online learning research are part of a broader study of practices in online learning being conducted by SRI International for the Policy and Program Studies Service of the U.S. Department of Education. The goal of the study as a whole is to provide policy-makers, administrators and educators with research-based guidance about how to implement online learning for K-12 education and teacher preparation."
For more information, please see <http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/tech/evidence-based-practices/finalreport.pdf>.
The Future of Scholarly Journals Publishing Among Social Science and Humanities Associations, by Mary Waltham, Publishing Consultant for the National Humanities Alliance, 2009.
From the Executive Summary: "This initial "Future of Scholarly Journals Publishing Among Social Science and Humanities Associations" study involved collaboration by 8 leading US-based associations, and set out to build and test some tools and methods to help address the lack of business information on scholarly journal publishing at a pivotal time when financial models are changing."
For more information, please see <http://www.nhalliance.org/bm~doc/hssreport.pdf>.
Sustaining Digital Resources: An On-the-Ground View of Projects Today: Ithaka Case Studies in Sustainability, prepared by Nancy L. Maron, K. Kirby Smith and Matthew Loy. Produced and funded by JISC, with support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation, July 2009.
From the project web site: "Tens of millions of dollars, pounds, and euros are invested each year by government agencies and private foundations to develop and support digital resources in the not-for-profit sector. As budgets tighten, will these digital resources be able to survive and thrive?"
"This question is at the heart of the Ithaka Case Studies in Sustainability project, a multi-year, international exploration of the strategies being used to support digital initiatives over the long term. Twelve detailed case studies present the steps project leaders have taken to achieve this, with special attention paid to their strategies for cost management and revenue generation. These studies include financial data, and explore the decision-making process that project leaders undertake when experimenting with different strategies to find the best fit for their organization."
For more information, please see <http://www.ithaka.org/ithaka-s-r/strategy/ithaka-case-studies-in-sustainability>.
Effective Practice in a Digital Age: A guide to technology-enhanced learning and teaching, © Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE), on behalf of Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), 2009.
"Effective Practice in a Digital Age is designed for those in further and higher education whose focus is on designing and supporting learning: academic staff, lecturers, tutors and learning support staff, facilitators, learning technologists and staff developers. What unites this diverse group is their interest in enhancing the quality of learning and teaching, and a curiosity about how technology can assist them."
For more information, please see <http://www.jisc.ac.uk/publications/documents/effectivepracticedigitalage.aspx>.
The Audience for Online Video-Sharing Sites Shoots Up, by Mary Madden, Pew Internet & American Life Project, July 29, 2009.
From the Overview: "According to an April 2009 survey by the Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, the share of online adults who watch videos on video-sharing sites has nearly doubled since 2006. Fully 62% of adult internet users have watched video on these sites, up from just 33% who reported this in December 2006."
For more information, please see <http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/13--The-Audience-for-Online-VideoSharing-Sites-Shoots-Up.aspx>.
Protection for Pre-1972 Sound Recordings under State Law and Its Impact on Use by Nonprofit Institutions: A 10-State Analysis, Commissioned for and sponsored by the National Recording Preservation Board, Library of Congress, Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), September 2009, CLIR pub 146.
From the Abstract: "This is the third of three studies of copyright and sound recordings commissioned by the National Recording Preservation Board (NRPB) in support of the congressionally mandated study of the state of audio preservation in the United States. All three studies have focused on how laws pertaining to sound recordings made before 1972 affect preservation of and access to audio recordings. As readers of the previous two studies know, sound recordings made before February 15, 1972, do not benefit from federal copyright protection. In the absence of a national law, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, individual states passed anti-piracy and other laws to protect producers of sound recordings from unauthorized duplication and sale of recordings."
For more information, please see <http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub146abst.html>.
Proceedings of the DigCCurr2009 Conference. The proceedings may be downloaded free or purchased in print for $15.06.
"DigCCurr2009 was held on April 1-3, 2009 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina as part of the Preserving Access to Our Digital Future: Building an International Digital Curation Curriculum (DigCCurr) project. DigCCurr is a three-year (2006-2009), Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS)-funded project to develop a graduate-level curricular framework, course modules, and experiential components to prepare students for digital curation in various environments."
For more information, please see <http://stores.lulu.com/DigCCurr2009>.
Wireless Internet Use, by John Horrigan, Pew Internet & American Life Project, July 22, 2009.
From the Overview: "An April 2009 survey by the Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project shows that 56% of adult Americans have accessed the internet by wireless means, such as using a laptop, mobile device, game console, or MP3 player. The most prevalent way people get online using a wireless network is with a laptop computer; 39% of adults have done this. The report also finds rising levels of Americans using the internet on a mobile handset. One-third of Americans (32%) have used a cell phone or Smartphone to access the internet for emailing, instant-messaging, or information-seeking. This level of mobile internet is up by one-third since December 2007, when 24% of Americans had ever used the internet on a mobile device."
For more information, please see <http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/12-Wireless-Internet-Use.aspx>.
A future for our digital memory: permanent access to information in the Netherlands, English-language summary, edited by Inge Angevaare, NCDD - Netherlands Coalition for Digital Preservation, September 1, 2009.
"In order to underpin its strategy, the NCDD decided to build a detailed picture of the current situation in the public sector in the Netherlands. Can institutions or domains be identified which have successfully risen to the challenge of digital preservation and permanent access? What categories of data are in danger of being lost? How can the risks be managed? The so-called National Digital Preservation Survey was funded by the Ministry of Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, and was held in the first six months of 2009."
For more information, please see <http://www.ncdd.nl/en/activiteiten-natverkenning.php>.
Technology Watch Report: Preserving Geospatial Data, by Guy McGarva of the University of Edinburgh, with contributions from Steve Morris (NCSU) and Greg Janée (UCSB) for the Digital Preservation Coalition.
"This report is the seventh in a series....Commenting on this latest addition, William Kilbride Executive Director of the DPC said, 'Geo-spatial technologies are set to become one of transformative technologies of the next decade. The growing prevalence of location-aware services already points to this. But time and space go together. This report sets a premium on long term access to spatial data, and it provides practical recommendations as to how to secure that long-term.'"
For more information, please see <http://www.dpconline.org/docs/reports/dpctw09-01.pdf>.
Video Use and Higher Education: Options for the Future, June 2009. This report is based on the findings of a study designed and funded by Copyright Clearance Center and conducted by Intelligent Television with the cooperation of New York University.
From the Introduction: "The Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), Intelligent Television, and New York University Libraries embarked on [this] study to investigate video use across university departments and disciplines. The Video and Higher Education Project interviewed 45 faculty in more than 18 disciplines and departments across 20 institutions."
For more information, please see <http://library.nyu.edu/about/Video_Use_in_Higher_Education.pdf>.
From the Abstract: "Cloud computing is the delivery of scalable IT resources over the Internet, as opposed to hosting and operating those resources locally, such as on a college or university network. Those resources can include applications and services, as well as the infrastructure on which they operate. By deploying IT infrastructure and services over the network, an organization can purchase these resources on an as-needed basis and avoid the capital costs of software and hardware."
For more information, please see <http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/EST0902.pdf>.
Library of Congress Digital Preservation Newsletter, September 2009 issue.
"The September 2009 Issue of the Library of Congress Digital Preservation Newsletter is now available. In this issue:
For more information, please see <http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/news/newsletter/200909.pdf>.
Library of Congress Digital Preservation Newsletter, August 2009 issue.
"In this issue:
For more information, please see <http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/news/newsletter/200908.pdf>.
PARSE.Insight Newsletter, Number 1 (July 2009).
"This Newsletter summarizes the first year's goals and achievements of PARSE.Insight (http://www.parse-insight.eu/), a two-year project co-funded by the European Union under the Seventh Framework Programme. It is concerned with the preservation of digital information in science, from primary data through analysis to the final publications resulting from the research."
For more information, please see <http://www.parse-insight.eu/>.
nestor Newsletter, Issue 17, June 2009.
"This issue is the last nestor Newsletter to be issued during the nestor project phase. The next Newsletter will be published by the permanent nestor cooperation association."
For more information, please see <http://nestor.sub.uni-goettingen.de/newsletter/index.php?lang=en>.
Planetarium: The News Bulletin of the Planets Programme, Issue 7, July 2009.
"This issue features a spotlight on Characterisation, which explores digital object migration. This issue also includes articles about the recent Market Survey, how Planets tools can be integrated into archives and libraries, and other topics."
For more information, please see <http://www.planets-project.eu/docs/newsletters/Planetarium7_July09.pdf>.
Point to Point
Web2practice user guides, Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
"The web2practice guides explain how emergent web technologies like RSS, microblogging and social media can enhance your working practice. Each guide consists of a short animated video explaining the key concepts, supported by a more in-depth printable overview of the topic, covering the potential uses, risks and how to get started. The guides and the resources used to create them can be downloaded, modified and shared under a creative commons licence."
For more information, please see <http://web2practice.jiscinvolve.org>.
Webjunction Social Networking & Web Tools, Online Computer Library Center, Inc.
"The next generation of the Web (known as Web 2.0 or the "participatory web") brought innovations that turned the Web from a read-only environment into an online community where people meet, exchange information, collaborate, and communicate. Examples of the web-based tools that make this possible are wikis, photo- and video-sharing sites, blogs, tagging, and social networking sites. Specific examples of sites that use these tools are Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Twitter, Del.icio.us, and Facebook." This site provides links to information about Social Networking sites and tools.
For more information, please see <http://www.webjunction.org/technology/web-tools>.
Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography (SEPB), Charles W. Bailey, Jr. Version 76: 9/8/2009.
"The Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography (SEPB) presents selected English-language articles, books, and other printed and electronic sources that are useful in understanding scholarly electronic publishing efforts on the Internet. Most sources have been published between 1990 and the present; however, a limited number of key sources published prior to 1990 are also included. Where possible, links are provided to works that are freely available on the Internet, including e-prints in disciplinary archives and institutional repositories."
For more information, please see <http://www.digital-scholarship.org/sepb/sepb.html>.
Google Book Search Bibliography, Version 5, Charles W. Bailey, Jr.
"This bibliography presents selected English-language articles and other works that are useful in understanding Google Book Search. It primarily focuses on the evolution of Google Book Search and the legal, library, and social issues associated with it. Where possible, links are provided to works that are freely available on the Internet, including e-prints in disciplinary archives and institutional repositories."
For more information, please see <http://www.digital-scholarship.org/gbsb/gbsb.htm>.
Calls for Participation
International Joint Conferences on Computer, Information, and Systems Sciences, and Engineering (CISSE 09), 4 - 12 December 2009. This is an online conference. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 12 October 2009.
"CISSE 2009 provides a virtual forum for presentation and discussion of the state-of-the-art research on computers, information and systems sciences and engineering. CISSE 2009 is the fifth conference of the CISSE series of e-conferences."
For more information, please see <http://cisse2009online.org/>.
International Conference on Digital Libraries (ICDL 2010), 23 - 26 February 2010, New Delhi, India. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 15 October 2009.
"The theme of the conference is 'Digital Libraries: Shaping the Information Paradigm,' and the focus is on the strengths and potential of digital libraries and their role in education, cultural, social and economic development."
For more information, please see <http://www.teriin.org/events/icdl/>.
emtacl10 - emerging technologies in academic libraries, 26 - 28 April 2010, Trondheim, Norway. Call for papers. The submission deadline for abstracts is 15 October 2009.
"Emerging technologies and evolving user behaviour change the rules of the game for academic libraries. Emerging technologies include new ways of using existing technologies and totally new, disruptive technologies....This is a new international conference for academic librarians, information professionals, academic staff, students, library system developers and suppliers, among others. The conference aims to provide answers to the following questions: What can academic libraries do to address change? How can we adapt? Which technologies can/should/must we use/create?"
For more information, please see <http://www.emtacl.com/>.
International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU), 7 - 10 April 2010, Valencia, Spain. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 21 October 2009.
"CSEDU 2010 (The International Conference on Computer Supported Education) aims at becoming a yearly meeting place for presenting and discussing new educational environments, best practices and case studies on innovative technology-based learning strategies, institutional policies on computer supported education including open and distance education, using computers. In particular, the Web is currently a preferred medium for distance learning and the learning practice in this context is usually referred to as e-learning. CSEDU-2010 is expected to give an overview of the state of the art as well as upcoming trends, and to promote discussion about the pedagogical potential of new learning and educational technologies in the academic and corporate world."
For more information, please see <http://www.csedu.org/>.
International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies (WEBIST), 7 - 10 April 2010, Valencia, Spain. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 21 October 2009.
"The purpose of the 6th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies (WEBIST) is to bring together researchers, engineers and practitioners interested in the technological advances and business applications of web-based information systems. The conference has four main track, covering different aspects of Web Information Systems, including Internet Technology, Web Interfaces and Applications, Society, e-Communities, e-Business and Web Intelligence."
For more information, please see <http://www.webist.org/>.
FOIS 2010 6th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, 11 - 14 May 2010, Toronto, Canada. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 23 October 2009.
"Ontology began life in ancient times as a fundamental part of philosophical enquiry concerned with the analysis and categorisation of what exists. In recent years, the subject has taken a practical turn with the advent of complex computerised information systems which are reliant on robust and coherent representations of their subject matter. The systematisation and elaboration of such representations and their associated reasoning techniques constitute the modern discipline of formal ontology, which is now being applied to such diverse domains as artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, bioinformatics, GIS, knowledge engineering, information retrieval, and the Semantic Web. Researchers in all these areas are becoming increasingly aware of the need for serious engagement with ontology, understood as a general theory of the types of entities and relations making up their respective domains of enquiry, to provide a solid foundation for their work. FOIS is intended to provide a meeting point for researchers from these and other disciplines with an interest in formal ontology, where both theoretical issues and concrete applications can be explored in a spirit of genuine interdisciplinarity."
For more information, please see <http://fois2010.mie.utoronto.ca/>.
Electronic Resources & Libraries 2010, 1 - 3 February 2010, Austin, Texas, USA. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 30 October 2009.
"ER&L provides a forum for information professionals to explore ideas, trends, and technologies related to electronic resources and digital services. The idea of this event is to bring together stakeholders inside and outside of the library to look at the impact the digital environment has on library collections, access to resources, and our organizations."
For more information, please see <http://www.electroniclibrarian.org/erlwiki/ER%26L>.
IADIS International Conference e-Society 2010, 18 -21 May 2010, Porto, Portugal. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 30 October 2009.
"The IADIS e-Society 2010 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within the Information Society. This conference covers both the technical as well as the non-technical aspects of the Information Society. Broad areas of interest are eSociety and Digital Divide, eBusiness/eCommerce, eLearning, New Media and E-Society, Digital Services in ESociety, eGovernment/eGovernance, eHealth, Information Systems, and Information Management."
For more information, please see <http://www.esociety-conf.org/>.
IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning 2010, 19 - 21 March 2010, Porto, Portugal. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 30 October 2009.
"Since its inauguration in 2005, the IADIS Mobile Learning conference series has provided a forum to present, discuss and promote international mobile learning research."
For more information, please see <http://www.mlearning-conf.org/>.
IMLS (Institute for Museum and Library Services) Call for 2010 Museums for America Grant Applications. The submission deadline is 2 November 2009.
"Museums for America grants strengthen a museum's ability to serve the public more effectively by supporting high-priority activities that advance the institution's mission and strategic goals. Museums for America grants are designed to be flexible: funds can be used for a wide variety of projects, including ongoing museum work, research and other behind-the-scenes activities, planning, new programs, purchase of equipment or services, and activities that will support the efforts of museums to upgrade and integrate new technologies. IMLS also welcomes proposals that promote the skills necessary to develop 21st century communities, citizens, and workers."
For more information, please see <http://www.imls.gov/applicants/grants/forAmerica.shtm>.
Twelfth International Conference on the Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 9 - 13 May 2010, Toronto, Canada. Call for papers. Submit title and abstract by 20 November 2009 and full papers by 30 November 2009.
"Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R) is a vibrant and exciting field of human endeavour. KR&R techniques are key drivers of innovation in computer science, and they have led to significant advances in practical applications in a wide range of areas from Artificial Intelligence to Software Engineering. Explicit representations of knowledge manipulated by reasoning engines are an integral and crucial component of intelligent systems. Semantic web technologies, the design of software agents and bio-Informatics technologies, in particular, provide significant challenges for KR&R."
For more information, please see <http://kr.org/KR2010/>.
2nd International Conference on Imaging Theory and Applications (IMAGAPP), 17 - 21 May 2010, Angers, France. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 22 November 2009.
"The 2nd International Conference on Imaging Theory and Applications (IMAGAPP) aims at becoming a major point of contact between researchers, engineers and practitioners in Computer Graphics. The conference will be structured along four main tracks, covering different aspects related to Imaging, from Imaging Theory to Imaging Applications and Imaging Technologies."
For more information, please see <http://imagapp.visigrapp.org/>.
5th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP), 17 - 21 May 2010, Angers, France. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 22 November 2009.
"The 5th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP) ... [will cover]... different aspects related to computer vision, from Image Formation to Image Understanding including Motion Analysis and Stereo Vision."
For more information, please see <http://visapp.visigrapp.org/>.
5th International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (GRAPP), 17 - 21 May 2010, Angers, France. Call for papers. The submission deadline is 22 November 2009.
"The 5th International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (GRAPP) ... will be structured along four main tracks, covering different aspects related to Computer Graphics, from Modelling to Rendering, including Animation and Interactive Environments."
For more information, please see <http://grapp.visigrapp.org/>.
Joint Technical Symposium 2010: Digital Challenges and Digital Opportunities in Audiovisual Archiving, 2 - 5 May 2010, Oslo, Norway. Call for papers. The preliminary submission deadline is 1 December 2009.
"JTS is the international meeting for organisations and individuals involved in the preservation and restoration of original image and sound materials....We welcome presentation proposals on any aspect of media archiving."
For more information, please see <http://www.jts2010.org/>.
Internet Librarian International 2009, 15 - 16 October 2009, London, United Kingdom.
"In recent years, technological change and development within information environments has been breathtaking, but the challenge remains the same: to understand the impact on and benefits to your library or information centre. Internet Librarian International continues to meet that challenge head on."
For more information, please see <http://www.internet-librarian.com/index.php>.
Fall Forum: An Age of Discovery: Distinctive Collections in the Digital Age, 15 - 16 October 2009, Washington, DC, USA.
"The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and the Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) are co-hosting this Forum....The Forum builds on the work of the ARL Special Collections Working Group. The goal is to focus attention on opportunities available in the digital environment for leveraging the strengths of special collections, making them more widely accessible. The co-hosts seek to bring together librarians, archivists, and others with responsibilities for stewarding special and distinctive resources, and to identify strategies for advancing this goal."
For more information, please see <http://www.arl.org/events/fallforum/forum09/index.shtml>.
First International Conference on Cloud Computing, 19 - 21 October 2009, Munich, Germany.
"Cloud Computing is defined as a pool of virtualized computer resources. Based on this virtualization the Cloud Computing paradigm allows workloads to be deployed and scaled-out quickly through the rapid provisioning of virtual machines or physical machines. A Cloud Computing platform supports redundant, self-recovering, highly scalable programming models that allow workloads to recover from many inevitable hardware/software failures and monitoring resource use in real time for providing physical and virtual servers on which the applications can run....The goal of this Cloud Computing Symposium series is to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners to discuss all aspects of Cloud Computing. All topics of design, theory and realization are of interest."
For more information, please see <http://www.cloudcomp.eu/>.
LIBER - Digitization of Library Material in Europe, 19 - 21 October 2009, Copenhagen, The Netherlands.
"[This is] a joint workshop following up the LIBER-EBLIDA Workshop on the Digitisation of Library Material in Europe, held in The Royal Library, Copenhagen in 2007. The second edition will take place at the Royal Library of The Netherlands."
For more information, please see <http://www.libereurope.eu/node/391>.
Digital Preservation Training Programme, 19 - 21 October 2009, London, United Kingdom.
"The DPTP is a modular training programme, built around themed sessions that have been developed to assist you in designing and implementing an approach to preservation that will work for your institution. The course content is aimed at multiple levels of attendee: people from technical and archival professions come together, to learn the same standards and methods for digital preservation. The overall aim of the course is critical thinking, assessing ways of acting and planning at an organisational level."
For more information, please see <http://www.dptp.org/2009/07/course-oct09/>.
The Fifth Asia Information Retrieval Symposium (AIRS 2009), 21 - 23 October 2009, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
"The Asia Information Retrieval Symposium (AIRS) aims to bring together researchers and developers to exchange new ideas and latest achievements in the field of information retrieval (IR). The scope of the symposium covers applications, systems, technologies and theory aspects of information retrieval in text, audio, image, video and multimedia data."
For more information, please see <http://www-kb.ist.hokudai.ac.jp/AIRS2009/>.
International Conference on Active Media Technology (AMT 2009), 22 - 24 October 2009, Beijing, China.
"In the great digital era, we are witnessing many rapid scientific and technological developments in human-centred, seamless computing environments, interfaces, devices, and systems with applications ranging from business and communication to entertainment and learning. These developments are collectively best characterized as Active Media Technology (AMT), a new area of intelligent information technology and computer science that emphasizes the proactive, seamless roles of interfaces and systems as well as new media in all aspects of digital life. An AMT based system offers services to enable the rapid design, implementation and support of customized solutions."
For more information, please see <http://wici-lab.org/amtbi09/amtbi.php?conf=amt>.
3rd ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, 22 - 25 October 2009, New York City, New York, USA.
"The 3rd ACM Conference on Recommender Systems builds on the success of Recommenders 06 Summer School in Bilbao, Spain; the 1st Conference in Minneapolis, USA; and the 2nd Conference in Lausanne, Switzerland. In these events many members of the practitioner and research communities valued the rich exchange of ideas made possible by the shared plenary sessions. The 3rd conference will promote the same close interaction among practitioners and researchers, reaching a wider range of participants including those from Europe and Asia."
For more information, please see <http://recsys.acm.org/index.html>.
The International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (WikiSym 2009), 25 - 27 October 2009, Orlando, Florida, USA.
"WikiSym is a symposium (conference) series dedicated to wiki and open collaboration research and practice. A wiki is a website-based collaboration tool and content management system where everyone with access to the website can read, edit, and organize the contents, usually through a simple browser interface. The technology is so flexible, however, that wikis are being used for almost any conceivable purpose."
For more information, please see <http://www.wikisym.org/>.
8th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2009), 25 - 29 October 2009, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
"ISWC [International Semantic Web Conference] is the major international forum where the latest research results and technical innovations on all aspects of the Semantic Web are presented."
For more information, please see <http://iswc2009.semanticweb.org/>.
Internet Librarian 2009: Net Initiatives for Tough Times: Digital Publishing, Preservation & Practices, 26 - 28 October 2009, Monterey, California, USA.
"[This] conference is for information professionals who are using, developing, and embracing Internet, Intranet, and Web-based strategies in their roles as information architects and navigators, Webmasters and Web managers, content evaluators and developers, taxonomists, searchers, community builders, information providers, trainers, guides, and more."
For more information, please see <http://www.infotoday.com/il2009/>.
10th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, 26 - 30 October 2009, Kobe, Japan.
"ISMIR...aims to open a new horizon of the exchange and discussion of ideas, issues, results, and perspectives for people of widespread areas, such as representatives of academia, industry, entertainment, and education, including researchers, developers, educators, librarians, students, and professional users. Alongside presentations of original theoretical research and practical work, ISMIR provides introductory and in-depth tutorials, and a venue for the showcase of current MIR-related products and systems."
For more information, please see <http://ismir2009.ismir.net/>.
E-LEARN 2009 - World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare & Higher Education, 26 - 30 October 2009, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
"E-Learn...is an international conference organized by the Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE) and co-sponsored by the International Journal on E-Learning. This annual conference serves as a multi-disciplinary forum for the exchange of information on research, development, and applications of all topics related to e-Learning in the Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education sectors."
For more information, please see <http://www.aace.org/conf/elearn/>.
Fifth International Symposium on Digital Libraries (V SIBD), 27 - 28 October 2009, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
"Under the theme 'Creating and Accessing Knowledge in the Digital era', the V SIBD gathers the experiences of previous versions organized by ISTEC and host member universities in Brazil and Spain. The Symposium intends to be a forum where the latest developments and trends on information management and digital libraries are presented."
For more information, please see <http://www.istec.org/events/ga/activities/conferences-and-seminars/v-sibd/>.
The International ACM Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems (MEDES'09), 27 - 30 October 2009, Lyon, France.
"The International ACM Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems (MEDES) aims to develop and bring together a diverse community from academia, research laboratories and industry interested in exploring the manifold challenges and issues related to resource management of Digital Ecosystems and how current approaches and technologies can be evolved and adapted to this end."
For more information, please see <http://sigappfr.acm.org/MEDES/09/>.
International UDC Seminar 2009: Classification at a Crossroads, 29 - 30 October 2009, The Hague, The Netherlands.
"The 'Classification at a Crossroads' conference will address the potential of classification, UDC in particular, in supporting information organization, management and resource discovery in the networked environment and will explore solutions for better subject access control and vocabulary sharing services."
For more information, please see <http://www.udcc.org/seminar2009/index.htm>.
The Universal Repository Library and guarantees for the sustainability of the digital copy, 29 - 30 October 2009, Kuopio, Finland.
"The Kuopio conferences commenced identifying the problems which library repositories had in storing and preserving these print resources. Through the first two Kuopio conferences they recognised that the problem was not with the local library, nor with the local or national repository but with the need for a global coordination of what is being preserved for research posterity. This identification of the Universal Repository Library (URL) is a recognition of the paradox facing decision-makers. The URL sharply recognises that print is with us forever, that most of it is commercially non-viable to be converted permanently to digital form and that the desired delivery vehicle is digital. It is also announces that there are rich and vital collections across all languages which should be included in this target."
For more information, please see <http://www.ifla.org/en/events/the-universal-repository-library-and-guarantees
Fourth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM 2009), 1 - 4 November 2009, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
"The International Conference on Digital Information Management is a multidisciplinary conference on digital information management, science and technology. The principal aim of this conference is to bring people in academia, research laboratories and industry and offer a collaborative platform to address the emerging issues and solutions in digital information science and technology."
For more information, please see <http://www.icdim.org/>.
The 18th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, 2 - 6 November 2009, Hong Kong, China.
"Since 1992, CIKM has successfully brought together leading researchers and developers from the database, information retrieval, and knowledge management communities. The purpose of the conference is to identify challenging problems facing the development of future knowledge and information systems, and to shape future research directions through the publication of high quality, applied and theoretical research findings."
For more information, please see <http://www.comp.polyu.edu.hk/conference/cikm2009/about/>.
2nd International Conference The Future of Information Sciences (INFuture), 4 - 6 November 2009, Zagreb, Croatia.
"INFuture 2009: Digital Resources and Knowledge Sharing is the second in a series of INFuture conferences focusing on creation, sharing and reuse of digital resources. The objective of the conference is to provide a platform for discussing both theoretical and practical issues."
For more information, please see <http://infoz.ffzg.hr/INFuture/>.
RuleML 2009: 3rd International Symposium on Rules, Applications and Interoperability, 5 - 7 November 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
"RuleML-2009 is devoted to practical distributed rule technologies and rule-based applications which need language standards for rules (inter)operating in, e.g., the Semantic Web, Multi-Agent Systems, Event-Driven Architectures, and Service-Oriented Applications."
For more information, please see <http://www.defeasible.org/ruleml2009/>.
9th Annual Brick and Click Libraries, 6 November 2009, Maryville, Missouri, USA.
"In order to successfully support the academic information needs of both on-ground (brick) and online (click) students, library professionals and paraprofessionals must continually expand their knowledge base and awareness of new resources and applications."
For more information, please see <http://brickandclick.org/>.
Thriving on Diversity - Information Opportunities in a Pluralistic World ASIS&T 2009 Annual Meeting, 6 - 11 November 2009, Vancouver, Canada.
"We live in a culture where countries, organizations and individuals have never been so closely linked politically, economically and socially, linkages that are founded on rapid and efficient information transfer and access. Yet we also co-exist in a world that displays its rich cultural diversity and relies upon information sharing to reinforce its plurality. ASIS&T 2009 offers participants the opportunity to explore how information research and practice can promote global communication while maintaining diversity."
For more information, please see <http://www.asis.org/Conferences/AM09/am09cfp.html>.
4th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions 2009 (ICITST-2009), 9 - 12 November, London, United Kingdom.
"The objectives of the ICITST are to bridge the knowledge gap between academia and industry, promote research esteem in secured Internet transactions and the importance of information technology evolution to secured transactions. The ICITST-2009 invites research papers that encompass conceptual analysis, design implementation and performance evaluation."
For more information, please see <http://www.icitst.org/Home>.
2009 Conference and Members' Meeting of the Text Encoding Initiative Consortium, 9 - 15 November 2009, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
"The conference program, organized around the theme 'text encoding in the era of mass digitization,' will feature keynote lectures, parallel sessions, the annual TEI business meeting, a poster session/tools demonstration and slam, and special interest group (SIG) meetings."
For more information, please see <http://www.lib.umich.edu/spo/teimeeting09/>.
Center for Intellectual Property Online Workshop: Licensing Digital Course Materials, 9 - 20 November 2009, (Register by November 2, 2009.)
"This online workshop will be presented in four modules, in which you will learn the basics of licensing law, ways to manage the many licenses you handle, and desirable and undesirable license terms."
For more information, please see <http://www.umuc.edu/distance/odell/cip/ipa/workshops.shtml#licensing>.
Access Services Conference 2009, 11 - 13 November 2009, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
"The Access Services Conference is an opportunity for individuals working in all areas of Access Services in Libraries to gather information and communicate with other professionals about Circulation, Reserves, Interlibrary Loan, Student Worker Management, Security, and other topics of interest."
For more information, please see <https://conferences.library.gatech.edu/access/index.php/access/access09>.
37th Annual Museum Computer Network (MCN) Conference, 11 - 14 November 2009, Portland, Oregon, USA.
"The Museum Computer Network (MCN) supports the greater museum community by providing continuing opportunities to explore, implement, and disseminate new technologies and best practices in the field."
For more information, please see <http://www.mcn.edu/conferences/index.asp>.
International Conference on Information Theory and Engineering (ICITE 2009), 13 - 15 November 2009, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
"The idea of the conference is for the scientists, scholars, engineers and students from the Universities all around the world and others from industry to present ongoing research activities, and hence to foster research relations between the Universities and industry."
For more information, please see <http://www.iacsit.org/icite/index.htm>.
Chicago Colloquium on Digital Humanities and Computer Science (DHCS), 14 - 16 November 2009, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
"The goal of the 2009 DHCS Colloquium, as in previous years, is to bring together scholars and researchers in both the Humanities and Computer Science to collaborate on deepening the current state of Digital Humanities as a field of intellectual inquiry and to identify and explore new directions and perspectives for future research."
For more information, please see <http://dhcs.iit.edu/>.
Annual Symposium of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA), 14 - 18 November 2009, San Francisco, California, USA.
"The AMIA Annual Symposium is the world's most comprehensive annual meeting on biomedical and health informatics. The Annual Symposium provides a wide range of formats for education and discussion. Papers and posters present peer-reviewed state-of-the-art scientific and technical work. Demonstrations and Partnerships in Innovation allow for comprehensive presentation of advanced systems, including new developments and innovative uses of commercial systems. Panels, keynote presentations, tutorials, and workshops bring together thought leaders for in-depth and active audience exchange about critical issues of the day."
For more information, please see <http://symposium2009.amia.org/>.
Thirteenth International Conference and Exhibition LIBCOM-2009, 16 - 20 November 2009, Moscow Region, Russia.
"The scope of this Conference covers the state-of-the-art and prospects of new information, computer and Internet technologies in library and information practice; library consortia; digital libraries and digital information resources; legal aspects of libraries and information providers activities; new educational technologies; interaction of book publishers, booksellers and libraries."
For more information, please see <http://www.gpntb.ru/libcom9/eng/>.
The Semantic Web: Fact or Myth? (A One-Day Conference Co-sponsored by CENDI, FLICC and NFAIS), 17 November 2009, Washington, DC, USA.
"The term 'semantic web' appears everywhere in journal articles, in conference titles, and even in new product promotional material. But what exactly is semantic web? How does it differ from Web 2.0? Does it really exist? And what are its implications for the future of science and scholarly communication? Mark your calendar now to attend the one-day conference, The Semantic Web: Fact or Myth, in order to learn the answers to these questions and more."
For more information, please see <http://cendievents.infointl.com/cfn1109/>.
2009 NSDL Annual Meeting: From Digital Libraries to Cyberlearning, 17 - 19 November 2009, Washington, DC, USA.
"The 2009 NSDL Annual Meeting will be held on November 17-19 at the Marriott at Metro Center in Washington DC....There is a meeting blog at <http://expertvoices.nsdl.org/community/> where updates and information will be posted, along with emails to the usual community lists."
For more information, please see <http://nsdl.org/?homepage_ad=1&resource_id=831>.
IADIS International WWW/Internet 2009 Conference, 19 - 22 November 2009, Rome Italy.
"The IADIS WWW/Internet 2009 Conference aims to address the main issues of concern within WWW/Internet. WWW and Internet had a huge development in recent years. Aspects of concern are no longer just technical anymore but other aspects have arisen. This conference aims to cover both technological as well as non-technological issues related to these developments."
For more information, please see <http://www.internet-conf.org/>.
IADIS International Conference: Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age (CELDA 2009), 20 - 22 November 2009, Rome, Italy.
"The IADIS CELDA 2009 conference aims to address the main issues concerned with evolving learning processes and supporting pedagogies and applications in the digital age. There have been advances in both cognitive psychology and computing that have affected the educational arena. The convergence of these two disciplines is increasing at a fast pace and affecting academia and professional practice in many ways. Paradigms such as just-in-time learning, constructivism, student-centered learning and collaborative approaches have emerged and are being supported by technological advancements such as simulations, virtual reality and multi-agents systems. These developments have created both opportunities and areas of serious concerns. This conference aims to cover both technological as well as pedagogical issues related to these developments."
For more information, please see <http://www.celda-conf.org/>.
National Digital Forum 2009 Conference - Being online now: culture, creativity and community, 23 - 24 November 2009, Wellington, New Zealand.
"The National Digital Forum (NDF) is a coalition of museums, archives, art galleries, libraries and government departments with more than 130 member organisations committed to collectively building New Zealand's culture and heritage online. This year's conference theme Being online now: culture, creativity and community will explore opportunities for the creative and cultural sectors to cross traditional boundaries and collaborate on solutions to address issues facing communities being online now."
For more information, please see <http://ndf.natlib.govt.nz/about/2009-conference.htm>.
International Workshop on Greenstone Digital Library Software, 23 - 24 November 2009, Kunnamangalam, Calicut, India.
"The objective of the Workshop is to conduct a 6-day high-end training programme on Digital Libraries on the Open Source Software 'Greenstone' at IIM Kozhikode. Greenstone is a top of the line and internationally renowned Open Source Software system for developing digital libraries, promoted by the New Zealand Digital Library project research group at the University of Waikato. Greenstone is now promoted worldwide, especially among developing countries, by the UNESCO."
For more information, please see <http://www.iimk.ac.in/fdp/fdp09/FDP10.php>.
Alliance for Permanent Access Annual Conference, 24 November 2009, The Hague, The Netherlands.
"This year's conference will focus on developments in scientific communities (social sciences, earth observation and high energy physics). In addition cross-communities topics among others R&D and technical tools, funding and sustainable business models, certification/accreditation mechanism will be addressed."
For more information, please see <http://www.alliancepermanentaccess.eu/>.
The 5th International Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet Based Systems (SITIS'09), 29 November - 4 December 2009, Marrakech, Morocco.
"The SITIS conference is dedicated to research on the technologies used to represent, share and process information in various forms, ranging from signal, image, and multimedia data to traditional structured data and semi-structured data found in the web. SITIS spans two inter-related research domains that increasingly play a key role in connecting systems across network centric environments to allow distributed computing and information sharing."
For more information, please see <http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/SITIS/09/>.
(Unless otherwise noted, text above enclosed in quotation marks is quoted from the web sites for those items or events or from press releases received by D-Lib Magazine from the hosting or event-affiliated organizations.)
Search | Author Index | Title Index | Back Issues
E-mail the Editor | 53,569 | 244 |
282,763 | |Publication number||US7136863 B2|
|Application number||US 10/600,861|
|Publication date||Nov 14, 2006|
|Filing date||Jun 19, 2003|
|Priority date||Apr 24, 2000|
|Also published as||US6604107, US6778993, US7536402, US8140510, US20030088566, US20040010506, US20070088722, US20090187565, WO2001082115A1|
|Publication number||10600861, 600861, US 7136863 B2, US 7136863B2, US-B2-7136863, US7136863 B2, US7136863B2|
|Inventors||Hsiaozhang Bill Wang|
|Original Assignee||Ebay Inc.|
|Patent Citations (102), Non-Patent Citations (42), Referenced by (2), Classifications (22), Legal Events (2) |
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Generic attribute database system
US 7136863 B2
A method and apparatus store multiple items across different categories in a database. A database includes an attribute value table that has item entries for items of different categories. Each item entry has attribute values for attributes of the items. The database also includes an attribute map table that has attribute map entries. The attribute map entries have attribute map values. Additionally, an attribute value is associated with an attribute map entry, such that the attribute values are translated based on the attribute map values of the associated attribute map entry. In one embodiment, the translating of an attribute value includes determining an attribute type associated with the attribute value.
1. A system for providing a network-based marketplace, the system including:
an information server to present listings to users, each listing belonging to a category and having one or more associated attributes; and,
a database component having an attribute value table, the attribute value table to store attribute values for a plurality of the listings independent of the category to which each listing of the plurality of the listings belongs.
2. The system of claim 1, including an attribute map table to store attribute map values, each attribute map value to determine how a particular attribute value is displayed with an associated listing.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein each attribute map value is to determine a position of the attribute value within an output display.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein each attribute map value is to determine a display length of the attribute value within an output display.
5. The system of claim 1, including an attribute validity table having attribute validity values, the attribute validity values to determine validity of the attribute values associated with a particular listing.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the attribute validity table includes maximum range values and minimum range values, the maximum range values and minimum range values to determine a valid numerical range of an attribute value associated with a particular listing.
7. A machine-readable medium having stored thereon one or more database data structures for a system providing a network-based marketplace, the database data structures including:
one or more database tables to store listings, each listing belonging to a category and having one or more associated attributes; and,
an attribute value table to store attribute values for a plurality of the listings independent of the category to which each listing of the plurality of the listings belongs.
8. The machine-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the one or more database data structures further include an attribute map table to store attribute map values, each attribute map value to determine how a particular attribute value is displayed with an associated listing.
9. The machine-readable medium of claim 8, wherein each attribute map value is to determine the position of the attribute value within an output display.
10. The machine-readable medium of claim 8, wherein each attribute map value is to determine the display length of the attribute value within an output display.
11. The machine-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the one or more database data structures further include an attribute validity table having attribute validity values, the attribute validity values to determine validity of the attribute values associated with a particular listing.
12. The machine-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the attribute validity table includes maximum range values and minimum range values, the maximum range values and minimum range values to determine a valid numerical range of an attribute value associated with a particular listing.
13. A computer-implemented method including:
receiving a request for a listing, the listing belonging to a category and having one or more associated attributes;
retrieving the requested listing from a database table;
retrieving attribute values for the associated attributes of the listing from an attribute value table, the attribute value table storing attribute values for a plurality of listings independent of the category to which each listing of the plurality of listings belongs; and,
displaying the listing and the associated attribute values.
14. The computer-implemented method of claim 13
retrieving one or more attribute map values from an attribute map table, the attribute map values to determine how a particular attribute value is displayed with an associated listing.
15. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein the attribute map values determine a position of the attribute value within an output display.
16. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein the attribute map values determine a display length of the attribute value within an output display.
17. A computer-implemented method including:
storing a listing in a database table, the listing belonging to one of a plurality of categories and having one or more associated attributes; and
storing an attribute value for the listing in an attribute value table, wherein the attribute value table is to store attribute values for a plurality of listings independent of a respective category to which any single listing belongs.
18. The computer-implemented method of claim 17
storing an attribute map value in an attribute map table, the attribute map value to determine how the attribute value is displayed with an associated listing.
19. The computer-implemented method of claim 18
storing an attribute validity value in an attribute validity table, the attribute validity value to determine validity of the attribute value associated with the listing.
20. The computer-implemented method of claim 18
storing maximum range values and minimum range values in the attribute validity table, the maximum range values and minimum range values to determine a valid numerical range of the attribute value associated with the listing.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/563,069, filed Apr. 24, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,604,107.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to databases. More specifically, the invention relates to a system and method for providing generic attributes across multiple categories in such databases.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
With the advent of the computer industry, databases have played an important role in order to store the vast amounts of information employed in such an industry. Different types of databases have been developed depending on the type of information, size, application as well as other factors.
Currently, one type of database is employed for the storage of different types of categories having specific attributes. One application of such a database is used in conjunction with an Internet-based auction facility of different consumer products and services. For the storage of e-commerce goods or consumer product and/or service information into a database, each product (e.g., automobiles and shoes) will have its own category. Typically, in such databases, each category is stored in a separate data structure (e.g., a table), wherein such data structures will include the specific attributes for that category. For example, for a shoes category, the attributes could include (1) color, (2) size, and (3) type of material. Accordingly, a data structure is created that includes these attributes. Similarly, for an automobile category, the attributes could include (1) make, (2) model, (3) year and (4) color. Therefore, a separate data structure is created for these attributes.
Disadvantageously, this type of database wherein a table is allocated for each type of category makes the design, the implementation, the testing, as well as the management of such a system very difficult. Accordingly, there is a need for an improved database system that is able to store vast amounts of information across a number of different categories, while being easier to design, implement, test and manage in comparison to the conventional database systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One embodiment of the present invention provides a network-based marketplace having an information server to present listings to users and a database component to store listings and attributes that are associated with the listings. Accordingly, each listing belongs to a category and has one or more associated attributes. The database component includes an attribute value table for storing the attribute values associated with the listings. The attribute value table stores the attribute values independent of the category to which the listing and its associated attributes belongs.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the invention may be best understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings which illustrate such embodiments. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary network-based transaction facility according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a database according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a data structure stored in a database according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is another data structure stored in a database according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is another data structure stored in a database according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is another data structure stored in a database according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is an output window presenting information outputted from a database according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is an input window to receive information to be inputted into a database according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart for use and operation of a transaction facility according to embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of a machine used in conjunction with systems and methods according to embodiments of the present invention.
A method and system for storing multiple items across different categories in a database are described. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details.
FIG. 1 is block diagram illustrating an exemplary network-based transaction facility in the form of an Internet-based auction facility 10 that incorporates embodiments of the present invention. While an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described within the context of an auction facility, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention will find application in many different types of computer-based, and network-based facilities.
The auction facility 10 includes one or more of a number of types of front-end servers, namely page servers 12 that deliver web pages (e.g., markup language documents), picture servers 14 that dynamically deliver images to be displayed within Web pages, listing servers 16, CGI servers 18 that provide an intelligent interface to the back-end of facility 10, and search servers 20 that handle search requests to the facility 10. E-mail servers 21 provide, inter alia, automated e-mail communications to users of the facility 10.
The back-end servers include a database engine server 22, a search index server 24 and a credit card database server 26, each of which maintains and facilitates access to a respective database.
The Internet-based auction facility 10 may be accessed by a client program 30, such as a browser (e.g., the Internet Explorer distributed by Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash.) that executes on a client machine 32 and accesses the facility 10 via a network such as, for example, the Internet 34. Other examples of networks that a client may utilize to access the auction facility 10 include a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless network (e.g., a cellular network), or the Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) network.
FIG. 2 is a database diagram illustrating an exemplary database 23, maintained by and accessed via the database engine server 22, which at least partially implements and supports the auction facility 10. In one embodiment, the database 23 is implemented as a relational database and includes a number of tables having entries or records that are linked by indices and keys.
Database 23 includes generic attribute table 202, attribute validity table 204, attribute value table 206 and attribute map table 208. Generic attribute table 202 is a data structure that includes and defines all the attributes across all the different items of the different categories included in database 23. For example, in one embodiment, database 23 is used in conjunction with the tracking of different e-commerce goods or consumer products (e.g., automobiles, shoes) and/or services. Accordingly, these different categories have attributes that are different as well as attributes that are the same. For example, the categories of shoes and automobiles both may have a color attribute. In contrast, the category of automobiles may have a year attribute, indicating the year of the automobile, while the category of shoes may not have this attribute.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of an exemplary embodiment of generic attribute table 202 that is populated with records or entries for attributes for different categories of items (e.g., consumer products and/or services) used in conjunction with auction facility 10. Generic attribute table 202 includes site identification (ID) column 301 that stores the site (e.g., country) in which the item is being sold and/or is located. In one embodiment wherein the site is a non-English country, the attributes are stored and/or outputted in the native language (e.g., Japanese). Attribute ID column 303 is a unique identifier within database 23 for that particular attribute. In one embodiment, the attribute ID for a particular attribute is independent of the language, thereby allowing attributes, which are stored and/or outputted in different languages, to have the same attribute ID. For example, if a color attribute is stored in both English and Japanese, the site ID would be different but the attribute ID would be the same.
Moreover, the attribute ID can be the same across different categories within database 23 for those attributes that are the same. For example, a color attribute can be used in conjunction with both automobiles and shoes. Therefore, even though two separate categories include a “color” attribute, there is a need for only one entry into database 23. Accordingly, database 23 includes attributes that can be shared across different categories of products, thereby allowing for fewer numbers of tables to be designed, created and maintained than conventional databases wherein a table in such a database is designed, created and maintained for each category.
Self-defined, attribute name column 305 is the name of the attribute. Further, attribute type column 307 is the type defined for that attribute. In one embodiment the attribute types include multiple choice, Boolean, integer and float. Multiple-choice type is for those attributes that have discrete values associated therewith. For example, the attribute type for color is a multiple-choice type, as such a type can be different colors (e.g., blue, green or red). The “Boolean” attribute type is for those attributes that have one of two conditions. For example, air conditioning is a Boolean type, as the product (e.g., an automobile or house) either does or does not have air conditioning. Moreover, the integer and float could be incorporated into various categories including, for example, the year and the price of the item, respectively. However, embodiments of the invention are not limited to these attribute types, as other attribute types can be included in attribute type column 307.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an exemplary embodiment of attribute validity table 204 that is populated with records or entries for valid values for attributes for different categories of items (e.g., consumer products and/or services), as defined in generic attribute table 202, used in conjunction with auction facility 10. In one embodiment, attribute validity table 204 includes the valid values for attributes that have attribute types of multiple choice, integer and float. However, attribute validity table 204 is not so limited as any type of attribute that includes a range or list of valid values can be included in attribute validity table 204.
Attribute validity table 204 includes site ID column 402 that, as described above, stores the site (e.g., country) in which the item is being sold and/or is located. In one embodiment wherein the site is a country that is not English, the attributes are stored and/or outputted in the native language (e.g., Japanese). Additionally as described above, attribute ID column 404 stores a unique identifier within database 23 for that particular attribute.
Moreover, valid value ID column 406 stores a unique identification number for a valid value for a particular attribute. Valid value column 408 stores the valid values for the attributes defined in generic attribute table 202. Because there can be multiple valid values for a particular attribute, attribute validity table 204 can include different valid value IDs and valid values associated with one attribute. One example would be an attribute having a “multiple choice” attribute type. Assuming that the color attribute is a “multiple choice” type and that its attribute ID is one, this attribute ID will be the same for three valid value IDs (e.g., one for red, two for blue and three for green). Accordingly, attribute validity table 204 will have three different entries for these three color attributes, wherein the attribute ID and site ID for all three entries are the same, while the valid value ID and valid value are different for the attribute.
Maximum range column 410 and minimum range column 412 store the ranges of valid values for the attributes defined in generic attribute table 202 that are defined by a range. One such range would be the year of the product. Moreover because attributes are shared across different items in different categories, there can be multiple valid ranges for a particular attribute. Accordingly, attribute validity table 204 can include multiple entries having different maximum and minimum ranges for a particular attribute. For example, assuming that for the year attribute for items the attribute ID is three and that there are three valid ranges for this attribute (e.g., (1) 1930–1939, (2) 1940–1949 and (3) 1950–1959), the valid value ID will be different for all three different year ranges, while having a different entry into attribute validity table 204 for each one. Further, for these three entries, the site ID and the attribute ID remain constant. Accordingly, attribute validity table 204 includes valid values for attributes that can be shared across different categories of products, thereby allowing for fewer numbers of tables to be designed, created and maintained than conventional databases. Moreover in one embodiment valid value column 408 is mutually exclusive of maximum range column 410 and minimum range column 412. For example, if an attribute (e.g., color) is a multiple choice attribute type, this attribute is defined by discrete components (e.g., red, blue or green) and not by a range.
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of an exemplary embodiment of attribute value table 206 that is populated with records or entries of attribute values of actual items (i.e., attribute value entries) stored in database 23 used in conjunction with auction facility 10. In one embodiment, the number of attributes for a particular item is limited to 30. However, embodiments of the present invention are not so limited, as an item can be have any number of attributes associated therewith.
Item ID column 502 is a unique identifier (i.e., an identification number) across database 23 for an item stored therein. For example, assuming that 10 different automobiles and 10 different pairs of shoes are stored in database 23, all 10 different automobiles and all 10 different pairs of shoes receive a unique identifier. Attributes #1–30 columns 504–508 define the values of the attributes, but not the attribute type (e.g., color), for a particular item that has a unique identifier. For example, one entry could include an item ID of 221264646, which has three different attributes: (1) attribute #1 is 1956, (2) attribute #2 is three and (3) attribute #3 is one.
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of an exemplary embodiment of attribute map table 208 that is populated with records or entries for each attribute stored in attribute value table 206 (i.e., attribute map entries) that is used in conjunction with auction facility 10. These records or entries include mapping or translation values (i.e., attribute map values or translation components) for the attributes. In one embodiment, the mapping or translation values include the category and attribute types for the attribute value.
Attribute map table 208 includes site ID column 602 that, as described above, stores the site (e.g., country) in which the item is being sold and/or is located. Category ID column 604 stores the type of category (e.g., automobile or shoes) that the attribute is within. Attribute position column 606 stores the position within the category that the attribute is located. For example, assuming that the category includes three attributes: (1) color, (2) size and (3) type of material, the attribute position for size would be two. Attribute map table 208 also includes attribute ID column 608 and is defined as described above in conjunction with FIGS. 3–4.
Display position column 610 stores the column position within a display interface when the attribute is outputted on such an interface. One example of a display interface is shown in FIG. 7. In particular, FIG. 7 includes output display interface 700. In one embodiment, output display interface 700 is a markup language page interface displayed by a browser. However, it will be appreciated that the display interface could comprise user interfaces presented by any WINDOWS® client application or stand-alone application, and need not comprise markup-language documents.
Output display interface 700 is a display interface for an automobile category based on a search within database 23 for certain automobiles. Accordingly, columns 706–712 include the make-model, the mileage, the year and the price, respectively of different automobiles being displayed in output display interface 700. Assuming that for an attribute entry in attribute map table 208 that is being outputted to output display interface 700 the display position is three, the associated attribute (i.e., the year attribute) would be positioned at column 3 of output display interface 700.
Additionally, display length column 612 stores the number of characters being displayed in a display interface when the attribute is outputted on such an interface. Returning to output display interface 700, the display length for the year attribute would be four (one for each digit in the year).
Moreover, search flag column 614 stores a number, when translated, defines whether this attribute is searchable and assuming that the particular attribute is searchable, whether the particular attribute was used for searching in a retrieval process within database 23. When an attribute is considered searchable, any retrieval processes from database 23 can employ such an attribute. For example, if a user of database 23 desires to find all of the cars in database 23 that have the color attribute of “blue” and the color attribute is searchable, such a user can use this color attribute to search and retrieve all blue-colored colors from database 23.
Use and Operation of Transaction Facility
In conjunction with output display interface 700 of FIG. 7 and input display interface 800 of FIG. 8 for an automobile category, the use and operation of the auction facility 10 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to flow chart shown in FIG. 9.
During the bidding process for auction items, a user of the auction facility 10 may desire to search for particular auction item for which to bid. Accordingly, the user is presented with input display interface 800 through which the user provides certain search criteria for searching for and retrieving items from database 23. In one embodiment, input display interface 800 is a markup language page interface displayed by a browser. However, it will be appreciated that the display interface could comprise user interfaces presented by any WINDOWS® client application or stand-alone application, and need not comprise markup-language documents.
Input display interface 800 for an automobile category provides make field 802 and model field 804 into which a user may enter the make and model of the automobiles. Input display interface 800 also includes minimum year range field 806 and maximum year range field 808 into which a user may enter the range of years of the automobiles. Moreover, input display interface 800 includes mileage range field 810 and location field 812 into which a user may enter the mileage and location of the automobiles. Once the users enter the information for all or some of these fields and presses search button 813, method 900 commences, at block 902, wherein search servers 20 receives a request for all automobiles in database 23 that include the attributes that the user entered in fields 802–812.
Search servers 20 forwards this search request to database engine server 22. At block 904, database engine server 22 retrieves an item entry from the attribute value table 206 and derives the site ID and the category ID. In particular, the site ID and the category ID are derived from the item ID in the item entry through a decoding or translation procedure, known in the art. At decision block 906, database engine server 22 checks to see if the site ID and the category ID match the requested site ID and category ID from the search request. If the site ID and the category ID do not match the requested site ID and category ID from the search request, database engine server 22, at decision block 914, determines if this is the last item entry in attribute value table 206, which is further described below.
If, at decision block 906, the site ID and the category ID do match the requested site ID and category ID from the search request, database engine server 22, at block 908, database engine server 22 determines the attribute position of the first attribute based on its location in the item entry. For example, attribute #1 column 504 stores the first attribute value. Accordingly, the attribute position is one for this attribute value.
At block 910, database engine server 22 traverses attribute map table 208 to find the associated attribute map entry. In particular, database engine server 22 matches the derived site ID, category ID and attribute position to the site IDs, category IDs and attribute positions in the attribute map entries. Once the associated attribute map entry is found, at block 910, database engine server 22 generates a translation for the attribute value. In particular, based on the associated attribute map entry, the translation of the attribute value includes (1) the attribute ID from attribute ID column 608, (2) the display position from display position column 610, (3) the display length from display length column 612 and (4) the search flag from search flag column 614.
Further, database engine server 22 translates the attribute value by traversing generic attribute table 202 to find the associated attribute entry. In particular, database engine server 22 matches the site ID and the attribute ID from the attribute map entry. Once the associated attribute entry is found, database engine server 22 determines (1) the attribute name from attribute name column 305 and (2) the attribute type from attribute type column 307. At decision block 912, database engine server 22 checks to see if this is the last attribute for this item entry in attribute value table 206. If this is not the last attribute, database engine server 22, returning to block 908, determines the attribute position of the next attribute in the item category based on its location therein. If this is the last attribute, at decision block 912, database engine server 22 checks to see if this is the last entry, at block 914. If this is not the last entry, database engine server 22, at block 904, retrieves the next item entry. If this is the last entry, database engine server 22, at block 916, outputs the translation for the attribute values for each item that matched. In one embodiment, this output is formatted into a display interface, as illustrated in FIG. 7.
FIG. 10 shows a diagrammatic representation of machine in the exemplary form of a computer system 300 within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one of the methodologies discussed above, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine may comprise a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance or any machine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specify actions to be taken by that machine.
The computer system 300 includes a processor 302, a main memory 304 and a static memory 306, which communicate with each other via a bus 308. The computer system 300 may further include a video display unit 310 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system 300 also includes an alpha-numeric input device 312 (e.g. a keyboard), a cursor control device 314 (e.g. a mouse), a disk drive unit 316, a signal generation device 320 (e.g. a speaker) and a network interface device 322
The disk drive unit 316 includes a machine-readable medium 324 on which is stored a set of instructions (i.e., software) 326 embodying any one, or all, of the methodologies described above. The software 326 is also shown to reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 304 and/or within the processor 302. The software 326 may further be transmitted or received via the network interface device 322. For the purposes of this specification, the term “machine-readable medium” shall be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing or encoding a sequence of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one of the methodologies of the present invention. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to included, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic disks, and carrier wave signals.
Thus, a method and system for storing multiple items across different categories in a database have been described. Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
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|US7848956||Mar 30, 2006||Dec 7, 2010||Creative Byline, LLC||Creative media marketplace system and method|
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| || |
|U.S. Classification||705/26.1, 707/792, 707/999.101, 707/999.003, 707/999.102|
|International Classification||G06F17/21, G06F17/00, G06F17/30|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10S707/99943, Y10S707/99933, Y10S707/962, Y10S707/99942, G06F17/30587, G06F17/30595, G06Q30/0601, G06F17/218, G06F17/30604|
|European Classification||G06F17/30S8, G06Q30/0601, G06F17/21F8, G06F17/30S8R, G06F17/30S8R2|
|May 3, 2010||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 12, 2007||CC||Certificate of correction| | 52,852 | 259 |
816,818 | 1.1 The conditions and procedure relating to export without payment of duty (i.e. duty under the Central Excise Act, 1944, the Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act, 1957 (58 of 1957), the Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Articles) Act, 1978 (40 of 1978); and special excise duty collected under a Finance Act) are contained in Notification Nos. 42/2001-Central Excise (N.T.) to 45/2001-Central Excise (N.T.), all dated 26th June, 2001 issued under rule 19 of the Central Excise (No.2) Rules, 2001 (hereinafter referred to as the said Rules). The new rule 19 corresponds to rule 13 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944.
1.2 Some important changes have been introduced under the present procedure, which are mentioned below and explained in detail subsequently: -
2. Categories of exports
2.1 There are two categories of export without payment of duty
1.1 Procedures and conditions for export to all countries except Nepal and Bhutan are specified in notification No. 42/2001-CE(N.T.) dated 26.6.2001. The details are mentioned in this part.
2.1 An exporter shall furnish bond in Form B-1 and obtain certificate in Form CT-1. A manufacturer-exporter may furnish annual Letter of Undertaking (no CT-1 is required in this case). The export shall be subject to the following conditions"
3. Forms to be used
3.1 ARE.1 is the export document for export clearance (Annexure-14), which shall be prepared in quintuplicate (5 copies). This is similar to the erstwhile AR.4. This document shall bear running serial number beginning from the first day of the financial year. During this year, for the sake of continuity, the serial number, as started from 1.4.2001, may continue. The stationary for AR.4 Form may be used with modified name "ARE.1" during this financial year. On A.R.E.1, certain declarations are required to be given by the exporter. These should be signed by the exporter or his authorised agent. The different copies of ARE.1 forms should be of different colours indicated below:
3.2 It will be sufficient if the copies of ARE.1 contain a color band on the top or right hand corner in accordance with above color scheme.
3.2 An invoice shall also be prepared in terms of rule 11 of the said Rules. It should be prominently mentioned on top "FOR EXPORT WITHOUT PAYMENT OF DUTY".
3.3 The Letter of Undertaking is to be furnished in the Form UT-1 specified in Annexure-15 to Notification No. 42/2001-Central Excise (N.T.), supra. Any manufacturer, who is an assessee for the purposes of the Central Excise (No.2) Rules, 2001, shall furnish a Letter of Undertaking only to the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise having jurisdiction over his factory from which he intends to export. The Letter of Undertaking should not be furnished to the Maritime Commissioner or any other officer authorised by the Board. A Letter of Undertaking shall be valid for twelve calendar months provided the exporter complies with the conditions of the Letter of Undertaking, especially the procedure for acceptance of proof of export under this instruction. In case of persistent defaults or non-compliance causing threat to revenue, the manufacturer-exporter may be asked to furnish bond with security/surety. For the sake of clarification, it is mentioned that this Letter of Undertaking should not be taken for each consignment of export.
3.4 The obligation of the manufacturer flows from statutory requirement of exporting the goods within six months or such extended period as the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise may allow. Failing this, the exporter is required to deposit the requisite sum (duty and interest) suo moto, considering that the manufacturer has to do self-assessment. Any non-payment within 15 days of expiry of the stipulated time period, shall be treated as arrears of revenue and the Department will proceed to recover the same as sum due to Government. Suo moto payment within 15 days of expiry of the stipulated time period will not be treated as default.
3.5 On repeated failure of the manufacturer-exporter to comply with the conditions of the Letter of Undertaking or the procedure for acceptance of proof of export under this instruction, the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise may direct him in writing that the letter of undertaking is not valid and he should furnish B-1 Bond with sufficient security/surety.
3.6 The Letter of Undertaking shall not be discharged unless the goods are duly exported, to the satisfaction of the Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise or the Deputy Commissioner of Central Excise within the time allowed for such export or are otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of such officer, or until the full duty due upon any deficiency of goods, not accounted so, and interest, if any, has been paid.
3.7 Though any exporter (Manufacturer-exporter or merchant-exporter) can furnish bond, the merchant-exporters are necessarily required to furnish bond in the B-1 Form specified in Annexure-16 of notification no. 42/2001-Central Excise (N.T.), supra with such security or surety as may be specified by the concerned bond accepting authority. The bond shall be in a sum equal at least to the duty chargeable on the goods for the due arrival of export goods at the place of export and their export therefrom under Customs or as the case may be postal supervision. The officer who will accept the bond, will also be responsible for discharging that bond upon furnishing proof of export by the exporter.
3.8 The bond shall not be discharged unless the goods are duly exported, to the satisfaction of the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise or Maritime Commissioner or such other officer as may be authorised by the Board on this behalf within the time allowed for such export or are otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of such officer, or until the full duty due upon any deficiency of goods, not accounted so, and interest, if any, has been paid
3.9 Certificate CT-1", as specified in Annexure-17 have to be obtained by merchant-exporters for procuring goods from a factory or warehouse. Such certificates need not be obtained for each consignment but will be given in lot of 25.
4. Bond Accepting Authority
4.1 Bond may be accepted by any of the following officers: -
4.2 Exporters are required to clearly indicate on the ARE.1 the complete postal address of the authority before whom the bond is executed and to whom the documents are to be submitted/ transmitted for admission of proof of export.
5. Security or surety with bond
5.1 Wherever bond is taken, sufficient security or surety is also required as the per the notifications issued under rule 19 of the said Rules. In 1996, Board had taken a decision that in respect of exporters having good track record may be allowed to furnish bond with nil security or surety. The Board in Circular No.284/118/96 dated 31.12.1996 issued an instruction. Now, since the manufacturer-exporters, who are also assessee of the Central Excise Department, have an option to furnish Letter of Undertaking" (without any security or surety), the question of furnishing of security or surety is mainly relate to merchant-exporters who are not assessees of the Central Excise Department. In this scenario, the Board has decided that security (Bank Guarantee or Cash Guarantee or Cash Security) or surety need not be insisted upon from Super Star Trading Houses, Star Trading Houses, Trading Houses and Export Houses provided that
5.2 Other exporters shall be required to furnish surety equal to full bond amount or security equal to twenty five percent. (25%) of the bond amount, along with the bond.
5.3 The bond shall be furnished on non-judicial stamp paper of the value as applicable in the State in which bond is being furnished.
5.4 Where export is effected by merchant-exporter, the bond has to be necessarily furnished. It is open for the manufacturer to furnish bond on behalf of the merchant-exporter. It is clarified that in such cases, the manufacturer will not take a stand that since he is responsible for the duty liability, the export should be allowed on the basis of the Letter of Undertaking, which he has already furnished to the Department. In such circumstances, the application in Form ARE.1 will be in the name of the manufacturer who executes the Bond. All other procedures for admission of the proof of export would be the same as in the case of manufacturer-exporters.
5.5 It should be noted that once a manufacturer furnished bond for exports by merchant exporters, it would be his responsibility to account for the export goods.
5.6 It may be noticed that only General bond (B-1) has been specified. Even where bond is required for only one consignment, the Form will remain the same. The exporter may get the bond redeemed immediately after he completes the exports and obtains the proof of export.
5.7 In case of B-1 general bond a running bond account in proforma of Annexure-18 shall be maintained by the exporter because he is responsible for debit the bond before preparation of certificate for obtaining goods for export. He shall also take self-credit in the manner specified in this instruction.
5.8 For the sake of clarity it is informed that the concept of Block Transfer has lost its relevance in the context of self-debit and self-credit of bond and the new system of acceptance of proof of export [to be explained in subsequent paragraphs] by the exporter.
5.9 It is further mentioned that where the merchant exporter executes bond, it shall be necessary that both the merchant-exporter and the manufacturer sign the ARE.1.
6. Procedure for clearance from the factory or warehouse
6.1 A Manufacturer-exporter who has furnished a Letter of Undertaking will prepare the export documents (A.R.E.1 and invoice under rule 11) for clearance from his factory of production.
6.2 A Merchant-exporter who has furnished a bond shall be provided sufficient number of certificates (CT-1), duly signed/certified, in multiples of 25 copies, normally covering a period of one to three months, depending upon the track record of compliance by the exporter. The bond accepting authority shall be responsible for verifying and accepting the proof of export and in case of any defaults by the exporter, to recover the sum and enforcing the bond. The certificate should be provided according to the volume of exports projected by the exporter (which should also reflect in the amount of bond). The compliance of the exporter in submitting the requisite documents towards proof of export shall be another criterion.
6.2.1 The second part of CT-1 is very important. The exporter shall determine the description of goods for procurement from a particular factory or warehouse or an approved place of storage, quantum, value of procurement (provisional figures) and duty involved therein (provisional figures but based on correct rate of duty and contracted transaction value). This duty element will be debited provisionally. The exporter shall ensure that at the time of debit, sufficient credit is available at that point of time to cover the said debit. The provisional debit shall be converted into final debit within a period of seven days form the date of removal of goods on A.R.E.1, based on the duty payable in goods cleared for export reflected in the said A.R.E.1 and invoice.
6.2.2 The manufacturer shall record the clearance in his Daily Stock Account indicating, inter alia, the invoice number/date, A.R.E.1 number/date and duty payable but foregone under rule 19.
6.3 The exporter has two optional procedures regarding the manner in which he may clear the export consignments from the factory or warehouse or any other approved premises, namely: -
7. Sealing of goods and examination at place of despatch
7.1 The exporter is required to prepare five copies of application in the Form ARE-1. The Form is specified in Annexure-I to notification No. 42/2001-Central Excise (N.T.) dated 26.6.2001. The goods shall be assessed to duty in the same manner as the goods for home consumption, though duty is not required to be paid considering clearance is meant for export without payment of duty. The classification and rate of duty should be in terms of Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 read with any exemption notification and/or the said Rules. The value shall be the "transaction value" and should conform to section 4 or section 4A, as the case may be, of the Central Excise Act, 1944. It is clarified that this value may be less than, equal to or more than the F.O.B. value indicated by the exporter on the Shipping Bill.
7.2 The duty payable shall be determined on the ARE.1 and invoice and recorded in the Daily Stock Account as "duty foregone on account of export under rule 19".
7.3 The exporter may request the Superintendent or Inspector of Central Excise having jurisdiction over the factory of production or manufacture, warehouse or approved premises for examination and sealing at the place of despatch 24 hours in advance, or such shorter period as may be mutually agreed upon, about the intended time of removal so that arrangements can be made for necessary examination and sealing.
7.4 In case of exports under Duty Exemption Entitlement Certificate Scheme (DEEC), Duty Exemption Pass Book Scheme (DEPB) and claim for Drawback, the Superintendent of Central Excise shall also examine and seal the consignment and sign the documents in token of having done so. In exceptional cases, where the exporter has unblemished track record of compliance (Central Excise) and where there is non-availability of Superintendent of Central Excise due to leave, vacant post or other reasonable causes, the jurisdictional Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise may permit examination and sealing by Inspector. All other types of export may be examined and sealed by the Inspector of Central Excise.
7.5 The Superintendent or Inspector of Central Excise, as the case may be, will verify the identity of goods mentioned in the application and also verify whether the duty self-assessed is appropriate and that the particulars of the duty payable has been has recorded in the Daily Stock Account. If he finds that the declaration in ARE.1 and the invoices are correct from the point of view of identity of goods and its assessment to duty, he shall seal each package or the container ensuring that the goods cannot be tampered with after the examination. Normally, individual packages should be sealed by using wire and lead seals and an all-sides-closed container by using numbered One time Lock/Bottle seals or in such other manner as may be specified by the Commissioner of Central Excise by a special or general written order. Thereafter, the said officer shall endorse and sign each copy of the application in token of having such examination done and put his stamp with his name and designation below his signature;
8. Distribution of ARE.1 in the case of export from the factory or warehouse
9. Distribution of ARE.1 in the case of export from other than factory or warehouse
9.1 Where goods are not exported directly from the factory of manufacture or warehouse, the distribution of A.R.E.1 will be same as above except that the triplicate copy of application shall be sent by the Superintendent having jurisdiction over the factory of manufacture or warehouse who shall, after verification forward the triplicate copy in the manner specified above.
10. Despatch of goods by self-sealing and self-certification
10.1 Self-sealing and self-certification is a procedure by which the exporter who is a manufacturer or owner of a warehouse, may remove the goods for export from his factory or warehouse without examination by a Central Excise Officer. This procedure will also be permitted in the cases where a merchant-exporter procures the goods directly from a factory or warehouse. In both cases, the manufacturer of the export goods or owner of the warehouse shall take the responsibility of sealing and certification. For this purpose the owner, the working partner, the Managing Director or the Company Secretary, of the manufacturing unit of the goods or the owner of warehouse or a person (who should be permanent employee of the said manufacturer or owner of the warehouse holding reasonably high position) duly authorised by such owner, working partner or the Board of Directors of such Company, as the case may be, shall certify on all the copies of the application (A.R.E. 1) that the goods have been sealed in his presence. The exporter shall distribute of the copies of A.R.E. 1 in the following manner:
10.2 The said Superintendent and Inspector of Central Excise shall verify the particulars of assessment, the correctness of the amount of duty paid or duty payable, its entry in the Daily Stock Account maintained under rule 10 of the Central Excise (No.2) Rules, 2001 (the manufacturer or warehouse owner will be required to present proof in this regard), corresponding invoice issued under rule 11. If he is satisfied with the particulars, he will endorse the relevant A.R.E. 1 and append their signatures at specified places in token of having done the verification. In case of any discrepancy, he will take up the matter with the assessee for rectification and also inform the jurisdictional Assistant/Deputy Commissioner. Once verification is complete and the A.R.E. 1 is in order, he shall distribute the documents (A.R.E. 1) in the following manner:
11. Export by parcel post
11.1 In case of export by parcel post after the goods intended for export has been sealed, the exporter shall affix to the duplicate application sufficient postage stamps to cover postal charges and shall present the documents, together with the package or packages to which it refers, to the postmaster at the Office of booking.
12. Examination of goods at the place of export
12.1 The place of export may be a port, airport, Inland Container Depot, Customs Freight Station or Land Customs Station.
12.2 The exporter shall present together with original, duplicate and quintuplicate (optional) copies of the application (A.R.E. 1) to the Commissioner of Customs or other duly appointed officer normally goods are presented in the designated export shed.
12.3 The goods are examined by the Customs for the purposes of Central Excise to establish the identity and quantity, i.e. the goods brought in the Customs area for export on an A.R.E. 1 are the same which were cleared from the factory. The Customs authorities also examine the goods for Customs purposes such as verifying for certain export incentives such as drawback, DEEC, DEPB or for determining exportability of the goods.
12.4 For Central Excise purposes, the Officers of Customs at the place of export shall examine the consignments with the particulars as cited in the application (A.R.E. 1) and if he finds that the same are correct and the goods are exportable in accordance with the laws for the time being in force (for example, they are not prohibited or restricted from being exported), shall allow export thereof. Thereafter, he will certify on the copies of the A.R.E. 1 that the goods have been duly exported citing the shipping bill number and date and other particulars of export and distribute in the following manner:
13. Procedure relating proof of export and to re-credit against such proof
13.1 The procedure relating to acceptance of proof of export or the validation of actual export has been simplified. The original and duplicate copies of A.R.E. 1 are presented to the Customs authorities at the place of export [with option for exporter to also present quintuplicate copy]. The Customs authority certify the actual export on these documents and distributes the copies as specified.
13.2 The exporter shall submit a Statement, at least once in a month, in Form specified in Annexure-19 along with the Original copies of A.R.E. 1 with due certification of export (Pass for Shipment Order) by Customs authorities at the place of export to the Divisional office (through Range)or in the office of the bond-accepting authority. Other supporting documents shall also be furnished, namely, Self-attested photocopy of Bill of Lading and Self-attested photocopy of Shipping Bill (Export Promotion Copy). The Range office or the Office of the bond-accepting authority immediately on receipt shall acknowledge the Statement.
13.3 The exporter is permitted to take credit in his running bond account on the basis of copy of the Statement referred to above, duly acknowledged the Range office or the office of the bond-accepting authority
13.4 It shall be the responsibility of the Range Office and Division Office or the other bond-accepting authority to verify the correctness of Statement and A.R.E.1 furnished by the exporter within the shortest possible time. The Statement and A.R.E.1 will be tallied by the Range Officers with the triplicate copies of A.R.E.1 already with them and the A.R.E.1 or its summary received directly from the place of export (hard copies or electronic summary or e-mail) within 15 days of the receipt. The Divisional Officer shall accept the proof of export or initiate necessary action in case of any discrepancy.
13.5 In case of other bond-accepting authority, their office will do this work. The bond-accepting authority shall accept the proof of export or initiate necessary action in case of any discrepancy. He will also intimate about the acceptance of proof of export or any other action to the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise from whose jurisdiction goods were cleared for export.
13.6 In case of non-export within the six month from the date of clearance for export (or such extended period, if any, as may be permitted by the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise or the bond-accepting authority) or discrepancy, the exporter shall himself deposit the excise duties along with interest on his own immediately on completion of the statutory time period or within ten days of the Memorandum given to him by the Range/Division office or the Office of the bond-accepting authority. Otherwise necessary action can be initiated to recover the excise duties along with interest and fine/penalty. Failing this, the amount shall be recovered from the manufacturer-exporter along with interest in terms of the Letter of Undertaking furnished by the manufacturer. In case where the exporter has furnished bond, the said bond shall be enforced and proceedings to recover duty and interest shall be initiated against the exporter.
13.7 In case of any loss of document, the Divisional Officer or the bond accepting authority may get the matter verified from the Customs authorities at the place of export or may call for collateral evidences such as remittance certificate, Mates receipt etc. to satisfy himself that the goods have actually been exported.
14. Functioning of Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise (Export)
14.1 Under the normal export procedure, the merchant-exporters including those manufacturer-exporters (Project-exporters who have to export bought out goods) have to procure the excisable goods for export under bond manufactured in different parts of the country. For this purpose, they have to have to furnish either several bonds with the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise of the supplier's area and submit proof of exports for discharge of such bonds or furnish a bond with the Maritime Commissioner who are located only at seven ports, namely, Considering that there have been tremendous export potentials from the inland areas located at considerable distance from a sea port and that there have been considerable growth of exports from Inland Container Depots and the Air Cargo Units located in such inland areas, the Board had appointed an officer in each Commissionerate except those Commissionerates in which the Maritime Commissioner is posted as Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise (Export) for the purpose of facilitating export under bond by Circular No. 500/66/99-CX dated 15th December, 1999, under authority of rule 19 of the said Rules read with notification No.42/2001-Central Excise (N.T) dated 26.6.2001.
14.2 Any merchant exporter/manufacturer-cum-merchant exporter can file the required bond with the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise(Export) under whose jurisdiction his Head Office/factory is located (within the jurisdiction of the Commissionerates). In such case the exporter can procure the goods from a factory located anywhere in India.
14.3 For clarification it is mentioned that the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise (Export) will not deal with the exports where the manufacturer-exporters are permitted to export by furnishing an Annual Undertaking (UT-1) in lieu of bond.
1.1 Units, which are fully exempted from payment of duty by a notification granting exemption based on value of clearances for home consumption, may be exempted from filing ARE.1 and Bond till they remain within the full exemption limit. The following simplified export procedure shall be followed in this regard by such units: -
2. Filing of declaration
2.1 Manufacturers exempted for payment of duty will not be required to take Central Excise Registration. They shall however, file a declaration in terms of Para 2 of Notification No. 36/2001-CE (NT) dated 26.6.2001, and obtain declarant code number [notwithstanding they are exempted form declaration, but for this procedure].
3.1 The clearance document will be, as follows:
3.2.1 Such units shall maintain a simple record of quantity and value of production and clearance. Entries in production record should either be allowed to be made at the close of the day or before the commencement of the production on the following day. Entries need not be made on days when there is no production or clearance of goods.
3.3.1 Such units shall file a prescribed quarterly statement to the Jurisdictional Range Superintendent containing various particulars. (Annexure-20)
4. Proof of Export
4.1 Following documents shall be accepted as proof of export :
4.1.1 In the case of direct export by the Manufacture- exporter
4.1.2 In the case of export through Merchant-exporter the document prescribed by Sales Tax Department will be accepted as the proof of export. Sales made by manufacturer of the goods' to the merchant exporter which ultimately are exported are exempt from Central Sales Tax. The Sales Tax Department issues booklet to the merchant exporters containing serially numbered H-Forms/ST-XXII form or equivalent Sales Tax form. After the goods have been exported by the merchant exporters, the latter issues these forms to the manufacturers of the goods. The merchant exporters in turn have to account all these serially numbered forms to the sales Tax Department by furnishing a proof that the goods have been exported out. These proofs are in the from of presentation of the Shipping Bill duly completed by the customs, bill of landing, foreign exchange remittance certificates etc. The liability of the manufacturers to the Central Sales Tax gets discharged only when they submit these forms to the Sales Tax Department. It is, therefore, seen that indirectly exports get accounted for through the issue of H-form or ST-XXII Form. Thus, photocopy of H-form or ST-XXII Form or any other equivalent Sales Tax form duly attested and stamped by the manufacturer or his authorised agent will be accepted for purpose of proof of export.
4.2 Submission of proof of export and processing thereof
4.2.1 The proof of export should be submitted to the Range Officer within a period of 6 months from the date of clearance of goods from the factory of production.
4.2.2 If Range Superintendent finds that the clearances for home consumption, and the clearances for export where proof of exports have not been furnished within 6 months, when taken together, are likely to exceed the exemption limit (which is presently Rs. 100 lakhs for home consumption), he should issue show cause notices for safeguarding revenue. These show cause notices, however, should be kept pending for another three months by which time proof of exports are expected to be received.
4.2.3 The Range Superintendent will maintain manufacturer wise record on the basis of the quarterly return and the proof of exports submitted by the manufacturer from time to time in order to ascertain that the clearances for exports and the proofs of exports are duly accounted for and in case of failure on the part of exporter to submit proof of export, necessary action can be initiated promptly on the lines already mentioned in the above para.
4.3 In case clearances of such manufacturers for home consumption plus clearance for export where proof of export were not furnished within 6 months, exceed the exemption limit, they should take Central Excise Registration and follow the regular A.R.E.1 procedure.
4.4 This procedure will also be applicable to exports of ready-made garments.
1.1 The conditions and procedure for export to Nepal and the Board in Notification No. 45/2001-Central Excise (N.T.) dated 26.6.2001(hereinafter referred to as the said notification) has specified Bhutan without payment of duty (under bond).
2. Places from where goods can be exported
2.1 Under the said notification, export can be made from any of the following places: -
3. Forms to be used
3.1 The export shall be required to file a general bond in the Form specified in the said notification (Annexure-16) with such security or surety as may be specified by the concerned bond accepting authority. The bond shall be in a sum equal at least to the duty chargeable on the goods for the due arrival of export goods at the place of export (Land Customs Station) and their export therefrom under Customs supervision. The officer who will accept the bond, will also be responsible for discharging that bond upon furnishing proof of export by the exporter.
3.2 The bond shall not be discharged unless the goods are duly exported, to the satisfaction of the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise or Maritime Commissioner or such other officer as may be authorised by the Board on this behalf within the time allowed for such export or are otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of such officer, or until the full duty due upon any deficiency of goods, not accounted so, and interest, if any, has been paid
3.3 Invoice in the Form specified in the said notification (Annexure-21) shall be used for export clearances. Six copies of invoice shall be prepared. This document shall bear running serial number beginning from the first day of the financial year. During this year, for the sake of continuity, the serial number, as started from 1.4.2001, may continue. The stationary for invoice under erstwhile notification no. 50/94-Central Excise (N.T.) dated 22.9.1994 may be used for the time being" during this financial year. On the invoice, certain declarations are required to be given by the exporter. They should be signed by the exporter or his authorised agent.
3.4 Certificate shall be required in the Form specified in the said notification (Annexure-22) from the Reserve Bank of India or any other bank authorised to deal in foreign exchange by the Reserve Bank of India, for the receipt of full payment in freely convertible currency. Certificate may also be required where remittance is received in Indian Rupee.
4. Categories of exports and the conditions and safeguards thereto
4.1 Export under bond to Nepal or Bhutan where payment is in freely convertible currency
4.1.1 Export under bond to Nepal or Bhutan where payment is in freely convertible currency, shall be subject to following conditions, namely: -
4.2 Export to Nepal in bond against payment in Indian rupee
4.2.1 As an exception to the above category of export, capital goods, as defined in the said notification may be exported under bond directly from the factory of manufacture to Nepal against any global tender invited by His Majesty's Government of Nepal without payment of duty, for which payment is received in Indian currency. Such exports shall be subject to the following further conditions, namely: -
4.2.2 On receipt of the certificate of remittances and on the satisfaction that the goods have been exported in terms of bond, the bond accepting authority shall discharge the exporter of his liabilities under the bond.
4.3 Export in bond of petroleum oil and lubricant products to Nepal
4.3.1 The export in bond without payment of duty of excise of petroleum oil and lubricant products to Nepal is permitted through the agency of Nepal Oil Corporation from calibrated stocks of M/s Indian Oil Corporation registered as a warehouse in accordance with the provisions rule 20 the said Rules, and situated at places notified for the purpose or purchased without payment of duty from tanks of other Oil Companies or Undertakings. For this facility, the Indian Oil Corporation shall be required to furnish a bond in the specified Form to the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise having jurisdiction over the installation from which the petroleum oil and lubricant products are to be exported.
4.4 Export in bond for supplies to Government of India Aided Projects in Nepal and the Embassy Cooperative Store and Embassy Petrol Pump located in Nepal for the bonafide use of officers and staff of the Embassy in Nepal
4.4.1 Export in bond for supplies to Government of India Aided Projects in Nepal and the Embassy Cooperative Store and Embassy Petrol Pump located in Nepal for the bonafide use of officers and staff of the Embassy in Nepal shall be subject to the following conditions, namely: -
4.5 Export without payment of duty to Kurichu Hydro Electric Project and Tala Hydro Electric Project in Bhutan
4.5.1 Export of all excisable goods without payment of duty to Kurichu Hydro Electric Project and Tala Hydro Electric Project in Bhutan shall be subject to the following conditions, namely: -
4.5.2 Amendment of Contract
4.5.3 Finalisation of Contract
4.5.4 There should be a release order from the officer authorised by the General Manager of the concerned project authority covering he goods;
4.5.5 The exporter shall furnish a bond in the specified Form to the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise having jurisdiction over the factory or warehouse or the approved premises or from where the goods are removed for export to the specified project.
5. Export Procedure
5.1 Procedure at the place of despatch
5.1.1 Six copies of invoice shall be presented to the Superintendent or Inspector of Central Excise having jurisdiction over the factory, warehouse or any other approved premises along with the export goods;
5.1.2 In case of export for supplies to Government of India Aided Projects in Nepal and the Embassy Cooperative Store and Embassy Petrol Pump located in Nepal for the bonafide use of officers and staff of the Embassy in Nepal, the order from Project Implementation Authority shall also be presented;
5.1.3 the Superintendent or Inspector of Central Excise having jurisdiction over the factory, warehouse or any other approved premises shall verify the identity of goods with reference to description mentioned in the invoice and the particulars of the duty payable but for export, and if found in order, he shall seal the consignment, tank or container with Central Excise seal or in such other the manner as may be specified by the Commissioner of Central Excise and endorse each copy of the export invoice in token of having such verification and examination done by him;
5.1.4 The said Superintendent or Inspector will allow export and distribute invoices in the following manner:
5.1.5 The exporter or his agent shall then be free to remove the goods for export to Nepal through the Land Customs Station indicated on the respective invoices;
5.1.6 Where the goods are exported by land, the export shall take place through any of the following land customs stations, namely, Sukhiapokhri, Panitanki, Jogbani, Jayanagar, Bairgania, Bhimnagar, Bitamore (Sursand), Raxaul, Sonauli, Barhni, Nepalganj Road, Shohratgar (Khunwa), Jarwa, Katarniaghat, Gauriphanta, Banbasa, Jhulaghat, Dharchula, Naxalbari, Galgalia, Kunauli, Sonabarsa, Tikonia, or such other check-post as may be specified by the Board;
6. Procedure at the Land Customs Station
6.1 The exporter or his agent shall present the goods to the officer of customs in-charge of the land customs station along with the original copy of the invoice and the sealed cover containing duplicate, triplicate and quadruplicate copies and obtain acknowledgement;
6.2 Where the contents of all the copies of invoices tally and the packages, goods or container are satisfactorily identified with their seals in tact, the officer of customs in-charge of the land customs station shall make necessary entries in the register maintained at the land customs station and allow the goods to cross into the territory of Nepal or Bhutan and certify accordingly on each of the four copies of the invoice and indicate the running serial number in red ink prominently visible and encircled. In case the seals are not found intact, the officer of customs in charge of the land customs station may re-seal the containers with his own seal after satisfying himself as to the identity of the containers and the goods from the particulars shown on the invoice by opening and examining the goods, if necessary;
6.3 Distribution of invoices by Customs Officer:
6.4 Presentation of goods to Nepalese or Bhutanese Customs Officers: the goods are then to be produced before the Nepalese or Bhutanese Customs Officer, as the case may be, at the corresponding border check-post alongwith the original copies of the invoice. The Nepalese or Bhutanese Customs Officer shall deal with the original and triplicate copies of the invoice as directed by His Majesty's Government of Nepal or His Majestys Government of Bhutan and return the duplicate copy, after endorsing his certificate of receipt of goods in Nepal or Bhutan, as the case may be, directly to the officer of customs-in-charge of the land customs station in India;
6.5 Further distribution of invoices: The officer of customs in-charge of the land customs station shall forward the duplicate copy to the Central Excise Officer in charge of the factory or warehouse from which the goods were removed for export without payment of duty. For this purpose, the said officer in charge of the land customs station should keep a note of the return of duplicate copies from the Customs Officer of Nepal or Bhutan and remind the exporter for such copies as have not been received, failing which the exporter may be liable to pay full duty on such consignments;
6.6 The officer of customs officers, at the land customs station shall also maintain a separate record of all such in-bond exports of the goods without payment of duty and shall assign running serial number on the invoice at the time of export as indicated earlier;
7. Procedure for discharge of bond or the duty liability
7.1 Essential ingredients for discharge of bond have already been mentioned under each category of exports.
7.2 The general procedure would be - the exporter shall submit the quadruplicate copy duly endorsed by the officer of customs in-charge of land customs station to the Central Excise officer who has accepted the bond alongwith bank, certificate evidencing receipt of payment in freely convertible currency (in Indian Rupee in particular category), within six months from the date of removal of the goods. It may be noticed that earlier, the above mentioned period has been extended from three months to six months, as compared to erstwhile notification.
7.3 The Central Excise officer will tally the particulars with quintuplicate copy of the invoice received from the Central Excise officer who has allowed clearance from the factory or warehouse or any other approved premises and make suitable entries in Bond Account of the exporter, giving provisional credit or discharging the bond provisionally.
7.4 On receipt of the duplicate copy of invoice, duly endorsed by customs officer of Nepal or Bhutan from the customs officer in charge of land customs station, certifying export of the goods and after tallying the particulars with those in quadruplicate copy of the invoice make suitable entries in Bond Account and the obligation under the said bond will then be discharged.
7.5 In case of failure to export within six months from the date of removal from the factory or warehouse or any other approved premises, or shortages noticed, the exporter shall discharge the duty liability on the goods not so exported or shortage noticed along with twenty four per cent. interest thereon from the date of removal for export without payment of duty till the date of payment of duty in terms of the bond.
1. Cancellation of Export documents
1.1 If the excisable goods cleared under A.R.E.1 are not exported for any reason and the exporter intends to divert the goods for home consumption, he may request in writing the authority who accepted the bond or letter of undertaking to allow cancellation of application, and diversion of goods for consumption in India. He will be permitted to do so if he pays the duty as specified in the application along with interest at the rate of twenty four percent per annum on such duty from the date of removal for export from the factory or warehouse till the date of payment of duty. The permission shall be granted within 3 working days. Since duty assessment on A.R.E 1 has to be done in normal course, there will not be any need for re-assessment by the Department or the assessee unless there are reasons to believe that the assessment was not correct. After the duty is discharged, the exporter may take credit in his running bond (where bond is furnished) on the basis of letter of permission, invoice and TR-6 Challans on which duty is paid. He shall record these facts in the Daily Stock Account
1.2 If the exporter, after clearing the goods for export without payment of duty, intends to change the destination or buyer or port/place of export, he may do so provided he informs the bond/LUT accepting authority in writing about the changes and makes necessary changes in all the copies of A.R.E.1 and the invoices. If he intends to cancel the original export documents and issue fresh ones, the same may be done under permission and authentication by bond/LUT accepting authority who will ensure that the serial no. and date of the initial documents are endorsed on the fresh documents. In such cases, if bond was furnished for single consignment, fresh bond may not be asked.
2. Re-entry of the goods, cleared for export under bond but not actually exported, in the factory of manufacture.
2.1 The excisable goods cleared for export under bond or undertaking but not actually exported for any genuine reasons may be returned to the same factory provided
2.2 The Superintendent of Central Excise will verify himself or though Inspector in charge of the factory, about the identity of such goods with reference to invoice, A.R.E.1 and the daily stock account in respect of 5% of intimations, within another 24 hours of receipt of intimation.
3. Re-import of exported goods for repairs etc. and subsequent re-export
3.1 It has been provided in the Notification 42/2001-Central Excise (N.T.), supra, that the exported excisable goods which are re-imported for carrying out repairs, re-conditioning, refining, re-making or subject to any similar process may be returned to the factory of manufacture for carrying out the said processes and subsequent re-export. It may be noted that re-import and re-export shall be governed by the provisions of the Customs Act, 1962.
3.2 So far Central Excise is concerned, the manufacturer shall maintain separate account for return of such goods in a daily stock account and make suitable entry on the said account after goods are processed, repaired, re-conditioned, refined or re-made. When such goods are exported, the usual export procedure shall be followed.
3.3 Any waste or refuse arising as a result of the said processes shall be removed from the factory on payment of appropriate duty or destroyed after informing the proper officer in writing at least 7 days in advance and after observing such conditions and procedure as may be specified by the Commissioner of Central Excise and thereupon the duty payable on such waste or refuse may be remitted by the said Commissioner of Central Excise.
4. Entry of goods in another factory of the same manufacturer for consolidation and loading of consignment for export:
4.1 Goods removed without payment of duty for export on A.R.E.1 from one factory (hereinafter referred to as the first factory) of a manufacturer are allowed to enter in another factory of the said manufacturer (hereinafter referred to as the subsequent factory) ONLY for the purpose of consolidation and loading of goods manufactured in subsequent factory and export therefrom subject to following conditions: -
5. Samples of export goods
5.1 The Central Excise Officer examining the consignment would draw representative samples wherever necessary in triplicate. He would hand over two sets of samples, duly sealed, to the exporter or his authorized agent, for delivering to the Customs Officer at the point of export. He would retain the third set for his records. The instructions and procedure for drawl of samples specified by the Board should be followed.
1.1 The Board has, by Notification No. 43/2001-Central Excise (N.T.) dated 26.6.2001 [hereinafter referred to as the said notification] notified the conditions, safeguards and procedures for procurement of the excisable without payment of duty for the purpose of use in the manufacture or processing of export goods and their exportation out of India, to any country except Nepal and Bhutan.
1.2 It may be noted that in rule 19 of the said Rules and in said notification, expression export goods has been used. This refers to excisable goods (dutiable or exempted) as well as non-excisable goods. Thus, the benefit of input stage rebate can be claimed on export of all finished goods whether excisable or not.
1.3 It may be also noted that materials, as defined in the said rule 19 may be used for manufacture or processing. In other words, any processing not amounting to manufacture (such as packing, blending etc.) will also be eligible for the benefit under said notification.
1.4 Removal without payment of duty of equipment and machinery in the nature of capital goods used in relation to manufacture or process of finished goods shall not be allowed.
2. Conditions and procedures
2.1 The conditions and procedure for manufacture of export goods in bond shall be, as follows:
2.2 Verification of Inputoutput ratio and grant of permission
2.2.1 The Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise shall verify the correctness of the ratio of input and output mentioned in the declaration filed before commencement of export of such goods, if necessary, by calling for samples of finished goods or by inspecting such goods in the factory of manufacture or process. If, after such verification, the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise is also satisfied that there is no likelihood of evasion of duty, he may grant permission to the applicant for manufacture or processing and export of finished goods and countersign the application in the manner specified in the Central Excise (Removal of Goods at Concessional Rate of Duty for Manufacture of Excisable Goods) Rules, 2001;
2.2.2 It is clarified that for the sake of convenience and transparency, input output norms notified under the Export Import Policy may be accepted by the Department unless there are specific reasons for variation. However, in case, the input output norms notified under the Export Import Policy does not include all the materials used in export goods, the claim under this scheme should not be denied merely on that ground.
2.3 If for any reason the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise is not satisfied with reference to the correctness of the consumption norms claimed by the applicant, especially where the product is being manufactured for the first time in his jurisdiction, he may permit the manufacturing operations and the verification of the consumption norms should be completed while the process of manufacture is on. The verification should be completed before allowing the export of the goods as the manufacturer working under this Scheme is expected to declare the raw materials costumed in ARE-2.
2.4 The permission granted by the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise can be withdrawn at any time if any glaring misuse resulting into loss of revenue comes to his notice.
2.5 Any change in the consumption ratio [input-output ratio] should be promptly intimated by the manufacturer to the deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise and the jurisdictional Range Superintendent giving reference of the permission granted. If necessary, the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise may order fresh verification.
3. Procurement of material
3.1 The procedure of procurement of material required for the manufacture shall be governed by the provisions of the Central Excise (Removal of Goods at Concessional Rate of Duty for Manufacture of Excisable Goods) Rules, 2001.
4. Removal of materials or partially processed material for processing
4.1 The Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise may permit a manufacturer to remove the materials as such or after the said materials have been partially processed during the course of manufacture or processing of finished goods to a place outside the factory -
5. Procedure for export
5.1 The goods shall be exported on the application in Form A.R.E. 2 specified in the Annexure-23 and the procedures specified in the Notification No. 42/2001-Central Excise dated 26th June, 2001 shall be followed. It is mentioned that in such cases, fresh A.R.E.1 is not required because export will be effected on A.R.E.2 itself. But the procedure specified in the aforementioned notifications relating to removals, distribution of documents at the place of despatch and place of export, acceptance of proof of export etc. shall be followed mutatis mutandis.
5.2 The Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise should point out deficiency, if any within 15 days of filing of A.R.E.1 duly certified by Customs indicating actual export. Queries/ deficiencies shall be pointed out at one go and piecemeal queries should be avoided.
5,3 Only a manufacture or processor of finished goods who exports the goods can claim benefit of input stage rebate. This facility shall not be extended where export are through merchant exporters.
5.4 The benefit of input stage rebate cannot be claimed in any of the following situations:
6. Accounts & Returns
6.1 The manufacturer shall maintain register of duty free materials brought to the factory for manufacture of finished goods for export and the account for finished goods manufactured and exported. Any officer duly empowered by the Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise in this behalf shall have access at all reasonable times to any premises indicated in the application. The applicant shall also permit the officer of Central Excise access to any records relating to the production, storage and export of goods.
6.2 The colour coding of A.R.E.2 will be as follows:-
7. Checks by Customs Officers
7.1 Samples will be invariably drawn by the Customs Officers for testing at the place of export in case the export goods are of sensitive nature considering that they are made from materials bearing high Central Excise Duty.
7.2 Customs officer responsible for making endorsement in A.R.E.2 shall carefully check that exports are not covered under any of the following:
- The Duty Drawback Scheme
- A Value Based Advance Licence issued prior to 31.03.95
- A Quantity Based Advance Licence issued prior to 31.03.95
8. The Deputy/Assistant Commissioner sanctioning rebate shall ensure that the relevant transport copies (duplicate copies) of Duty paying document have been suitably defaced before payment is made. | 52,335 | 172 |
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|WO/2003/000389||January, 2003||MEMBRANE-ASSISTED FLUID SEPARATION APPARATUS AND METHOD|
This invention was made in part with Government support under SBIR award number DE-FG02-05ER84244 awarded by the Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
The invention relates to pervaporation. In particular, the invention relates to pervaporation processes in which multiple membrane modules are contained in a single housing or vessel.
In pervaporation, a multi-component liquid stream is passed across a membrane that preferentially permeates one or more of the components. As the feed liquid flows across the membrane surface, the preferentially permeated components pass through the membrane and are removed as a permeate vapor.
Transport through the membrane is induced by maintaining a vapor pressure on the permeate side of the membrane that is lower than the vapor pressure of the feed liquid. The vapor pressure difference is usually achieved by maintaining the feed liquid at a higher temperature than that of the permeate stream. The latent heat of evaporation of the permeate components must be supplied to the feed liquid for the feed temperature to be maintained and for the pervaporation process to continue.
In a typical separation, such as that of an alcohol from water, the feed cools about 5° C. for every 1% of the feed that permeates the membrane. In industrial pervaporation processes, an average of about 5% of the feed permeates the membrane per module. The corresponding temperature drop is thus about 25° C. Other separations may involve greater or lesser temperature drops.
The temperature drop is reversed by withdrawing the feed solution and running it through individual heaters or heat exchange cycles between each module. This is commonly referred to as inter-stage heating.
To accommodate these requirements for inter-module or inter-stage reheating, pervaporation systems must include numerous pipes, flanges, valves and other fittings to enable the feed solution to pass in and out of the vessel housing the modules. This makes the systems complex to engineer, cumbersome to build, and costly, and limits the industrial utility of pervaporation.
In consequence, although commercial pervaporation systems have been available for more than twenty years, few practical applications for a process that is otherwise attractive have been realized.
Co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,404,843 and 7,510,594, and co-owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/484,547, disclose gas separation equipment in which multiple membrane modules in multiple tubes are contained in a single housing. These three patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The invention is a pervaporation process and pervaporation equipment for separating a component from a liquid mixture, the mixture typically containing water and at least one organic component, or being a mixture of at least two organic components.
The separation is carried out by running a feed stream of the liquid mixture across a separation membrane under pervaporation conditions. By pervaporation conditions, we mean that the vapor pressure of the component that it is desired to separate into the permeate stream is maintained at a lower level on the permeate side than on the feed side, and the pressure on the permeate side is such that the permeate is in the gas phase as it emerges from the membrane. The process results, therefore, in a permeate vapor stream enriched in the desired component and a residue liquid stream depleted in that component.
In a first aspect, the process is carried out using multiple membrane modules or elements arranged in series within a single tube, so that the residue stream exiting the first module in the series forms the feed to the second module, and so on, until the final or product residue stream is withdrawn from the last module in the series.
To maintain adequate transmembrane flux, the feed solution under treatment is heated within the tube as it passes from one module to the next. This interstage heating or reheating is achieved by blocking the straight flow path from the residue end of one module to the feed end of the next, and by heating the outside surface of the tube. Instead of passing directly to the inlet of the next module, the feed is directed in a flow path in the annular space between the inside wall or surface of the tube and the outer casing or surface of the membrane module that it has just exited. By forcing the stream to flow at least partially back along the outside of the module, it is brought into heat exchanging contact with the inside surface of the tube.
In a basic embodiment, the pervaporation process of the invention includes the following steps:
(a) passing a feed solution to be treated through a series of multiple membrane modules, each membrane module having an outer longitudinal surface, a feed end and a residue end, the membrane modules being housed in a single tube having an inside and an outside surface, to separate the feed solution under pervaporation conditions into a residue stream and a permeate stream; and
(b) achieving an inter-module reheating of the feed solution as it passes along the series by:
The process divides the feed stream into a treated residue stream and a permeate stream, either or both of which may be desired products of the process. For example, if the feed solution is a dilute solution of ethanol in water, the process of the invention may be used to form a more concentrated ethanol product as the permeate stream. Likewise, if the feed solution is ethanol containing just a few percent of water, the process of the invention may be used to dehydrate the ethanol, forming a purified ethanol product as the residue stream.
The membrane modules or elements are housed in a tube. The tube serves to house and support the membrane elements and provide a directed fluid flow. In addition, the tube conducts heat to warm the feed solution as it passes along the train of modules, and may provide a pressure-withstanding function if the pressure conditions under which the separation process is carried out are substantially different from the pressure outside the tube.
The outside of the tube may be heated in any appropriate manner. Preferably, low grade steam is used if available.
The membrane used to perform the separation may be any type of membrane capable of performing an appropriate separation under pervaporation conditions. Suitable membranes include polymeric membranes, inorganic membranes, such as ceramic membranes, and membranes containing inorganic particles embedded in a polymeric matrix. For example, if the feed solution is to be dehydrated, a hydrophilic membrane, such as a polyvinyl alcohol membrane, may be used. If the feed solution is a mixture of olefins and paraffins, a hydrophobic membrane, such as a fluorinated polyimide membrane, may be used.
The membranes and modules may take any convenient cylindrical form, such as flat sheets wound into spiral-wound modules, potted hollow fibers or tubular membranes that will fit into the tube so as to leave an annular space between the outer longitudinal surface of a membrane module and the inside surface of the tube. The configuration of the process and apparatus of the invention is not suitable for plate-and-frame modules, as these are usually assembled in stacks, not housed in tubes or cylindrical pressure vessels.
The series includes at least two modules, and will typically include three, four, five or six modules mounted end to end in the tube. The modules are connected as described above such that a feed stream under treatment may enter the feed end of the first module, flow through the modules in turn and exit as a final residue stream from the residue end of the last module. The modules are also connected by a permeate pipe or pipes, through which the collected permeate stream from the series can flow.
The driving force for transmembrane permeation is the difference between the vapor pressure of the feed liquid and the vapor pressure on the permeate side. This pressure difference is generated at least in part by operating with the feed liquid at above ambient temperature, usually above 30° C., and typically in the range 30-120° C. Optionally, the permeate side may also be maintained under vacuum to increase the driving force.
To heat the feed solution as it passes along the chain of modules, the feed solution is prevented from flowing in a straight line immediately from the residue end of one module to the feed of the next. Instead, the feed solution exiting the residue end of a module is directed at least partially back along the outside of the module it has just exited, into a reheating space or zone between the outer longitudinal surface of that module and the inside surface of the tube. The reheated residue solution is then directed out of the reheating space to the feed inlet end of the next module.
Any flow-blocking and flow-directing means that achieves this flow path can be used within the scope of the invention.
A preferred means is an adapted end cap. The caps are mounted on the residue ends of the modules and engage in fluid-sealing manner against the inside surface of the tube. Liquid leaving the module is directed by suitably configured channels within the end cap, so that it exits into the reheating space associated with that module, and must flow through or across that space before passing through another channel in the end cap that leads toward the feed end of the next module. To improve flow distribution within the reheating zone, straight or curved baffles, fins or ribs may extend along the reheating zone.
Another example of a suitable flow-blocking and flow-directing means is a specially adapted flow-directing plate positioned between one module and the next in the series.
The process of the invention provides an improved technique for carrying out any pervaporation operation that requires the use of multiple modules in series. The new process avoids the need to extract the solution under treatment from the membrane module train to run it repeatedly through external heaters or heat exchangers. Not only does this provide better heat integration, but the large numbers of pipes, valves, flanges and fittings associated with repeated removal and reintroduction are eliminated. As a commercial pervaporation train may contain as many as ten pervaporation-reheating steps, the savings in engineering complexity and cost is substantial.
In a second aspect, the invention provides for separation of a liquid mixture according to the principles described above, but in this case there are multiple series of modules, mounted in multiple tubes, and the tubes themselves are contained within a single outer housing, assembly or vessel. In this case, the savings in complexity and cost are even more marked.
In this aspect, the process of the invention includes the following steps:
(a) providing a vessel in which multiple tubes are mounted in parallel, each tube having an inside and an outside surface and containing a series of multiple membrane modules, each membrane module having an outer longitudinal surface, a feed end and a residue end;
(b) passing a feed solution to be treated through the membrane modules to separate the feed solution under pervaporation conditions into a residue stream and a permeate stream;
(c) achieving an inter-module reheating of the feed solution as it passes along the series of modules by:
In this case, the preferences for the layout within each tube of membrane modules and flow-blocking and flow-directing elements are similar to those for the single-tube process.
In a third aspect, the invention is the pervaporation equipment, system or apparatus adapted to carry out the pervaporation separation process. In this aspect, the invention includes the following elements:
(a) a series of multiple membrane modules, each membrane module having an outer longitudinal surface, a feed end and a residue end, and including a permeate pipe protruding from the membrane module, the membrane modules having their permeate pipes connected in an end-to-end manner;
(b) a tube containing the membrane modules, the tube comprising at least one removable head and a shell having an inside surface and an outside surface, the tube being provided with a feed inlet port and a residue outlet port and adapted so that a permeate stream flowing through the permeate pipes may be withdrawn from the tube;
(c) an annular seal for each membrane module, positioned so as to provide a fluid-tight seal between the outer longitudinal surface of the module and the inside surface of the tube;
(d) flow-blocking and flow-directing means positioned in the tube so as to block immediate flow of a fluid from the residue end of a membrane module to the feed end of the next membrane module in the series;
(e) an annular reheating zone between the outer longitudinal surface of a membrane module and the inside surface of the tube;
the flow-blocking and flow-directing means being adapted to direct residue fluid into and out of the reheating zone; and
(f) means for heating the outside surface of the tube.
The flow-blocking and flow-directing means is preferably an adapted end cap with a flow-directing channel and an outlet bore, as described above, or a flow-directing plate positioned between sequential membrane modules in the series.
The means for heating the outside surface of the tube is preferably a casing around the tube, through which a heating fluid can be passed.
The equipment may use multiple tubes, with a series of membrane modules within each tube. In this case, a single vessel is used to house the tubes, and the means of heating the outside surface of the tubes is preferably to circulate a heating fluid, such as steam, through the interior of the vessel outside the tubes.
If a multi-tube vessel is used, a representative and convenient number of tubes is seven tubes, and there are preferably at least three membrane modules in each tube.
It is to be understood that the above summary and the following detailed description are intended to explain and illustrate the invention without restricting its scope.
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing the flow pattern in a pervaporation process of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing showing, in longitudinal cross-section, the layout of modules and end caps in a pervaporation process of the invention in which the membrane modules are contained within a single tube.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing showing a representative configuration of the end cap at the residue end of a module in longitudinal cross-section.
FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing showing a representative cross-section of an end cap such as that of FIG. 3 as it faces the residue end of a module.
FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing showing a view of an end cap such as that of FIG. 3 as it faces the feed end of the next module in series.
FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing showing an alternative arrangement of the flow channels in a residue end cap.
FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing showing, in longitudinal cross-section, the layout of modules and end caps in a pervaporation process of the invention in which the membrane modules are contained within multiple tubes in a single housing.
FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional drawing showing placement of 7 tubes in an assembly such as that of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a schematic drawing showing the positioning of two ribs to divide the reheating space.
FIG. 10 is a schematic drawing showing, in longitudinal cross-section, an alternative arrangement for blocking and redirecting fluid flow at the residue end of a module.
FIG. 11 shows the blocking arrangement of FIG. 10 in radial cross-section.
FIG. 12 is a plot showing temperature profiles along two membrane modules in a one-tube assembly similar to that of FIG. 2.
FIG. 13 is a plot comparing temperature profiles along two membrane modules in a one-tube assembly similar to that of FIG. 2 at different temperature differentials between the heating fluid and the feed solution.
All percentages herein are by weight unless otherwise stated.
The terms membrane module and membrane element are used interchangeably herein.
The terms tube, housing and vessel are used interchangeably as they relate to apparatus in which all of the membrane modules are contained in a single tube.
The terms assembly, housing and vessel are used interchangeably as they relate to apparatus in which all the membrane modules are contained in multiple tubes within a single housing.
The terms reheating space, reheating area and reheating zone have the same meaning and are used interchangeably herein.
The invention is a process for separating a component from a solution by pervaporation, and the equipment or apparatus to carry out such separation.
Any solution that may be treated by pervaporation may be treated by the process of the invention. Most commonly, the liquid to be treated will be a solution of one or more organic components in water, or of water in an organic solvent or solvent mixture, but solutions containing only organic or only inorganic components may also be treated. Separation of aromatics from paraffins in an oil refinery, removal of organic sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon mixtures, dehydration of bioethanol, recovery of ethanol from fermentation broth, and removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wastewater are typical representative examples of separations in which the process of the invention can be used to advantage.
The separation is carried out by running a feed stream of the liquid mixture across a separation membrane under pervaporation conditions. By pervaporation conditions, we mean that the vapor pressure of the component that it is desired to separate into the permeate stream is maintained at a lower level on the permeate side than on the feed side, and the pressure on the permeate side is such that the permeate is in the gas phase as it emerges from the membrane. The process results, therefore, in a permeate vapor stream enriched in the desired component or components and a residue liquid stream depleted in that component or components.
In a first aspect, the process is carried out using multiple membrane modules or elements arranged in series within a single tube.
A significant feature of the invention is that the feed solution need not be withdrawn from the tube for reheating. Instead, the feed solution is heated within the tube as it passes from module to module.
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing the general flow pattern in a representative pervaporation process according to this aspect. Referring to FIG. 1, the process is carried out in a tube or housing, 101, using a series of four membrane modules, 102, 103, 104 and 105.
The feed solution to be treated enters the process through line 106. Instead of passing directly from module 102 to module 103, the residue of the feed solution from module 102 flows in the reheating path indicated as 107, which takes it back along the outside of the module within the housing, and thence into the second module 103 in the series. In similar fashion, the residue from module 103 flows in reheating path, 108, from module 104 flows in reheating path, 109, and from module 105 flows in reheating path, 110. The treated solution leaves the housing and the process through line 111.
It will be apparent from FIG. 1 that an equivalent process could be carried out by reversing the direction of the flow pattern, so that the feed solution to be treated enters as stream 111, and the treated residue stream exits as stream 106.
FIG. 1 shows the residue from the last module in the series being reheated before leaving the process. This is often desirable, as well as being the simplest way to configure the process, in that the same types of fittings may be used for the last module in series as for the other modules. Optionally, however, the last residue stream can be withdrawn directly from the last module without directing it along a reheating path.
The invention is now described in greater details in its various aspects. In the following description, the inventors have not dwelt at length on the choice, manufacture and combination of conventional components of the equipment used to carry out their invention. The design and assembly of such is well known in the chemical engineering art, and is familiar to the engineer or readily available from standard industry literature.
It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the figures are very simple schematic diagrams, intended to make clear the key aspects of the equipment and processes of the invention, and that equipment may, and often will, include additional components of a standard type, such as seals, O-rings, connectors, pipes, feed end caps, flanges, bolts, and other fittings to join and seal components in fluid-tight manner as necessary.
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing showing, in longitudinal cross-section, a representative, non-limiting layout of modules and end caps in a pervaporation process of the invention in which the membrane modules are contained within a single tube. Referring to this figure, a housing, pressure vessel or tube, 201, contains a series of membrane modules, in this case represented by three modules, 204, of which only one is labeled to avoid excessive numbers of lead lines over the drawing. Likewise, to assist clarity, other components or elements associated with each module, such as the residue end cap, seals and feed end, are identified only once in the drawing.
The housing takes the form of a cylindrical shell, having inside, 226, and outside, 227, surfaces and equipped with two removable heads, 202 and 203. In the drawing, the heads are shown as flanged, and assumed to be connected to the shell by bolts (not shown), although any convenient means to connect the heads to the shell is intended to be within the scope of this embodiment.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, both heads are drawn as removable. This arrangement provides the greatest flexibility for assembly, maintenance and repair, because the membrane elements can be loaded or removed from either end.
Alternatively, the design can be simplified by permanently welding end 203 to the body of the vessel or manufacturing as a unitary part of the body of the vessel. The modules must then be loaded or unloaded from one end only, but the manufacturing cost of the vessel may be reduced.
The tube or housing may be made of any convenient material. Housings are usually made of metal, conforming to appropriate codes for the operating conditions to which they are to be exposed. Pervaporation processes are not usually operated at feed pressures substantially different from atmospheric, although they may be operated at high temperatures, above 100° C. In the case that the feed is introduced at ambient pressure, and 40° C., for example, a housing made from a plastic may suffice, so long as the material has adequate thermal conductivity. In the case that the feed is under high hydraulic pressure, or very hot, a stainless or carbon steel housing, for example, may be needed. In general, we prefer to use metal housings.
A feed port, 217, and a residue port, 218, are positioned near the ends of the housing. One or both of the end plates or heads is fitted with, or adapted to accept, permeate collection pipe, 209, through which treated permeate is removed from the processing train. Alternatively, a flanged permeate port to which the permeate pipes are connected could be provided.
The membrane modules or elements, 204, each having an outer longitudinal surface, 225, are arranged in line along the tube. To illustrate the arrangement, three modules in series are shown in FIG. 2. As a general guideline, we prefer to use at least two modules and no more than about six, although our processes may be carried out with any number of modules in the tube.
The modules may contain any type of membranes capable of separating the feed solution by pervaporation. They may be inorganic or polymeric, and may be packaged in any manner that enables them to fit in series within the housing. For example, inorganic membranes may be in tubular form, with the selective membrane on the inner or outer surface. This type of module is sometimes used when the separation membranes themselves are inorganic, or are supported on an inorganic support membrane, for example.
If the membranes are polymeric, they may be prepared as flat sheets and packaged as spiral-wound modules, or as hollow fibers and packaged as potted hollow-fiber modules, for example.
These forms are well known in the art and are described copiously in the literature. For simplicity, therefore, the details of module placement and connection, and fluid flow around and within the modules, are described below as they relate to polymeric membranes packaged as spiral-wound modules. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that similar arrangements can be used for other types of modules, subject only to minor, straightforward modifications as need be.
A spiral-wound module comprises one or more membrane envelopes of spacers and membrane wound around a perforated central permeate collection pipe, 206. Typically, the pipe protrudes from the module at both ends, as shown in the figure. The pipe may be made of any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.
When the module is in use for pervaporation, feed liquid enters at feed end, 223, and passes longitudinally down the module across the membrane envelope. A portion of the feed permeates as vapor into the membrane envelope, where it spirals towards the center, is drawn through the perforations into the permeate collection pipe and exits through the end of the pipe. The residue of the feed solution exits the module at the residue end, 224.
The modules are connected end-to-end, meaning that permeate gas leaving one module can flow into the permeate pipe of the next module. This can be achieved by having one long continuously formed pipe around which multiple membrane modules are wrapped. More preferably, however, the permeate pipes of the individual modules are separate pipes joined by gas-tight connectors or couplings, 207. If permeate is to be withdrawn from one end only, the line of pipes is sealed at the other end by end cap, 208.
The modules are sealed against the tube walls by annular seals, 205, to prevent feed solution bypassing the module, and to separate the residue solution that has exited a module from the feed solution entering that module.
At the residue end of the modules are end caps, 210, typically made of steel or plastic. A larger view of a non-limiting, representative end cap configuration is shown in FIG. 3. Referring to this figure, tube, 301, contains a module, 302, seated in end cap, 304. The end cap is typically secured in fluid-tight connection against the tube by an O-ring or other seal, not shown. The end cap is adapted so that permeate collection pipe, 303, may fit through it. This may be accomplished in various ways, such as by forming the end cap as two semicircular pieces, as discussed more below, or by providing a suitably sized aperture in the end cap and using a fluid-tight seal to prevent residue solution leakage through the aperture.
The module is held securely in the end cap, typically by gluing, so that a small residue space, into which residue liquid leaving the membranes can pass, is provided. One or more fluid-directing channels, 306, are provided in the cap, so that residue solution exiting the module is directed as shown by the arrow into the annular reheating space, area or zone, 308.
An outlet bore or channel, 307, directs residue fluid as shown by the arrow from the reheating space to the feed space, 309, of the next module.
A radial cross-section of end cap 304, taken along line A-A′ looking in the direction of the arrows, is shown in FIG. 4. The end cap has a shallow cup shape, with a rim portion, 401, and a base portion, 402.
At the center of the base portion is a circular opening, 403, sized to accommodate the module permeate pipe. Channel, 405, is bored right through the thickness of the rim and base, and corresponds to outlet 307 in FIG. 3. The bore is shown as cylindrical, but could be any desired shape. The figure shows one bore; multiple bores could also be used.
Opening, 404, represents the open end of channel 306 in FIG. 3. This is also shown as cylindrical, but could be any other desired shape, such as a slit. Again, one or multiple channels may be used. To facilitate the machining of this channel, the cap is preferably manufactured in two halves and fixed together along line B-B′.
A radial cross-section taken along line A-A′ and viewed from the other side, as it would face the feed end of the next module when in place in the tube, is shown in FIG. 5. Base portion, 501, is perforated by permeate pipe opening, 502, and bore, 503, through which the residue emerges as feed for the next module.
Returning to FIG. 2, each module is surrounded by an annular reheating space, area or zone, 211, (corresponding to space 308 in FIG. 3), defined by the outer surface of the module, the inside surface of the tube, seal 205, and the residue end cap. Fluid to be reheated enters this zone through aperture, 212 (the outlet from channel 306 in FIG. 3), and leaves for the next module in series through bore, 213 (corresponding to element 307 in FIG. 3).
An outer casing, 214, is fitted to the outside of the tube, and equipped with ports, 215 and 216, through which a heating fluid, for example steam or hot oil, may be passed. In the alternative, any means of heating the outside of the tube may be substituted.
The pervaporation process of the invention is now described in a representative way as it is carried out using the system of FIG. 2.
The feed solution to be treated enters as shown by dashed arrow, 219, through the feed port. A driving force for transmembrane permeation is provided in the normal manner for pervaporation by maintaining the vapor pressure of the feed liquid higher than the vapor pressure on the permeate side.
Although any technique may be used to achieve this pressure difference, the commonest and simplest way is to heat the feed solution prior to introducing it into the equipment. The temperature to which the feed is heated may be chosen by the skilled artisan in consideration of the specific circumstances of the operation. For aqueous feed solutions, a temperature between about 30° C. and 100° C. is generally used. For solutions of higher boiling point, or that are held under elevated pressure, higher temperatures, such as 120° C. or more, are possible and may be preferred in some circumstances to increase flux.
In pervaporation, the permeate side of the membranes is held at pressure and temperature conditions that result in a vapor-phase permeate. The low pressure on the permeate side may be achieved in the normal manner, such as by simply cooling and condensing the permeate as it is withdrawn from the system or by using a vacuum pump to draw a partial vacuum.
The feed solution enters the first module, where it is separated according to pervaporation principles into a residue solution (that is, the residue of the feed solution that remains on the feed side of the membranes and that exits the residue end of the module), and a permeate vapor, each having a different composition from the feed solution. Representative examples include:
(a) a feed solution comprising about 10% ethanol in water, separated into a permeate vapor containing 40% ethanol and a residue solution containing 2 or 3% ethanol, using silicone rubber membranes in the modules;
(b) a feed solution of raw gasoline in a refinery comprising a total of 30% toluene, benzene and other aromatics, separated into a residue gasoline stream containing below 25% total aromatics and a permeate vapor containing 70% aromatics, using a fluorinated dioxole membrane;
(c) a feed solution of 5% water in acetic acid, dehydrated to a 0.5% water residue solution and a permeate vapor containing 60% water vapor, using a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane.
As the separation occurs, the latent heat required to evaporate the permeating components is supplied from the feed liquid, so the residue solution leaving the module is significantly cooler, such as 5° C., 10° C. or more cooler, depending on how much permeate vapor is produced.
The residue solution exits the module through aperture 212 and flows into and across the reheating space, as indicated generally by dashed arrow, 220, to become the feed solution for the next module.
A heating fluid is passed through the outer casing, as indicated by dashed arrows, 228 and 229, and flows in contact with the outside surface of the tube. The residue of the feed solution that is flowing in the reheating space is reheated by heat-exchange with the heating fluid across the tube wall.
The separation and subsequent reheating steps are repeated along the train of modules, and the final treated residue stream is withdrawn as indicated by dashed arrow 221.
The permeate vapor from each module is collected in the permeate pipes, 206 and withdrawn from the system as indicated by dashed arrow, 222.
Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the blocking of immediate flow of fluid from the residue end of one module to the feed end of the next module, and the directing of residue fluid into, across and out of the reheating space, could be achieved by any flow-blocking and flow-directing means suitably positioned within the tube between, or at the ends of, the modules, so long as that means is functionally equivalent to the apparatus elements shown in the figures so far.
As an example, one simple equivalent is shown in FIG. 6, in which a residue end cap, 601, in shown in similar view to FIG. 4. As in FIG. 4, bore, 606, passes through the full thickness of rim, 602, and base, 603, to carry residue fluid from the reheating space of one module to the feed inlet of the next. Aperture, 604, is provided for the permeate pipe.
Instead of channel opening 404, the cap of FIG. 6 has a set of notches, 605, in one side of the rim, cut down as far as the base portion. When the module is inserted into its cap, the notches enable fluid to flow from the residue space to the reheating space. The cap may be made as two pieces, for example one half having the notches and the other the residue outlet bore, and assembled by joining the pieces along line C-C′.
An optional enhancement that promotes circulation of the fluid to the end of the reheating space nearer to the feed end of the module is shown in FIG. 9. Referring to this figure, FIG. 9a shows a module and residue end cap as viewed with the end cap to the left of the figure; FIG. 9b shows the module as viewed with the residue end cap to the right. In both cases, the size of the cap is exaggerated for clarity.
Referring to FIG. 9a, module 901 is fitted with residue end cap, 902, through which protrudes permeate pipe, 903. Bore, 904, provides passage for the residue fluid out of the reheating space of one module to the feed space and feed end of the next. Two baffles or fins, 905 and 906, are positioned diametrically opposite to one another. The baffles are attached to the end cap, from which they extend within and partially along the reheating zone.
Each baffle has a width about the same as the radial thickness of the rim of the end cap. This may be seen more clearly in FIG. 9b, which simply shows, without any other details, the positioning of baffle 905 with respect to cap 902 and module 901. When the module with its end cap is inserted into the tube, not shown, the baffle will sit against the outer longitudinal wall of the module and the inside wall of the tube. This fit need not be fluid-tight, as the purpose of the baffle is simply to direct fluid flow to some extent.
When the module is in use in the process of the invention, residue fluid from the module will be constrained by the baffles to flow in a path as generally indicated by dashed line, 907 in FIG. 9a. That is, the residue fluid will exit the end cap into the reheating space, where it will be directed along the length of the module by the baffles until it can pass to the other side of the baffles and be drawn out through bore, 904.
The baffles are most conveniently attached to the end cap, although it will be apparent that they could be attached to the module or, less preferably, even to the inside of the tube.
FIG. 9 shows one pair of baffles or fins. More pairs, in conjunction with multiple fluid-directing channels in the end cap, could optionally be used to facilitate distribution of the residue solution in the reheating space.
FIG. 9 also shows the baffles as straight, although curved baffles could optionally be used to direct the residue fluid in a curved path, such as a helical path, instead.
An example of a different way to achieve blocking of straight-line flow of fluid from the residue end of one module to the feed end of the next is shown in FIG. 10. In this case, fluid exits the residue end of the module in conventional manner, but the flow-blocking and flow-directing means takes the form of an adapted flow-directing plate that is added between modules.
Referring to FIG. 10, tube, 1001, contains a series of modules, 1002, of which only one representative module is shown in full. The modules are sealed against the tube walls by annular seals, 1003, and are equipped with permeate pipes, 1004, which are connected together by couplings or connectors, 1005.
Instead of the adapted, flow-directing end caps shown in FIGS. 2-6, the apparatus is provided with flow-directing plates, 1006, through which the permeate pipes can pass as shown. In some regards, these plates resemble tube sheets, in that they can hold the permeate pipes in place.
More importantly, however, the plates block the straight-line flow of fluid from the residue end of one module to the feed end of the next. The plates are perforated by hollow tubes or ducts, 1007, that extend from the plate, so that they lie along the reheating space, 1009, over a portion of the length of the module.
The positioning of the hollow ducts is more easily seen in radial cross-section, as in FIG. 11. In this view, flow-directing plate, 1101, has a solid face, 1102, an aperture, 1103, through which a permeate pipe can pass, and a set of hollow ducts or tubes, 1104, positioned around the periphery of face 1102 outside the perimeter, 1105, of the module.
As with the baffles of FIG. 9, the ducts are shown as straight tubes, but could be curved.
To carry out the process of the invention, a feed liquid for separation is passed through the train of modules, generally as described above with respect to FIG. 2. In this case, liquid exiting the residue end of the module is constrained by the flow-directing plate to flow into the reheating space 1009 according to the flow path indicated generally by dashed line, 1008. After it has passed across the reheating space, liquid enters the hollow tubes, and flows through them to exit into the feed space, 1010, of the next module.
In a second aspect, the invention uses multiple series of modules, mounted in multiple tubes, the tubes being mounted in a single assembly, vessel or housing. The invention in this aspect has certain features in common with co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,404,843 and 7,510,594, and co-owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/484,547, which describe the uses and advantages of multi-tube housings for gas separation. Additional information regarding disposition of corresponding elements of the apparatus, operation, benefits, and so on may be found in these patent applications.
FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing showing, in longitudinal cross-section, a representative, non-limiting layout of modules and end caps to carry out a preferred pervaporation process of the invention using such a configuration. The details of the arrangement of modules, permeate pipes and end caps within a tube that were described with respect to FIG. 2 are applicable within the tubes to this embodiment also.
Referring to FIG. 7, the assembly includes a vessel, 701, containing a plurality of tubes, 708. Three tubes, of which only the top one is labeled to avoid long lead lines over other parts of the drawing, are visible in the longitudinal sectional view. The figure represents an assembly with 7 tubes in total, shown in radial view in FIG. 8, discussed below. The ends of the tubes are open to allow fluid flow into and out of the tubes.
The housing has feed and permeate ends, 702. In the drawing, the feed and permeate ends are shown as removable flanged heads, connected to the body of the shell by bolts (not shown). However, any convenient means of connection of the ends is intended to be within the scope of this embodiment, and in some variants, discussed below, only one end need be removable.
The housing has five ports for admitting or removing fluids. A feed port, 705, is positioned near the feed end, and residue port, 706, and permeate port, 707, are positioned near the permeate end. Ports, 703 and 704, give access to the interior, 716, of the housing outside the tubes. A heating fluid, such as steam or hot oil, can be circulated through the housing by passing the hot fluid in at port 703 and withdrawing from port 704 (or vice versa).
Each tube, 708, contains membrane elements or modules, 709. For clarity, the membrane module(s) are drawn in full in the top tube, and indicated only at the ends and by the dashed portions in the other tubes. Four membrane elements are shown, although any convenient number could be used.
Permeate pipe, 712, represents the total length of permeate pipes and connectors, and is usually configured with a separate permeate pipe for each membrane element, as shown in FIG. 2, for example. The modules are sealed against the tube walls by annular seals, 710, at the feed end. At the residue end, each module has a residue end cap, 711. The end caps may be configured in any manner, such as those discussed already and shown in FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6, that enables feed solution under treatment to exit as a residue stream into the reheating spaces, 717, and to pass thence to the feed end of the next module, in similar manner to that shown in FIG. 2.
Alternatively, any other method of blocking and directing fluid flow from one module to the next, such as by using the flow-directing plates shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, may be used.
A feed-end tube sheet, 713, is welded or otherwise mounted in the housing towards the feed end. This tube sheet supports the tubes in spaced-apart relationship with each other.
At the other end of the housing, two tube sheets are provided. Tube sheet, 714, supports the modules and directs residue fluid from the individual tubes to the residue port, 706. Tube sheet, 715, allows passage of the permeate pipes and directs the combined permeate streams from the individual permeate pipes to the permeate port, 707.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, both tube sheets 713 and 714 have openings that correspond in width to the tube diameter, and both heads are drawn as removable. This arrangement provides the greatest flexibility for assembly or maintenance.
If tube sheet 715 is welded or otherwise permanently fixed in the housing, as will generally be the case, then it must also have apertures large enough to pass the modules through, if the ability to load or unload the modules from the permeate end is needed. This may be accomplished by providing large apertures, but sealing the annular space around the permeate pipe with an end-plate, as shown in FIG. 2 of Ser. No. 11/050,995.
If the modules cannot be passed through tube sheet 715, then the permeate end of the housing may be permanently welded or formed as a unitary part with the shell of the housing.
FIG. 8 shows a radial cross-sectional layout diagram of a preferred assembly, such as that of FIG. 7, containing seven tubes. The cross-section shows the placement of the tubes within the housing or assembly, as viewed looking in at the feed end of the housing.
Referring to FIG. 8, housing or assembly, 801, is equipped with flange, 802, having bolt holes, 803, for attaching the feed end or head. The feed-end tube sheet, 804, has openings, 805, for supporting the tubes. From the feed end of module, 807, protrudes permeate pipe, 808.
Seals, 806, correspond to annular seals, 710, in FIG. 7, and hold the modules in fluid-tight relationship against the tube walls. Feed port, 810, and steam or other heating fluid port, 809, are visible.
Within the limits of engineering practicability, the housing may contain any number of tubes. For example, another ring of tubes could be added outside the ring of six in FIG. 8, for a total of 19 tubes.
To carry out the process of the invention using a multi-tube housing of the type shown in FIG. 7, steam or other heating fluid is circulated in the housing outside the tubes. The feed solution to be treated is introduced through port 705, enters the individual tubes and is treated in the manner described above with reference to FIG. 2.
Heat exchange takes place across the tube walls between the heating fluid flowing in interior space 716 and the residue fluid flowing in the reheating spaces, 717. The treated residue-stream exits each tube and flows out of the assembly through port 706. The permeate vapor flows along tubes 712 and out of the assembly through port 707.
In a third aspect, the invention is the pervaporation equipment, system or apparatus used to carry out the pervaporation separation processes described above. In the case that only one tube of modules is used, the apparatus is as described and shown by FIG. 2 and equivalents. In the case that multiple tubes in a single assembly are used, the equipment is as described and shown by FIG. 7 and equivalents.
The invention is now illustrated in further detail by specific examples. These examples are intended to further clarify the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope in any way.
A bench-scale version of the apparatus of FIG. 2 was built. The tube contained two 4-inch diameter modules, containing ethanol-selective membranes. The housing was fitted with thermocouples so that the temperature of the feed solution could be measured as it flowed through the apparatus. In this way, the actual feed solution temperature drop during a pervaporation experiment could be compared to the theoretical temperature drop that would have occurred in the absence of reheating.
A series of pervaporation tests using a feed solution containing about 10 wt % ethanol in water was performed. In each test, 25 gallons of ethanol/water feed solution were loaded into a feed tank and circulated through the system. The permeate pressure was maintained at about 50 torr. Hot oil was circulated as heating fluid. At steady-state, temperature readings were obtained from the thermocouples at various locations along the module tube.
Measurements of the quantity and composition of the permeate were used to calculate the permeance and selectivity of the membrane at various conditions.
The permeance calculations were used to predict the theoretical heat loss that would have occurred if there were no reheating. The results for a set of experiments in which the feed solution was initially at 58° C., the oil temperature was 69° C., the feed flow rate was 1 gpm, and about 0.8 wt % of the feed solution passed through the membranes in each module are shown in FIG. 12.
If the separation had been conducted under conditions in which no external heating was supplied, the temperature of the final residue solution would have dropped to about 49° C., that is, about 9° C. lower than the feed solution temperature, as shown by the straight line in the figure.
Since transmembrane flux depends on the vapor pressure of the permeating components, and vapor pressure depends on temperature, a temperature drop of 9° C. corresponds to a significant drop in transmembrane flux (up to about 35% loss of flux) for this separation.
Using the apparatus and process in accordance with the invention, the original feed temperature was restored by reheating the residue of the feed solution from the first module before the solution entered the second module. In this experiment, a difference of 11° C. between the heating fluid and initial feed fluid temperatures was sufficient to reheat the residue solution to the desired operating temperature (and hence to maintain transmembrane flux), as shown by the jagged line.
The experiments showed that the invention provides an effective pervaporation process, without needing to reheat the feed solution outside the tube.
Another set of experiments was carried out following the same procedure as described for Example 1, except that the heating fluid was at 90° C. instead of 69° C., and the initial feed solution temperature was 72° C., not 58° C.
The results of this set of experiments are compared with those of Example 1 in FIG. 13.
As can be seen, at a feed temperature of 58° C., the temperature drop along a single module was only about 3-4° C., whereas at a feed temperature of 72° C., the temperature drop was about doubled, at 8-10° C. per module. At higher feed temperature, the transmembrane flux is higher, so the amount of permeate to be evaporated is greater, and the heat extracted from the feed solution to do this is greater, resulting in a greater temperature drop.
The greater temperature drop means that to maintain the entering feed temperature for each module at 72° C., a temperature difference of 18° C. between the feed solution and the heating fluid was required. In contrast, at a feed temperature of 58° C., with lower flux and lower temperature drop, a temperature difference of only 11° C. was required. | 52,309 | 187 |
72,095 | Click here to comment!
1...Wayne might be interested to learn USACE found that SDS accomplishes
2...DCMA can investigate saving time and money by reviewing Com Metrics
3...Seminars can help people cross bridges, planned by PMI for Com Metrics
4...Stuart's letter today suggests contacting....
5...One idea might be to address in a training class setting the conflict
6...DSMS could sponsor field tests of SDS, to supplement the report by
7...Call Patsy O'Burn to broach subject of capturing the record, and
8...Reacquaint myself with Jim Balinskas, through a variety of
0201 - Defense Contract Management Agency O-00000780 0704
020101 - Mr. Stuart Harrow O-00000780 0704
020102 - Manufacturing & Production Field Service Representative
020104 - Contract Operations O-00000780 0704
020105 - Field Support Mid-Atlantic, OCFC O-00000780 0704
Vision, Customer Goals
DCMA SDS Endorsed for Supporting KM
SDS Typical Day Scenario Explains Application
DCMA Considers SDS Typical Day Scenario
SDS Organic Subject Structure Organizing Methodology
Collaboration Common Basis 2 KM Groups Tools and People Skills
KM Not Distinguished from Information Management
KM Not Supported by DOD Command
Knowledge Management Not Supported by DOD Command Losing Interest
DCMA Progress Reviewing SDS Com Metrics
3712 - ..
3713 - Summary/Objective
371401 - Follow up ref SDS 97 0000, ref SDS 96 0000.
371403 - DOD expanding work load increases demand for SDS, ref SDS 0 TX5K, that
371404 - enables a better way of working to save time and money. ref SDS 0 N49N
371405 - Better management is essential because information overload is
371406 - expanding the complexity of daily work. ref SDS 0 Y66I The FSR role
371407 - can be expanded to provide Communication Metrics support so that
371408 - people benefit from adding "intelligence" to daily work without having
371409 - to immediately learn a new way of working. ref SDS 0 P74N Stuart
371410 - cited advantage of intellectual bridge concepts that help people grasp
371411 - opportunity for using SDS. ref SDS 0 LC5O Leadership is critical to
371412 - help people cross the bridge to a new way of working, overcoming
371413 - desire to work on familiar things in familiar ways, commonly called
371414 - laziness, which is enabled by traditions of relying on personal memory
371415 - and spontaneous, stream-of-conscious analysis in meetings, calls and
371416 - email that make communication the biggest risk in enterprise.
371417 - ref SDS 0 IR9F
371419 - ..
371420 - Received ref DRT 1 0001 from Stuart confirming actions to advance SDS,
371421 - which he plans to take during our call, per below. ref SDS 0 GM4M
371423 - ..
371424 - Submitted ref DIT 1 0001 to Stuart thanking him for his letter.
371426 - [On 010920 contacted Stuart about progress. ref SDS 99 0001
371428 - [On 010928 called Stuart, progress slowed by terrorist attack on
371429 - 010911, starting to set new agenda for progress. ref SDS A0 0001
371435 - ..
3717 - Discussion
371801 - SDS Initiative to Support KM for DCMA
371803 - Follow up ref SDS 97 2N5K, ref SDS 96 2N5K.
371805 - Stuart has now talked to Wayne Easter, per ref DIP 7 0001 confirming
371806 - our call last week on 000724, ref SDS 97 2N5K, and following up
371807 - Stuart's letter, ref DRP 4 0001, from telecon on 010622. ref SDS 92
371808 - 0001, and later on 010712. ref SDS 94 2N5K
371810 - ..
371811 - Wayne has indicated that KM does not have command support in DOD; as a
371812 - result, Wayne is not investing a lot of energy in this direction.
371814 - ..
371815 - This is useful "intelligence" and aligns with....
371817 - 010425 DARPA lost confidence in KM............ ref SDS 84 657O
371818 - 000723 LANL losing confidence in KM........... ref SDS 73 1444
371819 - 950909 TQM, reengineering losing confidence... ref SDS 26 D83G
371820 - 980226 business intelligence another fad...... ref SDS 55 2146
371822 - ..
371823 - [On 020608 Dave Snowden reported research at IBM shows KM has
371824 - failed to meet expectations. ref SDS A2 ZN6I
371826 - ..
371827 - Despite loss of confidence in KM, limitations of human mental biology
371828 - require improving management to handle expanding complexity due to
371829 - information overload, cited by Peter Drucker in the record on 931130.
371830 - ref SDS 9 TP7F and ref SDS 10 2855 Drucker says people have given up
371831 - trying to improve communication because the job is too difficult.
371832 - ref SDS 9 3851 Better communication requires better analysis, which
371833 - Drucker says is a manager's primary task. ref SDS 9 7911 Landauer
371834 - agrees, i.e., that computers need to improve human thinking in order
371835 - to improve management, reviewed on 950710. ref SDS 24 1222 On 991025
371836 - Drucker published an article arguing that technology should support
371837 - human intelligence. ref SDS 66 0785
371839 - ..
371840 - On 010619 Stuart reported that Wayne follows Drucker's work.
371841 - ref SDS 92 JY3H
371843 - ..
371844 - Wayne might be interested to learn USACE found that SDS accomplishes
371845 - Drucker's recommendation to strengthen basic intelligence. ref DRP 6
371846 - 6172
371848 - ..
371849 - A more recent report on 010725 from DNRC Deputy Director, Wayne
371850 - Wetzel, concurs with USACE's findings. ref SDS 98 WJ7L
371852 - ..
371853 - Letter to Stuart today suggests not calling support KM. ref DIT 1 FM6I
IT Funding Diverted Enabling Force for SDS to Succeed, DCMA, Stuart H
Funding SDS Aided Loss Confidence IT Funding Diverted
Culture of Knowledge Enabled by SDS Aided Failure Dot Coms Loss Confi
IT Improved Killer App Time Integrate Information Killer App Intellig
Enabling Forces IT Failure Loss Confidence Aids Funding SDS for Conve
Information Overload IT Failure Funding Diverted Loss Confidence Enab
IT Failed Promise of Automated Management Disillusioned Disappointed
KM AI Engine Processes Email Determine Work Practices Beliefs
Discouraged Disillusioned Technology Can Improve Management Solved by
Knowledge Management Definition Demonstrated by SDS on Internet
701301 - ..
701302 - SDS on Internet Demonstrates Technology Improves Management
701303 - New Way of Working with SDS, IT Replaced by Culture of Knowledge
701304 - Culture of Knowledge Enables Consistent Good Management Practice
701306 - Follow up ref SDS 97 ZR5G, ref SDS 96 ZR5G.
701308 - On 010724 Stuart planned a review of POIMS and the SDS Typical Day
701309 - Scenario for correlations with DCMA objectives on improving the work,
701310 - which is principally contract management. ref SDS 97 0001
701312 - ..
701313 - Today, we discussed key issues to consider.
701315 - ..
701316 - Knowledge Management (KM) is hard for command to engage, as Stuart
701317 - reports today, ref SDS 0 2N5K, because conflicting definitions and
701318 - implementations conceal the power of technology to save time and money
701319 - by improving management, cited in POIMS. ref OF 1 EX5O Pat Lincoln at
701320 - SRI pointed out on 010426 that DARPA and other agencies have given up
701321 - on KM. Nobody has defined KM beyond banalities like "collaboration,"
701322 - and nobody has come up with tools and practices, because, as Peter
701323 - Drucker notes, the task is too complex, so people have given up trying
701324 - to improve communication, reviewed on 931130. ref SDS 9 3851
701326 - ..
701327 - Failure over 30-plus years seeking technology that improves management
701328 - makes people disillusioned and discouraged, as Stuart reported on
701329 - 010712. ref SDS 94 ZR5G As a result, the only challenge is enabling
701330 - decision makers to experience technology that meaningfully improves
701331 - management, in order to overcome years of frustration.
701333 - ..
701334 - SDS records on the Internet demonstrates better performance that
701335 - provides a working definition and case study showing that Knowledge
701336 - Management can in fact be implemented, as Stuart reported in his
701337 - letter on 010608, ref SDS 86 RS4J, and as evident in this record.
701339 - ..
701340 - POIMS explains KM theory that makes SDS effective for saving time and
701341 - money. ref OF 1 079L SDS was recently endorsed by DNRC in a new
701342 - report on 010725. ref SDS 98 WJ7L Pat Lincoln commented on 010111
701343 - that experience using SDS at SRI shows SDS improves management.
701344 - ref SDS 81 3X4I
701346 - ..
701347 - Stuart mentioned having seen KM explained as an "automated engine" to
701348 - process a lot of email for determining work practices and beliefs of
701349 - people. POIMS explains why attempts to improve email with KM have
701350 - failed. ref OF 1 CZ6K SDS demonstrates a solution that makes email
701351 - effective for saving time and money.
701353 - ..
701354 - "Automated engine" is an artificial intelligence model along the lines
701355 - Jack Park discussed in letters on....
701357 - 000623 engine maps topics.................. ref SDS 72 2915
701358 - 001025 construct useful views.............. ref SDS 77 LR6N
701359 - 001130 none of this exists................. ref SDS 78 MN3W
701360 - 010223 mining threads...................... ref SDS 82 3RKS
701361 - 010223 it is not easy to create............ ref SDS 82 N5RW
701363 - ..
701364 - This view of KM is incorrect. It reflects hope that technology can
701365 - make bad management using information from spontaneous, reactive,
701366 - cursory work, like email, cell phones and conversation successful,
701367 - without adding intelligence that converts information into useful
701368 - knowledge, as explained in POIMS. ref OF 1 6649 On 000920 analysis
701369 - shows SDS makes good management easier, and that nothing can make bad
701370 - management succeed. ref SDS 74 T33H
701372 - ..
701373 - KM can only save time and money by stepping beyond the limits of IT to
701374 - a culture of knowledge enabled by SDS, see NWO... ref OF 3 156O
New Way Thinking Intelligence Listening Analysis Understanding Follow
New Way Working Invest Intellectual Capital Capture Organizational Me
910501 - ..
910502 - New Way of Working for a New World Order
910504 - Stuart feels the Typical Day Scenario discussed on 010724, ref SDS 97
910505 - KS5O, shows SDS enables a whole new way of working using computers to
910506 - aid daily management, similar to the way CAD software aids
910507 - engineering. Technology that helps people think, remember and
910508 - communicate, as explained in POIMS, ref OF 1 3742, is a new way of
910509 - working, noted in the letter today to Stuart. ref DIT 1 IH6F
910511 - ..
910512 - Stuart's assessment that SDS enables a new way of working for
910513 - capturing, organizing and adding value to organizational memory,
910514 - aligns with a recent report on 010725 that SDS supports consistent
910515 - use of good management practice. ref SDS 98 WJ7L
910517 - ..
910518 - USACE reported on 970328 that SDS enables the new idea of adding
910519 - "intelligence" to management, ref DRP 6 6172, as explained in
910520 - POIMS. ref OF 1 1850
910522 - ..
910523 - Good management practice is set out in the record on.....
910525 - 921205 Stephen Covey....................... ref SDS 7 2229
910526 - 931130 Peter Drucker....................... ref SDS 9 7911
910527 - 950721 ISO and PMBOK - continual learning.. ref SDS 25 2846
910528 - traceability........ ref SDS 25 1740
910529 - 970603 Intel............................... ref SDS 46 4528
910531 - ..
910532 - New steps supported by SDS for using good management practice are
910533 - explained in the record on 001219. ref SDS 80 QT6F
910535 - ..
910536 - Experience using SDS enables people to discover the gift of time and
910537 - the power of knowledge.
910539 - ..
910540 - DCMA can investigate saving time and money by reviewing Com Metrics
910541 - and seeing a demonstration of SDS, as was done for.....
910543 - PG&E...................................940726, ref SDS 14 0001
910544 - IBM....................................941114. ref SDS 17 2473
910545 - USACE..................................960103. ref SDS 32 9999
910546 - USACE..................................960105. ref SDS 34 0001
910547 - SRI....................................010517, ref SDS 85 0001
Paperless Office Virtual Office Reduces Cost of Paper Handling
New Way Working Thinking SDS Paperless Office Virtual Office
980501 - ..
980502 - Paperless Office Enabled by SDS
980504 - Follow up ref SDS 97 EP3O.
980506 - Stuart plans to print the SDS Typical Day Scenario, ref OF 2 0001, and
980507 - distribute so that colleagues at DCMA can learn how SDS enables a new
980508 - way of working, following up telecon on 010724. ref SDS 97 KS5O
980510 - ..
980511 - Printing online material reflects notice on 010724 that DCMA uses a
980512 - lot of paper. ref SDS 97 EP3O
980514 - A "new" idea is using SDS on the Internet that provides instant
980515 - access to relevant history showing cause and effect, using links,
980516 - that implement alignment requirements of common management
980517 - standards, per below. ref SDS 0 W64O The SDS design of Knowledge
980518 - Space strengthens understanding of context that enables effective
980519 - action. ref SDS 97 FG7N On 890809 an executive reported
980520 - understanding and follow up improve communication, commonly called
980521 - "listening." ref SDS 3 CJ9J
980523 - ..
980524 - The letter to Stuart today mentions this idea. ref DIT 1 2U4F
980526 - ..
980527 - Virtual office and "paperless" office are bridge concepts that
980528 - summarize the goal to use information connected into chronologies
980529 - of cause and effect, more commonly called "knowledge," see POIMS,
980530 - ref OF 1 5418, discussed with Stuart on 010724. ref SDS 97 EP3O
980531 - Using SDS online applies "Knowledge Space," see POIMS, ref OF 1
980532 - 1107, rather than using traditional practice of printing
980533 - documents. This enables people to gain experience needed to
980534 - discover KM saves time and money, when properly deployed using
980535 - SDS. Experience saving time and money is the only way to help
980536 - people discover the power of knowledge, who are discouraged about
980537 - KM, as cited by Stuart above, ref SDS 0 2N5K,
980539 - ..
980540 - For example, the record on 980630 reviews an article published by
980541 - PMI's "Project Management Journal" that maintains cost savings
980542 - from three factors that improve management are irrefutable, even
980543 - though calculations are complex. ref SDS 58 9T3O On 990201
980544 - calculation of cost savings from reducing use of paper in a USACE
980545 - District command approximates $2M per year. ref SDS 61 6925
980547 - ..
980548 - Realizing savings from this new way of working requires using the
980549 - record online.
Com Manager Expands FSR Role to Provide Intelligence Using SDS
Com Manager Deliberates Organizational Memory Different Tasks from Tr
New Way Working Managers Like Old Way of Working Don't Want to be Tie
COO Manages Details of Operations, Com Manager at Executive Level Edu
Executive Aide Co-evolve Education Training Culture of Knowledge to
FSR Field Service Representative DCMA Role to Support Contract Manage
AW0901 - ..
AW0902 - Com Manager "Intelligence" Complements FSR to Enable Good Management
AW0904 - Stuart is worried managers don't want to be tied to a computer; they
AW0905 - want good management to occur using natural mental biology to remember
AW0906 - everything correctly, and to create and maintain alignment. Despite
AW0907 - new realities of information overload that daily overwhelm limited
AW0908 - span of attention, managers like to show up for a meeting and rely on
AW0909 - whatever pops into the mind at the moment, then use communication
AW0910 - skills to avoid accountability by blaming others for not telling the
AW0911 - truth when results do not align with objectives, requirements and
AW0912 - commitments, overlooking the fact that "truth" is a moving target on
AW0913 - the Information Highway of today, reviewed on 950412. ref SDS 22 3920
AW0915 - ..
AW0916 - This common feeling is, also, reviewed in POIMS. ref OF 1 24H9
AW0918 - ..
AW0919 - Another common feeling is not having enough time to think, reported on
AW0920 - 970910. ref SDS 53 3479
AW0922 - ..
AW0923 - Another management frustration is often cast as "Why is this always
AW0924 - happening to me!" cited in POIMS. ref OF 1 05EE
AW0926 - ..
AW0927 - Mysterious problems "always happening" to people are attributed to
AW0928 - "Murphy's Law." see again POIMS, ref OF 1 0307
AW0930 - ..
AW0931 - Murphy's Law excuses continual problems that reduce productivity,
AW0932 - earnings and stock prices, cited on 001207, ref SDS 79 V54M, because
AW0933 - people can maintain alignment for only about one (1) minute, under new
AW0934 - realities of a faster paced world. see POIMS. ref OF 1 0307 Faster
AW0935 - information overwhelms human mental biology, per analysis on 950204.
AW0936 - ref SDS 20 0550 People can only manage about 7 subjects, from
AW0937 - research on 990303, ref SDS 62 5328, and people can only remember
AW0938 - about 5% of the gist of things, from research cited by Henry van Eykan
AW0939 - on 000927. ref SDS 75 PO4F These obvious limitations of natural
AW0940 - mental biology, juxtaposed against expanding complexity of a new world
AW0941 - order, require proactive steps to aid human memory, as explained in
AW0942 - POIMS, ref OF 1 1298, and in NWO... ref OF 3 1675
AW0944 - ..
AW0945 - Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger decries poor management, as
AW0946 - continual bumbling, like "Alice in Wonderland," reviewed on 940609.
AW0947 - ref SDS 12 4238 This concern embodies Stuart's point on 010618 that
AW0948 - DCMA wants to improve literacy. ref SDS 90 KWSQ
AW0950 - ..
AW0951 - One solution is to add management support, rather than try to "teach
AW0952 - an old dog new tricks."
AW0954 - ..
AW0955 - Managers and commanders use aids for engineering, accounting, admin,
AW0956 - operations, and so on. Secretaries organize schedules and paperwork
AW0957 - to leverage a manager's innate talents. These traditional roles are
AW0958 - supplemented by support for "intelligence" work, similar to the way
AW0959 - the CIA and NSA develop intelligence everyday for the President of the
AW0960 - United States. see USACE report, ref DRP 6 2022 and POIMS. ref OF 1
AW0961 - 2200 SDS enables a new way of working to meet new realities of a
AW0962 - faster paced world where information overload overwhelms span of
AW0963 - attention, and so requires "intelligence" support on a wider scale.
AW0964 - SDS technology makes this economical.
AW0966 - ..
AW0967 - "Communication Manager" is a new role using SDS that enables
AW0968 - management to get things done without being tied to the computer, and
AW0969 - without learning anything new, if they choose not to do so, as
AW0970 - reported by the Deputy Director of a state agency recently on 010725,
AW0971 - ref SDS 98 03J7, citing a meeting on 911205. ref SDS 4 8402
AW0973 - ..
AW0974 - Review on 010608 indicates SDS adds value to the FSR role. ref SDS 86
AW0975 - 6D5I
AW0977 - ..
AW0978 - One solution then to the problem of managers not wanting to improve
AW0979 - the work, as reported by Fortune magazine, reviewed on 990625,
AW0980 - ref SDS 65 0460, is to strengthen the FSR role, as recommended on
AW0981 - 010608, ref SDS 86 3T8I, and on 010619. ref SDS 90 GZ5F
AW0983 - ..
AW0984 - On 010622 Stuart proposed ideas for using SDS to support the FSR role.
AW0985 - ref SDS 92 CX4K
AW0987 - ..
AW0988 - Cost/benefits of Communication Manager were reviewed on 970620.
AW0989 - ref SDS 47 3855 On 971008 USACE issued a report showing ROI for a Com
AW0990 - Manager is in the range of 10:1. ref DRP 7 7400
Literacy Goal to Improve to Improve Management
Marketing Ideas for SDS to Improve Reception by Sponsors
Culture Conway, Lynn New System of Knowledge Conflicts Common Sense
Intelligence Funny Alien to Work Practices, 990713
People Resist Changing Work Practices, 000413
Advertising Noise Not Enough Time to Think about Communication Metric
Literacy KM Expanded in Management Critical Thinking Intelligence Pro
DCMA Requests Intellectual Bridges, Stuart Harrow
Paradigm Shift Hard Sell Because People Fear Untried Costly Solutions
DCMA Wants Bridge Concepts for Explaining SDS
DCMA Requests Bridge Concepts for Explaining SDS
Research Bridge to Culture of Knowledge Develop Evidence Showing Inte
DCMA Stuart Harrow Wants Intellectual Bridge from Information to Cult
BO1601 - ..
BO1602 - Bridge from Information Technology to Culture of Knowledge
BO1603 - New Way of Working Needs "Bridge" from Old World Order
BO1605 - Follow up ref SDS 97 2O6I, ref SDS 96 2O6I.
BO1607 - Stuart feels intellectual "bridges" can help escape the "deer trap"
BO1608 - paradigm that blinds people from understanding a new way of thinking
BO1609 - and working using SDS, which he posed on 010712, ref SDS 94 2O6I, and
BO1610 - cites again today, per above. ref SDS 0 N49N
BO1612 - ..
BO1613 - Cited Stuart's idea in a letter to him today. ref DIT 1 IH6F
BO1615 - ..
BO1616 - On 001011 proposed research project to develop intellectual bridge
BO1617 - from information to culture of knowledge. ref SDS 76 0X6O
BO1619 - ..
BO1620 - Bridge concepts were reviewed on 960509. ref SDS 39 V36N Recently on
BO1621 - 010724 "paperless office" was explained as a bridge idea for Knowledge
BO1622 - Space enabled by SDS to save time and money, discussed again today,
BO1623 - per above. ref SDS 0 EP3O
BO1625 - [On 011010 "knowledge" is a bridge between information and action.
BO1626 - ref SDS A1 LT4H
BO1628 - ..
BO1629 - People must cross bridges to discover benefits. see "leadership," in
BO1630 - NWO.... ref OF 3 4305 Experience using new methods is the only way to
BO1631 - discover and obtain benefits, see below on what leadership can do.
BO1632 - ref SDS 0 IR9F
BO1634 - ..
BO1635 - DCMA has a growing demand for better management to save time and
BO1636 - money, which SDS accomplishes by enabling "intelligence" support,
BO1637 - which Stuart plans to promote, per below. ref SDS 0 TX5K
BO1639 - ..
BO1640 - Seminars can help people cross bridges, planned by PMI for Com Metrics
BO1641 - on 960125. ref SDS 36 5005
BO1643 - On 010619 Stuart asked about a presentation on SDS for a DCMA
BO1644 - professional event. ref SDS 90 KP5H
BO1645 - ..
BO1646 - A seminar on Com Metrics could offer ideas for saving money
BO1647 - at DOD.
BO1649 - ..
BO1650 - Education helps people cross bridges, proposed by Stuart, per below.
BO1651 - ref SDS 0 VZ5N
BO1654 - ..
BO1655 - Literacy Bridge for Adding Intelligence to Information
BO1656 - Paradigm Shift Requires Experiencing New Solutions Not Advertising
BO1657 - SDS Work Product Demonstrates New Path for Literacy Lifts Civilization
BO1659 - Literacy is a simple, powerful "bridge" idea for using SDS to advance
BO1660 - from information technology (IT) to a culture of knowledge.
BO1662 - SDS advances IT by adding time management to information produced by
BO1663 - alphabet technology, commonly called literacy, that yields a higher
BO1664 - cognitive resource, commonly called knowledge. That's a big idea.
BO1666 - ..
BO1667 - Cultural resistance to literacy, explained on 991108, ref SDS 67 7380,
BO1668 - also, resists SDS for transition from IT to a culture of knowledge,
BO1669 - reported on 990527. ref SDS 64 1233 Since transition to literacy is a
BO1670 - continual struggle, see again 991108, ref SDS 67 4788, as evidenced by
BO1671 - Stuart's observation today that managers want to rely in innate
BO1672 - memory, rather than use a computer, per above, ref SDS 0 P74N, focused
BO1673 - effort is needed to overcome resistance to using SDS for a new role of
BO1674 - "intelligence." Resistance to technology for leveraging cognitive
BO1675 - strength reflects human biology that drives communication toward
BO1676 - entertainment, valuing image and style for selling, i.e., getting
BO1677 - people to say "yes," explained in POIMS, ref OF 1 R69H, also, reviewed
BO1678 - on 991108, ref SDS 67 4505, and cited during the meeting at Intel on
BO1679 - 960103, ref SDS 33 8409, and previously on 920402. ref SDS 5 0344
BO1680 - Leadership must therefore restore the balance between communication as
BO1681 - image, style and sales, and communication as understanding and
BO1682 - following up, commonly called "listening."
BO1685 - ..
BO1686 - Bridge Concepts Aid Understanding of SDS and Com Metrics
BO1688 - SDS enables a new way of working that draws on traditional methods and
BO1689 - ideas that are familiar to people who manage government and
BO1690 - business operations.....
BO1692 - [On 041118 developing user keywords for ASB to help make
BO1693 - people aware of SDS capabilities. ref SDS A3 VZ4J
BO1695 - 1. Listening is a bridge to "intelligence" that improves traditional
BO1696 - practices of paperwork and documentation, reviewed on 890809.
BO1697 - ref SDS 3 CJ9J see also POIMS. ref OF 1 1298, and NWO...
BO1698 - ref OF 3 8218 and ref OF 3 2732
BO1700 - ..
BO1701 - 2. Intelligence is a bridge concept that summarizes complexities of
BO1702 - human cognition supported by SDS, explained in POIMS,
BO1703 - ref OF 1 0561, with smooth integration of plan, perform, and
BO1704 - report tasks, ref OF 1 6649, that balance competing forces
BO1705 - between thinking and doing. ref OF 1 2049
BO1707 - ..
BO1708 - 3. Traceability to original sources is a bridge for "alignment"
BO1709 - that explains SDS unique support for connecting chronologies of
BO1710 - cause and effect based on subject context, which is a powerful
BO1711 - form of "intelligence," explained in POIMS Alignment is
BO1712 - required by accepted standards for project management, from the
BO1713 - record on 950721 reviewing PMBOK and ISO. ref SDS 25 1740
BO1715 - ..
BO1716 - 4. Audit Trail is a common term used in accounting, cost control
BO1717 - and contract management that is a bridge concept for
BO1718 - understanding alignment supported by SDS as part of
BO1719 - "intelligence" that includes "traceability to original sources
BO1720 - and alignment.
BO1722 - ..
BO1723 - 5. Command and control of the record is a bridge concept familiar
BO1724 - to the military and to major procurement work that summarizes
BO1725 - SDS support for managing contracts, as explained in POIMS.
BO1726 - ref OF 1 1113
BO1728 - ..
BO1729 - 6. Communication Manager discussed above for augmenting the FSR
BO1730 - role, ref SDS 0 6I8I, helps people cross bridges at their own
BO1731 - pace, without having to change personal work practice all at
BO1732 - once; while, also, improving management productivity to save
BO1733 - time and money by adding "intelligence" support. ref OF 1 2200
BO1735 - ..
BO1736 - 7. Accountant is a role that aligns finances with budgets, offering
BO1737 - a bridge idea for a Communication Manager to align
BO1738 - communications with objectives, requirements and commitments.
BO1739 - see NWO. ref OF 3 34EB and ref OF 3 37UP
BO1741 - ..
BO1742 - 8. Executive Aide is common in the military and business for
BO1743 - handling management details and organizing things so a general
BO1744 - or CEO is productive. This is another bridge idea for
BO1745 - understanding value added of a Com Manager role. General Vernon
BO1746 - Walters was proposed to assist President Reagan specifically for
BO1747 - a communication aide, as discussed with General Hatch on 960410.
BO1748 - ref SDS 37 3229 The National Security Advisor (NSA) is an
BO1749 - "intelligence" aide who organizes and summarizes details for the
BO1750 - President. Communication Manager consolidates these established
BO1751 - ideas using SDS to make intelligence support cost effective on a
BO1752 - wider scale.
BO1754 - ..
BO1755 - 9. Computer Aided Design (CAD) is a bridge idea to use SDS for
BO1756 - Computer Aided Thinking, explained in the record on 000106.
BO1757 - ref SDS 69 1316
BO1759 - ..
BO1760 - 10. Facilitator is a common role for increasing effectiveness of
BO1761 - meetings. A Com Manager or Intelligence Analyst uses SDS to
BO1762 - enable both facilitators and attendees to be prepared for
BO1763 - effective meetings, as replated on 950327, ref SDS 21 TM5G, and
BO1764 - this same intelligence process improves the entire craft of
BO1765 - management, as set out on 950204. ref SDS 20 3682
BO1767 - ..
BO1768 - 11. Operating System for People and Organizations is a bridge idea
BO1769 - that uses familiarity with operating systems for computes like
BO1770 - Unix, Windows, DOS and so forth, to explain SDS makes computer
BO1771 - power useful for people, rather than making people a slave to
BO1772 - the computer. see meeting at Intel on 950927. ref SDS 27 8226
BO1774 - ..
BO1775 - 12. Spreadsheet for Knowledge is a bridge idea that uses familiarity
BO1776 - with spreadsheet software programs like Lotus 123 and Microsoft
BO1777 - Excell that manage structure, to explain flexible structure SDS
BO1778 - provides for managing context. see POIMS, ref OF 1 6649, and
BO1779 - meeting with Intel on 950927. ref SDS 27 6295
BO1781 - ..
BO1782 - 13. Encyclopedia is a traditional framework for static knowledge
BO1783 - reviewed on 940510, ref SDS 11 8403, that is extended by the
BO1784 - dynamics of SDS support for Knowledge Space, see below,
BO1785 - ref SDS 0 ZF6K, and is explained in POIMS. ref OF 1 4662
BO1787 - ..
BO1788 - 14. Telephone Game is a bridge from "listening" that explains
BO1789 - "meaning drift" which makes communication the biggest risk in
BO1790 - enterprise, and is solved by SDS, from reviewing a popular
BO1791 - management training film on 971229. ref SDS 54 2000, see POIMS,
BO1792 - ref OF 1 3943, and NWO. ref OF 3 4077
BO1794 - ..
BO1795 - 15. Reengineer management is a bridge for SDS to improve skills, as
BO1796 - explained in NWO, ref OF 3 33CE SDS strengthens the
BO1797 - intelligence process, see POIMS, ref OF 1 6649, that adds value
BO1798 - by saving time and money, reported by USACE on 971007,
BO1799 - ref DRP 7 0001 This works better than conventional
BO1800 - "reengineering" that boils down to firing people, reported on
BO1801 - 950909. ref SDS 26 P25L SDS saves time and money by accurate
BO1802 - understandings of relevant context to avoid mistakes, and by
BO1803 - thorough, timely follow up to avoid delay. Understanding and
BO1804 - follow up are more commonly called "listening, discussed above.
BO1805 - Fewer mistakes and delays improve productivity, earnings and
BO1806 - stock prices, which is currently needed to grow the economy and
BO1807 - restore tax revenues, reported on 001207. ref SDS 79 V54M This
BO1808 - bridge idea was discussed on 951011. ref SDS 28 3867
BO1810 - ..
BO1811 - 16. TQM, Quality Management, Value Engineering are related bridge
BO1812 - ideas for explaining SDS, set out in POIMS. ref OF 1 1109 These
BO1813 - efforts along with KM, AI, IT, reengineering, business
BO1814 - intelligence, organizational learning, and other fads have
BO1815 - fallen out of favor, because they can not be implemented
BO1816 - consistently to save time and money. However, the need is
BO1817 - growing to overcome limitations of human mental biology in order
BO1818 - to handle expanding complexity due to compression of time and
BO1819 - distance from faster mobility of people and information. SDS
BO1820 - accomplishes this requirement. see NWO.... ref OF 3 4925
BO1822 - ..
BO1823 - 17. Cost and Schedule Control are logical bridge ideas for adding
BO1824 - business metrics to communications, enabled by SDS, discussed on
BO1825 - 950201. ref SDS 18 0756 See also PMI seminar sponsoring Kerzner
BO1826 - lecture on 950204. ref SDS 19 6690
BO1828 - ..
BO1829 - 18. Debugging management is a bridge idea borrowed from the software
BO1830 - industry that underscores the benefits of adding alignment to
BO1831 - organizational memory for discovering and correcting defects in
BO1832 - management reasoning, similar to the way software engineers
BO1833 - "debug" reasoning errors in computer programs, before problems
BO1834 - cause extra cost and delay, explained in POIMS. ref OF 1 1108
BO1835 - An example is in the record of work at PG&E on 940820.
BO1836 - ref SDS 15 7404
BO1838 - ..
BO1839 - 19. Double-entry Bookkeeping is a bridge idea that helps people
BO1840 - grasp the idea of writing things down and adding alignment to
BO1841 - verify accuracy of understandings from communications. see
BO1842 - POIMS, ref OF 1 3084, and discussed on 890809, ref SDS 3 8850
BO1844 - ..
BO1845 - 20. Concurrent Discovery uses bridge ideas from concurrent
BO1846 - engineering and the practice of the law. see Dialog, Documents
BO1847 - and Human Memory. ref OF 4 1476, cited in the NWO....
BO1848 - ref OF 3 1780
BO1850 - ..
BO1851 - 21. Change from horses to tractors on the farm is a bridge for
BO1852 - change from IT to a culture of knowledge, reviewed on 960423.
BO1853 - ref SDS 38 804M
BO1855 - ..
BO1856 - 22. Farming is a bridge to investing intellectual capital enabled by
BO1857 - SDS, that illustrates advantage of using specialists to harvest
BO1858 - knowledge and ideas in SDS, explained on 960423. ref SDS 38 7811
BO1860 - ..
BO1861 - 23. Diary is a bridge concept for a knowledge repository that
BO1862 - captures and maintains organizational memory for continual
BO1863 - learning from case studies.
BO1865 - ..
BO1866 - 24. Knowledge Space is a bridge concept between traditional
BO1867 - dimensional space for specifying location of physical objectcs,
BO1868 - and SDS that uses time and context to locate information,
BO1869 - similar to an encyclopedia, per above, ref SDS 0 8L8H, developed
BO1870 - on 960620. ref SDS 41 3516
BO1872 - ..
BO1873 - 25. "Doc Control" and Doc Log used in contract management are
BO1874 - bridges to the concept of Knowledge Space enabled by SDS,
BO1875 - suggested by USACE on 970321. ref SDS 44 P35G see POIMS,
BO1876 - ref OF 1 1107
BO1878 - ..
BO1879 - 26. Management by Objectives (MBO) and Knowledge Space are bridges
BO1880 - to understanding SDS organic subject structure for finding
BO1881 - relevant information quickly and easily, as explained in POIMS,
BO1882 - ref OF 1 1110, as explained on 970416 ref SDS 45 8555 and on
BO1883 - 970830. ref SDS 52 0140
BO1885 - ..
BO1886 - 27. Credit is a bridge idea that helps overcome fear of
BO1887 - accountability from adding "intelligence" to daily management
BO1888 - that converts information into knowledge essential to save time
BO1889 - and money, as explained on 980405. ref SDS 57 1491
BO1891 - ..
BO1892 - 28. Partnering is a bridge idea familiar to government contracting
BO1893 - that helps people grasp the opportunity for Common
BO1894 - Administration using SDS to improve communication, reduce
BO1895 - mistakes and disputes, and to expedite equitable resolution of
BO1896 - disputes, discussed with USACE on 990328. ref SDS 63 9641
Broader Vision Leadership Overcomes Fear of Change to Help ople Hel
Leadership Broader Vision Enables Deployment Com Metrics Big Job
Com Metrics Deployment Leadership Broader Vision Enables Deployment C
Broader Vision Sees New Realities Ahead Leadership Overcomes Fear Cha
C20701 - ..
C20702 - Leadership with Broader Vision Leads People Across the Bridge
C20704 - There are many bridges to a new way of working, ref SDS 0 LH6M, that
C20705 - enables people to improve productivity under new realities of a new
C20706 - world order. see, ref OF 3 1675, and the record on 980307. ref SDS 56
C20707 - 1209
C20709 - ..
C20710 - DCMA has many opportunities to cross these bridges, per below.
C20711 - ref SDS 0 TX5K
C20713 - ..
C20714 - Leadership, explained in NWO..., ref OF 3 7055, is the only force that
C20715 - enables people to experience a new way of working with SDS, discussed
C20716 - on 010724. ref SDS 97 2O6I, earlier on 010712, ref SDS 94 7G4I, in our
C20717 - telecon on 010619, ref SDS 90 GZ5F, and in our initial discussion on
C20718 - 010608. ref SDS 86 T46N It is no secret that improving management
C20719 - requires leadership that overcomes ignorance, fear and denial that
C20720 - improvement is essential to save time and money.
C20722 - ..
C20723 - What must leadership do?
C20725 - ..
C20726 - Leadership gives direction and guidance for specifying Com Metrics,
C20727 - discussed on 010712. ref SDS 94 T25H and ref SDS 94 5R7O
C20729 - ..
C20730 - An example is reported on 960924. ref SDS 42 4454
C20732 - ..
C20733 - Why must leadership act?
C20735 - ..
C20736 - Why arn't attractive web sites, proposed on 010712, ref SDS 94 MX6J,
C20737 - and self-evident benefits of saving time and money sufficient for
C20738 - people to improve the work without leadership?
C20740 - ..
C20741 - Laziness is a common explanation of reticence to improve, reported on
C20742 - 940628, ref SDS 13 0550, and cited later on 990625 in an article by
C20743 - Fortune on CEOs trying to get by on wits and charm, rather than use
C20744 - good management practices. ref SDS 65 4914
C20746 - ..
C20747 - In addition, deeply held beliefs driven by the biology of human
C20748 - cognition, and by powerful paradigms forged over the past 2,000 years
C20749 - of the "old world order" cast a dark shadow of denial that leadership,
C20750 - management and communication can be aided by technology. see NWO...,
C20751 - ref OF 3 5653 and ref OF 3 42HC Plato's commentary on Phaedrus,
C20752 - reviewed on 991209. ref SDS 68 3416, echoes in the cries today of
C20753 - managers who fear using computers, see POIMS, ref OF 1 24H9, that
C20754 - enable transition to a culture of knowledge, explained in POIMS.
C20755 - ref OF 1 JE6L The legend of Prometheus in 400 BC warns that knowledge
C20756 - is resisted, see 991108, ref SDS 67 5368, because ignorance is bliss.
C20757 - as shown in the record on 961206. ref SDS 43 5002 Knowledge brings
C20758 - responsibility, which leads to fear of accountability. reported on
C20759 - 980405. ref SDS 57 5065
C20761 - ..
C20762 - As a result, resistance to discovering the power of knowledge can only
C20763 - be overcome by leadership for the short period needed to overcome
C20764 - ignorance, fear and denial, discussed at USACE on 960924. ref SDS 42
C20765 - NQ3O
C20767 - ..
C20768 - An example of difficulty people have grasping the power of "knowledge"
C20769 - is the record on 000503 showing discussion by experts in a branch of
C20770 - computer science for artificial intelligence (AI). ref SDS 70 5033 On
C20771 - 000615 the AI team gave up, ref SDS 71 6271, similar to Drucker's
C20772 - explanation of people giving up on improving communication, reviewed
C20773 - on 931130. ref SDS 9 3851 If experts have difficulty distinguishing
C20774 - knowledge from information in a way that yields useful technology for
C20775 - management, then others less schooled and focused on the problem are
C20776 - likely to have even greater difficulties.
C20778 - ..
C20779 - Andy Grove at Intel, for example, points out that helping executives
C20780 - grasp new realities that require improving the work is like walking
C20781 - through the valley of death. 980307, ref SDS 56 2648, reflecting the
C20782 - report on 950927 that Intel gave up using computers for management,
C20783 - despite having set a goal to do so 4 years earlier, ref SDS 27 7732,
C20784 - despite the need to grow demand for computers, reported on 970603,
C20785 - ref SDS 46 1600, and despite drop in demand for computers requiring a
C20786 - "killer" application that expands the market to sustain Intel's
C20787 - business, reported on 951022, ref SDS 29 6565, and affirmed on 970117.
C20788 - ref SDS 35 5840
C20790 - ..
C20791 - Therefore, progress cannot occur by relying on people grasping the
C20792 - power of converting information into knowledge, any more than people
C20793 - grasp the power of literacy in learning the ABCs. People are not
C20794 - convinced to go to school; they are taken to school and positioned to
C20795 - acquire experience working with literacy, because knowledge of the
C20796 - ABCs is essential for civilization, the nation and for each individual
C20797 - to survive in a modern society.
C20799 - ..
C20800 - Leadership with a broader vision, explained in NWO..., ref OF 3 5653,
C20801 - must cross the bridge, showing the way to a new world order using SDS,
C20802 - discussed with General Hatch on 960410. ref SDS 37 9033
C20804 - ..
C20805 - At some point, we have to start using SDS to gain the experience that
C20806 - imparts actual knowledge, which in turn overcomes ignorance and
C20807 - denial. Using SDS records on the Internet illustrates a stronger way
C20808 - of working. Leadership must set a course that provides this
C20809 - experience, and must exhibit courage to stay the course while people
C20810 - struggle with the challenge of learning in order to discover the power
C20811 - of knowledge.
C20813 - ..
C20814 - What can DCMA do.....
C20816 - Leadership can be exercised by specifying Com Metrics, as proposed
C20817 - by Max Blodgett at USACE in a meeting on 960105. ref SDS 34 1008
C20819 - CPM is an example of technology breakthrough that was resisted for
C20820 - 40 years, reported on 960529. ref SDS 40 7737
C20822 - ..
C20823 - DOD has a long history of pioneering new methods by specifying
C20824 - CPM, C/SCSC, Value Engineering, CAD, etc. On 930929 the record
C20825 - shows DOD is increasing acceptance by contractors of C/SCSC.
C20826 - ref SDS 8 Q36H Why not try specifying "intelligence."
C20828 - ..
C20829 - On 951216 report that Com Metrics is best suited for DOD projects.
C20830 - ref SDS 31 KF3H
PMI DCMA Follows PMBOM Show Correlation with SDS Com Metrics
Managers Rely on Whatever Pops into the Mind at the Moment Don't Want
CD0601 - ..
CD0602 - SDS Strengthens Project Management Under PMI, ISO Standards
CD0604 - Stuart noted that DCMA supports PMI and the PMBOK standards. He feels
CD0605 - PMI support for SDS can assist DCMA in evaluating SDS and Com Metrics
CD0606 - for improving management to save time and money, as we discussed on
CD0607 - 010712. ref SDS 94 TX5K
CD0609 - ..
CD0610 - Stuart's letter today suggests contacting....
CD0612 - Bill Bahnmaier
CD0613 - email@example.com
CD0614 - (703) 805-4980.
CD0616 - Bill is a member of the faculty of DSMC who teaches, sponsors,
CD0617 - promotes the Defense Program Management Body of Knowledge
CD0618 - (PM-R-01) (Combined with PML-R-01), ref DRT 1 YS8K, discussed
CD0619 - further in the next segment. ref SDS 0 VZ5N
CD0621 - ..
CD0622 - PMBOK and ISO standards were reviewed on 950721, showing alignment
CD0623 - with SDS and Com Metrics, as explained in POIMS, ref OF 1 4662, to
CD0624 - implement traceability to original sources, also, called an "audit
CD0625 - trail," ref SDS 25 1740, and cited in the letter today to Stuart.
CD0626 - ref DIT 1 SY8L
CD0628 - SDS is more cost effective for accomplishing this requirement,
CD0629 - because 1 person with SDS can do as much as 10 - 100 people using
CD0630 - traditional methods of auditors, ref DIT 1 704S, as NASA and JPL
CD0631 - are reported to have done, at least for awhile, following the
CD0632 - crash of the Columbia Space Shuttle in 1986, reported on 921021.
CD0633 - ref SDS 6 4489
CD0635 - ..
CD0636 - PMI published an early version of POIMS in proceedings of the annual
CD0637 - conference from presentation on 941010. ref SDS 16 0001
CD0639 - ..
CD0640 - PMI published an early version of NWO in the May 1996 issue of PM
CD0641 - Network.
CD0643 - On 010725 DNRC reports SDS enables good management for government
CD0644 - administration, ref SDS 98 WJ7L, which is otherwise difficult to
CD0645 - accomplish consistently, as related on 951026, ref SDS 30 3384,
CD0646 - for the reasons in the record on 921205 explaining limitations of
CD0647 - human biology. ref SDS 7 4803
CD0649 - ..
CD0650 - DNRC's report aligns with findings by USACE. ref DRP 6 6172
CD0652 - ..
CD0653 - POIMS explains challenges of project management that require
CD0654 - command and control of the record, which SDS accomplishes better
CD0655 - than other methods, ref OF 1 1113, as reported by USACE.
CD0656 - ref DRP 6 6172
CD0658 - ..
CD0659 - On 970707 PMI article recommends budgeting to pilot test ways for
CD0660 - improving management. ref SDS 48 0001 and, ref SDS 48 3000
CD0662 - ..
CD0663 - On 970708 PMI article explains projects primarily entail managing
CD0664 - risks which requires continual effort to assess new methods.
CD0665 - ref SDS 49 F76G
CD0667 - ..
CD0668 - On 970709 PMI article defines risk management for projects that
CD0669 - supports concepts of Com Metrics. ref SDS 50 6693
CD0671 - ..
CD0672 - On 970710 "empowerment" needs SDS to maintain alignment for
CD0673 - getting things done. ref SDS 51 0001
Education Study Showing SDS Improves Learning Would Help Se
Educate Benefits of Empathic, User Centered Design
Com Metrics Needs Academic Training
KM Needs Formal Academic Training
SDS Intelligence Improves Education Learning
Collaborative Learning Improved by SDS Adding Intelligence to Informa
DSMC Defense Systems Management College Suggestion Propose SDS for Cu
CP1001 - ..
CP1002 - Education Bridge to New Way of Working Using SDS for Com Metrics
CP1004 - Stuart's letter today suggests contacting the....
CP1007 - Defense Systems Management College (DSMC)
CP1010 - ..
CP1011 - http://www.dsmc.dsm.mil
CP1014 - ....about teaching SDS and Com Metrics within the DOD education
CP1015 - program. ref DRT 1 BW6O This can help people focus on opportunities
CP1016 - to cross the many bridges available for improving management that
CP1017 - saves time and money, per above. ref SDS 0 LH6M
CP1019 - ..
CP1020 - DSMC Faculty Research Projects page....
CP1023 - http://www.dsmc.dsm.mil/research/resproj.htm
CP1026 - ..
CP1027 - In the letter to Stuart, explain the challenge is not to improve
CP1028 - training at DSMC, but to enable contracting officers, managers and
CP1029 - commanders to carry out what is already being taught by DSMC,
CP1030 - ref DIT 1 704S, per above. ref SDS 0 W64O
CP1032 - ..
CP1033 - Same point is in the next paragraph of the letter to Stuart.
CP1034 - ref DIT 1 IH6F
CP1036 - ..
CP1037 - SDS advantage extends what is being taught by enabling people to work
CP1038 - faster, better and cheaper, avoiding the use of paper, ref DIT 1 2U4F,
CP1039 - per above. ref SDS 0 EP3O
CP1041 - ..
CP1042 - Ask Stuart for guidance on implementing his idea for contacting DSMC
CP1043 - about Com Metrics. ref DIT 1 IT8M
CP1045 - ..
CP1046 - One idea might be to address in a training class setting the conflict
CP1047 - Stuart poses that people are afraid of alignment, ref SDS 67 OI3M, but
CP1048 - since that is the only tool which can improve the work, we have to
CP1049 - learn to live with this new power, ref DIT 1 RV9G, just as Aristotle
CP1050 - and Plato had to learn to live with the power of literacy many years
CP1051 - ago, reviewed on 991108. ref SDS 0 AE6J,
CP1053 - ..
CP1054 - DSMS could sponsor field tests of SDS, to supplement the report by
CP1055 - USACE, ref DRP 6 6172, is this what Stuart has in mind proposing that
CP1056 - DSMC be contactd? ref DIT 1 W54G,
DCMA SDS Use for Contract Management
Executive Aide Com Manager Similar to FSR Role
Value at Risk Troubled Projects Generates Budget for SDS and Com Mana
Command Control of Record Essential to Avoid Contract Delays Extra Co
Industry Acceptance Encourages Education to Teach SDS
Economy Decline Increases Need for Good Management Too Many People Ha
Alignment Meeting Understandings Feedback Metrics, Notes
SDS Pilot Test for KM Research Meaning Drift SDS Maintains Alignment
Meaning Drift SDS Maintains Alignment SDS Pilot Test by DCMA
FSR Role Supported by SDS Compliments Com Metrics
DCMA SDS Used for Contract Management
DH1401 - ..
DH1402 - SDS Saves Time and Money by Improving Contract Management
DH1403 - Command and Control of the Record, Core Contract Competency
DH1405 - Follow up ref SDS 97 TX5K, ref SDS 96 TX5K.
DH1407 - DCMA's growing need for better management to save time and money was
DH1408 - reviewed on 010712. ref SDS 94 PY6F We discussed today that FSR,
DH1409 - contracting officers, managers and commanders need help to implement
DH1410 - good management practices being taught, per above. ref SDS 0 W64O and
DH1411 - ref SDS 0 WE4J The letter to Stuart confirms these understandings.
DH1412 - ref DIT 1 704S and ref DIT 1 SK5L
DH1414 - ..
DH1415 - Somewhere in DOD there is pressure that is mounting each day to get
DH1416 - things done correctly on time and within budget, ref DIT 1 CO7F,
DH1417 - because information overload that expands daily makes communication
DH1418 - the biggest risk in enterprise by sowing the seeds of error, loss,
DH1419 - conflict, crisis and calamity. ref OF 1 R69H The only solution is to
DH1420 - arrest the hemorage of meaning drift.
DH1422 - ..
DH1423 - SDS command and control of the record provides "intelligence" that
DH1424 - improves contract management as explained in POIMS, ref OF 1 1113, and
DH1425 - verified by USACE in two (2) reports.....
DH1427 - Com Metrics enables proactive intelligence.... ref DRP 6 6172
DH1428 - Com Metrics ROI 10:1.......................... ref DRP 7 0001
DH1430 - ..
DH1431 - The letter to Stuart cites planning at Intel on 970603 to use SDS for
DH1432 - implementing good practices, everybody already knows, ref SDS 46 4528,
DH1433 - but are unable to use consistently. SDS is a new way of working, as
DH1434 - Stuart says above, ref SDS 0 N49N, because it enables people to use
DH1435 - good management. ref DIT 1 IH6F
DH1437 - ..
DH1438 - Suggest not calling support KM, ref DIT 1 FM6I, since Stuart says
DH1439 - above that this has lost the confidence of practitioners. ref SDS 0
DH1440 - 2N5K
DH1442 - ..
DH1443 - POIMS and NWO..., explaining theory, scope and demand for capability
DH1444 - to add "intelligence" that enables conventional management to meet new
DH1445 - realities making communication the biggest risk in enterprise, has
DH1446 - been published by PMI, per above. ref SDS 0 Q85I
DH1448 - ..
DH1449 - On 010712 planning was set to explain this opportunity within DCMA.
DH1450 - ref SDS 94 AG6M On 010724 Stuart reported having difficulty getting
DH1451 - on the calendar for meeting with decision makers. ref SDS 97 TX5K
DH1453 - ..
DH1454 - The role of leadership for deploying SDS to save time and money is
DH1455 - reviewed above. ref SDS 0 IR9F
DH1457 - ..
DH1458 - Today, Stuart proposed actions for follow up, confirmed in his letter,
DH1459 - that will increase the number of people who know about SDS and can
DH1460 - join in alliances with Stuart to educate DCMA about the opportunity of
DH1461 - using SDS to improve management.
DH1463 - Call Patsy O'Burn to broach subject of capturing the record, and
DH1464 - its use in the context of predicting delivery performance and
DH1465 - enhancing our customer's ability to make business decisions.
DH1466 - ref DRT 1 0001
DH1468 - Another way to explain the goal is.....
DH1471 - ..
DH1472 - SDS and Com Metrics enable using good management practices
DH1473 - consistently, and, also, enable proactive "intelligence" to
DH1474 - align daily work with DCMA objectives, requirements and
DH1475 - commitments, per above. ref SDS 0 N49N This new way of
DH1476 - working saves time and money by avoiding mistakes that cause
DH1477 - delay and extra cost. see analysis on 001219, ref SDS 80
DH1478 - OQ9L, and false knowledge from information overload that
DH1479 - makes communication the biggest risk in enterprise.
DH1480 - ref OF 1 0476
DH1482 - ..
DH1483 - Speak to Bill Callahan, Administrative Contracting Officer (ACO)
DH1484 - about the need to capture "the record" and ways of exploiting
DH1485 - the material that resides in the ACO's files. ref DRT 1 QS6H
DH1487 - ..
DH1488 - Reacquaint myself with Jim Balinskas, through a variety of
DH1489 - ways (personal note, calls, e-mail), ref DRT 1 OJ6L
Distribution. . . . See "CONTACTS" | 51,921 | 894 |
968,471 | Apocalyptic fiction is a popular genre of modern literature and cinema. Whether the subject is stealthy alien invasion (The Invasion of the Body Snatchers), open alien invasion (The War of the Worlds, Independence Day) or cosmic collision (Deep Impact) these works touch on fears that far exceed the ordinary events of human existence by threatening the very end of that existence. Unfortunately, while the popular mind is distracted and bemused by these many and varied fictional catastrophes, the Northern European or Nordish peoples -- the peoples of Northern Europe and their racial kindred around the world, those of Nordish ancestry and racial type -- are facing a very real apocalypse. Their impending destruction is not fiction but reality. In the motion picture Deep Impact the cause of the apocalypse is a cosmic collision referred to as the "E.L.E.," or "Extinction Level Event." In the real world the Nordish apocalypse is being caused by the dispossession and replacement of the Nordish peoples by other races in their own countries. In fiction the apocalypse is often averted by the actions of the protagonists. Can the real Nordish apocalypse, the unfolding destruction of the Nordish peoples, be averted before it becomes an extinction level event? That will depend on the actions of the Nordish peoples themselves, the protagonists of their own story.
One thing that is certain is that action is necessary to save the Nordish race from the extinction level event that is now destroying it. The status quo is terminal. Unless the status quo is changed the apocalypse will not be averted and the Nordish peoples will be terminated. As Admiral Tuttle said, "If we don't change course we'll end up where we're headed." Our present course, the status quo, is headed toward Nordish extinction. That is the destination of the dominant power structure and its policies. If we do not change course, do not change the status quo, that will be our final destination, the termination of the Nordish race.
The demographic and statistical facts are the signposts that mark the terminal course of the Nordish race, past, present and future. The non-white proportion of the (legal) United States population grew from 17% in 1970 to 31% in the 2000 census (including 2% of the population listed as racially-mixed part-white), and will probably be a majority before 2040. The non-white population of Britain (including persons of mixed race) grew from almost nothing (.1%, or one per thousand) in 1955 to 5% in 1981, doubled to 10% by 2004, and will probably double again to 20% by 2040 and be a majority before the end of the century. The non-white population of Sweden grew from almost nothing in 1970 to 7% in 2003 (when it accounted for 15% of births) and is projected to pass 10% by 2010 and then follow the same course as Britain. The course of racial transformation, dispossession and replacement is similar in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the other countries of northwest Europe.
There is a law of biology -- Gause's law of exclusion (1934) or competitive exclusion principle (CEP) -- which states that multiple animal species with the same resource requirements cannot coexist indefinitely, i.e., in the long term, in the same habitat. One will eventually replace the others, which will become extinct. A modification of this law can be applied to human races occupying the same territory: one race will eventually assimilate or replace its competitors. The modification is the term "assimilate," which means the different human races, unlike different species, will intermix. In the words of biologist Jared Diamond, "[E]very human population living today has interbred with every other human population with which it has had extensive contact." [The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal , (HarperCollins, 1992), p. 34.]
Since it is a fact that every human population living today has interbred with every other human population with which it has had extensive contact, there should also be a law of sociology which states that different races sharing the same habitat will eventually intermix and blend into one race. The more extensive the contact and interaction between the races the more rapid the process of interbreeding will tend to be, but whatever the rate, slow or fast, it will occur, with racially destructive consequences. Racial intermixture in the Western world has increased in the last 30 years even faster than the increase in the proportions of the non-white populations. In the future it can be expected to increase at an accelerating rate due to more extensive interracial contact in an increasingly multiracial environment and its promotion by the dominant political and cultural power structure.
In classical drama a tragedy is the downfall or destruction of a great person, or a great people, often caused by a fatal flaw in themselves, as they can only really be destroyed by themselves, by self-destruction. So it is with the Northern European or Nordish peoples. A dominant ideology and value system that is profoundly anti-Nordish in the most extreme sense -- being against the very existence of the Nordish race -- has turned the Nordish peoples against their race and its interests, co-opting their support for their own destruction. The fatal flaw in the Nordish peoples that has enlisted them in their self-destruction is their lack of awareness of racial reality and their own racial interests. The consequence is a lack of racial activism in support of their interests and a lack of racial unity, cohesion and solidarity. The destructive anti-Nordish ideology is manifested in multiracialism, the condition of multiple races co-existing in the same territory and society that is the agent and proximate cause of Nordish racial destruction.
I am an American of Northern European ancestry and race. I love my race and I want it to continue to exist. In normal times this would not need to be said. But these are not normal times. After over 5,000 years of existing without any danger to their existence the peoples of Northern Europe, and the populations of Northern European ancestry and race in the United States, Canada and Australia, are being destroyed. This is the unfolding tragedy of the Nordish peoples. I do not want them to be destroyed, so my efforts are directed toward their preservation.
Racial preservation has to be based on racial reality. It has to face the facts, ask the right questions and provide the right answers, however difficult they may be. What is destroying the Northern European peoples? How can they be saved from destruction? How can they be preserved? What is required for their preservation and what needs to be done to achieve it?
The Northern European peoples are being destroyed by multiracialism, the condition of different races existing together in the same territory and society. Their destruction is an unavoidable consequence of multiracialism. They simply cannot continue to exist in a multiracial society. This is a fact of racial reality, a reality of race, of what a race is.
A race is a population. The traits by which we define and identify race are not just individual traits but the traits of a population. A race is a stabilized population, consisting in each of its generations of different individuals who are the passing components in the continuum of its potentially immortal existence. Each population forms a breeding group in which the proportions of the different types are stabilized in a balance that can continue indefinitely, maintaining the racial continuity of the population, so long as the proportions are not changed by the introduction of elements from outside the stabilized population. So long as each generation passes on its genes proportionately to its next generation the gene pool, and thus the race as a whole, does not change, but is in aggregate genetic sum the same in each generation, although the individuals composing its population will vary. So long as the genes remain the same and other genes are not introduced from outside the population to change it -- either by changing the proportions of the existing elements or, more drastically, by adding entirely different elements -- the race will remain the same and be preserved in its entirety.
The concept of racial environment is central to the understanding of racial reality. The racial environment consists of the types and proportions of racial elements within a society. Historically, the different racial elements in a given society, sharing the same space, eventually intermix into a single breeding population and gene pool. A race is created and preserved in a certain racial environment, a range of certain racial types in certain proportions, and this is the environment required for its preservation or continued existence. If removed from this racial environment, or if the racial environment is changed, the race cannot continue to exist in the same form, but will be transformed or shifted in the direction of the new racial environment.
The Northern European or Nordish racial types evolved and have existed for over 5,000 years in a particular racial environment in which certain proportions of a certain range of racial types have maintained a stable balance or equilibrium. This is the racial environment in which the Nordish racial types evolved, and it is the racial environment that is required for their continued existence or preservation. If the racial environment is changed by the introduction of outside elements the racial proportions within the population will be changed, upsetting and destabilizing the racial balance. The introduction of less distinct Nordish types will cause a decrease in the proportions of the more distinct types. The introduction of totally new and incompatible non-Nordish, or even non-European, racial types upsets the balance in the population more drastically, destroying the racial environment that is required for Nordish racial preservation. This results in the extinction not only of the more distinct Nordish types, but eventually of the entire Nordish population. This is what is now happening to the Nordish peoples of Western Europe, America, Canada and Australia. Their racial environments, which they require for their continued existence, have been destroyed by multiracialism, which has become the new status quo. This multiracial status quo is terminal for the Nordish peoples. Unless it is changed, and the status quo ante of a homogeneous Nordish racial environment is restored, the Nordish race will be destroyed.
The power structure in the Nordish countries, whether singular or plural, has consistently promoted multiracialism and the destruction of the Nordish racial environment and the consequent dispossession, replacement and destruction of the Nordish peoples over the last half century. It has worked to change homogeneous Nordish racial environments into mixed racial environments, to change homogeneous Nordish populations of ancient standing into multiracial populations by non-Nordish immigration, and to promote the mixture of the different racial elements, all acting to dispossess, replace and destroy the Nordish peoples.
Multiracialism is an ideology -- indeed, it is the presumptive, and almost necessary, ideology of a multiracial society. But it has an existence beyond the ideological, in the form of the physically real racial groups whose interests it represents, the other racial groups whose presence makes the society multiracial and whose presence is justified and secured by multiracialism. The attachment of those racial groups to multiracialism goes beyond ideology. It is a matter of their group interest pure and simple. The ideology is really just a cover for their racial group interests and agenda, and without these racial groups it would have no reason for being, no purpose and no constituency. They are the physically real body of multiracialism, and are inseparable from it. They support multiracialism as a matter of their group interest. We cannot expect to change or contest that. For us, the contest is for the hearts and minds of our own race. That is what is in play. Our task is to get the members of our racial group to support their own group interest, represented by racial preservationism, and to oppose multiracialism, as being against their group interest.
The struggle between the two ideologies of racial preservationism and multiracialism is also a struggle between two racial groupings and their conflicting group interests. Group interest is really what both racial preservationism and multiracialism are all about, and each ideology is identified with the interests of one of the two competing racial groupings. Racial preservationism can be broadly defined as an ideology that considers race to be important and worth preserving. Racial preservationism is almost exclusively associated with the Nordish racial group and its interests -- and in the terms of the racial group power struggle this association is correct, as preservation is really an issue only for the Nordish race, not the other races. Their existence is not threatened by multiracialism, which actually serves their interests while violating the most life-essential interests of the Nordish race.
In the historical context of the racial power struggle, racial preservationism is the effort by the founding racial group -- which in America is the Nordish racial group -- to preserve its racial existence, and retain possession and control of its own country by the exclusion of, and separation from, competing racial elements. It can also be defined as the ideology that supports this effort. In the same context, multiracialism is the effort by the non-founding racial groups -- which in North America includes all the minority elements outside of the Nordish group -- to advance their own position, agenda and interests in competition with, and contrary to, the interests of the founding group. It can also be defined as the ideology which supports this effort.
As racial preservationism is associated with the interests of the founding racial group, the elevation of an ideology that devalues its existence and delegitimizes its interests to the paradigm of the age clearly signals its decline and dispossession. Although multiracialism became the paradigm of the age as recently as the 1960s, the campaign against racial preservationism, or against the interests of the Nordish racial group, has been going on for over a century. The decline and dispossession of the founding Nordish racial group in America is historically linked with the rise of multiracialism and the competing minority groups that promote it. These groups promoted the ideology of multiracialism to advance their own interests and position. The founding Nordish racial group, in its last successful effort to defend its own interests, enacted immigration reforms in the 1920s to stop the influx of non-Nordish elements. Unfortunately, the reforms were too late and too little to prevent their dispossession. The non-Nordish elements were already here in sufficient numbers to achieve a shift in the racial balance of power, and had begun their rise to dominance in a racial power struggle with the Nordish group. In the 1950s the multiracialist ideology, which had developed in -- and previously been limited to -- the United States, began to spread, first to Western Europe, and eventually to Canada and Australia, causing a drastic change in racial policy that promoted the multiracialization of those countries through non-Nordish immigration. The racial revolution that began in the 1960s, in which racial and immigration policies shifted dramatically against the interests of the Nordish peoples around the world, marked the beginning of the age of multiracialism, and the beginning of the end for the Nordish peoples. By the 1990s the dominant position of the non-Nordish groups and their multiracialist ideology was secure enough, and the solidarity of the Nordish group weak enough, to openly acknowledge and celebrate the approaching reduction of the Nordish peoples to the status of dispossessed minorities in their own countries. What was not yet openly acknowledged was what would follow this the final extinction of the dispossessed Nordish peoples by replacement and intermixture.
As seen in this historical overview, racial preservationism is the ideology of the founding or original Nordish racial group trying to retain possession of its country and preserve its existence by the exclusion of competing non-Nordish groups. It is opposition by the Nordish group to its dispossession and destruction. Multiracialism is the ideology of the dispossessors, promoting the interests and position of their racial groups contrary to -- and in conflict with -- the interests of the founding group. The pervasive "anti-racism" and "anti-hate" campaigns directed against expressions of support for Nordish interests are the latest stage, perhaps the end-game, in this historical group power struggle.
The most damaging successes of multiracialism have been against our racial group's sense of its own identity and awareness of its own interests. Any recognition or assertion of racial identity or interest by the Nordish group is forbidden. The claim that race is a myth, that it is not real, is the ultimate expression of this effort, for if races do not exist then there is no racial identity and no racial group with racial interests to support and defend. This effort has been so successful that many members of the Nordish racial group now have little sense of racial group identity, and most have almost no awareness or knowledge of their racial group interests. This leaves them, and their racial group, virtually defenseless against the dispossession and destruction that now seems to be their fate.
A Scandinavian acquaintance of mine once commented that he approved of the multiracialization of his country on the grounds that it was boring for everyone to look like him, and the variety of new immigrants made things more interesting. But adding new racial elements to a population does not increase its racial diversity or variety, or range of racial types, in the long run. The different types will eventually blend together into a more uniform type with a much narrower range of variation. The actual long-term effect of adding new racial elements is not an increase in the range of racial types but rather a shift in the range of racial types away from the original racial element and toward the new elements. Adding elements of one racial type causes the elements of the other racial type to be reduced or lost. This is a fact of racial reality, which, like much of reality, is either-or. You can have either this or that, either one or the other, but not both. You can have either Nordish preservation or multiracialism, but not both. You cannot both preserve the Nordish peoples and mix them with other races, the unavoidable consequence of multiracial conditions. The Nordish race cannot continue to exist outside of its natural racial environment, the condition it requires for existence. It cannot continue to exist in the racial environment of multiracialism. For this Scandinavian, the real long-term consequence of multiracialism is that eventually no one in his country will look like him, for his country will be racially transformed and his type will be no more.
This simple, basic and fundamental either-or fact of reality, involving the most vital racial interests of the Nordish peoples, has been completely ignored by the multiracialist power structure that now dominates the cultures and governments of the Western world -- never discussed, considered or recognized, but denied by omission and repression. The entire multiracial society and culture is in denial of racial realities, and does not face, address, or acknowledge them. The most critical of these denied realities concern the racially destructive consequences of multiracialism for the Nordish peoples. Ultimate issues are at stake, matters of existential importance, yet like the Scandinavian in the preceding paragraph, there is little awareness of this among the Nordish peoples. At issue is nothing less than their continued existence, survival and preservation, yet this is not recognized, but evaded or denied.
This denial is the product of a profoundly anti-Nordish ideology, system of values and view of life and existence. In the multiracialist system of values the Nordish race and its interests -- its continued existence, well-being and independence -- just don't count. They are of no importance or value and thus not worthy of consideration. They are not legitimate matters for concern. They are not metaphysically significant, not important in the higher scheme of things or the ultimate meaning or purpose of life. Therefore the racial interests and rights of the Nordish peoples, and even the reality of their racial existence, are denied. That which is denied can be violated with impunity, and the interests and rights of the Nordish peoples are being violated in the most extreme sense of the word. They are being dispossessed and replaced in their homelands and their very existence is being violated and destroyed.
The multiracialist power structure does not openly call for the extinction of the Nordish peoples. At least not explicitly, not yet. But it does promote and enforce the conditions of multiracialism that are causing Nordish extinction, and represses and persecutes any opposition to the causes of Nordish extinction, as well as any expression of Nordish preservationism, or any call for the racial separation that is required for Nordish preservation. Support for multiracialism is implicit support for Nordish extinction, its inevitable consequence. The two cannot be separated.
But the multiracialists, due to their dominant position in the power structure, never have to address the issue of Nordish preservation, and are never held accountable for the destructive consequences of their policies for the Nordish race. Instead, they are constantly on the offensive, attacking any opposition to their policies, or support for Nordish interests, in the most extreme terms. Support for vital Nordish interests is defined as "right-wing extremism," from which we could infer that opposition to vital Nordish interests is a "left-wing" position. Thus any expression of support for Nordish interests is commonly labeled as "Nazism" in some form or degree, and discussion of the fundamental issues at stake is prevented. Words can be used to clarify or confuse, to present and describe the issues or to evade and hide them. At the University of Uppsala in Sweden in the summer of 1989 I saw posters saying, "Fight Nazism -- rally in support of immigration." Imagine if the posters had been phrased, "Fight against the preservation of the Swedish people -- rally in support of their replacement by Arab, African and Asian immigrants." That is, after all, what the posters really meant, their true meaning in terms of the ultimate consequences of what they promoted. But such honesty and recognition of the consequences, and perhaps the goal and intent, of multiracialism is very rare. However politically correct such honesty might be, it would still not be politically wise to express it beyond the ranks of the hard-core multiracialists.
Is it "right-wing" to want the Nordish countries and their native populations to continue to exist, to be preserved? Is it "left-wing" to want the Nordish peoples to cease to exist, to be replaced by other peoples? Are Nordish interests "right-wing?" Is this a "right" or "left" issue? Who knows? It is not addressed. Those on the "right" do not explicitly say they are for Nordish racial preservation and those on the "left" do not explicitly say they are against it. But actions speak louder than words, and every faction that has a position within the power structure, or anywhere near it, whether described as "right" or "left," acts in support of multiracialism and the consequent destruction and replacement of the Nordish peoples. One cannot be more anti-Nordish than that.
I am a Northern European, a Nordish-American, an American of Northern European ancestry. The Northern Europeans are my people and my race. I love my race. It is valuable and important to me and I care deeply about its interests, its well-being and its future. It's continued existence and preservation in its entirety is, for me, a fundamental concern. The on-going destruction of the Northern European peoples, the Nordish race in its new and old homelands, that is now occurring from the effects of multiracialism, of which I am a witness, is for me a great tragedy.
Hard-core multiracialists often confront Nordish preservationists with the question "Why should the Nordish race be preserved?" This is a question that should never be asked. Nothing that exists as a part of nature, as a part of this world, should have to justify its continued existence. If one's point of reference is humanity, then no existing part of humanity should have to justify its continued existence. More particularly, if one's point of reference is the Nordish race, as mine is, with all things measured in terms of its interests and seen from its perspective, then its continued existence and well-being is of primary importance. For the Nordish peoples, for all who are a part of them, and certainly for all who value or care about them, the continuation of their existence should be their greatest priority after the preservation of the earth itself.
The question that should be asked, but is never asked, and therefore never answered, is "Why must the Nordish race be destroyed?" How can the multiracialists justify the racial destruction and extinction of the Nordish and other European peoples that is the inevitable consequence, and perhaps even the unstated intent, of their policies? My race is being destroyed by multiracialism and I want to know why. What reason could be so compelling, what goal so necessary, what interest so preeminent that the existence of the Nordish peoples should be sacrificed for its attainment? Is the answer found in universalist abstractions like the brotherhood of man? A vision of world peace and harmony when all people are of one race and all racial differences have been abolished? A hyper-altruistic mission to sacrifice one's own race for the benefit of others? A false humanitarianism that violates the vital or life-essential interests -- the very existence -- of the Nordish part of humanity to serve the non-vital, not life-essential interests of other races? A distorted tolerance of the "other," the different, the stranger, that is exaggerated to the point of self-destruction, and condemns self-preservationist reactions as xenophobia? An aberration of religion that finds grace in the destruction of racial differences, beginning with the destruction of the Nordish race? Or is it really all about power, in accord with the Marxist teachings that inform the basis of "leftist" thought, with non-Nordish groups seeking to eliminate what they see as their main competitor for power, or the main obstacle to their ascent to absolute power -- the Nordish race? Whatever answer might be given, if and when the proponents of multiracialism are ever held accountable and required to give an answer, it could not justify the destruction or loss of even the smallest part of the Nordish race.
Now for a related but really very different question. "Why is the Nordish race being destroyed?" Part of the answer is that this question also is never asked. The issue is never raised, so it is never addressed or answered. Those who are promoting the processes and policies that are causing the destruction of the Nordish peoples have never answered this question. They have not had to answer because they have never been asked. Just asking them the question in a forum where they would have to answer it would be a major step in raising awareness of what is happening, of the consequences of multiracialism -- the destruction of the Nordish race by racial intermixture and replacement.
This leads to a very important part of the answer, which is lack of awareness. People simply do not know what is happening, are not aware of the racially destructive consequences of multiracialism. In their lack of information and knowledge they have a false idea that a diverse multiracial population will continue to maintain its full diversity, that all the diverse racial elements will continue to co-exist as they are, each continuing its own existence. They do not realize that the intermixture that is an unavoidable consequence of multiracialism would inevitably destroy that diversity, or at least the Nordish part of it. This false idea is a fatal fantasy, and the first step toward Nordish racial salvation is to replace it with full knowledge of the true consequences of multiracialism.
Another important part of the answer is that the Nordish race has been turned against itself, against its own interests, by the dominant cultural influences of our age. What is the reason for this phenomenon of the Nordish race being against itself? Some pathologize it as a manifestation of self-hate. This is probably true in particularly extreme cases, but I believe the primary and general cause is that the Nordish people are basically unaware of what their interests are, ignorant of the interests of their racial group, and ignorant of how those interests are being violated. How can they be for their interests, or oppose policies which harm those interests, if they do not know what those interests are or that they even exist? What is to prevent them from being against their own racial interests, from opposing actions in support of their own racial interests, and supporting the conflicting interests of other racial groups, if they are ignorant of the interests of their own racial group, with no knowledge or awareness of them, and thus also ignorant of their conflict with the interests of other groups? People tend to support the interests they can see, the interests they know and are aware of. If the only interests they can see, the only interests they know or are aware of, are the interests of the other racial groups, then those will be the interests they will support, even if they conflict with the unknown interests of their own racial group. People can only operate on the basis of what is known. Unknown interests will always be sacrificed for the sake of known interests. The outcome of mathematical equations is determined by known factors. The addition or subtraction of a factor changes the outcome of an equation. Only when a factor is present can it logically be considered as part of an equation. Our racial group interests have not been present in the moral equation of racial issues and therefore they have not been considered or addressed. Their subtraction from the moral equation has changed its outcome against us. Their addition to the moral equation will change the outcome for us.
Can the Nordish race be saved? The short answer, fortunately, is yes. The reason for this is that the power is still in us if we choose to exercise it. The Nordish race still has the power to decide its own fate, to be the master of its own destiny. Like Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz, who was informed that she always had the power to return to Kansas whenever she chose to do so, we also have the power to awake from our collective racial nightmare if we so choose.
We have seen that when our interests are absent from the decision-making process on racial issues those issues are logically decided against our interests. Without representation -- without presence -- our interests have no moral standing and are not recognized or considered, but are violated with impunity to benefit the interests of the other racial groups that are represented and are present. This is moral logic. Only when our interests are present -- when they have representation -- will they have moral standing and be recognized and addressed in the determination of racial issues. This is why the primary effort of our opponents, central to their success, has been to prevent our interests from becoming known. Our primary effort must be the opposite, to make our racial interests as widely known as possible, so they can no longer be ignored or denied but must be recognized and considered in the determination of racial issues.
The power of multiracialism over the Nordish peoples depends on the consent of its victims, who are co-opted into the multiracialist system. Without their willing acceptance, cooperation and support it is powerless. This consent is obtained by moralistic intimidation and aggression, as multiracialism is perceived as holding the moral high ground, the position from which moral authority and control is exercised. This moral dominance is based on the denial of Nordish racial interests. By the standards of multiracialism the only interests that exist, or are worthy of concern, are the interests of the non-Nordish racial groups it represents. Nordish racial interests are not recognized as valid or legitimate -- in effect they simply do not exist -- and are therefore ignored and denied, and never considered or addressed in the formation of racial policies. As the only interests that exist are those of the non-Nordish racial groups those interests are the only standard by which all actions and policies are morally measured and judged. By this standard all pro-Nordish actions, in support of the interests of the Nordish people, are actually defined as being against the interests of the non-Nordish racial groups, as those are the only interests that are recognized or considered. There simply are no Nordish interests to be for.
The denial of the interests of the Nordish racial group has enabled the anti-Nordish power structure to define support for Nordish interests in strictly negative terms. It is defined as something completely negative in motive and goal, as being against or "anti" the interests of the non-Nordish groups, not as being for or "pro" the interests of the Nordish group. Everything is defined, measured and judged in terms of the interests of the non-Nordish groups. The interests of the Nordish group are not recognized and do not exist, so one cannot be for those interests, and since they do not exist they cannot be harmed or violated.
Multiracialism can thus be falsely portrayed as a "win-win" situation, where every group benefits and wins and no group suffers or loses, as the Nordish interests that are being violated and destroyed are not recognized as real. Clearly, it is important that we assert the interests of our racial group, to show that they exist and are real, and that they are harmed by multiracialism, so that they can no longer be ignored or denied but must be recognized and addressed. Then the myth that multiracialism is a "win-win" situation will be shown to be false by its violation of the fundamental interests of the Nordish race, including its most vital interest of all -- its continued existence.
Pro-Nordish actions will never be recognized as moral, and anti-Nordish actions will never be recognized as immoral, until Nordish interests are recognized as real and legitimate, and support for them as morally right. When Nordish interests are recognized and addressed as legitimate and important then efforts in support of those interests will be recognized as moral, and multiracialism, which will finally be seen as being literally against the most vital interests of the Nordish people, will be seen as immoral.
Being for the independence and freedom, continued existence and preservation, of one's race is not against any other race or the legitimate interests of any other race. Being against the independence and freedom, continued existence and preservation of a race is against that race and its legitimate interests, including its ultimate interest in continued life. This is an important distinction that the multiracialist power structure does not accept, but actually reverses, with regard to the Nordish race. By its ideology, being for the ultimate Nordish interests of racial independence and preservation, or the condition of racial separation they require, is defined as being against other races and their interests. Conversely, being against the independence and preservation of the Nordish peoples, and the separation they require, is not defined as being against the Nordish race. For the Nordish race, the ideology of the multiracialist power structure is a "lose-lose" situation.
The Nordish peoples' support for -- or lack of active opposition
to -- multiracialism is largely based on ignorance. The consent
they have given to multiracialism, whether passive or active,
has not been an informed consent. There is too much they do not
know and too much they have not been told -- matters the power
structure and its mass media have evaded, ignored or denied. The
massive immigration of other races into the Nordish countries
over the past fifty years has not been an expression of the popular
will of the Nordish peoples. They have not favored, desired, sought
or approved of this immigration that is causing their dispossession
and replacement. It has been imposed from above, by the dominant
power structure with its anti-Nordish multiracialist agenda. Their
passive acceptance, or lack of active opposition, to this racial
change, their co-option into the multiracialist system, has been
based on ignorance, repression and intimidation. The things they
have not been told but need to be told, the things they do not
know but need to know, to be fully informed, to make an informed
choice and to give their informed consent, include the following:
1. Full knowledge and awareness of the consequences of multiracialism. Not just the short term demographic, social and economic consequences, but the long term consequences of racial dispossession, replacement and destruction.
2. Full knowledge of their racial group interests, especially their ultimate racial interests of existential importance, the interests that matter the most, their racial independence and preservation, the continued existence of their race, their people, their kind.
3. Knowledge that support for the legitimate interests of their race, and especially its most vital interest in continued existence, is moral and right. That contrary to the moral aggression and intimidation of the multiracialist power structure that defines support for Nordish interests as immoral, and even as the ultimate evil, which it habitually equates with "Nazism," the morality of racial preservationism is recognized by every culture.
4. Knowledge of the alternatives to the multiracialist status quo, of other choices that are morally legitimate. That they are not limited, or reduced, as the multiracialist power structure claims, to a choice between multiracialism and "Nazism." That there are other choices besides these two extremes, choices that would restore the condition of racial separateness in which the Nordish peoples existed for thousands of years, the racial environments required for racial preservation.
The dominance of multiracialism was not built in a day. It has a history. Its success has been built by a gradual and cumulative process that normalized its values while marginalizing Nordish interests, to the point now that almost the whole Nordish population -- its victims, whose interests it violates and destroys -- has been co-opted into its system. Hopefully, it can be destroyed much faster than it was built, before it succeeds in destroying us.
In our efforts to destroy multiracialism before it destroys us, it is important to observe the following points.
Point 1: Our interests front and center -- always. This struggle is all about interests, so we must clearly and strongly state the long-ignored interests of our race and how they are being harmed by multiracialism. Those interests are the reason and justification for our position, without which our position will simply be seen as being against the long-recognized interests of the other races. We cannot assume that our interests are generally known and understood. They are not. The anti-Nordish power structure has done too good a job at eliminating awareness of our interests.
Point 2: Multiracialism has consequences, and the Nordish people must be made aware of what they are so they can make informed decisions. The multiracialist power structure will attempt to keep such knowledge from them, so it is up to us to spread the word, and, in effect, sound the alarm. The consequences are the most severe imaginable -- the dispossession, replacement and destruction of our racial group. Of course, to the anti-Nordish power structure these consequences are positive. They are what they want and what they have been working for, so they will not be dissuaded by them. But they may still try to deny them for tactical reasons, to keep the victims in line in the still continuing and still decisive struggle for the hearts and minds of our racial group. And this is their weakness and our strength, the crack in the door that is our greatest advantage and opportunity -- that the decisive struggle is for the support of our racial group. To those members of our group who retain any vestige of love or concern for their race, however suppressed, the consequences of multiracialism are not a pretty sight. They are something they would be naturally inclined to oppose rather than support if the effects of decades of controlled thought can be overcome and they can be convinced that those consequences are real. The good fortune in our misfortune is that those consequences are becoming ever more visible, to the extent of even becoming normalized, and denial is therefore becoming ever less plausible. Most people have now seen far too many tangible examples of the consequences of multiracialism to be able to consider them rare and tolerable exceptions. So if multiracialism is challenged on its consequences, it is becoming ever more difficult to maintain the charade that it is a "win-win" situation in which no racial group suffers any harm to its interests. Dispossession and destruction are clearly against the most vital interests of the Nordish racial group.
Point 3: Love is the reason, the motive and the answer. It is a central tenet of multiracialism that it is also an anti-hate campaign. Support for the interests of the Nordish racial group, and the consequent opposition to multiracialism, is always equated with hate for the other racial groups. In this campaign hate is portrayed as the exclusive motive and reason for the support of Nordish interests, or for efforts by the Nordish group to preserve its existence and its possession of its country. The possibility that love could be our motive for wanting to preserve our racial group, to continue its existence, is simply not considered. We must turn this around. As multiracialism emphasizes the negative forms of racism and eliminates the positive, we need to emphasize the positive form racial preservationism -- and eliminate, or at least minimize, the negative. Multiracialism has succeeded in defining support for Nordish interests as a form of hatred, motivated solely by feelings of hate by Northern Europeans for other races. We need to refute this by defining our support for legitimate and vital Nordish interests as the expression of the love and loyalty that we have for our race. We must clearly distinguish it from the forms of racism that are motivated primarily by negative feelings for other races. It cannot be stressed how important it is that our motive must be, and be seen to be, love for our race rather than hate for other races. It is much easier to be against hate than to be against love. Multiracialism will garner much less support as an anti-love campaign then as an anti-hate campaign. And, of course, the anti-hate campaign really is an anti-love campaign in disguise, as it is against the love we have for our race and our consequent desire to support its interests, and must be seen as such.
We should not apologize for valuing, caring for and loving our race and wanting to preserve it, for wanting to prevent its destruction. We should not be embarrassed by the feelings of love that we have for our race. Quite the opposite. We should declare our love for our race and the value of all that it is at every opportunity, before it is too late and the opportunity is gone forever. This includes love for its physical being, its physical traits and beauty, the physical body of the race. Our race is not a disembodied thing. It is not an abstraction or a concept. It is a physically concrete, tangible and real part of existence. It has a physical body, a physical identity, with faces that are unique to our race alone, and these should be valued and loved by all who love the Nordish race and desire its preservation.
Point 4: It is about us -- not about them. Racial preservationism, our desire to save our race, is about our own race, and our feelings for our own race, not about other races and our feelings for them. It is motivated by what we think about our own race, by the feelings we have for our own race, specifically our love for our own race. It is centered on us, our own race and its interests, not other races and their interests. This is an important distinction, one that is contrary to the ideology of the anti-Nordish power structure, culture and mass media. The orthodox view is that the Nordish race has no interests and that nothing is based or centered on it. In the anti-Nordish culture everything, including every emotion, is centered around, motivated by, and based on the non-Nordish peoples and their interests. Everything is about them, not about us. The non-Nordish peoples and their interests are the only ones that matter, the only ones that count, the only ones that are important, the only ones that even exist. Everything is defined in terms of the non-Nordish peoples, in terms of their interests, in terms of feelings about them, whether one likes or dislikes them, is for or against them, everything, all thoughts and feelings, centered and focused on them. Nothing is about us, centered or focused on us. It is as if we do not exist, as if the multiracialist goal of our nonexistence has already been achieved. Consequently, actions or statements in support of Nordish interests are not defined in Nordish-centered terms as pro-Nordish, a position that is not recognized, but in non-Nordish-centered terms as being against one or more or all of the non-Nordish peoples.
This non-Nordish-centered view of the universe is consistent with the subjective perspective of the non-Nordish peoples themselves. They see themselves and their interests as the center of the universe, with everything being about them, not about us, with everything based on them, and motivated by feelings for them, not based on us and motivated by our feelings for our own race. Therefore, when Nordish peoples value and want to preserve their race and its traits, the non-Nordish peoples assume this is motivated by negative feelings and thoughts about them, not by positive feelings by the Nordish peoples for their own race. As a result, they are offended by Nordish racial identification, exclusivity, separatism and preservationism, subjectively seeing it as an insult to them, rather than objectively recognizing it as a legitimate expression of love by Northern Europeans for their own race.
Point 5: There is an alternative -- and we must provide it. It is not enough to discredit the multiracialist status quo. That alone will not save the Nordish race. The Nordish race can only be saved by action, and action requires something to be for and work for. We must give the Nordish peoples something to be for and work for -- a credible, meaningful and preferable alternative to multiracialism that will save their race. The Nordish peoples must know they have choices, and be fully informed about the consequences of those choices. We must offer them the choice of racial preservation through the restoration of the racial environment they require for their continued existence. Exposing the racially terminal consequences of multiracialism explains the problem, describes the disease, but does not provide a solution or a cure. The alternative provides the solution, the cure, that will save the Nordish race. With an alternative there is hope. Without an alternative there is only despair. Hope inspires and encourages action. Despair demoralizes and discourages action. As important as it is for the Nordish peoples to know what they should be against, it is even more important for them to know what they should be for, to have something to be for, to have a goal, to have a dream.
For those of us who love the Nordish race it is our task to somehow prevent its destruction. This can only be done by gaining the active support of millions of our race. The great majority of our race are not really aware of what is at stake, the magnitude of what is happening, that their race is being destroyed, how and why. This momentous fact is not mentioned by the mass media, never discussed in any major forum. This is both our greatest obstacle and our greatest opportunity, our greatest reason for hope. The key to all our hopes is to replace ignorance with knowledge. We need to make it clear that preservation, and nothing less than preservation, is the issue. We need to make it known that our race is being destroyed, that its continued existence is at stake. This must be explicit. There must be no room for doubt and misunderstanding. We must raise a flag that all can see and rally round.
It is true that our race, with its high level of objectivity, includes many who are other-centered and have little regard for the interests of their own race. But I believe that the great majority do not want their race to be destroyed. I have to believe that, given the choice, they would want their race to be preserved. Ultimately, all our hopes depend upon that. We need to give them a choice, an acceptable alternative that would prevent the destruction of our race and secure its preservation. Then we must hope that they will choose preservation -- the choice that will save the Nordish race.
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A shorter version of this essay appeared in the November, 2002 issue (pp. 10-11) of Nationell Idag (National Today), a publication of the Swedish Nationaldemokraterna (National Democratic) political party, titled "De nordiska folkens tragedi" ("The Tragedy of the Nordish Peoples"). | 50,857 | 72 |
120,731 | US 7403931 B2
A data processing system program to develop, train, and implement a neural network for identifying customers who represent a bad debt risk is disclosed. A feature vector is applied to a neural network to generate outputs that approximate the relative likelihood that customers who are the subjects of the records used to generate the feature vector will be a bad debt risk. Statistical values relating categorical attributes of the customers to the likelihood of their becoming a bad debt risk are substituted for the categorical attributes, and the attributes are normalized before the feature vector is applied to the network. In one embodiment the customers are customers of a long distance service provider.
1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
determining a first risk probability relating to a customer account by generating an artificial intelligence (AI) score based on information other than a current monetary balance of the customer account;
determining a second risk probability based on the current monetary balance of the customer account; and
outputting a prioritization value based on the first risk probability and the second risk probability, wherein the prioritization value specifies priority for reviewing the customer account.
2. A computer-implemented method according to
receiving the AI score, wherein the AI score is generated based on attributes of the information, the attributes being derived from traffic data.
3. A computer-implemented method according to
4. A computer-implemented method according to
transmitting the AI score and the prioritization value to a credit risk management system.
5. A computer-implemented method according to
6. A computer-implemented method according to
7. A computer-implemented method according to
Priority=[Prob(AI)+Prob(balance)]/[MaxProb(AI)+MaxProb(balance)], wherein Prob(AI) represents the first risk probability, MaxProb(AI) represents the maximum value of the Prob(AI), Prob(balance) represents the second risk probability, and MaxProb(balance) represents the maximum value of the Prob(balance).
8. A system comprising:
a processor determining a first risk probability relating to a customer account by generating an artificial intelligence (AI) score based on information other than a current monetary balance of the customer to an account,
wherein the processor is further determining a second risk probability based on the current monetary balance of the customer account, and to output a prioritization value based on the first risk probability and the second risk probability, the prioritization value specifying priority for reviewing the customer account.
9. A system according to
10. A system according to
11. A system according to
12. A system according to
13. A system according to
14. A system according to
Priority [Prob(AI)+Prob(balance)]/[MaxProb(AI)MaxProb(balance)], wherein Prob(AI)represents the first risk probability, MaxProb(AI) represents the maximum value of the Prob(AI),Prob(balance) represents the second risk probability, and MaxProb(balance) represents the maximum value of the Prob(balance).
15. A computer-implemented method comprising:
selecting a group of records relating to customer accounts as training records for financial trending;
selecting a current topology and learning algorithm to configure a neural network;
applying attributes of customers from the training records and characteristic values for the customers to the network, wherein the attributes are selected based on scores generated by a relevance analysis;
selecting a group of the records as evaluation records;
applying attributes from the evaluation records to the network to generate outputs for the evaluation records;
ordering the evaluation records in rank order in accordance with the outputs for the evaluation records;
evaluating the rank order of the evaluation records in accordance with predetermined criteria; and
modifying the current topology or the learning algorithm or both to configure the network;
generating a plurality of neural networks; and
selecting one of the plurality of neural networks according to a criteria.
16. A computer-implemented method according to
performing the relevance analysis according to different evaluation methods.
17. A computer-implemented method according to
18. A computer-implemented method comprising:
estimating a statistic relating values of a categorical attribute to a characteristic of customers among a plurality of customers;
for each of the customers, processing a plurality of attributes, including the categorical attribute to generate an input vector about each customer, by substituting a value of the statistic for corresponding values of the categorical attribute, wherein the attributes are selected on the basis of a level of significance as determined by a relevance analysis employing a plurality of different evaluation methods; and
for each of the customers, generating an output value as a function of the input vector.
19. A computer-implemented method according to
20. A computer-implemented method according to
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/041,549; now U.S. Pat. No. 7,113,932 filed Jan. 10, 2002, entitled “AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TRENDING SYSTEM,” which claims the benefit of the earlier filing date under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/266 864; filed Feb. 7, 2001 entitled “AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TRENDING SYSTEM,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to an information processing system, and is more particularly related to an artificial intelligence based trending system. As used herein “trending system” refers to a system which rank orders subjects, or records relating to the subjects, in a manner which correlates with the likelihood that, or extent to which, subjects of the records have a particular characteristic; so that, as the records are updated, changes in the relative likelihood that the subjects have the characteristic, i.e., trends, can be detected.
With modem technology it has been possible to collect extensive records, which describe attributes of subjects of the records. In particular, companies can develop records that describe many attributes of their customers. It would be desirable if these records could be used to predict which customers, i.e., subjects of the records, are relatively more likely to have a particular characteristic which is not explicitly described by the attributes in the records. That is, it would be desirable if the records could be rank ordered in a manner that correlates with the relative likelihood that the corresponding customers would, for example, buy a particular product. It would be particularly desirable if the records could be rank ordered in a manner correlating with the relative likelihood that customers would become bad debt risks. By “bad debt risk”, or sometimes “toll risk” in the context of long distance services, herein is meant a customer who is sufficiently delinquent in payment to create a substantial risk of non-payment.
This need is particularly acute for long distance telephone carriers where at any time totals of hundreds of millions of dollars are owed by millions of customers for long distance telephone service. The need for an early identification of toll risks is even greater for carriers, such as the assignee of the present invention, who have a “no-denial” policy; that is carriers who do not use any criteria to deny service to customers. Previously the above mentioned assignee has used two “toll risk” strategies to deal with this bad debt problem: a High Toll System (HTS), and a Collection Strategy System (CSS). The High Toll System generates alarms based on dollar amounts and call detail thresholds. The dollar amount and call detail from the High Toll alarm are then compared to the customer's normal billing history. Computer algorithms and/or human analysis are then used to determine if the customer's service should be deactivated, sometimes hereinafter referred to “blocking the account”. The other system, the Collection Strategy System, is a time based collection management system triggered from the last paid invoice. CSS used a commercial credit score to predict the likelihood of an applicant or established customer becoming a serious credit risk to determine which collection strategy to use for each of the applicants or customers. Currently CSS uses various collection strategies and timelines based on the calculated risk of bad debt before a warning is sent or other action is taken.
While the above described systems have proven to be somewhat effective it would clearly be desirable to reduce the losses attributed to bad debt. Further, it has been found that as much as two thirds of all write-offs come from one third of new customers. Consequently there is a need for a system that would allow prompt analysis of the behavior of new customers and allow early intervention to minimize delinquencies.
These and other needs are addressed by the present invention by means of a method and system, and computer-readable media carrying instructions for controlling the system to carry out the method. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a rank order for records with respect to a selected characteristic of subjects of the records is estimated. The records include attributes of the subjects, and the attributes generally include at least one, and typically more than one, categorical attribute. By “categorical attribute” herein is meant a representation of discrete classes or categories which, in its raw form, has no mathematical significance. The numeric value or label of a categorical attribute serves only to distinguish among various categorical attributes. For example, the area code 540 associates the subject with a particular geographic area within Virginia, but does not indicate five hundred and forty of anything; and the sum, difference, or average of two or more area codes is not meaningful.
The system is programmed to derive any derived categorical attributes used and carry out the steps of: a) estimating statistics relating values of the categorical attributes to the characteristic; b) for one of the records, applying a feature vector having elements derived from the attributes in the one record, the elements including values of the statistics corresponding to a values of the categorical attributes in the one record, to an artificial intelligence algorithm, which is preferably a trained neural network, to obtain an output value; c) repeating step b for each remaining one of the records; and d) rank ordering the records in accordance with the output values.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention the subjects are customers of a provider of goods or services and the characteristic is potential to be a bad debt risk.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention the provider is a provider of long distance services, and the attributes include attributes derived from current traffic data.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention the attributes include attributes derived from customer data.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention the statistic is derived from a statistic data set comprising a time line of archived records for the subjects and corresponding data related to the characteristic for each subject.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention the corresponding data is data relating to deactivations of services provided to a customer.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention the elements of the feature vector are normalized.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention the input records are normalized with respect to the statistic data set.
Still other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawing and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
A system, method, and software for estimating a rank order for records with respect to a selected characteristic of subjects of the records are described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.
It should be noted that while the preferred embodiment described below relates to rank ordering of records of attributes of telephone customers in accordance with the relative likelihood that these customers will become bad debt risks the subject invention also relates to the rank ordering of records of attributes of any subject with respect to any characteristic which can be estimated or predicted from such attributes.
In a preferred embodiment, a system in accordance with the present invention processes a daily data flow of a telephone carrier's residential and small business customer accounts that had long distance call activity for that particular day. Typically, there are on the order of six million accounts processed daily, and for each account a traffic record is processed which contains the customer identifier (CID), aggregate call information for the day, the date of the record, the product (or service) used, and the bill-to-number (BTN). Preferably, the system receives the traffic record as quickly as possible while ensuring that all call data is included; to ensure all call data is included for all accounts. The system processes each account's traffic record by
The AI score correlates to the probability that the customer will not pay for the services used on this account (i.e. the account is a toll risk, or bad debt). The prioritization value is computed by considering both the account's AI score toll risk probability, and the account's current balance toll risk probability. Thus, the prioritization value factors in the financial risk to the carrier if the balance is not paid. For each traffic record received, the system sends the AI score and the prioritization value back to the carrier's existing credit risk management system. This information is used within the credit risk management system to prioritize the order in which accounts are reviewed by human analysts, who make the determination of what action if any, is to be taken in regard to particular accounts. (Details of particular credit risk management systems need not be discussed further for an understanding of the present system.)
The traffic data received each day by the system contains the raw traffic record for each account that used its long distance services. The following description outlines the processing of a single account's raw record into a complete feature vector that can be input to the neural network. Each account record in the traffic data is processed in the same way.
Each raw traffic record contains usage information, including the number of calls, the duration of calls, and the cost of calls, for all calls, for domestic calls, and for international calls made on a given account in a single day. This daily usage information is also combined with previous days' records in order to compute aggregate number, cost, and duration features over both a short and a long interval (or window). Currently, the short window is 4 days and the long window is 9 days, but this can be varied as necessary to optimize the system performance. Additionally, categorical attributes such as the NPA (or area code) and NPANXX (area code and exchange) are derived from the raw record. At the conclusion of this step, the feature vector now consists of original data and derived features including the usage information for daily, short, and long intervals.
Next, the feature vector is further expanded by merging it with the customer data available in the databases; the customer data is found by matching the CID provided in the raw traffic record to the same CID in the databases. The customer data includes information from the account tables, the static tables, the address tables, and the credit tables. Additional derived attributes may be calculated from this information. Now the attribute feature vector contains both raw and derived categorical fields, and raw and derived continuous (or numeric) fields. A typical feature vector (sometimes hereinafter “attribute record”) is shown in
The continuous (numeric) fields are ready to be normalized. However, the categorical fields need to have their values replaced by meaningful numeric values that allow normalization. This is accomplished by replacing the raw and derived categorical fields with their corresponding toll risk probabilities (technically, these are conditional probabilities: given a categorical value, then this is the associated probability of the target, i.e. bad debt.). These probabilities are computed and stored during the pre-processing phase in the off-line development environment, as will be described further below.
At this point, all fields in the feature vector are numeric and can be normalized by a linear transformation f[x]=ax+b (e.g. subtracting each element in the feature vector from its average with the result being divided by the element's standard deviation). The averages and standard deviations for each field are from a scale file computed during the pre-processing phase in the development environment, as will be described further below. The normalized feature vector is used as the input vector for a selected AI algorithm, which, in the embodiment described below, is a neural network.
A neural network topology and the weight files corresponding to that topology are created during the development of the network, through the pre-processing, training, and evaluation cycles. The topology and weights are the data through which the software models the operation of the neural network. The normalized feature vector is input to the neural network, and each of the features in the feature vector is processed to produce a single number, the AI score. (This is repeated for each feature vector corresponding to each unique account that is represented in the traffic data as a raw traffic record) The AI score represents the propensity for the account to become a toll risk. The score ranges from 1.0 (highest propensity) to 0.0 (the lowest propensity).
A higher outstanding current balance on an account represents a larger financial risk to the carrier in the case of bad debt. For example, two accounts may both receive a neural network score of 0.95 representing an equal likelihood of bad debt; however, if one of the accounts has a current balance of $500 while the other has a current balance of $20, then the first account represents the greater financial risk. In order to prioritize the accounts considering the current balance of the account (or of any other variable of interest), the toll risk probability distributions of the AI score and the current balance must be pre-processed in the development environment. Once these probability distributions are known, the prioritization value is computed by adding the toll risk probability of the account's AI score to the toll risk probability of the account's current balance and dividing by the maximum priority obtainable:
Proper pre-processing of the available data is critical to the present invention, and is generally more important than the particular choice of AI algorithm (e.g. neural network versus clustering). During the development cycles a large amount of time is spent analyzing and pre-processing the data to be used in the system. This pre-processing includes
The effectiveness of individual attributes (features) in the feature vector will depend on the characteristic of the attribute to display a separation between the signal (bad debt) records and noise (non-bad debt) records. Raw attributes are either categorical or continuous (numeric) fields that can be used in the form in which they are found (whether in the customer database or in the traffic record). Derived attributes are attributes that are formed or calculated by processing one or more pieces of raw data to obtain a derived categorical or continuous attribute. These derived attributes are usually designed using some knowledge of the problem domain that will result in a separation between the signal (target value, e.g. bad debt), and the noise. An example of good separation for a continuous attribute would be to have an average value of 2.0 with a standard deviation of 1.0 for signal records, and an average value of 10.0 with a standard deviation of 2.0 for noise records. This attribute shows a clear separation between the signal and noise records and could help the neural network in training and detection of the target record. An example of good separation for a categorical attribute would be signal probabilities that were consistently and significantly higher or lower than the overall population signal probability. This sets up an underlying probability distribution that can be learned in training sessions and assist in signal detection.
A final measure of the effectiveness of all attributes in the feature vector is to use a relevance analysis technique that rank orders the attributes after scoring each attribute using different evaluation methods. Typically 4 evaluation methods that are often employed in decision tree design (chi square test, uncertainty test, information gain test, and the gini test) are used, and each attribute is ranked based on the sum of its rank provided by the 4 evaluation methods. This “voting” type of approach is believed to be more accurate than using any one of the four methods alone. From the final relevance analysis ranking, it is often possible to build a network with fewer attributes while maintaining the same accuracy, as will be described further below.
Statistic files contain probabilities of bad debt that are used to convert categorical attributes into numeric features, thus allowing for normalization of the categorical field. For example, if one of the categorical attributes is color, then the probability for the color BLUE is calculated by dividing the number of target (bad debt) feature vectors in statistics set having the value BLUE by the total number of feature vectors having the value BLUE. The default bad debt probability, i.e. the bad debt probability of the entire population, is also contained in these files. The probabilities become more accurate as more data is used in their calculation, thus it is important to use as much relevant data as possible when calculating probabilities. However, data that is too old to represent current trends should not be used in statistics file generation. This can be handled by weighting older data less heavily than recent data. Also, current data that will be used in the evaluation data set should not be used in statistics file generation (to prevent “cheating”). In general, the more distinct values that a categorical attribute exhibits, the less data is available for calculating the probabilities of the individual values. Less frequently appearing values of a categorical attribute also have less data that is available for calculating the probability of those values. To obtain a statistically significant sample size for the calculation of probabilities for every categorical field, as much relevant data as possible must be used.
Once the statistics have been generated, each probability and the population that contributed to that probability must be evaluated to adjust for sparsely populated attributes. The default probability is calculated by dividing the number of target (bad debt) feature vectors by the total number of feature vectors in the statistics set. (This is the most stable probability based on population, but is the lowest resolution probability distribution.) Next, each of the remaining probabilities in the stat files and the populations that they are based on is examined. If the population is above the statistically significant sample size (Nmax), the probability is used as calculated. If the population is below the sample size defining the level for statistical sparse data (Nmin), the probability is replaced with the default probability for the entire population. Nmax and Nmin are configurable based on exploratory data analysis. Nmax is greater than Nmin, and with a statistics population (Nstat) that falls between Nmin and Nmax, a weighted probability (Weighted_Prob) is calculated using the statistics file probability (Stat_Prob) and the default probability (Default_Prob). This calculation is given by the equation:
While the present embodiment of the invention operates in an environment with ‘clean’ data (i.e. not errored data), similar application might not have that luxury. In the presence of errored data, robust statistical methods should be used to avoid statistical breakdown due to outliers.
To perform the relevance analysis of the attributes in the feature vector, the processed statistic files are used for the categorical attributes. The continuous attributes however, need to be digitized, or placed into discrete bins, and the probability for each bin must be calculated. This effectively transforms the continuous attributes into categorical attributes with the categories for the continuous attributes becoming the discrete bins into which the continuous data is processed. This process is an iterative one, because as with the case for the categorical fields, the bin populations need to be of a statistically significant sample size. Initially, the bin sizes are guessed at, and after an initial run of the data, the boundaries of the bins are adjusted. Subsequent runs of the continuous data into the bins with adjusted boundaries, result in bin populations that are of statistically significant size. This validates the bin probabilities that are calculated for the continuous attributes. The continuous bin probability information is written into data files for relevance analysis with the stat files. In other embodiments of the present invention bin sizes can be determined with a supervised algorithmic technique.
Relevance analysis allows the system designer to evaluate the effectiveness of an attribute being considered for inclusion into the feature vector. It rank orders the attributes with respect to each other to give the designer a feeling for which attributes most help the network, and which attributes least help the network. With this information, attributes can be added or deleted from the feature vector with analytical insight. For example, an attribute with a small relevance (little information) requires more training data to capture the information it contains, as well as more internal parameters in the learning technique (which is generally less robust). The processed stat files and the data files, which contain the basic information relating to the attributes in the feature vector, are processed and ranked by four different analytical techniques. Each technique assigns a partial score to an attribute. The overall rank is based on the summation of the scores from each analytic technique. These techniques are the chi square test, the uncertainty test, the entropy or information gain test, and the gini test. Details of these tests are known to those skilled in the art and need not be described further here for an understanding of the present invention.
With the relevance analysis complete and the feature vector attributes rank ordered, a correlation analysis should be performed to determine the correlation co-efficient between each of the attributes. The correlation analysis is performed by processing the normalized feature vector records into a covariance matrix, and extracting the correlation coefficients from the covariance matrix. With this information, the feature vector can be further pruned by eliminating the least relevant of any highly correlated attributes.
Averages and standard deviations are calculated for all fields in the training sample of the feature vector. These values are written to the scale file. The scale file is used to convert the original feature vector into a normalized feature vector.
With the number of attributes in the feature vector known, the topology of the neural network is designed. This includes the number of input nodes, the number of hidden layers, the number of nodes in each hidden layer, and the number of nodes in the output layer. The weight files for the designed network topology are generated by iterative training sessions that minimize the error signal.
In order to prioritize the accounts considering the current balance of the account (or any other variable of interest), the toll risk probability distributions of the AI score and the current balance (or other variable) must be pre-processed in the development environment. This is done in the same way that the continuous fields are digitized for the relevance analysis. The AI score and the balance are placed into discrete bins, and the probabilities for each bin are calculated. The bin populations need to be of a statistically significant sample size. Once these probability distributions are known, the prioritization value is computed by adding the toll risk probability of the account's AI score to the toll risk probability of the account's current balance and dividing by the maximum priority obtainable:
Those skilled in the art also will recognize that other network topologies and learning algorithms exist and may be useful in the practice of the present invention; as do different types of artificial intelligence algorithms that can be used to identify relevant patterns in the attributes of customers. However, it is believed that the choice of particular neural network topologies and learning algorithms, or types of artificial intelligence algorithms do not as strongly affect the performance of the present invention as the selection and pre-processing of attributes. It is believed that the selection and pre-processing of attributes, and particularly the use of estimates of rates of occurrence of the characteristic of interest associated with particular categorical attributes as substitutes for those attributes as input to the selected algorithm, is more critical; and a simple three layer, feed-forward network using back-propagation learning is preferred as most simple. However, the present invention contemplates the periodic evaluation of other topologies and learning algorithms, and other types of artificial intelligence algorithms to ensure that this remains the case as situations change. Known algorithms which it is believed may be useful in other embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to: clustering algorithms, decision trees, genetic algorithms, Bayesian belief networks and support vector machines. The description of such other topologies and algorithms is not believed necessary for an understanding of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will also understand, that, although network 10 has been illustrated as a free standing network, typically neural networks are not implemented as hardware networks, but are simulated on a data processing system, as will be described further below.
Training data set 61 is selected on a sub-interval from t2 through t4 of intervals to through t1, (shown in
Program code 66 then controls data processing system 48 to download training data set 61 and associated deactivation record 62, and label those traffic data records in training data set 61 which are to be considered as indicating a toll risk. If a customer's account has been blocked, a bad debt window is defined around the deactivation time as determined from deactivation records 62. As is shown
Evaluation data set 63 and associated deactivation record 64 are then processed in a substantially identical manner to generate evaluation data set 80, which is also uploaded to archive 44. No corresponding scale file is generated for evaluation records 80.
Effective values for tp and tm can be estimated by those familiar with credit analysis. Alternatively, values may be determined by evaluation of networks using various window sizes, as will be described further below. Appropriate numbers of records for training and evaluation files will vary with particular applications and can be determined by those skilled in the art by balancing of the costs and requirements of particular applications. In the embodiment disclosed in the present application a training file data set of approximately several hundred thousand to a million records has proven satisfactory.
Program code 86 then controls system 48 to download network topology 90 and an associated learning algorithm from network configuration data store 88 and to apply the normalized training records to the network so defined in accordance with the downloaded training algorithm. Preferably the network topology will be a three layer feed-forward topology and the training algorithm will be a back-propagation algorithm. Back-propagation training of feed-forward networks is well known to those skilled in the art and need not be discussed further here for an understanding of the subject invention.
Once the network defined by the downloaded network topology is trained weight file 92 containing the weights determined is uploaded to network configuration data store 88. It will also be apparent to those skilled in the arts that other known network topologies, or, as noted above, other known learning algorithms or artificial intelligence algorithms, can be trained by the system of
As will be described further in the example set forth below, customer accounts are examined by analysts in the priority order described in paragraphs 46 above. Since it is not cost effective to provide enough analysts to review all customer accounts in a review period, an effective neural network (or other artificial intelligence algorithm) will include a higher percentage of target records in groups of records having higher AI scores. Given an evaluation set of records that are labeled as either target (e.g. bad debt) or non-target (e.g. not bad debt), it is possible to evaluate the performance of one or more AI algorithms that have been trained to identify the target records. The evaluation process involves processing each of the records (i.e. feature vectors) in the evaluation set through each AI algorithm to be evaluated. A score is generated by each algorithm for each record. For each algorithm, order the records by highest score to lowest. Then for each of these orders, corresponding to the different algorithms, count how many target records are identified in the top N records, for N=100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, etc. It is then possible to compare the different algorithms by evaluating which one more effectively pushes the target accounts into the top of the order (and the non-target accounts to the bottom of the order). Specific attention is given to the area of the rankings, which forms the operating range of the system. If the system, including any human element, can only investigate the top 2000 records in a day, then that is the operating range of the system and performance below that level is less critical. Using the above process, the effectiveness of a given algorithm is evaluated by multiple factors, including measuring the extent to which higher AI scores correspond to the target characteristic (e.g. the potential of toll risk), and the false positive rate associated with the algorithm.
It will also be apparent that the method and system of
It has been demonstrated that network topology and training algorithms have a relatively lesser effect on the performance of the present invention, while the pre-processing of attributes, particularly substitution of statistics relating categorical attributes to characteristics of subjects, has had a substantial positive effect.
Program code 122 then controls data processing system 48 to merge customer data 112 and traffic records 114. Merged data 123 is returned to archives 44, together with deactivation records, as described above, for use in further training. Program code 124 runs a neural network whose topology and weights are determined as described above and which generates an output which is an estimate for the toll risk represented by the customer who is the subject of the corresponding record. Operation of system 48 in response to code 124 will be described further below. Program code 128 then controls processing system 48 to sort and filter the records in accordance with the output of the neural network and returns rank order data 129 to system 110. Data 129 is thus a measure of the relative likelihood that customers who are subjects of the records are potential bad debt risks. Data 129 is then used by collections systems, such as Collection Strategy System 130 and High Toll System 132, as will be described further below.
Program code 106 and 122 can also be used to process and store records to establish the initial set of archived records used to develop and train network 10 as described above with respect to
Program code 124-1 then computes a feature vector that is used for further processing from the merged data. The attribute record (i.e. feature vector) consists of a heading, continuous attributes, and categorical attributes. Some of the attributes are derived, as will be explained below.
Derived fields, i.e. fields containing derived attributes, are also added by program code 124 and contain data that is calculated from fields in the merged data from program code 122. Addition of such derived fields has been found to improve performance of the present invention. As a hypothetical example, suppose that the duration of calls is highly predictive of whether or not a customer is likely to become delinquent but that the attribute data only includes start and stop times of calls. By computing call duration as a derived field in the feature vector an improved network may be created. Derived fields can also include aggregations of data (e.g. total cost of calls over the past N days). Appropriate derived fields can be selected based on a combination of knowledge of particular applications and evaluation of the resulting neural network as described above. Adding more attributes is not always better, but is done only after considering the relevance analysis described earlier. Highly correlated and duplicate attributes should also be avoided when deriving attributes.
Program code 124-2 then downloads statistics file 60 from archive 44 and substitutes values of the appropriate statistic for values of the categorical attributes. Program code 124-3 downloads scale file 78 from archive 44 and normalizes the attributes.
Program code 124-4 downloads configuration 90 and weights record 92 to configure a neural network; and applies a feature vector generated by program code 124-1, -2, and -3 as described above, to generate an output which is an estimate of the relative likelihood that the customer who is the subject of the corresponding record will prove to be a toll risk. This output can be used to rank order the records for further review but preferably the degree of risk will be included as a factor in determining the order of review, as described above in paragraph 41.
Data processing system 48 may be coupled via bus 152 to a display 162, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user. An input device 164, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to bus 152 for communicating information and command selections to processor 154. Another type of user input device is cursor control 166, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 154 and for controlling cursor movement on display 162. This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a plane.
The invention is related to the use of data processing system 48 for development and training, evaluation, and running of a neural network to estimate a rank order of records in accordance with a characteristic of a subject of the records; and particularly to rank order records whose subjects are long distance service customers in accordance with the relative likelihood that a customer will become a toll risk. According to one embodiment of the invention, these functions are provided by data processing system 48 in response to processor 154 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory 156. Such instructions may be read into main memory 156 from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device 160. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 156 causes processor 154 to perform the process steps described herein. One or more processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 106. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor 154 for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 160. Volatile media include dynamic memory, such as main memory 106. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus 152. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 154 for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be borne on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to data processing system 48 can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector coupled to bus 152 can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data on bus 152. Bus 152 carries the data to main memory 106, from which processor 154 retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory 156 may optionally be stored on storage device 160 either before or after execution by processor 154.
Data processing system 48 also includes a communication interface 168 coupled to bus 152. Communication interface 168 provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link 170 that is connected to a local network 172. For example, communication interface 168 may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface 168 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 168 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.
Network link 170 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices such as billing system 110, or network link 170 also may provide a connection through local network 172 to a host computer 174 or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 176. ISP 176 in turn provides data communication services through the worldwide packet data communication network, now commonly referred to as the “Internet” 178. Local network 172 and Internet 178 both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link 170 and through communication interface 168, which carry the digital data to and from data processing system 48, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information.
Data processing system 48 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link 170, and communication interface 168. In the Internet example, a server 180 might transmit a requested code or data for an application program through Internet 178, ISP 176, local network 172 and communication interface 168. Data processing system 48 also can send messages and receive data, including program code, from host 174 through local network 172, network link 170, and communication interface 168. In accordance with the invention, one such downloaded application provides for neural network functions as described herein. The received code may be executed by processor 154 as it is received, and/or stored in storage device 160, or other non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, data processing system 48 may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave.
In some embodiments of the present invention some or all of data stores 44, 88, and 108 are accessed through host 174 or through server 180 as described above, while in other embodiments some or all of these data stores are comprised in storage device 160.
While in the embodiments shown the functions described above have all been carried out by processor 48 in other embodiments one or more functions can be carried out by separate systems communicating through local network 172 or Internet 178 in a conventional manner.
Programming of system 48, or of other systems within the contemplation of the present invention, is well within the ability of those skilled in the art, and need not be described further here for an understanding of the present invention.
The present invention can also be used to estimate the extent to which subjects have certain characteristics. For example, insurers can use public health data to generate statistics files which relate life-style attributes to morbidity; and then develop, train and run neural networks, as described above, to generate output values which are a measure of the relative healthfulness of their customers.
A neural network having a three-layer, feed-forward topology; trained as described above with respect to
When these inputs were applied, and the outputs of data processing system 44 were incorporated into Collection Strategy System 130 and High Toll System 132, the following results were achieved. As noted above High Toll System 132 is a threshold based system where accounts are examined based on the size of the balance due. As a result, large accounts of very good customers are examined early and unnecessarily. When High Toll System 132 is modified to examine accounts in the order of the output in the neural network the ratio of accounts that are blocked to accounts examined more than doubles, and the average amount due in the account when blocked was reduced by approximately half. This demonstrates that the method of the subject invent is substantially more accurate and more quickly identifies toll risks. Additionally, the number of accounts identified for a “high risk” collection strategy was doubled. A cost saving was realized by identifying the low predictive value of the commercial credit score.
By improving the selection of the customers for various collection strategies, the overall warning to select ratio was approximately doubled. For a newly developed collection strategy, based directly on the neural network output, a remarkably high warning to select ratio was achieved.
Further, by using the present invention in combination with a pre-cancel block and an additional 30 day collection period, the cancel to warning ratio was decreased by a factor of about 3. That is, approximately two-thirds of customers who were warned restored their accounts to good status before cancellation was necessary. (When an account is canceled, simply paying the amount due may no longer restore service.)
These results are believed to show that the method and system of the present invention provide a more accurate evaluation of toll risk than known, commercially offered credit scores. Also, the invention is a robust and proven system.
While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. | 50,437 | 116 |
1,079,005 | on the comets discovered and observed
at the Observatory of the Navy, Hotel de Cluny,
between and including that of 1758
and the second of 1805.
Almost all discovered and found
by strolling through the sky with refractors.
By Charles Messier
[No. 1; C/1758 K1; 1758 De la Nux]
Comet observed in the head of Taurus, from August 14, to November 2;
31 days of observation; the detail of observations is printed with a chart,
Memoires of the Ac. des Sc., year 1759. M. Pingre reports in
his Cometographie that M. de la Nux saw it at the isle of Bourbon on
May 26; it was seen from London on June 18, and near Dresden on July 25
and 27. This comet was very difficult to find with a telescope [refractor]
of two feet [focal length, FL]. The comet of 1682, which was expected to
reappear, according to Halley, in 1758 or 1759, already kept me busy.
By the invitation of Joseph de l'Isle, my illustrious master, as well as that
of M. de la Lande, I searched for it in the sky with telescopes, and I had
knowledge of the usage of this research, which made me discover this one,
which I observed until its disappearance, and these observations are,
so to speak, the only ones which exist.
[No. 2; 1P/1758 Y1; 1759 I Palitzsch, 1P/Halley]
Famous comet, the return of that of 1682. I discovered it on January 21 after
two years of research with a Newtonian telescope of 4 1/2 feet [FL]; it appeared
below the southern fish [of Pisces] and above the equator, crossed the equator,
passed through Aquarius and the tail of Capricornus, where it ceased its
apparition in the rays of the Sun; it left in the morning of May 1, below Hydra,
traversed Hydra near its node and ceased to appear in Sextans; it was obseved
13 days in the first branch of its orbit [before perihelion], and 34 days in
the second [after perihelion]; the memoir of the observations with plates can be
found in the volume of the Ac. des Sc. for the year 1760.
It was discovered, 27 days before me, without having had knowledge, at Aprohlis,
near Dresden, by a farmer named Palitzsch, on the 25th of December 1758, and on
the following January 24, at Leipzig, an ephemeris was printed of that comet,
for following it from January 28 to May 13; Palitzsch made himself wellknown
to astronomers by this important discovery; he has died in 1788.
This famous comet, predicted by Halley in 1705, to re-appear at the end of 1758
or in the beginning of 1759, caused Mr. Clairaut to do many calculations for
approaching closer its return, fixing its perihelion passage in the middle of
the month April, and it passed it on March 12, 1759, about one month former than
his prediction. One can find great detail on this subject in the history of the
[No. 3; C/1760 A1; 1759 III Chevalier, "Great Comet"]
Comet discovered on January 8, near the sword of Orion, observed until the 30th
of the same month; 6 days of observation; it was discovered by simple view
[with naked eye]. The memoir was printed with a chart, in the vol. of the Ac.
for 1772. This comet was seen at Lisbon on January 7, by Abbe Chevalier, who has
died at Prague during the revolution of France.
[No. 4; C/1760 B1; 1759 II Messier]
2nd comet, discovered on January 26 between Crater and Hydra, observed until
March 18, in Lynx; 22 days of observation; the memoir and the chart, [are] in
the vol. of the ac., 1st part for 1772.
[No. 5; C/1762 K1; 1762 Klinkenberg]
Comet, observed from May 28 to July 5, [starting] from the head of Lynx to that
of Leo; 20 days of observations; the momoir and the chart are printed in the
volume V of Savans etrangers.
M. Klinkenberg has discovered it at la Haye on May 17.
[No. 6; C/1763 S1; 1763 Messier]
Comet discovered on September 28, observed until November 24. It began to appear
in Serpens near the hand of Hercules, moved to the north and descended to the
right leg of Virgo; 29 days of observation; the memoir and the chart [are] in the
volume of the ac. for 1774.
[No. 7; C/1764 A1; 1764 Messier]
Comet discovered with simple view [the naked eye] on January 3; observed until
February 11, it started its apparition between Draco and Hercules, and ceased to
be visible near the head of Pegasus; 16 days of observations; the memoir and the
chart of its track, [are] in the volume of the ac. for the year 1771.
[No. 8; C/1766 E1; 1766 I Messier]
Comet discovered on March 8, when searching the Satellite which has been
pretended to be seen at Venus; for this research I employed an excellent
Gregorian telescope of 30 inches [pouces]
focal length, lent by M. le President de Saron, the large mirror of 6 inches
diameter, and a very good achromatic refractor of 5 feet focal length,
I didn't see anything of the satellite, and I discovered with this refractor,
at a small distance from Venus, a comet, faint in light, which I observed
between the 8th of March and the 15th of the same month in the place of
Pisces; 8 days of observation. The memoir of the observations and the Chart,
in the volume of the ac. for the year 1773.
[No. 9; D/1766 G1; 1766 II Helfenzrieder-Messier]
2nd comet, discovered with simple view, on April 8, between the back of Aries
and the Fly [Northern Fly, extinct constellation and now part of Aries], with
a tail about 8 degrees long: five days of observation from April 8 to 12
inclusive; the memoir of the observations and the chart [are] in the volume of
the academy for 1773.
[No. 10; C/1769 P1; 1769 Messier]
Great comet, discovered with a refractor on August 8, near the two stars of
9th magnitude A.S. above the head of Cetus, below and close to the Ecliptic;
observed in both branches of its orbit, 21 days in the first branch [before
perihelion], and 21 days in the second branch [after perihelion], where it
ceased its apparition on the first of December near the node of the tail of
Serpens; in its fiest branch, it passed below Aries, through the feet of
Taurus, traversed Orion, Monoceros, the Equator and entered in the Solar rays
near Hydra, below the Node. It re-appeared in the morning, when it left the
rays of the sun, on October 24 near Serpens, which it traversed as well as
Ophiuchus, the Equator, and ceased its apparition near the node of the tail of
Serpens above and very close to the Equator. The memoir and the plates are
printed in the volume of the academy, for the year 1775.
This comet has been one of the greater that have been observed. Its tail, in
the night of September 9 to 10, had a length of 60 degrees; M. Pingre, who was
in the sea, between Teneriffa and Cadix, found it on September 11 of 90 degrees
extent; and M. de la Nux, at the island of Bourbon, measured it in the morning
of September 11 and found it at 97 degrees. Many calculations have been made of
this great Comet by Leonard Euler and Lexell, for finding its true elliptical
orbit and its period.
(Note) The great Comet of 1769. From 3 selected observations, Euler and
Lexell, found the revolution of this comet could be 449 years to 519 in its
extremes, supposing 1 [arc] minute of error in these 3 observations.
Pingre found 1231 1/3 years after the observations of August 21, October 25 and
In a letter addressed to the Bureau of Longitudes of October 5, 1805, M. Bessel
announced a great work about this Comet, which can be found in the 4th supplement
of the Ephemeris of Berlin: Says that its orbit is an ellipse, of which the
period is between 1692 and 2673 years and the most probable period of 2090, with
the errors of plus or minus not exceeding 5 [arc] seconds.
[No. 11; D/1770 L1; 1770 I Messier; P/Lexell]
Comet, which I discovered on June 14, at about eleven o'clock in the evening,
with the refractor for the night, near Scutum, observed in the first branch of
its orbit until July 3, when it entered the rays of the Sun, after having
crossed Scutum, the Equator, the tail of Serpens, the second branch of the
Milky Way, Lyra, passed closely enough and above the two poles, the Giraffe
[Camelopardalis], and ceased to be observed between Auriga and Lynx. 14 days
of observation in this first branch of the orbit; the comet re-appeared in the
morning when it left the rays of the Sun on August 3, near and below the
Ecliptic and Saturn to which it was close, traversed Cancer, Gemini and ceased
to be observed in the legs of Castor, in the morning of October 3; 33 days of
observation in this second branch. The printed memoir and the charts [are] in
the volume of the academy, 1770m page 597.
This comet is the one which approached nearest to the Earth, and which has
kept most busy the astronomers and geometrists with the research of its true
elliptical orbit, and with the research of its orbital period; Mr. Lexell
was kept busy as one of the first when he had communication of my
observations, as well as Mrs. Prosperin, [.]edder, Pingre, [and] Dusejour.
Mr. Lexell found, according his work, that this comet comet had a period of
about 5 1/2 years. He spoke on October 13, 1778, at the academy of
Petersburg, on reflections about orbital periods of comets in general and
especially of that of 1770, and in another memoir in 1773, about the period
of the great Comet observed in 1769.
(note): Lexell has found its period to be 5 1/2 years. Prosperin has
found the same. Burckhardt, the same in the last place, he has been given
the prize, his memoir is in the 1st term of 1806 of the Institute.
This short period of 5 1/2 years appeared so extraordinary that the Academy of
Sciences demanded new research with a prize which it proposed and which was
awarded in 1794. M. Burckard has made a quantity of calculations and has found
that it could not be visible at that time.
This singular Comet didn't re-appear when it was searched
5 1/2 years in 5 1/2 years and it has not been seen before 1770.
The Academy of Sciences, which existed since April 22, 1699 at the Louvre, was
abandoned with all the other academies in the revolution by a decret of August
8, 1793. A new corporation of scientists was created in December 1795 under the
title, Institut National, in place of all the abandoned Academies.
(one will see at the end of this notice ofn the Comets: the origin of the
ac. des Sc.).
The new corps proposed a new prize for the same research, which was awarded in
a public session on January 5, 1801. M. Burckhardt applied; he requested from
me the originals of my observations, which he kept for two years; two memoirs
were given for the concurrency; he himself won the prize, which was to be a
kilogram of gold.
He found himself with Mr. Lexell at the same time.
This comet , so extraordinary, kept me busy with its research between 1770
and 1796, without being able to see it again; M. Burckhardt gave reasons in
his memoir: It is a Comet which he never had observed, and maybe one could
well find others of those which I have observed, which will be also in the
same situation not to re-appear any more. The solid nucleus of comets must
be of very small volume, as I remarked at all those which I have observed.
The four new small planets discovered 1801, 1802 and 1804 (which are well
remarkable) for not being noticed before these years, especially by
Herschel, but their smallness is the reason.
[No. 12; C/1771 A1; 1770 II "Great Comet"]
1st Comet. I discovered this Comet on January 10 with the refractor, between
the head of Hydra and Canis Minor, I saw it afterwards with the naked eye,
with a tail of sevaral degrees; I determined its position; the sky was
coverd in the following nights, on the 16th, the sky cleared, it was
necessary to search again, one single day of observation had not been able
to indicate to me the route it would take. I found it in the club of Orion,
its light always rather small [faint]; I ceased to observe it on the 20th,
between the horns of Taurus and very near to the planet Mars, 4 days of
observation. The memoir and the chart are in the volume of the ac.
[No. 13; C/1771 G1; 1771 Messier]
2nd Comet, discovered with a refractor on April 1, observed until June 15.
It began to appear in Aries, passed through Gemini and disappeared in Leo,
at small distance from Regulus. 48 days of observations. The memoir and the
chart of its track are in the volume of the Academy, for the year 1777.
[No. 14; 3D/1772 E1; 1772 Montaigne, P/Biela]
Comet, found with the refractor, observed between March 26 and April 3, 4 days
of observations. It was discovered at Limoges by M. Montaigne on March 8, in
Eridanus, and ceased to appear below the feet of Monoceros; the memoir and the
chart, [are] in the volume of the ac. for the year 1777..
[No. 15; C/1773 T1; 1773 Messier]
Comet, discovered with a refractor for the night, on October 12; observed
until April 14, 1774, these are more than 5 months, which have provided 71
days of observations, one of the longest which were staying visible above
the horizon; it began to appear near Sextans, passed through Leo, Coma
Berenicis, Canes Venatici, the tail of Ursa Major and ceased
extremity of the tail of Draco.
The memoir of the observations and the chart of its track, [are] in the
volume of the ac. for the year 1774.
[No. 16; C/1774 P1; 1774 Montaigne]
Comet, found with the refractor, observed during the months August, September
and October; it began to appear between the Rendeer [stars between
Camelopardalis and Cassiopeia], Cepheus and Cassiopeia, passed through
Lacerta and Andromeda, traversed Pegasus and ceased to appear at the knee of
Aquarius. 41 days of observations. The memoir of the observations, and the
chart of its track [are] in the vol. of the ac. for the year 1775.
M. Montaigne discovered this Comet on the eleventh of April at Limoges.
Note: It is on the occasion of this Comet of long duration that M. de Lalande
created a new constellation on his celestial globe of on foot [diameter]
which he published in 1775, which he named the Messier, and which he
placed between Cassiopeia, Cepheus and Camelopardalis. See his
Astronomie, first volume, article 699, 3rd edition.
[No. 17; C/1779 A1; 1779 Bode]
Comet discovered with the night refractor, on January 19, observed until May 19,
five months of observation, which have provided 63 days for determining its
location; it began ti appear between Vulpecula and Delphinus, traversed
Vulpecula, the two branches of Milky Way, the lower part of Lyra, Hercules,
Corona [Borealis], Bootes and ceased its apparition in the left wing of Virgo.
It had been seen at Berlin by M. Bode on January 6, but one hasn't had
knowledge of it before the 19th. The memoir of the observations and the chart
of its track, [are] in the volume of the ac. for the year 1779.
[C/1780 U1; 1780II Montaigne-Olbers]
Comet discovered at Limoges, by M. Montaigne in the everning of October 18,
near the star T [Tau?] which is at the right hand of the Serpent Holder
[Ophiuchus], he continued to observe it without bad time on the 20th and 26th
of the same month; these three days of observations which he sent me are the
only which are known, one could derive nothing about its [orbital] elements.
One can find detail about this Comet and about my research to find it, in the
vol. of the ac. for the year 1780, p. 515.
[No. 18; C/1780 U2; 1780 I Messier]
2nd Comet. Kept busy by the research of the Comet of 1770, the return of
which had been announced for re-apparition of 5 to 6 years; after my research,
I toured the sky with the refractor and I discovered a Comet on October 27
which began to appear at the beginning of the tail of Leo, which I observed
until November 28, when it ceased its apparition in the second section of the
rear of Ursa Major; 13 days of observations; the memoir and the chart [are]
in the vol. of the ac. 1780.
[No. 19; C/1781 M1; 1781 I Méchain]
Comet discovered by M. Méchain, at the great Observatory in the
night of June 28 and 29; he informed me and I observed it form the 30th
[of June] to July 16. It began to appear in Ursa Major, passed above Leo Minor,
and ceased to be observed in Leo; 14 days of observation. The memoir of the
observations and the celestial chart with its track [are] in the vol. of the
ac. for the year 1781.
[No. 20; C/1781 T1; 1781 II Méchain]
2nd Comet, discovered by M. Méchain on October 9 at about 4
o'clock in the morning, he made me share his discovery and I observed it on
the next day, the 10th, and continued to observe it until November 5. It
began to apparition in Cancer, near the Ecliptic, passed through the tail of
Lynx, Ursa Major, and ceased to be observed near the star Lambda in the tail
of Draco. 12 days of observation. The memoir and the chart of its track [are]
in the vol. of the ac. for 1781.
[No. 21; D/1783 W1; 1783 Pigott, P/Pigott]
Comet, seen by M. Méchain, on November 26, discovered on the 19th in
the head of Cetus by M. Pigott at York in England. I observed it from the 27th,
until December 21; 13 days of observation, from the head of Cetus, it passed
through Aries, close to the star Alpha in the large Triangle [Triangulum -
Messier emphasizes "large" or "Triangulum Major" because at that time there was
a now extinct "Triangulum Minor" also], and I ceased to see it at several
degrees above it. The memoir of the observations and the celestial chart of its
track, [are] in the vol. of the ac. for the year 1783.
[No. 22; C/1783 X1; 1784 Cassini, "Great comet"]
Comet, discovered on January 24 by M. de Cassini, at the Observatory with the
naked eye, and near the tail of Aries; on the next day, the 25th,
M. de Cassini made me participate in his discovery; the same evening of the
25th, the sky got covered and stayed covered the day and the night until
February 3; one single indication couldn't announce the path it would follow,
it required to be searched with the refractor, I found it in the belly of the
southern fish [of Pisces] near the equator, I oberved it from February 3 to
May 25. 13 days of observation; from the southern Fish, it passed through
Pegasus, and I ceased to observe it between Andromeda and Lacerta. The memoir
of the observations and the chart of its track [are] in the vol. of the
ac. for the year 1785.
[probably not a comet]
Comet, discovered at Malta, by M. le Chevalier d'Angos, on April 11 in the
constellation of the Fox [Vulpecula]. He wrote me on April 20, his letter
reached me on May 14, in it he
me that this comet would be very faint, he first took it for a nebula.
His letter contained two positions of the Comet of the 11th and the 15th
of April; these are the only observations sent, and no others are known.
On May 15, and several nights which followed, I looked for this Comet with
my great achromatic refractor of 3 feet and 1/2; I passed through the
constellation of the Fox [Vulpecula] and very
without discovering anything.
I found well in the Fox [Vulpecula] the beautiful nebula without stars
which I had discovered on July 12, 1764
[M27] and it is in the neighborhood of this
nebula that M. d'Angos has seen this Comet, he sent me afterwards the
elements deduced from his observations. I have printed these details of
large length in the vol. of the ac. for the year 1784. Page 326.
[No. 23; C/1785 A1; 1785 I Messier-Méchain]
Comet, discovered with the refractor on January 7, at the neck of the Whale
[Cetus], observed in the same constellation until the 16th of the same month.
6 days of observation. On the 9th, it was observed on the Equator! The memoir
and the chart of its track are printed in the vol. of the ac. for the
[No. 24; C/1785 E1; 1785 II Méchain]
2nd Comet, discovered at the Observatory by M. Méchain, on March 11 in the
evening, on the 12th, he announced it at the Academy, on the 13th, I found it
with my great refractor and I observed it, it appeared at the left shoulder of
sensibly visible with the naked eye; on April 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11,
it had a tail of about 9 or 10 degrees of length; I observed it from March 13
to April 16, below the wing of Pegasus. 14 days of observation. The memoir
and the celestial chart, [are] in the vol. of the ac. for the year 1785.
[No. 25; 2P/1786 B1; 1786 I Méchain, P/Encke]
Comet, discovered at the Observatory by M. Méchain, on January 17, evening;
on the 18th, he gave me his observation; on the 19th, I observed it near the
horizon, whem setting, in a great dusk, I compared it three times with Beta
Aquarii, this is my only observation, the sky was covered afterwards, there
are none but these two observations, that of M. Méchain of the 17th and mine
of the 19th. It was hoped to see the Comet again in the morning after leaving
the rays of the Son, I looked for it, this was useless; I have printed these
details, in the volume of the ac. for 1786.
[No. 26; C/1786 P1; 1786 II Herschel]
2nd Comet, discovered by Miss Caroline Herschel, at Slough, near Windsor in
England; this comet was announced at the academy by a letter of M. Blagden,
in a rather vague manner, in the Great Bear [Ursa Major]. Its movement was
not known, it required to be searched, I found it on August 11 with a night
in the head of the Hair of Berenice [Coma Berenices]; I observed it
until October 26. 43 days of observations. It passed through the
constellations, the Hair of Berenice [Coma Berenices], the hind legs of the
southern Hunting Dog [of Canes Venatici], Bootes, between the Crown [Corona
Borealis] and the Head of the Serpent [Serpens Caput], Hercules, and ceased
to be observable between the Head of the Serpent Holder [Ophiuchus] and the
right hand of Hercules. The memoir of the observations and the celestial
chart of its track, [are] printed in the vol. of the ac. for the year
[No. 27; C/1787 G1; 1787 Méchain]
Comet, discovered at the Observatory by M. Méchain, on April 10 in the
evening, on the 11th, he gave me his position and in the evening I observed
this Comet, in the Bull [Taurus], very near to the Ecliptic, and continued
to observe it until May 20; only 6 days of observations because of bad
weather; it passed by the Pleiades, above the Fly [Musca Borealis; now part
of Aries], below the Small Triangle [Triangulum Minor; now between Triangulum
and Aries], and ceased to be observed in the head of the Ram [Aries].
The memoir and the celestial chart, [are] in the vol. of the ac. for
the year 1787.
[No. 28; C/1788 W1; 1788 I Messier]
Comet, discovered in the night of November 25 and 26, in the right shank of
the great Bear [Ursa Major], observed until December 29; 20 nights of
observations; from the Great Bear [Ursa Major], it passed close by the
[North] celestial pole, close to the Pole Star, through the right hand of
Cepheus and ceased to be observed in the wing of Pegasus. The observations
were very difficult to perform, because of the great height of the Comet
above the horizon, but what made it even more inconvenient, was that I
observed this Comet from my Observatory, without fire, during the greatest
winter which is known and for its duration, because the cold made my two
mercury thermometers descend on December 31, 7 3/4 o'clock in the morning
[7:45 am] at 18 degrees and 1/2, and 18 degrees 3/4 below zero, the ladder
divisions at 85 steps of the ice of boiling water.
The memoir of my observations and a summary of this great winter, [are]
printed in the vol. of the ac. for the year 1789 and the celestial
chart drawn with the apparent track of this comet in the vol. which followed
[No. 29; 35P/1788 Y1; 1788 II Herschel, P/Herschel-Rigollet]
2nd Comet discovered at Slough by Caroline Herschel, on December 21, I wasn't
informed of this comet until January 3, the indication was vague, in the
neighborhood of Beta Lyrae; I searched it with the night refractor on January
3 and 4, 4 hours and a half in the morning, I couldn't have its position until
the 4th in the evening. It was above Lyra, and a second determination on
the 6th; bad weather and fog prevented me to see it again. M. Méchain
observed it again on the 15th and the 18th below the Dragon [Draco]; I have
printed these observations and a chart, in the vol. of the ac. of 1789.
[No. 30; C/1790 A1; 1790 I Herschel]
Comet, discovered at Slough, by Caroline Herschel, on January 7, near the Swan
[Cygnus], I was informed of this discovery on the 18th of the month, I looked
for it with a refractor, and on the 19th in the evening, I found it above the
beautiful star Markab; I determined its position from this [star], and
on the 20th, the sky covered itself in the evening; I could see it again on
the 21st, but the chimneys
Mess.s Cassini and Méchain saw it from the Observatory and observed it.
It ceased to be observed in Pegasus. The observations and a chart of its
track, [are] in the vol. of the ac. of 1790.
[No. 31; 8P/1790 A2; 1790 II Méchain, P/Tuttle]
2nd Comet, discovered at the Observatory by M. Méchain, on January 9; on
the 10th, he gave me the position, and in the evening I found it with a night
refractor, without being able to determine its position, because of the clouds,
but on the 11th its position was known, it appeared above the back of the Whale
[Cetus], near the Equator. It ceased to be observed in the Whale [Cetus];
7 days of observations. The memoir of the observations and the celestial chart,
[are] in the vol. of the ac. of 1790.
[No. 32; C/1790 H1; 1790 III Herschel]
3rd Comet, discovered at Slough, by Miss Herschel, on April 17, between the
head and the right arm of Andromeda. M. Maskeline shared this discovery with
M. Méchain, who announced it to me. In the night of May 1 and 2, I
looked for the Comet with my achromatic refractor which I directed to the
star Alpha of Andromeda, and I found the Comet on the parallel of the
beautiful nebula in the girdle of this constellation, and I continued to
observe it until June 29; 45 days of observations. It passed through the
following constellations, Cassiopeia, the stars of Messier [the constellation
invented by Lalande], the Giraffe [Camelopardalis], the head and the feet of
the great Bear [Ursa Major], the Lion [Leo] and ceased to be observed below
and near the Ecliptic. The memoir of the observations and the celestial chart
of the track of this comet, [are] in the vol. of the ac. des Sc. for
the year 1790. The last volume of this beautiful and rich collection which
the revolution has made discontinued, when abandoning the academy of Sciences
by a decrete issued on August 8, 1793, by the National Convention, in the
report of the citizen Gregoire.
Mr. Baily, in his History of Modern Astronomy, page 78, announces the
return of two comets, the first observed in 1552, previously in 1264, due to
reappear in 1848. The second observed in 1661, previously in 1532, due to
reappear in 1790. The academy proposed for a prize in 1782, the research of
the orbit of the comet and the comet 1532-1661 which was to reappear in 1790.
Méchain achieved the prize, and proved that the comet, observed two times in
1532 and 1661, were two different comets, and it would not be expected in 1790.
Despite this announce, the astronomers searched for the Comet in 1790; they
discovered three and none of the three was that predicted before Méchain. In
general, the return of Comets appears well uncertain, with the exception of
that predicted by Halley of 1682, observed in 1759, but that of 1770, which
didn't return again with the same elements and the same period of 3 1/2 years,
leaves the theories about Comets well uncertain with respect to their returns.
Series of Comets, not published as observed by Mr. Messier
[No. 33; C/1791 X1; 1792 I Herschel]
Comet discoverd at Slough, by Miss Herschel, on December 15, in the Lizard
[Lacerta]; on the announce of this discovery, I looked for it with a
refractor; it has been found on December 26, I observed it until January 28,
1792, when it ceased to appear below Pegasus. 12 days of observations.
[No. 34; C/1793 A1; 1792 II Gregory-Méchain]
Comet, discovered on January 10 at fort de Mont-Jouy, near Barcelona, by M.
Méchain; it appeared on the 10th, at simple view [unaided eye], very
near to the pole of the Ecliptic; the announce of this discovery was sent in
the newspapers, I looked for it with a refractor; when having found it, I
observed it between February 1 and the 14th of the same month; 6 days of
observations; from the pole of the Ecliptic, it passed through the tail of
the Dragon [Draco], Cepheus, Cassiopeia, the legs of Andromeda, the head of
the Ram [Aries], the Ecliptic, the Equator, the head of the Whale [Cetus] and
ceased to be observed below this constellation (a).
(a) a beautiful sequence of observations made by M. Méchain, between
January 10 and February 11, is found in the 6th volume of the 1st class of
[probably not a comet]
2nd Comet, discovered at Tarbes on May 17, by the Chevalier d'Angos, in the
wing of the Raven [Corvus], and ceased to be observed in the tail of Hydra:
The announce was made to M. de Lalande and through the newspapers, how it
was discovered with the unaided eye; I looked for it from my observatory
with a refractor on May 26, I found only in this part of the sky two nebulae
which can be found in my catalog as the numbers 68 and 83.
M. d'Angos affirmed that he observed it on 3 days, May 17, 23, and 24, and
he has sent the determinations to M. de Lalande. These are the only
observations which are known.
[No. 35; C/1793 S1; 1793 II Perny]
3rd Comet, discovered by the great Observatory by M. Perny, on September 24
around 8:30 pm, in Cassiopeia near the star Epsilon. It was found with the
refractor, I observed it between September 27 and December 8; 25 days of
observations. It passed through Cassiopeia, traversed the legs of Cepheus,
and ceased to be observed in the last node of the Dragon [Draco], near the
pole of the Ecliptic. Mr. Perny announced this Comet on October 13, 1793 at
the public assembly of the Licee of the royal palace,
he named it Comet of the republic because the republican Calendar, the year
of which begins on september 22, the comet has been discovered on
[No. 36; C/1793 S2; 1793 I Messier]
4th Comet, discovered with the refractor, on September 27 in the evening,
between the stars Delta of the Serpent [Serpens] and Alpha of Ophiuchus, it
appeared at the extension of the nebula which is in the girdle of Hercules;
it is round and brilliant, reported in my catalog of nebulae under the
No. 13; ie traversed the Equator and ceased to be observed on October 11
below the stars Delta and Epsilon of Ophiuchus, entering into the rays of
the Sun. I communicated the observations which I had made to M. de Saron for
calculating the elements, and it was in his prison, at the hotel de la
Force, that he calculated them, and he announced to me that this comet would
reappear in the morning when it was leaving the rays of the Sun in the
constellation Hydra, with enough light to be seen with refractors.
His prediction was verified; I found the Comet, with the refractor, on
December 29 in the morning, below the node of Hydra, it crossed the Equator,
and ceased to be observed on January 7, 1794 in the Small Dog [Canis Minor].
The Academy of Sciences, abandoned by a decrete of August 8, 1793, existed
through more than a century. It left to the posterity immense works of all
the Sciences which M. de Lalande has made known in an advertisement which is
in the head of the last vol. of the ac. 1790.
interesting to see there some details on the origin and the formation of this
famous organisation until its abolition produced by the revolution, and
replacement two years later, in 1795, under a new title: Institut National
des Sciences et Arts [National Institute of Sciences and Arts].
More than 50 years before 1666 some scholars assembled at the father
[....., unreadable]. In the following the meetings became more regular at
M. Monmer [?] and at Monsier Theverot [?], where they were joined by foreign
scientists. M. de Colbert then gave the project of an academy of Sciences in
1666: Those who were
for history had to meet on the Mondeays and Thursdays; those for literature
on Tuesdays and Fridays; for mathematics and physics, on Wednesdays and
Saturdays, and the first Thursday of each month, a general meeting. This
project has not at all been carried out. The French Academy, established by
Cardinal Richelieu, demanded to make a separate corporation and it didn't
stay the mathematicians, 6 or 7 in number, who met at the library of M.
Colbert; in the month of June 1666, there were also nominated 7 Physicists and
5 adjoints, M. Duhamel, the Secretary. The King established pensions and a
fund for the experiments. On December 22, 1666, the Academy assembled for the
first time; it was there decided that the Geometers and Physicists would form
an own corporation, which on Wednesdays should deal with Geometry and on
Saturdays, with Physics.
In 1699, the King gave a second and durable birth to the ac. by a new
regulation of 50 articles dated January 26, 1699, which wasread by
M. l'Abbé Bignon [?], who had been a member, on the following
February 4, in the small location where the meetings tookp place in the
Library of the King; this place became too small, the King gave to the
Academy a new spacious and magnificient home in the Louvre. The first meeting
there was public, when it occured on April 22, 1699. The sessions there have
been exactly following the Wednesdays and Saturdays, from 3 o'clock to
5 o'clock in the same room, regardless if particular or public meetings,
until the abolishment on August 8, 1793, which made a residence of 94 years
when the academy regularly hold their meetings there.
[2P/1795 V1, 1795 Herschel, P/Encke]
Comet, discovered at Berlin by M. Bode, on November 11, previously
discovered by M. Carle, who had notified M. Bode. It was discovered at Paris
at the Observatory by M. Bouvard on the 14th of the same month, near
Hercules and he observed it for 4 days. I was in the countryside when it
[No. 37; C/1797 P1; 1797 Bouvard-Herschel-Lee]
Comet, discovered at the Observatory, by M. Bouvard, with simple view
[the unaided eye], on August 14; M. Flaugerques at Viviers discovered it
two days later. I observed it from August 16 to the 30th of the same month,
13 days of observations; it began to appear near the head of Lynx, passed
through that of the Giraffe [Camelopardalis], below the pole of the world
[North Celestial Pole], through the last node of Draco, below the pole of
the Ecliptic, the lower end of the head of the Dragon [Draco], Hercules,
and ceased to be observed at the head of the Serpent Holder [Ophiuchus]. Its
movement was considerable, in 13 days, from August 14 to 30, it crossed 113
degrees of declination, which is a bit close to one third of the sky; this
is one of the Comets observed which have had the most motion in declination;
its movement in right ascension was 31 degrees.
[No. 38; C/1798 G1; 1798 I Messier]
Comet, discovered on April 12, at 8 o'clock in the evening, near and on the
parallel of the Pleiades, observed until May 24 in the evening, when it
ceased to be observed in the head of the great Bear [Ursa Major], near the
star Alpha and the two nebulae which are close to each other
[M81 and M82];
27 days of observations. M. Burckhard has published the elements of this
comet, and a part of my observations in the Connaissance des tems for the
year 9, page 496.
I may be permitted to make a confession: A brother who was left to me, whom
I had not seen for 26 years, and a niece of 14 years which I didn't know,
arrived at me for staying there on April 12 at 10 o'clock in the morning and
at 8 o'clock in the evening, I discovered this Comet; a remarkable epoch for
having, and for my family.
[No. 39; C/1798 X1; 1798 II Bouvard]
Comet, discovered at the Observatory on December 6 in the evening, by M.
Bouvard; I observed it the following day, the 7th, and I continued to
observe it until the 12th of the same month; 4 days of observations. It
began to appear in Hercules, traversed the two branches of the Milky Way,
Antinous, and ceased top be observed near the left arm of Aquarius and the
stars Epsilon and Mu.
[No. 40; C/1799 P1; 1799 I Méchain]
Comet, discovered at the observatory, on August 7, by M. Méchain; I
observed it on the 10th in the morning, and I continued to observe it until
October 25; 44 days of observations. It began to appear below Lynx, and
ceased to be observed on the parallel of the star Eta, of 3rd magnitude, of
[No. 41; C/1799 Y1; 1799II Méchain]
Comet, discovered at the Observatory, by M. Méchain on December 26,
near the western arm of Ophiuchus; I observed it on the 28th in the morning,
and I continued to observe it until January 6, 1800, 5 days of observations.
Pons discovered the 7 last Comets at the observatory of Marseille.
The 1st on July 11, 1801, him was given 600 f. by M. Lalande.
The 2nd, on August 24, 1802, 100 f. by M. Lalande;
the 3rd, on March 7, 1804, 100 f. idem.
The 4th on October 20, 1805, 100 f. and 300 f. which gave him the
Minister of the Interior (Champagny).
The 5th, on November 9, 1806, discovered, observed at Paris at the
observatory from November 9 until December 19, 9 days of observations.
The 6th, on September 20, 1807, which became the most beautiful
because of its duration since the great [one] observed in 1769 (see
mem. de l'academie 1775). M. de Lalande was dead on April 4 of the
same year amd the 100 f. ceased to be given.
The 7th Comet which Pons discovered, near the neck of the Giraffe
[Camelopardalis], which has resembled a nebula, was observed at the
observatory of Marseille from March 25 until April 1, 1808.
[No. 42; C/1801 N1; 1801 Pons, Pons-Messier-Méchain-Bouvard]
Remarkable comet, for having been discovered with refractors, on the same
day and almost the same time by four astronomers, when crossing the sky
with the telescopes, on Lujy 12 about 10 o'clock in the evening; at Paris,
at the Observatory, by Mrs. Méchain, and Bouvard separately, by me, at
my observatory, and by M. Pons at Marseille; this one [Pons] saw it in the
night of the 11th and 12th, and took it for a nebula, but in the evening
of the 12th, he recognized that it was a Comet, by the change of its
position. It was discovered in the Giraffe [Camelopardalis], I observed it
from the 12th to the 21st in the evening, 5 days of observations, it
ceased to be observed in the small Lion [Leo Minor]; M. de Lalande, the
oldest of the astronomers, and the most zealous for the advancement of the
Science, has deposited at a notary, before the discovery of this Comet, a
sum of 600 francs, which should be given to the one who first discovered a
Comet: The observer of Marseille, M. Pons, who discovered this one, took
this sum which the 3 others gave up for him. M. de Lalande consequently
took an obligation to give 100 francs for a same discovery and M. Pons has
already been gratified since for several times, and the minister gave him
several gratifications. He was also given a sum of 10,000 francs, which was
placed in 1802 for an annual prize of a pension in fovor of astronomy, for
being given to the most useful discovery, or the best memoir in this part
of the sciences; he hoped that others made advanrage. v. the
Bibliographie astronomique (astronomical Bibliography) by M.......
The discovery of such a small Comet by four astronomers on the same day
makes looking evidently how one has looked for them before me with
telescopes crossing the sky, how I have done it since 1758, one would have
known a well greater number which have escaped by their smallness of light;
those which have been seen before 1758 had to appear to the unaided eye,
or discovered by accident with telescopes employed for other observations,
as is the nebula in the head of Aquarius [M2], discovered when observing
the comet of 1746, by M. Maraldi; I discovered in the same way a nebula in
the southern horn of the Bull [Taurus] on August 28, 1758, when observing
the comet of that year; this nebula resembled the Comet in the form, the
light and the size, it was this nebula which resembled them which gave me
the first idea to search Comets with telescopes by crossing through the sky,
and I have discovered a large number.
[No. 43; C/1802 Q1; 1802 Pons]
Comet, discovered at the Observatory by M. Méchain, on August 28 in
the evening. It was seen at Marseille by M. Pons, 2 days before M.
Méchain, which provided him with the 100 francs promised by M. de
Lalande. I observed this Comet from August 30 to September 5; it began to
appear in the Serpent Holder [Ophiuchus], and ceased to be observed in
Hercules; 7 days of observations.
[No. 44; C/1804 E1; 1804 Pons]
Comet, discovered at Marseille by M. Pons, in the night of March 7 and 8; at
the Paris Observatory by M. Bouvard, in the night of the 10th and 11th; at
Bremen, by Olbers on the 12th. I observed it from March 11 to 17. I still
saw it on March 31, without being able to observe it; 6 days of observations.
It began to appear near the Equator between the Balance [Libra] and the
Virgin, ceased to appear in Bootes; my observations are printed in the
connaissance des tems for the years 15, page 374.
[2P/1805 U1; 1805 Herschel, P/Encke]
Comet, discovered at the Observatory by M. Bouvard, on October 20 in the
morning between the stars Gamma and Zeta in the paw of the Great Bear
M. Pons, at Marseille, discovered it in the same night on the 20th, at 5
o'clock in the morning; it was also discovered in the same night in Germany.
I saw it on the 21st at 4 o'clock in the morning, without being able to
determine its position, because of my eyesight, becoming extremely faint,
since more than 6 months and it hasn't the appearance that it comes back
for resuming to run celestial observations.
[3D/1805 V1; 1806I Pons, P/Biela]
Comet, discovered at Marseille by M. Pons on November 9 in Andromeda,
discovered with a refractor, the minister: 300 f. gratification.
M. Bouv[ier]. At the Observatory discovered it 5 days later, on the 14th,
and observed it on the 21st. Seen C. des T. [Connaissance des Tems]
1810, page 298. Because of the faintness of my eyesight, I have not seen
[C/1806 V1; 1806II Pons]
Comet, discovered at Marseille by M. Pons with the refractor on November 9
in the morning; it was very small, formless and without a visible nucleus.
M. de Lalande, who was in correspondence with all astronomers, communicated
the discovery of this comet to M. Bouvard who observed it at the Observatory;
always because of my eyesight, I haven't observed this comet, the 97th, the
6th which Pons discovered, the last 100 f. which gave him Lalande, who died
on April 4, 1807 at 2 o'clock in the morning.
[C/1807 R1; 1807 Pons, "Great Comet"]
Comet, discovered with the refractor at the observatory of Marseille by M.
Pons on September 20 in the evening. he saw it afterwards with the naked eye;
it appeared in the Virgin near the horizon. Its discovery was announced at
the Bureau de Longitudes by a letter of M. Thulis, where it was read on the
30th. This comet became very beautiful, and stayed beautiful during a large
number of days and was seen all around the world, it was marked in the sky
by a nucleus of great luminosity which it enveloped, and from which came out
a very clear, very extended tail, which could have 4 or 5 degrees or more
and which let see through it many small [faint] stars (it is said in the
Connaissance des Tems for 1809, page 494, that this comet was the most
beautiful which has appeared since sixty years, one had to say since 38
years, which is since that which appeared in 1769, the greatest which has
been observed which had a tail of 97 degrees and which fixed the birth of
Napoleon-the-Great, Emperor of the French and King of Italy. I have presented
the printed memoir of the observations to His Majesty on February 14, 1808
and which is found inserted in the volume of the academy of Sciences, year
1775, p. 392).
This beautiful comet of 1807 which attracted the views of the public in the
evenings, also all the night, united the world for the view. My eyesight
became still fainter and worse than in 1805 which took away the hope to
observe it with care. Nevertheless, I investigated it with a night refractor
and I marked its configuration with the neighboring stars from October 19 to
the 26th of the same month. Afterwards, I observed it more exactly with my
great achromatic refractor, equipped with its micrometer, from November 3
until January 26, 1808. At these observations, I have made use of help
for the first time during all my observations by a person who counted at the
clock and marked the divisions of the Instrument which my eyes could no more
perceive; the observations which I gave of this beautiful and great Comet
which appeared during 5 months, one hour, Comet, during good weather,
informally for observing during its bit of movement, elevating itself to the
pole of the world [North Celestial Pole],
producing in all the observatories in Europe numerous and good observations.
The nucleus of this beautiful Comet has presented to some astronomers an
observation worth seeing and publishing, so here is it:
I have observed on November 3 and 9 with a [reflecting] telescope of
two meters length and have seen the nucleus, round and of uniform light,
I have pain to believe in this observation, such as in that of M. Winn of the
nucleus of the Comet of 1769, he had seen with one observing the phases of
Venus, it is to say the nucleus
(see memoir of the academy of 1769, page 434).
In all the Comets I have observed, I have always seen the nucleus of great
Comets surrounded by a more or less vivid light, without being terminated,
and when I report in my observations the diameters of the nuclei of comets
[an unreadable line follows].
M. de Laplace in his Méchanique Céleste [Celestial Mechanics],
volume 4, Chapter III, page 229, says that the masses of Comets are of an
excessive smallness; who on the Comet of 1770, observed in the two
branches of its orbit, and which is that which has most closely approached
the earth, says: "we can be sure that the mass of this comet is no more
than one five thousandth [1/5000] of that of the Moon".
And I am well of the opinion of this famous geometer, that the nucleus, or
the diameter of the solid matter of Comets is of an extreme smalleness and
almost impossible to see a diameter terminated by a round circle and of
Monday, May 11, 1807. Communicated to M. Bossut the concept of the Note on
my Comets. Handed over on the 25th of the same month. He told me one has
made usage of it with praise.
[26P/1808 C1; 1808 III Pons, P/Grigg-Skjellerup]
comet discovered at the Observatory of Marseille by M. Pons near the neck
of the Giraffe [Camelopardalis]; from March 26 to April 1, the light of
the Comet stayed the same without any notable change, the manner with which
this faint Comet met difficult and little sure observations. This Comet was
announced at the Bureau des Longitudes and in the papers. At Paris, it was
not believed to exist and in one of the Journals of M. de Zach, one finds
observations made in Germany which confirm the discovery of this Comet by
M. Pons. My sight which faded more and more prevented me from searching
These 8 last comets discovered at the observatory of Marseille by Pons and
observed also all by M. Thulis, astronomer, director of the observatory,
carries the number of Comets of which we know to 100 after the catalog
of Comets, inserted in l'Astronomie by M. de Lalande.
M. Pons has received the gratifications of the Government and of M. de Lalande
for all these discoveries which have excited his zeal to research Comets which
without him mostly would not have been observed and M. Pons has been awarded
the rights of the prize in 1808 by the Institute after the foundation which
has been made by M. de Lalande for the progress of astronomy (see memoir of
the Institute, volume V, page 250).
This prize 1808 will be awarded by the Instit., for the 5th time; the 1st was
awarded on the 1st Messidor of the year 11 to M. Olbers for having discov. the
Planet Pallas in the year 10.
The second prize to M. Piazzi, for having discov., on January 1, 1801, the
The 3rd prize to Mr. Harding, for having discovered the Planet Juno.
The 4th prize which became the second to be attributed to M. Olbers for having
discovered on March 29, 1807, the Planet Vesta.
The 5th prize of 1808 seemed to belong to M. Pons, I had proposed
he made to decide otherwise, the Institute at its public session on January 2,
1809 gave this prize a title of encouragement to a student of astronomy. See
the volume VIII of the Institute.
I ignore those which are becoming comets announced by the Journals.
[Some notes on the manuscript:]
Journal of paris of February 6, 1808. Hamburg, January 27. For punishment a
comet came to be the end for us, which showed up in the firmament; one
the Arcade Islands which are at 59 degrees northern latitude, one has
discovered a vertical Comet. It is visible for the naked eye, the nucleus is
greater than that of the last but the tail is almost none. It appeared to
apprach the Sun, it was at the beginning between the stars Mu and Nu of the
constellation Andromeda with which it formed a triangle. (Messier) presumes
that it is the beautiful nebula in the girdle of Andromeda
[M31, which was] taken for a comet.
Journal of Paris, October 22, 1808. Article from England of October 5:
"There has been discovered a Comet at Edinburgh, all the evening after
7 o'clock it was seen with the naked eye."
Journal de Paris, September 14, 1808. Vienna, September 3. "Several persons
pretend to have noted in the sky a new comet between the Pleiades and the
Journal de Paris, December 8, 1808 and the Journal of Physics: one
at Edinburgh that there one has observed a new comet.
Monday, May 11, 1807. Communicated to M. Bousson the concept of the
Notes on my Comets. Handed over on the 25th of the same month. He told me
one has made usage of it with praise.
12 October 1810: Submitted to M. Arago my note on the comets and two small
papers attached. He well wanted to review this note for being inserted in the
C de T [Connaissance des Tems].
8 May 1811: Communicated the 2nd copy to M. L'Ecuy [?, difficult to read - hf]
for announcing the comet discovered at Viviers on March 25, observed on the
The Empress gave birth to a prince before the 20th.
M. Bossut has discussed with me his history of mathematics.
Last Modification: June 14, 2001 | 50,100 | 744 |
385,675 | US 5122251 A
A high density ionized plasma is generated in a source chamber using a single loop disposed in a plane that intercepts the central axis of the source chamber perpendicularly or at a lesser angle and spaced from the closed end of the chamber. With a longitudinal magnetic field and an inert or reactive gas injected into the source chamber, excitation of the antenna with RF energy in the 5 to 30 MHz establishes the M=0 excitation mode or components of both the M=0 and M=1 modes. Low frequency whistler waves are created which generate a uniform and high density plasma and high plasma current. The plasma source thus defined is used in combination with process chamber configurations in which static shaped or time modulated magnetic fields enhance the distribution and uniformity of the plasma at a substrate to be etched, deposited or sputtered.
1. A system for generating a high density plasma comprising:
a plasma confinement chamber of cylindrical form;
means for injecting a gas to be ionized into the chamber;
antenna means comprising a single loop element encompassing the cylindrical chamber, the loop element being disposed in a plane at an angle of in excess of 45 an intermediate region along the length of the chamber;
means disposed adjacent the chamber and the antenna means for generating a longitudinal magnetic field in the chamber; and
means coupled to the antenna means for exciting the loop element with radio frequency energy.
2. A system as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the magnetic field is less than 1000 gauss, the plasma density is in excess of 10.sup.13 /cm.sup.3, and the loop element is at an angle of about 90 relative to the magnetic field.
3. A system as set forth in claim 2 above, wherein the system has a first plasma current and density peak in the range of about 50 gauss and a second plasma and density peak in the range of about 400 gauss.
4. A system as set forth in claim 3 above, wherein the radio frequency energy is in the range of 13.56 MHz and the means for exciting further includes impedance matching means.
5. A system as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the mode structure of the wave electric field imparted by the loop element is the m-0 node and has a pitch of 2π/k.sub.z, where k.sub.z is determined by the dispersion relation, [ω/ω.sub.c -ω.sub.p.sup.2 /C.sup.2 k.sub.z.sup.2 ].sup.2 =1+(3.83 k.sub.z a).sup.2 and a phase velocity of ω/k.sub.z, where ω is the frequency of excitation, ω.sub.c is the electron cyclotron angular frequency, ω.sub.p is the plasma frequency, k.sub.z is the axial wave number in the plasma and a is the plasma radius.
6. A system as set forth in claim 5 above, wherein the plasma is excited with low frequency whistler waves having the relation Ω.sub.c <ω<ω.sub.c, wherein Ω.sub.c is the ion cyclotron frequency.
7. A system as set forth in claim 6 above, wherein the plasma density is in excess of 10.sup.13 /cm.sup.3, and the chamber is a non-magnetic insulating chamber.
8. A system as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the cylindrical chamber includes an exit aperture along the longitudinal axis, and the system further includes a process chamber adjacent the cylindrical chamber and in communication with the cylindrical chamber via the exit aperture and means for supporting an element to be processed therein, and wherein the process chamber has a greater cross-sectional area than cylindrical chamber.
9. A system as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the process chamber includes means for maintaining a plasma therein.
10. A system as set forth in claim 9 above, wherein the means for maintaining a plasma comprises magnetic means about the process chamber for defining a magnetic bucket chamber.
11. A system as set forth in claim 10 above, wherein the magnetic bucket chamber is rectangular in plan and wherein the system comprises at least two plasma confinement chambers having associated single loop antenna elements thereabout, and disposed along the magnetic bucket chamber.
12. A system as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the system comprises at least two plasma confinement chambers, each having an associated single loop antenna thereabout, and circuit means coupling the antennas in series for exciting the antennas with radio frequency energy.
13. A system as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the system further comprises means for maintaining a substrate to be processed in the path of the plasma in the process chamber.
14. A system as set forth in claim 13 above, wherein the system further includes means for maintaining a magnetic cusp field in the region of the substrate, the magnetic cusp field opposing the longitudinal magnetic field in the chamber.
15. A system as set forth in claim 14 above, wherein the means for maintaining a magnetic cusp field comprises means for varying the intensity of the magnetic cusp field to time average the plasma flux density at the substrate.
16. A system as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the system comprises a sputter target and a sputter target holder in the process chamber in the path of the plasma, means for biasing the sputter target holder, and substrate means about the plasma path between the cylindrical chamber and the sputter target, in the path of material sputtered therefrom.
17. A plasma processing apparatus for processing a substrate, comprising:
(a) an antenna radiating electromagnetic waves in the RF range of frequencies, consisting of single current loop located outside but surrounding closely a plasma generating chamber;
(b) a cylindrical plasma generation chamber, the plasma generation chamber being proximate to and in electromagnetic communication with the antenna, such that the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical plasma generation chamber and the plane of the current loop are either perpendicular or at an angle less than 90
(c) a first fluid injector, the first fluid injector introducing a fluid into the plasma generation chamber, thereby permitting the creation of a plasma within the plasma generation chamber;
(d) a magnetic field generator, the magnetic field generator generating a magnetic field substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the plasma generation chamber;
(e) a process chamber, the plasma being transported to the process chamber by the magnetic field;
(f) a second fluid injector, the second fluid injector introducing a fluid into the process chamber;
(g) a current controller, the current controller controlling the current within the magnetic field generator, thereby controlling plasma shape;
(h) a substrate holder, the substrate holder residing within the process chamber; and
(i) a substrate, the substrate being mounted on the substrate holder, the substrate thereby being subjected to the plasma.
18. An apparatus as set forth in claim 17 above, further including:
(j) an auxiliary radio frequency generator for applying radio frequency power to a substrate residing on the substrate holder;
(k) a radio frequency exciter, the radio frequency exciter generating a radio frequency voltage and current; and
(l) a matching network, the matching network interconnecting the radio frequency exciter and the antenna, thereby promoting the efficient transfer of radio frequency energy from the radio frequency exciter to the antenna.
19. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 17, wherein the substrate holder is supported within the process chamber in a state of substantial electrical insulation.
20. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 20, wherein the substrate holder comprises:
(a) a copper block and
(b) thermal control means, permitting temperature regulation of the copper block.
21. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second fluid injector is formed as a porous element, thereby permitting a gas to be introduced within the element, the gas escaping from the element into the process chamber.
22. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the porous element is formed as a ring, the ring being constructed of tubing, the tubing being perforated so as to permit the gas to escape from the ring into the process chamber.
23. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 22, wherein the plasma generation chamber is a quartz cylinder.
24. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a plurality of magnets, the magnets being arranged in a circumferential manner proximate to the process chamber, succeeding magnets having opposite orientations of north and south poles.
25. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 24, wherein the process chamber has a cross sectional area that is larger than a cross section of the plasma generation chamber.
26. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 25, wherein the process chamber is formed substantially of stainless steel.
27. The plasma process apparatus of claim 26, wherein the cross section of the process chamber is a regular geometric shape.
28. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 24, further comprising an additional magnetic field generator, said generator being located behind the substrate holder on the side of the substrate that is opposite to that of the plasma generating chamber and being located in a plane substantially parallel to that of the other magnetic field generator, and which generates a magnetic field opposed to that of the other magnetic field generator.
29. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 28 in which the magnetic field generator located behind the substrate holder generates a time-varying magnetic field.
30. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 17, further comprising an additional magnetic field generator, said generator being located behind the substrate holder on the side of the substrate that is opposite to that of the plasma generating chamber and being located in a plane substantially parallel to that of the other magnetic field generator, and which generates a magnetic field opposed to that of the other magnetic field generator.
31. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 30 in which the magnetic field generator located behind the substrate holder generates a time-varying magnetic field.
32. A plasma processing apparatus according to claim 17 for sputter deposition, comprising:
(a) at least one target;
(b) biasing means, the biasing means applying a voltage to the target, thereby causing ions of the plasma to bombard the target and causing material from the target to be deposited on the substrate.
33. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 17, further comprising:
(a) a plurality of plasma generation chambers, each plasma generation chamber being cooperatively connected to the processing chamber;
(b) a plurality of antennas, each antenna being electromagnetically coupled to each plasma generation chamber; and
(c) a plurality of magnetic field generators, each magnetic field generator being magnetically coupled to each plasma generation chamber.
34. The plasma processing apparatus of claim 17, further comprising:
(a) a plurality of plasma generation chambers, each plasma generation chamber being cooperatively connected to the process chamber, each plasma generation chamber being coaxial to the longitudinal axis of the plasma generator chamber;
(b) a plurality of antennas, each antenna being electromagnetically coupled to a respective plasma generation chamber;
(c) a plurality of magnetic field coils, the magnetic field coil being proximate to the process chamber;
(d) a plurality of magnetic field generators, each magnetic field generator being magnetically coupled to each plasma generator; and
(e) a plurality of substrate holders mounted within the process chamber.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/365,533, filed Jun. 13, 1989 and issued Feb. 5, 1991 as U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,229, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plasma deposition or etching method and various apparatus for depositing a thin film onto a substrate or for removal (etching) of a film from a substrate.
2. Description of Related Technology
Plasma etching involves using chemically active atoms or energetic ions to remove material from a substrate. It is a key technology in the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits. However, before the advent of microwave plasmas utilizing electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) it was becoming difficult for conventional plasma etching techniques to satisfy the requirements dictated by the increase in device packing density. Specifically, the requirement for fine pattern etching without undercutting (anisotropic etching) and the requirements for low damage and high selectivity could hardly be satisfied at the same time.
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition is a widely used technique to deposit materials on substrates in a host of applications. In normal CVD the chemical reaction is driven by the temperature of the substrate and for most reactions is high (>800 temperature needed precludes use of this method in a number of applications particularly in microelectronics, displays and optical coatings. The role of the plasma is to dissociate and activate the chemical gas so that the substrate temperature can be reduced. The rate of dissociation, activation and ionization is proportional to the density of the plasma. It is therefore of importance to make the plasma as dense as possible.
Sputtering is also a widely used method for depositing materials onto substrates for a wide variety of applications such as the production of hard or decorative coatings and the coating of glass. In general, a plasma is produced at the sputter target material and the sputter target is biased to a negative voltage of around 700 V. Plasma ions, generally argon, impact the surface and sputter the material which then transports as neutral atoms to a substrate. Reactive gases can be introduced to chemically react with the sputtered atoms at the host substrate in a process called reactive sputter deposition. Rate is often important and it is therefore important to make the plasma as dense as possible. Ionization of reactive gases is also important and is helped by having plasma in the vicinity of the substrate material. Sputtering is also done by ions accelerated in an ion or plasma gun and then made to bombard the sputter target. In this case, a bias voltage on the target is not necessary. For sputtering insulating materials, RF voltage bias can be applied to the sputter target.
There are presently two widely used methods for plasma deposition and etching, the parallel plate reactor and the ECR plasma deposition system.
The RF diode has been widely used for both deposition and etching. It is described in detail in the book by Chapman ("Glow Discharge Processes" John Wiley & Sons 1980). It uses RF at 13.56 MHz capacitively coupled to one electrode while the other electrode is grounded. The pressure in the system is typically 1 mtorr-1 torr and the plasma density is typically 10.sup.10 electrons per cc. The rate at which both deposition or etching occurs is dependent on the density of the plasma and the density (pressure) of the reactive gas used to etch, or in CVD processes to deposit.
In etching, the high pressure needed to sustain the discharge causes collisions between the ions and the background gas. This causes the paths of the etching ions or atoms to become randomized or non-directional, leading to undercutting of the mask. This is referred to as an isotropic etch. It is desirable to have the etch atoms or ions be directional so that straight anisotropic etches can be achieved. At the high pressure used in RF diode discharges it is necessary for the ions to have high energy (greater than several hundred eV) to achieve an anisotropic etch. However, the high energy of the ions can cause damage to the substrate, film materials or photoresist.
The plasma is sustained by secondary electrons that are emitted by ions impacting the cathode. These electrons are accelerated by the voltage drop across the sheath which is typically 400-1000 V. These fast electrons can bombard the substrate, causing it to have a high voltage sheath drop. This high voltage can accelerate the ions leading to damage of the substrate or film material. The presence of high energy electrons leading to high voltage sheath drops is undesirable.
The advent of using microwaves at 2.45 GHz and a magnetic field of 875 gauss to utilize electron cyclotron resonance allowed the generation of high density plasmas at low pressure. The advantages of this technique for plasma etching are described by Suzuki in an article entitled "Microwave Plasma Etching" published in Vacuum 34 No. 10/11 1984. Due to a low gas pressure 0.04-0.4 Pa) and high plasma density (1.7-7 electrons/cm.sup.3) anisotropic etch with high etch rates is achievable.
Suzuki, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,411, describes a plasma etching apparatus using ECR; Matsuo, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,054 describes a plasma deposition apparatus utilizing ECR.
While this technique is desirable over the parallel plate reactor in many respects, it has several limitations. The magnetic field needed is very high (1-2 kG) which means that heavy, power consuming electromagnets must be used. The maximum density is limited by either cut-off in certain configurations or by refraction in other configurations to the value of 1 necessary hardware to generate and transmit the microwaves is high. The uniformity (or width of the plasma profile) is not very good.
The present invention utilizes low frequency RF whistler waves to generate plasmas of high density for use in plasma etching, deposition, and sputtering equipment. In conjunction with a source tube into which a gas is injected and along the central axis of which a magnetic field is established, a single loop antenna is disposed in a plane transverse to the central axis. The angle of the antenna plane is 90 desired to excite only M=0 mode, or at less than 90 desired to excite components in both M=0 and M=1 mode. The gas is a noble or reactive gas and at a pressure of 0.1 mtorr to 200 mtorr. The magnetic field strength is in the range of 10 to 1000 gauss and the antenna is driven with RF energy of 100 W to 5 KW at a frequency range of 2 MHz to 50 MHz. With the antenna placed along the tube source at a sufficient distance along the axis from the gas injection end, the other end defining an open egress zone leading to a process chamber, the single loop antenna surprisingly provides highly efficient wave coupling to establish a high density and high current plasma.
In accordance with other features of the invention the plasma generated by this plasma source is supplied to a process chamber including a magnetic bucket system for holding the plasma away from the process chamber walls. The arrangement provides, in combination, a uniform plasma density over a large circular area, so that a large substrate may be etched or otherwise processed. Another feature is that a magnetic cusp zone may be established, at the material surface being processed, to homogenize and make more uniform the plasma at that location. An aspect of this is that the magnetic cusp position relative to the substrate may be time modulated to enhance uniformity and reduce sensitivity to substrate location.
Further, the magnetic field may be expanded to allow deposition or etching over a large area and current flows may be equalized by serial driving of antennas in systems having more than one antenna. Other features reside in configurations which employ one or more multiple geometrical areas for coating or etching of square or rectangular substrates, or a linear juxtaposition for coating or etching large substrates.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting the principle of operation and RF current flow in a plasma source constructed according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the basic configuration of a plasma deposition or etching apparatus in combination with a plasma source as in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a second example of a system in accordance with the present invention in which the plasma source region is connected to a magnetic bucket region where uniformity requirements are important;
FIG. 3A is a plan view of the arrangement of FIG. 3, taken along the line 3A--3A in FIG. 3;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a third example of a system in the present invention for deposition or etching over a large rectangular area where uniformity is important;
FIG. 4A is a plan view of the arrangement of FIG. 4, taken along the line 4A--4A in FIG. 4;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of yet another example of a system in accordance with the present invention in which a bottom magnet is added behind the plane of the substrate holder to provide a magnetic cusp field, the plane of the cusp being approximately the same as the plane of the substrate holder;
FIG. 5A is a plan view of the arrangement of FIG. 5, taken along the line 5A--5A in FIG. 5;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an example of a system in accordance with the invention for sputter deposition;
FIG. 7 is a graph depicting the plasma current density at the substrate location according to the example of FIG. 3 using the plasma source depicted in FIG. 1 as a function of magnetic field in the source region;
FIG. 8 is a graph of the same data as in FIG. 7 but graphed on a linear scale for magnetic field to show the plasma current density at the substrate location where the magnetic field is low, varying from zero to 160 gauss;
FIG. 9 is a graph depicting the total plasma current (or total flux) at the substrate location according to the invention as depicted in FIG. 3 using the plasma source as depicted in FIG. 1 as a function of RF power to the source at a gas pressure of 2 mtorr;
FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the plasma current density at the substrate location according to the invention as depicted in FIG. 3 using the antenna as depicted in FIG. 1 as a function of the gas pressure; and
FIG. 11 is a graph depicting the plasma current density at the substrate location according to the invention as depicted in FIG. 3 and the plasma source of FIG. 1 as a function of position to show the excellent uniformity over a substantial width.
A simplified view of principal elements and relationships in a device in accordance with the invention is provided by the representation of FIG. 1, wherein high density plasma is to be generated within a source tube 10 of generally cylindrical form about a central (here vertical) axis. At one (here upper) end an injector 11 feeds gas to be ionized into the interior volume of the source tube, where the gas is excited by an external loop antenna 12 that encompasses an intermediate region of the source tube 10. The antenna loop 12 comprises in this example a not fully circular element lying in a plane that is at 90 the central axis. The direction of propagation of the plasma is here downward toward an exit aperture 13. The antenna loop 12 has its opposite ends coupled to the outer conductor 14 and center conductor 15 of a coaxial driver line 16 which is energized through a matching box 18 by an RF energy source 19. A pair of variable vacuum capacitors 20, 21 in the matching box 18 are adjustable to tune the circuit so that the antenna loading plus the reactive load of the matching box 18 is approximately 50 ohms to minimize the reflected power.
The antenna tuning and wave spectrum are adjusted to match the conditions in the plasma field, and also in relation to an interior axial magnetic field generated by at least one magnetic field coil (not shown) about the source tube 10. The matching condition is predicted by theory to be dictated by the dispersion relation:
[ω/ω.sub.c -ω.sub.p.sup.2 /C.sup.2 k.sub.z.sup.2 ].sup.2 =1+(3.83/k.sub.z a).sup.2
To effect wave coupling and establish a high plasma current density, measured in mA/cm.sup.2, the antenna loop 12 is driven at 13.56 MHz and with RF energy of the order of 2.0 KW (in the range of 100 W to 5 KW) by the RF energy source 19. The magnetic field established by the coil is in the range of 10 to 1000 gauss, for different useful applications. The gas is argon and maintained at a pressure of about 1 mtorr in this example. However, in addition to a noble gas such as argon, reactive gases such as SF.sub.6, chlorine, oxygen, and mixtures with oxygen have been used with comparably useful results. A pressure range of 0.1 mtorr to 200 mtorr can be used if other variables are properly taken into account. With a 5 KW power supply less than the maximum available power can be used, to a substantially lower level of several hundred watts, depending on the application. Although the 13.56 MHz frequency is available from many industrial sources, the range of 2 MHz to 50 MHz can be usefully employed.
In FIG. 1, the antenna loop 12 is shown at 90 axis of the source tube 10. This orientation generates the M=0 mode, while reducing the angle from 90 of the M=1 mode as well as components of the M=0 mode. Angles of less than 90 loops 12, so there is a practical limit of about 45 which can be used. Most orientations are preferred to be in the range of 60 within a flat plane that is directly perpendicular or tilted to the longitudinal axis. In the prior art constructions with double loops and other configurations it has usually been postulated that the looped portions must describe a helical path in order to establish a helical wave property, but this is disproven by the results given below as to the efficacy of the present invention. It is important, however, that the antenna loop 12 be sufficiently spaced apart from the closed (gas entry) end of the source tube 10 for the necessary interactions to occur between the plasma and the RF energy, and for the dispersion relation to be satisfied so that proper excitation can be realized and high density can be achieved. Too long a length, however, can also preclude establishment of the proper wave numbers. In practice, source tubes 10 of 1" to 4" in diameter and 8" to 9" in length have been used, with the antenna loop being about one-third or more of the distance from the closed end.
This arrangement establishes low frequency whistler waves, but the mechanism of the wave energy-plasma interaction is not fully understood. Simple analysis in accordance with the dispersion relation is not feasible. The presence of the plasma load in the RF field appears to give rise under proper conditions to selective interactions in which the gas density and dielectric characteristics determine the wave numbers that exist. In a sense, therefore, the plasma itself appears to predetermine the wavelengths for interaction, and thus the value of k.sub.z, out of the spectrum of radiation from the antenna that excites the plasma.
The physics of whistler wave propagation in plasmas has been studied in other contexts. In a cylindrical geometry these waves are generally referred to as helicon waves. The classical helicon wave was first investigated by Lehame and Thonemann and is governed by the following equations:
where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field, j is the current density, B.sub.0 is the vacuum magnetic field, e is the charge on an electron, n.sub.0 is the density of the plasma and η is the resistivity of the plasma.
Following the derivation of Chen one can easily find perturbations of the form B exp(i(mθ+k.sub.z -ωt)), and in the η=0 limit the above equations lead to:
V.sup.2 B+α.sup.2 B=0
α=(ω/k) (μ.sub.0 en.sub.0 /B)
and ω is the angular frequency of the wave, μ.sub.0 is the permittivity, k is the wave number, 2π/λ, where λ is the wavelength. These equations can be solved in cylindrical coordinates to yield the dispersion relation:
m αJ.sub.m (T a)+TkaJ.sub.m '(T a)=0
where, J.sub.m is a Bessel function of the first kind, J.sub.m is a derivative of J.sub.m with respect to its argument, a is the plasma radius and T is a transverse wave number defined by
T.sup.2 =α.sup.2 -k.sup.2
It is important to remember that m is the mode number that describes the θ dependence of perturbations of the form B exp(i(mθ+k.sub.z -ω)).
The two lowest modes satisfy
J.sub.1 (T a)=0 (m=0)
J.sub.1 (T a)=Tka/2α(J.sub.2 -J.sub.0) (m=1)
This leads to the simple relation
[(ω/ω.sub.c)(ω.sub.p.sup.2 /c.sup.2 k.sub.z.sup.2)].sup.2 =1+(3.83/k.sub.z a).sup.2
ω.sub.c =cyclotron angular frequency
ω.sub.p =plasma frequency
for the m=0 mode. The above derivation is important understand the excitation of the desired mode by the antenna.
Another important mechanism to understand is the damping of the wave by the plasma. In the papers by Boswell, wave damping by electron collisions could not explain the experimentally observed results. Chen, however, determined that Landau damping was responsible for the large damping observed experimentally. Landau damping is a collisionless damping of waves in a plasma due to particles in the plasma that have a velocity nearly equal to the phase velocity of the wave. These particles travel with the wave, do not see a rapidly fluctuating electric field and so can effectively exchange energy with the wave. In a plasma there are electrons both faster and slower than the wave. In a Maxwellian distribution, however, there are more slow electrons than fast ones and so there are more particles taking energy from the wave than vice versa.
The damping rate due to Landau damping has been calculated by Chen for helicon waves and can be expressed as:
Damping Rate=Jm(k.sub.z)/Re(k.sub.z)2πc.sup.2 (3.8/a).sup.2 ξ.sup.3 e-ξ.sup.2
and V.sub.th is the thermal velocity of the plasma electrons. It is of interest to demonstrate how sensitive the damping rate is to the value of k because it is such a steep function of ξ. Take for example a plasma with a density of 10.sup.12 electrons/cm.sup.3, an electron temperature of 3 eV and a driving frequency of 8 MHz. The collisional damping rate would be 0.065 and the Landau damping rate would be 0.6 for k.sub.z =0.25 cm.sup.-1 and 0.0005 for k.sub.z =0.125 cm.sup.-1. It is clear that Landau damping is the important damping mechanism and that it is very dependent on the wave number k.sub.z.
There are a number of factors important in devising an antenna structure which excites whistler waves for generation of plasmas, including a) frequency of excitation, b) wave mode and c) efficiency of coupling RF power to plasma. The frequency of the waves should be such that it satisfies Ω.sub.c <ω<ω.sub.c where Ω.sub.c is the ion cyclotron frequency, e B.sub.0 /M.sub.i and ω.sub.c is the electron cyclotron frequency e B.sub.0 /M. These waves are low frequency waves that operate far below the electron cyclotron frequency.
The mode structure of the wave electric and magnetic fields should be understood so that the antenna arrangement can efficiently couple the RF power into wave excitation. As discussed above the two lowest modes are the m=0 and m=1 modes. The mode structure of the wave electric field for an m=0 mode has radial and circumferential electric field vectors, spatially disposed at different transverse planes along the direction of wave travel, z. Within a wavelength of wave travel, the electric field varies between purely radial and purely azimuthal. The azimuthal electric field varies between being anticlockwise at one plane while being clockwise one-half wavelength away. With this understanding, it is found that the wave can be efficiently excited in this mode with an antenna that has a single loop located in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field generating a spectrum of wave numbers such that a portion of the spectrum generated includes 2π/k.sub.z, where k.sub.z is given by the stated dispersion relation. The mode structure of the wave electric field for an m=1 mode imparts a natural helical pitch to the electric and magnetic field vectors as the wave propagates along the z direction. The electric field vector rotates in a right-handed sense, i.e., it rotates clockwise as it travels along B.sub.0 which is in the z direction. This mode can be excited with the present invention if the single loop is canted at an angle to the magnetic field such that the wave spectrum generated contains a significant portion around 2π/k.sub.z where k.sub.z is given from the dispersion relations.
The efficiency of plasma production depends on the coupling of RF energy into the plasma. As discussed above the important mechanism for damping of the RF energy is believed to be Landau damping. The phase velocity of the whistler wave is given by .sup.ω /k.sub.z, where k.sub.z is given by the dispersion relation and depends on the plasma density and magnetic field strength without plasma. Ideally the phase velocity of the wave should be near the maximum of the ionization potential of the gas we wish to ionize. From the above dispersion relation for the m=0 mode:
n=αB.sub.0 k.sub.z (T.sup.2 +k.sub.z.sup.2).sup.1/2
α=B.sub.0 k.sub.z.sup.2 for T<k.sub.z.
In other words, the higher the value of k.sub.z, the higher the density. However, the phase velocity of the wave is ω/k.sub.z and so increasing k.sub.z, decreases the energy of the electrons that are accelerated by the wave. If the k.sub.z is too high then the energy of the electrons may fall below the ionization potential. It is therefore important to control k.sub.z in order to be able to increase the density and control the electron temperature.
The present invention uses low frequency whistler waves to generate plasmas with high density exceeding 10.sup.13 per cm.sup.3. The first use of whistler waves to generate dense plasmas was described by Boswell, who used an antenna arrangement having current flows along the axis of the cylinder. This antenna configuration had been used and previously described by Ovchinnikov and excites the m=1 mode due to the current flow in conductors running parallel to the direction of the magnetic field B.sub.0. The frequency of excitation was 8 mHz, and the density profile of the 10 cm plasma was found to be quite peaked, particularly at the higher magnetic field strengths needed for high densities. In these publications the mechanism for efficient coupling of the RF energy to the plasma could not be explained. Chen, in an Australian National University report, explained the mechanism as Landau damping.
Chen, in a paper presented in August 1988, described a system using whistler waves to generate dense plasmas for use in advanced particle accelerators. The type of antenna used in this arrangement was similar to that used by Boswell in that it excited the m=1 mode and was of a type known as the Nagoya Type III antenna, having circular end loops at spaced apart conditions excited with opposite phase signals.
A number of variables can be utilized once it is recognized that the single loop antenna in accordance with the present invention efficiently establishes a high density plasma. The Z axis wave number, k.sub.z, varies as the ratio n/B, and inversely with wavelength λ, requiring a longer source tube. Conversely if B is decreased, the plasma density is relatively higher because the shorter wavelengths function to create needed wave numbers regardless of tube size.
The results of the present approach are best evident from study of different process units as described below.
The basic configuration of a plasma deposition or etching apparatus according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 2. The plasma generation chamber 10' is cylindrical in shape and is made of a non-conducting material such as quartz or pyrex. The antenna 12' is mounted at an inclination to the longitudinal axis of the chamber 10' as described in conjunction with FIG. 1. An axial magnetic field is provided by magnetic field coils 24 and 25 as shown in FIG. 2, but the plasma can also operate using only one of these coils.
The plasma is transported by the magnetic field to a separate process chamber 27. The shape of the plasma emerging into the process chamber 27 can be controlled by varying the amount and direction of the current made to flow in a coil 28 about the exit of the chamber 27. A substrate 30 to be coated or etched is mounted on a substrate holder 31 which is electrically isolated. Plasma that bombards the substrate 30 causes the substrate 30 to reach a negative self bias of between 0 and 10 V. For some films to be formed it is advantageous for the film to be bombarded by ions with greater energy than they would obtain due to the self-bias. In this case it is desirable to apply RF power from a second RF source 33 through a second matching circuit 34. The substrate holder 31 is a copper block that is cooled or heated by a heating/cooling circuit 35. Gas is injected via a stainless steel injection tube 11 connected to the source for the plasma generation chamber 10'. A stainless steel ring 36 has a diameter that is large compared to the size of holes 37 that are distributed equally around the ring 36. This arrangement is such that a uniform flow of gas is directed towards the substrate 30. The RF voltage is applied to the antenna 12' by means of a matching circuit 18 and RF source 19, as described in conjunction with FIG. 1. Tuning in the matching circuit 18 is used to maximize the power that is coupled into the plasma and minimize the power that is reflected back along a 50 ohm cable 38 to the RF power supply 19.
FIG. 3 shows an arrangement where high uniformity over a large area is required. The plasma generation chamber 10' is cylindrical in shape and is made of a non-conducting material such as quartz or pyrex. The antenna 12' is mounted at an angle less than the perpendicular but otherwise corresponds to the configuration described in FIG. 1. An axial magnetic field is provided by the magnetic field coils 24 and 25. The plasma is transported by the magnetic field to a process volume comprising a part of a magnetic bucket chamber 40.
In a paper by Limpaecher and MacKenzie (R. Limpaecher and K. R. MacKenzie, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44,726 (1973)), it is disclosed that using magnets in a peripheral multicusp arrangement can provide very uniform plasma parameters in a central zone of the volume enclosed by the magnets. The arrangement of the magnets around the circumference of a cylinder is a common arrangement used for ion sources and is referred to as a magnetic bucket. It is important to design the magnetic field in such a way that there is a good match between the axial field provided by the lower magnetic field coil 25 and the field in the magnetic bucket 40. The plasma from the generator 10' diffuses along the magnetic field lines and expands to fill the bucket 40. The wall 41 for the magnetic bucket 40 is made of stainless steel and can be of, for example, circular or rectangular cross-section. In either case the interior dimensions of the magnetic bucket 40 are such that it is larger than the interior diameter of the plasma generator 10'. The magnetic field within the bucket is provided by a number of permanent magnets 43 arranged with their poles perpendicular to the wall 41 of the bucket chamber and with alternating north N and south S poles.
With this arrangement, the magnetic field lines 44 follow a multicusp pattern, the field pattern provided by the magnets being as is shown in FIG. 3A. Referring again to FIG. 3, a substrate 45 to be coated or etched is mounted on a substrate holder 46 at the lower region of the plasma field in the magnetic bucket. The substrate holder is a copper block that is cooled or heated by a heating/cooling circuit 47. As in the system of FIG. 2, gas is injected via stainless steel tube 11' connected to the gas source for the plasma generation chamber 10'; and into the magnetic bucket 40 via a stainless steel ring 36 that is connected to the gas feed and includes small diameter holes 37 that are distributed equally around the ring 36. A uniform flow of plasma is directed towards the substrate 45, as an RF voltage from a power supply 19 is applied to the antenna 12' by means of a matching circuit 18 which consists of two vacuum capacitors as described in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 shows an arrangement where high uniformity over large rectangular shaped areas is required such as needed in the coating of large flat displays. The plasma generator units are of the type described above but in this arrangement, multiple generators may be used depending on the size and shape of the plasma needed. In FIG. 4 three plasma generators 49, 50 and 51 are shown, disposed along the central axis of the top of a process chamber. Each plasma generation chamber is cylindrical in shape and made of non-conducting material such as quartz or pyrex, and each includes a separate single loop antenna 52, 53 or 54 of the type described in FIG. 1. However, to assure that uniform plasmas are generated, the antennas 52, 53, 54 are coupled in electrical series to the matching box 18 and RF power supply, so that equal RF current flows are assured. An axial magnetic field for each generator is provided by magnetic field coils 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, and 60. The plasmas thus separately generated are transported by the magnetic field into a common rectangular magnetic bucket chamber 61. The plasmas diffuse along the field lines and expand to fill the bucket 61. The magnetic field within the bucket chamber 61 is provided by permanent magnets 62 arranged with their poles perpendicular to the surface of the bucket chamber and with alternating N and S poles. The magnetic field pattern provided by the magnets is shown in FIG. 4A. The substrate 63 to be coated or etched is mounted on a substrate holder 64 which is electrically isolated. Plasma that bombards the substrate causes the substrate to reach a negative self bias of between 0 and 10 V. For some films to be formed or in some etching applications it is advantageous for the substrate 63 to be bombarded with energetic ions. In this case it is desirable to apply RF power from a second RF power supply (not shown) through a matching circuit to the substrate holder 64, which again may be a copper block that is cooled or heated by a heating/cooling circuit 65.
FIG. 5 is another example of a device in accordance with the invention, for providing additional control of plasma uniformity over a large area. The plasma generating chamber 10' is cylindrical in shape, of non-conducting material such as quartz or pyrex, and surrounded by an antenna 12' at an angle less than 90 region by the magnetic field coils 69 and 70 or by only one such coil. The plasma is transported by the magnetic field to a magnetic bucket chamber 71 which is substantially of the same design as described for FIG. 3. To enhance uniformity and to ease the transition of plasma into the bucket chamber 71, an additional magnetic field coil 72 concentric with the central axis of the plasma generating chamber 10' is located below the substrate holder 74 which is cooled or heated by a heating/cooling circuit 75. The permanent magnets 76 about the bucket chamber 71 are arranged as described earlier in FIG. 2 and create a magnetic cusp field 77 as seen in FIG. 5A. The current in the additional magnetic field coil 72 is made to carry a current in the direction opposite to that of the currents made to flow in coils 69 and 70. The effect is to create another magnetic cusp, now a ring cusp, located approximately in the plane of the substrate 78, such plane being substantially perpendicular to the line cusps created by the North-South permanent magnets 76.
Gas is injected as above by an injection port 11 into the plasma generator 10' and by another feed tube 11' into a stainless steel ring 36 into the bucket chamber 71. The ring 36 has a diameter large compared to the size of holes 37 directing a uniform flow of gas to the substrate 78. The ring 36 can also be the gas feed for the source when the main feed is not used. Small amplitude variations with time in the current flowing in the coil 72 are generated by a modulating driver 73 to cause the ring cusp plane to fluctuate up and down about the plane of the substrate 78, thereby time-averaging the plasma profile incident across the substrate and further enhancing uniformity. This approach of using the time-variation of a bottom coil can also be employed to enhance uniformity when a magnetic bucket is not employed by using the arrangement shown in FIG. 2 and by running the current in coil 28 in the exit region therein opposite to that in coils 24 and 25 at the plasma generation chamber 10', thereby creating the ring cusp in the plane of the substrate as just described.
FIG. 6 is another exemplification according to the present invention that is suitable for using the RF generator system in conjunction with a sputter target. The plasma generator chamber 10" is cylindrical in shape, of non-conducting material, and surrounded by an antenna 12' mounted in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, as in the example of FIG. 1. An axial magnetic field is provided by the magnetic field coils 80 and 81 about the chamber 10" and 82 and 83 about a process chamber 91. The plasma 90 is transported from the plasma generator 10" into the process chamber 91 and flows along the magnetic field to a lowermost sputter target 93 which is biased to a large negative voltage (about -700 V) by a power supply 94. A DC power supply is 25 used to maintain a charge when the substrate holder is conductive, but if the substrate holder is non-conductive an alternating current power supply is employed instead. The plasma diameter is made to conform to that of the target by controlling the magnetic field. The material sputtered from the target 93 is deposited on the substrates 96 juxtaposed about it. A horizontal baffle 97 in a plane above the target 93 may be used to control the gas pressure near the substrate and other gases may be introduced near the substrate through outlet 98. The substrates 96 are mounted on a substrate holder 101 and are positioned above the sputter target. The substrate holder 101 can rotate about the vertical axis to enhance uniformity of deposition of sputtered material. The substrate holder 101 has a central aperture to permit plasma to pass along the magnetic field from the plasma generator 10" to the sputter target 93.
Data are shown in FIG. 7 on the plasma current density measured mA/cm.sup.2 produced according to the present invention in the arrangement shown in FIG. 3 using the antenna shown in FIG. 1 and measured by using a fast-injection Langmuir probe at a location just above the plane of the substrate. The RF frequency was 13.56 MHz and was supplied using a commercial RF power supply generating 2.0 KW passing through a matching box as shown in FIG. 1. Data was obtained for the plasma current density as a function of magnetic field in the source chamber 10' from zero to 1000 gauss. The data for field varying from zero to 160 gauss is shown in FIG. 8. The gas pressure is about 1 mtorr. A substantial current density approaching 40 mA/cm.sup.2 is found at a low value of field equal to 20 gauss. Increase of the magnetic field to 100 gauss and above also produces high values of plasma current density, achieving levels of 140 mA/cm.sup.2. These data establish that resonances exist at low field values to give surprisingly high and novel plasma current densities. Resonances again arise, in monotonically increasing relation to field strength, after an intermediate range in which current densities are lower.
In FIG. 9, data are shown for the total plasma flux measured in Amperes reaching the substrate plane as a function of RF power for a gas pressure of 2 mtorr and a magnetic field in the source chamber of 250 gauss. The total flux achieved is over a diameter of 8 inches (20 cm). The total flux incident onto the substrate reaches as high as 15 Amperes from a source with a chamber diameter of about 4" (10 cm).
FIG. 10 depicts operation of the plasma source in the arrangement described in FIG. 3 with the antenna as described in FIG. 1 as a function of gas pressure in the chamber, demonstrating that the source operates effectively at low pressures (below 1 mtorr) up to higher pressures. The source has been run successfully at pressures greater than 100 mtorr.
The uniformity of the plasma is shown in FIG. 11, said uniformity measured at a distance 6" below the exit of the source chamber 10' in the bucket chamber 40 with a substrate 45 in place using the arrangement shown in FIG. 3 and the antenna as depicted in FIG. 1. The magnetic field in the source chamber 10' is 150 gauss and the pressure is about 2 mtorr. The plasma is highly uniform over a width exceeding 8" (20 cm). A similar degree of uniformity is achieved using the cusp magnetic arrangement depicted in FIG. 5, employing the magnetic coil 72 carrying a current in a direction opposite to the current flowing in the magnetic field coils 69 and 70.
Consequently it will be appreciated that systems and devices in accordance with the invention provide uniform plasmas utilizing low frequency whistler wave excitations using a single loop antenna with a source chamber. By interaction with the plasma load under an appropriate magnetic field condition and with selected RF power an extended plasma in a process chamber can cover a wide area of shaped areal characteristic, if desired, with high plasma current density and high total plasma flux. Both low and high magnetic field strength modes are sustainable, and etching, deposition and sputtering processes can be employed.
While the invention has been described relative to a number of forms and variations, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited thereto but encompasses all modifications in accordance with the scope of the appended claims. | 49,812 | 148 |
364,766 | Where are the dead? What are they doing? Are they aware of the living? Do the dead “pass away” to heaven or hell? Do people have immortal souls? Does suicide really end it all? Will you see deceased loved ones again? Here are the Bible answers!
Is this life all that there is? Many religions profess to know what happens at death. Yet they do not agree. Why such confusion about the AFTERLIFE? Why such mystery—such disagreement?
This question of life after death has perplexed mankind throughout the ages. Thousands of years ago, the patriarch Job asked, “If a man die, shall he live again?” (Job 14:14). This question remains today.
Most professing Christians believe that they possess an immortal soul. They have been taught that the dead go to either heaven or hell. Most ministers, evangelists and religionists freely speak of “when we all get to heaven.” They declare this to be the Bible’s teaching. But is this true?
We must not assume. Jesus said, “in VAIN do they worship Me, teaching for doctrines thecommandments of men. For laying aside the commandment of God, you hold the tradition of men” (Mark 7:7-8). Men have their own ideas—their own commandments, their own traditions—invariably based on Bible assumptions. If the Bible is the Word of God, we must examine what it actually says, not what people say it says. Be willing to set aside cherished traditions and replace them with scripture.
Then be willing to believe God, not men.
The Moment of Death
Before answering the question “is there life after death?,” let’s examine what happens at the precisemoment of death. Recall, Job asked, “shall he live again?” What did he mean “again”? If the dead are really permanently alive anyway, how can they live AGAIN?
The Wages of Sin
If you hold a job, you receive regular paychecks. They represent wages paid to you for work done. What about God? Does He ever pay wages? Notice Romans 6:23: “For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.” Here, eternal life is contrasted to DEATH—PERISHING! The wages of sin is death, not life. We will see that this understanding is not compatible with eternal torture in hell.
There is no mystery about the meaning of wages that an employer pays an employee for his work. Why should there be confusion over the meaning of wages God pays a sinner for his works? He pays the wicked a paycheck of death—not life in a place of torment. The Bible says what it means and means what it says.
Consider this! Perhaps the most familiar and often-quoted verse in the Bible is understood by almost no one. John 3:16 states, “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believes in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life.” Millions quote this verse while ignoring one of its key points.
Reread it. Notice that it exactly mirrors Romans 6:23! This time, eternal life is contrasted toPERISHING—DEATH.
The Greek word translated perish is apollumi and it means, “to destroy fully, to die, lose, perish.” There is no doubt what these words mean. “Perishable” items, such as fruits and vegetables, are those that rot—until they are “fully destroyed” or “lost.” This is not hard to understand when we are talking about anything other than a human being. Those who receive salvation are promised that they “should notperish” but “have everlasting life”! If hell is a place of eternal torture, then the people suffering there have eternal LIFE. But the verse says, “should not perish,” not “should not suffer eternal life in torment.”
How does the word perish relate to the popular teaching about hell? Why did God inspire John to use this word if this is not what He really intended?
Do People Have Immortal Souls?
The idea of an ever-burning hell is inseparable from the idea that all human beings have immortal souls. Is this what God says? Prepare to be surprised!
Most people do not understand the relationship between physical men and souls. You were probably taught in Sunday school that all human beings are born with an immortal soul. The common belief is that upon death the souls of unrepentant sinners go to hell forever.
But if the wages of sin is death, how is it that the Bible could also teach that people have a soul that is immortal?
Genesis 2:7 states, “And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man BECAME a living soul.” This verse does not say men HAVE souls. It states that they ARE souls. Adam BECAME a soul—he was not GIVEN a soul. Then, almost immediately, God warned him: “And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat of it: for in the day that you eat thereof you shall surely DIE” (vs. 16-17). The Hebrew word here also means “destroy.” When placed together, these verses plainly state that men are souls and souls can die!
The prophet Ezekiel was inspired to write (twice): “The soul that sins, it shall die” (18:4, 20). Death is the absence of life. It is the discontinuance—the cessation—of life. Death is not life in another place. It is not leaving “this life” for “another life”—the “next life.”
In addition, consider Matthew 10:28: “And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear Him [God] which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.” The Bible says that souls can be DESTROYED! According to this verse, they can be destroyed just as much as bodies can. No one doubts that all bodies eventually die. When they do, they also decompose and are completely “destroyed” due to the process of natural corruption. Any undertaker recognizes this process. This verse introduces the fact that God does the destroying of souls IN HELL! Bodies can die and be destroyed in many different ways. However, souls are destroyed in hell by God.
Here is what the prophet Malachi wrote about the final state of the wicked who have been destroyed in hell: “For, behold, the day comes, that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud, yes, and all that do wickedly, shall be stubble: and the day that comes shall burn them up, says the LORD of hosts, that it shall leave them neither root nor branch. But unto you that fear My Name shall the Sun of righteousness arise with healing in His wings; and you shall go forth, and grow up as calves of the stall. And you shall tread down the wicked; for they shall be ashes under the soles of your feet in the day that I shall do this, says the LORD of hosts” (Mal. 4:1-3). Obadiah 16 amplifies this with “…and they shall be as though they had not been.”
The dead will be so completely “dead and gone,” it will be as though they had never existed. Surely, if they were roasting in hell forever with millions of others, and other millions “in heaven” witnessing it, this verse could hardly apply.
Are the Dead Conscious?
What about the precise moment of death? Exactly what happens?
Human minds are differentiated from animal brains by intelligent thought. Presumably, if the dead arenot dead, but are really still alive, then they must be capable of some kind of intelligent thought. They must at least be conscious of their surroundings. Let’s consider a series of scriptures.
First, notice Psalm 146:3-4: “Put not your trust…in the son of man…his breath goes forth, he returns to his earth; in that very day his thoughts perish.” When people die, their thoughts end immediately—“in that very day.” That is what your Bible says.
This verse is also not compatible with the idea that the dead are either alive in heaven or consciously suffering in a place of torment. We could suppose that, if they were enjoying salvation, they would certainly know that they were! We could also suppose that if they were suffering, they would knowthat they were. Could the tormented somehow be unaware that they were suffering?
Ask yourself: What would be the point of their suffering, or of their enjoyment of salvation, if they could not know of it? Death (actually life) in hell would have to be as though they were in a coma—completely unaware of what is going on around them—while their sensory nervous system is feeling the excruciatingly painful sensation of burning. How would this work?
Use the following analogy. Before someone undergoes major surgery, he is anesthetized—renderedunconscious—so he will not experience pain. Medical doctors understand this—why don’t theologians and religionists? Why do they deny the plain statements of the Bible?
Some willingly ignore the message of scripture. They allege that only “mortal” thoughts perish, in the sense that the dead leave this earthly realm and experience some mysterious, different, new kind of “thought.” Of course, this is ridiculous, and the Bible does not say it, but we ought to at least examine the idea. Let’s now consider an even more direct verse.
Notice Ecclesiastes 9:5: “For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not anything…” An honest reader cannot misunderstand this!
Solomon also recorded, “For that which befalls the sons of men befalls beasts; even one thing befalls them: as the one dies, so dies the other; yes, they have all one breath; so that a man has no preeminence above a beast…All go unto one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again” (Ecc. 3:19-20).
Now consider Psalm 115:17: “The dead praise not the LORD, neither any that go down into silence.” Death means “silence.” This certainly does not agree with the popular concepts of millions of the dead wailing and screaming in agony—or immediately receiving eternal life in heaven or anywhere else with millions of others supposedly conversing, singing, playing harps and praising God. Neither scene could possibly be described as SILENCE!
Psalm 6:5 further explains that the dead do not experience conscious memory: “For in death there is no remembrance of You: in the grave who shall give You thanks?” Could anyone seriously suggest that the dead, suffering in hell, could experience the normal range of human memories, but not be aware of God—not be able to “remember” Him? Would God put people in “hell” and then leave them there to suffer, forever wondering how it was that they got there—who it was that put them there—because they have no “remembrance” of anything related to God?
Applying the same question to those who received salvation is even more ridiculous. Could people “roll around heaven all day” and be unaware that they were in the presence of God or of even who He was?
No! When people die, they are DEAD!
So far we have not explained everything about life after death, but we know that further life does not immediately occur at death! We have established that when a person dies, he is dead! But then what happens?
The Resurrection of the Dead
Remember to always let the Bible interpret the Bible. Keeping the truths that it contains simple allows the hollow ideas of men to fall like a house of cards.
Here is why the dead have no knowledge or remembrance of God.
Jesus said, “Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which ALL that are in the graves shall hear His voice, and shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation [Greek: judgment]” (John 5:28-29).
Christ understood that most would find this astonishing. That is why He told the disciples to “marvel not at this”—He understood that most people would marvel at the thought that everyone who has ever lived is now “in the grave,” awaiting the resurrection! You should not marvel at the words of Christ either. Accept them! He said that “all” are in the grave, not “some.”
There are no conscious thoughts and no remembrance of God after death because everyone who has ever died is now awaiting one of the resurrections Christ referred to. All people will be resurrected, either to eternal life or to judgment. This is what God’s Word says.
No wonder David said, “As for me, I will behold Your face in righteousness: I shall be satisfied, when IAWAKE, with Your likeness” (Psa. 17:15). He understood that the resurrection was an awakening back to life.
Job also looked forward to the resurrection. Notice the verses surrounding his earlier-referenced question: “O that you would hide me in the grave, that you would keep me secret, until your wrath be past [the coming Day of the Lord, or Day of God’s Wrath], that you would appoint me a set time, andremember me! If a man die, shall he live again? All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till mychange come. You shall call, and I will answer You” (14:13-15).
Job did not ask that God would only hide his body in the grave. He asked God to “hide me…keep me…appoint me…remember me.” He also recognized that God would keep him “secret.” Ask yourself how this fits with being in heaven or hell. If so, God would be pretty poor at keeping secrets and the rest of the verse would make no sense.
Now look at Job’s question—“if a man die, shall he live again?” If Job was going to still be alive at death, how could he “live again”? Job knew that he would be “waiting…in the grave” for his resurrection at an “appointed time,” when he would be “changed.”
But what did it mean that he would be changed?
Paul also wrote of the “change” that awaits all true Christians. Carefully examine I Corinthians 15:51-52,54: “Behold, I show you a mystery; we shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump…the dead shall be raised…and this mortal shall have put on immortality, THEN [not yet] shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, DEATH is swallowed up in victory.” It is certainly an almost complete mystery to the world that there is coming an awakening and a change at the resurrection.
We must also ask, how can one go from “mortal” to “immortal” if he already has an immortal soul? This idea is also a mystery—but, unlike the mysteries of God, it is one of the “mysteries” devised by men that cannot be understood or solved, because it makes no sense.
Do you see the silly logic of men when they ignore plain scriptures?
Just as Job understood that he would be “changed,” and David understood that he would “awake,” Paul understood that Christians will be “changed”—will awaken from “sleep”—once the resurrection has come. At the resurrection, people will literally awaken from death.
Ask yourself: How can people be resurrected if they are already alive as immortal souls? Only the dead, like Christ from the tomb, need to be resurrected. That is the purpose of a resurrection. Do not be fooled by deceivers who say, “The resurrection only applies to the body, since the soul has remained alive”! You have already seen numerous scriptures disproving that fallacy.
Upon the most basic examination, the ideas of intelligent men are often exposed as outright foolishness. Men invented the popular concept of hell as a means of scaring people into following the false religions that they have created. The true God would never roast people for all eternity—not allowing them to burn up, to mercifully end their suffering. This is what a monster would do. But then, humanly-devised, fictional gods will “do” and “teach” whatever their creators have decided for them.
Billions have lived and died without ever knowing the name of Jesus Christ and without ever having had an opportunity for salvation. If the unsaved, upon death, go directly to hell, then over half the people who have ever lived are still alive there!
Since no human has ever returned from the dead to offer a firsthand report, we must either choose to believe the ideas of men or search the scriptures for what God reveals about this subject.
Remember that “all that are in the grave” will eventually be resurrected. Actually, the Bible teaches that God’s plan includes THREE separate resurrections. Revelation 20 describes each. We have already discussed the FIRST resurrection. Verse 4 explains that the saints shall reign on earth with Christ for 1,000 years after Satan has been bound (vs. 1-2). We will further discuss the first resurrection later in the booklet, but verse 5 explains that the “rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished.”
At the end of the 1,000 years will come the SECOND resurrection. This will include the billions of people, from the time of Adam, who never had an opportunity to know the truth. The world has been cut off from God (Isa. 59:1-2). Now continue in Revelation 20: “And I saw a great white throne, and Him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them. And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged…according to their works” (vs. 11-12).
The book of Ezekiel contains a fascinating chapter describing, in vision, a valley of dry bones. Nearly every Sunday school child sings about the bones described in this vision, yet with no understanding. Take time to read the 37th chapter in its entirety. It depicts the millions who have been part of the physical nation of ancient and modern Israel (all 12 tribes, not just the Jews) being given the opportunity for the spiritual salvation that God never offered them in the Old Testament.
Verse 11 describes them as “without hope.” Ezekiel was instructed to speak to this vast pile of disconnected dry bones. Notice: “Thus says…GOD; Behold, O My people, I will open your graves, and cause you to come up out of your graves, and bring you into the land of Israel” (vs. 12). Here, millions are described as being resurrected from their “graves.” It is obvious that the resurrection that this is describing is physical, back to a flesh-and-blood existence.
Ezekiel continued to speak to the bones: “Thus says the Lord GOD unto these bones…I will cause breath to enter into you, and you shall live: And I will lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and you shall live” (vs. 5-6). Verses 13-14 add, “And youshall know [not yet] that I am the LORD, when I have opened your graves, O My people, and brought you up out of your graves. And shall put My Spirit in you, and you shall live, and I shall place you in your own land…”
When will Israel know what has happened? At the resurrection! Only then will Israel “know” that God has taken them from the grave. They are part of the billions who will come up in the second resurrection. This period is referred to as the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:11), and it is the time when all human beings will be shown the truth. God will “put [His] Spirit in [them].” Most people will grow, overcome and qualify to receive salvation and join all those who preceded them in the first resurrection.
On a side note, I have counseled several people who were considering suicide. All who are tempted to take this easy way out, thinking that it will end all their suffering and sorrows, should consider the following: When people die, they do not know anything. There is no awareness of the passing of time. In effect, they will reawaken immediately—having no awareness of the passing of time—and find that they still have all of their old troubles, and have added to themselves the guilt of self-murder! Suicide, then, does not make things better. It makes them much worse!
There is one final, or THIRD, resurrection. We referred to it when we read Malachi 4:1-3 and Obadiah 16.Revelation 20:13-15 describes those who are resurrected and shown what they missed out on in God’s kingdom, before being cast into a lake of fire (vs. 15). II Peter 3:10-12 describes the time when the wicked are burned up and become “ashes under the soles of the feet of the righteous.”
The Resurrection Chapter
I Corinthians 15 has been called the “Resurrection Chapter.” We have already quoted it, but let’s further examine this chapter. Though it speaks primarily about the first resurrection, it is a summary of God’s three-resurrection plan.
Verse 26 states, “The last ENEMY that shall be destroyed is death.” At funerals, worldly ministers often depict death as “an old friend” one meets at the end of “life’s highway.” Haven’t you often heard this or a similar phrase? The Bible calls death an ENEMY!—there is nothing “friendly” about enemies!
Verses 22-23 state, “As in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall ALL be made alive [through a resurrection]. But every man in his own order…” Note two points. First, every person will have a chance for salvation. Second, each person’s opportunity will come “in his own order.” We have seen that all parts of God’s plan are not fulfilled in one resurrection.
Verse 23 continues into 24: “Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ’s at His Coming. Then comes the end…” Christ was the beginning—“the firstfruits”—of the first resurrection, which will include all saints. But, “then comes the end” references the rest of God’s wonderful Master Plan, which will continue as the kingdom of God is established on earth at Christ’s Return.
That time lies just ahead.
Christ’s Gospel—An Advance Announcement
Like a newscaster far ahead of his time, Christ came announcing a complete change in the way the world would one day be governed. With this change would come unprecedented world peace, happiness and prosperity.
Everywhere Christ went, He spoke of the kingdom of God. It was central to most of His parables. When He commissioned His twelve apostles and sent them to preach, His only instruction was to preach about the kingdom (Luke 9:1-2). When He later sent out His seventy disciples (Luke 10:1), He also commanded them to preach the kingdom of God (vs. 9). Paul preached this same “kingdom of God” message everywhere he went (Acts 19:8; 20:25; 28:23, 31).
Wherever He went, Jesus announced, “Repent you, and believe the GOSPEL” (Mark 1:15). But just what isthe true gospel? The truth of the gospel has remained hidden to the vast majority of professing Christians. Ever since the first century there has been a conspiracy to deceive would-be Christians about the meaning of the gospel. Shocking as it is, this statement is true.
Most believe that the gospel is about the PERSON of Jesus. Certainly, Jesus is an important subject, but He is not the gospel. The Bible shows that Jesus Christ is preached in conjunction with the gospel.
Some proclaim a “gospel of salvation” or “gospel of grace.” Others believe a “gospel of miracles” or a “social gospel” or a “gospel of foods” or of “healing” or “faith.” There are also those who merely think of “gospel music” when they hear “gospel.” These are all man-made ideas and not what the BIBLE says!
Notice Mark’s account again! “Now after that John was put in prison, Jesus came into Galilee, preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God” (1:14). That is the gospel Jesus preached. In this context, He had said, “Repent you, and believe the gospel.” What gospel? The “KINGDOM OF GOD.” Verse one references this when it says, “The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ.” Christ’s gospel was about the KINGDOM OF GOD—not something else! One must believe that gospel to be saved—not a counterfeit or substitute.
The truth of this subject is so vital that God inspired Paul to powerfully warn all who would pervert the gospel: “I marvel that you are so soon removed from Him that called you into the grace of Christ untoanother gospel: Which is not another; but there be some that trouble you, and would pervert the gospel of Christ. But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed. As we said before, so say I now again, If any man preach any other gospel unto you than that you have received, let him be accursed” (Gal. 1:6-9).
This is a strong statement! In the next chapter (2:5), Paul went on to stress the hope “that the truth of the gospel might continue with you.” So since there is the true gospel, all others must be false! This scripture also reveals that Paul never taught a different or additional gospel, as some allege.
Christ’s disciples asked Him what the sign of His Coming and the end of the age would be (Matt. 24:3). He warned of deception from the many who would come “in His Name,” saying “Christ was Christ” (vs. 5). He explained that an emphasis would be made on His PERSON instead of the MESSAGE He brought. But, just nine verses later, He prophesied, “this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come” (vs. 14).
We are NOW in the time of the end and The Restored Church of God is preaching this gospel. Remember, if God’s kingdom had been preached through the centuries, from Christ until the present, proclaiming it today could not be a sign that the world has reached the end of the age. But it had not been preached! Impostors and false leaders suppressed the true gospel until the 20th century. Starting in 1934, Herbert W. Armstrong began the fulfillment of this prophecy. It continues today.
Message About Government
The terms kingdom and kingdom of God are found scores of times throughout the New Testament. Yet, it is absolutely astonishing how nearly everyone has lost the knowledge of what it is! The whole world lies in ignorance about the meaning of the kingdom of God.
The word “gospel” is an old English word meaning “god spell” or good news. The word “kingdom” is also an old English term, simply meaning government. In other words, Christ preached “the good newsof the government of God.” The coming of world peace, happiness and abundance will certainly be good news for a world that has not known these things for 6,000 years.
Prior to Jesus’ birth, an angel appeared to His mother, Mary. These verses describe this encounter and what she was told: “…the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto…Nazareth, To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin’s name was Mary. And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, you that are highly favored…You shall conceive in your womb, and bring forth a Son, and shall call His name JESUS. He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto Him the throne of His father David: And He shall reign over the house of Jacob forever; and of His KINGDOM there shall be no end” (Luke 1:26-33).
In John 18:36-37, Jesus stated, “My kingdom is not of this world.” He was standing before Pilate on trial for His life, and Pilate asked Him, “Are you a king then?” Christ responded, “You say that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world.” Christ was born to be a KING!
Here is what was prophesied in Isaiah about Christ: “For unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given: and the GOVERNMENT shall be upon His shoulder: and His Name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The Mighty God, The Everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. Of the increase of His GOVERNMENT and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon His kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice from henceforth even forever” (Isa. 9:6-7). When Christ establishes God’s government on earth, it will bring permanent peace to every nation!
Entering the Kingdom
The Bible teaches that God’s kingdom rules over the people and nations of the earth. The nations are no more part of the kingdom than the average citizen of any country is part of the government that rules over him. One must ENTER the kingdom to be in it. As distinct from those who are governed by it, we must ask, who is actually in the kingdom?
Recall that Paul stated, “Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; neither does corruption inherit incorruption. Behold, I show you a mystery…” (I Cor. 15:50-51). Certainly, as previously mentioned, this is a mystery to almost everyone—that flesh-and-blood human beings cannot enter the kingdom of God—that it is only at the resurrection that all true Christians are changed (born again) from flesh to spirit. We will see that it is at this time—and only at this time—that begotten Christians are “born again.” If we are to just believe the plain truth of the Bible, the kingdom of God cannot include flesh-and-blood people!
Many counterfeits have supplanted the proper understanding of what the kingdom of God is.
An account in John 3 is commonly misunderstood by people who believe that they can be “born again” in this life (while they are still flesh and blood) and, therefore, “see” the kingdom of God in this life (vs. 3).
In this account, Nicodemus, a Pharisee, approached Christ and acknowledged in verse 2, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God.” He plainly admitted he knew who Christ was and who (God) had sent Him to earth. Notice that Nicodemus spoke for more than himself when he stated, “weknow.” He was referring to himself and the other Pharisees who recognized who and what Jesus Christ was. These leaders could not deny the power of God evident in the miracles Jesus was performing.
The religious leaders, the Pharisees, well understood that He was a “teacher come from God” with the truth. Yet, they still called Him a blasphemer, drunkard, heretic, seditionist, bastard, ignorant, demon-possessed, false prophet, friend of publicans and sinners, etc.—and crucified Him!
Christ told Nicodemus, “Except a man be BORN AGAIN, he cannot SEE the kingdom of God” (vs. 3). He was explaining that only by the process of being born again can one actually “see” the kingdom. So, there is a limitation on who can see it. Anyone can see physical things. This is not true of the kingdom of God. Grasp these critical points that Christ made.
In verse 5, Christ says that unless one is “born of water and of the Spirit,” he “cannot enter into the kingdom of God.” Yes, the kingdom is something that can be “entered into”—but verse 6 explains Christ’s “born of water and of the Spirit” phrase. It states, “That which is born of the flesh IS flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit IS spirit.” Flesh and blood cannot enter the kingdom of God—but spirit can! Because Christ wanted to allow no room for misunderstanding, He likened spirit to wind.
Wind, like spirit, is invisible. It cannot be seen. Christ told Nicodemus, “The wind blows where it lists [does], and you hear the sound thereof, but cannot tell whence it comes, and whither it goes: so is every one that is BORN OF THE SPIRIT” (vs. 8). Those born of spirit will be like wind—they will be INVISIBLE!
But when does this change from physical to spirit composition occur?
I Corinthians 15:49 states, “And as we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall [in the future—at the resurrection] also bear the image of the heavenly.” Verse 53 states, “For this corruptible [flesh is certainly corruptible] must put on incorruption [those born of God are spirit], and this mortal must put on immortality.” It is at this point that flesh is changed into spirit.
Genesis 2:7 states, “And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground.” Even converted human beings are still composed of flesh—of the dust of the ground. God will change their flesh to spirit at the first resurrection. All those who enter the kingdom of God must be made of—composed of—SPIRIT!
Let’s examine this further. Matthew 22:30 states, “For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as the angels of God.” Hebrews 1:7 shows that angels are made of spirit. This is important to understand about our composition in the resurrection. But do not misunderstand and think that Christ was saying that the resurrected saints would actually be angels. He merely meant that they would be “as” the angels, in that neither angels nor saints marry.
Life or Death?
Your human existence is literally a matter of life or death. Jesus said, “…I am come that they might have LIFE, and that they might have it more abundantly” (John 10:10). Yet, Paul wrote, “all have sinned” (Rom. 3:23) and “the wages of sin is DEATH” (Rom. 6:23). We have seen that human beings do not have immortal souls. Remember, they are souls (Gen. 2:7).
Man is not naturally headed toward eternal life. He is headed toward DEATH! Human beings live approximately 70-80 years (and in some parts of the world much less). A few manage to live longer than this, but eventually all die (Heb. 9:27). Yet this was never God’s original purpose. His supreme PURPOSEis for all people to have eternal life (II Pet. 3:9; I Tim. 2:4).
God intends that all people ultimately receive His Holy Spirit. He wants it to eventually enter all minds. Notice what Paul wrote: “The [Holy] Spirit itself bears witness with our spirit [spirit in man], that we are the children of God: And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ…that we may be also glorified together” (Rom. 8:16-17). Two spirits are described here. God’s Spirit works “with” the human spirit (not an immortal soul) to bring people to salvation as “joint-heirs with Christ.”
True Conversion Revealed
Romans 8:6 states, “For to be carnally [physically] minded is DEATH; but to be spiritually minded is LIFE and PEACE.” Anyone who has received the Spirit of God ultimately has life inherent within him. This means he has the potential of becoming an “inheritor” with Christ. This is absolutely remarkable understanding—unknown to all but the scattered few on earth today!
Most people have been deluded into believing that they are Christians merely because they have “accepted Jesus” or “made a decision for Christ” or “given their heart to the Lord”—or some other similar profession of belief. They have been deceived into believing that if they join a church or pronounce themselves “born again,” this makes them Christians. How utterly false and contrary to the plain words of the Bible!
Then what is the Bible definition of a Christian? Here is what Paul wrote: “For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the Sons of God” (Rom. 8:14). A Christian is one LED BY the Spirit of God!
Receiving God’s Spirit occurs in the following way. Upon repentance and baptism, one is placed into the Body of Christ, which is the Church (Eph. 1:22-23; Col. 1:18). Hence, the scripture says, “By one Spirit [the Holy Spirit] are we all baptized into one body” (I Cor. 12:13).
The Bible states that the entire world is now awaiting the first resurrection. It is then that the Sons of God will be revealed. Carefully notice: “For the earnest expectation of the creature [creation] waits for the manifestation of the sons of God…Because the creature [creation] itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God. For we know that the whole creation groans and travails in pain together until now” (Rom. 8:19, 21-22). This verse shows that the creation awaits the “delivery” of the “Sons of God.” It is “groaning” and “travailing” (laboring) toward this delivery—this BIRTH—of the begotten Sons of God, born again at the resurrection and Christ’s Return.
What Will You Be Like When Born Again?
In Genesis 1:26, God said that He made human beings in His “image” and “likeness.” This verse means what it says. God created you to become “like” Him in every way. Through His Spirit entering the mind of each of His newly converted children, a new spirit life is begotten. A tiny new spirit-begotten embryo comes into existence. Just as little children grow up to look like their physical parents, so also do the children of God slowly take on the SPIRITUAL likeness of God (their Parent), in “divine” nature (II Pet. 1:4) and holy, righteous character.
Both the Old and New Testaments make this point absolutely plain! Has anyone ever pointed out the following scriptures to you? While many have a vague notion that Christians are “sons of God,” few realize: “Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it does not yet appear what we shall be: but we know that, when He shall appear, we shall be LIKE Him; for we shall see Him as He is” (I John 3:2). We will have the very likeness of Jesus Christ. Remember that Romans 8:16 said that we are “children” of God with Christ.
David also understood this 1,000 years earlier, recording, “As for me, I will behold Your face in righteousness: I shall be satisfied, when I awake, with Your LIKENESS” (Psa. 17:15). (This verse debunks the popular “beatific vision” delusion that people cannot actually see God’s face in the afterlife.) David understood that he would see the face of God. So did John. Both realized that, at the resurrection—when we “awake”—we would be exactly like God, in form and character. So then, God is reproducing Himself in those who have His Spirit. He is creating children that will look and be just like Himself!
Several scriptures reveal what Christ looks like now. His face shines like the sun, His feet glow like burnished brass and His eyes literally blaze like flames of fire (Matt. 17:2; Rev. 1:14-16; 19:12-13).
Further, Paul revealed our awesome human potential when he wrote, “For our conversation [citizenship] is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ: Who shall change our vile body, that it may be FASHIONED LIKE UNTO HIS GLORIOUS BODY, according to the working whereby He is able even to subdue all things unto Himself” (Phil. 3:20-21).
What a glorious future to look forward to!
The Spirit of God in us will allow us to awake in the resurrection. Notice Romans 8:11: “But if the Spirit of Him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwell in you, He that raised up Christ from the dead shall also quicken your mortal bodies BY His Spirit that dwells in you” (also I Cor. 15 and I Thes. 4:13-18). After fulfilling His task of overcoming sin and becoming mankind’s Savior, Christ was raised to return to His position with the Father.
Now, understand this point! It is the same Spirit, dwelling in us from the moment of conversion that will resurrect us (all those begotten of God) to be with Him in His kingdom.
Like the newly begotten fetus grows in its mother’s womb toward birth as a baby, the Christian must also grow before he can leave the womb. Peter wrote, “But GROW in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” (II Pet. 3:18). Christians are to grow in this lifetime. In order to be given divine authority and power, as joint-heirs with Christ, they must qualify, through the building of God’s holy, righteous character.
The Church Feeds Her Children
Jesus said, “I will build My Church” (Matt. 16:18). It is called “Jerusalem above”—“the mother of us all” (Gal. 4:26). Hebrews 12:22-23 makes this clear: “But you are come unto…the heavenly Jerusalem…thegeneral assembly and church…which are written in heaven.” It does not say that the Church is inheaven, but rather that those of the Church are “written in heaven.” This is because the dead in Christ are now awaiting the first resurrection.
Like any good mother, the Church nurtures and feeds her children. She has been doing this for 2,000 years. Peter instructed the ministry to “feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the oversight…willingly” (I Pet. 5:2). Paul made the Church’s role as Mother even clearer: “For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto…the stature of the fullness of Christ” (Eph. 4:12-13).
Two additional verses demonstrate that God’s “children,” like any other children, are supposed to “grow up.” Notice that the Church is also responsible for protecting God’s flock from false doctrine: “That we henceforth BE NO MORE CHILDREN, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive; but speaking the truth in love, may GROW UP into Him in all things, which is the Head, even Christ” (vs. 14-15).
It is the ministry’s duty to teach the Church the truth and to warn of the dangers of being deceived by false doctrine.
So, the begotten child of God grows in the womb of its mother—the Church—like any other child grows during the nine-month gestation period. While in the womb of the Church, all begotten sons are fed the necessary spiritual nutrients in order to grow sufficiently to be born into the kingdom as incorruptible Spirit Beings.
Christians must develop and mature spiritually while in the womb. Human fetuses begin at microscopic size and grow to the time of birth. The newly begotten Christian grows in the same way. He starts out 99.9% spiritually immature and slowly progresses to spiritual maturity—and BIRTH!
Christ the Firstborn—Among Many
When speaking of Christ, Romans 1:3-4 states: “Concerning His Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh; And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead.”
Most have heard that Jesus was the Son of God, but He was only “declared to be” the Son of God, in the fullest sense, “by the resurrection from the dead.” Of course, He was already the begotten Son of God prior to His birth into the kingdom at the time of His Resurrection.
This scripture shows that Christ was physically born of Mary, descending from David “according to the flesh,” and spiritually born a Son of God “according to the Spirit…by the resurrection of the dead.”
By returning to Romans 8, we can better understand why. Notice this about Christ’s birth: “For whom He did foreknow, He also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of His Son, that He might be the FIRSTBORN AMONG MANY BRETHREN” (vs. 29).
Christ is merely the first “born again” Son of God. “Many brethren” (all those with God’s Spirit for 6,000 years) will join Him at His Return. This absolutely astonishing understanding is known to only the few called today (John 6:44, 65).
An Astonishing Scripture
Let’s consider an amazing series of verses. Paul quoted David, from Psalm 8:4-6, when he asked the all-important question: “What is man, that you are mindful of him?” (Heb. 2:7). Since God is eternal, and sits over the entire universe and has all power under His control, it is no wonder David asked this question.
The astounding answer is in the same verse: “You made him a little lower than the angels; You crowned him with glory and honor, and did set him over the works of Your Hands.” God intends to share rulership of His entire creation with His Sons. Again, Christ is merely the first of many Sons.
The birth of a firstborn son does not preclude the arrival of additional sons (or daughters) to the same family. I have two sons and am a firstborn son with a younger brother. My father was second born, having an elder brother.
Paul explains that God plans to give great power and authority to His Sons: “You have put ALL THINGS in subjection under his feet. For in that He put all in subjection under him, He left nothing that is not put under him. But now we see not yet all things put under him” (vs. 8). This has not yet happened, but soon will—at the Return of Christ.
Now notice: “But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honor; that He by the grace of God should taste death for every man. For it became Him, for whom are all things, and by whom are all things, in bringing MANY SONS UNTO GLORY, to make the Captain of their salvation perfect through sufferings.” Verses 9 to 10 reveal the staggering potential planned for all Christians. The begotten child of God has been called to “glory” and to be one of “many sons.” Christ’s suffering and sacrifice allow Him to be the “Captain of their salvation”—and potentially yours.
What an incredible future for those whom Christ “calls…brethren.”
Finally, notice: “For both He that sanctifies and they who are sanctified are all of one: for which cause He is not ashamed to call them brethren” (vs. 11).
This verse shows Christians are “sanctified” (set apart). How? Christ stated, “Sanctify them [begotten Christians] through Your truth: YOUR WORD IS TRUTH” (John 17:17). The cherished traditions and fables of men, about life after death or anything else, are worthless. A Christian is sanctified by the TRUTH!
If Christ is “not ashamed to call them (us) brethren,” then we, God’s begotten sons, must not be ashamed to defend the very truth that sanctifies us. We must “grow up” unto Christ (Eph. 4:13) holding only to the true doctrines of God. We must QUALIFY to one day stand beside Christ over “all things.”
Saints Rule With Christ
Matthew 24:27 states that when Christ returns, His Coming will be like lightning shining from the east to the west. It will be an earth-shattering event no one could miss.
But will He come to rule the earth by Himself—or will there be others with Him? When He establishes His world-ruling government, will others be part of the ruling structure? If men’s governments require the efforts of many people assisting a supreme leader, could God’s government be different?
The prophet Daniel spoke of Christ coming in the “clouds of heaven” (7:13). Before His Return, God officially grants Him the authority to rule the world.
The next verse (14) states, “And there was GIVEN Him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve Him: His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and His kingdom that which shall not be destroyed.”
Again, we ask, will Christ rule alone, or will others rule with Him? Exactly how does God intend tomanage all of the peoples and nations on earth?
That is right! The ultimate calling of true Christians is to join with Christ to share rulership in the kingdom of God. Truly, Christ is “KING of kings and LORD of lords.” That can be you or anyone else who is willing to accept God’s terms for entry into the kingdom of God.
Verses 19 to 20 shed more light on what happens when the saints return with Christ. Their first responsibility is to replace what Daniel calls the “fourth beast” (the final world-ruling empire, which Christ will replace at His Return), which rules with the assistance of a “little horn.” This little horn is the religious kingdom that is the same as the woman who rides the beast of Revelation 17.
Notice: “I beheld, and the same horn [the Babylonish system of Rev. 17:5-6] made war with the saints, and prevailed against them; until the Ancient of Days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the Most High; and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom” (vs. 21-22).
Finally, verse 27 further confirms the marvelous potential lying ahead for the true saints of God: “And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey Him.”
What could be plainer? No wonder Christ stated, “And he that OVERCOMES, and keeps My works unto the end, to him will I give power over the nations: And he shall rule them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to shivers: even as I received of My Father” (Rev. 2:26-27). A few verses later, He added, “To him that overcomes will I grant to sit with Me in My throne…” (3:21).
The phrase “in My throne” is used because Christ understood that His throne, unlike the Father’s in heaven, is on earth. Luke 1:32 shows Christ will sit in Jerusalem on the Throne of David. Also seeRevelation 5:10; 20:4; Matthew 5:5; Psalm 25:12-13 and 37:11. There is no doubt that when Christ returns, the saints rule with Him!
But it is the Christian’s responsibility today to QUALIFY in order to be part of God’s coming kingdom. Will that include you?
There is Life After Death
Herbert W. Armstrong concluded his booklet LIFE AFTER DEATH? with the following summary, under the subhead “Ruling With Christ”:
“For that first thousand years, Jesus is to reign on the throne of His earthly ancestor DAVID in Jerusalem (Isa. 9:6-7). And ‘he that overcomes, and keeps My works unto the end, to him will I give power over the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron…’ (Rev. 2:26-27). But how and from where shall we rule?
“Jesus said, again, ‘To him that overcomes will I grant to sit with Me in My throne [at Jerusalem], even as I also overcame, and am [now] set down with My Father in His throne’ (Rev. 3:21).
“When BORN of God, we shall BE spirit, no longer human flesh and blood. We shall be given POWER!
“As Daniel revealed, the saints then shall take the kingdoms of earth’s nations and rule them for the first thousand years—establishing WORLD PEACE and divine government under Christ.
“And after that? The passage in Hebrews 2 shows that then, again under Christ, we shall be given power to rule over the entire vast universe—literally all things. For that is the power that has been given to Christ and will be ours as joint inheritors with Him!
“Yes, there is a LIFE AFTER DEATH for those obedient to God—a SPIRIT life of incredible potential beyond our wildest dreams! Can we humans grasp the awesome portent of these astounding truths? Attaining immortal life should be our all-encompassing goal. For that is the gift and desire of our merciful Father and His Son Jesus Christ.”
This specific teaching is from the following website and is not my own : www.rcg.org | 49,680 | 167 |
11,066 | Bible (Wycliffe)/1 Corinthis
1 Poul, clepid apostle of Jhesu Crist, bi the wille of God, and Sostenes, brothir, to the chirche of God that is at Corynthe,
2 to hem that ben halewid in Crist Jhesu, and clepid seyntis, with alle that inwardli clepen the name of oure Lord Jhesu Crist, in ech place of hem and of oure,
3 grace to you and pees of God, oure fadir, and of the Lord Jhesu Crist.
4 Y do thankyngis to my God eueremore for you, in the grace of God that is youun to you in Crist Jhesu.
5 For in alle thingis ye ben maad riche in hym, in ech word, and in ech kunnyng,
6 as the witnessyng of Crist is confermyd in you;
7 so that no thing faile to you in ony grace, that abiden the schewyng of oure Lord Jhesu Crist;
8 which also schal conferme you in to the ende with outen cryme, in the dai of the comyng of oure Lord Jhesu Crist.
9 `A trewe God, bi whom ye ben clepid in to the felouschipe of his sone Jhesu Crist oure Lord.
10 But, britheren, Y biseche you, bi the name of oure Lord Jhesu Crist, that ye alle seie the same thing, and that dissenciouns be not among you; but be ye perfit in the same wit, and in the same kunnyng.
11 For, my britheren, it is teld to me of hem that ben at Cloes, that stryues ben among you.
12 And Y seie that, that ech of you seith, For Y am of Poul, and Y am of Apollo, and Y am of Cefas, but Y am of Crist.
13 Whether Crist is departid? whether Poul was crucified for you, ether ye ben baptisid in the name of Poul?
14 Y do thankyngis to my God, that Y baptiside noon of you, but Crispus and Gayus;
15 lest ony man seie, that ye ben baptisid in my name.
16 And Y baptiside also the hous of Stephan, but Y woot not, that Y baptiside ony other.
17 For Crist sente me not to baptise, but to preche the gospel; not in wisdom of word, that the cros of Crist be not voidid awei.
18 For the word of the cros is foli to hem that perischen; but to hem that ben maad saaf, that is to seie, to vs, it is the vertu of God.
19 For it is writun, Y schal distruye the wisdom of wise men, and Y schal reproue the prudence of prudent men.
20 Where is the wise man? where is the wise lawiere? where is the purchasour of this world? Whether God hath not maad the wisdom of this world fonned?
21 For the world in wisdom of God knewe not God bi wisdom, it pleside to God, bi foli of prechyng, `to maken hem saaf that bileueden.
22 For Jewis seken signes, and Grekis seken wisdom;
23 but we prechen Crist crucified, to Jewis sclaundre, and to hethene men foli;
24 but to tho Jewis and Grekis that ben clepid, we prechen Crist the vertu of God and the wisdom of God.
25 For that that is foli thing of God, is wiser than men; and that that is the feble thing of God, is strengere than men.
26 But, britheren, se ye youre clepyng; for not many wise men aftir the fleisch, not many myyti, not many noble.
27 But God chees tho thingis that ben fonned of the world, to confounde wise men;
28 and God chees the feble thingis of the world, to confounde the stronge thingis; and God chees the vnnoble thingis `and dispisable thingis of the world, and tho thingis that ben not, to distruye tho thingis that ben;
29 that ech man haue not glorie in his siyt.
30 But of hym ye ben in Crist Jhesu, which is maad of God to vs wisdom, and riytwisnesse, and holynesse, and ayenbiyng; that,
31 as it is wrytun, He that glorieth, haue glorie in the Lord.
1 And Y, britheren, whanne Y cam to you, cam not in the heiynesse of word, ethir of wisdom, tellynge to you the witnessyng of Crist.
2 For Y demede not me to kunne ony thing among you, but Crist Jhesu, and hym crucified.
3 And Y in sikenesse, and drede, and myche trembling, was among you;
4 and my word and my preching was not in suteli sturyng wordis of mannus wisdom, but in schewyng of spirit and of vertu;
5 that youre feith be not in the wisdom of men, but in the vertu of God.
6 For we speken wisdom among perfit men, but not wisdom of this world, nether of princes of this world, that ben distried;
7 but we speken the wisdom of God in mysterie, `which wisdom is hid; which wisdom God bifor ordeynede bifor worldis in to oure glorie,
8 which noon of the princes of this world knew; for if thei hadden knowe, thei schulden neuere haue crucified the Lord of glorie.
9 But as it is writun, That iye say not, ne eere herde, nether it stiede in to herte of man, what thingis God arayede to hem that louen hym;
10 but God schewide to vs bi his spirit. For whi the spirit serchith alle thingis, yhe, the depe thingis of God.
11 And who of men woot, what thingis ben of man, but the spirit of man that is in hym? So what thingis ben of God, no man knowith, but the spirit of God.
12 And we han not resseiued the spirit of this world, but the spirit that is of God, that we wite what thingis ben youun to vs of God.
13 Whiche thingis we speken also, not in wise wordis of mannus wisdom, but in the doctryn of the spirit, and maken a liknesse of spiritual thingis to goostli men.
14 For a beestli man perseyueth not tho thingis that ben of the spirit of God; for it is foli to hym, and he may not vndurstonde, for it is examyned goostli.
15 But a spiritual man demeth alle thingis, and he is demed of no man.
16 As it is writun, And who knew the wit of the Lord, or who tauyte hym? And we han the wit of Crist.
1 And Y, britheren, myyte not speke to you as to spiritual men, but as to fleischli men;
2 as to litle children in Crist, Y yaf to you mylk drynke, not mete; for ye myyten not yit, nether ye moun now, for yit ye ben fleischli.
3 For while strijf is among you, whether ye ben not fleischli, and ye gon aftir man?
4 For whanne summe seith, Y am of Poul, another, But Y am of Apollo, whethir ye ben not men? What therfor is Apollo, and what Poul?
5 Thei ben mynystris of hym, to whom ye han bileuyd; and to ech man as God hath youun.
6 Y plauntide, Apollo moystide, but God yaf encreessyng.
7 Therfor nether he that plauntith is ony thing, nethir he that moistith, but God that yiueth encreessyng.
8 And he that plauntith, and he that moistith, ben oon; and ech schal take his owne mede, aftir his trauel.
9 For we ben the helperis of God; ye ben the erthetiliyng of God, ye ben the bildyng of God.
10 Aftir the grace `of God that is youun to me, as a wise maistir carpenter Y settide the foundement; and another bildith aboue. But ech man se, hou he bildith aboue.
11 For no man may sette another foundement, outtakun that that is sett, which is Crist Jhesus.
12 For if ony bildith ouer this foundement, gold, siluer, preciouse stoonys, stickis, hey, or stobil, euery mannus werk schal be open;
13 for the dai of the Lord schal declare, for it schal be schewid in fier; the fier schal preue the werk of ech man, what maner werk it is.
14 If the werk of ony man dwelle stille, which he bildide aboue, he schal resseyue mede.
15 If ony mannus werk brenne, he schal suffre harm; but he schal be saaf, so netheles as bi fier.
16 Witen ye not, that ye ben the temple of God, and the spirit of God dwellith in you?
17 And if ony defoulith the temple of God, God schal leese hym; for the temple of God is hooli, which ye ben.
18 No man disseyue hym silf. If ony man among you is seyn to be wiys in this world, be he maad a fool, that he be wijs.
19 For the wisdom of this world is foli anentis God; for it is writun, Y schal catche wise men in her fel wisdom;
20 and eft, The Lord knowith the thouytis of wise men, for tho ben veyn.
21 Therfor no man haue glorie in men.
22 For alle thingis ben youre, ethir Poul, ether Apollo, ether Cefas, ether the world, ether lijf, ether deth, ether thingis present, ethir thingis to comynge; for alle thingis ben youre,
23 and ye ben of Crist, and Crist is of God.
1 So a man gesse vs, as mynystris of Crist, and dispenderis of the mynysteries of God.
2 Now it is souyt here among the dispenderis, that a man be foundun trewe.
3 And to me it is for the leest thing, that Y be demyd of you, or of mannus dai; but nether Y deme my silf.
4 For Y am no thing ouer trowynge to my silf, but not in this thing Y am iustified; for he that demeth me, is the Lord.
5 Therfor nyle ye deme bifore the tyme, til that the Lord come, which schal liytne the hyd thingis of derknessis, and schal schewe the counseils of hertis; and thanne preisyng schal be to ech man of God.
6 And, britheren, Y haue transfigurid these thingis in to me and in to Apollo, for you; that in vs ye lerne, lest ouer that it is writun, oon ayens another be blowun with pride for another.
7 Who demeth thee? And what hast thou, that thou hast not resseyued? And if thou hast resseyued, what gloriest thou, as thou haddist not resseyued?
8 Nowe ye ben fyllid, now ye ben maad riche; ye regnen with outen vs; and Y wolde that ye regnen, that also we regnen with you.
9 And Y gesse, that God schewide vs the laste apostlis, as thilke that ben sent to the deth; for we ben maad a spectacle to the world, and to aungels, and to men.
10 We foolis for Crist, but ye prudent in Crist; we sike, but ye stronge; ye noble, but we vnnoble.
11 Til in to this our we hungren, and thirsten, and ben nakid, and ben smytun with buffatis,
12 and we ben vnstable, and we trauelen worchynge with oure hondis; we ben cursid, and we blessen; we suffren persecucioun, and we abiden longe; we ben blasfemyd, and we bisechen;
13 as clensyngis of this world we ben maad the `out castyng of alle thingis `til yit.
14 Y write not these thingis, that Y confounde you, but Y warne as my moste dereworthe sones.
15 For whi if ye han ten thousynde of vndur maistris in Crist, but not many fadris; for in Crist Jhesu Y haue gendrid you bi the gospel.
16 Therfor, britheren, Y preye you, be ye foleweris of me, as Y of Crist.
17 Therfor Y sente to you Tymothe, which is my most dereworthe sone, and feithful in the Lord, which schal teche you my weies, that ben in Crist Jhesu; as Y teche euery where in ech chirche.
18 As thouy Y schulde not come to you, so summe ben blowun with pride;
19 but Y schal come to you soone, if God wole; and Y schal knowe not the word of hem that ben blowun with pride, but the vertu.
20 For the rewme of God is not in word, but in vertu.
21 What wole ye? Schal Y come to you in a yerde, or in charite, and in spirit of myldenesse?
1 In al maner fornycacioun is herd among you, and siche fornycacioun, which is not among hethene men, so that summan haue the wijf of his fadir.
2 And ye ben bolnyd with pride, and not more hadden weilyng, that he that dide this werk, be takun awei fro the myddil of you.
3 And Y absent in bodi, but present in spirit, now haue demyd as present hym that hath thus wrouyt, whanne
4 ye ben gaderid togidere in the name of oure Lord Jhesu Crist, and my spirit, with the vertu of the Lord Jhesu,
5 to take siche a man to Sathanas, in to the perischyng of fleisch, that the spirit be saaf in the dai of oure Lord Jhesu Crist.
6 Youre gloriyng is not good. Witen ye not, that a litil sourdow apeyrith al the gobet?
7 Clense ye out the old sourdow, that ye be new sprengyng togidere, as ye ben therf. For Crist offrid is oure pask.
8 Therfor ete we, not in eld sourdowy, nether in sourdowy of malice and weywardnesse, but in therf thingis of clernesse and of treuthe.
9 I wroot to you in a pistle, that ye be not medlid with letchours,
10 not with letchours of this world, ne coueitous men, ne raueynours, ne with men seruynge to mawmetis, ellis ye schulden haue go out of this world.
11 But now Y wroot to you, that ye be not meynd. But if he that is named a brother among you, and is a letchour, or coueitouse, or seruynge to ydols, or cursere, or ful of drunkenesse, or raueynour, to take no mete with siche.
12 For what is it to me to deme of hem that ben with oute forth? Whether ye demen not of thingis that ben with ynne forth?
13 For God schal deme hem that ben withouten forth. Do ye awei yuel fro you silf.
1 Dar any of you that hath a cause ayens another, be demed at wickid men, and not at hooli men?
2 Whether ye witen not, that seyntis schulen deme of this world? And if the world schal be demed bi you, be ye vnworthi to deme of the leste thingis?
3 Witen ye not, that we schulen deme aungels? hou myche more worldli thingis?
4 Therfor if ye han worldli domes, ordeyne ye tho contemptible men, that ben in the chirche, to deme.
5 Y seie to make you aschamed. So ther is not ony wise man, that may deme bitwixe a brothir and his brothir;
6 but a brothir with brothir stryueth in dom, and that among vnfeithful men.
7 And now trespas is algatis in you, for ye han domes among you. Whi rather take ye no wrong? whi rather suffre ye not disseit?
8 But and ye doen wrong, and doen fraude, and that to britheren.
9 Whether ye witen not, that wickid men schulen not welde the kyngdom of God? Nyle ye erre; nethir letchours, nether men that seruen mawmetis, nether auouteris,
10 nether letchouris ayen kynde, nether thei that doon letcheri with men, nether theues, nether auerouse men, nethir `ful of drunkenesse, nether curseris, nether rauenours, schulen welde the kyngdom of God.
11 And ye weren sum tyme these thingis; but ye ben waischun, but ye ben halewid, but ye ben iustefied in the name of oure Lord Jhesu Crist, and in the spirit of oure God.
12 Alle thingis ben leeueful to me, but not alle thingis ben spedeful. Alle thingis ben leeueful to me, but Y schal not be brouyt doun vndur ony mannus power.
13 Mete to the wombe, and the wombe to metis; and God schal distruye bothe this and that. And the bodi not to fornycacioun, but to the Lord, and the Lord to the bodi.
14 For God reiside the Lord, and schal reise vs bi his vertu.
15 Witen ye not, that youre bodies ben membris of Crist? Schal Y thanne take the membris of Crist, and schal Y make the membris of an hoore? God forbede.
16 Whether ye witen not, that he that cleueth to an hoore, is maad o bodi? For he seith, Ther schulen be tweyne in o fleisch.
17 And he that cleueth to the Lord, is o spirit.
18 Fle ye fornycacioun; al synne what euere synne a man doith, is with out the bodi; but he that doith fornycacioun, synneth ayens his bodi.
19 Whether ye witen not, that youre membris ben the temple of the Hooli Goost, that is in you, whom ye han of God, and ye ben not youre owne?
20 For ye ben bouyt with greet prijs. Glorifie ye, and bere ye God in youre bodi.
1 But of thilke thingis that ye han write to me, it is good to a man to touche not a womman.
2 But for fornycacioun eche man haue his owne wijf, and ech womman haue hir owne hosebonde.
3 The hosebonde yelde dette to the wijf, and also the wijf to the hosebonde.
4 The womman hath not power of hir bodi, but the hosebonde; and the hosebonde hath not power of his bodi, but the womman.
5 Nyle ye defraude eche to othere, but perauenture of consent to a tyme, that ye yyue tent to preier; and eft turne ye ayen to the same thing, lest Sathanas tempte you for youre vncontynence.
6 But Y seie this thing as yyuyng leeue, not bi comaundement.
7 For Y wole, that alle men be as my silf. But eche man hath his propre yifte of God; oon thus, and another thus.
8 But Y seie to hem, that ben not weddid, and to widewis, it is good to hem, if thei dwellen so as Y.
9 That if thei conteynen not hem silf, be thei weddid; for it is betere to be weddid, than to be brent.
10 But to hem that ben ioyned in matrymonye, Y comaunde, not Y, but the Lord, that the wijf departe not fro the hosebonde;
11 and that if sche departith, that sche dwelle vnweddid, or be recounselid to hir hosebonde; and the hosebonde forsake not the wijf.
12 But to othere Y seie, not the Lord. If ony brother hath an vnfeithful wijf, and sche consenteth to dwelle with hym, leeue he hir not.
13 And if ony womman hath an vnfeithful hosebonde, and this consentith to dwelle with hir, leeue sche not the hosebonde.
14 For the vnfeithful hosebonde is halewid bi the feithful womman, and the vnfeithful womman is halewid bi the feithful hosebonde. Ellis youre children weren vncleene, but now thei ben hooli.
15 That if the vnfeithful departith, departe he. For whi the brother or sistir is not suget to seruage in siche; for God hath clepid vs in pees.
16 And wherof wost thou, womman, if thou schalt make the man saaf; or wherof wost thou, man, if thou schalt make the womman saaf?
17 But as the Lord hath departid to ech, and as God hath clepid ech man, so go he, as Y teche in alle chirchis.
18 A man circumcidid is clepid, brynge he not to the prepucie. A man is clepid in prepucie, be he not circumcidid.
19 Circumcisioun is nouyt, and prepucie is nouyt, but the kepyng of the maundementis of God.
20 Ech man in what clepyng he is clepid, in that dwelle he.
21 Thou seruaunt art clepid, be it no charge to thee; but if thou maist be fre, `the rather vse thou.
22 He that is a seruaunt, and is clepid in the Lord, is a freman of the Lord. Also he that is a freman, and is clepid, is the seruaunt of Crist.
23 With prijs ye ben bouyt; nyle ye be maad seruauntis of men.
24 Therfor ech man in what thing he is clepid a brothir, dwelle he in this anentis God.
25 But of virgyns Y haue no comaundement of God; but Y yyue counseil, as he that hath mercy of the Lord, that Y be trewe.
26 Therfor Y gesse, that this thing is good for the present nede; for it is good to a man to be so.
27 Thou art boundun to a wijf, nyle thou seke vnbyndyng; thou art vnboundun fro a wijf, nyle thou seke a wijf.
28 But if thou hast takun a wijf, thou hast not synned; and if a maidun is weddid, sche synnede not; nethelesse siche schulen haue tribulacioun of fleisch.
29 But Y spare you. Therfor, britheren, Y seie this thing, The tyme is schort. Another is this, that thei that han wyues, be as thouy thei hadden noon;
30 and thei that wepen, as thei wepten not; and thei that ioien, as thei ioieden not; and thei that bien, as thei hadden not;
31 and thei that vsen this world, as thei that vsen not. For whi the figure of this world passith.
32 But Y wole, that ye be without bisynesse, for he that is without wijf, is bisi what thingis ben of the Lord, hou he schal plese God.
33 But he that is with a wijf, is bysy what thingis ben of the world, hou he schal plese the wijf, and he is departid.
34 And a womman vnweddid and maidun thenkith what thingis ben of the Lord, that sche be hooli in bodi and spirit. But sche that is weddid, thenkith what thingis ben of the world, hou sche schal plese the hosebonde.
35 And Y seie these thingis to youre profit, not that Y caste to you a snare, but to that that is onest, and that yyueth esynesse, with outen lettyng to make preieris to the Lord.
36 And if ony man gessith hym silf to be seyn foule on his virgyn, that sche is ful woxun, and so it bihoueth to be doon, do sche that that sche wole; sche synneth not, if sche be weddid.
37 For he that ordeynede stabli in his herte, not hauynge nede, but hauynge power of his wille, and hath demed in his herte this thing, to kepe his virgyn, doith wel.
38 Therfore he that ioyneth his virgyn in matrymonye, doith wel; and he that ioyneth not, doith betere.
39 The womman is boundun to the lawe, as longe tyme as hir hosebonde lyueth; and if hir hosebonde is deed, sche is delyuered fro the lawe of the hosebonde, be sche weddid to whom sche wole, oneli in the Lord.
40 But sche schal be more blessid, if sche dwellith thus, aftir my counsel; and Y wene, that Y haue the Spirit of God.
1 But of these thingis that ben sacrified to ydols, we witen, for alle we han kunnyng. But kunnyng blowith, charite edefieth.
2 But if ony man gessith, that he kan ony thing, he hath not yit knowe hou it bihoueth hym to kunne.
3 And if ony man loueth God, this is knowun of hym.
4 But of metis that ben offrid to idols, we witen, that an idol is no thing in the world, and that ther is no God but oon.
5 For thouy ther ben summe that ben seid goddis, ethir in heuene, ether in erthe, as ther ben many goddis, and many lordis;
6 netheles to vs is o God, the fadir, of whom ben alle thingis, and we in hym; and o Lord Jhesu Crist, bi whom ben alle thingis, and we bi hym.
7 But not in alle men is kunnyng. For summen with conscience of ydol til now eten as thing offrid to idolis; and her conscience is defoulid, for it is sijk.
8 Mete comendith vs not to God; for nether we schulen faile, if we eten not, nether if we eten, we schulen haue plente.
9 But se ye, lest perauenture this your leeue be maad hurtyng to sijke men.
10 For if ony man schal se hym, that hath kunnyng, etynge in a place where idols ben worschipid, whethir his conscience, sithen it is sijke, schal not be edified to ete thingis offrid to idols?
11 And the sijk brothir, for whom Crist diede, schal perische in thi kunnyng.
12 For thus ye synnyng ayens britheren, and smytynge her sijk conscience synnen ayens Crist.
13 Wherfor if mete sclaundrith my brother, Y schal neuere ete fleisch, lest Y sclaundre my brothir.
1 Whether Y am not fre? Am Y not apostle? Whether Y saiy not `Crist Jhesu, `oure Lord? Whether ye ben not my werk in the Lord?
2 And thouy to othere Y am not apostle, but netheles to you Y am; for ye ben the litle signe of myn apostlehed in the Lord.
3 My defense to hem that axen me, that is.
4 Whether we han not power to ete and drynke?
5 Whether we han not power to lede aboute a womman a sistir, as also othere apostlis, and britheren of the Lord, and Cefas?
6 Or Y aloone and Barnabas han not power to worche these thingis?
7 Who traueilith ony tyme with hise owne wagis? Who plauntith a vynyerd, and etith not of his fruyt? Who kepith a flok, and etith not of the mylk of the flok?
8 Whether aftir man Y sey these thingis? whether also the lawe seith not these thingis?
9 For it is writun in the lawe of Moises, Thou schalt not bynde the mouth of the ox threischynge. Whethir of oxun is charge to God?
10 Whether for vs he seith these thingis? For whi tho ben writun for vs; for he that erith, owith to ere in hope, and he that threischith, in hope to take fruytis.
11 If we sowen spiritual thingis to you, is it grete, if we repen youre fleischli thingis?
12 If othere ben parteneris of youre power, whi not rathere we? But we vsen not this power, but we suffren alle thingis, that we yyuen no lettyng to the euangelie of Crist.
13 Witen ye not, that thei that worchen in the temple, eten tho thingis that ben of the temple, and thei that seruen to the auter, ben partyneris of the auter?
14 So the Lord ordeynede to hem that tellen the gospel, to lyue of the gospel.
15 But Y vside noon of these thingis; sotheli Y wroot not these thingis, that tho be don so in me; for it is good `to me rather to die, than that ony man `auoyde my glorie.
16 For if Y preche the gospel, glorie is not to me, for nedelich Y mot don it; for wo to me, if Y preche not the gospel.
17 But if Y do this thing wilfuli, Y haue mede; but if ayens my wille, dispending is bitakun to me.
18 What thanne is my mede? That Y prechynge the gospel, putte the gospel with outen otheris cost, that Y vse not my power in the gospel.
19 Forwhi whanne Y was fre of alle men, Y made me seruaunt of alle men, to wynne the mo men.
20 And to Jewis Y am maad as a Jew, to wynne the Jewis; to hem that ben vndur the lawe,
21 as Y were vndur the lawe, whanne Y was not vndur the lawe, to wynne hem that weren vndur the lawe; to hem that weren with out lawe, as Y were with out lawe, whanne Y was not with out the lawe of God, but Y was in the lawe of Crist, to wynne hem that weren with out lawe.
22 Y am maad sijk to sike men, to wynne sike men; to alle men Y am maad alle thingis, to make alle men saaf.
23 But Y do alle thingis for the gospel, that Y be maad partener of it.
24 Witen ye not, that thei that rennen in a furlong, alle rennen, but oon takith the prijs? So renne ye, that ye catche.
25 Ech man that stryueth in fiyt, absteyneth hym fro alle thingis; and thei, that thei take a corruptible coroun, but we an vncorrupt.
26 Therfor Y renne so, not as `in to vncerteyn thing; thus Y fiyte, not as betynge the eir;
27 but Y chastise my bodi, and bryng it in to seruage; lest perauenture whanne Y preche to othere, Y my silf be maad repreuable.
1 Britheren, Y nyle, that ye vnknowe, that alle oure fadris weren vndur cloude, and alle passiden the see;
2 and alle weren baptisid in Moises, in the cloude and in the see;
3 and alle eeten the same spiritual mete,
4 and alle drunken the same spiritual drynke; thei drunken of the spiritual stoon folewynge hem; and the stoon was Crist.
5 But not in ful manye of hem it was wel pleasaunt to God; for whi thei weren cast doun in desert.
6 But these thingis ben don in figure of vs, that we be not coueyteris of yuele thingis, as thei coueitiden.
7 Nether be ye maad idolatreris, as summe of hem; as it is writun, The puple sat to ete and drynke, and thei risen vp to pleie.
8 Nether do we fornycacioun, as summe of hem diden fornicacioun, and thre and twenti thousyndis weren deed in o dai.
9 Nethir tempte we Crist, as summe of hem temptiden, and perischiden of serpentis.
10 Nether grutche ye, as summe of hem grutchiden, and thei perischiden of a distrier.
11 And alle these thingis felliden to hem in figure; but thei ben writun to oure amendyng, in to whiche the endis of the worldis ben comun.
12 Therfor he that gessith hym, `that he stondith, se he, that he falle not.
13 Temptacioun take `not you, but mannus temptacioun; for God is trewe, which schal not suffre you to be temptid aboue that that ye moun; but he schal make with temptacioun also purueyaunce, that ye moun suffre.
14 Wherfor, ye most dereworthe to me, fle ye fro worschiping of maumetis.
15 As to prudent men Y speke, deme ye you silf that thing that Y seie.
16 Whether the cuppe of blessyng which we blessen, is not the comynyng of Cristis blood? and whether the breed which we breken, is not the takyng of the bodi of the Lord?
17 For we manye ben o breed and o bodi, alle we that taken part of o breed and of o cuppe.
18 Se ye Israel aftir the fleisch, whethir thei that eeten sacrifices, ben not partyneris of the auter?
19 What therfor seie Y, that a thing that is offrid to idols is ony thing, or that the idol is ony thing?
20 But tho thingis that hethene men offren, thei offren to deuelis, and not to God. But Y nyle, that ye ben maad felowis of feendis; for ye moun not drynke the cuppe of the Lord, and the cuppe of fendis;
21 ye moun not be parteneris of the boord of the Lord, and of the bord of feendis.
22 Whether we han enuye to the Lord? whether we ben strengere then he? Alle thingis ben leeueful to me, but not alle thingis ben spedeful.
23 Alle thingis ben leeueful to me, but not alle thingis edifien.
24 No man seke that thing that is his owne, but that thing that is of an othere.
25 Al thing that is seld in the bocherie, ete ye, axynge no thing for conscience.
26 The erthe and the plente of it is, the Lordis.
27 If ony of hethene men clepith you to soper, and ye wole go, al thing that is set to you, ete ye, axynge no thing for conscience.
28 But if ony man seith, This thing is offrid to idols, nyle ye ete, for hym that schewide, and for conscience; and Y seie not,
29 thi conscience, but of an othere. But wherto is my fredom demed of an othere mannus conscience?
30 Therfor if Y take part with grace, what am Y blasfemed, for that that Y do thankyngis?
31 Therfor whether ye eten, or drynken, or don ony other thing, do ye alle thingis `in to the glorie of God.
32 Be ye with outen sclaundre to Jewis, and to hethene men, and to the chirche of God;
33 as Y bi alle thingis plese to alle men, not sekynge that that is profitable to me, but that that is profitable to manye men, that thei be maad saaf.
1 Be ye my foleweris, as Y am of Crist.
2 And, britheren, Y preise you, that bi alle thingis ye ben myndeful of me; and as Y bitook to you my comaundementis, ye holden.
3 But Y wole that ye wite, that Crist is heed of ech man; but the heed of the womman is the man; and the heed of Crist is God.
4 Ech man preiynge, or profeciynge, whanne his heed is hilid, defoulith his heed.
5 But ech womman preiynge, or profeciynge, whanne hir heed is not hilid, defoulith hir heed; for it is oon, as if sche were pollid.
6 And if a womman be not keuered, be sche pollid; and if it is foul thing to a womman to be pollid, or to be maad ballid, hile sche hir heed.
7 But a man schal not hile his heed, for he is the ymage and the glorie of God; but a womman is the glorie of man.
8 For a man is not of the womman, but the womman of the man.
9 And the man is not maad for the womman, but the womman for the man.
10 Therfor the womman schal haue an hilyng on hir heed, also for aungelis.
11 Netheles nether the man is with outen womman, nether the womman is with oute man, in the Lord.
12 Forwhi as the womman is of man, so the man is bi the womman; but alle thingis ben of God.
13 Deme ye you silf; bisemeth it a womman not hilid on the heed to preye God?
14 Nether the kynde it silf techith vs, for if a man nursche longe heer, it is schenschipe to hym;
15 but if a womman nurische longe heer, it is glorie to hir, for heeris ben youun to hir for keueryng.
16 But if ony man is seyn to be ful of strijf, we han noon siche custom, nethir the chirche of God.
17 But this thing Y comaunde, not preisynge, that ye comen togidere not in to the betere, but in to the worse.
18 First for whanne ye comen togidere in to the chirche, Y here that discenciouns ben, and in parti Y bileue.
19 For it bihoueth eresies to be, that thei that ben prouyd, ben opynli knowun in you.
20 Therfor whanne ye comen togidere in to oon, now it is not to ete the Lordis soper;
21 for whi ech man bifor takith his soper to ete, and oon is hungry, and another is drunkun.
22 Whether ye han not housis to ete and drynke, or ye dispisen the chirche of God, and confounden hem that han noon? What schal Y seie to you? Y preise you, but here yn Y preise you not.
23 For Y haue takun of the Lord that thing, which Y haue bitakun to you. For the Lord Jhesu, in what niyt he was bitraied,
24 took breed, and dide thankyngis, and brak, and seide, Take ye, and ete ye; this is my bodi, which schal be bitraied for you; do ye this thing in to my mynde.
25 Also the cuppe, aftir that he hadde soupid, and seide, This cuppe is the newe testament in my blood; do ye this thing, as ofte as ye schulen drynke, in to my mynde.
26 For as ofte as ye schulen ete this breed, and schulen drynke the cuppe, ye schulen telle the deth of the Lord, til that he come.
27 Therfor who euere etith the breed, or drynkith the cuppe of the Lord vnworthili, he schal be gilti of the bodi and of the blood of the Lord.
28 But preue a man hym silf, and so ete he of `the ilke breed, and drynke of the cuppe.
29 For he that etith and drinkith vnworthili, etith and drinkith doom to hym, not wiseli demyng the bodi of the Lord.
30 Therfor among you many ben sijke and feble, and manye slepen.
31 And if we demyden wiseli vs silf, we schulden not be demyd;
32 but while we ben demyd of the Lord, we ben chastisid, that we be not dampnyd with this world.
33 Therfor, my britheren, whanne ye comen togidere to ete, abide ye togidere.
34 If ony man hungrith, ete he at home, that ye come not togidere in to doom. And Y schal dispose othere thingis, whanne Y come.
1 But of spiritual thingis, britheren, Y nyle that ye vnknowun.
2 For ye witen, that whanne ye weren hethene men, hou ye weren led goynge to doumbe maumetis.
3 Therfor Y make knowun to you, that no man spekynge in the spirit of God, seith departyng fro Jhesu; and no man may seie the Lord Jhesu, but in the Hooli Goost.
4 And dyuerse graces ther ben, but it is al oon Spirit;
5 and dyuerse seruyces ther ben, but it is al oon Lord; and dyuerse worchingis ther ben,
6 but `al is oon God, that worchith alle thingis in alle thingis.
7 And to ech man the schewyng of spirit is youun to profit. The word of wisdom is youun to oon bi spirit;
8 to another the word of kunnyng, bi the same spirit;
9 feith to another, in the same spirit; to anothere, grace of helthis, in o spirit;
10 to another, the worchyng of vertues; to another, profecie; to another, very knowyng of spiritis; to another, kyndis of langagis; to another, expownyng of wordis.
11 And oon and the same spirit worchith alle these thingis, departynge to ech bi hem silf as he wole.
12 For as ther is o body, and hath many membris, and alle the membris of the bodi whanne tho ben manye, ben o bodi, so also Crist.
13 For in o spirit alle we ben baptisid `in to o bodi, ether Jewis, ether hethene, ether seruauntis, ether free; and alle we ben fillid with drink in o spirit.
14 For the bodi is not o membre, but manye.
15 If the foot seith, For Y am not the hoond, Y am not of the bodi; not therfor it is not of the bodi.
16 And if the ere seith, For Y am not the iye, Y am not of the bodi; not therfor it is not of the bodi.
17 If al the bodi is the iye, where is heryng? and if al the bodi is heryng, where is smellyng?
18 But now God hath set membris, and ech of hem in the bodi, as he wolde.
19 That if alle weren o membre, where were the bodi?
20 But now ther ben many membris, but o bodi.
21 And the iye may not seie to the hond, Y haue no nede to thi werkis; or eft the heed to the feet, Ye ben not necessarie to me.
22 But myche more tho that ben seyn to be the lowere membris of the bodi, ben more nedeful;
23 and thilke that we gessen to be the vnworthier membris of the bodi, we yyuen more honour `to hem; and tho membris that ben vnonest, han more oneste.
24 For oure oneste membris han nede of noon; but God tempride the bodi, yyuynge more worschip to it, to whom it failide,
25 that debate be not in the bodi, but that the membris be bisi in to the same thing ech for othere.
26 And if o membre suffrith ony thing, alle membris suffren therwith; ethir if o membre ioieth, alle membris ioien togidere.
27 And ye ben the bodi of Crist, and membris of membre.
28 But God sette sum men in the chirche, fyrst apostlis, the secunde tyme prophetis, the thridde techeris, aftirward vertues, aftirward graces of heelyngis, helpyngis, gouernails, kyndis of langagis, interpretaciouns of wordis.
29 Whether alle apostlis? whethir alle prophetis? whether alle techeris? whether alle vertues?
30 whether alle men han grace of heelyngis? whether alle speken with langagis? whether alle expownen?
31 But sue ye the betere goostli yiftis. And yit Y schewe to you a more exellent weye.
1 If Y speke with tungis of men and of aungels, and Y haue not charite, Y am maad as bras sownynge, or a cymbal tynkynge.
2 And if Y haue prophecie, and knowe alle mysteries, and al kunnynge, and if Y haue al feith, so that Y meue hillis fro her place, and Y haue not charite, Y am nouyt.
3 And if Y departe alle my goodis in to the metis of pore men, and yf Y bitake my bodi, so that Y brenne, and if Y haue not charite, it profitith to me no thing.
4 Charite is pacient, it is benygne; charite enuyeth not, it doith not wickidli, it is not blowun,
5 it is not coueytouse, it sekith not tho thingis that ben hise owne, it is not stirid to wraththe, it thenkith not yuel,
6 it ioyeth not on wickidnesse, but it ioieth togidere to treuthe;
7 it suffrith alle thingis, it bileueth alle thingis, it hopith alle thingis, it susteyneth alle thingis.
8 Charite fallith neuere doun, whether prophecies schulen be voidid, ethir langagis schulen ceesse, ethir science schal be distried.
9 For a parti we knowun, and a parti we prophecien;
10 but whanne that schal come that is parfit, that thing that is of parti schal be auoidid.
11 Whanne Y was a litil child, Y spak as a litil child, Y vndurstood as a litil child, Y thouyte as a litil child; but whanne Y was maad a man, Y auoidide tho thingis that weren of a litil child.
12 And we seen now bi a myrour in derknesse, but thanne face to face; now Y knowe of parti, but thanne Y schal knowe, as Y am knowun.
13 And now dwellen feith, hope, and charite, these thre; but the most of these is charite.
1 Sue ye charite, loue ye spiritual thingis, but more that ye prophecien.
2 And he that spekith in tunge, spekith not to men, but to God; for no man herith. But the spirit spekith mysteries.
3 For he that prophecieth, spekith to men to edificacioun, and monestyng, and coumfortyng.
4 He that spekith in tunge, edifieth hym silf; but he that prophecieth, edifieth the chirche of God.
5 And Y wole, that alle ye speke in tungis, but more that ye prophecie. For he that prophecieth, is more than he that spekith in langagis; but perauenture he expoune, that the chirche take edificacioun.
6 But now, britheren, if Y come to you, and speke in langagis, what schal Y profite to you, but if Y speke to you ethir in reuelacioun, ethir in science, ethir in prophecie, ether in techyng?
7 For tho thingis that ben withouten soule, and yyueth voices, ethir pipe, ether harpe, but tho yyuen distinccioun of sownyngis, hou schal it be knowun that is sungun, ether that that is trumpid?
8 For if a trumpe yyue an vncerteyn soune, who schal make hym silf redi to batel?
9 So but ye yyuen an opyn word bi tunge, hou schal that that is seid be knowun? For ye schulen be spekynge in veyn.
10 There ben many kyndis of langagis in this world, and no thing is with outen vois.
11 But if Y knowe not the vertu of a vois, Y schal be to hym, to whom Y schal speke, a barbarik; and he that spekith to me, schal be a barbarik.
12 So ye, for ye ben loueris of spiritis, seke ye that ye be plenteuouse to edificacioun of the chirche.
13 And therfor he that spekith in langage, preie, that he expowne.
14 For if Y preye in tunge, my spirit preieth; myn vndurstondyng is with outen fruyt.
15 What thanne? Y schal preye in spirit, Y schal preye in mynde; Y schal seie salm, in spirit, Y schal seie salm also in mynde.
16 For if thou blessist in spirit, who fillith the place of an ydiot, hou schal he seie Amen on thi blessyng, for he woot not, what thou seist?
17 For thou doist wel thankyngis, but an othir man is not edefied.
18 Y thanke my God, for Y speke in the langage of alle you;
19 but in the chirche Y wole speke fyue wordis in my wit, that also Y teche othere men, than ten thousynde of wordis in tunge.
20 Britheren, nyle ye be maad children in wittis, but in malice be ye children; but in wittis be ye parfit.
21 For in the lawe it is writun, That in othere tungis and othere lippis Y schal speke to this puple, and nether so thei schulen here me, seith the Lord.
22 Therfor langagis ben in to tokene, not to feithful men, but to men out of the feith; but prophecies ben not to men out of the feith, but to feithful men.
23 Therfor if alle the chirche come togidere in to oon, and alle men speken in tungis, if idiotis, ether men out of the feith, entren, whether thei schulen not seie, What ben ye woode?
24 But if alle men prophecien, if ony vnfeithful man or idiot entre, he is conuyct of alle, he is wiseli demyd of alle.
25 For the hid thingis of his herte ben knowun, and so he schal falle doun on the face, and schal worschipe God, and schewe verili that God is in you.
26 What thanne, britheren? Whanne ye comen togidere, ech of you hath a salm, he hath techyng, he hath apocalips, he hath tunge, he hath expownyng; alle thingis be thei don to edificacioun.
27 Whether a man spekith in tunge, bi twei men, ethir thre at the moste, and bi partis, that oon interprete.
28 But if there be not an interpretour, be he stille in the chirche, and speke he to hym silf and to God.
29 Prophetis tweine or thre seie, and othere wiseli deme.
30 But if ony thing be schewid to a sittere, the formere be stille.
31 For ye moun `prophecie alle, ech bi hym silf, that alle men lerne, and alle moneste.
32 And the spiritis of prophetis ben suget to prophetis;
33 for whi God is not of discencioun, but of pees; as in alle chirchis of hooli men `Y teche.
34 Wymmen in chirchis be stille; for it is not suffrid to hem to speke, but to be suget, as the lawe seith.
35 But if thei wolen ony thing lerne, `at home axe thei her hosebondis; for it is foule thing to a womman to speke in chirche.
36 Whether `of you the word of God cam forth, or to you aloone it cam?
37 If ony man is seyn to be a prophete, or spiritual, knowe he tho thingis that Y write to you, for tho ben the comaundementis of the Lord.
38 And if ony man vnknowith, he schal be vnknowun.
39 `Therfor, britheren, loue ye to prophecie, and nyle ye forbede to speke in tungis.
40 But be alle thingis don onestli, and bi due ordre in you.
1 `Sotheli, britheren, Y make the gospel knowun to you, which Y haue prechid to you, the which also ye han takun, in which ye stonden,
2 also bi which ye schulen be sauyd; `bi which resoun Y haue prechid to you, if ye holden, `if ye han not bileuyd ideli.
3 For Y bitook to you at the bigynnyng that thing which also Y haue resseyued; that Crist was deed for oure synnes, bi the scripturis;
4 and that he was biried, and that he roos ayen in the thridde dai, after scripturis;
5 and that he was seyn to Cephas, and aftir these thingis to enleuene;
6 aftirward he was seyn to mo than fyue hundrid britheren togidere, of whiche manye lyuen yit, but summe ben deed; aftirward he was seyn to James,
7 and aftirward to alle the apostlis.
8 And last of alle he was seyn also to me, as to a deed borun child.
9 For Y am the leste of apostlis, that am not worthi to be clepid apostle, for Y pursuede the chirche of God.
10 But bi the grace of God Y am that thing that Y am; and his grace was not voide in me. For Y trauelide more plenteuously than alle thei; but not Y, but the grace of God with me.
11 But whether Y, or thei, so we han prechid, and so ye han bileuyd.
12 And if Crist is prechid, that he roos ayen fro deeth, hou seien summen among you, that the ayenrisyng of deed men is not?
13 And if the ayenrisyng of deed men is not, nethir Crist roos ayen fro deeth.
14 And if Crist roos not, oure preching is veyn, oure feith is veyn.
15 And we ben foundun false witnessis of God, for we han seid witnessyng ayens God, that he reiside Crist, whom he reiside not, if deed men risen not ayen.
16 Forwhi if deed men risen not ayen, nether Crist roos ayen;
17 and if Crist roos not ayen, oure feith is veyn; and yit ye ben in youre synnes.
18 And thanne thei that han diede in Crist, han perischid.
19 If in this life oneli we ben hoping in Crist, we ben more wretchis than alle men.
20 But now Crist roos ayen fro deth, the firste fruit of deed men;
21 for deeth was bi a man, and bi a man is ayenrisyng fro deth.
22 And as in Adam alle men dien, so in Crist alle men schulen be quykenyd.
23 But ech man in his ordre; the firste fruit, Crist, afterward thei that ben of Crist, that bileueden in the comyng of Crist;
24 aftirward an ende, whanne he schal bitake the kyngdom to God and to the fadir, whanne he schal auoide al princehod, and power, and vertu.
25 But it bihoueth hym to regne, til he putte alle hise enemyes vndur hise feet.
26 And at the laste, deth the enemye schal be distried; for he hath maad suget alle thingis vndur hise feet.
27 And whanne he seith, alle thingis ben suget to hym, with outen doubt outakun hym that sugetide alle thingis to hym.
28 And whanne alle thingis ben suget to hym, thanne the sone hym silf schal be suget to hym, that made `alle thingis suget to hym, that God be alle thingis in alle thingis.
29 Ellis what schulen thei do, that ben baptisid for deed men, if in no wise deed men risen ayen? wherto ben thei baptisid for hem?
30 And wherto ben we in perel euery our?
31 Ech dai Y die for youre glorie, britheren, which glorie Y haue in Crist Jhesu oure Lord.
32 If aftir man Y haue fouyten to beestis at Efesi, what profitith it to me, if deed men risen not ayen? Ete we, and drynke we, for we schulen die to morewe.
33 Nyle ye be disseyued; for yuel spechis distrien good thewis.
34 Awake ye, iuste men, and nyle ye do synne; for summen han ignoraunce of God, but to reuerence Y speke to you.
35 But summan seith, Hou schulen deed men rise ayen, or in what maner bodi schulen thei come?
36 Vnwise man, that thing that thou sowist, is not quykened, but it die first;
37 and that thing that thou sowist, `thou sowist not the bodi that is to come, but a nakid corn, as of whete, or of summe othere seedis;
38 and God yyueth to it a bodi, as he wole, and to ech of seedis a propir bodi.
39 Not ech fleisch is the same fleisch, but oon is of men, another is of beestis, another is of briddis, an othere of fischis.
40 And `heuenli bodies ben, and `ertheli bodies ben; but oon glorie is of heuenely bodies, and anothir is of ertheli.
41 An othere clerenesse is of the sunne, anothere clerenesse is of the moone, and anothere clerenesse is of sterris; and a sterre dyuersith fro a sterre in clerenesse.
42 And so the ayenrisyng of deed men. It is sowun in corrupcioun, it schal rise in vncorrupcioun;
43 it is sowun in vnnoblei, it schal rise in glorie; it is sowun in infirmyte, it schal rise in vertu;
44 it is sowun a beestly bodi, it schal rise a spiritual bodi. If ther is a beestli bodi, ther is also a spiritual bodi;
45 as it is writun, The firste man Adam was maad in to a soule lyuynge, the laste Adam in to a spirit quykenynge.
46 But the firste is not that that is spiritual, but that that is beestlich, aftirward that that is spiritual.
47 The firste man of erthe is ertheli; the secounde man of heuene is heuenelich.
48 Such as the ertheli man is, such ben the ertheli men; and such as the heueneli man is, suche ben also the heueneli men.
49 Therfor as we han bore the ymage of the ertheli man, bere we also the ymage of the heuenli.
50 Britheren, Y seie this thing, that fleisch and bloud moun not welde the kyngdom of God, nethir corrupcioun schal welde vncorrupcioun.
51 Lo! Y seie to you priuyte of hooli thingis. And alle we schulen rise ayen, but not alle we schulen be chaungid;
52 in a moment, in the twynklyng of an iye, in the laste trumpe; for the trumpe schal sowne, and deed men schulen rise ayen, with oute corrupcioun, and we schulen be chaungid.
53 For it byhoueth this corruptible thing to clothe vncorrupcioun, and this deedli thing to putte awei vndeedlinesse.
54 But whanne this deedli thing schal clothe vndeedlynesse, thanne schal the word be doon, that is writun, Deth is sopun vp in victorie.
55 Deth, where is thi victorie? Deth, where is thi pricke?
56 But the pricke of deth is synne; and the vertu of synne is the lawe.
57 But do we thankyngis to God, that yaf to vs victorie bi oure Lord Jhesu Crist.
58 Therfore, my dereworthe britheren, be ye stidefast, and vnmouable, beynge plenteuouse in werk of the Lord, euere more witynge that youre trauel is not idel in the Lord.
1 But of the gaderyngis of money that ben maad in to seyntis, as Y ordeynede in the chirchis of Galathie, so also do ye o dai of the wouke.
2 Ech of you kepe at hym silf, kepynge that that plesith to him, that whanne Y come, the gaderyngis ben not maad.
3 And whanne Y schal be present, whiche men ye preuen, Y schal sende hem bi epistlis to bere youre grace in to Jerusalem.
4 That if it be worthi that also Y go, thei schulen go with me.
5 But Y schal come to you, whanne Y schal passe bi Macedonye; for whi Y schal passe bi Macedonye.
6 But perauenture Y schal dwelle at you, or also dwelle the wynter, that and ye lede me whidir euere Y schal go.
7 And Y wole not now se you in my passyng, for Y hope to dwelle with you awhile, if the Lord schal suffre.
8 But Y schal dwelle at Efesi, `til to Witsuntide.
9 For a grete dore and an opyn is openyd to me, and many aduersaries.
10 And if Thimothe come, se ye that he be with out drede with you, for he worcheth the werk of the Lord, as Y.
11 Therfor no man dispise hym; but lede ye hym forth in pees, that he come to me; for Y abide hym with britheren.
12 But, britheren, Y make knowun to you of Apollo, that Y preiede him myche, that he schulde come to you, with britheren. But it was not his wille to come now; but he schal come, whanne he schal haue leiser.
13 Walke ye, and stonde ye in the feith; do ye manli, and be ye coumfortid in the Lord,
14 and be alle youre thingis don in charite.
15 And, britheren, Y biseche you, ye knowen the hous of Stephan, and of Fortunati, and Acaicy, for thei ben the firste fruytis of Acaie, and in to mynystrie of seyntis thei han ordeyned hem silf;
16 that also ye be sugetis to suche, and to ech worchynge togidere and trauelynge.
17 For Y haue ioie in the presence of Stephan, and of Fortunate, and Acaici;
18 for thei filliden that thing that failide to you; for thei han refreischid bothe my spirit and youre. Therfor knowe ye hem, that ben suche maner men.
19 Alle the chirchis of Asie greten you wel. Aquila and Prisca, with her homeli chirche, greten you myche in the Lord, at the whiche also Y am herborid.
20 Alle bretheren greten you wel. Grete ye wel togidere in hooli cos.
21 My gretyng bi Poulis hoond.
22 If ony man loueth not oure Lord Jhesu Crist, be he cursid, Maranatha.
23 The grace of oure Lord Jhesu Crist be with you.
24 My charite be with you alle in Crist Jhesu oure Lord. Amen.
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124,985 | This section focuses on the Hayes family of Lancashire, England, with roots in Pennington, Leigh, Lowton and Prescot. It begins with William Hey, born in 1634. This report benefits from the extensive research into this family carried out over many years by Keith Hayes, a descendant of the individuals addressed here. While much of the original research into the Hayes family focused on Ellis Hayes (1784-1869) and his wife, Ellen Bent Hayes (1788-1869), the dedication of Keith Hayes to this research has pushed information about the family history back almost 150 more years. As indicated in the sections below, some doubt remains regarding the connections of these ancestors to the Hayes family members of later generations, and researchers should take this into account.
The original stimulus for this page was research into the ancestors of William (Bill) Jackson (1879-1944) and Sarah Wilkinson Jackson (1879-1942), grandparents of the author. Bill and Sarah were both born in Lancashire. Bill moved to America in 1923, followed by Sarah and her children in 1924. Bill Jackson's family originated in Cumberland, England, and was joined through marriage to the Cumberland family of Francis James (1793-1865). Bill and Sarah were among only a few in their families to go to America. Details of the lives of Bill and Sarah Jackson and their descendants are provided in another section of this account. This section looks at Sarah Jackson's ancestors in the Hayes family and the confluence of events that led the Jacksons and some of the Hayes family to travel to America.
This presentation includes information on:
William Hey (born 1634) and Alice Hey of Pennington
Ellis Hey (1658-1705) and Margaret Hey of Pennington
James Heyes (1692-1741) and Catherine Heyes of Prescot and Pennington
Ellis Hayes (1728-1760), of Lowton, Lancashire
John Hayes (1759-1836) and Ann Houghton Hayes of Lowton
Ellis Hayes (1784-1869) and Ellen Bent Hayes (d.1864)
John Hayes (b. 1786)
Ann Hayes (b. 1792)
James Hayes (1794-1795)
Elizabeth (Betty) Heyes (1796-1862) and John Williamson
James Hayes (b. 1800)
Mary Hayes (b. 1801)
Ellis Hayes (1784-1869) and Ellen Bent Hayes of Lowton
Nine Children of Ellis and Ellen HayesHayes Family Travel to America
Genealogical Charts on these Families
Note on Researching the Hayes Family
The Jackson Family of Cumberland
The Family of William and Sarah Jackson in America
The Family of Francis James of Cumberland
The Wilkinson Family of Leigh, Lancashire
The Casson Family of Ulpha, Cumberland
The Boyers of Easton
Neil Boyer's Home Page
William Heye, born 1634
William Heye is the earliest member of the Hayes family with an apparent link to the descendants below. William was baptized at Leigh Parish Church on August 14, 1634. The records do not identify his parents. There is no record of his death, but there is a record of the burial of Alice, identified as the wife of William Heye of Pennington, on January 11, 1694. It is not certain that this was the same William Heye, but given the relatively small community attending Leigh Parish Church, the probability seems great that this Alice was his wife.
Baptismal records show two people of the Heye name associated with Leigh Parish Church, and It is believed that these were children of William.
-- Ellis Hey was born about 1658, as has been estimated. Leigh Parish Church records show that he was buried there on June 10, 1705, when he would have been about 45. Church records show seven children of Ellis. The baptismal record of his son James Heyes says that Ellis lived in Pennington, which is part of Leigh. If Ellis lived there, speculation is that William Heye, probably his father, lived in Pennington as well. Part of the reasoning is that Ellis named his first son William Hey, and it was common that first sons were named after their grandfathers. Also, the first William Hey who was a child of Ellis, did not live long, and thus Ellis had a second son named William Hey. This tends to support the theory that the father of Ellis was named William Heye. Ellis wanted a son named William. See more about Ellis below.
It will be noted that many members of this family bear the name "Ellis Hayes."
-- The baptism of Alice Heye was shown in Leigh Parish Church records on February 11, 1665. The record shows she was the daughter of William Hey of Pennington. The mother's name was not given. Given that first female children tended to be given family names, it is possible that the mother of this Alice was also named Alice and thus that William Heye's wife was named Alice Heye.
Ellis Hey (1658-1705) and Margaret Hey
Ellis Hey is estimated to be the only son of William Heye. Keith Hayes speculates that Ellis was born about 1658. His death is recorded at Leigh Parish Church. The burial was on June 10, 1705, which would mean Ellis was 47 if the birthdate is correct. There is a burial record at the same church for Margaret Heys of Pennington on January 11, 1708, and it is likely that this was the wife of Ellis. This is probable because James Heyes, a son of Ellis, named his first-born daughter Margaret and, after she died in infancy, named the next daughter Margaret as well. It is believed that James did this because Margaret was the name of his mother. There is a burial record at Leigh for Margaret Heys on January 11, 1708. If this was the wife of Ellis and mother of the children listed below, her son James would have been only 15 when his mother died.
Records indicate that Ellis Hey had seven children, presumably all by Margaret. The children were:
-- William Hey. Records at Leigh Parish Church show that William, son of Ellis Hey of Pennington, was baptized on June 25, 1682, and buried on September 2, 1682, almost three months old.
-- Thomas Hey was baptized at Leigh Parish Church on November 25, 1683. He was buried on October 15, 1686, almost three years old.
-- William Hey, son of Ellis Hey of Pennington, was baptized on October 26, 1686, eleven days after his brother Thomas died. This is the second child of Ellis to be named William, leading researchers to believe that William Hey was probably the name of the father of Ellis Hey.
-- Ellis Hey, son of Ellis Hey of Pennington, was baptized on January 18, 1689, in Leigh, and buried on October 6, 1690, at the age of 21 months.
-- James Heyes, a son of Ellis Hey of Pennington, was baptized on June 19, 1692. His wife was Catherine, as known from the baptisms of two children. James was a shoemaker who lived at one time in Prescot and later in Leigh, about 15 miles away. James and Catherine Heyes had eight children. James and Catherine both died in 1741. He was 48. More details are below.
-- Ellen Hey was baptized on September 20, 1696.
-- Mary Hey, another daughter of Ellis Hey of Pennington, was baptized on January 14, 1699.
James Heyes (1692-1741) and Catherine Heyes
James Heyes is believed to be the fifth child of Ellis and Margaret Hey. James was baptized on June 19, 1692, the son of Ellis Hey of Pennington, as reflected in the Leigh Parish Church register. James was married to Catherine, as known from the baptisms of two of their children. Although James lived in Pennington when he was born, his early life with Catherine in Prescot, about 15 miles southwest of Leigh, suggests that Prescot may have been the original home of Catherine.
The father of James, Ellis Hey, died when James was only 13, and his mother, Margaret, died when he was 15. While this is speculation, it is possible that as an orphan at 15, James was placed in an apprenticeship or otherwise took up the shoemaking trade. (This was almost the same circumstance that occurred to Ellis Hayes, the son of James, after James and his wife died in 1741). Shoemaking then was centered in Liverpool, southwest of Leigh. Perhaps in the outlying areas of Liverpool, James met Catherine and they took up residence in her home town of Prescot, about eight miles from Liverpool. It appears that James and Catherine lived in Prescot at least until 1725 and then moved to Pennington, the birthplace of James. Records indicate that James and Catherine Heyes had eight children. Baptisms of the first five (between 1717 and 1725) were in Prescot Parish Church. Baptisms of the later children (between 1728 and 1735) were in the Leigh Parish Church, and the burial of Alice was in Leigh was in 1726. This suggests the family moved from Prescot to Pennington about 1726. James Heyes and his wife Catherine died within six weeks of each other in 1741. Catherine was buried on November 25, 1741, and James six weeks later, on January 2, 1741 (the years do not change in January under the Julian calendar, which was used at that time.)
A question of whether this James Heyes was the father of the Ellis Hayes family below can be addressed in this way: The church records in both Prescot and Leigh show that James was a shoemaker whose wife was named Catherine. They show that he was baptized in Leigh and later lived in Prescot and then again in Leigh. He had a daughter Alice who was baptized in Prescot and buried in Leigh. And James had two sons named Ellis, one born in each place, likely named after the father of James. The evidence seems clear that this is the same James Heyes family, having moved from Prescot to Pennington.
The children of James and Catherine Heyes, as recorded in church registers, were as follows:
-- Margaret Heyes, possibly named after the mother of James, was baptized on March 27, 1717, and buried on March 30, 1717, three days later. Records of both events are in Prescot Parish Church.
-- John Heyes was baptized in Prescot Parish Church on November 12, 1718.
-- Margaret Heyes, a second child with the same name, was baptized on February 16, 1720, at Prescot Church.
-- Alice Heyes, daughter of James Heyes, shoemaker, and his wife Catherine, was baptized at Prescot Church on June 3, 1723. She died three years later and was buried in Leigh on June 18, 1726.
-- Ellis Heyes, son of James Heyes, shoemaker, and his wife Catherine, was baptized at Prescot Church on June 27, 1725. He was buried at Prescot on July 4, 1726, one year old.
-- Ellis Heyes, the second son of James Heyes to bear this name, was baptized on September 2, 1728, at Leigh Parish Church. The record said he was the child of James Heyes, shoemaker, and Catherine, his wife, of Pennington. This record suggests that the family had moved from Prescot to Pennington between the births of the two sons named Ellis. This Ellis Heyes married, first, Martha Astley, and then a woman named Phoebe, and he had two children with each. Ellis died at the age of 32 and was buried on December 26, 1760, in Winwick. More details are below.
-- Mary Heyes was baptized at Leigh Parish Church on May 8, 1732.
-- James Heyes was baptized at Leigh Parish Church on August 17, 1735.
Ellis Hayes (1728-1760) of Lowton
This Ellis Hayes was baptized on September 2, 1728, at Leigh Parish Church. He is believed to be the fifth child of James Heyes. His mother, Catherine Heyes, died on November 25, 1741, and his father six weeks later, on January 2, 1741 (years numbered by the Julian calendar). Ellis was only thirteen and a half when his parents died. Two months after the death of his father, Ellis was entered into an apprenticeship. A document discovered by Keith Hayes at the Leigh town hall showed an agreement between "Ellis Heyes, son of James Heyes, a poor child of Pennington, of the one part, and James Lowe of Lowton . . . chapman, of the other part." (A chapman was an itinerant seller.) The apprenticeship was to last seven and a half years or until Ellis became 21, whichever came first.
It appears that, as soon as Ellis turned 21, he married Martha Astley of Golborne. The wedding was on February 19, 1750. It is estimated that Martha was born about 1730. Keith Hayes speculates that Ellis, at the age of 13, became an orphan, moved from Leigh to Lowton to serve an apprenticeship as a husbandman (farm worker caring for animals), met a girl from Golborne, about two miles from Lowton, and got married at St. Luke's Church in Lowton when he turned 21. He and Martha had two children, then Martha died and one of the children also died. Ellis remarried and had two more children, and then he died himself at the age of 32.
The records indicate that after Ellis married Martha in Lowton, they moved to Bedford in Leigh, and that is where their two children were born, James Hayes in 1752 and Catherine Hayes in 1754. The family then apparently moved back to Lowton, where Martha Hayes died on November 30, 1756, when she must have been about 26. Their daughter Catherine also died in Lowton, in January 1757, two months after her mother died. In the record of Martha's burial at Leigh Parish Church, she was described as the wife of Ellis Hayes of Lowton. The burial record of Catherine at Lowton St. Luke's identified her as the daughter of Ellis Heyes of Lowton. Thus, Ellis Hayes lost both his wife and daughter when he was only 28. (See 1842 map of Lowton and Lowton Common.)
After Martha's death, there is indication that Ellis was married to a woman named Phoebe, although no record of the marriage has been found. Her maiden name is unknown. Phoebe appears to have been the mother of two of the children of Ellis, John Hayes and still another Ellis Hayes. Records showed that Ellis the father was buried on December 26, 1760, when he was 32. See a genealogical chart on the Hayes family.
Records showed these children of Ellis Hayes:
-- James Hayes was baptized on February 8, 1752, the son of Ellis and Martha Hayes. It appears that Ellis named his first two children after his parents.
-- Catherine Hayes was baptized on October 2, 1754. The baptismal records showed her as a daughter of Ellis Hayes of Bedford, part of Leigh. She was buried at St. Luke's Church in Lowton on January 30, 1757, at the age of two, just two months after the death of her mother, Martha.
-- John Hayes was baptized on May 11, 1759, indicating that Ellis Hayes had remarried after Martha's death in 1756. John married Ann Houghton and they had seven children. John died in 1836. (See more below.)
-- Ellis Hayes was born on August 7, 1761, and baptized on August 30, 1761, at St. Luke's Church in Lowton. His mother's name was shown as Phoebe Hayes, indicating that she was the second wife of Ellis. Phoebe was probably also the mother of John Hayes. A record in Winwick Church showed that Ellis Hayes, the father, died and was buried on December 26, 1760, at the age of 32, about eight months prior to the birth of his son Ellis on August 7, 1761. Records showed that Ellis the son did not live long, and he was buried on December 21, 1761, only four months after his birth. Both the baptism record and the burial record showed that his mother was named Phoebe.
Phoebe Hayes, apparently the second wife of Ellis Hayes, was remarried on October 7, 1765, at Winwick Church, to Thomas Dickinson. It may be assumed that Phoebe and Thomas raised John Hayes, who had been born in 1759, only six years earlier. Phoebe Dickinson was buried on August 13, 1818, at Winwick Church. The burial record said she was 82, which would indicate her birth in 1736 or 1737.
John Hayes (1759-1836)
Research shows that Ellis and Phoebe Hayes had a son, John Hayes, who was born on May 11, 1759, and baptized on May 25, 1759, both events in Lowton. No record has been found specifically showing the name of John's mother, but another Hayes child, also named Ellis, was born on August 7, 1761, to Phoebe Hayes, and it is likely that Phoebe was also John's mother. John Hayes was married on August 8,1780, in St. Oswald's Church in Winwick, to Ann Houghton, who was born about 1760. Both John and Ann were buried at Winwick, John on January 6, 1836, Ann on April 8, 1840.
There are records showing that John and Ann Hayes had seven children, possibly eight. Except for Elizabeth, all were shown as born in Lowton, offspring of John and Ann Hayes, and baptized at Leigh Parish Church.
-- Ellen Hayes was born in 1782. Unmarried Ellen had a son, John Hayes, who was born in 1803 and died in 1866. John and his wife Sarah (c.1804-1850) had a daughter Mary Hayes, born on October 23, 1841. (See tombstone below.) Mary was baptized on January 4, 1846, the same day as her sister Sarah Heyes, who had been born on June 5, 1845.
-- Ellis Hayes was born in 1784. He married Ellen Bent in 1807. Both were silk weavers. Ellen died in 1864, Ellis in 1869. They had nine children. See more about Ellis and his family below.
-- John Hayes was born about 1786.
-- Ann Hayes was born in 1792.
-- James Hayes was born in 1794 and died in 1795. His parents gave the name James to their next-born son as well.
-- Elizabeth (Betty) Heyes was born on December 9, 1796, and baptized at St. Luke's Church in Lowton on January 6, 1797. There is some doubt as to whether she fits within this family. The baptismal record names "Elisabeth daughter of John Hays of Lowton born December 9th and baptised January 6th 1797." The record does not mention the name of the mother. The others in this family were identified as children of both John and Ann Hayes. Also, this would be the only child of John not baptized in Leigh Parish Church. Further, there was another John Hayes living in the area, and Elizabeth might have been his child. However, if baptized in Lowton, it is likely that Elizabeth would have been born in Lowton, as all of the other children in the family had been, and her birthdate in 1796 falls within the five-year gap between the births of the two boys named James Hayes. Also, records of St. Oswald's Church in Winwick show that "Betty Hayes" was married there on January 4, 1819, to John Williamson, and census records show that John and Betty lived on Lowton Common. These facts increase the likelihood that Betty was one of the children in this Hayes family. John had been born about 1799, probably at Leeds or Doncaster in Yorkshire, and died in Lowton on May 3, 1872. Betty died in Lowton on March 15, 1862. Their tombstone in St. Luke's Church Burial Ground in Lowton shows the date of death and age for Betty but not for John. The stone also records the burial of their daughter, Margaret Williamson, and her husband John Prescott.
-- James Hayes, a second James, was born in 1800.
-- Mary Hayes, last-known child of John and Ann Houghton Hayes, was born in 1801. She was not married. Mary had a daughter, Sarah Hayes, who married John Kearsley of Lowton. John had been born on October 23, 1825, in Leigh, Lancashire. He was a son of James Kearsley, who had been born about 1800 in West Leigh, Lancashire, and died on September 13, 1867, in Atherton, Lancashire, and of Elizabeth Livesley, born about 1802 in Leigh, buried on September 11, 1833.
Although John Kearsley is named on Sarah's tombstone, no date of death is given. Sarah died in 1849 at the age of 25, according to her tombstone in St. Luke's Cemetery (above). Sarah and John Kearsley had four sons, in 1844, 1845, 1846 and 1848. All of them died before their mother Sarah. No information has been uncovered about John Kearsley after his wife Sarah died. Family reseachers Keith Hayes and Al Williamson developed this information on the Hayes and Kearsley families. The known children of John and Sarah Kearsley were these:
James Kearsley was born on November 27, 1844, in Lowton. He died on May 1,1861, at the age of 16. He is mentioned on Sarah's tombstone, above.
Thomas Kearsley was born in 1845, also in Lowton. He died in October of the same year and was bured on October 14, 1845.
Samuel Kearsley was born on September 27, 1846, in Lowton. He died in June 1848 and was buried on June 21, 1848.
Thomas Kearsley was born in February 1848, in Lowton, and died in June of that year. Thomas was buried on June 18, 1848, three days before the burial of his brother Samuel.
Ellis Hayes (1784-1869) and Ellen Bent Hayes
Ellis Hayes, the second child of John and Ann Hayes, was born in 1784 and baptized on January 1, 1785, at Leigh Parish Church. His wife, Ellen Bent, was born in Kenyon in late 1788 or early 1789, the daughter of Henry and Ellen Bent. She was baptized on February 14, 1789, also at Leigh Parish. Ellis and Ellen were married at Wigan Parish Church on February 9, 1807. Ellis appears in the 1861 census, age 78, identified as a former silk weaver. His wife, age 76, is also identified as a former silk weaver. They lived on Lowton Common, Lancashire, apparently on the same street as two other Hayes family members, their sons Samuel Hayes and Peers Hayes. (Lowton Common probably was an area of common land where people who graze their animals. When a cluster of dwellings arose nearby, the settlement would have taken on the name Lowton Common as well.) Ellis died in 1869 and Ellen Bent Hayes in 1864. A photo of a silk weaver is at the end of this page on Lowton history.
Ellis and Elen Bent Hayes formed an important focal point for the family of Annie Jackson Boyer in America, who was the mother of this writer and the stimulus for this research into the Hayes family. Of key importance was the family of one of the children of Ellis and Ellen Hayes: Peers Hayes, born April 12, 1828, and his wife, Anne Hatton. At least three of the ten children of Peers or their offspring went to live in the United States, and all stayed in close touch with each other. When Anna Jackson Boyer's father, Bill Jackson, took the courageous decision in 1923, at the age of 44, to change job and homeland, he went first to Rhode Island to stay with the family of his wife's mother's sister, a branch of the Hayes family. And it is from descendants of the Hayes and Wilkinson families that we know the most about the Jacksons.
Children of Ellis and Ellen Bent Hayes. Most of the information below on the Ellis Hayes family focuses on Samuel and Peers, but some information has been developed on nine children:
1. Henry Hayes, was baptized on May 30, 1807, at Leigh Parish Church, and thus probably was born during the month of May 1807. That would have been three months after Ellis and Ellen were married. Henry died on February 2, 1881, in Lowton. He and his wife Alice had no children.
2. William Hayes was born in 1810 and died in 1901 at the age of 91. He married Margaret Prescott in Winwick Church on New Year's Day, 1833, the same day that his brother John Hayes married Ann Morris. Margaret died in 1854 at the age of 42, and in 1859, William married Ellen Westwell. She had been born about 1819 and died in 1907. William did not have children with either wife.
3. John Hayes was born on May 30, 1813, and died in 1864 at the age of 50. On January 1, 1833, he married Ann Morris, with whom he had at least six children. The tombstone for John and Ann is below.
4. Ellis Hayes was born on September 18, 1815, and died in 1886.
5. Hannah Hayes (spelled "Heyes" in one record) was born in 1818 in Lowton and baptized on August 22, 1818, at Leigh Parish Church. She died on August 1, 1861, in Lowton. On June 2, 1844, in Winwick Warrington, Hannah married Henry Morris, who had been born in 1818 in Lowton. He was a cotton weaver, and Hannah was a silk hand loom weaver. Their son William Morris and his son Henry Morris (1876-1958) both worked in the chemical industry in Widnes. Hannah's husband, Henry Morris, died on March 6, 1855, in Atherton, Lancashire. Henry and Hannah Morris had three children: Samuel Morris, born in 1846, William Morris (1847-1899), and Elizabeth Morris, born in 1850. Josephine Morris O'Neill, a descendant of Hannah and Henry Morris and their son William, provided information on this section.
6. Samuel Hayes, the sixth child of Ellis and Ellen Bent Hays, was baptized on July 28, 1821, at Leigh Parish Church. He first married Esther Morris of Lowton on December 13, 1847, at Lowton, St. Luke's Church. She had been born in 1825, but she died in 1848, not long after their wedding. Prior to their marriage, Samuel and Esther had a daughter, who was known initially as Ellen Morris and later as Ellen M. Hayes. Ellen was born August 28, 1844, and baptized on March 10, 1845, at Lowton, St. Luke's. The 1861 census made clear that "Ellen M. Hayes" lived with the family.
On April 21, 1851, after Esther died, Samuel married Mary Ann Lowe at Tyldesley Top Chapel. Mary Ann had been born in 1831 and she died in 1891 at the age of 59. On her marriage certificate, Mary Ann said she had been born in Liverpool and that her father, Ellis Lowe, was a shoemaker. Samuel and Mary Ann Lowe Hayes had five children: Mary E. Hayes, born in 1853; Ellis Lowe Hays, 1855; Thomas Hayes, 1859 (died in 1863); Esther Hayes, 1863; and Harriet Hayes, 1866. The 1861 census showed that Samuel and his family lived at 9 Lowton Common, in Lowton, Lancashire, near his parents, Ellis Hayes, 78, and Ellen Hayes, 76, who were at 7 Lowton Common. Samuel, 38, born in Lowton, and his wife, Mary Ann Hayes, 28, born in Liverpool, were both described as silk weavers. Samuel's son Ellis, named after his grandfather and his great-great-grandfather, was listed in the census as a male named "Ethel," but this was clearly a bad reading of the census-taker's writing. In the 1861 census, the Samuel Hayes family included Samuel, 40; wife Mary Ann, 30; Ellen M. Hayes, 16 (daughter of Samuel's first wife), a silk weaver; Mary E., 7; Ellis, 5; and Thomas Hayes, 2. Samuel died on October 19, 1898, at the age of 77. Samuel and Mary Ann Lowe Hayes were buried with Thomas Leather (1778-1860) and his wife Mary (see tombstone below). The 1851 census showed Mary Ann Lowe living with Leathers and described her as a niece.
7. Ellen Hayes was baptized on September 11, 1824. She died on January 19, 1910, at the age of 85 (the tombstone wrongly says 84). She married Edward Houghton, who had been baptized at Leigh Parish Church on March 27, 1819. According to their tombstone (see below), Edward died on October 22, 1893, at the age of 74. They had at least 10 children. Their tombstone says they are buried with a son, Thomas Houghton. He was the last child of Ellen, born on October 23, 1868, when Ellen was about 44. Thomas died on January 17, 1951, at the age of 82. Ellen, Edward, Thomas and Thomas's wife, Jane Unsworth, are buried in Lowton St. Luke's Cemetery. Jane Unsworth Houghton had been born on August 28, 1868, and died on August 5, 1957, almost 88. Ellen Houghton, a daughter of Ellen and Edward, was baptized at Lowton St. Luke's church on May 22, 1853, in a three-way family ceremony along with another Ellen Hayes, the daughter of Peers Hayes, and Sarah Hatton, the daughter of Charles Hatton, the brother of Anne Hatton Hayes. They were the only children baptized that day.
8. Peers Hayes, the eighth child of Ellis and Ellen Bent Hayes, was born on April 12, 1828, and baptized on July 7, 1828, in Leigh Parish Church. He married Ellen Prescott, also of Lowton, on August 16, 1847, at St. Luke's Church in Lowton. Ellen had been born about 1828, and she died on February 6, 1851. They had one child, Margaret Hayes, born on November 7, 1847. After Ellen died, Peers married Ann Hatton, in 1851, and they had nine children. More about Peers Hayes is below.
9. Thomas Hayes, the last-known child of Ellis and Ellen Bent Hayes, was born in 1831 in Lowton and baptized in Leigh on April 2, 1831. In 1856, he married Mary Rowland, born about 1828, and they had at least eight children.
Peers Hayes, the eighth child of Ellis and Ellen Bent Hayes, was born on April 12, 1828, and baptized on July 7, 1828, in Leigh Parish Church. He was married twice, first to Ellen Prescott and then to Anne Hatton. With Ellen, he had one child and with Anne had nine.
Ellen Prescott, the first wife of Peers, was also from Lowton. Peers and Ellen were married on August 16, 1847, at St. Luke's Church in Lowton. Ellen had been born about 1828, and she died on February 6, 1851. They had one child, Margaret Hayes, born on November 7, 1847.
In 1851, after Ellen's death, Peers married Anne Hatton, of Kenyon, Lancashire. Anne had been born on August 3, 1826, in Kenyon, Lancashire, the daughter of Charles and Ellen Hatton. They had nine children. Anne died on August 9, 1908 at the age of 82. The 1861 census showed that Peers and Anne Hayes lived on Lowton Common, in Lowton, a part of St. Mary’s Parish, Lancashire. Peers was 32, born in Lowton in 1828. Lowton Common seems have been been a community where a number of Hayes family members lived. Also on Lowton Common, was the family of Samuel Hayes, 38, brother of Peers, and his wife Mary Ann Hayes, 28, as well as the parents of Peers and Samuel, Ellis Hayes, 78, and his wife Ellen Hayes, 76.
Many of the Hayes family members in early years seem to have been involved in the silk business. Parents Ellis and Ellen Hayes were each identified in 1861 as “formerly silk weaver.” Their son Samuel and his wife Mary Ann Hayes were also identified as silk weavers, as was their daughter Ellen M. Hayes, 16. Other children were Mary E. Hayes, 7, born in Lowton in 1854, Ellis L. Hayes, 5, born in Lowton in 1856 (apparently named for his grandfather), and Thomas Hayes, 2, born in Lowton in 1859.
Peers Hayes in the 1861 census is identified as a silk weaver, 33, as is his wife Anne Hayes, 34. Children present in the house were Margaret Hayes, 13, born in Lowton in 1848, the daughter of first wife Ellen Hayes (identified as a “back seater in cotton mill”); Ellen Hayes, 8, born in Lowton in 1853; Elizabeth Hayes, 6, born in Lowton in 1855; Peers Hayes, 4, born in Lowton in 1857; and Charles Hayes, 1, born in Lowton in 1860.
In the 1871 census, the family lived at 2 Mather Lane in Lowton. (The name of Peers, 42, is spelled “Piers” in one account.) Daughter Martha Hayes was not included since she had died in 1868, the year of her birth. Father Peers and all other children are shown in the census as having been born in Lowton. Only the mother, Anne Hatton Hayes, 44 at the time, was born elsewhere. In the 1891 census, twenty years later, the only people shown are William and his parents, at Thornbush Farm in Lowton. The Hayes house was still standing in 2009, although the surrounding property had largely been converted into a housing estate.
Peers Hayes died on September 23, 1909, at the age of 81, and was buried at St. Luke's Church, along with both of his wives -- Ellen Prescott Hayes and Anne Hatton Hayes -- as well as two of his children, Martha and Henry. The tombstone is inscribed "Thy will be done."
The Ten Children of Peers Hayes. The roots of the connection to the Jackson family are three children of Peers and Anne Hatton Hayes ‑‑ Ellen Hayes, Hannah Hayes and Elizabeth Hayes. Hannah and Elizabeth both moved to America; Ellen married John Wilkinson, and it was her daughter Sarah who went to America with Bill Jackson.
Altogether, Peers Hayes had ten children, one with Ellen Prescott and nine with Anne Hatton Hayes, all born in Lowton. Most dates were supplied by a descendant of Elizabeth. Details on each of the children are provided below.
1. Margaret Hayes, born November 7, 1847, in Lowton, Lancashire (daughter of first wife, Ellen)
2. Ellen Hayes Wilkinson, born March 17, 1853, in Lowton, died August 7, 1943, in Leigh
3. Elizabeth Hayes Sharrock, born March 26, 1855, in Lowton, died April 29, 1942, in Rhode Island
4. Peers Hayes, born December 5, 1856, in Lowton
5. Charles Hayes, born August 6, 1859, in Lowton
6. Hannah Hayes Pemberton, born October 29, 1861, in Lowton, died April 7, 1955, in Rhode Island
7. Henry Hayes, born November 10, 1863, in Lowton, died August 23, 1874, in Lowton
8. Mary Hayes Prescott, born December 27, 1865, in Lowton
9. Martha Hayes, born March 30, 1868, died June 6, 1868
10. William Ellis Hayes, born June 5, 1869, in Lowton, died 1952
Details on the family of Peers Hayes were these.
1. Margaret Hayes, born on November 7, 1847, was the child of the Peers and his first wife, Ellen Prescott. Margaret was baptized at At. Luke's Church on May 17, 1855, the same day as her sister Elizabeth was baptized. All the others in the family were children of Peers' second wife, Anne Hatton.
2. Ellen (also called Helen) Hayes was born in March 17, 1853. She married John Wilkinson and they had five children. She died on August 7, 1943, in Leigh. More details are below.
3. Elizabeth Hayes, born on March 26, 1855, and baptized on May 17, 1855, the same day as her sister Margaret. Elizabeth married James Sharrock and they moved to America. Elizabeth died on April 29, 1942, in Rhode Island. They had two children. More details are below.
4. Peers Hayes was born on December 5, 1856, and baptized on May 1, 1857, at St. Luke's Church. He married Matilda Whiteley in 1879. She died on April 29, 1914, and was buried in Leigh Cemetery. They had four sons: Frank Hayes, born in 1881; Watson, 1882; Harold, 1887; and Henry, 1890. Peers, who was named for his father, wrote a poignant poem of regret when his sister Hannah sailed for America. The 1911 census showed Peers living on Twist Lane in Leigh. It said Peers and his wife Matilda were both 53, and lived with Frank, 30, a road constructor and employer, Harold, 24, a "hawker," Henry, 21, a clerk, Edith, 30, a daughter in law, probably the wife of Frank, and Russell, 6, grandson of Peers. The census said that Peers was a "stationway surface engineman" working in a colliery. Relatives also reported that he ran a hardware shop. Marian Wilkinson Magilton remembered going to the shop to get paraffin as a small child. The sons were remembered to have opened the Winter Garden cinema and dance hall in Southport. It is also remembered, with a hint of family scandal, that the sons once visited the home of Elizabeth Hayes Sharrock and brought along a roulette wheel. It was recalled that they eventually went bankrupt.
5. Charles Hayes was born on August 6, 1859, and baptized on October 16, 1859, at St. Luke's Church. He was one of the Hayes family members who stayed behind in England. Charles was a supervisor of a canal lock, and he and his wife lived in a house at the lock. The 1891 census showed them at 5 Ivy House, St. Helens Road, Leigh, very close to the canal, but in 1901 the census showed them at 17 Derwent Street, near Pennington Church. Charles married Annie Simister in 1883, and they had a daughter, Ethel Hayes, born about 1888. Ethel apparently had died by the time of the 1901 census. A son, Edmond Hayes, was born about 1894 (he was 7 on the 1901 census). Charles, Annie and Edmond were photographed in front of the lock house (see photo at right). Records show that Ann Hayes, wife of Charles Hayes, died on April 4, 1929, leaving effects amounting to 54 pounds. Probate letters were issued to Charles Henry Wilkinson, overlooker, the husband of Ellen Hayes, a sister of Charles. Five months after Annie's death, on September 16, 1929, Charles himself died. Records showed that he and Annie lived at Limerick house, off St. Helens Road, Leigh Bridge (possibly the building in the photo at the right). An 1847 map shows Limerick House on the canal just south of Leigh town center. When Charles died, probate letters were issued to their son, Edmund Simister Hayes, a "foreman porter." The effects of Charles amounted to more than 845 pounds.
6. Hannah Hayes, born October 29, 1861, was baptized on February 9, 1862, at St. Mary's Church. She was the first of the family members to move to America. She married Levi Pemberton, and they had ten children. Hannah died on April 7, 1955, in Rhode Island. More details on her are below.
7. Henry Hayes was born on November 10, 1863, and baptized on January 31, 1864, at St. Mary's Church. He died on August 23, 1874, at the age of 10.
8. Mary Hayes was born on December 27, 1865, and baptized on February 25, 1866, at St. Mary's Church. She married John Prescott, and they had five children, including Beatrice Prescott, who married William Sharp, and Leah, Arthur, John and James Prescott.
9. Martha Hayes was born on March 30, 1868, and baptized at St. Mary's Church on May 24, 1868. She died three months later, on June 6, 1868.
10. William Ellis Hayes was born on June 5, 1869, and baptized on August 1, 1869, at St. Mary's Church. The census taken on April 2, 1911, showed that William, age 42, single, living at No. 7 Reeves Street, Lowton, was a "carter" for a florist. He married Edith Lyon two months later, on June 3, 1911, at St. Peter's Church on Firs Lane, Leigh. William died in 1952.
Travel to America
Ellen Hayes, daughter of Peers and Ann Hatton Hayes, was born in Lowton, Lancashire, on March 17, 1853, and baptized at Lowton St. Luke's church on May 22, 1853. St. Mary's church records showed that on November 18, 1875, Ellen Hayes, 22, a spinster employed as a weaver, was married to John Wilkinson, 19, a bachelor and an engineer. John had been born at Pennington on December 25, 1856. His father, William Wilkinson, was a "silk picker." His mother was the former Martha Harrison. Also present at the wedding were Peers Hayes, a farmer, father of John, and witnesses Peers Hayes, Ellen's brother, and Elizabeth Hayes, a sister. John became an engineer with the Pennington Mill, a large cotton mill in Leigh, Lancashire.
Ellen Hayes and John Wilkinson lived at 5 Neild Street in Leigh, next to the Pennington Mill, and they had five children. The second child was Sarah Ann Wilkinson, who married William Jackson. Apparently influenced by Hannah and Elizabeth Hayes, sisters of Ellen, Sarah and Bill decided to move to America to create a new life, Bill in 1923, Sarah and children in 1924, and Ellen never saw them again. Ellen Hayes Wilkinson remained behind in Leigh, dying on August 7, 1943, actually outliving her daughter Sarah. Her husband John Wilkinson died on January 5, 1919. The probate record showed that his effects were left to Ellen and amounted to a little more than 473 pounds.
Hannah Hayes. Apparently, the first of the Peers Hayes family to go to America was Hannah, who was born in Lowton, England, on October 29, 1861. The 1871 census shows her, at 9 years old, living with her family at 2 Mather Lane in Lowton. The 1881 census shows her, age 19, living in Leigh, with her sister Ellen Hayes Wilkinson and working at the cotton mill. She sailed on May 10, 1887, at the age of 25, and on that day, her brother Peers Hayes published a long poem “to his most Affectionate Sister Hannah, on her leaving home for the U.S.A.” Twenty days later, on May 30, she was married at St. James Episcopal Church in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Her husband was Levi Pemberton, who had been born in England on January 9, 1864. According to an award from Pennington Church, Levi was still in England in January 1874. It is not known if Levi and Hannah traveled to America together or if he preceded her. In any event, it is clear that the purpose of Hannah's trip was to marry Levi. Levi died on May 14, 1940, at the age of 76, and Hannah died on April 7, 1955, at the age of 93.
Hannah and Levi Pemberton had two children, both of whom remained close to the Hayes-Wilkinson-Jackson-Boyer families.
The first child was Albert Pemberton, born on April 20, 1888, probably in New Bedford. Like his mother, Albert also was married at St. James Parsonage. On May 28, 1910, at the age of 22, he married Ellen Elizabeth Annie Mitchell, just turned 20, born on May 9, 1890. Albert died September 14, 1973, at the age of 85. "Annie" died in Mattapoisett, Massachusetts, on December 5, 1969, at the age of 79. Albert and Annie Pemberton had 10 children (of whom only three were living in 1985):
1. Gladys Elizabeth Pemberton, born November 19, 1910, who died March 7, 1974
2. Dorothy Helene Pemberton, born October 20, 1911, who died August 7, 1958
3. Mildred Muriel Pemberton Pierce, born December 14, 1912. She died on March 6, 2005.
4. Edna Isabell Pemberton, born March 16, 1914, who died April 25, 1962
5. Albert Pemberton, Jr., born July 20, 1916, who died November 21, 1977
6. Elsie May Pemberton, born August 22, 1917, who died January 27, 1940
7. Irene Millicent Pemberton, born March 9, 1919, who died July 19, 1985
8. Alice Marjory Pemberton, born July 8, 1921, who died June 7, 1944
9. Robert Mitchell Pemberton, born April 10, 1923, who died March 23, 1980
10. John Edwin Pemberton, born July 12, 1924. John lived in Mattapoisett. He died in 1991.
The second child of Hannah and Levi Pemberton was Florence Pemberton, who, like her brother, was born in the United States. Florence was born on February 9, 1891. Florence worked in Fall River, Massachusetts, caring for the dogs of Lizzie Borden from 1922 until Lizzie's death in 1927. In accordance with Lizzie's will, Florence received $2,854.47. Florence is mentioned in a 2011 book on Lizzie Borden and Fall River produced by the Fall River Historical Society. Florence married James Metcalf, and they had one son, Sheldon Hayes Metcalf, who was born in New Bedford on June 7, 1934. Florence lived most of her life in the New Bedford area, and died at a nursing home there in May 1986, at the age of 95. She was buried at Acushnet Cemetery. Her son Sheldon, also of New Bedford, died on May 10, 2001, and was buried beside his mother at Acushnet Cemetery.
Elizabeth Hayes, born in Lowton on March 26, 1855, was six years older than her sister Hannah. She was confirmed in 1871, at age 16, in the Parish of St. Mary, in Lowton. In the 1881 census, she is shown living with her sisters Hannah Hayes and Ellen Hayes Wilkinson on Neild Street in Leigh and working as a cotton weaver at the Pennington cotton mill. Elizabeth was married in England to James Sharrock, who had been born in 1860. James died in England on December 4, 1920, at the age of 60, and six months later, on June 1, 1921, at the age of 66, Elizabeth Hayes Sharrock went to America; she arrived about 35 years after Hannah. Elizabeth Hayes Sharrock lived to be 87, dying on April 29, 1942.
Elizabeth and James Sharrock had two children: Albert G. Sharrock, born in England on November 1, 1890, and Elizabeth Ann Sharrock, born in England on February 3, 1893.
1. Albert G. Sharrock, the brother of Elizabeth Sharrock Hodgson, went to America in 1913 or 1914. Like his sister, he at first went to live with his aunt Hannah Hayes Pemberton. It was through her that he met Gertrude (Gertie) Garrapt Mort, who had been born on June 9, 1878. The two were married in Apponang, Rhode Island, on March 5, 1914; she was 35, and he was 23. Gertrude had had two children by a previous marriage ‑‑ Edith E. Mort, born on August 2, 1903, and still living in 1985, and Gertrude P. Mort, born on June 28, 1904, who died on November 17, 1965, at the age of 61.
But Auntie Gertie and Uncle Albert, as they were known, also had two children of their own: Alice Mary Sharrock was born on December 22, 1915. She married Harold Kaye, and they lived in Wakefield and later Lincoln, Massachusetts. She died in Concord on May 15, 2009. Her sister Marian Elizabeth Sharrock was born on July 14, 1921. Both were born in East Freetown. For a time, Albert worked as a driver, and Gertie as a domestic, for a Howland family. Later, Albert and Gertie ran a grocery store and post office for many years. In 1955, they turned it over to Albert Foster, the husband of Gertie's granddaughter, and they moved to Cape Cod. Gertie Sharrock died on June 18, 1958, at the age of 80. Albert lived to October 11, 1975, when he died at the age of 84.
It is reported that there was considerable confusion surrounding the two Alberts who were children of the Hayes sisters. Not only did these cousins have the same first name, but they lived in the same area, were about the same age (Albert Pemberton was born in 1888, Albert Sharrock in 1890), both reportedly were tall, and they were similar in appearance. And both had long lives, Albert Sharrock dying at the age of 84, Albert Pemberton at 85. Some relatives never did get them straight.
2. Elizabeth Ann Sharrock, who had served as a nurse in in the Ambulance Brigade during World War I, was married at the age of 28 to Joseph Hodgson, who had been a soldier in the War. They were married in England on March 28, 1921. Joseph had been born in England on June 2, 1896, and he was 24 at the time of their marriage. It was just two months after her marriage, and six months after the death of her father, that Elizabeth Sharrock Hodgson went to America with her new husband and her mother, Elizabeth Hayes Sharrock.
Joe was the only one of six children in his family to move to America. His parents, Jonathan Hodgson (1871‑1941) and Mary Ann Garstary Hodgson (1872‑1950), spent all of their lives in England. The other five children were John Hodgson (1894‑1961), Eleanor (born in 1900), Annie (1903‑1986), Bessie (1905), who celebrated her 60th wedding anniversary on October 24, 1986, and Colin Hodgson (1910). John Hodgson's two daughters both worked for the school system: Mary Hodgson married Chris Robinson and had a daughter, who in 1986 was married and working as a nurse. Joan Hodgson married Ray Starkie, who died in 1988 at home in Leigh at the age of 62. Their daughter Beryl Starkie married Stuart Whitton and they had two sons, Antony Whitton and Mark Whitton. Joan and Ray also had a son, Norman Starkie.
Elizabeth and Joe Hodgson, and Elizabeth's mother, lived first with Elizabeth Sharrock's sister, Hannah Hayes Pemberton, in East Freetown, Massachusetts. Later they moved to New Bedford, then to Asonet. Joe worked in a mill, and Elizabeth worked as a housekeeper for a Mrs. Kidder. Finally, they settled in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Like Elizabeth's mother, Elizabeth Hayes Sharrock, Elizabeth and Joe Hodgson also had long lives. Joe died on March 7, 1969, at the age of 72, and Elizabeth died on April 15, 1973, at the age of 80, both in Rhode Island.
Children of Elizabeth and Joe Hodgson. Elizabeth and Joe lived near Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and had two daughters, about the same age of Bill Jackson's son Jack, and later Hilda and Mildred introduced Jack to their childhood friend Dee Rostron, and Jack and Dee were later married.
a. Hilda Hodgson, born in New Bedford on August 7, 1922, was a nurse. She married Charles Bejma on June 3, 1950, and they had one daughter, Bethany Bejma. Hilda died of cancer on April 12, 1974, at the age of 51. Charlie died on December 11, 2002, at the age of 85. Bethany graduated from high school two months after her mother's death. She worked first for the Rhode Island Hospital Trust Bank, then at Memorial Hospital as a technician. On June 5, 1976, she married Mark Force, at the Church of the Good Shepherd, in Pawtucket. Her cousin Lynn Jackson was maid of honor. Bethany and Mark had three children:
-- Seth Charles Force was born on February 11, 1979. He married Nicole Belanger on December 7, 2007. They had a son, Zachary Charles Force, on December 6, 2011. Seth and his brother Evan were PGA golf professionals.
-- Evan Mark Force, born on September 22, 1981. Evan planned to marry Brenna Anatone on September 7, 2012.
-- Sarah Elizabeth Force was born on July 29, 1984. Sarah married Corey McNulty on May 1, 2010. In 2012, she was a police officer in Central Falls, Rhode Island.
b. Mildred Hodgson, born on January 4, 1925, married Charles Cyganoski on March 31, 1951. The newlyweds (maintaining the family connections) visited the Boyers in Easton in the course of their honeymoon. Charlie, who had been born on May 20, 1923, had joined the Army in 1942 and served in China, Burma and India with the 10th and 14th Air Force units. He was a sergeant when he was discharged in 1945. He died of cancer on July 12, 1996. (Mildred is the source of much of the information in this section on the Hayes and Wilkinson families.) They had two children (photo at right). In 2012, Mildred was living with her son Bruce in Warwick, Rhode Island.
-- Charles Joseph Cyganoski, Jr. (Joseph) was born on March 12, 1953, in Pawtucket. Joe graduated from high school in 1971 and went to college for six years to become a registered pharmacist. In 1985, he was working for the CVS chain drug stores. He married Deborah Cotrone, born March 16, 1955, at the Woodbury Church in Warwick, Rhode Island, on January 10, 1981, and they had a daughter, Elizabeth Ann Cyganoski, on March 7, 1984. Elizabeth was a noted ballet dancer while in college and was a principal dancer with the State Ballet of Rhode Island. She married Brandon Decker on November 12, 2011, in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. Elizabeth graduated from the University of New England in 2011 as a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine. In 2012, she lived in Pensacola, Florida.
-- Bruce E. Cyganoski, the second child of Mildred and Charles, was born on December 4, 1955. He graduated from high school in 1974. At first he worked in a retail store; in 1985 he was working for the Day‑0‑Light Company, a manufacturer of fluorescent lights in Warwick.
The Jackson Family of Cumberland
The Family of William and Sarah Jackson
The Family of Francis James of Cumberland
The Wilkinson Family of Leigh, Lancashire
The Casson Family of Ulpha, Cumberland
Genealogical Charts for the Jackson, Wilkinson, James and Hayes Families
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155,986 | Marks of An Effective Church, Part 2
The marks of a dynamic church, or the marks of an effective church. This is a break in our study of 1 Corinthians. The reason we're doing this is in recent days I had occasion to be at a Pastor's Conference, as I told you last time, and heard Dr. Howard Hendricks from Dallas Seminary speak. And he gave some of the things that he had found to be the common denominators of the great churches, the successful churches, the God-Blessed churches, the dynamic churches that he had visited all across America. He gave some of these things, didn't particularly support them biblically - didn't have time to do that - he just gave them. But it really set me to thinking.
So I took those basic things and I pursued them and I studied them in the Scriptures and I added to them some that I felt are from my own viewpoint or my own mind out of the Word of God also, to be included in a list of the marks of a dynamic church. We came up with about 12 of them that we wanted to share with you, gave the first five last week and will conclude with the final seven this morning.
Now, I just want to say this again by way of introduction. There are many kinds of churches large and small, many cultures in which the church local assembly that is exists; there are all different ways to minister - as different as every different individual. The Holy Spirit gives different gifts in offices and administrations. We're not saying that all churches have to be the same, or that all have to conform to the same programs or the same patterns or the same methods or the same procedures.
But in all of the various procedures, in all of the vast, the plethora of types and styles of churches, there are some common denominators that are true of every successful, dynamic, effective church. They may be administered in different ways, they may be realized through different avenues, but they will be there.
Now, not all successful churches have all of these; all of them have some of them, and the more they have, the more dynamic they are. These, then, are the marks of a dynamic church - not only from Scripture do we see these, but from actually looking at churches and actually discerning what it is that has made them effective.
Now, I'll just review the first five by naming them, and then we'll proceed on so that we can complete our study.
The first mark of a dynamic and effective church is a plurality of godly leaders. A pluralityof godlyleaders. The Bible teaches that there is to be in the church leadership that is godly, and that there are to be multiple of leaders. That is the heart of the church. That is the top of the church, and from there comes the direction for the church.
Second thing, a dynamic church will have functional goals and objectives. That is, it knows where it's going and it has delineated the procedure to get there. It has functional goals and objectives.
Thirdly, a dynamic church has a strong emphasis on discipleship. And by that I mean making people Christians, bringing them to Christ, and then nurturing them so that they can in turn reproduce. That the view of the strong church is a concerted effort to teach and bring people to grow and reproduce.
Fourth, a dynamic church will have a strong emphasis on community penetration. The style, the program, the approach may vary, but in all successful churches, dynamic churches, there is a strong concerted effort to penetrate the community. To reach the unsaved. To make a dramatic effect upon the society in which that local assembly exists.
Fifth, a church that is effective will have an aggressive, active, ministering people. It will not be a church where the paid people do everything. It will not be a spectator-type arrangement. It will be an active, aggressive, ministering body. People who know their spiritual gifts, and who use them.
Alright, now let's proceed from there. Number six in our study, a dynamic and effective church will have an intense, mutually caring spirit - and there's a lot of ways you could state that. It will have an intense concern for one another. It will be involved in the lives of its people.
Now, so many churches are simply places where you go to watch it happen, and we've seen this so many times in our studies. But we cannot sit in isolation. We cannot just come in, sit, and walk out the back, and say we have really been involved in what the church is doing.
There is a tremendous responsibility laid at the foot of every Christian to minister to another believer, and the New Testament is absolutely loaded with this - not only in the area of ministering our spiritual gifts, but in just responding to one another.
As I was driving down here for our prayer meeting early this morning, I was listening to a radio preacher, and he was preaching and he was waxing eloquent and he was just screaming at the top of his voice, and he was in one of those "amen" kind of congregations where you can hardly hear the preacher for all the people shouting back. And when they weren't giving it he'd say, "Now let me hear it there brethren, let me hear it!" So they'd all holler at him. And he kept saying this, "When Iwas a boy, Iremember when people went to church! And what we need to do is go to church!We gotta get back to church!"
"Yea, brother, oh yeah!" All this yelling is going on - for about five minutes, he just kept saying "Go to church! Go to church!" You know, I thought, "All those people are there". That's what they're doing. But what he needed to do was tell them what they're there for. All they know they're there for is to just kind of pump that guy up so he'll keep hollering at them. They hadn't the faintest idea - I'm confident - of what they were supposed to be doing. And he just kept saying, "America needs to get back to church!" America never really found out what they were supposed to do when they went, so they left. Never wanted to come back, without telling them what to do when they get there.
Why do we go to church? Well Hebrew simply says this: "Forsake not the assembling of yourselves together as the manner of some is" - why? "In order that you may provoke one another to love and good works". You're not here just to listen, you're here to stimulate each other. Every one of you ought to be like a little battery, and you ought to be affecting other people.
You know, the New Testament has so much information about the response of believers toward one another. It says we are to confess our sins one to another; James 5:16. In Colossians 3:13 it says we are to forgive one another; in Galatians 6:2 it says we are to bear one another's burdens. In Titus it says we are to refute one another. In First Thessalonians 4:18 it says we are to comfort one another. Hebrews 10, Hebrews 4 and a lot of other places says we are to exhort one another. Romans 14:19 we are to edify one another; Romans 15:14 we are to admonish - which means to counsel with a view toward a change in behavior. James 5:16 we are to pray for one another.
All of those - one another, one another, one another - over and over and over and over. We have a responsibility to each other. You haven't done it when you've managed to park your machine, walk in here, sit down, get out there without having said anything to anybody. We're not only here to hear teaching, but we're here to be sensitive to the lives of those who are about us, and this should carry through the week, through the month, through the year, through the life.
You know, I look at the life of our Lord Jesus Christ and I see somebody who was involved - with individuals. Who was a caring, sensitive, loving friend; personally integrated into peoples' lives. He brought joy to a wedding. He went to a wedding, and he brought joy. He so identified with drunkards and winebibbers who wanted to change, that men started calling him a drunkard. He met with the weak and unimportant people, and he made them eternally important. He met with perverse and hostile people and revealed a warmth that made him approachable.
I always think about the story in Mark Chapter 5. Here is Jesus, God in human flesh. He lands in the sewers in the country of the Gaterines - Garasa - across the Sea of Galilee. You know who came to the meeting? A mad man. And he says, "Well, what do you have to do with me, Jesus of Nazareth?" Now this was a real far out guy who lived in the tombs, cut himself with rocks, and they tried to tie him up and he'd break the chains. The people avoided him, obviously - not too many people went out and said "would you like to have lunch with us at our picnic".
Well here's Jesus, he crosses the Sea of Galilee to meet the guy, the guy comes out, they meet - I love this story - Jesus took care of him. It cost somebody a herd of pigs, but it was a small price. And finally the story closes, and it says that Jesus was there, ready to leave, and the man was sitting at Jesus' feet, clothed and in his right mind. He got involved in one man's life and transformed his life.
I always think, too, of Mark Chapter 5 when Jesus was in the crowd. And it says that the crowd was crushing him. And he turns around and says, "Who touched me?" Remember that story? And a little lady had crawled up and grabbed one of the tassels on his robe and yanked it. And he said "who touched me", and the disciples said "are you kidding?" He says no, it was a special touch, and he pulled the lady out and said "come here", and he healed her. That's the kind of person he was. He was involved in the lives of people; he was totally sensitive.
There were some people getting to stone an adulteress in John 8, remember this story? Jesus walked up and started writing on the ground, and somebody said what was he writing, maybe he was writing the sins of the people who were throwing the stones. But he said to them, "Let him who is without sin cast the first stone", looked at the lady and said, "I don't condemn you; go and sin no more". He was in the business of being sensitive to peoples' needs on an individual level, and this is the kind of pattern he set for us.
The church, people, is a loving community that we must share with one another. And I think so often we think we've satisfied ourselves that we've gone to church; we've waltzed in the building, sat down, and gotten back in the car and gone about our business...God help us if that's our perspective.
Number seven. Church is not only to be mutually caring, but a church that is dynamic and effective will have a genuine, high-level devotion to the family. A genuine, high-level devotion to the family. One of the reasons here at Grace Church that we have had what we've had with family efforts is because we're so committed to the family.
Dr. Barshawand his ministry and the family program - which incidentally is going to have a new face and things are gonna change and you're gonna see some exciting things around here in the first of the year - his Bible study and his time each year with fathers, with dads; the effort to work in the homes, to try to stimulate godly fathers and godly mothers; the women's ministry, the genuine woman; all of the things that we try to do with seminars and teaching, to work with men, to work with women, to work with young people - is to stimulate a godliness in the family. Because we believe that God has this as a priority.
You know in recent years, the church has forgotten the family. It's sort of rejuvenated now, but if you go back ten years and try to find a book on the Christian family, there weren't any. In the last ten years, there's a zillion of them. If you go back far enough , you can remember when the family all did it together. If you go back far enough, some of you can remember when the family went together and sat in the same pew always. And you always sat together. And then we got a program at the church, and everybody blitzed and went everywhere. Like here. You come at Grace and you go in three services, three acts, and everybody's going all over - you might run into your kid out there if you recognize them in the crush. Or maybe you might even meet your wife, I don't know. But its' a very difficult thing. It used to be that everybody went together.
And then of course, we had counter-cultures starting to grow, and everybody wanted to be somebody so everybody found a group. And this is very necessary, because of the mask on society, there needs to be that. So everybody's gravitated. Old people aren't old people, they're senior citizens. There's an identity there. And kids aren't just kids anymore, they're in the youth group. And the youth group has its own thing, and we gear everything to them; we have a certain _________, well you know in a lot of churches it's the youth group that's wagging the whole church. And a lot of people are sort of coming along for the ride.
Well this happened some years back, but we could see it developing in the late '60s or even the early '60s - all the things were oriented toward the kids. Pretty soon we begin to leave the parents behind. There used to be a total balance with the family. And this is something you really have to struggle to see exists.
I wanna show you how important the family is to God to stress this point. Exodus Chapter 20 and 21 lays it out for us, and we'll make a couple of other stops as we go through the Scriptures and show you what I mean. Exodus 20 is the Ten Commandments, you remember this one, verse 12: "Honor they father and they mother that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord they God giveth thee." From the very beginning, from the very beginning. Right before the command not to kill was the command to honor your father and mother. God had laid it out this way - to give respect and honor to your parents, young people, is God's command. Chapter 21 verse 15 gives you the idea of how serious God is about it: "And he that smiteth his father or his mother shall be surely put to death".
I'll never forget an indelible incident in my life when I was a kid. I saw a friend of mine punch his father so hard he knocked him into the bathtub. And you know, you might hear that and think that's funny - God doesn't think that's funny. He that smites his father or his mother shall be what? Surely put to death. That would have been cause for capital punishment in the Old Testament.
You say, "I'd never do that, I'd never hit my father or my mother". How about thinking evil thoughts, or how about if you wouldn't hit them, maybe you'd curs them. Look at verse 17: "He that curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death". Execution was God's standard. Do you think God wanted control in the family? Do you think God wanted order in the family? Not only did he not want you to smite your parents, but he did not want you to even curse them. Not even curse them. You ever heard of any young people who have bad things to say about their folks? Worthy of death in the Old Testament.
I'm only telling you this because I want you to know that God is very serious about the responsibility of the family members to one another. This is a high priority. And this is something that we must teach young people; the responsibility that belongs to them towards their parents.
Now this is elucidated in a broader base in Proverbs 30, and I wanna take a minute to show it to you because I think it's something you can use to teach your own children to pass onto others. Now here he's talking about the younger generation, basically, coming along. And you'll find as I read Proverbs 30 versus 11 and following, certain things that really ring home. It could be a description of our generation of young people today. "There is a generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother." Would you say that's true? Young people who curse their fathers and do not bless their mothers? In many cases their mothers and fathers don't deserve it, but that doesn't excuse them.
Verse 12: "There is a generation that are pure in their own eyes, yet are not washed from their filthiness." They think that they have no need of their parents' instruction. They've got all the answers. They really don't know how bad off they are. Or verse 13: "There is a generation, oh how lofty are their eyes. Their eyelids are lifted up -" you know what that is? Conceit, pride, all the answers, hot stuff, big time, really rived. "There is a generation -" verse 14 - "whose teeth are like swords, and their jaw teeth like knives to devour the poor from off the earth and the needy from among men". This younger generation grows up and you know what happens? They take advantage of other people. They're not honest, they're dishonest. We see them in America. Young men - dishonest, cruel. Some of the finest young men who we saw in situations that hit our country and things like Watergate, some of what should have been the finest of our young men whose lives were operated on this kind of principle. Taking advantage of people for their own gain.
Verse 15, here is the illustration: "The horse-leech has two daughters crying 'give, give'". You say, well that's weird, what does that mean? What's a horse-leech? Well, you can figure out what it is by just the name of it. It's a thing that leeches on horses; you don't need a Lexicon for that. What is it saying? A horse-leech had two teeth, or two whatever they would call them, that stab into the flesh of the horse and suck the blood out. And he says this generation is like a horse-leech; all they're in it for is what they can get out of it; sucking the blood out. They are never satisfied, never satisfied.
Verse 17, wow: "The eye that mocks at his father, and despises to obey his mother, the ravens in the valley shall pick it out and a young eagle shall eat it". Now that's pretty strong language. That's what God says about a child who doesn't honor his parents; who lifts up his lofty eyes against them - the ravens will pluck it out and the eagles will eat it.
Now when you read something like that, you get the idea that God is serious, don't you? You know in First Samuel Chapter 2, remember the story of Eli the priest? Eli took care of everybody's spiritual problems but never took care of his own kids. This is one of the great disasters in the Ministry. Pastors who don't take care of their kids, don't take care of their families. Too busy doing this and that.
Dr. Hendricks shared a story and he said that some guy called him up and said, "Dr. Hendricks, we're having a big Bible conference, we want you to be our speaker. Can you come?" He said, "No, I can't come." The guy says, "Why can't you come? This is a crucial thing for our city, for our town, for our community. Why can't you come? Do you have another appointment?" He says, "No, I gotta play with my kids." He said, "You gotta play with your kids? Don't you realize that our people need teachings?" He said, "Yeah, well my kids need me."
He was right, you know that? Because if he ever lost his kids, then all the credibility of his ministry is gone - pus his heart is broken. So sometimes if I don't come, it's because I'm playing with my kids. Is that wrong? That's not wrong. I don't wanna be like Eli. You know what Eli did? He didn't play with his kids. You know what grew up? Two really bad kids - Hophni and Phinehas. They didn't have a good start with those names, but you know, they could have done a lot better for them. But they turned out to be bad. And you know what God said to Eli? He says you know Eli, when I first chose Aaron, and I first started this whole Priesthood thing and the chain in which you're in - when I started that thing, I told those priests they'd be priests forever. And that this would be the line. But you know, your sons have so violated my law, that I'm gonna call a halt right here. And you're two boys Hophni and Phinehas are gonna die on the same day. Do you think Eli's heart wasn't broken? Too busy ministering, taking care of everybody else, couldn't take care of his sons.
I'll never forget a story that a guy told me, he was an evangelist. He said that he overheard his kid talking, this little boy was talking to the neighbor boy. He was always gone on evangelistic meetings, and his boy wanted to do something with the neighbor. He said, "I can't do anything with you cause I gotta go with my dad - my dad and I are gonna go down to the park and play". And this evangelist's son said, "Oh. My dad can't play with me, he's too busy playing with other people's children". He said nothing ever affected him as much as that did.
Listen, we have an obligation to our families. That's a high priority; there's a high price to pay if you lose out. So you know, we're concerned about that. We want solid marriages, right? Solid homes. So we have a family ministry. We just began a few months ago, because of this commitment, a premarital course. Anybody that wants to be married at Grace Church - anybody - must have a five week course that involves study, homework, projects, assignments, tapes to listen to, all kinds of things to do. They're assigned to a contact couple, that is a married couple in the Church that has a great relationship, a good solid couple, and they are to just work individually with those people before they ever come to the place of marriage.
Somebody said when we first started that, "Why do you make people go through all that?" Because we know what it's like to sit in the offices week after week after week and pick up the pieces of the marriages that never got started right.
There must be this kind of commitment to the family, and there is - in every church, really, that is going to be dynamic. I mean it's clear, isn't it, that husbands that love their wives, wives committed to their husbands, children obey their parents, and parents you don't have to provoke your children to wrath, but you're to admonish them and nurture them. It's all there, and it has to be made clear.
Alright, number eight. Gotta keep going. Boy you can really fire away on these. Number eight. A dynamic church will also have a strong Bible teaching preaching ministry. I really believe that dynamic churches are churches where there are solid teaching and preaching at the heart of it. I don't think you can make up for an anemic pulpit; I really don't. I don't think sermonettes for Christianettes cut it. I don't think platitudes and stories and all that make - I think there has to be in a great church, the heartbeat of the church is a dynamic presentation of the truth of God.
I think about Dr. Chriswell when he went to Dallas First Baptist Church. He's only the second pastor in its history - they've only had two; George Truitt and Chriswell, two great men. And when he got there he said to the Board, he said, "You know what I'm gonna do? I'm gonna teach through the Bible. I'm gonna start in Genesis and I'm just gonna go verse by verse until we finish the entire Bible". They said, "You'll empty the place, you can't do that!" He did it. Didn't empty it; it's the biggest church in America. 15,000 members. You know why they go there? Because there's somebody there who teaches them the Word of God and does it in a way that they can respond to, and change their lives. There's no substitute for that.
There must be at the heart of the church the beating pulse of the solid pulpit that teaches and preaches the Word of God. You know, that's our rallying point. Let's face it - you arrive in the morning, get out of your car and split, and everybody goes a different direction. But the one common denominator we have is here, isn't it. And this is really the pulse that carries the church. If we never had this - and there was a series of articles suggesting some years back that we shouldn't have it - we wouldn't have that common growth together. I'll never forget reading those articles, a series of them.
And the suggestion was that we don't have churches anymore like we have _________. We get rid of buildings, and we don't have to do all of that. And every family would be a unit, and the father would be the priest. That's ideal. The only problem is, you still gotta have this because a lot of fathers aren't doing it. And if somebody doesn't teach the wives and kids, they won't. Right? But, every family with a father. And then you take five families, you'd have the five family group and one of those fathers would teach that group. And you'd have all these little deals going everywhere, you wouldn't need to come here at all, except maybe once a month you could rent a hall somewhere in town and compare notes.
I thought that would be good, initially. And I had a positive reaction to the idea of breaking it down. I had a negative reaction to the absence of preaching. So you're saying of course you would. Well I would, that's right. but I'm not just defending what I do because I do it, I'm defending what I do because it's right to do it. And to hear _________. We didn't come here just to give him the offering.
You see, you go through the Book of Acts, you go through the life of Christ, and preaching dominates those things. You can't cut it out, you can't eliminate what God uses. The preaching of the cross is still to them that perish foolishness, but to them that believe, it is salvation. And it is still the proclamation, the kerugma, the dedicating instruction that changes men's lives.
And this is important, but preaching can be so many things. Let me just go a step further with it. I believe that there must be, and there is, in churches that are really doing something - a great driving, motivating pulpit that is also instructing and teaching. You hear so much about how to preach, but of course I hear a lot more than you do because I move a bit in those circles. But one way that you hear today is that the preacher is supposed to make everybody feel good. I mean after all, the guy has an unhappy life, right? He works hard and the boss is cruel, he's henpecked on top of that when he goes home, his kids are delinquent, he can't make the payment on the car, and all of this kind of stuff, and he comes to church - make the guy feel good. You know, don't smash him form pillar to post; he's been already all week. And so you come to church, and that's the idea of positive thinking - you're all wonderful and everything is rosy.
I turned on the television last night because I sometimes like to watch other Christian programs, and so I turned this one on, and this was the guy who came on. And he was smiling, and he had sort of a family-type thing and he said, "Every day with Jesus is so happy. I have, oh, if you could only be so happy as I am". Every day with Jesus is so happy. You know what I said? Garbage. Now you tell that to the wife whose just gotten back from the cemetery where she buried her husband. Tell her that Christianity's a slap-happy kind of thing. You tell the mother whose little child was just diagnosed as having terminal leukemia, that every day is a happy day. Don't kid me. Every day is fulfilling, but every day there is an abiding joy in the presence of Christ, but this isn't any slap-happy kind of life.
And if all we're supposed to do is come together and tell each other how wonderful we are, we're all lying. Cause somebody else says, "No that isn't the thing to do, the thing you wanna do is help him solve his problems". Well we live in a world that is so psychologically overridden that we can hardly think about getting into clinical analysis. We can't take anything objectively hardly without analyzing it. So what we're supposed to do is solve problems, you know, and there's so much of what I call "problem-centered preaching", have you heard it? The guy states the problem and gives ten verses out of context on how to solve it. Get a few stories about some people who solved it.
I'm not a glorified psychoanalyst, and I'm not a great grandfather Santa Claus type whose gonna pat you on the head and tell you everything's happy. A preacher's task is to not only educate you in the Word of God, but it is to make you change your behavior to conform to it, right? And I'll tell you something very honestly. I hope you feel worse before you feel better, right? There's gotta be healing before there can be restoration. So when somebody comes to me after the service and says, "Oh, that was so wonderful, I just loved that." I say, [mad noise] I didn't get across. Somebody comes to me and says, "You know that really convicted me; boy, that really made me search my heart". And I say, "Well, the message came through".
Now I don't want you all to come up to me and be dishonest, you know. Other people say, well, the church is supposed to be used to help people to make decisions about social life and all - no, no. We're here to teach you the Word of God and we're here to call what is sin sin in order that you might change your behavior. Just pacifying your problems doesn't make you feel good. You know what makes you feel good? Confessing, repenting and changing your life. Right? Then you feel good. Then real joy occurs.
Number nine. And this I'm gonna mention with some strength. Number nine. A church that is dynamic will have a willingness to change and innovate. A willingness to change and innovate. All of you that have come from other churches than this one have come into a different kind of structure here; it's not like the one you came from. Some of you came from Baptist churches, some of you, like the hymn said about our Lord, Jesus the Nazarene came from Nazarene churches, some of you have come from Presbyterian, some of you from Lutheran, some of you from Catholic churches, some of you probably come out of things like Mormonism and Jehovah's Witnesses and whatever else, and all of you various and sundry kind of formats and forms. Some of you come from Bible-pumping pounding type super duper fundamentalist backgrounds, and all kinds of things, you put together all the pieces of all these puzzles. You come here and everything is different.
And for some people, it's a little bit different. Somebody told me the other day that they enjoyed coming to our church, but they felt more of a worshipful spirit in a different kind of structure. And I understand that, and everyone is different. But let me say this - forms are not sacred, okay? There is nothing sacred about forms. Alan Hendricks said we must distinguish between the unchangeable and what must be changed.
And let me add another thought. There is no faith without risk. And one of the things that an aggressive church has to be doing is always bursting out of old forms, okay? You know, whenever we would say we're gonna go to three services, or we're gonna go to three Acts classes, or we're gonna change the whole concept of Sunday School to Acts. We always have a meeting, and we always say boy, we're gonna get some negative reaction on this. Why? Because people don't like change. You know why? Because change is insecurity. But you wanna know something - faith demands risk. Doesn't it? there is no faith without risk. Church can become so comfortable that you just plop, and then there's nothing there.
But if it's always changing and you're always living on the precipice of change, then you're gonna stay on top of things. That's one reason we don't give you an order of worship in the morning that tells you everything that's gonna happen. We don't want you to know everything that's gonna happen. There's gotta be some adventure.
We used to go to camp, the camp directors would used to put a program in the kids' hands, tell them what all the meetings and everything were - you know what they do? they go through the program and figure out ahead of time what they won't like. So now they don't give a program - they don't know, they gotta come to find out what's happening. That's what we do here. We want you to be part of it. we want you to flow with the thing. Forms aren't sacred, and busting out of old forms is risk - but that's faith.
I figure change for the sake of change. Cause if you don't change, then people get in ruts and they don't know what's really going on. The Apostle Paul adapted - it was beautiful. You know, there wasn't always the format that we have today. The Apostle Paul, you know what he taught every day from one to five, five, six, seven days a week? You say
"I couldn't handle that, I could barely get through one service". You know, you can go some places in Africa where they meet together at daybreak and they go back home when the sun goes down? They do it every day on the Lord's Day and they're preaching together. I've preached in black churches in the south where I would finish one sermon and they'd say, "Brother, preach another one". I'd just turn the page in my notebook and take off again in another passage. I'd preach that one, and I have preached as many as three and four sermons in a row. And you know, mine aren't real short. And they'd just say, "Give some more to us, Brother!"
But the other side of the coin is we sit there and we got that 12:00-itis, you know? It's 12:00, what's going on? isn't God through yet? You know, there are some people who would collapse if there was no Sunday morning worship. If we said, "Look, we can't make it on Sunday mornings anymore, we got a gas war, we got problems, whatever's gonna happen, we're gonna have to change the thing or we're gonna have to meet in different places around the city on Tuesday evening, and that's gonna be our - "
"Oh, man, my heart! I don't know if I can take it". But every day is sacred for the believer, isn't it? Every day. Sure we love to be together on this day, and our society allows us to be together.
Another thing I think we do is we worship at the shrine of the building. We have a structural pulp. This is sort of the thing where church is here, and we identify the institution. What we've done is we've canonized the form, and then we struggle to make it relevant. We live with incidental patterns, and we make them into institutions. And this isn't anything new - we all retreat from the world and we get in the building, and we're in the building, and that's secure and safe and nice. And you know, I bet you've thought about it - I know I have - have you ever thought of what it would be like, or have you ever thought the fact that somebody might come in and interrupt us? do you ever think about that? I've thought about that a lot. What would happen if somebody busted in and just started interrupting us? "*gasp* What's he doing in our building? This is our building".
We've had that happen, several times. one time on Easter Sunday a lady was crawling down the aisle trying to get up here, and somebody took her away just before she got here. But another time after I was finished preaching, there was somebody who may have been here - a man came running and stood right beside me and says, "I have something to say, I have something to say!" just after I said amen in the prayer. And what are you gonna do? so I just stepped aside and said okay. And they turned the microphone off, but at least the first 15 rows heard what he had to say. But you know, it's amazing how threatened we are. I'm threatened too, you know; I think about that. I mean, we've got our little secure box that we identify our whole Christianity with this little box we live in.
Listen, buildings are a sign that people want identification and that's good. Buildings are a sign that people want roots and form and they want routine, because it's non-threatening. But bricks aren't sacred, and the order of worship is not inspired, and there must be change or we stagnate. If there's warmth here, if there's joy here, if there's teaching here, it isn't because of the form, its' because God is here, and the Spirit is at work, and he's busy not just on Sunday morning here, but everywhere in the lives of his people. it's the spirit of the people. God doesn't work in buildings, he works in hearts.
Let me give you three points just to think about. whenever you're gonna preserve change - and that's a strange term, but I like to use that - we must preserve change. And if you're gonna preserve change, you have to remember three things. Number one, Spirit takes precedent over structure. Spirit takes precedent over structure. What you are really is more important than what this building is doing. What's going on in your life outside of here is more important than what's going on here. This is not God's house - you are. In fact, in Second Corinthians 6:16, Weist says in his translation, "As for us, we are an inner sanctuary of the living God. And what he's doing in us is more important than what he's doing in this building." He's only doing it here when we're here.
You'd be surprised. When I walk over during the week and look in this building, nothing is going on. there's nothing happening here at all. You know why? The Lord isn't there. Not until I walk in.
Secondly, not only does Spirit take precedent over structure but we most be open to the Holy Spirit. If the Holy Spirit is doing things and changing things, than we're ready to change.
Thirdly, procedure must follow need. To remain spiritually alive, we've gotta flow with the needs. If the society changes and the culture changes, then the church is going to have to come in a way that it can minister effectively. And you gotta get rid of the attitude "we've never done it that way before" - that's a good reason to do it.
Let me give you an illustration of how you can confuse what is a form with what is a truth. And some people don't know the difference. For some people, all church is is forms. So they can't discern between a form and the truth. Look at Matthew 15, there's a perfect illustration. Matthew 15:1: "Then came to Jesus scribes and pharoses of Jerusalem saying -" they were always trying to argue about what Jesus and his disciples were doing, trying to trap them. and they had made a lot of rules. The Bible has the laws of God, but the Rabbis made traditions. And they were not binding on God's eyes, they were not inspired of God, they were just plain old egoistic rules so people who kept them could exalt themselves.
And one of the rules was that before you ever ate, you had to wash. Now it's obvious that you have to wash for cleanliness, but this was beyond that. They had to go through ceremonial procedure, sort of purifying themselves and making themselves holy, and then they could eat. It was a whole bunch of religious gobbeldy-gook.
The disciples of Jesus didn't do that - verse 2. So the pharoses and scribes said, "Why do your disciples transgress the tradition of the Elders?" You're breaking tradition! You're doing it different! A few weeks ago we had the music at the end of the services, and somebody said "Why do we have the music at the end of the service?" I said, "Because a lot of times we have it at the beginning, we thought we'd do it different."
"I like it better at the beginning."
"Because we've always done it at the beginning". In other words, this is tradition. Tradition we make into some kind of divine fiat. Why do your disciples transgress the tradition of the Elders? They're not washing their hands when they're eating bread. Didn't mean they had dirty hands, it meant they didn't go through the ceremony. Jesus says, "Oh, why do you transgress the commandment of God?" You wanna know why these guys don't obey your commands, why don't you obey God's? For illustration, God has commanded that you honor you father and mother. And if you curse your father and mother, you're gonna die. Now that means you're supposed to take care of your parents.
But instead of that, when you should be giving the money to your needy parents, you say to your father or your mother "I'm sorry folks, it's a gift". In other words, I'd love to give you this money, but I've already consecrated it to God, so I must give it to him. I'm sorry, I'd like to give it to you, but I've consecrated it to God. That's what they were doing. What piousity. They were absolutely in contradiction to the law of God about honoring parents. While they were giving these little gifts that they were consecrating which was a tradition they had developed. In obedience to their stupid tradition, they were violating the law of God to give to the needs of their parents. Yeah well my disciples may be breaking your tradition, you're breaking God's laws
"You hypocrites", verse 7 says. Now watch verse 9. "They are worshipping me in vain. They teach for doctrines the commandments of men." You see, they didn't know the difference between what is a tradition and what is divine command. And I think the church has long ago muddied the waters in that area. As I say, I don't think that most people even know the difference between what God instituted and what the church instituted. If you go to mess around with the traditions, they think that you're messing around with the divine truth.
Alright, number ten. Another thing that is characteristic of a dynamic and effective church is a constant effort to stretch the people's faith. Great churches, dynamic churches, are living out there on the precepts of faith. They're living out there on the edge where they gotta believe God. And there's no faith in that risk. You think about - just an illustration, Moses. Moses said to the children of Israel "we're leaving Egypt. Everybody, come on, let's get together". They all get out of there. They come to the Red Sea. "Moses, what do we do now? Pharaoh's army is coming up the back, the Red Sea is there."
"Watch". with a stick, choom. The Red sea parts. Alright? "Moses, how do we know we don't get in the middle and pfoomit all comes down?"
"Trust God" trust God. Okay? whew, that was a scary ordeal, going through this. they get to the other side, choom, drown Pharaoh's armies. "Well Moses, now that we're on the other side, we can't get back, we haven't got anywhere to go, what are we gonna do?"
"We're gonna wander around in this desert over here."
"Well, uh, Moses, how are we gonna eat?"
"Well, God is gonna drop stuff out of Heaven".
"Oh.". Come on. "Now that we've crossed the Jordan and we're on the edge of this Jericho place, how are we gonna conquer it?"
"We're gonna blow horns and all the walls will fall down".
"Oh, that's terrific."
There is no such thing as living the life that God asked you to live without risk, do you understand that? Faith is all about risk. Well you know what happens with Christians? Man do they dislike anything that is risky. There is no such thing as faith without risk.
In Ephesians 3 it says that God is able to do exceedingly abundantly above all, we can ask or think according to the power that works in us if we'll just believe him for it. in Hebrews Chapter 11 you have all those _________ of faith, remember that? They believed God and man, Daniel believed God and where did he go? Right in that lion's den. And on and on and on and on, that eleventh chapter of Hebrews. Abraham believed God when there was no way that Sarah could have a baby. But he believed God. Faith - stretching faith - you know, Christianity is not "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush". Christianity is not "Well I've got it and I'm hanging on. That's as far as I'm going."
That's what happens to so many churches where you have excited people who want to move out for God, and you've got a group of men who hold the purse strings. And they create a bottleneck at a lower level. You got all kinds of great plans, "No I'm sorry, we don't have the money to do that".
"Well wait a minute, is that what God wants done?"
"Well yes, but we don't have the money". God never had a problem getting money for what he wants done. And that's exciting to see how that can work.
Number eleven. A church that is dynamic and effective will have a spirit of sacrifice. That comes right off of ten. You know backing up to ten for a second, when I think about building that new building, I think about the fact that we're saying "we're going to build this building, we're gonna believe God for it, we're gonna raise the money" - we've really stepped out on faith, haven't we? I mean, all this permit hang-up and what we got as of today, at least $450,000.00 in that fund. That's just a half a million dollars. We figured we need $700,000.00 to build it, to get it going. Here we got all that money - we don't eve know if we can build a building. Isn't that exciting? We're just believing God.
Let me ask you a question. What are you believing God for in your life that nobody else could do so that when he does it, you know that he did it? anything? What are you believing God for in this church that only God could do, so that when he does it, he gets the glory? Boy, that's exciting - that's faith. That's the way we gotta live.
Alright, let's go to that next one. A spirit of sacrifice. A really effective church doesn't have to plead for people to be involved or to give; they are. A dynamic church has a sacrificial mentality. It shouldn't have the need for gimmicks and tricks and drives and artificial means of stimulating them to do what they oughtta do - there is a spirit of sacrifice in giving. Like the Massadonians- their heart was right, and they just pour out their love. Like the Philippians, Paul says, "I don't need this much - what are you giving me this much for?" he didn't have to ask them for anything. "Your love has super abounded to me", he says. And that's the way it's been in this church. It's never that we don't have enough, it's always that we have more. And do we ever ask, do we ever plead, do we ever force, do we ever canvas you, do we ever have professional people come knock on your door and tell you how to get it? we don't do that, because we believe that in a church that is really dynamic for God, there will be a spirit of sacrifice and it'll manifest itself in giving of time, talent and money.
Twelve. Dynamic church will have a primary thrust on worshipping God. It will have a primary thrust on worshipping God. Now this, I think, is the ultimate thing that really makes a church great. Now, many churches that are large and successful don't yet know the fullness of this point. Maybe it isn't as common as the others, but boy it's important. what do I mean by that? You know, there are a lot of things that a church can get stuck on; they're all good things. A church can get stuck on, for example, its programs. So that the goal of everything becomes the program. "We've got to get the program _________, we've got to work the program". So you know what happens? Anything goes if you get the program done.
Well you know what happens? You have no real basis of integrity there. And so you may compromise to accomplish the end. Their whole orientation is around their theology, "We are the ones who believe like this - everyone else is the one who believes like that. And so we glorify our theology, our position". It's all in their title usually. They're the first sovereign freewill pre-millennial pre-tribulation anti-liberal pro-conservative uncompromising church of Hope Street. It's the magnification of the theology. Well I agree with the theology, but there's more to the thrust of the church than its theology.
And then, you know, there are some churches that are just glorifying their uniqueness, you know? They become a character of themselves. There are other churches - even getting in a more serious vein - there are other churches that get stuck on the person of Christ. They're just like a record, they're stuck there. I'm not against the person of Christ, believe me, obviously. But there are some churches that never get past that, all they ever talk about is Jesus. You need to get saved and know Jesus, and then you need to tell people about Jesus, it's always Christ, Christ, Christ, Christ. And there are other churches, and it's always the Holy Spirit, right? Holy Spirit this, Holy Spirit that, the Holy Spirit this, the Holy Spirit that, and the Holy Spirit came down, the Holy Spirit and we did this, and they're all, you know, this is the whole charismatic thing.
But you know, the solid thrust of a church is to be a preoccupation with not one member of the Trinity or two members, but the total Trinity; it is to be a church that is worshipping God in his fullness. And listen, when you're total thrust is set on God, and you're doing everything to honor God, then you have a base for an uncompromising integrity. Because it doesn't matter what makes the program go, it doesn't matter what your church is unique in, it doesn't matter what your so-called theology is; what matters is what does God require. And at that base, you set your integrity. Now that's what makes a church really great.
I hope those things will be a basis not only for this church, but for many churches. That God may be honored. Let's pray.
Thank you Father, for our fellowship in Christ, for the blessedness of this hour, for the joy that we've shared. We give you the praise for building your church, and may we be a part of seeing you build it your way; in Jesus' name, amen. | 49,062 | 102 |
737,607 | Name: Richard Jones
Given Name: Richard
Birth: Bef 1692
Death: 1759 in Amelia Co, VA
_TAG: 1 2
Col. Richard Jones III [35126.96.36.199] of Amelia County was bo rn before 1692. Hisname appeared first in 1710 when he witn essed a power of attorney from Elizabeth (Stratton) Chamber lain [7046.2.4.5] to William Ligon in Henrico County . Jones married first Sarah Stratton [7046.2.4.6]. He wa s a vestryman, county magistrate, militia officer and a rep resentative to the Virginia Assembly. A wealthy planter, h e provided well for his five children.
Amelia County elected Col. Richard Jones Sr. and Edward Boo ker [BK.3] to the House of Burgesses for the 1736-40 Assemb ly. Col. Jones traveled to Williamsburg and arrived at th e Assembly when it convened on 5 August 1736. Immediately , Richard Booker [BK.3.2] contested Richard Jones┘us right t o a seat on the grounds of ┘San undue election.┘T The next da y Booker formalized his complaint to the House and on Augus t 9 presented a petition of his charges. Two days later, th ey allowed Booker to withdrawhis petition and they seated J ones.
Col. Richard Jones lived in southern Amelia County where Ce llar and West Creeks flow into Deep Creek and his plantatio n probably extended south into what is now Nottoway County . He was probably therewhen the area was in Prince George C ounty. He accumulated this land by way of several patents . In October 1719 he had 150 acres on Smiths Run surveye d and secured its patent in September 1723. Yet he sol d this land to Morgan McKenney for ú10 in July 1726.
In September 1728, as Richard Jones Jr., he got a patent fo r 451 acres in Prince George County on the south side o f Hatchers Run. He sold this land to Thomas Pierce of Charl es City County in August 1733. In September 1730 he hel d a patent to 452 acres on Celler Fork of Deep Creek in P rince George County and 337 acres south of the Bush Rive r in Brunswick County. He had the former tract surveyed o n 23 February 1725/6. During August 1735 Jones secure d a patent to a 1,287-acre tract on the lower side of Dee p Creek that included his earlier 452-acre patent.
In September 1738 Richard Jones Jr., son of Richard Jones , held a patent to 400 acres on the upper side ofLittle C reek of Deep Creek in Amelia County next to land of his fat her. In March 1745/6 when he renewed his 337-acre Brunswic k County patent and added 280 acres , the land was said t o be in Amelia County. During June 1746 Richard JonesGentl . renewed his 1,287-acre patent of 1735 and added 419 acre s never before granted. Richard Jones Jr. registered hi s livestock earmark with the Amelia County clerk on 12 Sept ember 1735.
Richard Jones secured a patent for 300 acres on the sout h side of Buckskin Creek in Amelia County in July 1742 an d sold this land to Edmond Covington in July 1744.
After Sarah (Stratton) Jones died, Richard married Margaret . They were the parents of the children named below. On 1 5 April 1748, Richard Jones with wife, Margaret, sold 617 a cres in Raleigh Parish to David Greenhill for ú100. Thi s was the combined tract for which he got a patent in Marc h 1745/6. Greenhill was living in St. Johns Parish ofKing W illiam County when he made the deed.
Between 1749 and 1757, Richard conveyed land to his four el dest sons. In April 1749 as Richard Jones Sr. he conveyed 5 41 acres south of West Creek in Amelia County to Richar d Jones Jr. and 541 acres to Edward Jones. In May 1751, h e gave Daniel Jones 541 acres and in April 1757 he sold 7 00 acres on Cellar Creek to Peter Jones for ú5.
During July 1750 Richard gave 630 acres on Deep Creek t o Isham Vaughan [384.5], for ┘Slove and affection.┘T This wa s probably the 631 acres on Deep Creek Jones got a paten t for in September 1748. Vaughan was probably a son-in-la w though the deed did not say.
Richard Jones died in Amelia County in the Spring of 1759 ( will dated 16 Dec. 1758 , recorded 28 June 1759).
Descendants of Richard andSarah (Stratton) Jones:
Prudence Jones [35188.8.131.52.1] (19 Feb. 1725/6 ) married He nry Ward [884.3.1].
Daniel Jones Sr. [35184.108.40.206.2] (30 Oct. 1723 ) lived at ┘S Mt Airy.┘TIn March 1745/6 Daniel Jones secured a patent to 4 00 acres on both sides of the Little Nottoway River in Am elia County. The same day William Clarke had a patent to 40 0 acres on the north side of the Great Nottoway River i n Amelia County. Daniel Jones bought Clarke┘us 400 acres i n May 1749 that he sold to Thomas Dobson in October 1760 . Mary, Daniel┘us wife, relinquished her dower right. Dani el bought 400 acres on West and Buckskin Creeks from Thom as Bottom in July 1750, got 541 more acres from his fathe r in May 1751, and bought 400 acres from George Stegall a nd his son of the same name in July 1760.
Daniel Jones married Mary Sturdivant. In March 1767 in A meliaCounty, James Sturdivant gave a one-year-old slave t o Prudence Jones [35220.127.116.11.2.9] and two slaves to Danie l Jones and Richard Hayes. In April 1768 he gave three slav es to Daniel Jones and awarded all his land between Dee p and Cellar Creeks to Edward Jones [3518.104.22.168.2.3].
During 1766 Daniel Jones ┘Sof Amelia County┘T bought 101 a cres on Finneywood Creek in Mecklenburg County from Joh n Marable. In December 1769 ┘SDaniel Jones, the Elder┘T gav e 800 acres between West and Buckskin Creeks to his son ┘S Daniel Jones, the Younger.┘T
Daniel died in Amelia County in 1772 (will dated 4 Apri l 1772 , recorded 25 June1772) and they appraised his esta te, including slaves on his quarter in Mecklenburg County , for ú3,530:13:9, a tremendous amount for the times. Te n years later eleven blacks were farming part of the land w ithin his estate. The list of heads of families in Ameli a called him ┘SCapt.┘T They divided his estate between Edwar d Jones and Richard Jones in May 1791.
Richard Jones [3522.214.171.124.2.1] inherited his father┘us 541-a cre plantation home on the south side of West Creek and 50 6 acres of land in Mecklenburg County. He chose his brother -in-law Stephen Beasley [16126.96.36.199] his guardian in Octobe r 1787. In 1800 Mecklenburg County listed Richard Jones o n the personal property tax list. Yet he was still living i n Amelia County that year when the county listed ┘SRichard J ones (W.C.)┘T with seven slaves more than twelve years of ag e.
Lt. Daniel Jones Jr. [35188.8.131.52.2.2] lived at ┘SMt. Airy┘T t hat he inherited from his father. On 6December (bond) 177 3 , in Surry County, he married first Susannah Hardiman, t he daughter of Littlebury Hardiman who died in Charles Cit y County in 1771 (will dated 18 Feb. 1771, recorded 6 Nov . 1771). Susannah inherited some slaves from her father tha t were subject to the debts of his estate. When Jones too k possession of the slaves in 1774, he gave an executor┘us b ond for their value.
They had two children before she died. Daniel served dur ing the Revolution andin April 1778 was appointed captain t o replace Benjamin Ward. He would later marry Benjamin┘us wi dow. In April 1781 General Tarelton┘us British Regulars pill aged and burned Daniel┘us mill and granary in Amelia County . He petitioned the Virginia House of Delegates for reimbur sement on 30 May 1782. He applied also to Amelia County fo r reimbursement of other revolutionary war claims: one hors e forsix years, 48 pounds of bacon, 430 pounds of flour, 14 1 flour barrels, 553 pounds of beef, and ú1,671 of other it ems.
In March 1779 Daniel bought 1,400 neighboring acres o n West Creek from John Tabb for ú5,000. By 1782 Daniel wa s head of a household of eight whites and forty-one blacks . Two years later he married Catherine Crawley [3566.1.1. 4]. They wed on 4 September (bond) 1784 in Amelia County . Catherine was the widow of Benjamin Ward [8184.108.40.206] wh o died in1783. Daniel moved to ┘SWest Creek┘T and his childre n grew up with her children.His family was ten in 1785.
Daniel died in Nottoway County 1795 (will dated 17 Nov . 1795, recorded 3 Dec. 1795). He had a large estate whic h included Obscurity, a stud horse. He named seven childre n in his will.
Children of Daniel and Susannah (Hardiman) Jones:
Littleberry Hardiman Jones [35220.127.116.11.2.2.1] married Eliza beth Fitzgerald [3524.F.8]. Rev. John Cameron conducted the ir wedding on 1 September 1798. This couple was in Boteto urt County in January 1811 when they conveyed land on Wes t Creek in Nottoway County to George W. Jones [3518.104.22.168 .2.2.7].
Theodorick Jones [3522.214.171.124.2.2.2].
Daniel Jones [35126.96.36.199.2.2.3] was living in Mecklenburg C ounty in 1800.
Children of Daniel and Catherine (Crawley) Ward Jones:
Louisa Jones [35188.8.131.52.2.2.4] married Dr. John Henry Fitz gerald [3524.F.1]. Dr. Fitzgerald held a medical degree fro m the University of Edinburgh in Scotland and lived at ┘SLei nster┘T and at ┘SRose Hill,┘T the Presbyterian manse. They ha d seven children of whom we have information on these two:
William Fitzgerald [35184.108.40.206.220.127.116.11] of ┘SLeinster┘T was c alled ┘SPony.┘T He married Anna Maria Hardaway [818.104.22.168.3.2 ].
John Fitzgerald [3522.214.171.124.126.96.36.199] married Martha Scott , daughter of Samuel Scott of ┘SSallards,┘T and Ann Willson . They lived at ┘SWalnut Hill┘T in Nottoway County where th e Peter Epes [4188.8.131.52/S] family had lived.
Frances Jones [35184.108.40.206.2.2.5] married Francis Fitzgeral d [3524.F.2] who was clerk of Nottoway County (1805-52). Re v. John Cameron united them in marriage 4 November 1805.
They lived at ┘SBelfast,┘T an early Fitzgerald settlemen t in Nottoway County which burned in 1866. They were the pa rents of ten children. Two sons were these:
Rev. James Henderson Fitzgerald [35220.127.116.11.18.104.22.168] wa s a trustee of Hampden-Sydney College. This Fitzgerald repr esented Nottoway County in the Virginia House of Delegate s (1809-11).
Dr. George Fitzgerald [3522.214.171.124.126.96.36.199] (28 Mar. 180 9 - 29 June 1864) of ┘SThe Glebe┘T near Hendersonville marrie d three times. His wives were Susan F. Thweatt whom he marr ied in Chesterfield County9 May 1831 , Catherine Frances C ampbell, daughter of Dr. Archibald Algernon Campbell of ┘SBl endon,┘T and Sallie Bolling Tazewell. Fitzgerald farmed an d practiced medicine in Nottoway County for many years an d represented his neighbors onthe House of Delegates (1840- 42).
Patrick Jones [35188.8.131.52.2.2.6] (c.1787-c.1816) lived at ┘S Buckskin┘T in Nottoway County on West Creek. In June 1812 hi smother conveyed 515 acres to ┘SPatrick Jones her son.┘T Hi s widow, Martha, married second Dr. Austin Watkins, son o f Rev. Abner Watkins of Lunenburg County. Dr. Watkins serve d in the Virginia General Assembly (1822-24, 1829-30).
George W. Jones [35184.108.40.206.2.2.7] married Elizabeth Fitzge rald, only daughter of Francis Fitzgerald of ┘SThe Castle. ┘T In February 1808 his mother conveyed to him the ┘SMt. Airy ┘T plantation in Amelia County of 1,931 acres for $1,500 . George died in Nottoway County (will dated 31 Jan. 182 3 , recorded 6 Mar. 1823).
Benjamin Crawley Jones [35220.127.116.11.18.104.22.168] (15 Jan. 1810 - 1892) lived at┘SOld Homestead,┘T the Ward settlement. He marr ied first 20 October 1841 Mary Jones Campbell (2 April 181 4 - 6 Aug. 1861), daughter of Dr. Archibald Algernon Campbe ll and Sarah Epes.
His second wife was Catherine Jones (21 Nov. 1823 - Mar . 1893), daughter of Capt. Richard Jones [3522.214.171.124.3.8.8 ] and Elizabeth Campbell Epes. They wed 3 September 1862.
Francis Fitzgerald Jones [35126.96.36.199.188.8.131.52] (9 Nov. 180 7 - 2 July 1865) married Sarah Green Thweatt (15 Jan. 181 3 - 31 Aug. 1854) in Chesterfield County 24 November (bond ) 1830. She was thedaughter of Thomas Thweatt and Sarah G reen Thweatt of Dinwiddie. In November 1826 Jones bought 1, 491 acres on the Nottoway River and Hickory Run in Brunswic kCounty from Nathaniel Coleman and his wife, Elizabeth.
Jones moved to Brunswick County in 1836 and lived at ┘STh e Oaks┘T northeast of Rawlings on present-dayHighway 610. Fo r several years Francis operated a male school at ┘SThe Oaks ,┘T offering instruction in the usual English and classica l curriculum, mainly for his own children. Concord Presbyte rian Church is on land given by Francis Jones.
Francis F. Jones served the unexpired term of Edward P . Scott in the Virginia Senate representing Brunswick, Dinw iddie, and Greensville counties (1850).
┘SSallie┘T died of consumption and is buried at ┘SThe Oaks. ┘T On 27 July 1857 Francis married Mary Harriet Bolling (2 1 Nov. 1810 - 25 Dec. 1860), then the widow of Dr. John Fei ld.
Twice a widower before the Civil War began, Francis saws ix sons called to serve in the Confederate Army: Benjamin , George, Thomas, Francis, William, and Freeman. Francis li ved to see all return.
Francis died with consumption 2 July 1865 and was burie d in the Francis Jones Family Cemetery at ┘SThe Oaks.┘T His t ombstone identifies him as ┘SHonorable Francis F. Jones.┘T
Francis died before 1865 when the account of his estat e sale was returned.
Sarah Elizabeth Jones [35184.108.40.206.220.127.116.11.1] (22 Nov. 183 1 - 10 Jan. 1857) never married.
Lucy Osborne Jones [3518.104.22.168.22.214.171.124.2] (18 Feb. 1833) ma rried Dr. Hume S. Feild in 1851. He served as an assistan t surgeon in the Confederate Army.
More about the family and military experience of Dr. Hum e S. Feild may be found in Civil Wars Soldiers from Brunswi ck County, Virginia.
George William Jones [35126.96.36.199.188.8.131.52.3] served from Bru nswick County during the Civil War.
More about the family and military experience of Georg e William Jones may be found in Civil Wars Soldiers from Br unswick County, Virginia.
Thomas Thweatt Jones [35184.108.40.206.220.127.116.11.4] served from Bru nswick County during the Civil War.
More about the family and military experience of Thoma s Thweatt Jones may be found in Civil Wars Soldiers from Br unswick County, Virginia.
Francis Green Jones [3518.104.22.168.22.214.171.124.5] served from Brun swick County during the Civil War.
More about the family and military experience of Franci s Green Jones may be found in Civil Wars Soldiers from Brun swick County, Virginia.
Benjamin Crawley Jones [35126.96.36.199.188.8.131.52.6] (14 Sept. 184 0) served from Brunswick County during the Civil War.
More about the family and military experience of Benjami n Crawley Jones may be found in Civil Wars Soldiers from Br unswick County, Virginia.
Harriet ┘SHattie┘T Feild Jones [35184.108.40.206.220.127.116.11.7] (26 Oct . 1842 - 22 April 1881).
William Fitzgerald Jones [3518.104.22.168.22.214.171.124.8] served fro m Brunswick County during the Civil War.
More about the family and military experience of Willia m Fitzgerald Jones may be found in Civil Wars Soldiers fro m Brunswick County, Virginia.
Freeman Ward Jones [35126.96.36.199.188.8.131.52.9] served from Bruns wick County during the Civil War.
Susan Alice Jones [35184.108.40.206.220.127.116.11.10] (9 May 1848 - 1 3 Oct. 1874) married Confederate veteran Claiborne Anderso n Pope 20 June 1866. She died and on 12 April 1877 Claiborn e married her sister Hattie Feild. All three of these siste rs lie buriedin the Francis Jones Family Cemetery.
More about the family and military experience of Claibor ne Anderson Pope may be found in Civil Wars Soldiers from B runswick County, Virginia.
James A. Jones [3518.104.22.168.22.214.171.124.11] (5 May 1851 - 6 Apri l 1906) married Ellen Meade Feild, daughter of Dr. Andrew M eade Feildand his wife, Ellen Feild, of Greensville County , 3 December 1872. Both are inConcord Presbyterian Church C emetery.
Roger Gregory Jones [35126.96.36.199.188.8.131.52.12] (13 Feb. 1854) , the youngest of the children of Francis F. Jones, was liv ing with his older brother William F. Jones in 1870. He mov ed to Dinwiddie County and lived there. We have no furthe r information about him.
George William Jones [35184.108.40.206.220.127.116.11] (18 June 1822 -18 90) married Martha Scott Agnew and lived at ┘SThe Hermitage ┘T on the Namozine Road not far from Fergusonville.They ha d six children.
Martha Epes Jones [3518.104.22.168.22.214.171.124] married William Fitz gerald Ward [8126.96.36.199.1.7] of Nottoway County.
Mary C. Jones [35188.8.131.52.184.108.40.206] (16 Sept. 1814) marrie d Henry T. Miller 5 March 1839.
Elizabeth L.F. Jones [35220.127.116.11.18.104.22.168] (12 June 1818 - 2 2 Feb. 1838).
Caroline L. Jones [3522.214.171.124.126.96.36.199] (8 April 1820 - 1 Se pt. 1820) died in infancy.
Edward Jones [35188.8.131.52.2.3] inherited 800 acres of land i n Mecklenburg County on Finneywood Creek. In 1800 Mecklenbu rg County listed ┘SCapt. Edward Jones┘T on the personal prope rty tax list.
Sarah Jones [35184.108.40.206.2.4] inherited five young ┘SNegro┘T w omen to be purchased from the profits of the estate.
Mary Jones [35220.127.116.11.2.5] inherited nine ┘SNegro┘T slaves a nd some household items.
Martha Jones [3518.104.22.168.2.6] inherited eight ┘SNegroes┘T an d household items.
Rebecca Jones [3522.214.171.124.2.7] inherited ú500 from her fath er. She married Stephen Beasley Jr. [16126.96.36.199] in Ameli a County 11 December (bond) 1782.
Elizabeth Jones [35188.8.131.52.2.8] inherited ú500 from her fa ther. She married Robert Foster in Amelia County 20 Decembe r (bond) 1781. They were living in a household of two wit h fourteen slaves in 1782. Her brother, Daniel Jones, per mitted the marriage. Robert died before 26 June 1788 when w idow Elizabeth gave her right to administer her dead husban d┘us estate to Edward Jones [35184.108.40.206.2.3] and Thomas Jone s [35220.127.116.11.3.6]. The Commonwealth dropped a suit again st Foster at his death.
Prudence Jones [3518.104.22.168.2.9] inherited ú500 from her fat her. She married Thomas Jones [3522.214.171.124.3.6] in Amelia Co unty 28 October (bond) 1784.
Richard Jones IV [35126.96.36.199.3] married first Elizabeth Jon es in Amelia County during June 1744. In 1749 Richard┘us f ather gave him 541 acres on the south side of West Creek.
Richard Jones Jr. bought 400 acres from Abraham and Mar y (Batte) Cocke [17188.8.131.52] on 24 April 1755 for ú250. H e gave this land and another 100 acres to his son Richard J ones Jr. in June 1771. The latter deed said he had bough t the other 100 acres from Abraham Cocke also but we can fi nd no such deed. In May 1757 Richard Jones Jr. bought 300 a cres from Joseph Reeves. Richard┘us father died in 1759 s o he was ┘SRichardJones, Planter, of Nottoway Parish┘T in Sep tember 1760 when he bought 50 acres on the south side of We st Creek from John Osborne. A neighbor was his son, now Ric hard Jones Jr.
Jones bought 30 acres on Rocky Branch from Charles Hutche son in October 1767. He bought 600 acres on the north sid e of Deep Creek from Robert Munford in August 1771 yet it w as not until March 1774 that Ann, Robert┘us wife, relinquish ed her dower right. According to his will, Richard bought land from James Hudson, who we know was a neighbor. Yet w e can find no such deed. A Richard Jones was the sheriff o f Amelia County (1768-69) and it was probably this one.
Richard Jones of Nottoway Parish died in Amelia County in 1 778 (will dated 17 Aug. 1778 , recorded Oct. 1778). In 178 2 part of his land remaining in his estate was home to fou r whites and twenty-three blacks.
Estate accounts from 1778 through 1796 disclose that Rev. J ames Craig preached thefuneral sermon and Charles Stewart m ade the coffin. George Muse was the overseer. William too k dance lessons.
Amy Jones [35184.108.40.206.3.1] married StephenCocke [17220.127.116.11 .3] in Amelia County 4 December 1764. He was the son of A braham Cocke who lived in Nottoway Parish on the upper Nott oway River.
Elizabeth Jones [3518.104.22.168.3.2] married Littleberry Royal l [W.22.214.171.124] in Amelia County 25 May (bond) 1780.
Margaret Jones [35126.96.36.199.3.3] was living alone in Ameli a County in 1782. She had five slaves then and was not li sted in the county at all in 1785.
Sarah Jones [35188.8.131.52.3.4].
Rachel Jones [35184.108.40.206.3.5] married Samuel Booker in Amel ia County on 4 February (bond) 1785. He may have been Sam uel Booker [BK.1.4.3]. This Samuel was single and living i n a household in Amelia County with seven slaves.
In April 1784 Samuel┘us father, Edmund Booker, gave him 40 0 acres on the south side of Flat Creek. Two years later , in July 1786, Samuel bought 167 acres on the west sid e of the creekfrom John Lewis.
Thomas Jones [35220.127.116.11.3.6] inherited from his father lan don Deep Creek purchased from Robert Munford and James Huds on. In 1782 Amelia County listed Thomas and his brother Wil liam together with eight slaves. Thomas married his cousi n Prudence Jones [3518.104.22.168.2.9] in Amelia County 28 Octob er (bond) 1784.
William Jones [3522.214.171.124.3.7] inherited from his father la nd adjoining the home plantation.
Richard Jones V [35126.96.36.199.3.8] inherited from his fathe r all the slaves and livestock already in his possession. W e believe he was Richard Jones of ┘SThe Poplars┘T who marrie d Mary Epes Robertson [W.188.8.131.52] in Amelia County 28 Novem ber (bond) 1769. John Winn, Mary┘us guardian, consented t o the marriage. The groom┘us father, Richard Jones Sr., date d his consent 25 November 1769. According to their family B ible, they made their vows on 14 December 1769. The same Bi ble listed the children identified below and theirbirth dat es. Tradition is that most of the daughters married and mov ed to Tennessee.
┘SThe Poplars┘T was about 1┘a miles north of Nottoway Court Ho use, on Woody Creek. This was a 500-acre tract his father g ave him in June 1771. The samemonth that Richard got th e Woody Creek property from his father he bought a neighbor ing 173 acres from James Cocke for ú86:10. Richard Jone s was Richard Jones Jr. until 1778 when he usually droppe d the Jr. Another Richard Jones was inAmelia County but i n Raleigh Parish.
In 1772-73 Richard accumulated land along Deep Creek: 25 ac res from Samuel Cobbs [BK.C.2] of Charlotte County in Octob er 1772 , 224 acres from James May in November 1772 , 6 2 acres from Charles Stewart in November 1772, 58 acres f rom William Ragsdale in September 1771 , and 50 acres fr om Bryant McDearman of Prince Edward County and John Fishe r of ┘SOsbornes┘T in September 1773. Richard sold the tract o f 50 acres to his brother-in-law Littleberry Royall in Ma rch 1777 for ú25. He had paid ú30 four years earlier.
In November 1772 Richard Jones Jr. and James Henderson & Co . bought 230 acres on the south side of Woody Creek fro m William Covington. James Henderson [BK.3.4.2/S] was a mer chant who came to Virginia from Scotland when he wastwenty . Jones and Henderson sold their land to Jones uncle Pete r Jones Sr. [35184.108.40.206.4] in April 1773.
During November 1772 Richard arranged to buy 203 acres fr om the heirs of Richard Willson [36220.127.116.11]. Willson die d in Amelia County about 1768 (will dated 14 Sept. 1767, re corded 28 April 1768) leaving his plantation and 200 adjace nt acres to his wife, Ann, and five children. After his wif e┘us death, they would sell the land for the benefit of th e children. While Ann was still living, they sold the 200-a cre tract to Jones.
The General Assembly passed an act requiring counties to se lect commissioners to raise money for public emergencies. W hen Amelia County citizens voted for commissioners in 178 1 they gave Maj. Richard Booker, Richard Jones, John Booke r [BK.5.3], JohnBooker Jr. [BK.5.3.3], and William Royall t he greatest number of votes. In 1782 Amelia County liste d ┘SRichd Jones┘T head of a household of five with twenty-tw o slaves.
In February 1798 Richard Jones, of Nottoway County, conveye d to his son, James Jones, 540 acres on both sides of Dee p Creek in Nottoway County. He deeded son Richard Jones Jr . 50 acres in May 1816.
Jones married second Elizabeth Fletcher, a widow of a Nicho lson and the sister of Capt. James N. Fletcher. They had tw o sons. Richard┘us third wife was Elizabeth Harris (14 Oct . 1759), the daughter of William Harris and Frances of Surr y County. Elizabeth was the widow of Dr. Archibald Campbel l and the mother of Dr. Archibald Algernon Campbell of ┘SBle ndon,┘T Nottoway Court House.
Richard Jones died in Nottoway County (will dated 16 Jan. 1 811, recorded 7 Aug. 1817). He left a life estateto his wif e, Elizabeth, mentioned her two children Richard and Elizab eth H. Jones. He spoke also of ┘Sson-in-law [stepson] Alexan der A. Campbell┘T and left a bequest to Archibald A. Campbel l. In 1834 the administrators of his estate sued the execut ors of Thomas Comer [W.18.104.22.168/S].
Children of Richard and Mary Epes (Robertson) Jones:
Elizabeth Jones [3522.214.171.124.3.8.1] (7 Dec. 1770) was of Mec klenburg County in 1811.
Dr. James Jones [35126.96.36.199.3.8.2] (11 Dec. 1772 -25 Apri l 1848) graduated from Hampden-Sydney College (1791) and th e Universityof Pennsylvania before studying medicine in Edi nburgh. Walter A. Watson pennedan honorable tribute to Jame s Jones in his Notes on Southside Virginia. A hospital surg eon during the War of 1812, James Jones represented Nottowa y County inthe House of Delegates (1804-09, 1827-29) and hi s district in the U.S. House of Representatives (1819-23) . Dr. James Jones of ┘SMountain Hall┘T married Catherine Harr is (1772-1860) on 10 September 1797. She was the daughter o f William Harris and Frances of Surry County and the siste r of Elizabeth who married third Catherine┘us father-in-law.
┘SMountain Hall┘T is about three miles northeast of Crewe ove rlooking Deep Creek. Square and constructed in a Georgian s tyle, it has rows of massive cedars bordering the lane to t he house.
Mary Epes Jones [35188.8.131.52.3.8.3] (16 Aug. 1777) married S harpe Lamkin (18 Nov. 1766) of Lunenburg County 22 Decembe r 1791. He was the son of Peter Lamkin of Nottoway County ( willdated 20 Aug. 1796, recorded 2 Feb. 1797) and his wife , Winifred. Sharpe represented Lunenburg County in the Virg inia House of Delegates (1796-98).
Richard Jones [35184.108.40.206.3.8.4] (8 Aug. 1780 - 8 Oct. 1781 ).
Martha Ann Jones [35220.127.116.11.3.8.5] (26 Dec. 1784 -179-).
Caroline Jones [3518.104.22.168.3.8.6] (1787-1794).
Child of Richard and Elizabeth (Fletcher) Nicholson Jones:
Nathan Jones [3522.214.171.124.3.8.7] died at about ten years o f age.
Children of Richard and Elizabeth (Harris) Campbell Jones:
Capt. Richard Jones VI [35126.96.36.199.3.8.8] married Elizabet h Campbell Epes on 17 November 1818. She was the daughter o f Maj. John Epes. Capt. Jones was a lawyer and outstandin g orator. He served as Commonwealth┘us Attorney of Nottowa y and represented the county in the House of Delegates(1816 -19). He lived first at ┘SVermont┘T on Stingy Lane Road in No ttoway County.
Capt. Richard Jones owned the race track ┘SBellefont,┘T a fe w miles east of Blackstone. Local church leaders, opposed t o gambling, held a revival protesting the track. Jones join ed the church, closed the tack, and turned the tavern int o a school for young women. In 1839 Jones moved his home, a lso known as ┘SBellefont,┘T there. He died before the Civil W ar and was interred at ┘SWindrow.┘T They named ┘SWindrow┘T fo r a violent storm that tore a narrow path through Nottowa y County and viciously blew a small child several miles. Is aac Holmes, first Nottoway County clerk, owned ┘SWindrow┘T an d Jones owned it before selling it to Theodorick Pryor, wh o sold it to his brother-in-law Thomas Freeman Epes [A.5.4. 188.8.131.52/S] about 1839.
Elizabeth Harris Jones [35184.108.40.206.3.8.9] married Dr. Georg e S.G. Bacon. Dr. Bacon served in Co. C, 18th Virginia Pick ett┘us Division and was wounded in the war. Bacon killed Dr . John Segar Hardaway [A.220.127.116.11.6] in a knife duel.
Peter Jones [3518.104.22.168.4] (17 Nov. 1720 ) while still a c hild, he moved to Amelia County with his father and spent h is entire life on Deep Creek. He married Sarah Tanner [3522 .1.4.2] in Amelia County 20 February (bond) 1746/7.
Edward Jones [3522.214.171.124.5] (18 April 1722 ) may have bee n the Edward Jones who held a patent to 400 acres on bot h sides of Flat Creek in June1746. He died in Amelia Count y without a will before 22 March 1759 when AmeliaCounty rec orded his estate inventory. The court appointed his wife , Agnes, to administer his estate. She may have been a daug hter of Peter Jones [35126.96.36.199]. Agnes and Edward had thre e children named in estate records in 1786.
Agnes died in Amelia County (will dated 7 April 1799, recor ded 24 Feb. 1803). Byher will, her son and executor, Edwar d Jones, liberated slave Robert Loveless on 24 March 1803.
Mary Jones [35188.8.131.52.5.1] married Andrew Redford in Ameli aCounty 11 July (bond) 1764. Her guardian, Daniel Jones , consented. Earlier that same year, in May 1764, Andrew ha d bought 200 acres on Woody Creek in Amelia (now Nottoway ) County from James Hall [36184.108.40.206]. He added to his plan tation with a 95-acre purchase from James Standley five y ears later in June 1769.
Martha Jones [35220.127.116.11.5.2] died in Amelia County befor e 2 January 1799, when they divided her estate between he r mother, brother, and brother-in-law.
Edward Jones [3518.104.22.168.5.3] married Martha Jones in Ameli a County 2 December (bond) 1776. In May 1784 his mother g ave him 654 acres in Amelia County, slaves, livestock, an d all of her other personal property. Edward Jones died i n Nottoway County about 1828 (will dated 5 Dec. 1827, recor ded 5 Feb. 1829).
Spotswood Jones [3522.214.171.124.5.3.1] married Susanna I. Branc h in Amelia County 12 October 1809. Marriage bond suret y was Matthew Branch Jr.
Lewellyn Jones [35126.96.36.199.5.3.2].
Sophia W. Jones [35188.8.131.52.5.3.3].
Mary Jones [35184.108.40.206.5.3.4].
Amy Jones [35220.127.116.11.6] was perhaps named ┘SAmy┘T for her pa ternal grandmother. She married Capt. William Watson in Ame lia County 23 September (bond) 1739. William was a militi a officer and among the first justices ofAmelia County (173 5-41, 1744, 1746-49, 1751). An Amelia County bond for ú1,00 0tells us that in 1749 ┘SHon. Sc. William Gooch and Barron┘ut ., His Majesty┘us Lieut. Gov. and Commander-in-Chief of th e Colony and Dominion of Virginia┘T appointed William sherif f of Amelia County. He owned a mill and his will tells u s William ran an ordinary and rented land to several tenant s.
Watson was among thelargest land owners in Amelia and Princ e Edward Counties securing patents to nearly 22,500 acres f rom 1737 through 1750. He held 2,000 acres on both side s of Flat Creek in June 1737, 903 acres on both sides o f Little Creek of Deep Creek in September 1738, and anothe r 1,952 acres on Flat Creek in September 1738. Watson div ided his Little Creek land into two parcels and sold 124 ac res to Emanuel Jones and 779 acres to John Hall [3698.1 .7.4] for about ú50. Watson exchanged 200 acres of his Fl at Creek with Barnaby Wells for another 200 acres farthe r along the creek.
In July 1742 Watson secured a patent for 1,600 acres on t he Sandy River in what is now Prince Edward County and sol d 1,100acres to Daniel DeJarnette [1808.4] for ú69 in 174 3. He got 1,400 acres onboth sides of Namozine Creek in F ebruary 1742/3, 1,500 acres on both sides of Mallorys Cre ek in November 1743, 3,385 acres on both sides of Sweatho use Creek in June 1744, and 577 acres on Tuckers Branch o f the Namozine in July 1745. He sold 3,150 acres of the S weathouse Creek land to John Hall for ú30. At the same tim e he bought 250 acres in Raleigh Parish from Samuel Cobbs . Watsonsold 350 acres on Mallorys Creek to Hugh Leaden i n November 1743.
With William Crawley, Watson secured a patent to 377 acre s on the upper side of West Creek in August 1746 and wit h Samuel Cobbs he got 1,850 acres acres on the lower sid e of Buffalo River in June 1746. Watson and Crawley sold th eir property to Gideon Moon and Peter Moon in February 1749 /50 for ú50 and Watson and Cobbsconveyed their tract fo r ú100 to Thomas Baldwin who secured a patent for it in J uly 1751. Watson alone held 671 acres near Flat Creek i n June 1746, 334acres on both sides of Namozine Creek i n July 1746, 800 acres on Sandy River in June 1747, 350 m ore acres on Mallorys Creek in October 1747, 400 acres o n Harris Creek of Prince Edward County in October 1747, an d 42 more acres on Tuckers Branch in September 1748. Wats on sold the Harris Creek land to Edward Briswate for ú20.
In June 1749 Watson secured a patent to 5,077 acres on bo th sides of Flat Creek. He assembled this tract from 4,42 3 acres of an earlier patent, 225 acres bought from Danie l Coleman, 200 acres exchanged with Barnaby Wells, 2 acre s he got from John Dyer to build a mill on Flat Creek, an d 227 newly-surveyed acres. His final patent during his lif etime was for 2,650 acres on the head branches of the Bus h River now in Prince Edward County in June 1750. A posthum ous patent was issued in the name of William Watson for 38 3 acres in September 1755.
William and Amy were the parents of the children named belo w. He died in Amelia County in 1752 (will dated 23 Dec. 175 1 , recorded 26 Mar. 1752) and Edward Jones, Daniel Jone s and Richard Jones Jr. were the executors of his will an d put up a 3,000-pound executor┘us bond. They appraisedhi s estate, including twenty-five slaves, for ú1,056:13:3 , a great amount for the time. Amy (Jones) Watson, marrie d second Maj. Wood Jones [3518.104.22.168] in Amelia County 9 No vember (bond) 1763. William┘us children were young when h e died and Richard Jones [3522.214.171.124.3] kept up with the es tate accounts. In February 1792 Jones delivered to the cour t the records he had kept since 7 March 1759. He had paid t o send the youngsters to school and had given Thomas Bollin g Munford ú70 Ś his portion of the profits of the estate af ter he married Jane Watson.
Amy (Jones) Watson Jones wrote her will in Amelia Count y 4 October 1780.
In March 1757 a controversy arose regarding some of Watson┘u s land in PrinceEdward County. George Currie alleged he an d Watson together owned 1,100 acres on the Buffalo River bu t the Land Office had made out the patent in the name ofWat son only. The Amelia County chancery court heard Currie┘us c omplaint and ordered Watson┘us infant son, William, to conve y 550 acres to Currie when he becametwenty-one. Yet Curri e was in debt to Richard Jones, the boy┘us guardian, becaus e Prince Edward had given Jones a judgement against Curri e for ú60:19:8 plus 5% interest and court costs in July 175 6. So Currie conveyed his future rights to the 550 acres t o Jones. On wonders how Jones could represent his own int erests and the interests of his ward at the same time.
Richard Jones reported on Watson┘us estate from 1759 throug h 1786. He paid for schooling the children. He mentione d payments in August 1767 to Thomas Bolling Munford for hi s profits in the estate beginning when he married Mrs. Munf ord.
William Watson [35126.96.36.199.6.1] inherited 1,300 acres of la nd on Flat Creek and the rest of his father┘usplantations af ter the death of his mother. His wife was Ann Randolph, th e daughter of Henry Randolph III and Elizabeth Epes. The Wa tson settlement was between Burkeville and Jennings Ordinar y. ┘SGlenmore,┘T an old Nottoway County home, stood there. O n its grounds is a Watson burying ground.
Watson led Capt. WilliamWatson┘us Company during the Revolut ion, which was in service at Chickahominy Swamp.
William sold much of the land his father had accumulated i n Amelia County during his lifetime and deeds for at leas t 6,000 acres are in Amelia County. In May 1767 he sold 76 0 acres at what is now Jennings Ordinary, Virginia. Broth ers John Jennings [410.7] and Joseph Jennings were al ready running the ordinary there when they bought the lan d and ran the dividing line between their respective tract s ┘Sthrough the middle of the Ordinary house.┘T Yet this acre age was part of the Flat Creek land Watson┘us father devise d him entail and was thus nontransferable. So Joseph convey ed his 360 acres back to Watson in April 1770 and John hi s 400 acres in March 1771. John Jennings evidently confir med his conveyance with an identical deed of 3 February 177 3. This same day Watson again sold Joseph Jennings the co ntroversial 360 acres at the ordinary. Ann, wife of Willi am Watson, did not relinquish her dower right until 30 Marc h 1778. By then the legislature had abolished entail.
In August and October 1771,John Hamlin Jr. and William Wats on sold 884 acres on Namozine Creek to John Chappell fo r ú271:10. Watson┘us stepfather and Hamlin┘us father-in-law w as Maj. Wood Jones [35188.8.131.52] and we presume this was th e link in their common ownership of this land that was th e remainder of William Watson Sr.┘us 1,734-acre patent of Ju ly 1746.
Watson sold Mallory Creek land in several parcels. He conve yed 342 acres to James Bagley [17184.108.40.206.3] in April 176 7, 308 acres to James Anderson [17220.127.116.11] in April 1767 , 58 acres to Isham Clay [768.2.2/S] in October 1768, 10 8 acres to James Bagley again in February 1769, and 150 a cres to William Gooch in March 1770. In July 1767 he sol d Flat Creek land toFrancis Lewis and in August 1774 he s old 304 acres of Deep Creek land to John Baldwin for ú76 . Other sales included 150 acres to Dickeson Lumpkin in M arch 1775 and 300 acres to Robert Donald in August 1775 . In February 1776 Watsonsold 46 acres on Flat Creek to E dmund Borum [194.2] and 194 acres to JamesBagley again.
On 17 March 1777, William sold 774 acres near Jennings Ordi nary to five individuals. John Bartholomew Dupuy bought 18 8 acres , Robert Thompson bought 170 acres , Joseph Jenni ngs bought 12 acres , Richard Beasley bought 200 acr es , and Archibald Yarbrough [804.6.1.6] bought 204 acres . The next month he sold 552 acres on Flat Creek to Wil liam Bell of ChesterfieldCounty. In January 1778 Watson an d wife, Ann, sold 50 acres to Joseph Jennings again . For the second time, Jennings insisted that Ann relinquis h her dower right in land he bought from her husband, thoug h she could not conveniently come to the court house, and s ix years later the court ordered it obtained. Watson mad e a few other sales: John Tabb bought 833 acres on Wintic omack Creek in July 1779, Llewellyn Williamson bought 300 a cres in November 1781, andJoseph Jennings bought 4 4 acres in August 1783.
In 1782 Amelia County listed William Watson head of a famil y of two with 28 slaves.
Sarah Watson [3518.104.22.168.6.2] married Alexander Erskine [17 22.214.171.124.1] in Amelia County 27 April (bond) 1758. Alexan der perhaps lived first on 200 acres on Woody Creek he bo ught from Joseph Crenshaw in February 1750/1. With Willia m Spens, Erskine purchased 400 acres on the Sandy River f rom William Brown. Thomas Taylorsold Erskine 404 acres o n the Little Nottoway River in July 1755, Richard Stones so ld him 400 acres on Whetstone Creek of the Nottoway Rive r in March 1758, and Jeff Wallace sold him 136 acres on t he Little Nottoway River in December 1757. Erskine sold th e Whetstone land to Thomas Yarbrough [804.6.1] in October 1 766. By 30 October 1767, Alexander, perhaps now overexten ded, mortgaged 740 acres in Amelia County and thirteen slav es to Neil Buchanan and his son of the same name for ú725:1 6:6.
Alexander died before the March Court 1768 when they ordere d an appraisement recorded 28 February 1771. On 22 May 17 88, theAmelia County chancery court called Sarah ┘Swidow an d relict of Alexander Erskine, dec┘ud.┘T Thomas Bolling Munfo rd reported on the orphans in 1796.
Alexander Erskine [35126.96.36.199.6.2.1] and his sister, Amy, w ere beneficiaries of the 1780-will of his grandmother Jones.
Amy Erskine [35188.8.131.52.6.2.2].
Charles Erskine [35184.108.40.206.6.2.3].
Jane Watson [35220.127.116.11.6.3] married ThomasBolling Munfor d [W.18.104.22.168] in Amelia County 1 February (bond) 1766. Re cordsrefer to Thomas by his full name perhaps to help disti nguish him from Thomas Mumford Sr. [3618.1.1] and his son T homas Mumford Jr. who lived in Amelia Countyat the same tim e.
Thomas and Jane lived at ┘SBollingbrook┘T named for the Bolli ng family ancestral home at Petersburg. Thomas┘us brother wa s Edward Munford [W.22.214.171.124]. When Edward moved to North Ca rolina, he sold several slaves to his brother. On 25 Marc h 1772, Thomas bought 170 acres from Sarah Hutcheson fo r ú75. Yet three months later, he sold what might be this t ract. On 25 June 1772, Thomas sold 175 acres in Nottowa y Parish, Amelia County, to Drury Thompson ofRaleigh Paris h for ú75. Drury owned adjacent land.
Thomas later, on 25 March 1773, bought 63 acres nearby fr om Isham Thompson for ú63. Just one month later, on 23 Apri l 1773, Thomas bought a neighboring 100 acres from his br other, Robert Munford Sr. [W.126.96.36.199], for ú200. This secon d parcel per acre was twiceas expensive as the first.
Thomas Bolling Munford was a member of the House of Burgess es from Amelia County (1777-78). He died in Amelia County i n 1780 (will dated 24 April 1780 , recorded 25 May 1780) a nd left his plantation to his wife, Jane. Though he did no t name them, we can infer from his will that Thomas had chi ldren, all under age. Richard Jones, the executor, reporte d periodicallyto the Amelia County court. Amelia Count y listed the estate of Capt. Bolling Munford with eleven bl acks in 1782. Based on these reports, we can conclude th e children of Jane and Thomas were the following.
Two sons later both soldland in Nottoway County that had be longed to their father. In January 1798 Richard Jones Munfo rd sold 191 acres to Joseph Wells and in March 1800, Thom as Munford sold 191 acres to Tyree Glenn Bacon.
Thomas Munford [35188.8.131.52.6.3.1] and his brother were bene ficiaries of the will of their grandmother Jones.
Richard Jones Munford [35184.108.40.206.6.3.2] went to live in Pe tersburg.
William Munford [35220.127.116.11.6.3.3].
Robert Bolling Munford [3518.104.22.168.6.3.4].
James Munford [3522.214.171.124.6.3.5].
Amey Watson [35126.96.36.199.6.4].
Elizabeth Watson [35188.8.131.52.6.5] was probably the Elizabet h Watson who wed Thomas Williams in Amelia County 20 Decemb er (bond) 1762. Richard Jones Ś probably Richard Jones o f ┘SThe Poplars┘T who lived on Woody Creek Ś was surety on th e marriage bond. The groom was likely the Thomas Williams o f Dinwiddie County who purchased and sold several land parc els in Amelia County. He bought 300 acres from Thomas And erson in September 1755 and sold them to Peter Johnson in J anuary 1758.
He held land on Long Branch of Winticomack Creek and sold i t in two parcels. Robert Powell got 203 acres in May 176 0 and Joseph Waldrop got 400 acres in April 1761. In Nove mber 1762 one month before the Watson-Williams wedding, Tho mas Williams of Dinwiddie County bought 403 acres on Wood y Creek from Joseph Burnett. Alexander Erskine, Elizabeth┘u s brother-in-law, was a witness to this deed. Another Thoma s Williams was in Amelia County at this time so we cannot t ell if Thomas Williams of Dinwiddie remained in Amelia Coun ty.
Mary Watson [35184.108.40.206.6.6] is thought to be a daughter o f William Watson and that shemarried Robert Bolling Hall (1 731), son of John Hall and Anne Bolling. He appeared last i n Amelia County 24 December (bond) 1782 when he witnesse d a marriage bond of Alexander Bolling.
Descendants of Richard and Margaret (Ś) Jones:
Rebecca Jones [35220.127.116.11.7] (28 Dec. 1731 ) married Rowla nd Ward [884.3.3].
Martha Jones [3518.104.22.168.8] married Peter Jones Sr. [1762.5 .5] in Amelia County 16 February (bond) 1759.
Lewellyn Jones [3522.214.171.124.9] (c.1740) inherited 1,006 acre s fee tail on Cellar Creek in Amelia County from hisfather . He later inherited 400 acres on the south fork of the Lit tle Nottoway River from his brother Batte and got an adjace nt 400 acres by patent of June 1746. He must have been on ly about six years of age when the Land Office issuedthis p atent to Lewellyn for it was not until 1761 that he was o f age to release Daniel Jones from guardianship.
In 1766 the Assembly docked the entail on the 1,006 acres i n lieu of the 800 acres on the Little Nottoway and some sla ves. Entailed lands could not be mortgaged and Thomas Tabb , who held a mortgage on the 800-acre tract, agreed to tran sfer the mortgage to the 1,006 acres. Lewellynlater sold th e 1,006 acres to his half-brother Peter on 24 June 1772 fo r ú1,013.
On 2 March 1773, Lewellyn gave a mortgage to Paschal Greenh ill [8126.96.36.199/S]. Llewellyn owed John Tabb ú271:5:5┘a payab le in three annual installments and needed to secure the de bt. Lewellyn put up what may have been all of his persona l property including seven slaves, thirteen horses, cattle , hogs and sheep, and household furniture. Ownership of t his many horses showed Lewellyn may have owned race horses.
Lewellyn evidently served during the Revolution. In Januar y 1777 he appointed ┘Shis friends, Paschal Greenhill, Dani el Jones and Capt. Philip Jones of Dinwiddie County his law ful attorneys to conduct and transact all of his business d uring his absence from home in the service of the Commonwea lth of Virginia.┘T Very few soldiers left powers of attorne y so perhaps Lewellyn was in business with these men.
On 1 November 1778 Lewellyn sold half-brother Peter Jones J r. [35188.8.131.52.4] 800 acres in Amelia (now Nottoway) Coun ty on the south fork of the Little Nottoway River for ú2,40 0. It was not until five years later that Martha, Lewellyn┘u s wife, relinquished her dower right in theland. She was un able to come to the court house so the court ordered Stephe n Cocke [17184.108.40.206.3], Samuel Sherwin and Thomas Short [35 220.127.116.11.11/S] to obtain the relinquishment. This was don e and it was returned on 1 April 1783. We do not know why M artha could not come to the court house. In 1782 Llewelly n was living alone in Amelia County so perhaps she was il l and in the care of someone else. Perhaps it was her ill ness that prompted the commission of the three to visit her.
Batte Jones [3518.104.22.168.10] (30 Dec. 1729 ) in June 1746 h eld a patent to 400 acres on the south side of the Littl e Nottoway River next to his brother Peter Jones. He died b efore his father made his will in December 1758 and his 40 0 acres descended to his brother Lewellyn Jones.
Children of Capt. Richard Jones by either Amy Batte or Rach el Ragsdale:
Daniel Jones [3522.214.171.124] inherited land on the north sid e of Stony Creek. He married Mary and lived in Prince Georg e County. In October 1719 Daniel obtained a survey to 166 a cres in Prince George County.
Philip Jones [35126.96.36.199.1] (6 July 1733 ) was mentioned i n the will of his Jones grandfather.
Mordecai Jones [35188.8.131.52.2] (22 July 1741 ).
Thomas Jones [35184.108.40.206] inherited two Mulatto women. Prin ce George County recorded three surveys for land north of t he Nottoway River for Thomas Jones, son of Richard Jones: 2 42 acres in April 1712 , 321 acres on both sides of the gr eat creek of the Nottoway River in October 1719, and 1,23 7 acres encompassing the first survey in December 1722. H e secured a patent to thefirst parcel in July 1717 and th e second in November 1726. When John Jonessecured a paten t to 1,494 acres in Dinwiddie County he included 732 acre s ofThomas┘us 1,237-acre patent.
Robert Jones [35220.127.116.11] inherited 480 acres in Prince Geo rge County and a ┘SNegro┘T man and woman.
William Jones [3518.104.22.168]had two surveys north of the Nott oway River in Prince George County: 265 acresin November 17 24 and 179 acres in October 1719. He secured a patent t o this combined acreage in September 1730. He died befor e 9 February 1735/6 according to the Bristol Parish Vestr y Book and his father did not mention him in hiswill.
Lewellyn Jones [3522.214.171.124] inherited his father┘us 650-acr e home plantation in Brunswick County where he was a militi a captain and justice. In January1742/3 Robert Wynne and Fr ances, his wife, conveyed 369 acres in St. AndrewsParish , Brunswick County, to Jones for ú30. In April 1761 Lewelly n sold 650 acres in Brunswick County to Benjamin Jones o f Dinwiddie County. This property included the 369 acres h e bought from the Wynnes and a 281-acre portion of his inhe ritance. His wife, Katherine, relinquished her dower. In 17 64 Jones bought 32 acres from Henry Jones and Mary, his w ife and sold twenty slaves to Peter Randolph Bland for ú5 00. Lewellyn Jones was perhaps later in Dinwiddie Countywhe re an early map showed ┘SLew. Jones Road┘T ran.
Martha Jones [35126.96.36.199] married an Evans.
Mary Jones [35188.8.131.52].
Father: Richard Jones b: 1660 in Brunswick, CO, VA
Mother: Amy Batte b: Abt 1671
- Change Date:
30 Mar 2013
- Change Date:
30 Mar 2013
- Abbrev: Morrison, Jennifer
- Abbrev: Hardin Clay Roots
Title: Hardin Clay Roots
Author: Norvan L. Johnson | 48,999 | 189 |
513,797 | Can you imagine a world where justice always prevails. Where righteousness and goodness is always the rule and there is never an exception. Where there is total and lasting peace where joy is the dominant attitude. A world where health is so widespread that if somebody dies a hundred years old, they'll be said to be dying as if they were a child. A world where children can play in snake pits and not be afraid of being bitten or poisoned. A world where lions and lambs walk together with bears and cows and a little child leads them all. A world where agriculture is so effective and products are so profuse and food is so plentiful that even with a fantastic population explosion everybody has enough of everything. In fact, more than they could ever ask for.
Can you imagine a world ruled by a perfect ruler, loving, saving, caring, all wise, all knowing? That's the real world of the kingdom of Jesus Christ, and it's coming to this earth. Now last time we began our study, just the beginnings of the study were indicated to us in Revelation 19 and 20 and I invite you to turn there again in your Bibles.
People are looking for a new world. They always have been. But as they look for this new world, they're not convinced that this Jesus is the one who's going to bring it about. In fact, in most cases they are convinced that that is not the case at all. And even in the time of Peter in 2 Peter that most familiar passage, Chapter 3, "the scoffers come in the last days saying where is the promise of His coming?"
People have always doubted that Jesus will return. There are some Christians that really aren't too sure about it. There are people who have always held the kingdom of Jesus Christ somewhat suspect. And while they're looking for a new world, they're not sure that it's going to come in the terms that the Bible presents it.
Now as we come to Revelation 19 and 20 again, we find a very clear picture of the kingdom. Not in great detail, but really in kind of overview and yet it does give us some specific insights. Now we told you last time that there were six basic points that we were going to cover and we covered three last time. We'll cover the final three tonight.
The kingdom, according to Revelation 19 and 20, includes the rule of the Son, the removal of the serpent, the reign of the saints, the return of Satan, the revolt of society and the resurrection of sinners. Now let's review with some additional thoughts those first three. The kingdom to begin with is the rule of the Son. Chapter 19, in verse 11, "heaven opens, behold a white horse, He that sat on him was faithful and true, He comes to judge and make war." Describes Him in verse 12. Verse 13 describes His vesture dipped in blood and gives His name the word of God and we know that to be Jesus Christ.
He's given another name in verse 16, King of Kings and Lord of Lords. And so here we see the picture of the arrival of the Lord Jesus Christ to set up His kingdom. And if we were to compare Matthew Chapter 24, we would read that immediately after the tribulation of those days, "the sun shall not give its light, the moon shall turn to darkness, the stars of heaven shall fall, then shall the sign of the Son of man be revealed and we shall see Him in heaven coming with His angels and power and great glory."
So it is immediately after the tribulation that Christ comes back to set up His kingdom. The promise is that Jesus, the very same Jesus that walked in this world, is going to be the one who comes back to set up the kingdom of promise that all men are looking for but that not all men will experience.
In Daniel 7:13, it says, "And I saw in the night visions and behold one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven and came to the ancient of days and they brought Him near before Him and there was given Him dominion and glory and a kingdom. That all people and nations and languages should serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion which shall not pass away and His kingdom that which shall not be destroyed."
Now there Daniel says the Son of man was granted by the ancient of days, the Son of man is Christ, the ancient of days is God the Father, a kingdom and He will bring that kingdom to pass.
In Revelation Chapter 11, verse 15, the promise again is repeated regarding the kingdom. "The seventh angel sounded and there were voices in heaven saying the kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and He shall reign forever and ever." Now though the kingdom specifically on earth last a thousand years, the reign of Christ is forever. And the kingdom merely phases into the eternal reign of Christ.
So the first phase of the kingdom that is so very important for us to recognize is that is the rule of the Son. That the earthly kingdom is going to be the place where Jesus Himself rules. Now we saw last time from Psalm 2 that it's going to be a universal rule. The Psalmist says in Psalm 2 very specifically in verse 6, "I have set my king upon my holy hill of Zion." This is God talking. "I will declare the decree the Lord said unto me thou art my Son this day have I begotten thee. Ask of me and I'll give thee the nations for thine inheritance and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession."
The Psalm then promises that the kings rule will be universal. He will give, the Father will, to the Son, the rule of all the nations. It also will be an absolute kingdom as well as universal. It says in Psalm 72:10-11, "The kings of Tarshish and of the isles shall bring presents. The kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts. Ye all kings shall fall down before Him all nations shall serve Him."
And verse 9 says, "His enemies shall lick the dust." So it's universal and it's absolute. And then in Isaiah's wonderful prophecy, Chapter 11 in verses 3 to 5, just again reviewing, it says, "In the kingdom the Spirit shall make of him, make him of quick understanding in the fear of Lord and He shall not judge after the sight of His eyes, neither reprove after the hearing of His ears, but with righteousness shall He judge the poor and reprove with equity or equality the meek of the earth."
And so it's going to be a just kingdom. Absolute, universal, and just and Jesus Christ will reign. Now the second feature we saw of the kingdom was the removal of the serpent. We know that today the prince of this world is Satan. He is the ruler. He is the god of the age. And as we look at our world today, we see Satan in control and we know that when Christ comes the control must change. And if Christ is to take control, He has to deal with Satan. And He does, and we begin in Chapter 20 and we read this.
Revelation 20, verse 1, "I saw an angel come down from heaven having the key of the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, who is the devil and Satan and bound him a thousand years and cast him into the bottomless pit and shut him up and set a seal on him that he should deceive the nation no more until the thousand years shall be fulfilled, and after that he must be loosed a little season."
During the thousand year kingdom, Satan is going to be chained in the abyss which is the bottomless pit. The word in the Greek is abussos. Now let me give you a little word study that I think might help to clear up some confusion. If you're like most people who read the Bible and study the Bible you read about Sheoland you read about Hades and you about Hell and you read about the pit and you read about all of these things and you're not quite clear what's what and what's where.
So maybe I can just give you a little look at that. What is the abyss? And where is the abyss? Or as it's translated here, the bottomless pit, which is literally what abussos means. The word abussos is used nine times in the New Testament. It is a Greek word which means bottomless pit. Now if we were to look, for example, at one and seven times in Revelation twice outside Revelation, but one of the times outside Revelation gives us a good indication about it.
In Luke 8:31, you remember that Jesus had cast the demons out of the mad man of the Gadarenes, remember? And where did He send those demons? Into pigs, a herd of swine. And they besought Him the demons did, they were talking to Him and they besought Him that He would not command them to go into the abussos.
And there it translates it into the deep in the King James. I don't know why it takes the...that particular translation. It's rather arbitrary, but it's really the same word, bottomless pit. Now that gives us an idea what the bottomless pit is. The bottomless pit is where demons don't want to go. You say well, that's not a very clear definition. The bottomless pit is a place where demons are chained. That's what it is. It's not for people who die, the souls of men, it's for demons.
Now, it has the very same meaning every other time that it is used with no exceptions. In the book of Revelation it is once used in Romans 10:7 with the same meaning. In Revelation seven times it has the same meaning, abussos. Someone asked me this morning why I believe that in Revelation Chapter 9 the locusts...the locusts that came out of the pit were demons. And someone said that has been interpreted to be Muslims. Others interpret that to be a helicopters because it describes them like grasshoppers and all those little things.
And they said well, why do you feel that it is demons described like locusts? And I said, very clearly the answer is this, it is the word abyss that is used again. It says that the bottomless pit is opened up and they come out of there and all other times that that word is used it speaks of the place where demons are chained. So if somebody is unlocking the pit the only thing in the pit is demons.
And so the word abussos then is used to speak of the place where demons are bound. Now you say well which demons are bound? Well, if you were to read Peter and you were to read Jude, you would find that God has chained demons there since clear back in Genesis 6. Remember the demons in Genesis 6 who cohabitated with women? And He has reserved them in everlasting chains. See? And so there have been demons bound since Genesis 6. And apparently throughout history whenever God so desired, He could send other demons to the pit and so there is in this place the pit, a group of bound demons from Genesis 6 a pile of them and whoever else has been sent there since.
And you see that's why Revelation 9 says that when the tribulation begins in all of its terror, God lets this angel unlock the pit and the demons who have been bound from whenever they were bound, as far back as Genesis 6 come gushing out of the pit and overrun the earth. And that's what makes the intensity of the tribulation so much greater than any other time of evil in the world, because there will be more demons then there have ever been overrunning the earth.
The abyss then is not a place for the souls of men. It is a special place for bound demons. Now that is the place where Satan is going to get chained. Look verse 3, "and cast him into the bottomless pit and shut him up." Now that is what the abyss is. Now let me hasten to say this. There are other places besides the abyss, and we need to understand that.
I'll show you another one. Back up to Revelation 19:20, "And the beast was taken and with him the false prophet that wrought miracles," that's the antichrist and his religious cohort which he..."which he deceived them that received the mark of the beast and them that worship their image. These both were cast alive," not into the pit, not into abussos, "but into a lake of fire burning with brimstone." Now the beast is a man, right? He's a human, the antichrist. The false prophet is a human. They don't go into the pit. They go into the place called the lake of fire burning with brimstone.
Now you say well what is this place? Well, look at that. It's a rather ultimate place isn't it. The first ones that are ever said in the Bible to go to that place are these two. This beloved is Hell. And I hasten to add this, and then I qualify it, as clearly as I can understand the Bible, no one at the present time is in Hell. Now hang on to your hat. No one at the present time is in the lake of fire as we see it here. And I'll try to defend that.
Notice here the beast and the false prophet are thrown into a lake of fire. Now go to Chapter 20, verse 10 and I'll show you something else. "At the end of the kingdom," now the beast and false prophet were sent there at the beginning of the kingdom, at the end of the tribulation. A thousand years later after the kingdom is over, verse 10 of 20, "The devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone." Now it says "where the beast and the false prophet are and they've been there a thousand years and they shall be tormented day and night forever and ever."
Now here is the final Hell, see? The beast and false prophet are there. Notice how interesting it is that he says the devil was only...was cast into the lake of fire where the beast and false prophet are. It doesn't say anybody else is there. Interesting.
Now that's an argument from silence and not a heavy one, but it's interesting that it does exclude anyone else in statement. And so the devil is going to go to the lake of fire. You say anybody else going to the lake of fire? Go to verse 13. Here we are at the great white throne judgment of all the unsaved human beings of all time. And the sea gave up the dead that were in it and death and Hades delivered up the dead that were in them. Oh isn't that interesting.
Do you know where the dead have been until the great white throne? Not in the lake of fire, but in what, Hades. "And they were judged every many according to their works and death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire." Now you see then all these people are into the lake of fire. The lake of fire then is the technical term for final Hell. Verse 15, "And whosoever was not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire." Now the problem comes up and the reason everybody gets confused is because the King James translates so arbitrarily the word Hades.
Do you remember an Old Testament word Sheol, S-h-e-o-l? Sheol simply means the world of the dead. That's all it means. It doesn't have any more specific meaning than that. It simply means the world of the dead. Now in the Old Testament Sheol had two parts didn't it? A person who died could go into the part where evil men were separated from God and believe me there was torment there in the absence of God. Or one who died as a Godly individual would go into the good part which Jesus called paradise.
Remember what He said to the thief, "This day shalt thou be with me in paradise." Which was the good part of the place of the Old Testament dead. Now watch when Jesus died on the cross, Ephesians 4:8 says, "He led captivity captive." And we've interpreted that in our study and if you want more detail on it, you can get that tape or study a commentary on that passage, but in...what happen was while Jesus was physically dead on the cross, His spirit descended into that place into the paradise and scooped up the good folks, the souls of those who were righteous and took them up to heaven. So then Hades only had one compartment left. See?
Old Testament saints their spirits waiting for the time when Jesus died and when Jesus accomplished salvation on the cross He went right down scooped them up and took them to heaven, led captivity captive. And then Hades only had one part. Now Sheol in the Old Testament and Hades in the New Testament, same thing, just a Hebrew word and a Greek word.
Now watch, when anybody dies since Jesus' death right on out or since the very beginning of death in the world, they go into a place called Hades. That is not to be confused with Hell. Let me hasten to say this, Hades is bad. It is very bad. But Hell is different. In the Old Testament it is a completely different word. It's the word tophet. And in the New Testament it is a completely different word is the word Gehenna. But the King James fouls it up because the King James translates Hades, Hades sometimes and Hell some other times. You see?
Now stay with me on this. In Matthew 5:29-30, I'll give you a Scripture that you can kind of sink your teeth into a little bit here and maybe get some clarity on it. Matthew 5:29, "If thy right hand offend thee, pluck it out. Cast if from thee for it's profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish and not thy whole body should be cast into Hell." Now watch, now watch, what does he say there is going to be cast into Hell? What? Your body.
People say John, do you believe in a literal Hell? How could I not believe in a literal Hell. I says right there your whole body would be cast into Hell. Now watch, There is no unsaved person dead now in a body, right. Where are the bodies of the unsaved? They're in the grave. When are they going to get resurrected? At the great white throne judgment. Therefore, they don't get their bodies until the great white throne. They couldn't be cast into the final Hell until that time.
So they're not in Hell today, they're in Hades, which is a spiritual waiting place, but believe me it is a tormented place. It is a place of burning in a spiritual sense. Now verse 30 says "if you're right hand offend you cut off and cast it from you for it's profitable for the that one of they members should perish and not that thy whole body should be cast into Hell."
Hell is a literal place. Do you believe that heaven's a literal place? Do you believe you're going to go to heaven in a literal, glorified body? Jesus is there right now in one, isn't He? And Hell is a literal place. Now the term Hell here in this passage is the Greek word Gehenna, G-e-h-e-n-n-a. Now Gehenna was the valley of Hinom. It's just a term for the valley of Hinom. Now the valley of Hinom was outside Jerusalem. You can go to Jerusalem today and it'll be pointed out to you, the valley of Hinom.
In that valley, first of all, idolaters burned their children to the god Molech. So it began as a place of burning and God cursed the valley of Hinom. And you know what happened at the valley of Hinom? The people of Israel then since God cursed it wouldn't use it for anything except the city dump. And so the valley of Hinom became the dump for the city of Jerusalem. And for centuries and centuries filth and garbage and animal carcasses were thrown into the fire of the valley.
Now watch, they made sure that the fire never died out. There was always something new being thrown into that valley. And the worms never died either because there was always enough new stuff for the worms to thrive. See? And when our Lord describes Hell, He said it is a place that the fire never ceases and the worm never dies. See?
And you remember that you if you look back in history and see such a terrible place, you would know that would be a place where scavenger animals would gather and the jackals would gnash their teeth as they ate the garbage in the terrible place called the valley of Hinom. That's Gehenna and that is the picture of Hell that Jesus chose. And whenever He wanted to speak of Hell, in the final sense, He chose the word Gehenna.
Now from that background the word Gehenna was used to describe the everlasting damnation of Hell where there is weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth and the worm never dies and the fire is never quenched and that is Hell.
You say then John, do you mean that my particular friends who die today without Jesus Christ go into some kind of a nice little waiting place? No, that...they go into a waiting place, not the final Hell, but it's not nice. I'll prove it's not nice. I'll show you a man who went there. And he not only went there, but he told us what it was like.
Luke 16, verse 19, now listen, "There was a certain rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and fared sumptuously every day. There was a certain beggar named Lazarus who was laid at his feet full of sores. And desire to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table. Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores." He was in bad shape. "It came to pass that the beggar died and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom." Do you know what that is? That's the good part of Hades. You see Christ hasn't died yet, so He hasn't emptied that part. But here's a godly beggar who dies and he goes into Abraham's bosom. He goes into a place of blessing. He goes to be with blessed Abraham whose waiting yet the death of Messiah, but that place that Abraham was in place of blessing and joy.
"But the rich man died and was buried," and watch, "and in," and your Bible might say Hell, that's unfortunate, "and in Hades." The word is Hades, not Gehenna. "He lifted up his eyes being in," what, "torment." And in verse 24, he says, "send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger and water and cool my tongue for I am tormented in this flame." It is not the eternal lake of fire, but believe it's the absence of God and it's the presence of punishment.
So just because I say that the people who die now do not go to final Hell, they do not go to the terrible, fearful Gehenna does not mean that they're waiting in some waiting place that's about as comfortable as a lounge. They're as apart from God as they'll ever be and they're in the pain and the agony of punishment and mostly the remorse of conscience for knowing that they have sealed their eternal doom by a wrong decision.
Now, I say all that because I want you to understand that though there is no one in Hell, to die without Jesus Christ now is to be in a place of terrible torment. Only to await the final lake of fire. Now, Jesus made the statement "Fear not them who destroy the body, but fear Him who is able to destroy both body and soul in Hell."
And the one you are to fear is not Satan. He doesn't run Hell, God does. That verse is talking about God. Now back to Revelation 20, I said all of that just because I want you to understand what the abyss is in relation to other things. I hope that helps.
And so Satan is bound and it says in verse 2 that "The old serpent is bound a thousand years." Have you ever heard the kingdom called the millennium? Yes, that comes from two Latin words, milla which means thousand and annum which means year. So a thousand years is a milla annum, millennium.
All right, then the kingdom begins with the rule of the Son and the removal of the serpent. Thirdly, the reign of the saints and we saw this last time. With Satan out of the way, the kingdom begins. And what a blessed thing it is. Verse 4, now remember Satan is not yet in the final Hell. He's bound where? In the bottomless pit. He is going to get cast into the final Hell at the end of the kingdom. He's just bound there. This is a temporary place.
All right, verse 4 tells us the reign of the saints. "And I saw thrones and they sat upon them. Remember I told you last week about the they and the them? And the they are all the saints of all the ages. Daniel 7:18 says, "The saints of the Most High shall inherit the kingdom." That's Old Testament saints. Matthew 19:28-30 the apostles are going to rule in the kingdom, that's between Old Testament and New Testament, those in the time of Christ.
And I told you about 1 Corinthians 6:2, which says the New Testament saints are going to reign. So the they refers to all the saints of all the ages. Thrones and they sat upon them. We're all going to reign. "And judgment was given unto them and I saw the souls of them." Oh now we have the them. We know who the they are. Who are the them? It tells us, "Them that were beheaded for the witness of Jesus. That's an interesting statement because apparently people who die during the tribulation are going to die through the method of beheading.
And the reason they died was for the word of God and who had not worshiped..."for the witness of Jesus and the word of God and who had not worshiped the beast, neither his image, neither received his mark upon their foreheads or in their hands. And they lived and reigned with Christ for a millennium."
Now it says that not only all the saints of the ages, but the saints of the tribulation are going to be there, those who didn't bow down to the beast. Notice what it says, interesting thing there. It says they didn't worship the beast. Do you remember that the antichrist back in Chapter 13 during the tribulation requires that the whole world worship him, remember that? 13:8, "And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him except those whose names are written in the Lamb's Book of Life from the foundation of the world."
And then it says, "Not only they did not worship the beast, but they didn't receive the mark of the beast or worship his image." And you know over in verse 15 the false prophet sets up a big image, a big...some kind of a super idol of the beast and requires everybody to bow down to the image. And then it requires that everybody has a mark. He says that, verse 16, "everybody whether you're small, great, rich, or poor, free or enslaved, receive a mark in your hand or your forehead." And if you don't have the mark, you can't buy or sell.
In other words, the economy's going to reduce to numbers. And we're already in that economy, credit cards and number systems and you're social security numbers becoming increasingly important. There all kinds of new deals. I'm not even going to go into it. We've covered that in other messages. Where numbers are becoming the system by which we identify each other. And there's going to be ways to imprint those numbers on your hand and on your head and in any society no matter what people wear as clothing, the two most visible places is the back of the hand and the forehead, because you may cover a lot, but the forehead usually stays revealed.
And so in these places you will be marked with a number and by that number be able to buy or sell. If you don't have the number you can't exist. So the beast will require worship of himself, worship of his image and that you join his economy. Anybody who doesn't is going to be beheaded. They're going to lose their heads.
And they may lose their heads, but they'll reign with Jesus forever and ever. The reign of the saints. And during the kingdom, you say what's it going to be like? We covered that last week. I mean it's exciting. Do you know that I'm looking forward to the kingdom. I know you are. I get so excited about the kingdom just unbelievable. I mean, I start thinking about those things just really zeroing in on some of those qualities of the kingdom and I just...it just blows my mind. I mean, I can't even handle it.
But you know, I'm not the only waiting for it. Did you know that...did you know that your front lawn is waiting for the kingdom? Did you know that your dog, you know, the dog world is waiting and that's facetious, but let me show you what I mean. Verse 19 of Romans 8, "For the earnest expectation," and don't start telling that I believe dogs are going in the rapture because I don't, but that's only a figure of speech. Okay, verse 19, "For the earnest expectation of the creation waits for the manifestation of the sons of God."
You see the whole world is waiting to be returned to its prime existence before the curse. The creation was made subject to vanity not willingly. Verse 21, "The creation itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption." In other words, the curse of the earth will be reversed. And we said in verse 22, "The whole creation groans and travails in birth pains together until now, until this great day when redemption comes."
You see all of creation wants the kingdom. It's going to be fantastic. The reign of the saints. Now we covered some detail last week we won't cover tonight. Now verses 5 and 6, we're going to come back to so we'll skip them and go to our fourth point.
The reign of the saints follows the removal of the serpent, which follows the rule of the Son, but fourthly, and this is most interesting. We have the return of Satan, the return of Satan, verse 7. "And when the thousand years are ended, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison."
Now the kingdom is going to come to a climax and Satan is going to be loosed. I told you last week and I want you to understand this, I told you last week that Satan is not necessary for individuals to sin, right? We do real well on our own with our own sin nature and our own depravity. We don't need Satan for that. But watch, Satan is the one, now watch, who organizes evil on a worldwide scale. You got it?
It doesn't...Satan isn't necessarily involved in what you do as an individual and what I do as an individual in terms of sin, the works of the flesh are these. Read them Galatians 5, but Satan is the mastermind that coordinates it all so that it has a total global impact. That's why when you remove Satan from the kingdom, you don't remove individual sin, but sin can't get together enough to have an impact. You see?
And what happens at the end of the kingdom is God releases Satan from the abyss and he comes to the earth and he organizes the sinners. And they get all together in this gigantic rebellion against Christ and they march on Jerusalem. Now during the kingdom, children are going to be born. The children of saints. Now watch, you say oh my. Imagine being born in the kingdom. They'll never know what we've been through. That's right.
And you know something else they won't know? They won't know how good the kingdom is, because that's all they'll ever know. And you know the sad thing is everybody's going to conform to the rule of Christ, but some are going to conform only outwardly. And inwardly, some of those children born of the saints are going to be rebels.
And there will be no way that they can have a concerted effort to get together because Christ will rule and Satan isn't around with his demons to organize it. And so they sublimate their rebellion and they put on a fasod of obedience to Christ. But you know why Satan's released? He's released so that he can reveal the true character of the hypocrites. You see that's the last batch of sinners in existence and they have to be dealt with before the eternal kingdom.
And so if Satan is loosed and he sweeps across the world and he finds all the hypocritical hearts and he organizes them into a worldwide rebellion. I'll tell you something folks, if somebody comes to me and says they don't believe in depravity of man, I don't think they understand this area of history yet to come. How could you believe that man isn't depraved when he does that in the kingdom where Jesus is on the earth and reigning?
Sinners can't be changed by changing their environment. We have this idea well, if we just clean up the slums we'll get rid of crime. That is ridiculous. You won't have thugs, you'll just have embezzlers. You can't clean up crime by cleaning up the slums. You'll just scatter crime around and it'll become more sophisticated. It won't be hitting little old ladies in the back of the head and stealing their purses. It'll be cheating the government out of their rights in terms of the income tax.
Oh we'll get all the prostitutes off the street. Sure and then everybody will just play hanky panky with his neighbor's wife in suburbia. Why? Because that's man's nature and the environment does little to change his nature. It only changes the format of his disobedience that's all.
There's just some more refined type criminals. And that doesn't mean I'm against cleaning up the slums, understand that. Of course, I'm for that. But I'm just saying if you're going about that for the sake of the love of humanity and the care of individuals and supplying the needs, that's great. If you think you're going to change human nature, you're wrong. It doesn't work.
So here what happens, here are people living in the kingdom. They have everything. This is the golden age that has been dreamed about and they're in the middle of it and they still don't receive Christ. They say it's impossible I can't believe it. Just remember this, they didn't receive Him the first time He came either and He was in their midst.
Well, you say maybe Satan would be a little better after being bound for a thousand years. He's the same old vial character that he was when he went into that pit. He just sat there in that pit for a thousand years and got madder. He's as diabolical and as evil as he ever was. He hasn't changed.
He comes out of there and you know something he hasn't changed and neither has human nature changed. And he finds uncounted millions of people to join his rebellion and the Bible says they are numbered as the sand of the sea. Can you believe that? Now when somebody tells you that man's heart is hard against God's grace you can know it can't you?
You wonder why people resist your witness. Imagine they'll do the same thing with Jesus right there in Jerusalem. And so it's the return of Satan. The return of Satan leads to the fifth point the revolt of society. Boy he stirs up a revolution. Look at verse 8.
"And Satan after he gets out of his abyss, his prison, he goes out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth." Boy he covers the globe, "Gog and Magog," now it's not the Gog and Magog of Ezekiel 38, that was the uttermost part of Israel wasn't it? Gog being the land and Magog being the prince. That was Russia.
But here it's every Gog and every Magog, every land and every prince from every corner of the world joins the rebellion and the number of whom is as the sand of the sea. You talk about population explosion. Man, can you imagine in a thousand years what can be done in productivity in a world where everything is perfect and people aren't sick and people have babies and just multiplies and multiplies and multiplies?
Number as the sand of the sea. And look what they do. Boy Satan is so...he could deceive...these people are so witless to buy his bill. They go up to the...up on the breadth of the earth. They come from everywhere and they compass the camp of the saints about and the beloved city. Can you believe that?
Satan actually talks them into attacking Jerusalem with Jesus Christ on the throne. Boy you say Satan is a deceiver. Yes, he can actually deceive people living in the glorious kingdom of Jesus Christ that they can go to Jerusalem and knock off Jesus Christ. Now he's clever. Keep that in mind. Cunning, craftiness, and they buy his bill. And they all arrive there. Oh man. Terrible tragedy. You know what this is when they get there? It's what I call the Waterloo of the world. It's the end.
Verse 9 says, "And fire came down from God out of heaven and devoured them." Some would tell us that that's atomic fire. That God sets off an atomic chain reaction and the whole earth goes up in a blaze. Because you see by the time you come to Chapter 21, verse 1, "I saw a new heaven and a," what, "new earth for the first heaven and first earth were," what, "passed away." That the fire is an atomic holocaust that destroys the earth and immediately, immediately the devil is shot into the lake of fire and everybody else appears in heaven at the great white throne or in the heavens in the sky at the great white throne.
Nobody ever appears on earth again. And so it's very possible that nine is the destruction of the earth. Verse 10 says, "And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone." That's Hell isn't it? Not the pit this time, but into the eternal Hell. "Where the beast and false prophet are and shall be tormented day and night forever and ever."
This is the last confederation against God. I don't know how you feel, but it kind of is a sigh of relief. This is the last rebellion. This is the last death, listen beloved, this is the last sin never again for eternity shall sin never touch God's universe. That's it.
Satan's had a long career. It started back in the heavens before the world as we know it. Decided to be like God. Isaiah tells us about his beginning. Revelation tells us about his end. Back to the abyss, no. Hell for eternal torment.
You say well, yeah, if Satan goes to his place and he runs hell, right? No, he doesn't run Hell. You know who runs Hell? God does. Satan and Hell is the same kind of victim that anybody else is. Now the Hell of Satan is in some sense different, since he is a spiritual being. Just to add a final note, keep in mind that Satan suffers just like the rest. And one thing that I've often thought about in terms of Hell that's just a fearful thing is that Hell is not going to be...you know, you hear people say well, I want to go to Hell because my friends are all going to be there.
You know, that's really a...that's really a tragic statement because you know that Hell is going to be absolute and total isolation. There isn't going to be anybody there as far as you're concerned and that's sad. So what do we see about the kingdom? We see the rule of the Son, the removal of the serpent, the reign of the saints, the return of Satan, the revolt of society and lastly, the resurrection of sinners, verses 11 to 15. Once the earth is burned up by fire oh of the ungodly are resurrected.
Now listen friends, everybody, say it again, everybody is going to be resurrected. Are you with me? Everybody, the godly are going to be resurrected and so are the ungodly. All of the ungodly are going to be resurrected at the same time. The Bible talks about here the first resurrection, that's the resurrection of the godly, the second resurrection that's the resurrection of the ungodly.
Now let's go back to verses 5 and 6 and we'll move right into this and just close with it. And it's clear...you just see it, it's clear to your own your eyes. Verse 5, "The saints lived and reigned with Christ during the thousand years, but," verse 5, "the rest of the dead lived not until the thousand years were finished." Right? The ungodly spirits are waiting in Hades but their bodies are in graves all decayed and so forth.
Now this is the first resurrection, he says, and I really think that ought to go with verse 6, "Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection." Whatever the first resurrection is, it's blessed and holy, right? So it's not the second resurrection is it? The second resurrection is the resurrection of the damned. The first resurrection is the resurrection of the blessed and holy.
And on such the second death has no power, "but they shall be priests of God and of Christ and shall reign with Him a thousand years." Watch, the first resurrection, now get this, the first resurrection takes place before what? The kingdom, has to. Why? You're going to have to reign with Him.
The second resurrection not until the thousand years were what? Finished, the first resurrection, the second resurrection separated by how long, a thousand years. Now the first resurrection is our resurrection, but the same word is used for both, anastasus. It means the raising again of a fallen body. It's a bodily resurrection. You say John, you mean that actually the sinners are going to be...have bodily resurrection? Yes. Yes, in a body that's prepared for their eternal punishment.
There are several passages that really ought to be carefully looked at this...in an understanding of this. In terms of the first resurrection, we have the promise of Jesus Christ in these words, "Because I live," what, "ye too shall live also." And Jesus said to Martha, "Thy brother shall rise again." And Martha said, "I know that. He shall rise again in the resurrection at the last day."
You see she knew all about it. Jesus said, No, no, no, I wasn't talk about that. I was talking about in a few minutes. But she was right. They all knew about the resurrection. In Philippians 3:11, there is an interesting statement that bears the thought because of the Greek that is used. Paul says, "If by any means I might obtain unto the resurrection of the dead." The literal Greek is "The resurrection out from among the dead."
The first resurrection is out from among the dead. "And on them," go back to Revelation 20, "on them the second death has no power." And of course, the second death means eternal death. The first death is what? Physical death. The second death is eternal death. And so those who are save are in, now watch this, those who are save are in the first resurrection and they escape the second death. Those who are not saved are in the second resurrection and experience the second death.
Now the second death if you'll notice there in verse 6, is eternal damnation. Go over to verse 14. "And death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire." Now watch, this is the second death even "whosoever was not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire. That is the second death." The first death is when you die physically. The second one is when you're sent to Hell without God.
Beloved there are two resurrections. I'm glad I'm in the first one aren't you? You say what's it going to be like at that second resurrection? Well, let's look at verse 11 and see. "I saw a great white throne and Him that sat on it." You know who sat on it? Jesus, because Jesus said in John that the Father had committed all judgment unto the Son. And in that most powerful statement, it must have boggled the brains of the people listening, Jesus said, "Marvel not at this for the hour is coming in which all that are in the grave shall hear His voice and shall come forth. They that have done good under the resurrection of life and they that have done evil unto the resurrection of damnation."
The first resurrection Jesus calls the resurrection of life. The second one, the resurrection of damnation. And Jesus even makes the statement in verse 25, "the hour is coming and now is when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God and they that hear shall live." He claimed that resurrection power. He, by His own power, will bring the bodies of the dead unsaved to the great white throne.
And from His face, the earth and the heaven flood away. And this is where the earth as we know it is gone. It had been rejuvenated in the wonderful kingdom. It is consumed in judgment in verse 9 and it flees away in verse 11. "And there was no place for them." No more earth and heaven as we know it. And John says in his fearful, "I saw the dead, small ones, great ones, stand before God." This is judgment.
You say well, John, how are they going to be judged? Listen, the books were opened, the books were opened. Verse 13, watch, "And the sea gave up the dead that were in it," this is bodies, it has to be. People have drowned. "And death and Hades delivered up," that is the grave death and Hades the place of the spirits, "delivered up the dead that were in them, and here come the spirits joined a resurrected bodies and they were judged every man according to their," what, "works."
You say John, but you can't be saved by works. That's right. But if you don't believe in Jesus Christ, what do you have left to commend yourself. Works. And isn't God a fair God and a just God so God has kept a running record of the works of every man. Per chance that some man might be perfect.
The books were opened, verse 12. God has kept a record of the deeds of every man. Why? If you're going to go into court and you're going to say the man is guilty, you better have, what? The evidence. And the books are open. Now this is the congregation of the doomed. They're judged according to their works, but by the deeds of the law, no flesh is justified.
Romans 3:20, "Not of works." Ephesians 2:9, "No way to be saved by works." Many will say unto me in that day Lord, Lord we prophesied in Your name. We cast out demons and we did many wonderful works. And He shall say unto them, "Depart from me, I never knew you."
Nobody's ever saved by works are they? It doesn't matter how good you are. God will keep a work of your works and nobody will make it. Look at the end of verse 12. "But another book was opened." Oh I'm so glad for that book. "Which is the Book of Life. The dead were judged out of those things that's written in the books according to their works."
You say what's the Book of Life? It's called elsewhere, listen to this, I love this. Revelation 17:8 "The beast that thou sawest was and is not and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit and into perdition and they that dwell on earth shall wonder," listen, "whose names were not written in the Book of Life from the foundation of the world."
Whose Book of Life is it? The Lamb's Book of Life. You say, how do you get in that book? How do you get your name in that book? One way. Peter said, "Neither is there salvation in any other for there is none other name under heaven given among men whereby we must be saved." And who was that man? Jesus. Jesus.
Put your faith in Jesus Christ it means that your name is written in the Book of Life. If your name is not in the Book of Life, you'll be judged out of the books by your works and no man shall ever be justified by works.
No man can ever say that God sent him to Hell. No man can ever say that God damned his soul. In Matthew 25:41, Jesus said, "Depart from me, ye cursed into everlasting fire," listen, "prepared for the devil and his angels." Hell was never even prepared for people. God is not willing that any, what, should perish.
But they all should come to repentance. Verse 14 says, "And death and Hades," now there's Hades, "were cast into the lake of fire." You see the Hades that we talked about now just is thrown into the eternal Hell." And verse 15, what can I say? "Whosoever was not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire."
You say John, this disturbs me. Well, it disturbs me too. It hurts to even study this. It's painful. Because I don't like to think about people going to the lake of fire. But it's here isn't it? It's here. I close by saying what Jesus said, listen to His words. "Truly, truly, I say unto you he who hears my word," listen, "and believes on Him who sent me, has eternal life and does not come into judgment, but is passed from death unto life."
All you have to do is hear the Son and believe and God will put your name in the Book.
Father, thank you tonight for clarity of the word and marvelous plan that you've laid out for those that are righteous and those that love Jesus Christ. But Lord we just...we just hurt inside and it sickens us to think of a place of torment for those who know not Christ. But God we know that if somebody didn't want You, You'd never force your presence on them for eternity, surely not. And we know that Hell doesn't change anything. It just makes permanent what you were in this life if you want to live without God, you'll live without Him forever. If you want to know God, you'll know Him forever.
Father, we thank you that You've given us the truth that we might choose and choose wisely. While our heads are bowed as we close tonight in just a...I feel just in a message like this that I need to just pinpoint some thoughts in your mind. And while you're meditating with your eyes closed and silently sitting where you are, I would just not be fair with my own heart nor with the Holy Spirit if I didn't say if you don't know Jesus Christ tonight and have never put your faith in Him, you are in a dangerous position.
And there are no words that I can add to the Scriptures to soften the blow. Judgment awaits. I don't understand that. I don't understand all about that. And it grieves me and like John I...it's bitter but it's in the Bible and I believe it. But God calls and He says "believe on the Lord Jesus Christ and ye shall be saved." That's all that's required.
And if you're sitting there in you're saying well, I don't know Jesus Christ and I don't know if I've ever asked Him into my life and I think if I were to die I'd be in Hades and ultimately I'd be at that great white throne and I'd have nothing but works and works won't make it and I'm in trouble. What do I do? I'd just say to you just silently, quietly say this, God I don't think my name...I don't think my name is really there, at least from my perspective." I've never committed myself to Jesus Christ, but tonight Father I want to do that. Forgive my sin, take over my life. Can you pray that prayer?
I'm not trying to get you to join a religious system. I'm just...I just want to get you right with God. Just invite Jesus Christ to come into your life. Some of us as Christians have sure taken lightly this haven't we, in terms of our witnessing? We need to stop to think about where people go when they die without God.
Father as we sing a closing hymn, we ask that You'll speak to hearts and bring those into the prayer Lord who just need tonight to make the decision of committing everything to Jesus Christ. We pray in His name, Amen. | 48,980 | 115 |
410,418 | Newspaper Page Text
.. W. VtMlV. IMitor.
The Great Rebellion.
Progress of the Work of Suppression.
, Itpecnia tliut tlio mil iilijccl of RPoesninti
Istn of Missouri in not In ntl.vl. Cniro or
flirtl'" Point, I'"' 1 ' ni;o i (leKpeiiiln idl'mf
to BOClU'O pONrlCSHnlll of Hi. Ioiiin. Tliovo i'p
a strong force inuler Ccn. 1'illow nt Now
MniliM. Mo., nimllicr tit IVe ilmntas, AiL,
under Poll. Met'tlllotli'.h. ntnl ntiolhcr ill Min
eisnippl minify tintlcr Jo IT. Thump? er,. Tlir
jiliili is to keep up n c .mutant threat to nl
tack ('nii o nti'l Uiril'H point, 8nnn tn Keep
the Federal forces thorp employed: nienncc
den. Lyon in Bouth-Tvci-lcru MVrr.t'ri 1 y
tlircntsofuniittiii.1;, vl.ilo the illicit nl Now
Mililli'l ailil Pocnholllitu i l'io.-l II j'.llli I'.nil nf
Til.it Knoh, n ml from then ihmvoIi mi f'd.
Louis, t:iko it, nviiPtiit.- tlnv. Jiu'V.umi, run!
tvilli this h:w'H of opornlioi n, vn f t Mic-on-ri
from tlio Vcileiul Government. 'I I. in Inn
of oporatioim.lmwcvor.iii.iv imdorpo u nlrjil
clmnpo nmlor tho xvn'i hful eve of On. 1'ri -motif
nml Ida ni ls. Tito I olograph. I rjiorlf
li bottle ot Pup; Spriti,-; If to'lr.-i HOIllh id
FprinsfioliI, on tl;o 2ml iiist.. Let ween tlio
Fciloral forces under (Ion. lynn, nnll'.c
roW'ls ltnilor lion. Mi Cn'iloiv.'h, in xvhh li !
of tlio former wore killed and 2." xion-mlcd,
find -11 of tl io laltor killed find II vx minded.
Gen. l.ymi drove tlio onoiny from' the f.el
and tool; t;0 Ktainl of finii.". and 1." horser, mi
wnjjoiiH. Shortly nfler KldO roliel hif.tnlry
nmleitiiuk to make n i-linvgp, lull wore nir
y 270 cavalry and driven 1.a k, xvllh a Iokm
of 2fi relnds and . of our men. An tlio tclu
force wan nearly doulile tint of onrs. (Sen.
I .yon RiilmoqnonHy fell l:ick on -'prii:licM.
where at l.mt neennnl l.o vim lnoniotilarily
I'xpectin anollicr liatl'o. Oi Hie lili inst.,
n band of rein Is hhiio (if)i) 'aci'j- made nn
Unsuccessful attack upon a tamp of 1'iiion
men lit Alliens, Mo., atiout 52,"i milcH vest
Keokuk, Iowa, en tlio IVsnioinen t ivrr, hir
ing 22 killed, IT) w ounded and 18 prironi vs.
There was .1 I'tiiott men killed find 8 wound
ed. The latter wore rclnToreed nnd pix
the rehcln chase, eaplurin;; i nnniLpr
luisoiicrs, horses, &c. Monlomerv, who
eoininniuls u regiment of men having Katt
mr prievanees to revenue, h:s licen ordered
to join Gen. T.yon. lie was at Fort Scott
last necounts, and wilhin thrco or
days' march of Fpvinglii Id.
From the Kanawha our lale. t dates are
to Cth insl. Several Hkitiiiii hes arc reporl
edj and one hiiltle, nol yi t coiil'irmeil, v. hich
reports Viso as u jirii oner. Gen. Cox
beyond tlaitley's hridj'-B, nnd nl l.i'idiitvjc.
It is thought that Wine had made good
escape into Tennessee. His force prol-aldy
inimhorH nliout .'IHOO mi n. The reports
Ids wanton destruction of property to the
value of 200,0(1(1 in Cliarleslon nnd Kana
vha county, are corroborated. The Feder
al troops were in line Kpiriln, nnd enjoying
excellent health. H is now assorted that
ppcessionisin is permanently dead all thro'
tlio Kanawha country, and Home Guards
lire being rapidly orgruii.ed to maintain
their adhesion to the l'nion. Wo publinh
on tho first page sotno iiitrrcrling iiarticu
lars of the advance of Fox's brigade.
Military matters about. Wrodiingb'n con
tinue active. F.y Monday's tli.'-patehos
have a report that Garibaldi hah ot'.Vrcd his
norviccH to the Govcrnuient, which have
been accepted, and tho renowned patriot
and hero lias been appointed br'gadier general
of the American velniiloeii;. Tho telegraph
alo rep'.rts the appointment of four
other lirst class generals, including Frof
M. Mitotic of Cincinnati.
Tlio Navy IVpartment is turning its at
toutioti to improved naval nrchilcelurc, and
invited proposals for the construction of one
or more steel or iron-dud ships. The ves
sels are to bo of mitTicient capacity to carry
nu armament of one hundred nnd twenty
tolls, with a complement oT three hundred
men nnd provisions for ixly days, with coal
for eight days' Btcamiiig, nnd not to draw
exceeding tuxtocn feet water.
Many good union democrats of this viein
Ity, readers of thcCinciiuuiti I'mjuircr, M
puy..lcd to utidortst.ind why il is thul that
paper is continually ahushig tlio Adminm
tration for ''plunging the country into n hor
rible var," vhcii every reader knows
veil as "any other man" that this is not true.
Mr. Pouglas expressly declared in the last
epccdl ho ever made, that "the present
cession movement ih tho rct-nll of an enor
mous conspiracy formed nioiv than linear
ago, by the leaders of the southern confed
eracy, fin- tho overthrow of tho beet gov.
cniiueut on earth."
Tho course of the lin piircr is easily
counted for. A large proportion of its miIi
Bcribers are in tho south, among the veiy
class of men who nro now in open rebellion
against our Constitutional Gov ei I'luent
lienco it is not a matter of iud' ideal pre
ference, but u cpu'sti 'ii of iies.-hj-upcr
that comjiels it to i uii r U the s.niih
ern nppclite. Like Judas of old. il receives
it pcices of silver for a certjin object; which
la none other than to excite hostility, on
lart of loyal democrats iu ihe iioi th,agaiu;it
their own government, und to encourage
them to join the south for its complete overthrow.
Congress adjourned e ihe -t.,
a HCKsion of uearly live wcekd. 'i'he
for revenue, the property und iutcim
tax, were all jiahscd and t.i- ncd by the
au were also the biiLi coiif tfcatiu
rebel property, increaisiuo!dui ' pay,
Tho l'rcBideni'B acts wcro allaj'pi'uved,
tho luibeau corpus qui-Htioii, which :n
to and has k'uico been ajnoved
attorney general U.iton. All tijc miliiaiy
pointmeut4 for thin tuilo were properly
considered and duly confirmed.
Senator Johnson and Kthridne i f Teiuics
Bee, Holt and Mallory of Kentucky,
Thomas and Winter llav'm of Maryland,
from blavo Btaten, bland up boldly and
for the support of the yovcn.ment,
vhilo the Iu'jn'u'ir and kindie I tdn-iix
judterinj c.lioitt coin ) omihc, in: 1 ai
vomplaiiiiiijj; betaiino the iidm'uistri.tion
not give tho reins of goveii.iiient up to
Pavia and Stcphciiti.
BSccrctniy Chabe l..n
York for the purpobo ot l.a in,
vith leading Juuci tivj v.
A Move in the Right Direction.
. The democracy of Ciuik county nro nlive
to the interests of their country. They re
pudiate the platfoiiii of tho late folate Con
vention, nnd vain their fellow domoerals
throughout the Plato of its mischievous ten
d.'iirirs. Ifowct er tumli they may dill'er
with ihc j'rcsciit Adiuinir.lialion Upon other
mal lot .4 which have hitherto divided Un til
from the Urpublican parly, they think rn nil
pnlrioisdo that wo nhor.l 1 itol allow these
dilferelieeH of opinion to Intel fere w ith the
ningletif ii:i of purpone in pultitiir down re
bellion, booking tit. Ihe (piOHlioit in all iln
b' lii i'i;'H, they .de l;in thciiiM'lvc lineoiidi
I'on.dly d'l- 1 iio I ' i ; n ; in f ivor, in tin
tmuliioiis iimes, oi' f.'nking parly in palriot
ii iii, and Iiet ce call for n palriotii' l'nion
C.i:,Ve:-.!'oU of men of all pal lies, pledged to
tho Hit; -poll of (ho National Go erm.ienl in
;vl i!a coii-.t'tiitifiind r;Ti.rt to juit down thin
uiH'iir.rtitc.roral rebellion, llicynak llnil
tlio il'iHoi-rr.m r.f oilier eouutvvi may iign
the fii'l tbi yl avo Irioied for a l'nion (V,i:
vet.linii for Ihe nomination of Slate officers,
to be held at Mich liluO as li joint ( oiifereili e
o! leading I i.'inoernts nnd liopuhlicntiN may
a;::e' nio:i, based t!pon l!o plnlgo to gic
oltr t'nie, liioucy, and olir lives, if lieed be,
to tin1 inaintciialice of the Government a
ga'.ied all foca. foiei:;n and doliieidic. We
re;;-;,". tins ncl. o:i an Irilely pn'i oil e, anil
ho; k- it may meet with approval, g.-m i ally.
A Move in the Right Direction. Secessionist Arrested.
l.iit:l. C il. Tyler, a fnandson of tho ex
I'resi leiit, was made a pi ii.ouer while loin
itroly w alking Iheslrei lsof Cinciniiali, last
(( ;. lie explained Ihe nbjei I of his V iail
to bo to convey his wife, w ho ia the daughter
of Or. Wiighl oT that city. In biehui'ind,
Va. Tyler vns a gradual" at Weft Point
in 1HI8, and was afterward?; eonnninsioned
a lieutenant in the regular army, whic h po
sition lie l esigm il lo lake a lieiil. coloiirlaii-
cy in Ihc rebel armv. In Hie buttle at Ma
naio'cs he rei ved as ndjittaut general under
l iUiregai d. He was taken to the Now port
banaeks for cafe keeping.
.1. W. Smith, mny agent at f'an Franoireo
under ltiu Italian, wan arrei.led in New York,
last week. lie is n son of Klra Filly of
Virginia, and a noce:, imiitit of the wens!
type. The appropriation of money lo his
own benefit, from Fnolo Kim's eoll'era, did
not perhaps exceed fifteen thounand, yet he
will probably have to 'bal.itu e accotinln,'
Democratic State Convention.
The I'emoci acy of Ohio mrl at. Coltunbun
according lo programme, on Iho 7 1 It itist.,
nnd put. in nomination a Plate ticket, on
phil form ns odious ns w ns possible, without
going entirely over lo Ihe cause of.lcff. Fa-
vis. Fill Ihe mo'it detestable feature of the
whole conlrivnnee. probably, is found in the
seleetion of the candidate fir Lieut. Govern
or. J. Scott Jlarrhion r.iu on the Know
Nothing ticket in lSaO, in one the Cincinna
ti dis'ticlw, for representative lo Congress,
and during the bitter political warfare
that, nnd in fact, for several years previous,
ib'd his best lo excite Ihe Is. N.'s to moh
and dri c nwa from the polks (ho bent class
of our adopted citirei's, whom tin y chose
to stigmatise ns 'd d dutch.' The Joitriml
nays tho attendance, van largo, but, under
the circnmstnneefi, it should have be four
limes ns large. The "men been" waa niau-
ngei eolovely lv wirc-puiicro ol too allan-
dighain siripe, nnd the platform w is adopt
ed in bulk.lc: t by a reparation of Ihe pi, inks
Ihe roltetiess of the limber miht be un
Wo nro leased lo notice tho enlhiisiasni
with vlnch all loyal democrats iidhero
the caure of the l'nion. They with one ac
cord agree, with their late patriotic leader,
that the slavery question is a mere pretext
of Iho .onthern conspirator.! to overthrow
the government, and are determined to fol
low the precepts of his dying appeal. V
arc led to this conclusion by tho action of
number of the leading democratic papers
the State, niiice the late meeting of lireck-
inridgO Hyinpathi.'.crs at Columbus. They
do not hesitate to pronounce tho movement
tho result of tho skillful management of old
political generals of the democratic, aided
bv a small number of valient recruits from
the know nothing party.
Must be Settled Now.
The pecuniary loss which the country Ins
already suffered from (he Jo IT. Pavis rebel
lion cannot bo lesn live hundred million
dollars, yet there are those who are w illin
to cooipromiao upon any terms (ho rebels
arc a mind to offer, even if that should
to rceognizo the independence of their so-
called Confoderaev. The signs of the times
however, indicate that the great mass of Ihe
1 aval citieiM f the north will be content
w ith nothing short of a complete sctlli nient
of the controversy, now, Oeer again to
brought up for i onsidei ati.m. We must
ell tier i icclarc m I. Ivor ol I lie minority oc ma
jority ruling, as w ell an for nnd against our
rid a Is ie;aui occupy MartiiiM-
tft,..Col. MeCook and Gen.!
ed in haylon. u few d.ixn no
, heiiek in i
ri.C.ipt. AviK, John lliowii'n huniune
j a'dcr, was killed at bull's llun.
t-.u'l'he reliels, it is said, enly caplmed
lil'li'cu i f our cannon at bull's linn.
K..M1 the Ohio military appointments
have been continued by the Senate.
F.. inuc companies oi re .'iiiars leave
med at WashiiiiiUni fiiiiii the West. Many
ot tlieiu lotto Iscil 111 Iho service 1.) or
11. t irieit i utility, vim ii is too
cuiiniy in Uliiu llial lets I el st ilt uc"ii;l
to Ihe war, is liiuLin: uticiiiioitii itleits
i"Jr proiiiinent engineer it ihe
icii k l ire ilepal tmenl is nt W a. lwi::;Liti
cLileavuniij; to mvo luo J-ire .vii.tvc
lii. lU lionl dikinU raliou.
tx&h is said, liut the I'liion tut'ii i f
lucky will soon raise 10, UUU men und
the Hcbel forced out of Kentucky and
Bii..'l'luj I'uioii melt liuve curried
tucky by a troi majority. Hji i.t y,
of the I oiiiiivillc JK iHt'crut, Mas
over Mciri wether teceasioniot, by 1
Itjy'One of the laiycst dry j;oods houses
Now lorlc, M.'-...rc. Clitliii i Melien. JjiK-.J
a fctV Jat s since. 'Jin l.i.liiJt;. s id 'the
coin is '.: i:,ht to le over thnc icul.oi.b
iujf 'l'hi'tai.di ihe cuwardice or trcasoi
Commodore .McAiJc', ihe rebels lnvo 1
Columbia Is M d.n iioui the N.nl'dk
vui tl idalite I in arimis poMliems to
too ui ,'i'oacli to l.i.l.mond, an t lu
ntti aud time buiub'd luoiud.' l upon
i Lc-'liU of Maua-M j,
Great Union Demonstration at
Speech of Governor Morton.
Tho Indianapolis Jmirnnl Plate that for
Rotiio t i me past an effort m been in pro
gress in the woslerti part of that Kt.iio to
produce, a fi cling of diMHa!isf,ietiou wiih !ho
war, ami force a surrender of Iho (iovern
inf ill to tho rebels by diu ounteiiain ing Iho
action of t'.io Admiiiislratinn in maintaining
it by foreo. Hut trilling us the mWchicf
may bo, it is the pi i t of win loin to remove
it, if possible; for though it canm ver grow
big enough to bo alarming, it can't die nny
loo noon. Ilence, in tho coiliity most pei'-.
HMloutl n m f-l "l with one of these ii'0'i
IIcm of .lell'. ft.tvisF.itko il was thought
by the loyal lie ti, that i by prelly iniu li
evi ryliody jle'i o, that it Would hn'wcll lo
l.o. a l'nion m-eting first,, to hhow the
traitors and their dopes Iho K.ttrngth of llto
loyal Keiiliiocii!, nnd si-oond, lo gtit out houk!
good wholeiaiiiio truths fui' tho enlighten
meiil of mi h ni were not wilfully misled.
y vvn i sol, iiniintiiicoiiieiila made, hpeak-
ei'. invite 1, nud a real T'nioii luit.arty ri'Ti,.
riTi'1'fiiion prepared. I ..( S.itnrday il cjoim
off, nr.d it cxcrvled nil expectation in thiiii
b: in end Hpiril, ai high an loyal rnon 1ad
ifilcd (heir nirei.gth.
II was a largo oiilponiitig of the pcopln
of Parke nod tic adjoining couiiliet, to nt
leal, their deolioii lo the ( ,-me oT the l'nion
and Iho institution i under vhicli we live.
The number in allendaics' hi c.-.lim.ited, by
competent, jiidgen, at live of six IhoiiHaml.
It waith" large. it uicelitig ever iii..cmb1sl
in Iho da"e.
Tlio iiieel'tig i;H hel l iri tho grooef
Geni'i'al t i ll", adjoing Ihc town. Judge
Waller C. Dan. ildsuii presided, a; aisle d by
several Vieo Fresidenls and Seeretrtrio i.
(Hi being introduced to Iho moi ling Gov.
Morion made a few is marks on the condi
tion of feeling existing Til a portion of Iho
All liopnhh'oim Government is bared upon
Iho piitieiplo Ihul. when the ivill cf the
people has been xprossod throii'Ji l!ie
l il m.-t of the ( 'oust il ill ion, all parlie iindall
men mitsl submit. I'nless t!ii;i principle lie
unconditionally admitted, llcpullicau (iov-
nnicni cannot cxmi lor a oay. l or illus
tration ol tins truth, I might refer to Ihe
lislory of Mexico, wlicrc each election in
ollow ed by a revolution, where the minority
relnso lo Minimi to luo nnuinlv, anil llv to
ariun for tl io tedresH of every Tanned
grievance. Such has been the history of
Republican Governinenls in bianco and
other coiinlrii's in Lnrope. livery tdliccr of
tile liin eminent, Wlien roperly elected,
becomes the ollicer and ageul of Iho people,
whether they favored his election or not,
and all loyal ili,ens rccogni.o him asBiieh.
Mr. Itiichanau, when cleeted, although 1
did not favor bin election, became my 'res
ident, and any insult i ll'crisl to him by a
foreign power, r any resistance to his law ful
authority by domestic I'uch, was nn insult
and an injury to me and lo everv eili.en of
llii" Foiled Stales. Some people there are
who m o so incredibly i tepid ns to be unable
to perceive any dill'erenco between the
Government nnd Ihe mere agents whocarrv
it on for the lime. Government is intended
lo ho permanent, w hile the olticcrs by whom
il. is administered are ever changing.
Washington, Jcll'ersoii and Jackson have
passed away, but ttio Government. Iliev
administered slill lasts, nnd I trie t w ill last
forever. The men w ho now control public
alVairs w ill in a b'W :.b:r! years have passed
from the stage of action ; lull we trust. Iho
Government will tuirvive them. The man
w ho would refuse to protect the ( lovernnietil
merely because ho did not like Ihe men that
can list H on, would ilisplay as hide sen .a
as Ihe inebriate who should refuse to pro
tect bis dwelling from the llamt s because
ho did not like the agency of water.
This ia nut a war of parlies, but of Iho
whole people. The intensts involved rise
as far above' lucre parly i onsideralion as the
heavens are above Ihe earth. 'I he man who
stands nlool from Ihe great oon!'-.-. higgling
about his parly, is short sighted, and fails
lo comprehend the lime in which ho lives.
Parties can only exist in a free Government,
and when the Government falls, (hey fall
along with it. Tho Peiuoeralic, Whig and
Republican parties have each sought to
administer the Government. Rut if the
Got eminent should pass away there would
be nothing left lo administer. If there is
any poor partisan here to-day who believes
that, after the Government has been de
stroyed, he will have his pariv left and may
enjoy that, 1 yield him up in despair. The
Almighty ban enveloped hi.s intellect in
eternal night, and foreordained that ho
should be a fool forever and ever.
LINCOLN'S ABOLITION WAR.
Tho charge ia made in this county that
this war was bcuii by l.iucoln to briii,
aluuil iho iibidilion id" Slavery. The man
xho utters this i liai se is altemptiii; to com
mit fraud upon the people ami treason
against the Government. Kvcrv intelligent
mini knows that before Lincoln was inau
gurated, the rebels had an army of thirty
thousand men in tint field; bail laid siee lo
Tort l'ickeiis and Sumter ; had robbed tho
Mint at New Oilcans ef half a million of
dollars ; hail plundered various I'm Is ami
Arsenals of two hundred thousand stand of
anus and live hundred pieces of artillery;
had coiilist aletl tho debts due from citi.elis
of Seceded Slates to ihc people of the North,
thus robbing them of hundreds of millions
of dollar, bail murdered ur driven out from
the seceded Stales everv man of Northern
drill or that elilerlained a lin;:ein;; attach
ment bu the com.litiilioit ol his coiuili v.
ic object of a falsehood so foul and
monstroti -i is nut to nc mistaken. It is lo
lislracl the people of the North and palsv
the hands of the Government, thai il may
ill an e;o-y prey lo iho scoundrels who are
secLlliir Its ttesli uelitin. I Ills XI toil 1 no Us
licet, if an it had, and must then lore be
bill il is said we nuut have peace, and
uld liax e peace if x e xvoidit. 1 lox e penci
ls much as anv man. lis sweets are as dc-
, ions to my taste as to that of any human
ciiij;-, ltitl'xtheu I say this 1 mean peace
uit is sale, peace that is crowiud xvith
liberty and the hhsiii;:s uf an cnli" hleiicd
ivili.ttion. I do not nn an that peace hich
is too sleep id death; which is purchased
by foul dishonor; nor thai peace xi loch
but another name lor r.tilmih.Moii to tvraiits
Hid traitors. It is utur ftdlv to talk about
peace without pomluc;' out some nittuod
by xt Inch ll may be obi. lined. I know
but luo i ond i i ,t us iiott noon x hich i.eate
i an be bail. 'I'he first is by Kiibiuillin
the itisruptioii t f the I'liion aii.l iln1 tlc
siriit lieu of the Government. The second
is by the ubmission of the traitor note
arms. And 1 appeal to j ou to-day to ansxver
ihc tUesiiou in tour tixvn hearts, upon
which of theso coiitlitiuii-t do you ilcmand
ieacc? Who are tlio men that arc thus
claiuorin;: for peace upon any ti rum. They
are nol the I nion nu n el' Kentucky,
Missouri, ef Tennessee, of Maryland or
ii inia. Jhit lin y are small cl.tiis scut ten
ihro.t;. hout the Nonhein Slates, who are
violently blKpecti'd by their lieihbol'S
Hot beiu I'liion iiien. bill iiicu xeh.) xituiltl
ltttili ish must und rejoice most in a pt i iod
of ceiit s al iiL.llchy nnd boci.tl and political
lhit we are told that inilci s xvcatoiicc
SU-pcitd Lo,liliu, s, and mcUIC peace lipoll
any icrii.s, an i iiorun iis public ib bt x ill I
ccntJuttcd, which xtill vp ivbs ihe people
lor (loin lubons to ceii.c. A lalc public
tb I t iii undoubtedly u cdamiiy ; inn (hue
urc jrrcater c.il.ti unit s. VJ.at will it jutdit
a pe.'ple if they should ain l!u w ealth
!!ie xx hole world, but lose II. i ir llovci inn.
end witli it their bbii ly? In my judgment
the man xvlm can tl,d bcraiely xvt ih jcold
in the rede ucaiust'ihe existence of
Gox ci nu. cut, and thclilcnivD of tbie peoplo,
in either nn idiot or a traitor. If thero is
niicli it man In Farke county, may God for
givo li i id, for 1 cannot, what mittern it
whether this vnr shall cost a hundred mil-
lioim or a hundred thousand, it wo nro
thereby enabled to transmit thin Government
to our tliildtetif Consider! il in aim rely
final cial point of view, il would be tho best
investment the .American people ever made.
If Ihe Government fa what bcouies of
the valtio of i ropi t tv? What becomes of
commerce? of puplieand private iiHtilutiotm
1 pro Mierily of every kind;
I'he follv of the man who rcTir-a to H'if-
tain tlio (lovernmcnt became it will coat n
largo sum of money to do so, is only equal's
bv him who should is f.iso to n'trchase
I : , i f ,i.i M fiii.l l,i i.-iiiui. il i,l ii eli-ivn tilul
vobmlard v slarvcs him-elf lo death in order I
lhaf he rviy live to enjoy n laige fortune, j
I'inarifially eonsidere I, seecsif ai is the
grealcHl misl'oriime that c.mld befal a na- i
I'on, and eniioei.illv tho people of the e
IVestern Slates. Tlio M issiaf inrd river
Would becoiuo till: propetty fif ii foreign
Government, nnd ve should bccutofF from
any outlet, to Ihn Gidt except upon witch
term fti fdiotdd bo graciously voutlmafed
to ns by Iho traitors now in arum.
Tho fn.tnufaetiireit nnd ngrif iillural pro
ductions of Indiana would not, bu i. Mowed
lo float, down the MiKsissippi river to find a
malkel, except on compliance with tho con
ditions and pi.yment of tho duties prescrib
ed by the llietatorship at Richmond. The
Revolutionary War is estimated to have
cost two hundred millions of dollars. How
uj,ocii eas-r would it liavo been lo liave
paid Iho little dulv of thrco pence a poiim
upon I, a. And can you doubt tli.il the men
who mtv urge l!it eo.-d of this war as an
objeeiiou I ) il, would, for l!e same i"ason,
hate objected to the Revolution, had liny
lived during that period.
Fill, it h said that thin tvnr might have
been avoided by a compromi.se, nnd couhi
now In1 net ; lis! by a compromise. While we
v.ere babbling of cnmpinmo.c last winter,
Ihe traitors were slvuling arms, plundering
minis, invest ing fortress's, nnd marshaling
armies into the field. -What is there to com
promise now but the integrity of (he l'nion
and lh" existence, of tho Guvcrniaciil? lo
the li ailors oiler to os any Compromise? Nn,
tin lh" contrary their ultimatum is the de
struction of the Constitution and the l'nion.
Rut how would ihesc men go about propos
ing a compromise to any enemy who has
an hundred Ihoiisand men in the licld, and
who spits in tho nation's face whenever the
Word in nieiil ioiied; who declares 1'ial Seces
sion and .disunion are Iho glorious consum
mation of (he toil and travail of more than
tidi ly yearn: who allirms that Iho free insli
inlio'ns at the North aro a failure; that the
only true foundation for Government is
African slavery, and that the laboring classes
of the North are surl'n and vassals beneath
Ihe nieiil".! and Moral dignity of tho slave
upon the plantation.
It is now well known that tho Secession
movement was uiaii rui'
Iln first ell'otd at the dcstriielion of the Gov
eriimeiil was made in '-'.V,, in the nullifica
tion movement in South Carolina, based
ostensibly upon Ihe lariif ip'eslion. tlen.
.laelison ihell lutslictcd that the next effort
xvoitld be predicated upon the, Slavery ipies
lion, and ihe prophecy has been fullilled.
from that, time forward Secession has been
kept alive under the deceitful and npccioiin
title of "Slates bc.lils;" and yet these coli
iitilulioii.il doctors proposed lo cure this
chronic Secession cancel- by the aopliee.lion
of a mild cnmpromii-.e platter, but I tell
you. Xo! Theonlycc.ro for the cancer is
'the knife. Von must cut out the anrcned
and' rotten parts; und extract the very root
of ihe devorine; nicer. Compromisa root
and Iicrba are of no avail in a ca-e like this.
I'he Southern Commissioners, sent to Wash
ington last fiprin;; oifercd no comprouiisc.
and xvoul I listen lo none. Their liaiiv.hly
and traitorous ticni.'.iid xvaa that wo idmuld
consent to the tlissolmion ot tlie L nion, ninl
tho iln'tneinbei nient of the Government.
They said if ibis Government would write
its name upon a blank piece id' paper and
aliuw them to xvrile over it tho condition.!
uiioii which tliev would eoiuiiromiso this
dilliculty ami return tho l'nion they had
none to xvrile.
A proposition to compromise now is sim
ply a proposition to surrender, and the lutn
who makes it. disuiso il as, ho may, means
lhal and iio'fhiiur else.
We are now tihtiu, to preserve what our
fathers loti'rht to win. Tiiey established a
Itepublicau j;-ovcnnucul, ami we s ill uphold
il. If. Ilunr cause was sacred, then is ours,
.anclilicd by their blood, nnd idioiihl, if ne
cessary, bo sealed xvith our ox u.
To concede practically or theoretically
the doctrine of Secession" upon which this
repelliou is based, is to concede the destruc
tion of our social and political institutions.
That doctrine is that any State has a riht
lo xx'uhdraxv from the l'nion at pleasure,
xvithoiit eoustillinp; the National Government
or the other Slates. This beiiij; ttdiuit led, it
requires no nr;.'umcnt to prove, that we have
no pivcriimcnt, but a mere voluntary asso
ciation, with no higher sautdioim than a
pleasure party, from xthicliany jiitest may
retire at his oxvn cniiveii'cnce. Carried to
its conscipiciicos, il does not stop with the
destruction of the National Government, but
is eon, ill v fatal to Slat.c and local instil nl ions.
Commerce must perish when one parly can
xvilhdraw Ironi a contract, xvittioul tlio con
sent of the other. No oilier war ever in
volved sin It inihlv interests, eoniprchcud
in; as il ikies, the political an I social exist
cine of the Nation, and it. while ex ervihin
is thus at stake, we shall sull'i r ourselves
be distracted and eoii'piered by old preju
dices and jealousies, false views of public
economy, and the evil machinations of scl-li-
h deiua:.:o;;ucs. ibe xvorld may well pro
nounce tinal jndemeiil, that the cxpi 1 i
niciit id' self ;;ox t riiincut has tailed, and
that men can be successfully governed only
by an aristocracy or a monarchy.
FREEDOM OF SPEECH.
Much is beiii';- mi id in nrlian qivirlcrs
liowiibout the ri;;hl of free speech. I allow
no man to be a more firm and con detent
a 1 ot ale of Ileal ri'.ht t i.m lnvsell. 1 haxe
d for it lot' luaiiv years, and shall ev
uphold it us Ihe vvl'V tout hshme of liberty,
It w ill be found, on examination, that those
, i - .. ,i. . a i
tin' "I'rctloi.i ot i peceh.' ihc I i;;iit to x cr.l.cn
our hands nnd slieic.hcu die hands of our
enemy, by ilisiiaetiii.4' our couiicils, by rc
xiliiioiir cause, by i;:iioiiiinioiis proposi-
lions lo lav ilown our anus, and bv assail-
" . ii ... i ii . . . .
ili ilie purity ol an men xx no arc laiairin;
uphidtl ihc honor ami iiiKriiy i f ihe na
lioii. If any man iu the lelsdli.ut Stales
should lillei' ill defense of tin' North a tithe
ofvxh.it loco in Indiana arc daily say in;;
dcli'ilNi. i f liiC Soillll, he would Hot lie pcf
iniiud lo lixe Ion",' cli..ti;;h lo s.,y his pray
ers. This freedom of speech is cxci vised
in bt half of those who deny ihe lijiht lo
others, and who punish its exercise xvith
death. The men xt ho llols abuse this l il.t
of lice speech are livin;.'nioiii.iiicutii of
forbearance of our luxes, and of the llhciiy
and security ef persons, j;uaruutcod by
itistitiit:ons. While I admit and xt ill uphol
the freedom of speech, it is not improper
stalt- lhat there Hie Stale and national laws
ib lining und pun'ndiiui; the crime ol treason,
atliltliatiiilruclioi.it of these laws xvill
searched out und puiiibhed xvllll iho Utiuoot
t.y ll hcctiib lhat t'iipt. Kmc, nf the hteulii
cr lie'nlvii, ht h :, Id ll.c ld.it k;i lin.
licet ini ihc biinlhi i li t mist, i-i u hynip;iihier
id' cccrtt.Ki. 11c has iill.iXM'tl l wo redid 1'l'i-!
v.itcciu In CM'iipc ihc I lot hinlc, ulul li.in t.ul
eil lo jnvtcci mu- oxn vcs-a Im in i-cviiul
xt l.t ic il xvuti ileicly in his Jmvti r
Imvc ilunc K'lU.
ti .Ttve lue.t, lumictl hcstlcr und Jnr-
ct.nli, h.id II li;;llt licui' I l;il l ihlitll j;', this C-tutc,
the oilier tl.ix, 1 1 flu the itl'cctH of which
lillUT died I'lit'ltlv nfler.
tTlio Philadelphia Ts'i''T HUggest a
way to unmnslc tho rebel butteries, viz!
burn tho pino and cedcr forest whoro they
frJ'ix-Govcrnor Joneph Trumbull, of
Connecticut, died nl; Hartford, ou Sunday,
aged pevcfity-eight year. Jfo was grandson
of tho first Governor Jonathan Trumbull,
and nephew of the ne.cond.
t.y-The honiutida nt AVashington nro nd
rniinbly iittundcd. All tho comfortit and
luxuries ticcenRi ary for the sick nnd wounded
nio abitndanlly Hiipdioil and judiciously
used by the nurses.
IfOn the morning of the Mil. a detach
ment of tlio New York '.lib attacked a squad
of rebel cavalry opposite Iho Foint of Rocks,
!"'" ,,,v''. '"'""' ,,vo UM l? "ll;c V'
"I'd tool; Iwcniy lior.-.. s.
v'" Insiahnetita of rille 1 eiomon, 1 0 and
") iiotindeis, ready mounted, arc almost
iloilv arriving at Wa.-diin rlon.
I. in will soon be insii ided vi
h all Iho ur-
tilleryho donircn. It will be of the best
bc of the best
Ucff-Hcaiircrard Is now on a visit to
,., , . T, ,, . I r, . . . ,
C hai lemon. I he gadent Col. ( orcorari, now
a priHoner at Ibchmond, lliforrnerl hlH e.tp-
tors, that ho was heart and until for the Union,
nnd thai lie WOUll not accept a t'urolO It It!
weio offered to him.
I'.i'r-Tho military (heat of tho rebel 0m
oral Gariictt, which wan capiured by our
troons vas found to coutain hhects of Ihe
I'a'rmoiint Kank. Tho rresidcrit of thai
1 f'mi Chi i. If ,w run t
his KtalV, si;;nin-Kiich ipiantilies of tho notes
i ... i c i t:
nn inn- wiuiicu iinin i.inie i' lime.
.I he expedition s.-nt out from Turd's
., . ' ... 1 i . , ii-
lonit to (..rar baii has returned liav.ir;
loiind null, in;; to do. 1 ho report that thero
wi'ii a re's I force there, tiirea'ciiia ' Iho Fed-
oral jiosilion, was false. There x cro no
Rebels xvilhin ol) miles of the place.
A:yA I the su;;resl ion of Ma j. Gen. Hanks,
a hir,;o nuiiibcr of troops will prohabdy bo
coueei.traled at Halt iiuop, (is it is easier lo
transport them from that city to different,
sections of tho country limn from Washing
ton, where tlie force is lar;;o enough now
for all practical purposes.
Jf Most of the principal counties in
Northeastern Missouri nro occupied by
jrovcriUiU'rit troops. The b.eal is very
sevfrenl St. Louis, fnunr ie-t on.m:ii ies of
shot and .shell are arrivit;
tor (it n. I'le-
E31V a vole of Congress the t-y
vates has been increased from i; 1 ! ! 313
per month. This, w illi the i.'vi -d" ?! ('a. to
be i,ii to each at the i nd nl" I'.io v ar. i. id
tlio rc;;idar bounty of Kill aires if l.ir.d,
makes soldiering dcsiruble in a ecnniary
an well as a ui(riotie point of x iex..
f '"The relumed volunteers, who reside
in Pnyton met v. iih a brilliant, reception,
on Tuesday last. 1 1 was n i'i-.wvi' I tribute
to a noblo bund, w ho, xvhen the tirst call for
troops xvas made, rallied instantly to the de
fence of the cnpil.il. Many of those gallant
"soldier boys" xviil enbst for (ho war, alter
it brief season of recreation.
) iliseijilme cfilorceit m
tx :',,s!un;;on liiat any otiiccr or volunteer
found on the s;reel alter id.rhi fall w ithout ;
p. ISM IS pllt 111
char;j;o of a i t ! o of iiitm. A
e;'o Gen. buiior, v. ho had
text evenings a;
just an ived Iron
unlnioxvn to the
I'orirc.-.s Monroe, and xv as
paleid. was arrested nnd
held until he was sal i.d.ielorily
J I o en joxed the arrest hugely.
E v'd'rom the annual r.port on London
fires rceoii? ly juiolitdie'l, we learn the as
loi'iidin fact that iliirin, I .(, there wcro
ol! fires arising froiu smokers throw down
Iho in il mi'iit ends of cio'ars!
,ull is said (hut Jude 'Wayne, of the
Cuiled St lies Supremo Court, though a.
ciiizen of Georgia, is now in 'Wash n-' ton
lor ihe purpose of ta.kiu,; his accustomed
seat upon the bench. In the general bank
ruptcy of char.'clcr xvith which so many of
the foremost men i f that Slalo have allowed
Ihcinsclvcs to be carried axvay byfhcSei es
sion mania, the firmness of this ibstinui.slu tl
jurist in the more admirable.
tVyAu incident is red, .ted of a Massachu
setts man iut'ciHi;; Ins son under curious
ciivumsiances. llearin;; lhal a yuiitij in:ui
of hi.-: name had bjen taken pr'-'oncr by ihe
federal troons and conlined nt Wash in;.'' ion,
the Mi.ssatdiusetts man visited him, and
sti.iulv ieco vni.ed his son. Tho latter
liad been le.iehin;-; r.ehool iu Virginia, and had
been impivs'.-.cd into the rebel service. Ib
is now anxious to take his place iu the l't ('
V"").The fortifications on Ihe ro'ht balk
of the t'otomac are bein;;' strengthened ai
cxUiiilcl. Txx o strong tortn havo been
reccii'lv con.-.trin ted in the xicinity of Koit
( oieoran, breastworks throw n up, and I I n
houses erected, making the puttiiioli iniprco'
nable. llcio'lim coiiimaudin;"; the old foi
tilicatioiis of tho Potomac have been occupi-
ed xvilhin a few (lavs past bv I'cdtial forces,
so that Washington in front may bo col
sulcrcil atunitlantly protected.
fccfdntellio-eiice from (Jalvestfln and the
Hull coast of Texas ns late as the middle
July has reached us. The condition of things
there is most lamentable. They are without
money of any kind. They be;;un their seces
sion movements by repudiation of nil their
northern debts; this worked very well;
finite ti ihcir t-utL-d'aci ion. I'ltit soon t:
iln t due spread and applied itself to domes
tic debts, but not lilt equal satisfaction
Notice is hereby piven that n petition lias tiecn
tiled iii litis cilice' ptayimr for tlie esndi'.isiihisr and
t collMl llelin' of a dilt'll be;ijlllilu;' ten feet v,c-t
I lioi ih iptarter pest section S, tow n -t norih. ratine 1
i'.i--l ; laeiiee south nnd parallel Willi the (iuricr
i seeliou line lo intersect a sit ail about .'ta rods from
the south line ol s.nd section ; thence down sai
Mt.iil to ihe middle branch of rorUe;e river. And
tli.it said petition will be lor he.u iu'r en the 1 7th
ef Scpioinb.Tii ext. ADDISON S.MlTll,Aud.
An linn's Ollice, Wood counly, O.
Perry-bur::;, Aupiiat Utli, lSvil- law I.
j yrcn notice.
Notie. is liereby piven that a petition bai been
tiled in this nthce prai ii-p lor the esi iblisl.iicr and
j eea.-n-utiinp nf a ditch ls-pitmia'; eighty rods xves!
j s 'uth-east corner of section I 1, Mou'-oi.i.
I tow n-liin ; theiii'e not lh one nine lo the l.iveiislunp
and 1'ivcpnii iv,i 1: thenee west ntnnjr sai l load un
lit it crosses ihe liollerst ille and Fivepert road:
thence is 'i th-we.-lt l ly iibout two bun lied reds;
thence west lo the half set lion line ol' section ten:
thence north alenp said line to tin irTlli hue
seeiion ten ; thence luit ubniu eihiy rods atom;
saiit line: ihenee mu ih-tt esterlv lo the west ouartcr
post cf seeiion ,'i ; thence norih on the seeiion lino
to toe liollei sville und I'oriape roatl ; ihenee norili-
easterly tlimiipu sei'iioiis -i tnul ., I reeiloin low
: teriiiinaiinp at the Portage rixer : and that
said petition w ill bu for h eariiiv on ti e lsth dav
Sept. nilier next. A DDI. SON S Ml 1 11, Audiler,
Atidiior's Otliee, Wood county, O.
l'i rrysbui jr, August t'lh, Isol 1 owl.
JI airy C. Law renee vs. .. H. More, ct nl.
Py virtue of an order nf sale issued iu the above
ease by the Cleik nf the Court nf Common Picas
Wood counly, Ohio, 1 will oiler for sale en
premises nf C. W. More, ill Plain tp., Wood counly,
Wednesday Aiipust 2-di, lSiil,
at 2 o'clock p. in. nf said day, the follow nip poods
an 1 chatties, tn-xvit: One ve.iilinp colt, nne 2
old sleor, und one cow , taken us tin property nf
W. More, oue nf ihe defeudi itts in ttie uIkivc ease.
li. E. tit'VEU, Sheriff.
DoniiK & Tvi i:n, att vs.
A uplift 11, 1 Nit - I J'w .'?.
"VJ II I' ICE is licit by piven that the underxie-ncl
1 1 li.ts hem duly appointed and tiu.iliiii d as
ihe'est.itu nl' Miltmi C. Ensiuiiier,
l ite nl' Wntnl County, (llitn, tleeeased. Att
inti ii.-li d xtill coxein themselves accirdin:'lv.
I'EUKY 1. l:SMlNiiEU,
Aiij'iisl 12, lCl- liwS?l
II , l tl IJ .
Attoknky at Law.
NatMileon. lb m v t'l iiiitv. Ohio.
Will prmoiitly intend to all business entrusted
bis care iu Wood and adjniuiiij; et'iuiilies.
Olliae in Italy and Jnhiisnn'i Link, I'trry HOnet,
Atigu.4 lilli) 1H- ltV.
JTnlin, M Mmnp, J alitor, K Jameson, h U Haw-
Iii'n'i 'li'."0' "'l' A A mo, .1 C.rcr, T
ra.vler, P V are. Martin I.ano H,.nrv Irf,it j K
Mvan, J Aulm, .1 V Cnrr, E H. fen, V 3k J .I,rr.Ver,
K..t. rt Jolinsfji, 1, bnnjr, A Werner, E A Ib.lc-, A
V 'F'.V a.!Jan'!''' Am"" Wm 'ii'l t'illnrs,
.7 W Mulicr, Win llrrwuler, .1 Cnrlis, V (tuber. S
1ln.x.-ll, ' fihm: I, Ilaldwin, J K Fox, ,T Iturinmn.
N MrDmifral, .1 W Shoe, .f lreKor, N I'liilie. 1
MmlMnll, A Cm.k. IVnl IIiik, J imtli
'.i si I Hock. .1 Smith. H .1 lliil,.
V (iunks?r, .1 Kartell. H fwander, J A Keig, II
J Clark, I, 1) Sinitlon, W Praitferd, U Onrtter, Jn
ii'pli Smitli. C Power., W II Uoekliill, W It .Seller.
A & Jarknn, Win .Inrksnri, l'hilip .tarkson, .1 It
l'ry, bft .1 l.nmh, J V Owen, T S Cnnnun, Fro
liiont nml bi'liami II H Co, O Joiner, J Want,
S.uniii'l Hall, ! Jotinson, F Voslmrg, Oonrgo
1" Null, J Jelun'Mi Hiid ttie tinknotvii
r"silcnl nml non-rviilent otvnrrs of tlio
fiillewiiig deseriljcd lands t-i-tvit: sections 1,2,3, ID,
1 1, 12. 1:1, 1 1, I "), town 4 north, rnnpe 1 east: Hec
ti'in.t 2". HI, .1.'), ISll, nnd south-east quarter Rcclinn
2i, nil in town 5 north, range II cnt. Yon will
Ink,, iiritifi, tlmf ntitilieatirin ha hven mmlo 4., o.a
coinniwsionrrH ef sn d countr.to CflaMi.sh ami con -
s! i ni-t a drain er water-i-onrs" hcirinning i tlio
m "r 'l'0 v"llae rir,'17t ''
rat line ol sci-ti'.ii l, town I iierth, range 11 east;
(h,mcc ,,. S.M hr,,wU , . line between the
fownsliips of 1'irrdem nnd Center, in raid couutvi
and that said application will be Cur hearing nn the
nun nny oi me next miuen iiicrm g u sain e-imi
Uiissieners. AIIIUMl.t I t II, AUUItor.
Aiidiler'n Office, Wend county, O.
IVrrysbarg, Augnxt Dili, lUDl IjwZ.
. , , . T . .... , ,
a"!'' I is ilcreny piven lino a ii'oonii nai ue-fii
tiled in this ollice' fur thu estalilisliingand cnnstnict-
in,r , llit,.M c,mil,,llcin.. tm tl. n,uli lino of
','.. . i. v. , i ... a:..i.
hitsuti ij, iimvii u ll'il l II, nuifii' il eai, ai u until
e-t;.bli ;te,1 at.cl runstnictrd imder the former ditch
1 i'i tibeiit KM reds east ot Hit.- Miulh-west corner
, S(,t,tin . .nC(. n(,rl,, lt, Ul,e of Kid
,nviisliip ditch to the Tensxaint creek: th.nco
down said i-reek to the MrCnleluso i'le riiie.l.tvlii're-
at to tirniinatii : und Unit sunt petition will bu lor
tieiirinj: on the lH:h lav of Septenilier next.
AO'DISUX SMITH, Auditor.
Auditor's Oliu'P, Vi'eed ceanlf, O.
lVrr'. daun;, Anf tir.t U, lbiil liw-l.
JVotiei; is hereby fjiven that a petition has been
filial in this in'lice pr.r. inp for the t'stublisliiiiff and
constructing of a ditch bi'jjinninn' at l'erlae river,
at the place where bull or l laki r creek enipties into
tho I'orl.iiru m ar the nai di section line of section
in; thence snath in the ehaimi 1 of Hull ur 1'laki.r
uei 1; tluoiir-h serious HI, l.i, lrt, ,'.'t. 2S. 2'.l,:ia and
1 of town -t narlh r.ui:ri' 1 1 eas!: also throue-li sec
lion 1 to the s null line of said section, township 3
north raiiRe 1 1, cist nnd there to t"rmin.ite. Also,
in i.riii eiitiiiaeneuiL" in tlio bed nt the above ti e i.
drain or water-coui se about the center of thiMiortli-
east ipiarler ol section .12, at the place where n r.i
xine comes in from the south-west: thence folloivini'
said ravine in a sinilli-wesleile direction through
section HU, unit tin1 south east of :it, town 1 north,
rane 1 1 east, terminal in;; lit the township road be
tween Illooni and l'm-tn-re tmvnsliijis. And that
said petilion will bo for hearinthe I i'th day of Sep
tember next. AH1IIS0N SMITH, Auditor.
Auditor's Office, Wood enmity, 0.
IVnyBbur', August lali, IStil i,iw4.
.Nolien is bereliv piven that n petition has hoen
filed in this otliee praym;; for the 1'stablisliiiijf and
I'lmstfiiciinj of a dili'h I'l'iiiiniiii;' on tho county
tine lietu-ei'ii IT.-nrv unit AX'noil roimlies I'll the vet
line of section 7. Milton townhui ; thence t!iivui'-li
sertien linmber t of sanl toxrnslnp, in a nortli-east-e:!y
direction: tlience in the mime course (broii'ili
see'iiinis ol, '-. -, 2H, nml alor.i; or ne.ir the line
beiween sections Hi and 17, across the south-east
corner of section number H, across the south-east
eonier of section ,'i, all in Wcaton township, mid to
terminate nt the Mauiuee river : and that gaid peti-
lion will be for hearing oi: the ISih day of Septem
ber lC'Xt. AHDIMU-N fc..XUlil, Auditor.
Auditor's Otiire, Vood county, U.
I'errysburt-, August Dili, ! L lovv l.
Notice is hereby cit'eu that .1 petition has been
filed in this cilice priiyinjr fur the establishing and
eoiisli uetin ef a ditch bojjinuiii'X on the west half
of the sotuh-west itiarter nf seeiion 5, town &
north, ranjje 12 east. Webster tow nship: thence ran
nin'v easl ta the half section line lo id: thence north
in lilt) bounds of said road about HI! reds ; thence
east unlit it strikes the channel nf Suar er l.iule
'I'ou.s.-. lint creek ; thence follow inpr down said creek
to where it is cleared out, and there terminate: and
that said petition will be for lieurinir on the loihdav
of September next. ADDISON Si M 1X11, Aud."
Auditor's OUiee, Wood county, 0.
lVrryslmrjf, August Vtli, ISnCl" 16w4.
Notice is liereby piven llint a petition lifls been
tiled in this ntfiee prnvinp for the establishing nnd
eunstructiiin" of u ditch beL'innini ttv.'i miles south
I of the nonli-east corner of .Milton township, run
! nini; norlb on the Hue between Milton and ijberty
1 t nvnships; tin nee en t'.ie line between Weston and
Plain townships, and fullmx injj the line of the
' ili'ch known as town line iluen, and eudiup as tar
north of tile intersection of Sione pond dit .'hr.s
nny be necessary: and that said petition will be for
litarine; on the llli dav of Scpteiiilii'r next.
ADDISON SMITH, Auditor.
Auditor's (Hike, Wood canity, O.
l'errystsirp, Aic-Ust 'Jib, lsy'l lowl.
N'otire is hereby piven that fi petition lias been
tiled in this office', praying for the cstablishim; and
con.-,Uue;iiip of a diich bciciiiniup at the black
Swainii creek, sixteen feet south of the north line
!"f 'iliou tliirly-sU in Liberty township;
thence parallel with the section line west to tlie
.Millonville and Hancock Free Turnpike, tlirouph
sections thii tv-live ( ".a 1 and thirtv-four '! 1) : and
that said petition xvill be for beni inif the ITtli day uf
iMMileinlier next. ADDISON SMITH, Auditor.
Auditor's Ollice, Wood county, 0.
1'eiTysbnrjr, August Uth, 1S01 liiv t.
Notice is heivbv piven that a petition line been
tiled ia this ollice pravimr for the cnnslrnctinp and
; establishinp of a ditch bepinninp at the soutli-ivest
to i corner ot seetinn nineteen (III) town tour nortli
I raiiire nine east; thence east on the section line road
' so ealh'd, to the center of said township ; there to
lenienate, or m case a sulueieiit nutlet is not there
f urn I: then to extend said line ol ditch nortlierlv
until such outlet is found ; nnd that said n lition
will lie tor heal il)'.r tlie lillulavol epli iii!ier next,
" ADDISON'SMl t'tl, Auditor.
Auditor's Ollice, Wood county, O.
IVrrvstmrsr, Auu-t Dib, lstii ljwl.
! I) DAD NOTICE. Noiice is In reliy piven tliat
I X iipptie.uiou has been made lo the Coiumissien
' ers of Wood county for the view mid .survey of
Ciauiiy lend, ccnuii neinp al the u tv cor of sec .'io,
, town li, r.inpe lL'east: theiice xv on sec line to the
: n xv ear of see 1 , sain - town: also to vacate that
jioriion of a di.tpnnal rai d on the e s xv J.,' see
in said tcivn. The lienors and survivors xvill
meet at Ihe house nf Win. Ford, on the .'eh d.ty
Au-iist, IStil. x ji. r OKU.
Jul v IS'il 15v3
T II E L A 1) I E S
Mrs. M, A. Carpenter xvould respeetfullv announce
to the tidies ol I'l rresburp and vieinil v that she has
removed her Mdlin -rv Store to the bouse formerly
occupied hi- I'hz.i 1'. .bines, on Front street, where
there vt ill be found n liesnlii'id iis-nrl ncnt nf inillin
t ry poods. J'r.i. C. w ill ki t p c.inst.i'aily ou tianil
rirpo vanciy ct
Eoiiueis, ' ItiVomii?
Hats, Caps nnd Flats,
! In fact cvervthinp pertic
s;-,, i.4al,i, pivpaivd I" t
ainiiip fo the millinery line,
preimvu e l lit, 1 it ami make Dresses,
Capes, I'lo il.s, T. dials and t'hildr.si's Clothing.
Uf eaehinp aiel Pr ssirp iloue t lerd.er.
Ladies will I'm 1 it iniu'ti to their udvantape
pivinp me a c.i n neiore purcnasinp cis. w iiere.
April 21, lSf.l Mis. M. D. CAR PE.NTEK.
Ouly 75 cents per pallon!
Only 75 cents per gallonl
Only 75 cents per pillonl
Only 75c?nts per gallon!
At tbe l-rug Store,
Al the- Ihug Stoiv,
At the lh-ujr Store,
At the Drug Store;
'Come all and try it,
Aud you'll e'er buy it."
TECS A nA,iULT0
GOODS & GROCERIES.
THE WORLD BEAD.
FOJl THE BE3T & CHEAPEST GOODS
00 TO Til I BTfcBE Of
W. J. IIITOIICOCK.
vr.vr (loona I
nrw ooons I
Nt:w ooons I
XKW (! 001)8 I
MEW I BIt'KS I
KKW TRICKS t
Tbe Urgent stock of (roods over off ered In tlda
uiaiket, embiucmg an uudless variety of nrticlos
STAPLE, VAliCY AND FASHIONABLE,
In the selection of which no effort has boon spar
ed to render it ns ntlrnetivu as possible, in now be
injr opeued at thu
CHEAP DRY GOODS STORE
of W.J. Hitchcock, on the corner of Front nnd Lou
isiana Avenue, l'eiij sburg, Ohio.
QUALITY U tho liEST TEST of CHEAPNESS.
Inspection nnd Comparison will prove that for T
riety, eleriiiict. rielmess, cheapness, beiuily and
(piantity, this stock ia unsurpassed by any uow of
fered in the West.
LADIES' FASHIONABLE DUESS GOODS I
In this department prent advantage may bo obtain
ed by close cash buyers, from the fact that the poods
ore boup litfor cash' directly of the eastern dealern
and manufacturers, nnd all imported poods are bo't
at juit w hat it costs to import them, bunco he can
allotu lo sell pootls at
MUCH LOWER riUCES
than poods nro pcnerallv sold, which is nn item or
preat interest to tlie people of Wood county. A suf
llieient in dueeinent, wc tnkii it, to multo reiTys
berj tltc tiadinj; point.
HEADY MADE CLOTH fXO I
In this department, xve have the tnnrcst and mmt
complete iissorlment in Northern Ohio. .Made hi
nccorilinp to tlie latest fashions und in tlie most sub-
niutiai manner, warranted to pive the verr best
satislUetiun, or no sate.
HARDWARE, CROCERIES, cC.
Tliose wishin? to purchase nnvtliinn- in 11.!, l;...
xvtll find it to their advantage to pay mv Stoma visit
before purchas'iip clsewlierc. Tlie a'tleniion of tho
public is respectively invited to mv extensive stock,
feehn;; assured it xvill be tiiuo pi-oli'tiibtj spent.
J"Producc taken inc.rclinnpe for poods.
W. J. HITCHCOCK,
rerrrsbur, January 2d, ISO 1.
Q. II A It D OPENING OI
STAPLE AND FANCY DRY GOODS,
Doots, Shoes, CtOTniNa,
Crockery and Glassware,
GROCERIES, PROVISIONS, ETC.
Ladles' Dress Good,
New, Chaste, Rich and Elegant Palterou,
Just received by
A. G. WILLIAMS & BItO.
Sugars, Amber Syrup; African, Rio
and Java Codecs,
Layer aud Seedless Raisins, very nice, Trunei and.
GLASS, DYE-STUFFS, SPICES,
" Kerosene Oil.
Tea at 50 cents, and $1 tea for 75 cents; try U.
Prhno Live Gceso Feathers,
JtctaileJ from $1 V lb lip.
Mackerel ami Cod End, Looking GlasEes, etc.
CLCTI11NG, HATS AND CAPS,
New Spring nnd Summer styles,
Strong nnd Cheap for Cnsh; for sale by Williams.
GOODS AT SECESSION PRICES
VOIl THE LADIES.
French Printed l!aiv;ca, very cheap.
French Printed Orpandies, beautiful desipns.
Ciiiphaiil Laxvns, Printed Lawns, I'liuted Itiil
li.mtes, all entirely new styles.
Mourning Oooils, Einbruideries, llerege do Laiues,
Summer Dresi Silks,
Linen Lustres, Yaleueias, Foulard Silks, Marseilles,
Lawn Robes, Organdie Robes,
Orcimdiues, ChaUics, Counterpanes, Napkins,
Povlies, llamask Cloths,
Rufflinff, Edgings, Moreens, Flannels, Laco Yells,
Press Ruttons and Trinuuings, a handsome assort
ment, all new.
Rennets and Ribbons, Misses' aud CUildrens Flats
Parasols, the uewest and richest out j Shawla cf
Maulithis and Raglans; please call and examine be
for purchasing elseivlicre.
Fish! Fisu! A good supply of all kiudg oun-
stautly kept ou liana at our store.
tal'nxluee taken iu exchange for goods.
A. O. WILLIAMS & RRO.
2nd ckor lsnoi fott oCbm, | 48,795 | 1,147 |
669,776 | US 5937423 A
A flash EEPROM memory device including a memory array having a plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory cells arranged to be accessed in rows and columns, a query memory storing data defining characteristics of the flash storage device, and a register interface for receiving data and commands addressed to the blocks of flash EEPROM memory devices and generating signals for affecting the purpose of the commands in the device, the interface including a command register for receiving commands and a plurality of registers for providing the data stored in the query memory as output.
1. A flash EEPROM memory device comprising:
a memory array including a plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory cells arranged to be accessed in rows and columns,
a query memory storing data defining characteristics of the flash storage device, and
a register interface for receiving data and commands addressed to the blocks of flash EEPROM memory devices and generating signals for adapting the purpose of the commands in the device based on the data, the interface including a command register for receiving commands and a plurality of registers for providing the data stored in the query memory as output.
2. A flash EEPROM memory device as claimed in claim 1 in which the query memory stores data descriptions of standard characteristics of the device and of the memory array including a plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory cells defined in primitives of the memory array.
3. A flash EEPROM memory device as claimed in claim 2 in which the interface for receiving data and commands further comprises a circuit for directly accessing the plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory cells from a system bus to read data at row and column addresses defined in primitives of the memory array.
4. A flash EEPROM memory device as claimed in claim 1 in which the interface for receiving data and commands further comprises a circuit for directly accessing the plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory cells from a system bus using row and column addressing to read data.
5. A flash EEPROM memory device as claimed in claim 1 in which the register interface for receiving data and commands further comprises
a state machine for accessing the plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory cells,
the register interface providing a selectable mode including a circuit for reading directly for the plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory cells without utilizing the state machines.
6. A flash EEPROM memory device as claimed in claim 1 in which the plurality of registers for providing the data stored in the query memory as output comprises:
a status register,
a register storing access addresses,
a register storing addresses to which data is to be copied, and
a register storing data defining an amount of data to be transferred.
7. A flash EEPROM memory device as claimed in claim 6 in which the plurality of registers for providing the data stored in the query memory as output further comprises a register storing addresses of data to be erased sequentially.
8. A method for accessing a device including a flash EEPROM memory comprising the steps of:
directing a query command to a register of the device,
decoding the query command in the register,
querying the device to determine its characteristics in flash EEPROM memory primitives,
placing characteristics of the device in a plurality of characteristic registers of the device,
initializing a device driver for the device using the characteristics in the characteristic registers,
writing data to the device using the characteristics determined through a register interface providing state machines for erasing and writing to the flash EEPROM memory.
9. A method as claimed in claim 8 further comprising the steps of
establishing a portion of the data written to the flash EEPROM memory as read only, and
reading the portion of the data written to the flash EEPROM memory as read only from the device by means of a read command utilizing direct row and column addressing of the flash EEPROM memory.
10. A method accessing a device as claimed in claim 9 in which the step of querying the device to determine its characteristics in flash EEPROM memory primitives includes reading data defining the characteristics from a query memory in the device.
11. A computer system comprising:
a central processing unit;
a bus joining components of the computer system to the central processing unit and main memory; and
a device joined to the bus comprising:
a memory array including a plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory arranged to be accessed in rows and columns,
a query memory storing data defining characteristics of the flash EEPROM memory, and
a register interface for receiving data and commands addressed to the blocks of flash EEPROM memory devices and generating signals for adapting the purpose of the commands in the device based on the data, the interface including a command register for receiving commands and a plurality of registers for providing data stored in the query memory as output.
12. A computer system as claimed in claim 11 in which the query memory stores data which describes the standard characteristics of the device in primitives of the flash EEPROM memory.
13. A computer system as claimed in claim 12 in which the register interface for receiving data and commands further comprises circuitry for directly accessing the plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory from a system bus to read data at row and column addresses defined in primitives of the flash EEPROM memory.
As described in more detail below, an embodiment of the invention includes a register interface for connecting a long term memory device including a flash EEPROM memory device array designed to accept a query command from other components of a computer system and return data that defines the physical properties and the functions of the flash memory device in terms that directly relate to a flash EEPROM memory array. The data derived by a query command may be used to initialize a system device driver to provide commands that most effectively manipulate data in the flash memory device.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system 10 configured in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. For one embodiment, computer system 10 is a personal computer or a laptop computer. For other embodiments, computer system 10 resides within a cellular telephone, a digital camera, a personal digital assistant, or other apparatus under computer control. The system 10 illustrated includes a central processing unit ("CPU") 11 that executes the various instructions provided to control the operations of the system 10. For one embodiment, CPU 11 is a microprocessor. For other embodiments, CPU 11 is a microcontroller or other type of processor. CPU 11 is joined by a processor bus to a bridge circuit 14 that controls access to an input/output bus 12 adapted to carry information between the various components of the system 10. The bridge 14 is also joined by a memory bus to main memory 13 that is typically constructed of dynamic random access memory arranged to store information during a period in which power is provided to the system 10. In FIG. 1, the bus 12 is preferably a peripheral component interface ("PCI") bus or other local bus adapted to provide especially fast transfers of data. For other embodiments, other types of buses may be used. Various input/output devices are connected as bus master and bus slave circuits to the bus 12. Flash memory device array 18 is connected to PCI bus 12. For an alternative embodiment, flash memory device array 18 is joined to a secondary bus (not shown), such as an Industry Standard Association ("ISA") bus or an Extended Industry Standard Association ("EISA") bus. For one embodiment, flash memory device array 18 uses the interface described in more detail below to connect to a bus.
Flash memory device array 18 is a long term memory. Flash memory device array 18 may be a flash memory card or other type of flash memory array such as a single-in-line-memory module or a resident flash array. In the past, long term memory would typically be an electro-mechanical hard disk drive. However, a flash EEPROM memory array in the form of a flash disk drive or a flash memory device array may be used in place of such a hard disk drive as the long term memory. In order to illustrate differences from the prior art, FIG. 2 shows three types of long term memories coupled to bus 12, namely, a prior art electromechanical hard disk drive 16, a prior art flash disk drive 17, and a flash memory device array 18, the latter being one embodiment of the present invention. Flash memory device array 18 may be used as the long term memory in place of electromechanical hard disk drive 16. Flash memory device array 18 or any flash memory array may be one in which a memory cell stores a single bit of data or one in which a memory cell may store more than one bit of data. A flash disk drive may include an array of one or more flash memory devices each having circuitry for reading, programming (writing), and erasing the cells of that flash memory device and circuitry external to the flash memory device for controlling the operations of the entire memory array. A flash disk emulator typically employs a flash memory device array that includes an array of one or more flash memory devices in which the circuitry for reading, programming, and erasing the cells of each flash memory device is contained completely within each such device.
FIG. 2 illustrates a system software/hardware interface provided at a bus 12 to which are coupled an ATA compatible electro-mechanical hard disk drive 16, the flash disk drive 17, and flash memory device array 18. FIG. 2 illustrates a software application program located in system memory executing on a computer microprocessor with the assistance of an operating system that controls access to various input/output devices of the computer. The operating system includes an operating system kernel that maintains a software disk file system in memory through which the various files are maintained. The operating system uses the disk file system to store and retrieve data from files kept in the memory system of the computer. When a file is stored on the electromechanical disk drive 16, the operating system transfers control to a software IDE/ATA device driver that is used to access the drive 16 and is maintained as a part of the operating system.
Similarly, if a file is stored on a flash disk drive 17, access is obtained through the operating system using the same IDE/ATA device driver. In the arrangement illustrated, the flash disk drive 17 receives commands and data related thereto from the ATA device driver defined in terms that are directly useful to a rotating electro-mechanical hard disk drive. Because an ATA device driver is designed to provide information for an electro-mechanical hard disk drive, the commands transferred to the flash disk drive 17 from the ATA device driver may direct that a seek operation for a particular rotating hard disk drive sector should be accomplished, that a read of one of more such sectors should occur, or that similar sector-related operations should take place.
The prior art flash disk drive 17 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes an array 23 of flash EEPROM memory devices that is designed to be accessed using chip, block, row, and column addressing. To deal with commands designed for a rotating disk device in accessing a row and column device, the flash disk 17 includes external command user interface ("CUI") circuitry for receiving and handling commands addressed to a plurality of silicon chips that together constitute a flash memory array 23. In one embodiment, this external command user interface circuitry includes an ASIC logic block 20 that receives commands furnished by the ATA device driver on the PCI bus 12. The logic block 20 is assisted by a processor 21 having associated random access memory and read only memory for assisting its operation. These together form what is in effect a small general purpose computer for carrying out the various operations directed to the flash disk drive 17. The logic block 20 accepts commands directed to that drive 17 and with the help of the processor 21 translates those commands and the associated addresses into information that is useful for accessing a row and column array. The logic block 20 and the processor 21 may be considered to function as an overall command user interface for the flash disk drive 17.
The flash memory array 23 shown includes flash EEPROM devices 24 each having a number of blocks 25 of memory transistors. One embodiment includes thirty-two individual large blocks, each having sixty-four kilobytes of flash EEPROM memory cells. Each device 24 also includes circuitry for controlling the application of signals and voltages to accomplish the read, write, copy, and erase functions in the individual blocks. Each flash EEPROM device 24 of the array 23 includes a command user interface ("CUI") including one or more state machines. A typical flash device command user interface is designed to receive all commands addressed to the individual flash device 24 from the logic block 20 no matter what their address on the device and use those commands to carry out the different operations commanded. The flash device CUI often uses a write state machine to control write, copy, and erase operations and certain other internal operations of the memory devices of the flash device.
Thus, the command user interfaces within each of the flash memory devices 24 are typically used for erasing the blocks 25 of cells and reading or writing data in row and column addresses while the ATA command user interface (including logic block 20 and processor 21) external to the devices 24 deals in cylinder/head/sector or logical block address representative of a mechanical disk drive.
Prior art flash disk emulators (although not shown in FIG. 2) include a low level driver between the IDE/ATA device driver and the emulator that performs the functions performed in the flash disk drive 17 by the external command user interface made up of the logic block 20 and the processor 21 and associated memory for translating the ATA commands to commands that may be carried out by a row and column array. As pointed out above, such a low level driver is not forward compatible and thus will not function with new flash disk emulators as they appear.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus and a method are provided for directly defining the characteristics of flash storage devices in terms of flash EEPROM primitives rather than rotating disk primitives as they have been defined in prior art arrangements. This allows direct access of a flash memory array for reading and executing the data stored therein using software drivers initialized by values obtained as a result of a query function provided by the flash storage device.
In FIG. 2, a new high level software driver 26 is provided as a part of the operating system. This software driver (called a flash translation layer (FTL) driver) translates the information provided from the disk file system to flash EEPROM primitives. The high level driver 26 provides addresses and data to a low level driver 28 particularly adapted to function with the flash device provided. The low level driver 28 provides many of the functions heretofore provided by the command user interface 20 of the flash disk drive 17.
As may be seen in FIG. 2, the flash memory device array 18 includes a plurality of individual flash EEPROM memory devices 27 and a decoder 29 for directing commands to memory cells in blocks of particular devices 27.
The flash memory device array 18 and the two software drivers and 26 together form the flash disk emulator of the present invention (shown enclosed in dotted lines in the FIG. 2). As explained with respect to prior art flash disk emulators, various hardware functions included in the flash disk drive 17 have been replaced by functions within the high and low software drivers. These typically include those required to accomplish translation from ATA primitives to flash memory primitives.
FIG. 3 illustrates of a flash memory device 27 built in accordance with one embodiment the present invention. The flash memory device 27 of FIG. 3 includes an interface 30 for flash memory device 27. The interface 30 is a register-based interface that may include a number of registers 32-58. Registers 32-58 are arranged to store values for the device drivers 26 and 28 of FIG. 2 that may be directly used to manipulate a flash memory device. The interface 30 includes address decode circuitry 63, command decode circuit 60, and state machines 64. Write state machine 66 is used to assist in programming and erasing the cells of blocks of flash EEPROM memory cells 68. A data multiplexor 62 controls transfer of data out of the device 27.
A command register 32 stores all commands directed to the individual flash memory device 27. A status register 33 provides data regarding the status of erase, write, and copy operations each of which typically requires a significant period to accomplish in a flash memory device 27 and that may, consequently, often be conducted as background operations. A source address register 34 provides an address at which data is to be read from, written to, or erased from the array. A destination address register 35 provides an address to which data is to be copied from an address held in the source register 34. A length register 36 indicates the length of data accessed in any particular operation. An erase queue register 37 may be used to allow a series of blocks of flash memory cells to be erased sequentially. By providing addresses of blocks to be erased in the register 37, the time to set up the high voltages available in high voltage circuitry 61 for the erase operation may be amortized over a significant number of erasures and the overall time of erase reduced. Having a plurality of data I/O registers 38-58 provides a large buffer for the transfer of data to and from the array of the device 27. Each of the registers 32-37 may be described as characteristic registers. Each of the registers 32-58 may be read or written by a processor on the bus 12 through the decoder 29 of FIG. 2.
The device drivers 26 and of FIG. 2 interface with the flash memory device 27 using a command set having basic commands such as a query command, a read command, a write command, a read status command, an erase command, and a suspend command. The command set may also include additional commands adapted to be carried out by the various circuitry under control of these device drivers.
When a command is sent to the command register 32, it is received by the address decode circuit 63 and decoded by logic in the command decoder 60 to initiate an appropriate operation.
Each flash memory device 27 of FIG. 3 includes an identification/query mode read only memory (ROM) 31 in which are stored details of the characteristics of the particular flash memory cell technology and control circuitry for that flash memory device 27. The high level device driver software 26 uses a unique query command that the central processor or other bus master may cause to be written by the drivers to the command decoder 60. The query command is decoded by the command decoder 60 and causes the identification/query mode ROM 31 to respond.
The query command at the command register 32 causes a write of data stored by the query mode ROM 31 that defines the status and type of the flash devices to which the interface 30 is providing access. The query data is written to the data I/O registers 38-58. The data returned may be sent to the register 38 and be clocked serially in a preordered sequence so that it may be read on the bus 12 by a processor. Alternatively, the data from the query mode ROM 31 may be placed in the registers 38-58 and read as a page from those registers.
When the command decoder 60 of the interface 30 decodes the query command held in the command register 32 and interrogates the query mode ROM 31, all of the significant details of the flash memory device 27 become available for initializing the drivers 28 and 26. The data may detail the type of flash device, any partitions into which the array may be divided, the mode in which each partition of the array is operating, and similar information. In one embodiment, the query data returned includes the total size of the array, the size of individual erase blocks, the number blocks in a cluster that may be locked to protect against writing or erasing data, the internal bus width for data transfers that indicates whether any fast transfer modes such as burst transfer of the computer may be used and how much data may be transferred, the size of any write buffer, whether functions such as erase and write may be suspended, the reasons for which suspendable functions may be suspended, whether a ready/busy pin is present, and the revision number of the interface. The query command may also return data indicating whether read and write may take place at the byte level.
In addition, other data returned by a query command may indicate that the array is functioning in a single bit mode, that the array is capable of functioning in a two-state mode or in another multi-bit mode and the number of bits stored in each cell in any such multi-bit mode. In this way, the interface may be used both with arrays that allow a single bit and arrays that allow a plurality of bits to be stored by memory cells. A query response might also indicate to a processor whether the array implements error detection and correction in storing and retrieving data. Other responses to a query command might indicate the type of logical drive the array constitutes, e.g., the array is a PCMCIA or other type of drive. All of this data is provided in the form of primitives that require no translation in order to be used by the drivers with a flash EEPROM memory array.
By using a query command that returns data indicating the physical properties of the array, the interface allows array device driver initialization so that the plurality of commands that are generated by a processor are adapted to cause operations to take place in the manner best suited to the physical properties of the array. The central processing unit in a system using a flash storage device with such an interface may read the results of the query command to determine how it is to interface to any flash storage device placed in the system. By utilizing a command set that is fixed, a query command provides responses that may be used by all vendors in an industry. Even though the command set is fixed in meaning, it also provides means by which it may be updated to include future devices without necessitating the rewriting of the low level device drivers used with such devices.
By using a query command that returns data indicating the physical properties of the array, the interface allows array driver initialization so that the plurality of commands that are generated by a processor are adapted to cause operations to take place in the manner best suited to the physical properties of the array. The central processing unit in a system using a flash memory array with an interface 30 may read the registers 32-58 to determine how it is to interface to the array. This combination of these registers 32-58 and similar registers, a query command, and a query memory allows different flash memory arrays from different manufacturers to use the interface 30 and provide responses for which the response of standard system drivers may be adjusted.
FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of data that may be stored in a query ROM 31 and returned in response to a query command received at the command register 32. The data may be returned in a serial string in which a first sixteen bytes are reserved for the transfer of data specific to a particular flash memory vendor. A next eleven bytes are used to transfer data describing a particular command set available to be used with the flash array. Of this eleven bytes of data, a first three bytes are used to transfer a query string indicator such as the ASCII value for "QRY." This indicates to the computer that the array is able to accept and is responding to the query command. A next two bytes are used to transfer a sixteen bit identification code defining a specific generic vendor command set used by this particular flash memory device 27. In general, such a command set is a defined command set that is available as a standard to any vendor for use in a device driver. Such a command set may be used by one or more than one vendor but specifies exactly the basic commands with which the interface functions. The next two bytes then transfer an address for an extended portion of generally unlimited extent that may add to the command set defined by the last two bytes. This address allows a vendor to extend the primary command set by commands that the vendor desires as a part of the command set for the flash memory device 27. In general, such additional commands are defined in the same manner as are the commands available in generic command sets of the device drivers. In FIG. 4, two sections referred to as "Offset address P" and "Offset address A" provide variable length space for transferring data defining primary and alternate extended query tables elements. In this manner, a vendor may add additional commands specific to the flash storage device to be implemented by the device driver. A next two bytes are used to transfer sixteen bits of data indicating a second generic command set that may be implemented by the flash memory device 27. A last two bytes are used to transfer the address for extensions to this alternate command set for the flash memory device 27.
This arrangement allows a vendor to use a primary basic set of commands for operating the array, to add additional commands to the primary basic set of commands for carrying out the functions of the array, to use a second basic set of commands for operating the array, and to add additional commands to the second basic set of commands for carrying out the functions of the array. This allows a vendor to add additional commands as improvements are added to the flash memory device 27. The data transferred in response to the query command then allows a device driver to be modified to provide the correct command set for implementing the operations of the array.
FIG. 4 also illustrates a second twelve bytes that provide a description of the system interface and are returned in response to a query command. For the embodiment illustrated, a first byte defines the minimum power supply voltage used with the array in its normal operating condition. A second byte defines the maximum power supply voltage used with the array in its normal operating condition. A third byte defines the minimum power supply voltage used with the array in its programming condition. A fourth byte defines the maximum power supply voltage used with the array in programming condition. The next eight bytes define various system timing parameters for different operations.
These values allow the initialization of device drivers to provide correct values for each of the particular operations that the array implements in carrying out its read, write, copy, and erase functions.
FIG. 4 also illustrates an additional ten bytes that may be used for the embodiment illustrated to transfer data defining the particular geometry of the flash memory device 27. For this embodiment, a first byte is used to define the flash memory device size. A second two bytes are used to describe the interface, e.g., asynchronous 8 bits, asynchronous 16 bits, or both. A third two bytes defines the maximum number of bytes in a multi-byte write. In one embodiment of the invention, erase blocking is used to make the one or more blocks within an erase block region of the array "read only." Erase blocks of different sizes may exist. A fourth byte defines the number of such erase block regions in a device. A fifth four bytes defines the size and number of erase blocks in an erase block of an array. By defining the number and sizes of different erase blocks that exist in the array, a software driver may be apprised of different areas that may be made "read only" or that may be erased in a single operation.
All of these values are also used to initialize the driver used with the particular flash memory device 27 so that it may efficiently deal with the array.
Once the device drivers have been initialized to the values of the particular flash memory device 27, various commands may be used and the flash memory device 27 will accept those commands. The write, read, and erase commands cause similar operations as with the flash disk device 17 of FIG. 2 as the flash translation layer driver translates such disk commands into flash primitive commands executable by the low level driver. The proper translation of requests for data transfer of specific disk-primitive units, or sectors, into variable flash device specific block erasure and byte or buffer write commands is facilitated by the knowledge of the software drivers of the flash memory device of erase block sizes, erase block region sizes, write buffer size, and the size of the entire device array. The information provided by reading out the contents of the query ROM 31 allows the device drivers of the flash disk emulator to emulate various sizes of disk drives such as the electromechanical drive 16 or the flash disk drive 17 using any of combination of different flash memory devices 27 within a flash memory card 18 or other flash memory array used within a flash disk emulator. Moreover, this information is even useful for simplifying the firmware within a flash disk drive 17 containing flash memory devices 27 implemented in the manner of the current invention such that the same firmware will allow the use of flash disk drives yet to be manufactured using newer flash memory devices with upgraded features or larger capacities.
The flash memory device commands also allow a portion of the array to be made "read only" for particular operations. Data stored in a "read only" erase block region of the array may then be read directly from the array in a mode in which data is accessed on a row and column basis. Such a "read only" portion of the array may be used to execute programs directly from the array.
In such a case, data is written to the flash memory device 27 in the typical manner through a device command interface 30 that is associated with state machines for accomplishing the various accessing and control operations including a write state machine 66 used with each chip for writing, copying, and erasing the blocks of flash memory. However, when the data for direct code execution is written, the blocks 68 in which the data is stored are marked as "read only." This causes the application instructions in the blocks to remain in file order rather than to become discontiguously arranged. Consequently, the file need not be reassembled externally before the instructions are executed. Then a read of the instructions constituting an application takes place in a separate read array mode of the flash memory device 27. This mode may be initiated by a read array command that causes the flash memory device 27 to function in the read array mode. Alternatively, a separate read array pin may be provided. The read array mode selection allows a processor or other bus master to directly read data from the flash memory device 27 by providing the appropriate chip, block, row, and column read addresses with the command. For multi level cell devices that require error detection and correction, all read /write accesses should go through the register interface so that special error detection and correction circuitry can be employed for reliably reading back the data. However, multilevel cell devices supporting single bit per cell (reliable mode) operation may use array read mode for direct code execution through row and column accessing.
When in this read array mode, the instructions stored in the array may be read from the array as rapidly as instructions are typically read from DRAM memory. For this reason, the array may be used not only to replace long term memory such as a rotating disk drive, but also to replace certain of the main memory functions where data is not rapidly changing but need only be read form the array.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made therein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which the references indicate similar elements, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system with a flash memory device array.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a prior art electromechanical hard disk drive, a prior art flash disk drive, and a flash memory device array designed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a flash memory device.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating signals that may be returned in response to a query command with respect to a flash memory device.
This invention relates to flash electrically-erasable programmable read only memory ("EEPROM") and, more particularly, to methods and an apparatus for providing an interface for flash EEPROM memory arrays that allows determination of the characteristics of the memory array.
Flash EEPROM memory arrays are being used for many purposes in present day digital systems (e.g., computers) because of the ability of flash EEPROM memory arrays to retain data when power is removed and to be easily reprogrammed without being removed from a system. A flash EEPROM memory array is comprised of floating gate field effect transistor devices arranged in row and column fashion. The charge stored on the floating gate of such a memory transistor may be changed by programming, and the state of the charge may be detected by sensing voltage across the device. Because these flash EEPROM arrays may be easily reprogrammed, they are being used as substitutes for normal EPROM arrays to provide read-only memory that may be easily updated.
A flash memory array is accessed for reading and writing in the same manner as are dynamic random access memory (DRAM) arrays using row and column addressing in byte, word, or larger sequences of bits. However, because of the manner in which data is stored, a flash memory array, unlike a typical DRAM device, cannot be overwritten without first erasing the memory cells. Flash memory arrays used as substitutes for EPROM arrays are typically erased in large blocks (that may constitute the entire array) before being reprogrammed.
Flash EEPROM memory arrays are also being used to provide smaller lighter functional equivalents of electromechanical hard disk drives. Flash memory arrays designed to replace hard disk drives (referred to herein as "flash disk drives") operate more reliably and are not as sensitive to physical damage as electro-mechanical hard disk drives. Because of these characteristics, flash disk drives are especially useful in portable computers where space is at a premium and weight is important.
Electro-mechanical disk drives have historically used an industry standard interface referred to as an "ATA interface." The ATA interface was specifically designed to provide communication between a computer system and a rotating electro-mechanical disk drive. Because of this, the ATA interface was defined in terms of primitive functions that are directly applicable to directly-overwritable, block read/write, rotating media. Such primitive functions include "do a slow seek for a logical address or a cylinder head sector," "read a sector or multiple sectors," and "write a sector."
On the other hand, exemplary flash EEPROM array primitive functions include "read and write at the byte, word, or small block level" and "erase at a large block level." The ATA interface does not communicate in flash memory array primitives. When a flash disk drive replaces an electro-mechanical disk drive, it uses the ATA interface to communicate with other computer components. Therefore, it has been necessary to provide circuitry by which the signals used by a computer to access electro-mechanical hard disk drives may be understood by the flash disk drive. The process of translating electro-mechanical rotating disk drive functions to flash disk drive functions has required a substantial amount of hardware and software.
For example, one type of flash disk drive uses a hardware device command user interface on the silicon substrate (chip) of each flash memory device that makes up the flash memory array to accomplish the row and column accesses necessary to operate the flash device. Each flash memory device command user interface typically includes state machines that receive commands from an external hardware flash disk drive command user interface interposed between the bus and the flash array. This external flash disk drive command user interface decodes the ATA rotating disk commands and generates commands adapted to carry out the purposes of the ATA commands within each flash memory device of the flash memory array. The flash disk drive command user interface controls the operations necessary to access the flash disk drive by sending the translated commands to the appropriate ones of the individual flash memory device command user interfaces.
Recently, there has appeared a lower cost alternative to a flash disk drive that combines disk emulation software running on a host computer with a low cost flash memory device array. The flash memory device array comprises one or more flash memory devices contained in one of several system packaging options, including a removable memory card, a system-resident single-in-line-memory module (SIMM), and a resident flash array (devices mounted directly on the system motherboard). The combination of any one of these plain flash memory device subsystems with disk emulation software is referred to in this specification as a flash disk emulator.
Many of the operations necessary for either a command user interface or a flash disk emulator to translate from commands phrased in primitives of a rotating disk are quite complicated. For example, in some flash disk drives and other flash storage devices, data is first written to empty blocks of the memory array chosen under control of the command user interface; and then the physical address at which the data is stored is recorded in lookup tables along with the rotating disk addresses provided externally. This allows the data to be recovered when the rotating addresses are provided.
Early flash memory arrays addressed data in single bytes. As flash memory arrays have evolved, addressing in words and double words have become possible, often in the same array. The ability to provide these different forms of addressing have complicated the operations of the device command user interface. Recently, flash memory arrays have been devised that use buffering to allow the transfer of large amounts of data even though the array cannot immediately handle that data because of its slower combined erasing and writing speed.
These enhancements increase the complexity of flash disk drive and flash emulator operations.
The basic requirement that flash memory be erased in large blocks further complicates operations that flash disk drives and flash disk emulators must carry out. When data are updated, stale data that cannot be overwritten must be marked invalid, the new data must be written to empty array space, and the address tables must be updated to provide a new physical address. This method of updating causes the data in a file to be written to discontiguous positions. When a sufficient amount of data in a large block becomes invalid, the remaining valid data must be copied to empty array space in some other block, the address tables must be updated, and the block must be erased to recover the array space. In prior art devices, this has required means for determining the status of individual blocks and cells of each device at all times.
The writing of flash EEPROM devices is slower than writing DRAM memory because storing data on the floating gate of a transistor requires substantial voltages and relatively long charging times. Both the writing process and the copy process are thus too long to be competitive with DRAM write times. A write state machine is typically positioned on the chip to assist a device command user interface and is used to conduct write and copy operations so that data is accurately stored without overwriting other data in the array. Moreover, the erase process (a process not required by DRAM or electro-mechanical memory) is typically slow, as long as one-half second for some flash drives. Because of this, the erase process is typically conducted as a background process run by the write state machine or by additional on-chip state machines under control of the flash disk drive firmware or flash disk emulator software operating beneath their respective command user interfaces. Substantial resources have been required to keep track of block status in order to accomplish these operations. The time required to conduct erase operations is such that some flash memory device command user interfaces accepts commands that suspend the erase operation to allow various other operations to occur.
Recently, flash memory arrays have been devised that allow the storage of more than one bit of data in a single memory cell. This has substantially increased the complication of the circuitry required to translate commands and data between the flash memory array and the ATA (flash disk drive) and flash disk emulator interfaces. As will be understood, all of this overhead is expensive and slows the operation of the flash memory array.
The ATA interface hides the complexity of the underlying flash disk drive internal software (firmware). A host system typically employs a single ATA device driver that translates instructions from the disk file system maintained by the operating system such as the boot parameter block/file allocation table ("BPB/FAT") file system in the Microsoft DOS and Windows operating systems. This driver is used by all ATA-compatible devices, both rotating and flash-based. The ATA interface was designed to provide forward and backward compatibility for all ATA devices without requiring software updates to the host system device driver. However, the ATA interface, as presently constituted, eliminates the ability to use the flash memory arrays for many operations for which transistor memory is especially well suited. For example, even though a flash memory array may inherently be accessed as rapidly as dynamic random access memory, direct random access is not possible using the ATA interface because of the translation overhead and because of the manner in which data is stored. Because the cells of flash memory arrays cannot be over-written and consequently store file data in discontiguous positions of the flash array, a data file that is read from a flash memory array must be reassembled in main memory before it can be used. Because memory management of the flash memory array makes it necessary to reconstruct files read from flash storage devices in DRAM memory before use, direct execution of applications has been foreclosed in flash disk drives with an ATA interface.
Even if it were possible to store the portions of an application contiguously in a flash memory device, executing an application directly from a flash memory device would be very difficult. First, the ATA interface does not provide any direct access to the memory array for direct execution of instructions in the access time that a basic flash memory itself provides for read operations. Moreover, there is simply no manner of determining the characteristics of the particular flash memory device with which communication is being attempted so that communications can be carried on directly in terms by which the data in the array may be manipulated.
Because of these problems, flash disk drives have typically been used for long term storage of data where the ability to read and write data rapidly is not crucial.
Currently a flash disk emulator has strengths and weaknesses that contrast with those of an ATA-compatible flash drive. The flash disk emulator consists of a two-layer software driver and a memory card or other flash array. The upper level driver layer is referred to as a flash translation layer ("FTL") driver (PCMCIA specification release date May 1996) while each low level driver ("LLD") is usually designed by an original equipment manufacturer and is unique to the flash memory device and card combination. In addition to supporting disk emulation, the memory card or array can be partitioned in one or more additional regions that can support direct random memory access. Thus, a "plain" flash memory card or flash array allows the host system and its user to take advantage of fast direct access to the flash memory device contents in support of direct code execution.
The disadvantage of current flash disk emulator implementations is the custom nature of the low level driver. A low level driver currently reads a device identifier ("device ID") and refers to a lookup table to determine both a command sequence or algorithm and a set of card and/or device geometry and system interface parameters such as voltage and timing to be used with that device.
Such a driver has no way of determining the characteristics of any particular flash memory device with which it is associated except through the lookup table. Consequently, when a new flash memory device is introduced to the host system, the host cannot recognize the new device identifier and therefore cannot use the new card/device combination. This prevents forward compatibility and creates hardship for the typical flash card user who cannot easily find or implement the new required device driver. Because each low level driver must be written to include the particular disk emulator, each time an enhanced version of a flash memory device appears the low level driver must be rewritten to include the new features that the flash memory device offers. For example, drivers must be rewritten to include larger data words, increased buffer transfer size, and the like.
Furthermore, when a new device driver is being made available for the host system, the software writer faces code size and complexity constraints that may lead to a decision to drop older device algorithms. Hence, the new driver may sacrifice backward compatibility.
It is desirable to provide an interface for a flash storage device that allows communications with the flash memory array in the primitive terms used to control the flash memory array within such a flash storage device so that the device may be used for purposes for which transistor memory arrays are especially suited.
It is also desirable for devices using flash memory arrays to include a compatible interface by which the characteristics of the devices may be determined to provide initialization values for software drivers.
A device is described that includes a memory array, a query memory, and a register interface. The memory array includes a plurality of blocks of flash EEPROM memory devices arranged to be accessed in rows and columns. The query memory stores data defining characteristics of the flash memory device. The register interface receives data and commands addressed to the flash memory devices. The register interface generates signals for effecting the purpose of the commands within the flash memory devices. The register interface includes a command register for receiving commands. The register interface also includes a plurality of additional registers for returning data stored in the query memory as an output.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows below
Citas de patentes | 48,763 | 102 |
105,130 | Patent application title: Wave Power Plant
Benjamin Hagemann (Gerlingen, DE)
Nik Scharmann (Bietigheim-Bissingen, DE)
Robert Bosch GMBH
IPC8 Class: AF03B1320FI
Class name: Motor having a buoyant working member working member actuated by the rise and fall of a surface of a body of fluid having relatively movable working members
Publication date: 2013-02-07
Patent application number: 20130031897
A wave power plant includes a platform and at least one coupling member.
The at least one coupling member is mounted in such a way as to perform
an orbital movement which has a predetermined direction of movement and
from which a torque usable for energy conversion can be tapped. A torque
compensation device is provided which is designed to essentially
compensate or neutralize a reactive torque generated by tapping the
1. A wave power plant, comprising: a platform, at least one coupling body
mounted rotatably on the platform, an energy converter device by which a
torque usable for energy conversion is tapped from the coupling body in
the operating state and is supported on the platform, and a torque
compensating device configured to counterbalance a reaction torque of the
platform generated by the tapping of the usable torque.
2. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the torque compensating device has a countertorque generating mechanism, which, in dependence on one or more of the currently tapped usable torque and current a current spatial position of the platform, applies to the platform a countertorque that keeps the platform essentially stable, and wherein the at least one coupling body is mounted for an orbital motion on the platform.
3. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the torque compensating device has at least one rack, which is mounted rotatably on the platform and on which the at least one coupling body is mounted for an orbital motion and on which is disposed a countertorque generating mechanism, which, in dependence on one or more of the currently tapped usable torque and a current spatial position of the rack, applies to the rack a countertorque that keeps the rack substantially stable, so that the platform remains substantially torque-free.
4. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 3, wherein the countertorque generating mechanism provides a weight distribution along one or more of the platform and the rack, which weight distribution counteracts the reaction torque.
5. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 3, wherein the countertorque generating mechanism provides a non-symmetrical buoyancy along the platform or the rack, which buoyancy counteracts the currently tapped usable torque.
6. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 5, wherein the countertorque generating mechanism has at least one buoyancy body/ballast tank, which is disposed or configured on the platform or the rack decentrally to the center of gravity of the platform or the rack.
7. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 5, wherein the countertorque generating mechanism has a number of buoyancy bodies/ballast tanks, which are disposed or configured on two end portions of the platform or the rack, said portions being spaced apart one opposite the other perpendicularly to the orbital motional axis of the coupling body and at least one of which is variable in terms of its buoyancy.
8. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 2, wherein the countertorque generating mechanism has a mooring chain fixed to the platform decentrally to the center of gravity of the wave power plant.
9. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 3, wherein the countertorque generating mechanism has at least one sliding weight, which is movable back and forth along the platform or the rack perpendicularly to the orbital motional axis of the at least one coupling body and/or comprises a trimming fluid which is accommodated in a fluid guiding system and is configured to be pumped back and forth in the longitudinal direction of the platform or the rack.
10. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 3, wherein the plant has with respect to the geometric center point of the platform, perpendicularly to the orbital motional axis of the at least one coupling body, an asymmetrical, fixed weight distribution/buoyancy force distribution, and/or in that the rack has with respect to its rotational axis on the platform a geometrical, fixed weight distribution or buoyancy force distribution in its longitudinal direction.
11. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 6, wherein the at least one buoyancy body is disposed on a longitudinal end portion of the platform and a mooring chain is disposed on an opposite longitudinal end portion of the platform, and wherein the at least one buoyancy body, should the at least one coupling body be mounted without rack the rack on the platform, is set such that the obtained buoyancy, given a horizontal alignment of the platform together with the mooring chain and/or a non-symmetrical weight distribution along the platform, generates a total countertorque which is roughly equal to the torque induced by the at least one coupling body.
12. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the energy converter device is configured to, during operation, vary the supported torque in order, to adapt the supported torque to the sum of the currently obtaining compensating moments.
13. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 3, further comprising at least one flow guiding element, which is disposed on the end faces of the at least one coupling body and which produces an alignment of the platform or rack the rack in the direction of advance of the wave such that the direction of propagation of the wave is oriented substantially perpendicular to a bearing axle.
14. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 3, further comprising at least one damper plate, which is connected to the platform or the rack by a rigid coupling device in order to damp motions of the platform.
15. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the energy converter device is a generator or a hydraulic machine.
16. The wave power plant as claimed in claim 6, wherein the at least one buoyancy body/ballast tank is volume-variable or floodable.
The present invention relates to a wave power plant for generating
electric power in offshore use and, in particular, to a wave power plant
comprising a submersible platform, according to the preamble to patent
A multiplicity of wave power plants is known from the prior art, which wave power plants are distinguished essentially according to their place of use, as to whether they are installed on the high sea (offshore), close to the coast or on the coast. Another distinction relates to the form in which the energy is drawn from the wave motion. For instance, buoys float on the water surface, so that a linear generator, for example, can be powered by a lifting and lowering motion of the buoy body. In another plant concept, the so-called "wave roller", a blade is placed on the seabed, which blade is tilted back and forth due to the motion of the water molecules. The kinetic energy of the blade is converted in a generator, for instance, into electric power. Finally, the concept of the "wave harrow" presents a machine by which energy from sea waves can be converted. In this case, a coupling body, for instance a blade, a rotor, a roll or such a rotation body is mounted in such a way that an orbital motion of the water molecules, as a consequence of the sea wave motion, is likewise converted into an orbital motion of the coupling body, which orbital motion can then be converted by a crank mechanism directly into a torque which can be used for power generation. The coupling body can be constituted by both a drag-type turbine and by a lift-type turbine, and by a combination of these said variants. By the use of hydraulic components and/or by means of a generator, for instance, the tapped usable torque can then be converted into electric current.
Such a plant is planned for offshore use, since here the energy density of waves is particularly high. In this field of application, rigid anchorage of a plant to the seabed is, however, very complex and expensive, if not even technically unfeasible, due to the likely large water depths. In the prior art there has therefore been proposed a so-called self-referencing housing or frame concept, in which a plurality of coupling bodies having the above construction and the above mounting are disposed in a common housing or structure. The housing or structure has a substantially horizontal longitudinal extent and is disposed beneath the water surface. The submersion depth can be varied by floats in or on the structure. Such a structure is hereinafter referred to as the submersible platform.
If the longitudinal extent of the submersible platform is sufficiently large to mount a plurality of coupling bodies thereon, then the forces acting on the submersible platform act, by virtue of the orbital motion of the water molecules as a consequence of the sea wave motion, in different directions and hereby largely offset one another. A largely still position of the submersible platform relative to the orbital motion of the water molecules is thereby obtained. The crank mechanisms of the coupling bodies can thus be supported on the largely static structure or submersible platform and deliver a torque.
At the same time, the generated torques of all individual coupling bodies have the same alignment, since all coupling bodies have the same direction of rotation. The torques generated by the coupling bodies at the crank drives can be added together, irrespective of their point of application on the submersible platform, if they act on the same rigid body, as is the case in the known wave power plants of this design. Due to the same orientation of all coupling body torques, according to the laws of kinetics a coupling body total torque which would set the overall position of the submersible platform in rotation in the rotational direction of the coupling bodies is thus obtained. It should here be pointed out that, without said torque tapping at the crank drives, the structure is not, of course, set in such rotational motion. For this reason, a dosing facility of the torque tapping which can adapt to the below-described measures for compensating the coupling body torque appears particularly advantageous.
The object of the present invention is therefore, by suitable means, to keep the wave power plant stable. One aim is, by this means, to generate a corresponding countertorque which keeps the wave power plant, and thus, in particular, also the submersible platform, in position. Another aim is the creation of a self-adjusting system, the countertorque of which varies in dependence on the applied torque. A further aim is, by a combination of said means, to prevent the inducement of a torque into the wave power plant, so that the plant can be kept in stable position. Only then would it be possible to productively tap the torques generated by the coupling bodies at the crank mechanisms and convert them, for instance, into electric power.
The above-stated object and also the defined aims are achieved according to the invention by a wave power plant having the features of patent claim 1. Advantageous refinements of the subject of the invention are here the subject of the subclaims.
The basic concept of the invention consists, according to patent claim 1, essentially in equipping the wave power plant with a base platform and at least one coupling body, which latter is mounted rotatably, in particular with the performance of an orbital motion with predetermined motional direction, on the platform. In addition, an energy converter device, by which a torque usable for energy conversion can be tapped, i.e. tapped in the operating state and supported on the platform, is provided. Finally, a torque compensating device, by means of which a reaction torque of the platform, generated by the tapping/supporting of the usable torque, is counterbalanced or neutralized, is provided.
The coupling body can be, for example, a resistance body or an aerodynamically active body, such as, for example, a blade.
More concretely, according to one aspect of the invention, the wave power plant is equipped with a countertorque generating mechanism, which in dependence on the total torque (reaction torque), which is composed of the (tapped) individual torques generated by the coupling bodies and is referred to below as the (theoretically) usable torque, applies to the platform such countertorque that keeps this essentially in a stable (preferably horizontal) position.
Preferably, the countertorque generating mechanism according to the invention has for this purpose a device for the (asymmetrical) weight shifting or weight distribution, acting counter to the above-stated total torque (reaction moment), along the platform and/or the rack, such that the thereby adjustable weight distribution applies to the submersible platform or the rack a weight force, which (with due regard to the lever arms, necessarily produced by the weight distribution, with respect to the geometric center point) counteracts the usable torque. This could be realized, for instance, by at least one weight, which is movable in the longitudinal direction (perpendicularly to the bearing axle of the individual coupling bodies) or is asymmetrically fixed. Alternatively or additionally hereto, a (trimming) fluid accommodated in the submersible platform or in the rack can also however be pumped back and forth in the longitudinal direction of said submersible platform in order to achieve a weight shift about the geometric center point.
It is further advantageous (as already briefly described above) to equip the countertorque generating mechanism, alternatively or additionally to the weight distributing device, with a decentrally disposed buoyancy device (acting non-symmetrically in a direction perpendicular to the rotational axis of a bearing body), the buoyancy force of which upon the submersible platform (i.e. on the two platform end sides aligned parallel to the rotational axis of a coupling body) or upon the rack is preferably variable (controllable). In this respect, the buoyancy device constitutes a measure which acts additionally to the weight distributing device and which, according to its positioning, reinforces or offsets the effect of the weight distributing device.
It is also advantageous to fix (or anchor) the submersible platform to the seabed by a flexible cable having a specific weight, preferably a mooring chain, which in principle, upon an upward motion of the pivot point between the chain and the platform, is gradually raised from the seabed and thus correspondingly increases the weight force acting on the pivot point. A so-called catenary mooring fulfills these requirements, for instance. Such a mooring chain is consequently fixed to a point on the submersible platform which would rise in the case of a rotational motion of the submersible platform, whereby the weight force of the mooring chain (inclusive of the effective lever arm), acting counter to the rotational motion, would consequently increase (i.e. at a position distanced parallel to the rotational axis of a coupling body and counter to the direction of advance of the wave). In addition, the attachment of the mooring chain to a front end of the platform enables this to align itself in accordance with the direction of propagation of the wave such that the coupling bodies are flowed against substantially at right angles. Furthermore, the use of other mooring systems, such as, for example, taunt moorings or similar, is possible.
According to an alternative/supplementary aspect of the invention, the torque compensating device has at least one rack, which is mounted rotatably on the platform and on which, in turn, the at least one coupling body is mounted for an orbital motion and on which is disposed the countertorque generating mechanism, which, in dependence on the currently tapped usable torque and/or the current spatial position of the rack, applies to the rack such countertorque that keeps the rack substantially stable, so that the platform remains substantially torque-free. In this case, the reaction torque is hence already compensated ("spent" or "neutralized") before it is induced into the platform. Thus the platform does not necessarily any longer have to be equipped with an own countertorque generating mechanism.
In other words, the alternative/supplementary aspect provides a combination of a long, horizontally aligned frame/platform having at least one small vertical and self-adjusting frame/rack. This at least one rack with vertical basic alignment is mounted rotatably on the large horizontal frame. It has preferably (in the simplest case) at its upper end a buoyancy body and/or at its lower end a mass, the coupling body/bodies being held in an orbitally movable manner in the small frame. The torque pick-off via a gear mechanism and/or generator is supported on this small frame.
In the case of a torque pick-off at the coupling body, a reaction moment is induced into the small frame, which reaction moment leads to a tilting motion of the small frame about its rotational axis on the large frame (platform) until such time as the countertorque generated by the buoyancy body and/or the mass via the materializing lever produces an equilibrium of moments. In this case, no torque acts upon the platform. This is consequently kept stably in position.
Finally, an advantageous refinement of the invention provides to couple the submersible platform to a so-called "heave plate" or damper plate. In this case, advantage is taken of the fact that the water molecules in large water depth perform no, or a smaller orbital motion than water molecules close to the water surface. If, consequently, a damper plate located in greater water depth is coupled by a preferably rigid coupling element to the submersible platform located close to the water surface, said damper plate produces a stabilization of the submersible platform. The submersible platform can thus be built significantly shorter without being set unduly in rocking motions by the wave motion. This is advantageous, in particular, in relation to cost aspects.
The invention is explained in greater detail below on the basis of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying figures.
FIG. 1 shows a wave power plant comprising a submersible platform according to a preferred illustrative embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows the wave power plant according to FIG. 1 comprising coupling bodies configured alternatively to FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a coupling body as is used in the wave power plant according to FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 shows a coupling body as is used in the wave power plant according to FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 shows a wave power plant (in lateral representation) comprising a self-adjusting submersible platform, according to a further illustrative embodiment of the present invention in the installed (basic) state;
FIG. 6 shows the wave power plant of FIG. 5 in front view, comprising a coupling body having a type of "winglets" for reducing induced resistances (or turbulent wakes) and for achieving a self-alignment of the plant;
FIG. 7 shows a basic representation of the submersible platform according to FIG. 5, with illustrated moments and forces for an assumed operating state;
FIG. 8 shows a basic representation of a, for instance, horizontally aligned submersible platform with connected "heave plate";
FIG. 9 shows a basic representation of the submersible platform according to FIG. 5 with connected "heave plate";
FIG. 10 shows a wave power plant according to yet another illustrative embodiment of the invention, in which the working principles of the wave power plants according to FIGS. 1 and 5 are combined, and
FIGS. 11 and 12 show design modifications of the wave power plant according to FIG. 10, possibly also in combination with FIG. 8.
According to FIG. 1 or 2, the wave power plant of the first preferred illustrative embodiment of the invention has a submersible platform 1, which in the present case consists of two parallel-spaced, longitudinally extending rails or beams 2 (also beam-shaped lattice frames), which at least at their respective ends (or else at middle portions) are connected by transverse bars/struts to form a structure (lattice frame). Between the rails 2 are mounted in parallel spacing, broadly over the whole of the rail length, (preferably evenly spaced) coupling bodies 4, as are configured according to FIG. 3 on the basis of a coupling body represented by way of example.
According to this FIG. 3, each coupling body 4 hence consists of a roller or roll, which extends substantially over the entire parallel distance between the two rails 2 and which in the middle has a bearing axle 6. The bearing axle 6 is mounted or fitted on two lever arms 8, which are disposed on the respective end faces of the roll 4. To one of the ends of the lever 8 lying opposite the bearing axle 6 of the roll 4 is fixed a mounting axle 10, which is respectively inserted rotatably in a bearing bush of the rail 2. In this way, each coupling body or each roll 4, according to the above construction, can perform at least an orbital motion about the mounting axle 10 and thus drive the crank drive, comprising lever 8 and mounting axle 10, for a torque pick-off. The length of the lever arm can be adjustable in order to be able to adjust the wave power plant optimally to different wave heights. The coupling bodies preferably have a neutral or almost neutral buoyancy.
Alternatively to the above-described coupling body design, the coupling body 4 can be configured, for example, also in the form of a cross geometry according to FIG. 4. In this case, the (axially symmetric) cross geometry of a coupling body 4 consists of four blades 12, which extend over the parallel spacing of the two rails 2 and which on their respectively one longitudinal side are fixed to a hub at an angular interval of respectively 90°. The hub (corresponds to the bearing axle 6 of the above-described roll) is likewise mounted on one end of the lever 8, on whose other end is disposed the mounting axle 10 for the orbitally movable mounting of the propeller-shaped coupling body 4 on the bearing eyes of the rails 2. In addition, according to FIG. 4, a length adjusting unit 14, by means of which the orbit of the coupling bodies can be altered, is provided on each lever 8.
As can further be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, at least on the respectively longitudinally spaced end portions of the submersible platform 1 (at a distance directed perpendicular to the mounting axle 10), buoyancy bodies in the form of ballast tanks 16, 18, or similar air-fillable containers are disposed, wherein at least one buoyancy body on that longitudinal end of the submersible platform which lies opposite the mooring can, where necessary, be sufficient for the working of the plant. Moreover, the buoyancy bodies can be arranged such that no shadow effects arise. For instance, two or more buoyancy bodies can accordingly be fixed to the side of the platform. Alternatively, a multiplicity of ballast tanks can also however be arranged along the submersible platform. Both ballast tanks or balloons 16, 18 provided in the present illustrative embodiment are preferably fluidically connected to an air compressor device (not further represented), by which the ballast tanks 16, 18 can further preferably be individually filled with compressed air (with corresponding displacement of water) in order hereby to selectively generate different (variable) buoyancy forces at the longitudinal ends of the submersible platform 1. Apart from ballast tanks, volume-variable cushions, which can be filled with compressed air, are also conceivable. Advantage over rigid tanks: the air or another fluid can be pumped back and forth.
Furthermore, the submersible platform 1 is alternatively or additionally equipped in the longitudinal direction of the platform 1 with a weight shifting device. According to FIG. 1, this can consist of a balance weight 20, which is movable along the rails 2 and which is preferably disposed beneath and midway between the two rails 2, or on each rail 2, and can be moved back and forth, for instance, by means of a rotatable spindle extending along the rails 2, or by a cylinder or an own drive. The movable balance weight can also however be constituted by a (trimming) fluid, which is bunkered in the submersible platform and is pumped back and forth along the submersible platform, for instance by means of a fluid pump.
Finally, the submersible platform 1 according to the invention is fixed or anchored to the bottom (seabed) by at least one flexible cable. In the present case, the flexible cable consists of a mooring chain 22 having a predetermined excess length, which is fixed to a holding device 24 (for instance a concrete block or an anchor) on the bottom. The free end of the mooring chain 22 is fixed by cable sections or ropes 26 to a longitudinal end of the submersible platform 1 (preferably opposite to the at least one buoyancy body). Alternatively, the mooring chain can also be fastened directly to the submersible platform. In addition, other mooring variants, such as, for example, a taunt mooring, are possible.
The working method of the wave power plant according to the invention is described below.
As a result of the plurality of coupling bodies 4 (at least one coupling body is already sufficient for the functionality of the plant), in the represented wave power plant a torque Me is in the present case respectively transmitted in the clockwise direction into the submersible platform 1, in which case the plant according to FIGS. 1 and 2 is flowed over from left to right, i.e. the direction of propagation of the wave is oriented substantially in the direction of the longitudinal extent of the plant. The weight force Fg of the mooring chain 22 here leads, together with the non-symmetrically filled buoyancy bodies/ballast tanks 16, 18, to a torque which is directed oppositely to the clockwise direction. That is to say, the buoyancy bodies/ballast tanks 16, 18 are filled with air such that, if no torque were tapped from the coupling bodies, the submersible platform would pivot counterclockwise from the horizontal into a vertical alignment.
This torque (counterclockwise) can be adjusted by the non-uniform (air) filling of the buoyancy bodies/ballast tanks 16 and 18 such that the total sum of the torques gives zero. In this case, the entire plant remains stable, preferably in horizontal alignment, as is represented in FIGS. 1 and 2. By adjusting the symmetry/non-symmetry of the buoyancy, the active torque can consequently be adapted to various operating states which can arise from different wave heights and/or submersion depths and/or tapped torques.
At this point, it should be pointed out that the weight force Fg of the mooring chain 22 changes in dependence on its chain length hanging from the submersible platform 1. That is to say that the mooring chain 22 independently applies a force Fg which dynamically opposes a floating motion of the submersible platform 1, whereby the platform 1 is kept in horizontal alignment. It is also possible to counteract such rotatory floating motions of the submersible platform 1 by dynamic filling and emptying of the individual buoyancy bodies 16, 18.
Additionally or alternatively to the buoyancy bodies 16, 18, a countertorque acting counter to the sum of the individual torques Me can also be achieved by a (fixed) non-symmetrical weight distribution with respect to the geometric center point of the wave power plant, to be precise with a high plant weight on that side of the submersible platform 1 which is facing the incoming wave (that longitudinal side of the submersible platform 1 to which also the mooring chain 22 is fixed) and with a low plant weight on that side of the submersible platform 1 which is facing away from the incoming wave. In principle, the plant weight is not however adaptable to different operating states unless the plant weight is altered in terms of the center of gravity by the balance weight 20 displaceable along the rails 2 and/or by the pumpable trimming fluid.
In conclusion of the above description of the first illustrative embodiment of the invention, it should be pointed out that the four aforementioned measures, namely
shifting of the center of gravity of the plant weight by dynamic lengthening of the mooring chain part 22 hanging from the platform,
shifting of the center of gravity of the wave power plant by longitudinal displacement of the balance weight 20 and/or by recirculation of trimming fluid along the submersible platform,
non-symmetrical buoyancy by individual (gas) filling of buoyancy bodies/ballast tanks 16, 18 fixed at least to one of the longitudinally spaced ends of the submersible platform 1, and
active (static) non-symmetrical weight distribution of the wave power plant in the longitudinal direction of the submersible platform 1,
can be realized individually, or in any chosen mutual combination, in the wave power plant according to the invention in order to be able to keep this in position in accordance with its predetermined use. Nor are the coupling bodies, represented in greater detail in FIGS. 3 and 4, limited to the shown embodiments, but rather other designs for a drag-type turbine and/or buoyancy-type turbine (or a combination of these), which generate a common rotational direction and a torque aligned in the same direction, can be adopted.
A further illustrative embodiment of the invention is represented in FIGS. 5 to 7.
In this case also, the wave power plant consists of a submersible platform 1 having two longitudinally spaced, parallel-running rails 2 (or lattice frame constructions), which are mechanically connected to each other on at least one (axial) end portion by a transverse beam to form a structure (lattice frame), and on the preferably opposite end portion of which are disposed at least one, in the present case two buoyancy bodies in the form of ballast tanks or volume-variable cushions.
Disposed in an orbitally rotatable manner between the rails 2 is at least one coupling body 4, the design structure of which corresponds to the coupling bodies described with respect to the first illustrative embodiment. At this point, it should also be pointed out that also a plurality of coupling bodies 4 can be arranged in parallel spacing between the two rails 2.
Alternatively to two rails with coupling bodies arranged in-between, a rail in the form of a middle rib with coupling bodies disposed on both sides can also be provided.
The (each) coupling body 4 can additionally have on its end sides (end faces) a flow guiding element (a type of winglet) 28, preferably in the form of an elliptical disk (does not necessarily have to be circular), which is aligned substantially perpendicular to the coupling body longitudinal axis (bearing axle 6). These circular disks have the task of avoiding a situation in which the water flow "slides off" via the end faces of the coupling bodies and thus of reducing the induced drag (turbulent wake) on the coupling bodies. The efficiency of the wave power plant can thus be increased. At this point, it should further be pointed out that these flow guiding elements 28 are usable also with the coupling bodies of the first illustrative embodiment and, in general, with any coupling body shape.
The coupling body (bodies) 4 is (are) articulately attached to the rails 2 by levers in order to be able to perform an orbital motion about the pivot points. Alternatively, they can however be fastened (for instance welded) eccentrically to the circular disks, so that, if the circular disks are mounted centrally, a corresponding lever arm and an orbital mobility are obtained.
Finally, from an axial end portion of the rails 2, preferably that end portion on which the transverse beam (transverse strut) is installed between the rails 2, is hung a mooring chain 22, which is fastened by two ropes or cables 26 to the two ends of the two rails 2 or to the transverse beam and is anchored to the bottom.
The working method of the wave power plant according to the second preferred illustrative embodiment of the invention is described below:
In the inventive embodiment, the frame of the wave power plant is disposed, in a state without wave motion, broadly perpendicularly, closely beneath the water surface. As is represented in FIG. 5, the at least one floating or buoyancy body/ballast tank 18 is disposed on the now upper longitudinal end of the submersible platform 1, whereas the, in this position, lower longitudinal end of the submersible platform 1 is fastened to the seabed by the mooring 22, for instance a catenary mooring, taunt mooring or tension leg mooring. In the present case, the at least one coupling body 4 is placed roughly halfway up between the rails 2, yet an arrangement at some other position is also conceivable. The components of the wave power plant have all in all a neutral buoyancy, i.e. the buoyancy body or bodies/ballast tank(s) 18 counterbalance the weight force of the platform 1, of the coupling bodies and of the mooring 22 and keep the plant at a predetermined water depth. The coupling body, in itself, already has a largely neutral buoyancy.
If the coupling body/bodies 4 are now set in orbital motion, by a wave motion, then, when torque is tapped at the crank mechanisms, the corresponding total torque is transmitted into the frame. This inevitably leads to a tilting tendency of the frame 1 (in the rotational direction of the coupling bodies), as has been described also in connection with the first illustrative embodiment of the invention. Given a wave which, according to FIG. 5, advances from left to right, the platform 1 tilts from left to right. The forces which, as a result of the mooring 22 and the buoyancy bodies/ballast tanks 18, act on the frame 1 produce a torque, however, which is directed counter to the torque induced by the wave motion and which is dependent on the degree of tilting (see, in particular, FIG. 7). With increasing tilting, this torque rises, so that, at a 90° tilt (platform 1 is now horizontally aligned), the countertorque maximum is reached.
If the buoyancy body or bodies/ballast tanks 18 are designed such that the maximally occurring plant tilt is reached at a tilt less than or equal to 90°, then the plant, in dependence on the tapped torque, will always swing back and forth between an angle of 0° to 90°. The magnitude of superimposed oscillations of the total system due to the orbital motion of the water molecules, which orbital motion acts also on the frame, is here estimated to be relatively small and is therefore likely to have no significant influence on the equalizing motions of the frame 1.
As an alternative embodiment to the above-described second illustrative embodiment of the invention, the mooring 22 is likewise fastened to the upper platform end or a middle portion (together with the buoyancy bodies/ballast tanks 18), whereas to the lower longitudinal end there is fitted an additional weight (not shown), which, upon deflection, gives rise to a countertorque. Alternatively or additionally, the lower longitudinal end can also be realized with a greater density. For these cases, a change in the weight force of the mooring is not important. The torque changes also in the event of constant mooring force, as a result of deflection of the weight and/or of the buoyancy body.
The proposed torque balancing concept works particularly advantageously if the torque tapped at the plant is constant. The plant will then adjust essentially at a constant angle relative to the vertical. Via the adaptation of the buoyancy bodies/ballast tanks 18, an optimal operating point for such a quasi-stationary case is also easily adjustable. Yet even if the torque is not constant, no abrupt changes of angle are obtained, so that, if the 90° threshold relative to the vertical is neared, an adaptation of the buoyancy body/ballast tank 18 can be successfully achieved in order to avoid excess swinging of the frame 1.
A fundamental advantage of the plant which is self-adjusting in the manner described above consists in the fact that, given high waves with potentially large torques and a correspondingly strong lateral deflection of the plant, a greater submersion depth of the coupling body 4, with correspondingly smaller orbital velocities and thus lower energy input, automatically arises due to the tilting of the plant. This behavior therefore offers a certain overload protection.
Furthermore, an important point for the functionality of the proposed concepts is a self-alignment of the frame 1 relative to the incident flow, so that the coupling body/bodies 4 are essentially always flowed against transversely to their bearing axle 6. Such self-alignment can be improved, for instance, by additional elements, the flow resistance of which is heavily direction-dependent and which are arranged in the plant such that the smallest resistance is obtained if the coupling body 4 is transversely flowed against. For instance, said additional elements could be constituted by the above-described face plates/disks on both ends of the coupling body 4, which can axially protrude clearly beyond the coupling beam 4 and are dimensioned such that they can assume this additional function. In addition, between these two face disks, yet further disks with the same spatial orientation can be fitted to the coupling bodies. This leads to significantly enhanced self-alignment and additionally to higher rigidity of the coupling body system.
The configuration of the wave power plant according to the second preferred illustrative embodiment of the invention makes it possible to provide a system which is self-adjusting with respect to countertorque generation and which passively makes do without intervening adjustment. A particularly robust, unobtrusive system, which, in particular, can also be designed relatively small, is thereby achieved. Ideally, the system can make do with just one coupling element, wherein, for example, both drag-type turbines, as well as buoyancy-type turbines, and a combination of the two, are here possible.
Finally, reference should also be made to the particular design principle for a wave power plant having a submersible platform 1 according to FIGS. 8 and 9.
In principle, the submersible platform or the frame 1, in particular according to the first preferred illustrative embodiment of the invention, can have a longitudinal extent of up to several 100 m. It is here advantageous to tailor the length of the submersible platform 1 to the likely wave lengths such that it extends preferably over at least two wave lengths. This can have the effect that the forces acting directly thereon are counterbalanced and therefore the submersible platform 1 lies relatively still in the water. The problem is here, however, the inner stability of the platform 1, which must also withstand extreme weather influences, such as storms. Large platform lengths thus lead to very high structural costs, for which reason, according to the invention, platforms with length << (much smaller than) two wave lengths are considered advantageous.
At this point, it should also be pointed out that water molecules close to the water surface move more vigorously than in greater water depths. The invention now utilizes this fact in two respects:
On the one hand, the submersible platform 1 according to the invention is kept in water depths close to the water surface in order to apply as high external forces as possible to the coupling bodies 4 and thus boost the economy of the plant. In the case of storms or other events which could lead to an overload, a descent of the submersible platform 1 into greater water depths with lesser fluid motion can be provided according to the invention. On the other hand, a so-called damping plate 32 is used to stabilize the platform 1, which damping plate is disposed in greater water depths and is connected to the submersible platform 1 by a coupling device 30.
A damping plate 32 is a planar structure having a highest possible flow resistance. It can also be equipped with a breached surface (holed, perforated, grilled surface, etc.). This damper plate 32 is aligned horizontally (see FIG. 8) and/or vertically (see. FIG. 9) in the water and thus forms a force application surface for the water. The coupling device 30 is preferably rigid and is formed, for instance, by pillars which extend perpendicularly to the platform 1 and which are fixed on the end to the submersible platform 1 and to the damper plate 32 so as to be able to transmit tensile and compressive forces. The damper plate 32 which is thus connected to the submersible platform 1 and which resides at greater water depth thus dampingly opposes a motion of the submersible platform 1 and keeps this in position. The submersible platform 1 can thus be reduced in its length, which leads to corresponding cost savings in respect of the submersible platform. In the extreme case, a single coupling body can be combined with such a damper plate, though the dimensions of the damper plate and of the submersible platform do not have to tally, as represented. Moreover, it is possible to use a plurality of separate damper plates, respectively connected to the submersible platform. In addition, at variance with the representation, a different alignment of the damping plate is also possible, for example largely perpendicularly, or a combination of differently aligned damping plates in order to be able to support forces/moments in a different direction.
The above-described illustrative embodiments basically relate to plants in which a (reaction) torque induced into the platform 1 by the coupling bodies 4 in the course of the energy conversion, as a result of selected weight and/or buoyancy distribution along the platform 1, is opposed by a compensating torque or countertorque in order to keep the platform 1 in a certain spatial position with respect to the gravitational force vector and balance it out. Accordingly, all previous illustrative embodiments are founded on the basic principle of producing a torque equilibrium at the platform 1.
At the same time, there is also in principle, however, the possibility of forestalling the induction of a torque as a result of the energy conversion at the at least one coupling body 4, i.e. of "using up" (compensating) the resultant reaction moment before it is induced into the platform 1. This is achieved by combining the above-described first embodiment of the invention according to FIG. 1 with the further embodiment according to FIG. 5, though all further auxiliary measures according to the other illustrative embodiments can, of course, likewise be applied.
In other words, it is provided according to FIG. 10 to mount rotatably on the platform 1 according to FIG. 1, instead of the coupling bodies which are shown there, at least one (or a plurality of longitudinally spaced) rack(s) 1a, as is disclosed, for instance, in FIG. 5 on the basis of the platform which is shown there. That is to say, in the platform 1 (according to FIG. 1) are rotatably mounted, in longitudinal spacing, racks 1a (corresponding to small platforms 1), essentially consisting of two longitudinal rails, which are connected by transverse beams to form a lattice frame and on which the coupling body/bodies 4 are mounted for an orbital motion relative to the rack 1a. Here too, two longitudinal rails do not have to be used. In principle, one is sufficient. This could be arranged in the middle with two coupling bodies, yet one lateral rail is also sufficient.
The thus constructed rack 1a has at one longitudinal end one or more buoyancy bodies 16 and at the opposite longitudinal end one or more weights (masses) 14, so that the rack 1a is aligned substantially vertically and thus perpendicularly to the (large) platform 1. However, a combination of weight and buoyancy is not absolutely necessary. A weight or a buoyancy would also suffice.
If a (useful) torque is now tapped at the rack la mounted rotatably on the platform 1 (corresponds to the platform 1 according to FIG. 5 in downsized version), then this leads to a tilting of the rack 1a relative to the gravitational force vector (as represented in FIG. 7) about the rotational axis on the platform 1, wherein the continuing tilting motion, as a result of the buoyancy force and the down force, as well as the respectively growing length of the resultant lever arm, leads to a rising countertorque at the rack 1a. As a result, the induced (reaction) torque is captured ("spent") in the rotatable rack 1a and is not transmitted to the substantially horizontally aligned base frame (platform 1). The reaction moment is thus "spent" or compensated by the countertorque 1a already in the rack, before it is induced into the platform 1.
According to FIG. 10, the rotatable rack 1a, in this particular embodiment, is mounted in its middle region on the platform 1. In one modification, the at least one rotatable rack 1a is mounted in the region of its lower end (in the region of its auxiliary weight 14) on the horizontal platform 1 (in this case, no weight would be placed here). Another modification provides to mount the at least one rack 1a rotatably in the region of its upper end (in the region of its buoyancy bodies 16) on the horizontal platform 1 (in this case without buoyancy bodies). In all described modifications, the total construction possesses, however, a substantially neutral overall buoyancy.
In order to keep the platform 1 as stable as possible in the water, it can be designed, given large extent, with high Cw values (this applies also to FIGS. 1 and 2). As a result, forces are transmitted into the total plant not only via the coupling bodies 4, but also via the horizontal frame 1 (platform 1). This has the advantage, given a fixed number of coupling bodies 4, that, if the platform length is adequate, a stable platform position arises irrespective of the current (sea) wave length, since a substantial share of the forces is transmitted through the frame.
Alternatively, the configuration of the horizontal frame (platform) 1 as a heave plate having upwardly projecting suspension mountings 34 for the vertical racks 1a is also possible, as is represented in FIGS. 11 and 12 (is not necessarily a damping plate, can also simply be a more deeply arranged frame). Hence the suspension mountings 34 can be formed by singular support struts (see FIG. 11) or respectively by a framework or bipod (see FIG. 12). Still greater plant stability can thereby be achieved, since the center of gravity of the plant ends up below the pivot axes of the racks 1a.
A rotatable mounting of the vertical racks 1a not only about the horizontal, but also about the vertical axis is also conceivable in this case. In this event, it would no longer be necessary for the horizontal frame (platform) 1 configured as a heave plate to align itself relative to the incident flow, as has been described above. The alignment could then be realized by the also vertically rotatably mounted rack 1a. Alternatively, a configuration of the platform/racks using compression members and cable stays is also conceivable.
REFERENCE SYMBOL LIST
1 platform 1a rack (small platform) 2 rails 4 coupling body 6 bearing axle 8 lever 100 rotational axis or mounting axle 12 blade 14 weight 16, 18 buoyancy bodies 20 sliding weight 22 mooring chain 24 anchorage 26 ropes 28 flow guiding element 30 coupling element 32 damping plate 34 suspension mountings
Patent applications by Benjamin Hagemann, Gerlingen DE
Patent applications by Nik Scharmann, Bietigheim-Bissingen DE
Patent applications by Robert Bosch GMBH
Patent applications in class Having relatively movable working members
Patent applications in all subclasses Having relatively movable working members | 48,369 | 119 |
439,599 | Pump Up Your Book’s 1st Annual Holiday Extravaganza Facebook Chat Party!Announcements, Featured, What's New? — By Dorothy Thompson on November 20, 2011 at 12:36 am
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Now would you like to see who is on our distinguished guest list? Sure you would! Be sure to scroll down to see what prizes you can win!!!
Participating Guest Authors
Noah Baird wanted to attend the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College, but his grades weren’t good enough (who knew?). However, his grades were good enough to fly for the U.S. Navy (again, who knew?), where he spent 14 years until the government figured out surfers don’t make the best military aviators. He has also tried to be a stand-up comedian in Hawaii for Japanese tourists where the language barrier really screwed up some great jokes. On the bright side, a sailboat was named after the punchline of one of his jokes. He has several political satire pieces published on The Spoof under the pen name orioncrew. Noah received his bachelors in Historical and Political Sciences from Chaminade University, where he graduated magna cum laude. He knows nothing about hoaxing Bigfoot. Donations to Clarity is his first novel. You can visit his website at www.noahbaird.com or his blog at www.noahbaird.wordpress.com. Connect with him at Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/pages/Noah-Baird-Writer/100193913390453.
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Roger Bagg was born in Baltimore, Maryland and does have a birth certificate from Baltimore City Hospital. He is a practicing veterinarian near Boulder, Colorado and jointly owns a small animal hospital. His outside interests include camping, hiking, jogging, skiing, hunting and most other activities except skydiving and bungee jumping. He is a motorcycle enthusiast owning both a Kawasaki and a Yamaha.
You can find out more at http://www.fictionstudio.com
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Jeanne Bannon has worked in the publishing industry for over twenty years. She began her career as a freelance journalist, then worked as an in-house editor for LexisNexis Canada. Jeanne currently works as a freelance editor and writer. Jeanne’s had several short stories published and won first place in the Writes of Caledon Short Story Contest. Her novels, The Barely Boy and Dark Angel were finalists in the 2010 and 2011 Strongest Start Contests. Another of her short stories “Thom’s Journey” is part of an Anthology entitled A Visitor to Sandahl and is available at Amazon.com. Invisible, Jeanne’s debut novel, is about a teenage girl who isn’t happy with herself and wishes she could disappear. And one day she does. Invisible is available on Amazon, Smashwords, and the Solstice Publishing website. When not reading or writing, Jeanne enjoy being with her daughters, Nina and Sara and her husband, David. She’s also the proud mother of two fur babies, a sweet Miniature Schnauzer named Emily and Spencer, a rambunctious tabby, who can be a very bad boy. To learn more about Jeanne, visit her at her website www.jeannebannon.com. You can also find her on Facebook and Twitter
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Deborah Barnes currently resides in South Florida and after an unexpected life changing event, she decided to follow her dreams of becoming an author and used the relationship of her cats as inspiration for her first book, The Chronicles of Zee & Zoey: A Journey of Extraordinarily Ordinary. She also writes the popular blog, Zee & Zoey’s Chronicle Connection, that is a collection of beautiful photos, artwork, and heartfelt stories about her feline crew. You can visit Deborah’s blog at http://www.zeezoey.com. New and beautiful website coming soon! Connect with her on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/zeeandzoey and Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/zeezoey.
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Dr. Karen Mueller Bryson is an optioned screenwriter, produced playwright and published novelist. She is the author of several romantic comedy novels for adults and is the creator of Short on Time books, a series of fast-paced and fun novels readers can finish in one sitting. The Incredibly Awesome Adventures of Puggie Liddell is Karen’s first novel for young people. For additional information about Karen Mueller Bryson, visit her website: http://www.ahorsewithnoname.com
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R. G. Bullet was born in Berkshire, UK. After living in nine different countries he has finally settled in Miami Beach, USA. He is addicted to tea, reading, writing, motorbikes and shamefully, Call of Duty. His middle grade debut novel: The 58th Keeper has just been released. To learn more go to: http://www.rgbullet.com/
Follow him on Twitter: http://twitter.com/#!/RGBullet58
and join the fan page for the latest updates and fun competitions
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Debra Burroughs grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area during a tumultuous time when the Civil Rights Movement was gearing up and racial tensions were mounting. Her parents moved the family to a more peaceful small town in the Central Valley of California. Over the years, with a large Mexican family, she heard many stories about their history, particularly from her mother and grandmother. As she would relay these colorful and heart-wrenching family stories to her friends, many times she would hear them say, “You should really write a book about that.” After continual encouragement and gentle prodding from her husband, she finally decided to do it. Now that their children are grown and gone, Debra has found a quiet place to write in their home in Boise, Idaho. She Had No Choice is her second novel. You can visit Debra Burroughs’ blog at www.DebraBurroughsBooks.com.
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Winslow Buxton is a retired Navy Commander and helicopter pilot who received his Masters of Science in Information Technology and Management from the Navy Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. After retiring from the Navy, he worked as a Knowledge Systems Architect Consultant, helping multiple Navy and Air Force Commands initiate and develop their Knowledge Management Programs. He currently resides in Gulf Breeze, Florida with his wife, Bonnie. CyberLife is his first novel.
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Anneke Campbell has worked as a midwife, nurse, masseuse, prenatal yoga teacher, college teacher of English, and writer in a number of genres. She has won awards for poetry, for one piece of journalism and one television script. She writes and co-produces videos for environmental and social justice organizations, and co-wrote a manual for activists, “Be The Change: How To Get What You Want in Your Community.” In 2010 she edited an anthology on women’s leadership: “Moonrise: The Power of Women Leading from the Heart.” She is currently a doctoral student at the California Institute for Integral Studies. An earlier version of her novel Slouching Towards Bellingham appeared in print in 2004, under the title Mary of Bellingham. You can visit her on Twitter at www.twitter.com/annekecampbell and facebook at https://www.facebook.com/pages/Slouching-Towards-Bellingham/183127415036037.
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Emlyn Chand has always loved to hear and tell stories, having emerged from the womb with a fountain pen grasped firmly in her left hand (true story). When she’s not writing, she runs a large book club in Ann Arbor and is the president of author PR firm, Novel Publicity. Emlyn loves to connect with readers and is available throughout the social media interweb. Visit www.emlynchand.com for more info. Don’t forget to say “hi” to her sun conure Ducky! Farsighted is her latest book. Visit her at Facebook at www.facebook.com/emlynchand and Twitter at www.twitter.com/emlynchand!
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Greg Chapman is an emerging dark fiction author from Australia. In 2009 he was selected in the Australian Horror Writers Association’s Mentor Program under the tutelage of Melbourne author Brett McBean. Since then he has had short stories published in The Absent Willow Review, Trembles Magazine and Morpheus Tales and Eclecticism. Damnation Books published his first novella “Torment” in March 2011 and will release his second, “The Noctuary” in December 2011. Apart from his writing ability, Chapman is also an accomplished horror artist with publication credits in Midnight Echo Magazine and Andromeda Spaceways Inflight Magazine. He is currently illustrating a graphic novel for horror authors Rocky Wood and Lisa Morton, to be published by McFarland in early 2012. You can find him on the web at www.darkscrybe.blogspot.com
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Braxton A. Cosby is a dreamer with a vision of continuously evolving and maximizing the untapped potential of the human spirit. Braxton received a lot of his inspiration from watching the accomplishments and exploits of his famous uncle, comedic legend Bill Cosby. A physical therapist by background, Braxton received his Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate from the University of Miami. Braxton’s fascination of science grew into an obsession of Sci-fi and on one unassuming Sunday, this self-proclaimed romantic decided to pursue a “calling” to create a new genre of writing; Sci-Fance- mixing science fiction and romance. Braxton lives in Georgia with his wife and two children. He believes that everyone should pursue joy that surpasses understanding and live each day as if it were the last. His latest book is the young adult science fiction novel, The Star-Crossed Saga: Protostar. You can visit his website at www.braxtonacosbygodson.com or connect with him on Twitter at www.twitter.com/cosbykid84 or Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000215860223.
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Sheila Dalton was born in England and came to Canada with her family at the age of six. She studied English Language and Literature at the University of Toronto. She has worked as a barmaid, an art gallery assistant, and an independent craftsperson and artist. Sheila was a freelance writer and editor for many years before becoming an Adult Services Librarian for the Toronto Public Library. She lives in Newmarket, Ontario with her husband and two cats. She has written over ten books, including a collection of adult poetry, three children’s picture books, a literary novel, and a YA mystery which was shortlisted for a major Canadian crime writer’s award, the Arthur Ellis. You can read more about The Girl in the Box and Sheila’s other her work at her website: http://sheila-anne-dalton.com
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Joann Harris was born in Durham, North Carolina. She has three wonderful children. She started writing at the age of nine years old, just little stories, and really got into horror at the age of nineteen. It was at that point that she knew she was meant to be a horror writer, even though she tried to write other genres.
Rise of the Vampire is her first book.
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Laura McHale Holland’s memoir, Reversible Skirt won a silver medal in the 2011 Readers Favorite book awards. Her stories and articles have appeared in such publications as Every Day Fiction Three, Wisdom Has a Voice, the Vintage Voices anthologies, NorthBay biz magazine, the Noe Valley Voice and the original San Francisco Examiner. A member of both Redwood Writers and the Storytelling Association of California, Laura has been a featured teller at the Lake Tahoe Storytelling Festival.
You can visit her website at http://lauramchaleholland.com.
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A. Demethius Jackson, is a graduate of American University’s School of Communications in Washington, DC. His written works span numerous forms of media such as music and television, and he has held positions at national and international media companies.
The Realmsic Conquest is his first novel.
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Jahzara, the Savvy Diva knew since the moment she received allocates and laughter from her comedic short stories in grade school, that she wanted to be a writer. Passionate about the sweet taste of cake and cupcakes with butter crème frosting, paved a creative yet intuitive journey for Jahzara’s writing as she discovered unique variations to describe her love for delectable milk chocolate. She would later learn in her early twenties that she was addicted to the continuous tingling sensation she felt upon consumption of both her writing and sweet chocolate desserts. Jahzara holds a Master’s of Creative Writing Degree from Full Sail University and a Bachelor’s of Arts Degree in Journalism & Mass Media and Communications from the University of the District of Columbia. 44 Days of Random Thoughts and Observations is Savvy Diva’s first book. You can visit Jahzara at http://www.jahphut.com.
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Carole Eglash-Kosoff lives and writes in Valley Village, California. She graduated from UCLA and spent her career in business, teaching, and traveling. She has visited more than seventy countries. An avid student of history, she researched the decades preceding and following the Civil War for nearly three years, including time in Louisiana, the setting for Winds of Change and her earlier novel, When Stars Align. It is a story of bi-racial love. It is a story of war, reconstruction, and racism, but primarily, it is a story of hope. This is her third book. In 2006, following the death of her husband, she volunteered to teach in South Africa. Her first book, The Human Spirit – Apartheid’s Unheralded Heroes, tells the true life stories of an amazing array of men and women who have devoted their lives during the worst years of apartheid to help the children, the elderly, and the disabled of the townships. These people cared when no one else did and their efforts continue to this day. Her second book, When Stars Align, chronicles the Civil War and Reconstruction through the love affair of Amy, a white girl, and Thaddeus, a colored man born of the rape of an eleven year old slave girl and the teen heir to Moss Grove. You can visit her website at www.windsofchange-thebook.com or connect with her at Facebook at www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=553077163.
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Dianne Hartsock lives in the beautiful Willamette Valley of Oregon with her incredibly patient husband, who puts up with the endless hours she spends hunched over the keyboard letting her characters play.
She says Oregon’s raindrops are the perfect setting in which to write her tails. There’s something about being cooped up in the house while it pours rain outside and a fire crackles on the hearth inside that kindles her imagination.
The intricate and fragile nature of the mind is always fascinating. Having worked with the public through various careers, Dianne has come to respect the resilience and strength of the human spirit. She’s always trying to capture that spirit in her writing.
Currently, Dianne works as a floral designer in a locally-owned gift shop, which she says is the perfect job for her. When not writing, she can express herself through the rich colors and textures of flowers and foliage.
Dianne’s books include Trials of a Lonely Specter and Alex.
You can visit Dianne Hartsock at: http://diannehartsocksalex.wordpress.com/.
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Although her background has been in business, K.S. Krueger has always loved to write. She has written poetry and several children’s stories originally for her eldest daughter. Kim enjoys the idea of seeing the world through the eyes of her imagination and finds herself submerged in the worlds she creates. Imagination has never been in short supply ever since she was a child.
Because her Traegonia series rides a fine line between fantasy and reality, it calls each reader to decide for themselves if they BELIEVE! Kim has always believed that when you find something you truly love to do, even if you think it is just a dream, find your passion, the gift that is within you, believe in yourself and follow that dream. “Let yourself be open to the possibilities that await. You never know where they might take you.”
Kim is a wife, mother, daughter, sister and friend. She is a writer, businesswoman, Reiki practitioner and spiritual person. She loves animals, nature and kids. Kim has lived in the Suburbs of Chicago all her life. She is creative and always tries to foster creativity in her own children as well as in others. You can visit Kim’s website at www.WorldOfTraegonia.com.
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J.M. Krumbine is the author behind the pulse pounding, wisecracking Alex Cheradon Series, the dead soul hunting Grym Brothers Series (including Two and a Half Dead Men, The Dead Couple and Better Off Dead), and the tongue-in-cheek paranormal romance “A Graveyard Romance.” His latest book is a romantic suspense novel titled Outlawed Love. You can visit his website at www.jasonkrumbine.com or visit him at Twitter at www.twitter.com/jasonkrumbine and Facebook at www.facebook.com/jmkwriter. You can also email him at email@example.com.
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Stephan Labossiere is a man on a mission to help men and women experience more successful and authentic relationships. He knows firsthand how challenging the male and female dynamic can be and strives to bridge the gap of communication between the sexes. The only male in a family of three older sisters, one of whom is his twin, Stephan has learned early on to take the time to understand and embrace the inner workings of a woman’s mind. Stephan grew up in Miami, Fl before moving to and settling in Atlanta, Ga. He has worked as an entrepreneur for the past ten years and, most recently, has served as a Life Coach as well as a relationship consultant to married and dating couples. In addition, Stephan is a motivational speaker conducting speaking engagements with topics such as personal and spiritual growth, financial stability and relationships. How To Get A Married Woman To Have Sex With You…If You’re Her Husband is his first book in a series aimed to break down the barriers and turn the battle of the sexes into nothing more than a pillow fight with a mutually pleasing ending. You can visit Stephan Labossiere’s website at www.StephanL.com or his blog at http://stephanl03.blogspot.com/. Connect with him at Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/ManLikeNoOtha and Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=527211929.
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Dee A. Levy is the founder of the nonprofit organization Cross Dressers Wives, whose mission is to provide a safe environment for cross dressers’ wives everywhere. Since 2006, the website www.crossdresserswives.com has emerged as one of the top support sites designed to address the needs of all women who are (or were) involved in an intimate relationship with a cross dresser. The Forum encourages cross dressers’ wives from across the globe to reach out and anonymously share their experiences in an effort to learn from each other without fear of being judged or humiliated. Levy holds degrees in women’s studies and education. B. Sheffield Hunt is a writer, producer, and artist living in Hollywood, California, who holds a degree in fine art and is also the cover illustrator of The Cross Dresser’s Wife: Our Secret Lives. You can visit the authors’ website at www.crossdresserswives.com.
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Terri Giuliano Long is the bestselling author of the award-winning novel In Leah’s Wake. Books offer her a zest for life’s highs and comfort in its lows. She’s all-too-happy to share this love with others as a novelist and a writing teacher at Boston College. Her life outside of books is devoted to her family. In her spare time, she enjoys walking, traveling to far-flung places, and meeting interesting people. True to her Italian-American heritage, she’s an enthusiastic cook and she loves fine wine and good food. In an alternate reality, she could have been very happy as an international food writer. Terri loves meeting and connecting with people who share her passions. You can visit her website at www.tglong.com or connect with her on Twitter at http://twitter.com/#!/tglong and Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/tglongwrites.
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Jacqueline T. Lynch’s novels are available as ebooks from Amazon.com, Barnes & Noble, and Smashwords. Several of her plays have been published and produced around the U.S., Canada, and one of which was translated into Dutch and performed several times in the Netherlands. Her ONE GOOD TURN premiered as a winner of the 2011 Northern Kentucky University Y.E.S. Festival. Her one-act play IN MEMORY OF TRIXIE GAZELLE was chosen as a winner in the 2010 Nor’Eastern Playwright’s Showcase of the Vermont Actors’ Repertory Theatre in Rutland, Vermont. She has published articles and short fiction in regional and national publications, including the anthology “60 Seconds to Shine: 161 Monologues from Literature” (Smith & Kraus, 2007), North & South, Civil War Magazine, History Magazine, and writes Another Old Movie Blog and New England Travels blog. Beside the Still Waters is her sixth book. For more information, please visit her website at www.JacquelineTLynch.com
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Cheryl Malandrinos is a freelance writer, children’s author and editor. Her first children’s book, Little Shepherd, was released in August 2010 by Guardian Angel Publishing. She is also a member of the SCBWI. Cheryl is a Tour Coordinator for Pump Up Your Book, a book reviewer, and blogger. She is also a former contributor for the Writer2Writer eZine. Ms. Malandrinos lives in Western Massachusetts with her husband and two children. She also has a son who is married. Visit Cheryl at her newly redesigned website http://ccmalandrinos.com/ or visit the Little Shepherd book blog at http://littleshepherdchildrensbook.blogspot.com/.
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When Beverly Stowe McClure was a kid she hated to read. Even though her eighth grade teacher sent her poem “Stars” to the National High School Poetry Association, and it was published in Young America Sings, an anthology of Texas high school poetry, she hated to write. In spite of her rocky relationship with the written word, she attended Midwestern University where she read too many books to count, graduated, and became a teacher, which meant more reading. As she read to her students and they read to her, she made an amazing discovery. Reading was fun. She also started writing. To her surprise many of her articles were published in leading children’s magazines, such as Humpty Dumpty, Jack and Jill, Ladybug, and Focus on the Family Clubhouse Jr. One of her articles was published in a PreK-K Scott Foresman anthology. She also has five novels for teens and two books for young readers published, along with a story in Chicken Soup for the Soul. Beverly has three sons and a bunch of grandkids. She and her husband live in the country where deer, skunks, and armadillos stop by for a visit. She writes most every day and usually has a book in one hand, with the vacuum, mop, skillet, or other household items in the other. Tumbleweed Christmas is Beverly’s latest release. Visit her online at: Website Address: http://beverlystowemcclure.wordpress.com Blog Address: http://beverlystowemcclure.blogspot.com Twitter URL: http://twitter.com/beverlymcclure Facebook URL: www.facebook.com/beverlysmcclure
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Jaime McDougall is a citizen of the world, currently loving life in beautiful country Victoria in Australia. She loves eating sushi, kidnapping her husband and naming her pets in honour of science fiction authors. She has been published in Chicken Soup for the Soul: High School: The Real Deal and Chicken Soup for the Soul: Campus Chronicles. So You Want to Write a Guest Post: An Author’s Guide to Promoting with Guest Blogging is her most recent non-fiction ebook. She has also enjoyed writing a column called ‘The New Australian’ in local newspapers as well as various articles online. Echo Falls is her first paranormal romance novel. You can visit her website at InkyBlots.com.
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Greg Messel has written three novels and three unpublished memoirs. He published his premiere novel “Sunbreaks” in 2009, followed by “Expiation” in 2010 and “The Illusion of Certainty” in 2011. Greg has had a newspaper career as a columnist, sportswriter and news editor. He won a Wyoming Press Association Award as a columnist. Greg also spent many years in the corporate world as a Financial Manager. He now devotes his energies to writing at his home in Edmonds, Washington on the Puget Sound just north of Seattle, where he lives with his wife, Carol. You can visit his website at www.gregmessel.com. Connect with Greg on Twitter at www.twitter.com/gregmessel or Facebook at www.facebook.com/greg.messel.
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Lisa Morton is the screenwriter of cult favorites Meet the Hollowheads and Blood Angels, and has also written numerous episodes of children’s animated series. She is a four-time winner of the Bram Stoker Award (including Superior Achievement in a First Novel for The Castle of Los Angeles), and her short fiction has appeared in such books and magazines as Dark Delicacies, The Living Dead, Cemetery Dance, The Mammoth Book of Dracula, and (forthcoming) Blood Lite 3. She is one of the world’s foremost authorities on Halloween, and her book The Halloween Encyclopedia was released in 2011 in a 2nd edition. Monsters of L.A. is her first collection. You can visit her website at www.lisamorton.com.
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Dr. Eric Osansky is a licensed healthcare professional who personally restored his health back to normal through natural treatment methods after being diagnosed with Graves’ Disease. He has also helped many others with hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease restore their health naturally, and is author of the book Natural Treatment Solutions For Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease. He also offers a free 42-page guide called “The 6 Steps On How To Treat Hyperthyroidism & Graves’ Disease Through Natural Methods”, which you can get by visiting www.GravesDiseaseBook.com. You can visit his website at: www.NaturalEndocrineSolutions.com
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Award-winning author Hank Quense lives in Bergenfield, NJ with his wife Pat. They have two daughters and five grandchildren. He writes humorous fantasy and sci-fi stories. On occasion, he also writes an article on fiction writing or book marketing but says that writing nonfiction is like work while writing fiction is fun. He refuses to write serious genre fiction saying there is enough of that on the front page of any daily newspaper and on the evening TV news. Zaftan Entrepreneurs is his latest work. In it, an alien mining ship discovers a planet that holds promise to be a mining bonanza. Unfortunately, it is inhabited by humans, dwarfs, elves and other races and they object to the mining expeditions. Hank’s previous works include Tales From Gundarland, a collection of fantasy stories. Readers Favorite awarded the book a medal and EPIC designated it a finalist in its 2011 competition. His Fool’s Gold is a retelling of the ancient Rhinegold myth and Tunnel Vision is a collection of twenty previously published short stories. Build a Better Story is a book of advice for fiction writers. Altogether, Hank has over forty published short stories and a number of nonfiction articles. He is presently working on novel that combines the plots and characters from Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Othello with the character Falstaff thrown in for good measure. Zaftan Miscreants: Book 2 of the Zaftan Trilogy was released on 10/15/11. Visit Hank online at http://Strangeworldsonline.com and http://hankquense.com. You can find his blog at http://hankquense.com/blog
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John Rosenman recently retired as an English professor at Norfolk State University where he designed and taught a course in how to write Science fiction and Fantasy. He is a former Chairman of the Board of the Horror Writers Association and has published approximately 350 stories in places such as Weird Tales, Whitley Strieber’s Aliens, Fangoria, Galaxy, The Age of Wonders, and the Hot Blood anthology series. John has published twenty books, including SF action/romantic adventure novels such as Beyond Those Distant Stars and Speaker of the Shakk (Mundania Press), A Senseless Act of Beauty (Crossroad Press), and Alien Dreams (Drollerie Press and Crossroad Press). Shorter books include A Mingling of Souls and Music Man (XoXo Publishing), Here Be Dragons (Eternal Press), The Voice of Many Waters (Blue Leaf Publications), Green in Our Souls (Damnation Books), and Bagonoun’s Wonderful Songbird and Childhood’s Day (Gypsy Shadow Publishing). Recent developments: MuseItUp Publishing published two novels, Dark Wizard and Dax Rigby, War Correspondent. Another SF novel, Inspector of the Cross, will appear in February. MuseItUp Publishing also published More Stately Mansions and The Blue of Her Hair, the Gold of Her Eyes, and it will release Steam Heat, a tale of erotic horror in December. Readers can visit John at his website, www.johnrosenman.com, and other sites:
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1164323809 and http://s631.photobucket.com/albums/uu31/jrosenman/.
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New York Times bestselling author Caitlin Rother has written or co-authored eight books, including her first novel, Naked Addiction, which comes out in January 2012. The others are Dead Reckoning (Kensington, February 2011), Twisted Triangle (Wiley, 2009), Body Parts (Kensington, 2008), Deadly Devotion (Simon&Schuster/Pocket, July 2011), and NYT bestseller My Life, Deleted (HarperOne, October 2011). Her latest true crime project, Lost Girls (Kensington, July 2012), chronicles the rape and murder of two innocents, teenagers Chelsea King and Amber Dubois, by sexual predator John Gardner. Rother, a Pulitzer-nominated investigative journalist with 270,000 copies of her books in print, has also been published in Cosmopolitan, the Los Angeles Times, The San Diego Union-Tribune, The Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Boston Globe, and The Daily Beast. She has done dozens of TV and radio appearances as a crime expert on E!, the Oxygen Network; Greta Van Susteren’sOn the Record, Investigation Discovery, America at Night, American Radio Network, XM and numerous NPR/PBS affiliates. Rother also works as a book doctor/editorial consultant and teaches journalism and creative writing at University of California San Diego Extension. Caitlin is presently on tour with her book, Poisoned Love. You can visit her website at http://caitlinrother.com or visit her at Twitter at www.twitter.com/caitlinrother or on Facebook at www.facebook.com/caitlinrother.com.
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Julie Smith is the award-winning author of twenty novels and as many short stories. She’s a former reporter for the New Orleans Times-Picayune and the San Francisco Chronicle, as well as a veteran of her own online writing school, plus an editorial service she founded with two other writers. She’s also taught writing at the University of New Orleans and in numerous private seminars. During her long career as a novelist, she has created four mystery series, including two set in New Orleans where she lives, featuring homicide detective Skip Langdon and poet/P.I. Talba Wallis. In 1991, she won the prestigious Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Novel. Counting all the novels, all the stories in all the anthologies, the odd essay, and a progressive novel or so, her publishers include just about every big publisher– Ballantine, St. Martin’s, Tor, Walker & Company, Knopf, Doubleday, Avon, Harper-Collins, Berkley, Warner, and Oxford University Press– plus some smaller ones, including Akashic Books, Carrol&Graf, Allen &Unwin, Taplinger, and Four Star. Her latest book is a how to writing book titled Writing Your Way: The Great American Novel Track. Visit her website at www.booksbnimble.com. Follow her on Twitter at http://twitter.com/#!/booksbnimble and Facebook at http://on.fb.me/nMW52h. She welcomes your email at Julie@booksbnimble.com.
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Whitney Stewart began writing young adult biographies and meditating after she met and interviewed the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, the subject of two of her books, and lived with a Tibetan family in India. For her next biographies, she trekked with Sir Edmund Hillary in Nepal, interviewed Burma’s Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi in her Rangoon home, and climbed along China’s Great Wall to research the lives of Deng Xiaoping and Mao Zedong. In 2004, Stewart published a picture book about the Buddha, which contains a foreword and a meditation suggestion from the 14th Dalai Lama. In addition to nonfiction books, Stewart has published three middle-grade novels. In August 2005, Stewart was trapped in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina and evacuated by helicopter from a rooftop. She returned home and volunteered as a creative writing teacher in the public schools. She discovered that her students suffered from post-Katrina stress. Using meditation, improvisation, and word play, Stewart taught her students to write about their lives. Her latest book is Give Me a Break: No-Fuss Meditation. You can find more about Whitney Stewart at her website at http://www.whitneystewart.com. Follow her at Twitter at www.twitter.com/mindfulneworlns and www.twitter.com/whitneystewart2 and Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/New.Orleans.Kids.Author.
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Glen C. Strathy started writing stories when he was 11 years old and too shy to have a life. He eventually found a life when he started acting in community theatre and met other writers, actors, dancers, and artists. He discovered that the best thing about performing arts (and other arts too) is that they give people more freedom to be who they want to be. After spending time as an actor, teacher, and freelance writer, he returned to his first love, fiction and wrote Dancing on the Inside, a novel for ages 9-12. Glen earned an M.A. in English from the University of Western Ontario, and graduated from the Artist in Community Education program at Queen’s University, Kingston. He co-authored two non-fiction books, one of which (The Coming Economic Collapse, Warner Business Books, 2006) became a New York Times Bestselling Business Book. He belongs to the Professional Writers Association of Canada (PWAC) and the Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators (SCBWI). His website www.how-to-write-a-book-now.com provides advice to budding authors. Glen lives with his wife, fellow writer Kaitlin Rainey, and their daughter in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. You can visit his website at www.glen-c-strathy.com. Visit him on Twitter at www.twitter.com/glencstrathy and Facebook at www.facebook.com/Glen.C.Strathy.author
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Eric Swanson graduated from Moody Bible Institute in Chicago with a MDIV degree. After Eric graduated he went on several short term mission trips and even applied for some long term missionary assignments. Eric also felt lead to seek out a job in a church setting, but the door for both domestic and international long term service was closed. Eric went through a time of wondering what his next step should be. He was encouraged on one short term missionary trip that his writing skills could be used to glory God and thus went to pursue a career in writing. His novel CLOSET is his first book and is currently looking for a way to get his second novel published with the potential title of OUTCAST. You can visit Eric at www.ericjohnswanson.com
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Sarah Tate is a single mother living and working in Switzerland. She arrived in Switzerland ten years ago and apart from a brief stay in France, has remained ever since, as Switzerland has become her adopted homeland. Sarah has three young kids, who take up most of her time, but she still managed to find time to write her first book ‘Web of Lies – My life with a Narcissist’. The book is an auto-biographical novel which describes in graphic details, the ups and downs of life with a person who suffers from (amongst other things) Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Web of Lies takes the reader on an emotional journey and gives a deep insight into what it’s like to be sucked into the world of a disordered individual, and more importantly, how to escape with your sanity intact. Her second book, Renaissance – A Journal of Discovery, is the sequel to Web of Lies. It describes the road to recovery from narcissistic abuse, and charts the progress of Sarah and her children as they rebuild their lives following the breakup of the family, and slowly come to terms with the financial and emotional devastation caused by Sarah’s ex. Sarah has discovered a passion for writing, and is about to embark upon her first novel, a psychological thriller. You can visit Sarah’s website at www.sarahtateauthor.com and her blog at www.singlemumsal.blogspot.com. Connect with Sarah at Twitter at www.twitter.com/SarahTateAuthor or Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/pages/Sarah-Tate-Author/358586909900.
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Dorothy Thompson is the compiler/editor/co-author of Romancing the Soul: True Stories of Soul Mates From Around the World and Beyond, as well as other relationship ebooks such as How to Find and Keep Your Soul Mate and 101 Facts You Never Knew About Soul Mates. Her relationship columns have appeared in eNotAlone, SistersDiva Magazine, MindBodySpirit Magazine, Singles Cafe, SinglesStop, Innerself, Single Again, Free Spirit Centre, Holistic Harmony, SpiritualMinds, Self-Growth, Into the Mystic, Romance Stuck and many other relationship ezines as well as The Eastern Shore News and The Daily Times, both Gannet Publications. She has been featured in the supermarket tabloid, OK! Magazine as well as appearing as a special guest on many radio programs including Lifetime Radio, Single Talk, Cuzzin Eddie Show and A Book and a Chat. Her many upcoming projects include a self-help book titled The Soul Mate Triangle: Unlocking the Mysteries of the Soul Mate Relationship (due to be released by Zumaya Publications in 2013) and several other books in various stages of production. Dorothy is also CEO/Founder of Pump Up Your Book, an innovative public relations agency specializing in online book publicity and social media. You can visit her website at www.PumpUpYourBook.com or follow her on Twitter at www.twitter.com/pumpupyourbook and Facebook at www.facebook.com/pumpupyourbook. Dorothy lives on the beautiful island of Chincoteague, Virginia.
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Karen Pokras Toz is a writer, wife, and mom. Karen grew up in the small town of Orange, Connecticut and graduated from Ithaca College with a degree in Finance. She also attended the University of Richmond, where she studied law and business, receiving both a JD and an MBA. Karen has spent the last several years working as a tax accountant, writing in numbers. She recently discovered a passion for writing with words. Nate Rocks the World is her first book. Karen is a member of the Association of Independent Authors, Independent Author Network, and The Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators. She is the 2011 Arthritis Foundation Jingle Bell Run Honoree for the Eastern Pennsylvania Chapter. Karen enjoys gardening, cooking, and spending time with her husband and three children. For more information, please visit www.karentoz.com.
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U.S. born, Canadian novelist Chuck Waldron is currently working on his fourth novel, a thriller about an investigative blogger who uncovers more than he ever imagines…and has no idea what to do with his discovery. His first novel, Tears in the Dust, is a mystery set against the backdrop of the Spanish Civil War in 1937. When Alestair Ferguson volunteers to fight in the International Brigade he doesn’t realize the true price he will have to pay. Chuck’s second novel, Remington and the Mysterious Fedora, is a quirky fantasy, a story about what happens when a young man sits at the keyboard of a manual typewriter and puts on an old fedora. When the fedora and its mysterious power begins to whisper a story to him, the young man has a strange adventure indeed. His third novel, Served Cold, spans decades and stretches from the countryside of rural Ontario to a quiet artists’ studio in Tucson, Arizona. With lots of murder and mayhem in between, the story is what happens when a long-standing feud erupts into hot-blooded vengeance. You can visit Chuck at http://www.writebyme.ca and at www.chuckwaldron.com. Visit him at Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/writebyme and Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/wordstir.
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BARBARA WEITZ lives in a quiet suburb of Chicago with her husband and a mischievous German shepherd, Heiko, thankful her three grown sons are off making mayhem elsewhere. A career executive secretary most of her life, she’s also held a variety of mundane and unusual employment opportunities, during her sons growing years. This, coupled with a passion for animals, music and poetry, has helped shape the fictional characters she creates.
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A native of western New York, Frank Zaccari earned a degree in finance from California State University at Sacramento after serving as a military medic in the U.S. Air Force. He spent over 25 years in the high-tech industry holding positions from account representative to CEO, and for nearly 20 years specialized in turn-around management of companies under 100 million dollars. Upon becoming a single, custodial parent after nearly 25 years of marriage, he left an industry that he loved to buy a small business in order to be home to raise his children. He is currently the owner of an insurance agency and resides in Sacramento, California. Inside the Spaghetti Bowl is Frank Zaccari’s third book. Previous books are: When the Wife Cheats and From The Ashes: The Rise of the University of Washington Volleyball Program. You can visit his website at www.frankzaccari.com. Visit him on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001207722973.
These prizes will be given away:
- Noah Baird will be giving away a paperback copy of his book, Donations to Clarity!
- Roger Bagg will be giving away 10 paperback copies of his book, Expedition Beyond!
- Jeanne Bannon will be giving away one e-copy of her book, Invisible!
- Jeanne Bannon will be giving away one paperback copy of her book, Invisible!
- Deborah Barnes will be giving away a paperback copy of her book, The Chronicles of Zee & Zoey!
- R.G. Bullet will be giving away a paperback copy of his book, The 58th Keeper to a resident of the U.S. or Canada!
- R.G. Bullet will be giving away a paperback copy of his book, The Caldecott Chronicles (Book 1) to a resident of the U.S. or Canada!
- R.G. Bullet will be giving away two e-copies of his book, The 58th Keeper!
- R.G. Bullet will be giving away two e-copies of his book, The Caldecott Chronicles (Book 1)!
- Karen Mueller Bryson will be giving away a signed copy of The Incredibly Awesome Adventures of Puggie Liddell!
- Debbie Burroughs will be giving away 3 e-copies of her book, She Had No Choice!
- Winslow Buxton will be giving away a paperback copy of his book, Cyberlife!
- Anneke Campbell will be giving away an e-copy of her book, Slouching Towards Bellingham!
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- Braxton A. Cosby will be giving away an e-copy of his book, The Star-Crossed Saga: Protostar!
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- A. Demethius Jackson will be giving away 2 paperback copies of his book, The Realmsic Conquest!
- Carole Eglash-Kosoff will be giving away a paperback copy of her book, Winds of Change!
- K.S. Krueger will be giving away two e-copies of her book, Traegonia the Sunbow Prophecy!
- J.M. Krumbine will be giving away a paperback copy of his book, Outlawed Love!
- Stephan Labossiere will be giving away a paperback copy of his book, How to Get a Married Woman to Have Sex With You…If You’re Her Husband!
- Dee A. Levy & B. Sheffield Hunt will be giving away a paperback copy of their book, The Cross Dresser’s Wife!
- Terri Giuliano Long will be giving away a $25 Amazon gift certificate!
- Jacqueline Lynch will be giving away 20 e-copies of her book, Beside the Still Waters
- Cheryl Malandrinos will be giving away a paperback copy of Little Shepherd to a resident of the U.S.!
- Cheryl Malandrinos will be giving away a PDF copy of Little Shepherd!
- Beverly Stowe McClure will be giving away an angel tree ornament!
- Jaime McDougall will be giving away a ebook copy of her book, Echo Falls!
- Greg Messel will be giving away a paperback copy of his book, The Illusion of Certainty!
- Lisa Morton will be giving away a paperback copy of her book, Monsters of L.A.!
- Eric M. Osansky will be giving away a paperback copy of Natural Treatment Soltions for Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease!
- Chrys Phillips will be giving away an e-copy of her book, Revengeful Heart!
- Hank Quense will be giving away two e-copies of his book, Zaftan Miscreants!
- John Rosenman will be giving away an e-book from his website–readers choice! Unavailable are: The Best Laugh Last, Introduction to Literature and More Stately Mansions collection of stories.
- John Rosenman will be giving away a paperback copy of his book, Beyond Those Distant Stars to a resident of the U.S.!
- Caitlin Rother will be giving away paperback copies of Poisoned Love and Naked Addiction!
- Jahzara will be giving away a gift basket titled ‘Savvy’s Favorite Five’ which will include a copy of her book, Savvy Diva’s Take On…44 Days of Random Thoughts and Observations and 4 other items!
- Julie Smith will be giving away one CD copy of her book, Writing Your Way!
- Whitney Stewart will be giving away a paperback copy her book, Give Me a Break!
- Whitney Stewart will be giving away a paperback copy of her book, Marshall: The Sea Dog!
- Whitney Stewart will be giving away a paperback copy of her book, Mr. Lincoln’s Gift!
- Glen Strathy will be giving away a paperback copy of his book, Dancing on the Inside!
- Eric Swanson will be giving away an e-copy of his book, Closet!
- Sarah Tate will be giving away a paperback copy her book, Web of Lies!
- Dorothy Thompson will be giving away a paperback copy of her book, Romancing the Soul!
- Karen Pokras Toz will be giving away a paperback copy of Nate Rocks the World!
- Chuck Waldron will be giving away an e-copy of his book, Remington & The Mysterious Fedora!
- Chuck Waldron will be giving away an e-copy of his book, Tears in the Dust!
- Chuck Waldron will be giving away an e-copy of his book, Served Cold!
- Barbara Weitz will be giving away a paperback copy and an e-copy of her book, Teed Up for Love!
- Frank Zaccari will be giving away a paperback copy of Inside the Spaghetti Bowl!
- Pump Up Your Book will be giving away a $25 Amazon gift certificate!
See you at the party!!!! | 48,297 | 173 |
117,331 | Print version ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.106 no.3-4 Pretoria Mar./Apr. 2010
Tirusha ThambiranI,II; Roseanne D. DiabII
ICSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, Durban, South Africa
IISchool of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville campus, South Africa
In recent years there has been considerable advancement in our scientific understanding of the linkages and interactions between climate change and air quality. A warmer, evolving climate is likely to have severe consequences for air quality due to impacts on pollution sources and meteorology. Climate-induced changes to sources of tropospheric ozone precursor gases and to atmospheric circulation are likely to lead to changes in both the concentration and dispersion of near-surface ozone that could act to offset improvements in air quality. The control of air pollutants through air quality management is also likely to impact on climate change, with reductions in ozone, particulate matter and sulphur dioxide being of particular interest. The improved understanding of the relationship between air quality and climate change provides a scientific basis for policy interventions. After a review of the scientific linkages, the potential to include climate change considerations in air quality management planning processes in South Africa was examined.
Keywords: air pollution; air quality management; climate change; greenhouse gases; South Africa; tropospheric O3
Traditionally, climate change and air pollution have been managed separately and at different spatial scales. In recent years, the understanding of the underlying science of air pollution and climate change has evolved, revealing that the relationship between these issues extends beyond a commonality of sources of emissions, to include air quality management (AQM) impacts on climate change and climate change impacts on the concentration and dispersion of air pollutants. In essence, AQM aims to bring about a reduction in air pollutants whose radiative properties may directly influence the climate and those which impact on the lifetime and concentrations of other greenhouse gases. Furthermore, many of the processes that play a role in the chemical composition of the atmosphere are subject to alterations due to climate change1 and thus may impact on air quality.
This paper reviews the scientific linkages and interactions between climate change and air quality, focusing, in particular, on tropospheric ozone (O3), as well as its precursor gases of methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). Both O3 and PM are significant air pollutants, having consequences for human health, and are important in climate change. This paper further highlights limitations of frameworks that propose independent air quality and climate change policies, suggesting a way forward to incorporate this relatively new and emerging understanding of the scientific linkages as a basis for policy change in a South African context.
SCIENTIFIC LINKAGES BETWEEN AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
The atmospheric emissions released during the combustion of fossil fuels include a variety of emissions that range from carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a greenhouse gas associated with climate change, to traditional air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), NOx, carbon monoxide (CO) and PM, which all affect human health and ecosystems. The complex interactions and linkages between pollutants, controlling factors and the climate are reviewed here.
O3 is a naturally occurring gas that is best known for its important role in the stratosphere of preventing harmful ultraviolet radiation from reaching the surface of the earth. However, O3 also occurs in the troposphere, where it is a secondary pollutant, produced as a result of photochemical reactions involving NOx and peroxy radicals formed during the oxidation of CO, CH4 and NMVOCs.2
Tropospheric O3 concentrations have been found to be highly variable over time and space. Concentrations are dependent on emissions of its precursor gases and the transport of O3-rich air masses. There is strong evidence that photochemical O3 formation has been enhanced due to increases in emissions of precursor gases, particularly from anthropogenic sources.3 Specifically, anthropogenic emissions of precursor gases have contributed to an increase of about 120% in tropospheric O3 production since pre-industrial times.4 Elevated levels of tropospheric O3 are a concern, as O3 affects human health and vegetation. Tropospheric O3 is also the greenhouse gas with the third largest radiative forcing, thus contributing to the greenhouse effect and climate change.5,6,7
Future levels of tropospheric O3 are likely to be impacted on significantly by climate change. Studies such as those by Hogrefe et al.8 and Bell et al.9 havemodelled the response of tropospheric O3 to possible alterations in climate for the United States of America (USA), predicting O3 increases. Langner et al.10 also noted that climate change could result in increases in near-surface O3 levels (above 40 ng/g) over southern and central Europe. The impact of climate change on the chemical and transport processes that influence tropospheric O3 is discussed below.
Climate change impacts on tropospheric O3 photochemistry
Climate change is expected to lead to long-term seasonal changes in weather patterns, which are likely to affect the concentrations and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. The factors that contribute toward regulating tropospheric O3, such as temperature, water vapour, cloud cover and precipitation, could all be affected by climate change and are thus likely to play a role in possible future variations in O3.7,11
As many of the reactions involved in O3 production are temperature dependent, climate change-induced temperature changes are likely to have a significant impact on O3 levels. High O3 concentrations have been linked to changes in the rates of photolysis reactions. It has been documented that a strong positive association exists between near-surface O3 production and temperatures above 32 °C.12 Studies that have modelled future O3 concentrations have found that an increase in temperature of 2 °C leads to an increase of 2% - 4% in near-surface O3 levels, and that an increase of 5 °C results in a 5% - 10% increase in O3 levels.5 Dawson et al.13 found that an increase in temperature led to an increase in the maximum daily eight-hour average O3 levels.
One of the most important reactions that contribute to changes in O3 is the temperature-dependent decomposition rate of peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN).13 PAN is formed in a similar way to O3, due to a photochemical reaction between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in the atmosphere. When less PAN is produced, more radicals are available to react with nitric oxide (NO) to form NO2, which is important for O3 production; thus the production of PAN ties up NOx, reducing its availability for O3 production.14
Changes in O3 that are due to temperature fluctuations have been shown in both the urban and polluted rural environments, with O3 increases linked primarily to the increased levels of NOx due to the decrease in the formation of PAN. In addition to these impacts, temperature also plays a role in influencing the emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources of O3 precursor gases.
In the troposphere, O3 is an important oxidising agent, contributing to the formation of hydroxyl (OH) radicals15 through the following reactions:
Water vapour, as shown in the above reactions, provides a sink for O3 due to the consumption of an excited oxygen atom. Approximately 50% of the chemical destruction of tropospheric O3 is through the reaction of the oxygen atom with water vapour.16
Given the significance of water vapour availability in O3 destruction, much research has focused on the effects of changes in atmospheric water vapour on future O3 levels.17 It is expected that climate change will increase the amount of water vapour that is available for this reaction, thus leading to reduced tropospheric O3.16,18 However, water vapour has competing effects on the concentration of O3, as the OH radical that is formed plays a vital role in other reactions in the troposphere, including the production of O3 (amount dependent on the ratio between NOx and VOC levels), thus the subsequent reactions of the OH radical may lead to the formation of more O3.13
The presence of clouds can alter the concentration of O3 by changing radiation transfer and vertical transport.19 O3 formation is reduced in the presence of clouds, and clouds deplete NOx levels at night, making less NOx available for O3 production during the day.20 It is also suggested that increased cloud cover, especially during the early morning hours, could act to reduce reaction rates and thus lower O3 formation,5 whereas a decrease in cloud cover allows for an increase in photolysis rates.
Thus it is well established that changes in cloud cover can affect the photochemistry of O3 production and loss. The impact of cloud cover on O3 concentrations is generally regarded as minor,13 with increases in cloud cover linked to small decreases in O3. Reduced cloud cover is thought to have little effect on the concentration of O3, although Murazaki and Hess17 reported that decreases in low-level cloud water in the USA could lead to an increase in future O3 levels. However, there are significant uncertainties with regard to the characteristics of clouds in a future climate, which raises uncertainties with regard to the modelling of cloud changes and their influence on O3 in the future.
Precipitation is an important mechanism for the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere, thus also preventing further reactions and the formation of secondary pollutants. It has been shown that, when precipitation occurs, surface O3 levels decline, and this decline is linked to the scavenging of precursor gases by precipitation and low solar radiation on precipitation days.21 It is expected that, in a future climate, changes to precipitation will have an impact on the rates of wet deposition of O3 and its precursor gases.
Climate change impacts on transport processes
In addition to climate change-induced changes to photochemical reactions, there are a number of climate change-induced dynamic changes that will have an impact on the concentration of O3.
The main source of O3 is in the middle stratosphere. This O3 is exchanged across the tropopause into the troposphere via a process known as stratospheric-tropospheric exchange (STE).22,23 The exchange of O3 between the stratosphere and troposphere is also associated with the large-scale Brewer-Dobson circulation system.24
In general, climate change is expected to result in an increased flux of O3 from the stratosphere to the troposphere as a result of increased STE.25,26,27 Climate change is likely to enhance the Brewer-Dobson circulation system, which in turn is likely to affect the distribution of O3, lifting O3-poor air upwards in the tropics and moving O3-rich air to higher latitudes.26 The impact of increased STE O3 flux on the distribution of tropospheric O3 is also likely to have hemispheric differences, due to variations in water vapour content.27
Convection is an effective mechanism for removing pollutants from the lower troposphere to the middle and upper troposphere.25 Convection plays an important role in O3 production and destruction by lifting tropospheric air to regions such as the upper troposphere, where the O3 lifetime is longer.28 Convection also allows for the vertical mixing of O3 precursors, which are transported to the middle and upper troposphere.28 Furthermore, deep convection has the potential to generate lightning flashes, which result in the production of large amounts of NO in the free troposphere.25
It is expected that, as the climate warms, convection will intensify in most parts of the world, with the probable exception of the tropics.7 Increased convection has complex implications for tropospheric O3, as it will allow for the rapid destruction of O3 through the transfer of O3-rich air from the upper troposphere to the lower troposphere. However, it will also mean the injection of NOx into the upper troposphere, where there is greater O3 production efficiency.7 The convection of O3 precursors to the upper troposphere could have potentially large consequences for O3 production in this region of the atmosphere29 (discussed below) and possibly for near-surface O3 concentrations as well, due to its transportation between regions.
Generally, high wind speeds are correlated with low pollutant concentrations due to enhanced advection and deposition.13 This relationship is also true for O3,11 with one study noting that a doubling of wind speed can lead to a 15% decrease in O3 and a 41% decrease in total reactive nitrogen (NOy).14 However, Holzer and Boer30 have shown that in a warmer climate there will be warmer winds, which in turn will lead to higher pollutant concentrations. Notwithstanding these apparent opposite trends, climate change-induced modifications to winds can be expected to influence both the dispersion and photochemical production of tropospheric O3.
Tropospheric O3 precursor gases
Since the middle of the 19th century, levels of CH4 have increased rapidly due to industrialisation and increased agricultural production.31 This growth in CH4 concentration has been attributed primarily to anthropogenic activities, with natural CH4 sources being responsible for about a third of present CH4 levels. The naturally occurring sources of CH4 include the microbiological decay of organic matter under anoxic conditions in areas such as wetlands and swamps.31 CH4 production is influenced by temperature, with maximum production occurring at temperatures ranging from 37 °C to 45 °C.32
CH4 is the greenhouse gas with the second largest radiative forcing. CH4 also plays an important role in the production of background tropospheric O3 levels, as the oxidation of CH4 by OH in areas of sufficient NOx leads to the formation of O3. CH4 is generally not considered an O3 precursor gas, due to its long atmospheric lifetime of eight to nine years.33 However, in recent years, the linkages between O3 and CH4 have become clearer, with research pointing to a strong coupling between the changes in levels of these two pollutants. Much of the increase in tropospheric O3 in the past is attributable to global increases in CH4 emissions.34 Furthermore, research has shown that a reduction in CH4 emissions has the benefit of long-term reduction in O3 levels and reduced radiative forcing.6,34
The relationship between CH4, O3 and O3 precursor gases is complex, as the lifetime of CH4 is also influenced by the lifetime of other O3 precursor gases. For example, the lifetime of CH4 is longer when NOx emissions are decreased and shorter when CO emissions are decreased.4 It has further been documented that a 50% reduction in anthropogenic CH4 emissions can have more influence on tropospheric O3 burden than a 50% reduction in anthropogenic NOx emissions.33 This is due to the homogeneity of CH4, which allows anthropogenic and natural CH4 emissions to have equal effectiveness on O3, whereas anthropogenic NOx emissions are less effective than natural sources such as lightning.33
Investigations into the impact of climate change on CH4 emissions have shown that a warming climate will act to increase the CH4 oxidation rate co-efficient, which, in most cases, leads to a decrease in CH4 emissions.16 This has implications for O3, as reduced CH4 means reduced background O3 levels.16 The impact of increasing CH4 on tropospheric O3 levels is capable of enhancing the direct radiative forcing from CH4 by 19 ± 12%.32
Isoprene and monoterpene represent two of the most important NMVOCs involved in tropospheric O3 chemistry.35,36,37 These natural emissions occur in order to protect plants from abiotic and biotic stresses, and to attract pollinators.38 Isoprene in particular has been the focus of much research, as emissions in some industrial regions have been documented as being comparable to hydrocarbon emissions from biogenic sources.39 Many factors influence emissions of isoprene, including the type of vegetation, stage of leaf development, light, humidity, stress and injury. Thus, isoprene emissions are sensitive to land use and climate changes,40 with higher temperatures generally resulting in higher emissions.41,42
Studies in the USA have shown that regions expected to have warmer summertime temperatures could experience a 50% to 60% increase in isoprene emissions.18 The impact of increasing isoprene on O3 levels was also assessed by Zeng et al.,43 who showed that the impact on the global tropospheric O3 burden was minimal, but that the greatest impact on O3 levels occurred during summer. In areas of high NOx, O3 increases of 4 ng/g - 6 ng/g were noted. Meleux et al.44 found that temperature-driven change in isoprene emissions was the most important chemical factor leading to enhanced future O3 production in Europe. Thus, the potential for climate change to have an impact on isoprene emission rates and, in turn, on O3 production, is quite high.
NOx (NO + NO2) emissions indirectly affect the earth's radiative balance through their role in the formation of O3, CH4 and hydrofluorocarbons. NOx has both natural and anthropogenic sources that include biomass burning, lightning, microbial activity in soils, motor vehicles and combustion sources that burn fossil fuels.45,46 In tropical regions, the main source of NOx is human-induced biomass burning,47 whereas in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, combustion of fossil fuels is the dominant source.
Between 85% and 97% of NOx is emitted as NO, which is oxidised by O3 in the atmosphere to produce NO2, as shown in the reaction below.45
Estimates of the magnitude of biogenic emissions of NO compared to anthropogenic sources remain uncertain due to the lack of data,48 although it is estimated that tropical soils account for about 70% of global soil emissions47 and that soil sources contribute about 40% of NOx emissions in Africa. Climate change impacts on the control of soil emission factors, such as soil surface temperature and moisture, 48 could affect NO levels and thus modify the rate of O3 production.
NOx concentrations have also been noted to be rapidly increasing in the 9 km - 12 km altitude range of the atmosphere.49 Sources of this increase have not been quantified well, but include convection of pollutants from the surface, production of NO from lightning, and aircraft emissions. Lightning strikes are associated with the dissociation of molecular nitrogen, which reacts with O3 to form NO, which then forms NO2. Lightning, together with emissions from aircraft, are the only two direct NOx emitters in the upper troposphere, and it is thought that lightning emissions exert a significant influence on the NOx burden in the upper tropopause regions.50,51 It is anticipated that a warmer climate will be conducive to increased lightning, which could have a large effect on O3 in the upper troposphere.7 Murazaki and Hess17 predicted a significant increase in NOx emissions over the USA from lightning, based on model simulations of climate change effects in the region.
However, it is important to note that the response of O3 to NOx increases depends strongly on the chemical composition of the atmosphere. For example, increased convection of VOCs to the upper troposphere may contribute to the increased efficiency of NOx production of O3 in the upper troposphere.49 Hence it is expected that future upper tropospheric O3 levels will increase due to an increase in lightning-produced NOx, as well as due to more intense transport of other precursor gases to the upper troposphere.18
In addition to the impacts of climate change on the natural sources of O3 precursors, as described above, climate change is also likely to lead to behavioural changes that could affect the anthropogenic driving forces that contribute to NOx and VOC emissions. According to Bernard et al.,5 climate change is likely to alter the patterns of fossil fuel use, as individual responses to warmer weather should result in changes to air conditioner and motor vehicle use, thus potentially contributing to greater pollutant emissions.
Particulate matter (PM) is also widely acknowledged to have significant effects on air quality and human health,52 as well as impacting on climate change.The term 'aerosols' is also used to describe the fine liquid or solid particles that are suspended in the air, the sources of which are both natural and anthropogenic.53 Two types of aerosols that are of special interest are black carbon and sulphate aerosols, due to their contribution to climate change. The main sources of black carbon are the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass burning. Black carbon is considered a component of PM10 54 and is known to absorb solar radiation.55 Sulphate aerosols, which form an important component of PM2.5,56 occur mainly as a result of the oxidation of SO2 57,58 and contribute to the cooling of the earth by reflecting sunlight back into space, thus preventing the sunlight from reaching the earth's surface.59,60
In addition to their radiative properties, sulphate aerosols indirectly affect climate by inducing changes in clouds. They act as cloud condensation nuclei, altering the cloud-droplet size distribution.61,62 Increases in aerosols yield smaller cloud droplets and thus a larger cloud albedo, often referred to as the 'cloud albedo effect', where the decreased droplet size and increased droplet number result in increased reflectivity,63,64 which in turn contributes to surface cooling. Aerosols that enhance the scattering and absorption of solar radiation can also affect the climate in the short term by influencing rainfall patterns, by producing brighter clouds that suppress precipitation and thus limit the efficient removal of pollutants.65 Ramanathan and Feng65 noted that a rapid reduction in SO2 emissions without corresponding reductions in black carbon and greenhouse gases would accelerate global warming, thereby highlighting an important link to AQM processes that specifically deal with a reduction in SO2 and PM emissions.
Indications are that a warming climate will support the accumulation of aerosols in the atmosphere. This has been demonstrated by the heat-wave weather conditions in the United Kingdom in 2003, which were favourable for the build-up of aerosols from both anthropogenic emissions and from secondary sources.66 However, according to Jacob and Winner,67 correlations of PM with meteorology are not as strong as those observed with O3, making the assessment of the impact of climate change on aerosols more difficult to predict. It is expected that temperature increases will result in greater sulphate aerosol concentrations due to faster rates of SO2 oxidation, whereas nitrate and semi-volatile components could decrease.67 Studies that have modelled the impact of climate change on PM2.5 have indicated PM2.5 decreases associated with increases in precipitation, and variable PM2.5 responses to changes in the different component species of PM2.5.68,69,70 As the extent of the influence of climate change on these factors is not yet precisely known, these projections of PM2.5 cannot be accepted with great certainty.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR QUALITY POLICIES
The improved understanding of the linkages and interactions between climate change and air quality as discussed above provides a platform for policy-makers to re-examine the traditional approaches to dealing with these issues. A brief review of current policy shortfalls in addressing the emerging scientific basis for integrative air quality and climate change policies is presented in this section.
The Kyoto Protocol was designed to achieve a reduction in greenhouse gases as a means of preventing what the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change deemed dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.71 Ratified by 183 countries,72 the Kyoto Protocol prescribes emission reductions, covering a set of six greenhouse gases, namely CO2, CH4, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the period 2008-2012.73 O3, aerosols and the related precursor gases that influence the climate are not targeted for reduction by the Kyoto Protocol. This is due to the short lifetimes of these gases in the atmosphere, and due to the pollutants having impacts on the local and regional scale.74 The science to quantitatively assess how climate change will affect the precursor gases of O3 and its radiative forcing is currently regarded as being inconclusive and thus further impedes its inclusion in climate change policies. By not considering the impacts of the short-lived gases, the Kyoto Protocol provides a conservative estimate of the impact of fossil fuel combustion.75
Air quality policies also reveal inadequacies in addressing climate change issues. Firstly, AQM processes generally do not consider greenhouse gas mitigation or the implications of air pollution control on climate change. This is relevant on various levels, as the AQM processes that result in a reduction in sulphate aerosols and black carbon may have consequences for climate change. Specifically, measures taken to reduce SO2 would reduce the short-term radiative cooling of sulphate aerosols, which are thought to mask global warming effects, whereas reductions in black carbon and tropospheric O3 would contribute toward reducing radiative warming. Furthermore, the actual methods that are imposed to reduce air quality pollutants through end-of-pipe technologies, fuel switching or structural changes may have positive or negative implications for greenhouse gas emissions.76
Secondly, air quality management plans (AQMPs) are generally developed on the assumption that the climate will remain constant. Research into the potential effects of climate change on air quality has highlighted the need for policy-makers to design their AQMPs considering the influence of a changing climate,9,77,78 in order to determine if the assumption of a constant climate in such plans is invalid and thus likely to work against all the proposed strategies to reduce air pollution.
AIR QUALITY POLICY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTH AFRICA
In South Africa there is a high dependence on the combustion of coal for electricity, which contributes toward the country being ranked amongst the world's top 25 greenhouse gas emitters, contributing 1% of total CO2 (eq) in 2004.79 The combustion of fossil fuels at power plants and in the processing industries, road transportation and residential sectors further contributes to significant air pollution in the country.
Previous South African air quality legislation, in the form of the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (Act No. 45 of 1965) (the APPA), was based on the best practicable means of preventing air pollution, where a source-based method of control was applied and no consideration was given to the cumulative effects of emissions on the ambient air. The APPA was regarded as being inadequate and outdated,80 as it allowed for the deterioration of ambient air quality. The APPA further did not facilitate the achievement of every South African citizen's right to an environment that is not harmful to their health and well-being, as stated in the constitution of South Africa81 and was thus also regarded as being unconstitutional. It was replaced with new air quality legislation in the form of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act No. 39 of 2004) (the AQA). The AQA signalled a shift in AQM towards a receiving environment approach, with guidelines on how AQM for the country should advance, and was followed by the development of South Africa's National Framework for Air Quality Management in 2007,81 which provided the tools to give effect to the AQA by outlining procedures and standards for air quality improvements in the country.
Thus, South Africa has been making progress in seeking the most appropriate methods of improving air quality in the country. This shift to a receiving environment approach indicates a natural progression to include all atmospheric emissions, irrespective of their impacts on the environment. The AQA, together with the subsequent National Framework for Air Quality Management, highlight the importance of ensuring that AQM practices are compliant with the international agreements signed by the country, such as the Kyoto Protocol, and that they take cognisance of greenhouse gas emissions. However, presently there is no policy direction as to how this can be achieved, with the result that the actions and decision-making processes related to AQM ignore the potential climate change implications.
Since the current air quality legislation does lend itself to options for incorporating climate change concerns, it is imperative to begin to investigate options that would allow the country to capitalise on these opportunities during the early stages of policy development. There are various options for this to occur through AQMPs that are applied at different spheres of government in the country. AQMPs prescribe the processes that need to be implemented to ensure air quality improvements in the specific area. Figure 1 shows the six main steps that guide the development and implementation AQMPs in South Africa.81,82 The general tools and components of an AQMP comprise an emissions inventory, models and air quality standards, with caveats for public engagement and reporting to authorities.
This generic AQMP framework has room for the inclusion of climate change concerns, as the AQA states that the Minister has the discretionary power to declare a priority pollutant, indicating that greenhouse gases such as CO2 could be declared as priority pollutants requiring actions to reduce emissions. Thus AQMPs in South Africa could be designed to also incorporate plans to reduce CO2 or other greenhouse gas emission. This can be achieved through legislation, as just stated, or as a voluntary measure due to increased awareness and an improved understanding of the linkages between the two issues.
The opportunities for incorporating climate change considerations into AQMPs are shown in Figure 2. Firstly, information on greenhouse gas emissions can be included in the baseline assessment and AQM system of AQMPs. The inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions in these components of an AQMP will enable more effective management of atmospheric emissions, allowing for the selection of intervention strategies that simultaneously reduce air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. Secondly, the impact of AQM processes on climate change has to be investigated to understand the climate implications of reducing tropospheric O3, its precursor gases and PM. Furthermore, the long-term design of AQMPs needs to include an impact assessment of future climate change on air quality (such as tropospheric O3) in order to determine if additional or more stringent controls will have to be implemented to meet air quality targets.
Climate change and air quality represent two major environmental challenges that have many scientific linkages and interactions. Specifically, tropospheric O3, its precursor gases and PM represent AQM priorities that demonstrate close links to climate change.
From an air quality perspective, predictions of the long-term reduction in emissions for AQM are thought to be misleading, as such estimates are based on the assumption that the climate will remain constant. This presents a problem, as most of the processes that play a role in the chemical composition of the atmosphere are subject to alterations due to climate change. Many studies have tried to assess, through model analysis, the impact of climate change on future air quality, as a means to quantify the possible impacts on human health and thus guide policy responses. O3 has been used as the pollutant of choice in such studies by virtue of the fact that it is more sensitive to changes in temperature and weather than other pollutants, and that it allows for the best predictions to be made over long timescales. Model results of projections of future surface O3 concentrations indicate that these levels are likely to increase. The effects of climate change on other air pollutants, such as PM, are less understood than those on O3.
From a climate change perspective, AQM processes that bring about a reduction in tropospheric O3 and black carbon would contribute to a reduction in climate warming, although a reduction in SO2 could offset the short-term cooling that occurs. The complex linkages and interactions indicate that separate air quality and climate change policies are insufficient, signalling a need to move toward more holistic, integrative air quality and climate change policies. In South Africa, opportunities exist for AQM procedures to capture climate change linkages through AQMPs.
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CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment
PO Box 17001 Congella 4013, Durban, South Africa
Received: 21 May 2009
Accepted: 15 Jan. 2010
Published: 23 Apr. 2010
This article is available at: http://www.sajs.co.za | 48,252 | 150 |
825,377 | Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood.
- Section VIII - The Nations
2. גמר gomer, "Gomer, completion; related: complete;" Κιμμέριοι Kimmerioi. מגוג māgôg, "Magog, Caucasian, Skyth." מדי māday, "Madai, middle: Mede." יון yāvān, "Javan"; Ἰάων Iaōn; "Sanskrit, Javana; Old Persian, Juna." תבל tubāl, "Tubal"; Τιβαρηνοὶ Tibareenoi. משׁך meshek, "Meshek, drawing possession, valor"; Μόσχοι Moschoi, תירס tı̂yrās, "Tiras;" Θρᾷξ Thrax.
3. אשׁכנו 'ashkenaz, "Ashkenaz," Ἀσκάνιος Askanios. ריפת rı̂ypat, "Riphath," ὄρη Ῥίπαια oree Ripaia, תגרמה togarmâh "Togarmah, Thorgom, ancestor of the Armenians."
4. אלישׁה 'elı̂yshâh, "Elishah;" Ἧλις Eelis, Ἑλλὰς Hellas, Αἰολεῖς Aioleis. תדשׁישׁ tarshı̂ysh, "Tarshish, breaking, fastness: Tartessus, Tarsus, Tyrseni." כתים kı̂tı̂ym, "Kittim, smiters; Citienses;" Κᾶρες Kares; דדנים dodānı̂ym, "Dodanim, Dodona, Dardani."
5. אי 'ı̂y, "meadow, land reached by water, island; related: be marked off or bounded (by a water line)." גוי gôy, "nation; related: be born;" γεγάασι gegaasi.
The fifth document relates to the generations of the sons of Noah. It presents first a genealogy of the nations, and then an account of the distribution of mankind into nations, and their dispersion over the earth. This is the last section which treats historically of the whole human race. Only in incidental, didactic, or prophetic passages do we again meet with mankind as a whole in the Old Testament.
The present chapter signalizes a new step in the development of the human race. They pass from the one family to the seventy nations. This great process covers the space of time from Noah to Abraham. During this period the race was rapidly increasing under the covenant made with Noah. From Shem to Abraham were ten generations inclusive; and, therefore, if we suppose the same rate of increase after as we have supposed before, there would be about fifteen million inhabitants when Abraham was thirty years of age. If, however, we take eight as the average of a family, and suppose eleven generations after Shem at the one hundredth year of Abraham's life, we have about thirty million people on the earth. The average of the three sons of Noah is higher than this; for they had sixteen sons, and we may suppose as many daughters, making in all thirty-two, and, therefore, giving ten children to each household. The present chapter does not touch on the religious aspect of human affairs: it merely presents a table of the primary nations, from which all subsequent nationalities have been derived.
The sons of Japheth. - Japheth is placed first, because he was, most probably, the oldest brother Genesis 9:24; Genesis 10:21, and his descendants were the most numerous and most widely spread from the birthplace of mankind. The general description of their territory is "the isles of the nations." These were evidently maritime countries, or such as were reached by sea. These coastlands were pre-eminently, but not exclusively, the countries bordering on the north side of the Mediterranean and its connected waters. They are said to belong to the nations, because the national form of association was more early and fully developed among them than among the other branches of the race. There is, probably, a relic of Japheth in the, Ιαπετὸς Iapetos, Japetus of the Greeks, said to be the son of Uranus (heaven), and Gaea (earth), and father of Prometheus, and thus in some way connected with the origin or preservation of the human race.
Fourteen of the primitive nations spring from Japheth. Seven of these are of immediate descent.
(1) Gomer is mentioned again, in Ezekiel EZechariah 38:6, as the ally of Gog, by which the known existence of the nation at that period is indicated. Traces of this name are perhaps found in the Κιμμέριοι Kimmerioi, (Homer, Odyssey Ezekiel 11:14; Herodotus Ezekiel 1:15; Ezekiel 4:12), who lay in the dark north, in the Krimea, the Kimbri who dwelt in north Germany, the Kymry, Cambri, and Cumbri who occupied Britain. These all belong to the race now called Keltic, the first wave of population that reached the Atlantic. Thus, the Γομαρεῖς Gomareis, of Josephus (Ant. 1:6.1) may even be identified with the Galatae. This nation seems to have lain to the north of the Euxine, and to have spread out along the southern coasts of the Baltic into France, Spain, and the British Isles.
(2) Magog is mentioned, by Ezekiel EZechariah 38:6, as the people of which Gog was the prince. It is introduced in the Apocalypse Rev 20:8, as a designation of the remote nations who had penetrated to the ends or corners of the earth. This indicates a continually progressing people, occupying the north of Europe and Asia, and crossing, it may be, over into America. They seem to have been settled north of the Caspian, and to have wandered north and east from that point. They are accordingly identified by Josephus (Ant. 1:6.1) with the Skyths, and include the Mongols among other Skythic tribes.
(3) Madai has given name to the Medes, who occupied the southern shore of the Caspian. From this region they penetrated southward to Hindostan.
The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras.
And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah.
Gomer has three sons, who are the founders of as many nations.
(8) Ashkenaz is supposed to have lain south of the Euxine, and to be traceable in its original name ἄξενος axenos, and in the Ascanius and Ascania of Bithynia, perhaps in Scandinavia. Part of the nation may have migrated to Germany, which is called Ashkenaz by the Jews, and where the word Sachsen (Saxon) occurs. It perhaps contains the root of the name Asia.
(9) Riphath seems to have travelled north, and left his name in the Rhipaean mountains. Josephus, however, places him in Paphlagonia, where the name Tobata occurs (Diphath) 1 Chronicles 1:6.
(10) Togarmah is said to have been settled in Armenia. By a tradition in Moses Chorenensis, Haik, the ancestor of the Armenians, is the son of Thorgom, the son of Gomer. At all events, the Black Sea might convey colonies from Gomer to Asia Minor and Armenia.
And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim.
Javan has four sons, who are the heads of nations.
(11) Elishah is noted by Ezekiel EZechariah 27:7 as a nation whose maritime country produced purple, which agrees with the coast of Laconia or the Corinthian Gulf. The name has been variously sought in Elis, Hellas, and Aeolis. The last is due to Josephus. It is possible that Elea or Velia, in the south of Italy, may contain some reference to the name.
(12) Tarshish is conjectured by Josephus to be the people of Cilicia; which, he affirms, was anciently called Tharsus, and the capital of which was Tarsus. But whether this be the primitive seat of Tarshish or not, it is almost certain that Spain retains the name, if not in Tarraco, at least in Tartessus.
(13) Kittim is discovered, by Josephus, in Cyprus, where we meet with the town of Citium Κίτιον Kition. He adds, however, that all the islands and the greater part of the seacoasts are called Χεδίμ Chedim by the Hebrews. We may therefore presume that the Kittim spread into northern Greece, where we have a Κίτιον Kition in Macedonia, and ultimately into Italy, which is designated as "the isles of Kittim" Numbers 24:24; Isaiah 23:1; Jeremiah 2:10; Ezekiel 27:6; Daniel 11:30.
(14) Dodanim leaves a trace, perhaps, in Dodona, an ancient site of the Hellenes in Epirus, and perhaps in Dardania, a district of Illyricum.
By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.
Thus, we have discovered the ancient seats of Japheth, Iapetos - , around the Caspian, the Euxine, the Aegean, and the north of the Mediterranean. From these coastlands they seem to have spread over Europe, northern, western, and southern Asia, and, both by Behring's Straits and the Atlantic, they at length poured into America. So true is it that Japheth was enlarged, and that by them were "the isles of the nations divided."
In their nations. - We here note the characteristics of a nation. First. It is descended from one head. Others may be occasionally grafted on the original stock by intermarriage. But there is a vital union subsisting between all the members and the head, in consequence of which the name of the head is applied to the whole body of the nation. In the case of Kittim and Dodanim we seem to have the national name thrown back upon the patriarchs, who may have themselves been called Keth and Dodan. Similar instances occur in the subsequent parts of the genealogy. Second. A nation has a country or "land" which it calls its own. In the necessary migrations of ancient tribes, the new territories appropriated by the tribe, or any part of it, were naturally called by the old name, or some name belonging to the old country. This is well illustrated by the name of Gomer, which seems to reappear in the Cimmerii, the Cimbri, the Cymri, the Cambri, and the Cumbri. Third. A nation has its own "tongue." This constitutes at once its unity in itself and its separation from others. Many of the nations in the table may have spoken cognate tongues, or even originally the same tongue. Thus, the Kenaanite, Phoenician, and Punic nations had the same stock of languages with the Shemites. But it is a uniform law, that one nation has only one speech within itself. Fourth. A nation is composed of many "families," clans, or tribes. These branch off from the nation in the same manner as it did from the parent stock of the race.
And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan.
- XXXII. Ham
6. מצרים mı̂tsrayı̂m, "Mitsraim." מצר mētser, "straitness, limit, pressure." מצור mātsôr, "distress, siege, mound, bulwark; Egypt." מצרים mı̂tsrayı̂m, "perhaps double Egypt, lower and upper." פוּט pûṭ, "Put, troubled."
7. סבא sebā', "Seba, drinking (man, Ethiopian)." סבתה sabtâh, "Sabtah." רעמה ra‛mâh, "Ra'mah, shaking, trembling." סבתכא sabtekā', "Sabtekha." שׁבא shēbā', "Sheba, captive?" דדן dedān, "Dedan, going slowly?"
8. נמרד nı̂mrod, "Nimrod, strong, rebel."
10. בבל bābel, "Babel; related: pour, mingle, confound." ארך 'erek, "Erek, length." אכד 'akad, "Akkad, fortress." כלנה kalneh, "Kalneh." שׁנער shı̂n‛ār, "Shin'ar."
11. נינוה nı̂ynevēh, "Nineveh, dwelling?" עיר רחבח rechobot 'ı̂yr, "Rechoboth 'ir, streets of a city." כלח kelach, "Kelach, completion, end, age."
12. רסן resen, "Resen, bridle, bit."
13. לוּדים lûdı̂ym, "Ludim, born?" ענמים ‛ǎnāmı̂ym, "'Anamim, possession, sheep. להבים lı̂hābı̂ym, "Lehabim, fiery, flaming?" נפתהים naptuchı̂ym, "Naphtuchim, opening."
14. פתרסים patrusı̂ym, "Pathrusim." כסלחים kasluchı̂ym, "Kasluchim." פלשׁתים pelı̂shtı̂ym, "Pelishtim", Αλλόφυλοι Allophuloi, "related: break, scatter; Aethiopic "migrate." כפתרים kaptorı̂ym, "Kaphtorim; related: crown, capital."
15. צידון tsı̂ydon, "Tsidon, hunting." צת chēt, "Cheth, breaking, affrighting."
16. יבוּסי yebûsı̂y, "Jebusi; related: tread." אמרי 'emorı̂y, "Emori; related: Say, be high." גגשׁי gı̂rgāshı̂y, "Girgashi; related: clay, clod."
17. צוּי chı̂vı̂y, "Chivvi; related: live." ערקי ‛arqı̂y, "'Arqi; related: gnaw, sting." סיני sı̂ynı̂y, "Sini; related: mud, clay."
18. ארודי 'arvādı̂y, "Arvadi; related: roam, ramble." צמרי; tsemārı̂y, "Tsemari; noun: wool; verb: cover." חמתי chāmātı̂y, "Chamathi; noun: fastness; verb: guard."
19. גרר gerār, "Gerar; related: draw, saw, abide." עזה 'azâh, 'Azzah, strong." סדם sedom, "Sodom; related: shut, stop." עמרה 'amorâh, "'Amorah; noun: sheaf; verb: bind." אדמה 'admâh, "Admah; adjective: red; noun: soil." צבים tseboyı̂m, "Tseboim, gazelles; verb: go forth, shine." לשׁע lesha‛, "Lesha; verb: pierce, cleave."
And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabtecha: and the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan.
Kush had five sons and two grandsons, who were reckoned among the founders of nations.
(19) Seba is associated with Kush Isaiah 43:3; Isaiah 45:14. Josephus (Ant. I. 6, 2; II. 10, 2) places him in Meroe, a country almost insulated by the Nile and its branches, the Astapus (Blue Nile) and Astaboras (Atbarah).
(20) Havilah occurs as the name of a country in the antediluvian times. The present Havilah may refer to a tribe in Africa, called Avalitae, lying south of Bab-el-mandeb, which corresponds very well with the situation of Kush and Seba. This nation, however, may also have a representative in the Χαυλοταῖοι Chaulotaioi of Strabo (xvi. 728), situated on the Persian Gulf, where some other Kushites were to be found. The fragments of this nation may have separated by migration, and left its name in both localities.
(21) Sabtah, Josephus finds in the Astaborans of Ethiopia, others in Sabota, a town in southwest Arabia.
(22) Ramah is traced in Rhegma on the southeast of Arabia.
(23) Sabteka is the third name, beginning with the same syllable. Such names are frequent from the Persian Gulf to the coast of Africa. Some find this place on the coast of Abyssinia, others in Samydake on the east side of the Persian Gulf. From Ramah are two tribes descended.
(24) Sheba, and (25) Dedan, lying in the south of Arabia or on the Persian Gulf. Daden, an island in the gulf, now Barhein, may represent the latter.
And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth.
In this episode Genesis 10:8-12, the author turns aside from the table of nations to notice the origin of the first great empires that were established on the earth. "And Kush begat Nimrod." The author had before enumerated the sons of Kush, who were heads of nations. Here he singles out one of his sons or descendants, who became the first potentate of whom we have any record. He notices his qualities for rising to this position among men. "He began to be a mighty one in the land. He was mighty in hunting, before the Lord." Hunting is a comprehensive term, indicating the taking of any species of animal, whether of the air, the sea, or the land. Nimrod's distinction in this respect was so great as to become proverbial. The expression, "before the Lord," intimates, not merely that the Lord was cognizant of his proceedings, for he knoweth all things, but that Nimrod himself made no secret his designs, pursued them with a bold front and a high hand, and at the same time was aware of the name and will of Yahweh. This defiant air gives a new character to his hunting, which seems to have extended even to man, as the term is sometimes so applied (1 Samuel 24:12 (1 Samuel 24:11), Jeremiah 16:16). His name, which literally means "we shall rebel," is in keeping with the practice of an arbitrary and violent control over men's persons and property.
He was a mighty hunter before the LORD: wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD.
And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
The beginning or first seat and the extent of his kingdom among men are then described. It consists of four towns - Babel and Erek and Akkad and Kalneh, in the land of Shinar. The number four is characteristic of Nimrod's kingdom. It is the mark of the four quarters of the earth, of universality in point of extent, and therefore of ambition. The site of Babel (Babylon) has been discovered in certain ruins near Hillah, chiefly on the opposite or eastern bank of the Euphrates, where there is a square mound called Babil by the natives. Erek has been traced also on the east bank of the Euphrates, about one hundred miles southeast of Babil, or half way between the city and the confluence of the rivers. It is the Orchoe of the Greeks, and the ruins now bear the name of Urka, or Warka. This name appears as Huruk on the cuneiform inscriptions of the place. Akkad, in the Septuagint. Archad, Col. Taylor finds in Akkerkoof, north of Babel, and about nine miles west of the Tigris, where it approaches the Euphrates. Here there is a hill or mound of ruins called Tel Nimrud. Rawlinson finds the name Akkad frequent in the inscriptions, and mentions Kingi Akkad as part of the kingdom of Urukh, but without identifying the site. Kalneh, Kalno, Isaiah 10:9; Kanneh, Ezekiel 27:23, is regarded by Jerome, and the Targum of Jonathan, as the same with Ktesiphon on the Tigris, in the district of Chalonitis. Its ruins are near Takti Kesra. Rawlinson identifies it with Niffer, but without assigning satisfactory grounds. The sites of these towns fix that of Shinar, which is evidently the lower part of Mesopotamia, or, more precisely, the country west of the Tigris, and south of Is, or Hit, on the Euphrates, and Samara on the Tigris. It is otherwise called Babylonia and Chaldaea.
Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah,
Out of that land came he forth to Asshur. - This may be otherwise rendered, "out of that land came forth Asshur." The probabilities in favor of the former translations are the following: First. The discourse relates to Nimrod. Second. The words admit of it. Third. The word Asshur has occurred hitherto only as the name of a country. Fourth. Asshur, the person, was considerably older than Nimrod, and had probably given name to Asshur before Nimrod's projects began. Fifth. Asshur would have been as great a man as Nimrod, if he had founded Nineveh and its contiguous towns; which does not appear from the text. Sixth. "The beginning of his kingdom" implies the addition to it contained in these verses. Seventh. And the phrases "in the land of Shinar, out of that land," and the need of some definite locality for the second four cities, are in favor of the former rendering.
Asshur was a country intersected by the Tigris. It included the part of Mesopotamia north of Shinar, and the region between the Tigris and Mount Zagros. Its extension westward is undefined by any natural boundary, and seems to have varied at different times. Nineveh was a well-known city of antiquity, situated opposite Mosul on the Tigris. The country in which it was placed is called by Strabo Aturia, a variation seemingly of Asshur. It's remains are now marked by the names Nebbi-yunus and Koyunjik. Rehoboth-ir, the city broadway or market, has not been identified. Kelah is said to be now marked by the ruin called Nimrud. This lies on the left bank of the Tigris, near its confluence with the greater Zab, Its name seems to be preserved in the Calachene of Strabo. It was about twenty miles south of Nineveh. It is possible, however, so far as we can conjecture from conflicting authorities, that Kelah may be Kileh Sherghat, about fifty miles south of Mosul, on the right bank of the Tigris. Resen is placed by the text, between Nineveh and Kelah, and is therefore probably represented by Selamiyeh, a village about half way between Koyunjik and Nimrud. If Kelah, however, be Kileh Sherghat, Resen will coincide with Nimrud. "That is the great city."
This refers most readily to Resen, and will suit very well if it be Nimrud, which was evidently extensive. It may, however, refer to Nineveh. This completion of Nimrod's kingdom, we see, contains also four cities. The Babylonian and Assyrian monarchies were akin in origin, and allied in their history and in their fall. They were too near each other to be independent, and their mutual jealousies at length brought about the ruin of the northern capital. A Kushite, and therefore a Hamite, founded this first world-monarchy or tyranny. Another Hamite power arose simultaneously in Egypt. A branch of the Kushites seem to have gone eastward, and spread over India. But another branch spread through the South of Arabia, and, crossing into Africa, came into contact, sometimes into alliance, and sometimes into collision with the Egyptian monarchy. The eastern empire is noticed particularly, because it intruded into Shemitic ground, and aimed continually at extending its sway over the nations descended from Shem.
And Resen between Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great city.
And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuhim,
Mizraim has seven sons, from whom are derived eight nations.
(26) the Ludim are probably mentioned in Isaiah 66:19, in connection with Tarshish and Put; in Jeremiah 46:9, in connection with Kush and Put; and in Ezekiel 27:10; Ezekiel 30:5, in connection with Put. In all these instances the name is in the singular, but in our text in the plural, expressly denoting the nation of which Lud was the progenitor. The Ludim were distinguished for the use of the bow. They were, doubtless, an African tribe, related to the Egyptians, and well known to the prophets, though their country cannot now be pointed out. Josephus intimates that they were destroyed, as well as other tribes descended from Mizraim, in the Ethiopic war of the time of Moses; but they still existed in the times of Ezekiel. Movers finds them in the Lewatah, a tribe of Berbers. Others place them in Mauretania. Pliny mentions a river Laud in Tingitana.
(27) the Anamim are not elsewhere mentioned.
(28) the Lehabim are generally identified with the Lubim 2 Chronicles 12:3; 2 Chronicles 16:8; Daniel 2:43; Nahum 3:9, who are introduced in connection with the Kushim. They are probably the Libyans, who lay to the west of Egypt, and, extending from the Mediterranean indefinitely to the south, came into contact with the Kushites of Abyssinia.
(29) the Naphtuhim Bochart places in Nephthys, near Pelusium on the Lake Sirbonis. Others find a trace of them in Napata, a town of Meroe. This agrees with the indications of Josephus and the Targum of Jonathan.
(30) the Pathrusim have their place in Pathros, a name of upper Egypt or the Thebais. It is arranged by Isaiah Isa 2:11 between Egypt and Kush.
(31) the Kasluhim are supposed by some to be represented by the Colchians, whom Herodotus (ii. 104) traces to Egypt. It is possible the Colchians may have been a colony from them. But their original seat must have been somewhere on the coast of the Red Sea.
(32) Philistim, who came from (31). The Philistines dwelt on the coast of the Mediterranean, from the border of Egypt to Joppa. They had five principal cities, - Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath, and Ekron. They gave the name פלשׁת peleshet, Pelesheth, to the whole of Kenaan, from which is derived the Greek name Παλαιστὶνη Palaistinee "Palaestina." They are stated by the text to be a colony or offshoot of the Kasluhim.
(33) Kaphtorim. From Jeremiah 47:4, it appears that Kaphtor was a coastland. From Amos 9:7, we learn that the Philistines came from this land. Hence, we conclude that the Kaphtorim dwelt on the coast of the Red Sea, adjacent to the Kasluchim, and left their name, perhaps, in Koptos and Αἴγυπτος Aiguptos. Cappadocia, Crete, and Cyprus only slightly resemble the name, and have no other recommendation. The Kasluhim may have been their southern neighbors, and thus the Philistines may have occupied a part of Kaphtor, before their settlement on the coast of the Great Sea, within the borders of Kenaan, where they would, of course, be another tribe (ἀλλόφυλοι allophuloi). This account of these descendants of Mizraim agrees best with the hint of Josephus, that many of them bordered on the Ethiopians; and perished, or perhaps were forced to migrate, in the Ethiopic or other wars (i. 6, 3). Thus, it appears that the descendants of Mizraim were settled in Africa, with the exception of the Philistines, who migrated into the country to which they gave their name.
And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (out of whom came Philistim,) and Caphtorim.
And Canaan begat Sidon his firstborn, and Heth,
From Kenaan are descended eleven nations:
(34) Zidon is styled his first-born. The name is retained in the well-known town on the coast of Phoenicia, which is accordingly of the highest antiquity among the cities of that region. The Sidonians were reckoned co-extensive with the Phoenicians, and are mentioned by Homer (Iliad 23:743; Odyssey 4:618).
(35) Heth. This tribe dwelt about Hebron and in the mountains around, and perhaps still further north in the districts extending toward the Euphrates Genesis 23:3; Numbers 13:29; Joshua 1:4. Esau took wives from the Hittites Genesis 26:34-35, and some part of the nation existed even after the captivity Ezra 9:1.
(36) the Jebusite has his chief seat in and around Jerusalem, which was called Jebus, from his chief; and the citadel of which was wrested from him only in the time of David 2 Samuel 5:7.
(37) the Amorite was one of the most important and extensive tribes of Kenaan. Five kings of this nation dwelt in the mountains afterward occupied by Judah Genesis 14:7, Genesis 14:13; Numbers 13:29; Joshua 10:5, and two on the east of the Jordon, in Heshbon and Bashan, north of Moab Numbers 21:13; Deuteronomy 4:47. The eastern Amorites were conquered under Moses, the western under Joshua. A remnant of them were made bondsmen by Solomon 1 Kings 9:20. They survived the captivity Ezra 9:1.
(38) the Girgashite seems to have lain on the west of the Jordan, and the name may be preserved in the reading Γεργεσηνῶν Gergesēnōn, of Matthew 8:28. The town of the Gergesenes is supposed to have been at the southeast of the lake of Gennesaret Genesis 15:21; Deuteronomy 7:1; Joshua 24:11.
(39) the Hivite was found at Shalem, Gibeon, and also at the foot of Hermon and Antilibanus Genesis 34:2; Joshua 9:7; Joshua 11:3; Judges 3:3. The former were also classed under the Amorites Genesis 48:22; 2 Samuel 21:2. With the exception of four cities of the Gibeonites, they were conquered by Joshua Jos 9:17; Joshua 11:3, Joshua 11:19.
(40) the Arkite probably dwelt near a town called Arke or Caesarea Libani, lying some miles north of Tripolis, at the foot of Lebanon. Its ruins are still extant at Tel Arka.
(41) the Sinite is supposed to have dwelt in Sinna, a town mentioned by Strabo, called Sine by Jerome, and Syn in the fifteenth century (Strab. xvi. 2, 18; Hieron. Quaest. in Gen., Breitenbach, Travels, p. 47), not far from Arke.
(42) the Arvadite dwelt in Arvad, Aradus, now Ruad, a Phoenician town on an island of the same name.
(43) the Zemarite has been traced in the town Σίμυρα Simura, the ruins of which were found by Shaw at the western foot of Lebanon, under the name of Sumra.
(44) the Hamathite was the inhabitant of Hamath, called Hamath Rabbah (the great), by the Greeks Epiphaneia, and at present Hamah. It is situated on the Orontes, and held an important place in the history of Israel. The land of Hamath was of great extent, including the town of Riblab 2 Kings 25:21 and reaching even to Antioch. The entrance of Hamath חמת בוא bô' chamāt, the northern part of the valley between Lebanon and Antilibanus, formed the utmost boundary of Palestine to the north Numbers 13:21; Joshua 13:5; 1 Kings 8:65. Its king was in alliance with David 2 Samuel 8:10.
And afterward were the families of the Kenaanites spread abroad. - After the confusion of tongues were these nations formed; and after the formation of these Kenaanic tribes occurred the dispersion spoken of in the text. We do not know what was the original seat of the Kenaanites; or whether the dispersion here mentioned was violent or not. Its primary result, however, seems to have been their settlement in the country of which the boundaries are next described. It is not improbable that this land was allotted to a portion of the Shemites, and occupied by them when the Kenaanites entered and established themselves among them Genesis 40:15. The Kenaanites probably had the same grasping tendency which displayed itself in Nimrod, their kinsman; and therefore seized upon the country with a high hand, and called it after their name. Their expulsion, on the conquest of the land by the Israelites, and their commercial activity, led to a still further dispersion; as colonies were sent out by them to the distant shores of the Mediterranean, to Asia Minor, Greece, Africa, Spain, and even the British Isles. But it can scarcely be supposed that reference is here made to these subsequent events in their history.
And the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgasite,
And the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite,
And the Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite: and afterward were the families of the Canaanites spread abroad.
And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto Gaza; as thou goest, unto Sodom, and Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboim, even unto Lasha.
The border of Kenaan, as here described, extends along the coast from Zidon in the direction of (as thou goest unto) Gerar, which lay between Kadesh and Shur Genesis 20:1, and has its name preserved in the Wady el-Jerur, which is nearly in a line connecting Ain el-Weibeh and Suez. It turns at Azzah (Gaza), and passes to the cities of the plain, of which the later history is so memorable. Its terminating point is Lesha, which is generally supposed to be Callirrhoe, to the northeast of the Dead Sea, so called from the hot springs which form a stream flowing into the lake. It is possible, however, that Lesha is only another variation of Laish and Leshem, a city belonging to the Sidonians, and situated near the sources of the Jordan. Thus, we have the western, southern, and eastern border briefly given in this verse. It is manifest, however, that they did not confine themselves to these limits, but "afterward spread abroad" into the adjacent regions. The Hittite went to the northeast; the Amorite crossed the Jordan, and occupied a great part of Peraea; the Hivite, the Arkite, the Sinite, the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the Hamathite stretched far north of the boundary.
These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations.
The list of the Hamites is summed up Genesis 10:20 in the usual form. It appears that Ham occupied Africa and a certain portion of Asia along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, in the south of Arabia, about the lower valley of the Frat and Diljah, and perhaps along the south of Asia. In extent of territory, Japheth ultimately far exceeded, as he occupied most of Asia and almost all of Europe and the New World. Ham is next to him, as he inherited Africa and a portion of Asia. Some of his descendants have also been forcibly transplanted to the New Hemisphere. But in point of political contact with Shem, Japheth, in early times, sinks comparatively into the shade, and Ham assumes the prominent place. Babylon, Kush, Egypt, and Kenaan are the powers which come into contact with Shem, in that central line of human history which is traced in the Bible. Hence, it is that in the table of nations special attention is directed to Kush, Nimrod, Mizraim, and to the tribes and borders of Kenaan.
Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born.
- XXXIII. Shem
21. אבר 'eber, "'Eber, yonder side; verb: pass, cross."
22. עילם 'eylām, "'Elam." עוּל ‛ûl, "suckle." עלם ‛ālam, "hide; be mature." ארפכשׁד 'arpakshad, "Arpakshad." כשׂד ארף 'arp keśed, "boundary of Kesed, or (von-Bohlen) Arjapakshata, beside Aria." ארם 'ǎrām, "Aram, high; verb: be high."
23. עוּץ ‛ûts, "'Uts; verb: counsel; be firm, solid." חוּל chûl, "Chul; verb: rub, twist, writhe, be strong, await." גתר geter, "Gether, bridge?" משׁ meshek, "Mash; related: feel, touch."
24. שׁלח shelach, "Shelach, missile, shoot."
25. פלג peleg, "Peleg; noun: brook, canal; verb: divide." יקטן yāqṭān, "Joctan, small."
26. אלמודד 'almôdād, "Almodad." למד lāmad, "learn." מדד mādad, "measure." שׁלף shelep, "Sheleph; verb: draw out or off." חערמות chatsarmāvet, "Chatsarmaveth, court of death." ירח yerach, "Jerach, moon, month."
27. הדורם hadôrām, Hadoram, "majesty, beauty;" verb: "swell, honor." אוּזל 'ûzāl, Uzal; verb: "go out or away." דקלה dı̂qlâh Diclah, "palm."
28. עובל ‛ôbāl, 'Obal, "bare, bald." אבימאל 'ǎbı̂ymā'ēl, Abimael, "father of Mael" (circumcision).
29. אופיר 'ôpı̂r, Ophir; verb: "break, veil." יובב yôbāb, Jobab; verb: "cry, call."
30. משׁא mēshā', Mesha, שׁאה shā'âh equals שׁוא shô', "roar, crash." ספר sepār Sephar, "counting. writing."
From Japheth, who penetrated into the remotest regions, the writer proceeds to Ham, who came into close contact with Shem. From Ham, he passes to Shem, in whom the line of history is to be continued.
Shem is here distinguished by two characteristics - the former referring to a subsequent, the latter to an antecedent event. He is "the father of all the sons of Heber." It is evident from this that the sons of Heber cast luster on the family of Shem, and therefore on the whole human race. It is unnecessary to anticipate the narrative, except so far as to note that the sons of Heber include most of the Arabians, a portion of those who mingled with the race and inhabited the land of Aram, and, most probably, the original element of the population in the land of Kenaan. This characteristic of Shem shows that the table in which it is found was composed after the Hebrews had become conspicuous among the descendants of Shem.
The children of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram.
Twenty-six of the primitive nations are descended from Shem, of which five are immediate.
(45) Elam was settled in a part of the modern Persia, to which he gave name. This name seems to be preserved in Elymais, a province of that country bordering on the Dijlah, and now included in Khusistan. It was early governed by its own kings Genesis 14:1, and continued to occupy a distinct place among the nations in the time of the later prophets Isaiah 22:6; Jeremiah 49:34; Ezekiel 32:24. Its capital was Shushan or Susa Daniel 8:2, now Shuster.
(46) Asshur seems to have originally occupied a district of Mesopotamia, which was bounded on the east by the Tigris Genesis 2:14. The inviting plains and slopes on the east of the Tigris would soon occasion a migration of part of the nation across that river. It is possible there may have been an ancient Asshur occupying the same region even before the flood Genesis 2:14.
(47) Arpakshad is traced in Ἀῤῥαπαχῖτις Arrapachitis, Arrhapachitis, a region in the north of Assyria. V. Bohlen and Benfey identify it with Ariapakshata, denoting a country beside Aria. Gesenius renders it border or stronghold of the Kasdim; but the components of the word are uncertain. The nations descended from Arpakshad are noted at the close on account of their late origin, as well as their import for the subsequent narrative.
(48) Lud is usually identified with the Lydians, Λυδοὶ Ludoi, who by migration at length reached and gave their name to a part of the west coast of Asia Minor.
(49) Aram gave name to the upper parts of Mesopotamia and the parts of Syria north of Palestine. Hence, we read of Aram Naharaim (of the two rivers), Aram Dammesek (of Damascus), Aram Maakah on the southwest border of Damascus, about the sources of the Jordan, Aram Beth Rechob in the same neighborhood, and Aram Zoba to the north of Damascus. The name is perhaps varied in the Ἄριμοι Arimoi of Homer (Iliad 2:783) and Strabo (xiii. 4, 6). From Aram are descended four later nations.
And the children of Aram; Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash.
(50) Uz (Ἀνσῖτις Ausitis, Septuagint.) the chief of a people having their seat in the north of Arabia Deserta, between Palestine and the Euphrates. From this Uz it is possible that the sons of Nahor and of Seir Genesis 22:21; Genesis 36:28 obtained their name. Job dwelt in this land.
(51) Hul is supposed to have his settlement about the sources of the Jordan in Huleh. Others trace this nation in the Hylatae (Pliny 5:19) near Emesa.
(52) Gether is of uncertain position, probably in Arabia.
(53) Mash may have left a trace of his name in Mons Masius, Karajah Dagh, south of Diarbekir, and perhaps also in the Mysians and Moesians, who may have wandered westward from under this mountain.
And Arphaxad begat Salah; and Salah begat Eber.
Arpakshad begat (54) Shelah. We know nothing of the nation of which he was the founder. He begat
(55) Heber. He is the progenitor of the Hebrews, the race to which Abraham belonged. He is marked out very prominently for reasons partly unknown to us at this distance of time, but partly no doubt because he was the ancestor of the chosen race who immediately preceded the confusion of tongues, and to whom belonged that generic Hebrew tongue, which afterward branched into several dialects, of which the Hebrew, now strictly so called, was one. It is probable that most of the diversified modes of speech retained the substance of the primeval speech of mankind. And it is not improbable, for various reasons, that this Hebrew tongue, taken in its largest sense, deviated less from the original standard than any other. The Shemites, and especially the Hebrews, departed less from the knowledge of the true God than the other families of man, and, therefore, may be presumed to have suffered less from the concussion given to the living speech of the race.
The knowledge previously accumulated of the true God, and of his will and way, would have been lost, if the terms and other modes of expressing divine things had been entirely obliterated. It is consonant with reason, then, to suppose that some one language was so little shaken from its primary structure as to preserve this knowledge. We know as a fact, that, while other nations retained some faint traces of the primeval history, the Hebrews have handed down certain and tangible information concerning former things in a consecutive order from the very first. This is a proof positive that they had the distinct outline and material substance of the primeval tongue in which these things were originally expressed. In keeping with this line of reasoning, while distinct from it, is the fact that the names of persons and things are given and explained in the Hebrew tongue, and most of them in that branch of it in which the Old Testament is composed. We do not enter further into the special nature of the Hebrew family of languages, or the relationship in which they are found to stand with the other forms of human speech than to intimate that such investigations tend to confirm the conclusions here enunciated.
And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan.
This nation was very extensive, and accordingly branched out into several, of which the immediate ones are Peleg and Joctan.
(56) Peleg is remarkable on account of the origin assigned to his name. "In his days was the land divided." Here two questions occur. What is the meaning of the earth being divided, and what is the time denoted by "his days?" The verb "divide" (פלג pālag) occurs only three times elsewhere in the Hebrew scriptures 1 Chronicles 1:19; Job 38:25; Psalm 55:10. The connection in which this rare word is used in the Psalm, "divide their tongues," seems to determine its reference in the present passage to the confusion of tongues and consequent dispersion of mankind recorded in the following chapter. This affords a probable answer to our first question. The land was in his days divided among the representative heads of the various nations. But to what point of time are we directed by the phrase "in his days?" Was the land divided at his birth, or some subsequent period of his life? The latter is possible, as Jacob and Gideon received new names, and Joshua an altered name, in later life.
The phrase "in his days" seems to look the same way. And the short interval from the deluge to his birth appears scarcely to suffice for such an increase of the human family as to allow of a separation into nations. Yet, on the other hand, it is hard to find any event in later life which connected this individual more than any other with the dispersion of man. It is customary to give the name at birth. The phrase "in his days" may, without any straining, refer to this period. And if we suppose, at a time when there were only a few families on the earth, an average increase of ten children in each in four generations, we shall have a thousand, or twelve hundred full-grown persons, and, therefore, may have five hundred families at the birth of Peleg. We cannot suppose more than fifty-five nations distinguished from one another at the dispersion, as Heber is the fifty-fifth name, and all the others are descended from him.
And if three families were sufficient to propagate the race after the flood, nine or ten were enough to constitute a primeval tribe or nation. We see some reason, therefore, to take the birth of Peleg as the occasion on which he received his name, and no stringent reason for fixing upon any later date. At all events the question seems to be of no chronological importance, as in any case only four generations preceded Peleg, and these might have been of comparatively longer or shorter duration without materially affecting the number of mankind at the time of his birth. Peleg is also remarkable as the head of that nation out of which, at an after period, the special people of God sprang. Of the Palgites, as a whole, we hear little or nothing further in history.
(57) Joctan, if little or insignificant as an individual or a nation, is the progenitor of a large group of tribes, finding their place among the wandering races included afterward under the name Arabic. Cachtan, as the Arabs designate him in their traditions, may have given name to Cachtan, a town and province mentioned by Niebuhr.
And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah,
The thirteen tribes of the Joctanites or primitive Arabs are enumerated here in Genesis 10:26-29.
(58) Almodad is usually referred to Yemen. The first syllable may be the Arabic article. Mudad is the name of one celebrated in Arab story as the stepfather of Ishmael and chief of the Jurhum tribe of Joctanites. The Ἀλλουμαιῶται Alloumaiōtai of Ptolemy belonged to the interior of Arabia Felix.
(59) Sheleph is traced in the Σαλαπηνοὶ Salapeenoi of Ptolemy (vi. 7), belonging to the interior.
(60) Hazarmaveth gives name to a district on the Indian Ocean, abounding in spices, now called Hadramaut. This tribe is the Chatramitae of Greek writers.
(61) Jerah occupied a district where are the coast and mountain of the moon, near Hadramaut.
(62) Hadoram is preserved in the tribe called Ἀδραμῖται Adamitai Atramitae, placed by Pliny (vi. 28) between the Homerites and the Sachalites on the south coast of Arabia.
(63) Uzal perhaps gave the ancient name of Azal to Sana, the capital of Yemen, a place still celebrated for the manufacture of beautiful stuffs.
(64) Diclah settled possibly in the palm-bearing region of the Minaei in Hejaz.
(65) Obal is otherwise unknown.
(66) Abimael is equally obscure. Bochart supposes there is a trace of the name in Μάλι Mali, a place in Arabia Aromatifera.
(67) Sheba is the progenitor of the Sabaei in Arabia Felix, celebrated for spices, gold, and precious stones, and noted for the prosperity arising from traffic in these commodities. A queen of Sheba visited Solomon. The dominant family among the Sabaeans was that of Himjar, from whom the Himjarites (Homeritae) of a later period descended.
(68) Ophir gave name to a country celebrated for gold, precious stones, and almug wood, which seems to have lain on the south side of Arabia, where these products may be found. What kind of tree the almug is has not been clearly ascertained. Some suppose it to be the sandal wood which grows in Persia and India; others, a species of pine. If this wood was not native, it may have been imported from more distant countries to Ophir, which was evidently a great emporium. Others, however, have supposed Ophir to be in India, or Eastern Africa. The chief argument for a more distant locality arises from the supposed three years' voyage to it from Ezion-geber, and the products obtained in the country so reached. But the three years' voyage 1 Kings 10:22; 2 Chronicles 9:21 seems to be in reality to Tarshish, a very different region.
(69) Havilah here is the founder of a Joctanite tribe of Arabs, and therefore his territory must be sought somewhere in the extensive country which was occupied by these wandering tribes. A trace of the name is probably preserved in Khawlan, a district lying in the northwest of Yemen, between Sana and Mecca, though the tribe may have originally settled or extended further north.
(70) Jobab has been compared with the Ἰωβαρῖται Iōbaritai of Ptolemy (vi. 7). Bochart finds the name in the Arabic: yobab, a desert.
And Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah,
And Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba,
And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab: all these were the sons of Joktan.
The situation of Mesha is uncertain. But it is obviously the western boundary of the settlement, and may have been in the neighborhood of Mecca and Medina. Sephar is perhaps the Arabic Zaphari, called by the natives Isfor, a town on the south coast near Mirbat. It seems, however, to be, in the present passage, the "mount of the east" itself, a thuriferous range of hills, adjacent, it may be, to the seaport so-called. Gesenius and others fix upon Mesene, an island at the head of the Persian Gulf, as the Mesha of the text. But this island may have had no existence at the time of the Joctanite settlement. These boundaries include the greater part of the west and south coast of the peninsula, and are therefore sufficient to embrace the provinces of Hejaz (in part), Yemen, and Hadramaut, and afford space for the settlements of the thirteen sons of Joctan. The limits thus marked out determine that all these settlers, Ophir among the rest, were at first to be found in Arabia, how far soever they may have wandered from it afterward.
And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest unto Sephar a mount of the east.
These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations.
Genesis 10:31 contains the usual closing formula for the pedigree of the Shemite tribes; and Genesis 10:32 contains the corresponding form for the whole table of nations.
From a review of these lands it is evident that Shem occupied a much smaller extent of territory than either of his brothers. The mountains beyond the Tigris, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Levant, the Archipelago, and the Black Sea, bound the countries that were in part peopled by Shem. Arabia, Syria, and Assyria contained the great bulk of the Shemites, intermingled with some of the Hamites. The Kushites, Kenaanites, and Philistines trench upon their ground. The rest of the Hamites peopled Africa, and such countries as were supplied from it. The Japhethites spread over all the rest of the world.
In this table there are 70 names, exclusive of Nimrod, of heads of families, tribes, or nations descended from the 3 sons of Noah - 14 from Japheth, 30 from Ham, and 26 from Shem. Among the heads of tribes descended from Japheth are 7 grandsons. Among those from Ham are 23 grandsons and 3-great-grandsons. Among those of Shem are 5 grandsons, one great-grandson, 2 of the fourth generation, and 13 of the fifth. Whence, it appears that the subdivisions are traced further in Ham and much further in Shem than in Japheth, and that they are pursued only in those lines which are of importance for the coming events in the history of Shem.
It is to be observed, also, that, though the different races are distinguished by the diversity of tongues, yet the different languages are much less numerous than the tribes. The eleven tribes of Kenaanites, and the thirteen tribes of Joctanites, making allowance for some tribal peculiarities, most probably spoke at first only two dialects of one family of languages, which we have designated the Hebrew, itself a branch of, if not identical with, what is commonly called the Shemitic. Hence, some Hamites spoke the language of Shem. A similar community of language may have occurred in some other instances of diversity of descent.
These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. | 48,186 | 154 |
18,445 | Newspaper Page Text
IESS AND TIMES: THURSDAY, DECEM
HAPPENINGS IN VERMONT
(Continued from .vn He
3ury woro guosls over Christmas of Mr.
Unci Mrs. W. M. Sargont. Mrs, Mtnnlo
Smalley, daughter. Miss Moris, son, Ray
Bmalle.v, spent Christmas day In .Tohn
ton with their daughter mid ulster, Mrs.
Donald Page. Mrs. C. W. Harrow nnd
llttlo son. 'Wayne, huvo returned homo
Irom a 10 days' stay with Mr. and Mrs.
JL M. Ruttcrtlotd of Burlington. Miss
Nellie Wat In of llnvurhlll, Man, came
'Friday morning for a two weoltft' stay
with her sister, Mrs. Mary Camp. Mrs.
Frank Smith, who has been quite, 111 of
billions grip, Is slowly Improvlnir. Miss
Myrtle Rlalr and Mian Barbnm Davison
of the l' A. faculty nr spending tho
holidays at their vospectlvo homes, Al
"burg and Craftsbury; Miss Mary Mnjr
fcner, tcucher of music, nt her homo In
Burlington. Mrs. Carrie Woodard, who
has been mill" 111 for several days, Is
Improving -Mlsn Merlo Smnlloy and Kay
Smalley of the. i nivorsity or ypimoni am
spending the holidays with their mother,
i Mrs. Minnie Smalley. A. W. Wheeler,
who hna been very III, threatened with
I pnoumoutft. Is gaining. Mr. and Mrs. VS.
,11. Ealls have sone to Peru. N. T., for
On Monday evening the regular . .
C, meeting wim hold at tho O. A. It. hall.
The usual business hour was observed.
The Indies of tho W. ll. C. hnvo ordered
a large silk flag, ivhtcTi they will present
to tho American Legion. H. K. Pdrnham
In company with Burton Luce or Wntnr
bury have pone to Boston for a fow
daja" stay. Judge O. M. Vowors left
Tuerdny for Montpelier for a several
rdnys' stay. MIas Abble Bnlloy, who Is
employed hy tho Citizens' Telephone
comnanv at Jeffnrsonvllle, has been
spending Bwcml days with her parents,
Mr. nJJ Mn II. C. R'ltlcy. A very pleas
ant evonlng was spent at the home of
Mr. and Mrs. V. C. Davis Monday eve
ning, tho occasion being tho 15th wed
ding annivorsarles of Mr. and Mrs, Davis
and Mr. and Mrs. H. A. Smalley. Supper
was served and a social c veiling enjoyed.
Only tho immediate families wore pres
ent Miss Susan Delano returned Tues
day morning from Burlington whero she
spent several days with friends. Mr. nnd
Mrs. K. II Olmstead have returned from
Hast Hurdwlck, whero they were guests
of Mr. nnd Mis. Guy II, Albee. Dr. and
Mrs. ,1 M. Canty of St. Johnsbury are
I spending the week with Mrs. Canty's
parents, Mr. nnd Mrs. .fohn Wcaler.
Frederick Larknrd of Kltchburg, Mass..
I has been spondlng several days at the
home of his fatlior, 7'Tcd Lackard. Nat
. P. Wheeler of Ottawa, Canada, who has
I ohargo of n brunch office of tho whole
l sale drug company of Lymand & Bon, haR
been a guest of his sister, Mrs. A. B.
' Munson. Mr. 'Wheeler was fomierly a
I r&slriont of Morrlsvllle and a student nt
Peoplo'H Academy. Byron, little son of
Mr and Mrs. John Tovynw, Is recoverhiR
i. .. ...... 1 , , X
from a sovcro attack of bronchitis. Mrs
i John McDcnnot Is confined to tho house
i by illness. Jiimes and Sumner Billings
, of the t'nlvcrslty of Vermont wcro Ruosts
t over Christmas of the formor's parents,
!Mr. and Mrs. II. W. BllllnRS. They loft
Saturday nlRht for Boston for a few
days' slay with tho lattor's mother. Mrs.
Mao Billinps. Robert Daniels, military
Instructor at Harvard University, Cam
bridge, Mnty.. nnd sister, Mlts Isabel
Daniels, of Toronto, are spending tho
holidays with their sister, Mrs. L. C.
Robinson. Mrs. Robert Sparks, who un
derwent a serious operation nt the Fan
ny Allen Hospital six weeks uko, has re
turned home and If improviiiR very slow
ly. Mrs. Howard Skinner is confined to
i her homo on BridRe street by Illness.
Sabin Hodges of North Ilydo Park Is
vlsltlnR nt tho 'home of Mr. and Mrs. L.
E. Derby. Mrs. Gusslo Wheeler and son.
William, havo Bono to North Hatley, P.
Q., whero they will reside.
Bertha 'Weston, who teaches in Bakert
flcld. Is spcndlnR her Vucation here. Eva
Tompson has Rone to Montpelier to pass
the holidays with relatives. Mr. and Mrs.
Moody nnd son, itaridall, aro Riiests of
Mr nnd Mrs. C. H. Barrows. Tho Misses
Kinsley aro spcndlnR tho holidays at their
homo here. Cccllc Tobln, who is employ
ed at tho Watorbury Inn., spent the week-'
end with her parents. Mr. and Mrs. II
"W Tohln. W N. LaiiR and Miss Dor
othy Lang spent Christmas In EnosburR
( Kalis with Mr. and Mrs. Gcoiro Gaines.
F S. P.nusom and men have finished
work on A. I). Cutting's now barn und
have returned to their homes. Mrs. N
B. Hall has returned home lrom tho
Fanny Allen hospital, whero Mie has been
for srveral weeks. K. B. Smith was at
home Christmas. F. B. Iioyden has been
In Hyde Park the past week as juryman
on the MudRctt case. llarlown Leavens
spent Christmas at the home of his par
ents, Mr. and -Mrs. Linus Leavens. Linus
Leavens is homo from Montpelier for the
holidays. Dr. G. Jl. Nowton was a Ruesl
at Earle Gates's Monday nlRht, Mr. and
Mrs. Burl Brewster and ilauRhter spent
Christmas with Mrs. Browslei'a parents,
Tlr nnrl ATl-H. tl 11' Ktiwlnn In r:ltfr-
Ihuiy. Mr. nnd Mrs. Clyde SUnehour were
rln I'ndorhlll Christina. Mr. and Mrs.
(A1 Hall and daughter are vlsltlnR In
Grand Islo.-Tho Misses Dorothy and
Cbarlotto LaiiR and Gordon Gates are.
jhomo from the University of Vermont.
ftcnooi win icnpen .innunry -i. .Mr, ami
Mrs, Cleo Fo?s arc vlsltinc relatives In
I ton n Jlrs. Linus Leavens was In Bur
'llncton Thursday. I. S. McDurphey has
been in BurliiiRtou a tmv days. Word
'has been received that Harry H. Rey
nolds, an olllccr on the V. S. S. Black
'Hawk, rxpocts to pall for South Amer-
jlcan ports January '..Many who had
I planed io ro away Christinas day, were
disappointed as the mornhiR train Koine
towards Burlington did not ro down until
13:30 In the afternoon. A larRtf audlonee
witnessed the .Mary Plckford jiletures Rlv.
en here ChrWlmas day and they were
much enjoyed. John Lcuir, or lssex, was
u recent finest of Gordon Gates.
Twenty-four men were present ut a
farewe.ll banquet given by the t niployi s
(it the Mt. Mansfield Creamery and tin.
business men of Siowo Sund.iy evening
nt the Green Mountain Inn to Aithur I).
Lynch, who has resigned the position of
busbies' manager for the Mt Muni-Meld
Creamery assoeiallon to a ccpt that ol Alono R. Alexander and Mls uthel Msv
general manager of the West llartfonl Hrink of st0W( w(.m ma,.rl,., 1)V tlle Il(,v.
(Vf) Creamers A i-hlckon-pla supper u T. Iipst , Mnrrtsvllli!, December 2o.
Mrvod by Lamlloid and Mrs. VI W Merrill Jouklnu of Canaan and MIbs
Webster was followed by after-dinner Ma,K,. MPrrU of Morrlsvllle were Christ
sneaking Dr. 1 1. W. Barrows presiding I m,,.. vhdtnix nt lh.. imme of thnl i..r
and prefenting Mr. Lynch In behalf of
tho company a gold watch and chain
I'luns for filrthoring the Interests of
Stowo were discussed, iimong the speak-
era being the Rev. C. H. Hnyward, C. L.
MrMnhou, H. H. Shaw, Prln. C. .1. Strand,
A C Oaken and others. Messrs Hay
ward, H '. McMahon and W. A. Knight
were appointed us u committee to ar
range for a meeting of (Tie Stowe Civics
club in January to consider plans for ml
vertlslng and otherwise promoting tho
IntcrimtH ot tho town. M. c. Knight of
Newbury was nmong those piosent. Mr,
Lynch, who was hero for the banquet,
returned Monday to West Hnrtford -ChriBtmns
services woro carried out Sun
dny morning and evening at the Com
munity Church, The augmented choir
Including Mrs. H W. Barrows, Mrs,
A, D, Lynch, .Miss Vcrmi Stockman, Mrs.
J.. S, Maciitchan, MY. and Mrs. T A.
Douglass, II. ,1V. Burnhuni, C. A. Rllev
nnd C, J. Strand with .Miss Marjorle
Walts as organist carried out programs
of special music. Including anthems, solos
and duets ut both services and uppropri
nte s rinons were ' delivered by thn pas
tor, tliu Rev, C, 15. Huyward. A servlco
of song durlnR tho church school ws
conducted by Mrs, Haywnrd, Announce
ment was made of a watch night sorv.
Ico from ebrbt to 12 o'clock Friday evo
ntiwc, of a oommunily service tuul recep
tion or nicmbors next Sunday and of thn
annual church dinner nnd annual meeting i malnder of tho winter with their diitigh
January 8. A furuaco for heatliiR the I tor. Mrs. J, a. Flniinngnii and fnmllv In
lower rooms has boon Installed In the ! Portsmouth, .V II. Mr and Mis. John'
rhuroh nnd that together with the uttw Howe and sou, George, of Magog. I' (.).,'
one-plpo furnaco for heatlnR tho audi, j are passing the holidays with their
tortum made th nhurch very eomfoil daURhter. .Mrs, Chnrlov W. Sanborn, and
Rhle, notwtthstnndlnR Ihe zero weather . family In West I)rnneh.Mr. Charles
of tho day. Christmas exorcises were, f trow Is confined to her bed suffering
carried out at Ihe ehiiTch by tho Sunday 1 front the effects of a bunion, Mrs. Car
school VYlday evening;, Thero woro sours '"le Oeoi'Re went Tiiesdny to HuriliiRton
by tho primary classes and the Rlrls' to brln home the Infanl dsURhler of Mr.
classes nnd a llttla plyv "On Christmas and Mrs. C. I P.ohlnsnii, h110 has bad
Kve," wbh Rlvon In whlcH a real Santo trealmont for a mastoid abscess at tho
toolt part and which endd by strip- , .lary Fletcher Hospital. A special
pins tho presents from a larRe Christ- mecthw: of Mystic l.odRe, Xo. Sit, K. and
man tree aikd their distribution by inem-
A. jr., wni held at Masonic hall Tues
bers of the young men's class, AmonR ''"J" evonlnw, rt, 11 Mc.Mnboii bns re
tlia (flfti on tho treo was n iim of 'money turned from Montreal, uhein he passed
presented to Miss Marjorln Watts In ap. . Christmas with Mrs. Mc.Mnbon's par
praclatlon of her faltltful work ah or- ' e"1". tr, and .rs. Kit ward Taylor.
Siuiiat, Over 60 "shut-Ins" and people Mls Myrn IleiTlck of Morrlsvllle Is' pas's
orer 80 years of age were lemenibered I a, few days with Mr. and Mrs. O. f.
with boxes of candy nnd nuts, or other ( f,m"'n at .Moscow. MNj Jane Tomlln
glfts by the Community nmrch at "on hB, returned from Xorthfleld, whero
Chrtfttroaa time. Mr. and Mrs, Rufus i f'Il! Passed Christmas with her sister.
It Onlo were Riven a surprise Mrs- W, It. Alcer. llnyniond Curtis, six
reception Saturday sflernoon and yean old, who died nt tho Ileuton ilos
evonlnR nt. the homo ef Mr CniJe's ' r"ftl In Montpelier last week from In
brother and his wife, Mr and Mrs. J5. H ' Juries received while oonstliiR. wa tho
Qalo, on West Branch, In honor of the son of Mr. nnd Mrs. Frank Curtis, who
23th anniversary of their marriage. Mr. , recently moved from Stowe to Barre.
Gale Is tho son of Mrs. I'resson (X. dale , Curth Is Just RPttlnR lip from snJ
and a native of Htoxve. Mrs. Orace attack of pneumonia. Mr, and Mrs.
Double Dale Is the daughter of Mr. and j Waller 1.. Usle are parent's of a dauRh
Mrs. W. T. Double of Florida. They were ' '"' horn December as, their seventh child,
married December r,, lS!)n, hy the rtev i Mr. and Mrs. Paul A Ilnymond enter
U. K. Davis In Melrose, M:is. They 1 'alnefl on Christmas day Mrs. lioymond's
hotfe, lived In Duluth, Minneapolis, St I Parents, Jlr. and Mrs. A A Jenkins, nnd
Paul, Boston, Stowe. and Cleveland. They hrotliera, Merrill. Bayniond. Marry and
came to Stowo last summer, for Mr friend of Morrlsvllle and sisters," Mlsn
Gale's hoalth, hnvlnR purchased Mrs. ' JJndRe Merrltt of Morrlsvllle and Mrs.
ixjuiso nijeelow's bouse on West Branch. "" " eiiey or I.yndonvllU and Mrs. A.
Where they now live. Their older dauRh-j ''Wich.
te, Miss VlrRlnln, nttendlnR schrfol I Mra. Uuth Itnblnson returned to Bur
in Cleveland, while little Graro Clara, . ,lnRton Monday after panslnR Christmas
tholr other child, l with her parents, jo''he- homo of her son, N B, Robinson.
AmonR those preseht at tho reception i"-'2' W. Tlnkham, service representative
were. Mr. Gale's brother-in-law and sls.:of (1c Garfnrd Motor Truck company, Is
ten Mr. and Mrs. VI. J. riouslnti of Cudy's P8"lnl! ft "'cek with his family In Stowe.
Falls. ' j -Mr. nnd .Mrs. Burton Loveland nnd eon,
Thn e,ms.i f ir,..j t Harry. Bndd W. Wnrren nn.i aii. h.ii.
held Tuesday afternoon at the home of
his Hon. Vlarry C. Butts, In Klmore, where 1
ho died at an early hour Sunday mornlnc. I
Tho three sons. Horry O. and Leon S. nnd j
Dwlirht M. Butts, and Rrandsou. Clyde
"Butts, actod as hearers, and the Bev.
GeorRe. F. Fortler of Morrlsvllle conducted 1
,tho service. Tho body was broURht to i
Stowo nnd the burial was made In tho
River Bank cemetery. Mr. Butts had been
ill tor a lonR time with heart trouble ,
and oancer but was as well as usual anil
about the house Saturday, and dlod very , 'n 1W9. He has been a teacher In the Mont
suddenly about one o'clock. Besides hlsjclulr IiIrIi school for several years,
throe eons and two Rrnndgons, Mr. Butts ' Andres Anderson of SprlnRtleld, Mass,, Is
was the last survlver of tho children or vlsltlnR his brother-in-law and sister, Mr.
the late Mr. and Mrs. Noah Butts, for-1 and Mrs. C. J. Strand. Mr. Anderrson ex
roerly well-known residents. His wife, peels to ro soon to vlelt his native coun-
JSln. Deetto Towno Butts, died In 150H. I
lilr. Butts was a veteran of U10 Civil War, ,
uAmlnM n.nl mn- 11a ,nu tYiaivtViB1
Of the H. II. Smith Post, G. A. U. He was ,
In his 73th year. Ho was bin-n and pased j
tno most or. nis lira in stowe.
Mr. and Mrs. Klmcr L. Barrows had '
a narrow escape from a serious fire ati,":,mn ""' ' ''neis siin
Uieir home Thursday nlRht. After the authority is received from AVnshlnRttm
family had retired nnd Rone to sleep. wait for the arrival of the mall and
Mrs. Bnrrws. nwakenlns? nbout 11 o'clock t" deliver the mornliiR Free Press to
discovered a blaze on the veranda. Rous
ing Mr. Barrows, they found that the
straw which had been filled in for hank
ing under tho veranda was on fire and
flames woro comlnR up through the
spaces In the floorlnR In a threatening
manner. Others of the household were
called and the boards were torn up anil
tho straw hauled out and water thrown
on until the flames were subdued. II
was necessary to keep a watch for some
time as there was a high wind and
flames kept breaking out Ashes had
been taken up before tlve o'clock that
mornliiR and put into an Iron pall which
had been placed on the veranda and It Is
supposed that the high wind blew a spark
from the pall into the straw throiiRh a
space In the fliwrinp. The under side of
the flooring was considerably burned.
Fearing that they could not handle the
flrp alone, a rail for help was telephoned
and the central ofth'e gave the alarm on
adjacent telephone Hues. A load of men
from West Branch responded hut found
tho fire under control. Mr. and Mrs.
Barrows appreciate their response, how
ever, as much as, If they had been need
ed, as it at first appeared. A fast game
of basketball at the local j mnasium
Thursday evening between the Stowe
high school alumni and the Stowe regu
lar teams resulted In a score of 4G to 17 In
favor of the alumni. Following was
the line up: Alumni, Munn Boardman.
r. f.; Walter Morgan. 1. f John Bo.ud
man, center; El win Smalley, r. g.j Gale
Shnw. 1. r, ; regulars. Veil Robinson, r
f.; Daltou Wells, I. f . : Dennis Kaiser,
eonter; Glenn Kaiser, r. g.; Clltus Tom
Hnson and Gordon Bull, 1. g.; Ieroy Hol
den, time keeper; Raeburn McMahon,
referee. There were nbout 3." couples In
attendance at the grange dance at the
Akeley Memorial building Thursday eve
ning. Music was furnished by Chase and
Shackett's orchestra and an oyster sup
per was served. Lewis Lntuch was the
committee In chnrge.-MIss Katherlnc
Smalley and pupils of the North Hollow
school had a Christmas tree and exer-
olses at the school house Thursday after
noon. Tho exercises Included spenklng,
singing nnd a llttlo farce. A real Santa
was impersonated hy Nina Davis. About
40 visitors wcie present. Among tho
holiday visitor, hero are George F.
Moody of Hutllngton with his aunts, Mrs.
Almlra Slay ton and Mrs. Jane Howe at
Mrs. Slayton's; Miss Grace Big-clow of
Springfield, Mass, at the home ot her
parents. Mr. anil Mrs. Kdwln R. illge
low; Melvln Wilson of Newflelds, N. II.,
with his mother, Mrs. F K Bailey, Miss
Beatrice Gle and Miss Lucy Lntuch of
the Burlington Business College Miss
Hlldegarde Smalley of the Pittsburgh,
Normal School, the Misses Rebecca;
Huron. Kathryn Recor and Utile Sleeper , Dr , ,,asa11(;' lho w'lt,r wlt
and I loyd Sleeper of the I'nlverslty of,lH fcon , Banc-Fugene Nndeau. of
Vermont. .Miss EUle Hastings went to
her home In CalalR to spend Christmas.
Mrs. C. H Ilosmer has returned to Bo
ton, after coming on account of the Ill
ness of her little grandson, Rich.ud Ho.
tnor. who Is recovering Jl'ss Helen
Houston and Kruest Foster have return
er after attending a short course In agrl-
lelillnrf nt thA l"nlv.Tnlt .if l'u,iurtnl
I Mrs P niivmniwl Mr inntlns m,,i
I Raymond left on a snow xhoe hike in
. jn Mansfield Friilav iiioinliic Mr t.
I i,in ,,v,.rts to visit Mt Wuihtni'inii
j vew y.,1r's
tj,e frMt nmo ),(., s.ituiday evening and
registered from 10 to 24 below In different
localities Sumlav motnlng. A foot or'
iiidr.! of snow fell Monday and Tuesday
ulvlnir th anneal a nee of late Jnnnnrv or
February. It was zero again Wednesday
mornlng.-At a special meeting Tuesday
evenlni.' of the H. II. Smith Relief !orns.
Mrs. c. E. Hnvwaid. Mrs. R. L. Moultnn
und Mrs. Isabel Chnffce weie. Initiated
into tho order. Refreshments were serv-
ed. The Corps will serve the annual din -
ner to the Post Saturday. There will be
a session of tho Corps nt 10 o'clock, Din
ner will be servtd at noon and the offi
cers elected for 1921 will be Installed.
Mrs, Mary (loss of Montpelier, depart"
menl president, anil assistant, Mrs. May
Colby will act as Installing offleern.
Members of tho Post and Corps aro In
vited, Mrs. W. Moulton has gono to
pass tho rest of lho winter with hor
daughter, Mr. Ethel Thompson, In Law
rente, Musi, Tho Rov, C, E. Jlayward
was In BurllnRtoti on business Tuesday
nnd Wednesday -Tho condition of Wilbur
Parks of Benton, Ark., which had boon
more favorable, was fnllhiR when heard
from Wednesday -Mr nnd Mrs, A I.ucb
leave Thursday expecting to pns Ihe re-
II ? of .Mlddlebury were Rtinsts for
rl"'lf",nns nt 11. A. Warren's-Mr and
Pl B' Vlln Duson and family passed
ChrlHlmas with Mrs. Van Dusen's brother
nn'1 fa"'"y In Klmore. Announcement.
hav ''een 'ecclvoil from .Mr. and Mrs.
ttcrRe W. Smith of Ifackettstown, M, .l
of ,ho eunaRemcnt of their daughter. Miss
Anno Smith to GeorRo S. Harris of Mont
clalr. Mr. Harris is a Stowo boy, a RnuJ-
"a-,n f Stowe IiIrIi school In the class of
l!10" and from the University of Vermont
try. Sweden. Thero will be a leap year
hull for old and youiiR at tho Akoley
Memnrlnl VlltUHl,,,. H'dilnnaAi' mmnlna-
Music will be by Shackett's orchestra".
The change in the time of the nrrlvnl
ot tno nrst car on me electric ioaa n-om
Wnterburv Trom ll.ro a. m. to 0:40 will
t 1 . I. . t - I .
Clarence Bennett N disablod by a or
on one hand, feared to bo blood polsonlruf.
Leslie Davis Is driving Mr Bennett
milk team. Mr. and Mi. It. H Cobb re
turned Monday from .leffersonvllle, where
they passed Christmas with Mr, Cobh's
brother, E S. Cobb, and family. Mr.
Cobb's mother. Mrs. J, C. Cobb, who ac
companied them to Jeffersonvtlle remained
for a longer visit,
The, Misses Mao and Jennie Max field an
spending the holidays with their parents,
Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Moxfleld. of Hart
ford, Conn. Robtirt Marcey, of Boston,
spent Christmas with his parents, Mr.
and Mrs. Lewis Maniey, returning Mon
day. Tho Rev. E. O. French spent Sun
day with his family here The Hon. M.
G. and Mrs. .Morse spent Sunday with
Orrln Foster. Mr and Mrs. 1. L. Bailey,
of Hast Fairfield, spent Christinas with
Charles Whiting. L E. Cobb, Karl Welch
and Allen Fletcher spent Christmas with
their families here. The funeral of E,
E. Wells was held k from his l.ito resi
dence on Main street Thursday. The Rev.
A. B. Ross of the Congregational Church
Conducted a prnyer eervloo and Water
man Lodge of Masons conducted tho
burial bervlce. Past Master D B. Smalley
acted as master, rendering tha servlco In
a very Impressive manner .Mr Wells waa
un ideal hotel keeper and mndo a large
circle of friends, He leaves a wife, ion,
and daughter, alko a sister. Burial wan
In Lamoille View cemetery
E. E. Wells died Dec 21 after a long
Illness with a etuioor. Th funeral was
held at his homo Thursday nflornoei, fol
lowed by a Maaonlc service and Inter
ment In lyamollle View cemetery. Frank
Prior, father of Mrs, Joel Boyes, died
Saturday at her home on tho Cambridge
road. The body was taken to Underbill
and burled In the family lot. Mr. and
P,""' ' '' '
tlr" with his mother. Mrs, Emma Hodc-
n- 1,0 fa"" r.,,;'r,ot':r
.Mr. ana lll. nuijin rimui ui i)u.niui,
N. II., passod Christmas with his mother)
Mrs. William Uehb. Mls Georgia Bailey
Is passing her Christmas vacation with
hor mother, Mrs, Claroy Schools in town
are closed for tho holiday vacation and
will open January
Mr. and Mrs. Dldns Lapaliue. of St.
Johnslmry. spent Sunday at Leon La
pnlme's. Leon Martin, of ChnteauRay, N.
Y., Is a guet st William Robhlns's. Mr.
nnd Mrs. S, J Thomas, of Hardwlek,
were In town at K. W. Albee's Saturday.
Miss Ruth Davis is home from Wollas-
ton. Mass. W. C. Reed and family passed
,,,h ,.,. , , Q, ' ,.:'
, Concord, was a guest nt If, P
J EPPERSON VILLE
The annual election of officers occurred
at the regular meeting of the Masons on
Thurdny evening and elected the lollow
lug. .Master Harold C Chae, senior
warden, Kdsnn M. Thomas, Junior war
den. Jl. li. Hill: secretary, C .1. Thoma;
treasuier, W. IV. Rayniore. A special
meeting was held Saturday evening to
work degrees. Several from this placo
attended county court Thursday and Frl-
. day. Mr. and Mrv Harold Bishop, of
, N'mw Votk oily, are In town for tht bol-
i IdHys. Mrs. Helen Hmerson Is to upend
' the holidays with her people at Hard
wlrk and on her return will teach the
"''houl at North Cambridge, working In
l"ml Raiage nauiruu.
ileri Steatiis spent Christmas with his
ft'thcr In Burllngton.-.Mr, and Mm.
''Hester Davis or Plattsburgn, .. , aro
visiting nt Leander Fortlers. -Mrs. I. H
' Melendy had the mlsforlune to fall
Chrtetmn dny, breuklng her leg. fiho
I ' taken In the ambulance to the Fanny
Allen hospital and Is resting as comfort-
I ,ll'ly as can be expected. Mrs. Lena Mnl
, vln am1 Mrs' y- Richards were at M li
ton over the week-end. The Orpheus
Kour famous male quartette will tender
a wide variety of songs from the largest
rejwrtolre of any singing male quartette
lu Amerlen ut the, town hnll January 1U.
This Is the third member ol the high
school lecture course. A special meeting
nf lho .Masonic order wbh held Saturday
evening for working degrees, A reunion
of the Cambridge high school class of
13) with banquet was held (it Hotel
Mulcmly Saturday evening, Hiu old Hebb
nns n. visitor In this place Christmas.
V fsmilA reunion ns held at John
rliM Minve rtoi tith t. 'rltlnlnnn enri lleleil
fliorp have returned from Ihe hospital
much Improved In health. Mi and .Mr.
II A .Voyes were visitor1 l BiirlliiRion
December !. Mrs, Helen Shaw end chil
dren, of BeniilnRton, ara stopplnR at the
homo of her parents, Mr. and Mrs, N
fl Wood. Mr, and .Mrs. 0. N' Campbell
nre speiulltiR n few weeks with relatives
I.. Il,tt-,H,IL. .ll.u ri-lt f.,lllfia nf n.l.
lows Falls, Is'spendltiR the holidays i '
..... ... ..... . . , , i
Iiiee7. Hill. .Miss AJIKiren i.anpner is
home from Hartfoid, Conn., for I ho hoi-
.days -Suporlntendenr Crosby and fam-
ll.v, of Wllllamstown, are spendlnr a few I
days heie.-A Christmas tree and appro
priate exercises were held at the Con-
RreRatlonal Church Friday evening.
James H. Ilaltlelh and Mls Rllzabeth
Wells wete married at Valley Falls, .V.
V . Dec. IS. The Rrooin Is prlnclpnl of
.. is. Die Rrooin s pr ncipn or
I. school there-Hubert Harris iiml '
Krms Cowan, both or this place, were
married hy the Rev Mr. Mercer Satur
duy, Dec. t. A son was born to Mr.
and Mrs. Royd'an Reed at th Sparhawk
sanitarium at BurllnRton December 20,
The partlen reside here, Mr. Iteetl belns
nianaRsr ot tho asbestos mines. The Miss
es Charlotte Irish and Mildred Looker
spent Chrlstmos. the former at her home
In Underbill, nnd the latter at her home
In Brandon. Mrs. Roy llnmlln nnd son.
Charles, of Manchester, are hero to spend
the holidays nt the home of the Hten. R
W. Hulburd. There was mldnlRht mass
at St. Theresa's Church Friday nlht
Mls Rteanor Black Is home from her
school duties at St Johnsbury for the hoi.
Iday, Mis NwtaJle Noye spent Chrtet
mat here with her parents.
There will be a watch night etvlce at
th Union Church Friday evening Iwigln
nliig at nine o'clook. All aro cordially
Invite. Mrs. Wallace Armstrong of Mid
dlebury Is the guest of her parent. Mr.
nnd Mrs. F. W, Durrah. Nelson d
Htiirj I'axman were called homo last
week by the serious Illness of (heir
mother. Mrs, Beth Paxman poased away
Tuesdaj inornlng. She Is sin vived by
her husband, two sous and two daugh
ters -.Mrs. Charles Brftgv has returned
from IllRhgato Center. Abble Abell was
t lionni from Si Albuni Christmas,
Mr. and Mrs. Raj mond llawley of Jeffer
sonvlllw visited her p.irents. .Mr. and Mrs,
R S Pierce, Tuesday Mr. and Mrs.
A. L. i, ara way spent Christmas In St.
Albans. .Mrs. Olga Smith and son, Or
land Thomas, of Randolph Center are a'
homo for the. holidays. D. R. Oaks and
R S. Pierce have been III. Henry Smllle.
who Is attending college In New York
State, Is the gue"t of his parent. Mr
and Mi. W P. Smllle. Wlnford Beard
Is home from college in Boston. C. II.
Ohorst, bird naturalist, will he at the
town ball at JefTersonvllle, January 2.
January 10, a male iurtette, "Orpheus
Four," will give an entertainment at the
hall st .leffersonvillB.
.Mrs. Mary 71111s eanv from Northfleld
Momlay and wenl to East Randolph to
take care of Mrs. Hell, who Is 111. Miss
Georgia White, a guest of the Rev. and
Mrs. Homer White Clirlstmns, left for
Springfield Monday. Mr. nnd Mrs. Thom
as Adams, of West Woodstock, after
several days lMissed :ii Randolph Center
with relatives, went to their home Mon
day. Mr. and Mn. A. L. Galarneau, of
Rochester, who pasied Christmas here
with Mr. and Mrs. J. M, Jones, have re
turned home William and Frank Plum
ley went to Hartland last week to visit
their sister. Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Ben
nett were In Rochester Sunday with
tholr daughter. Mrs. W F. Ed sou and
Miss Maude Johnston were In Lebanon,
N. H over the holiday with their moth
er. Mrs. Louvan Rogers, who reside
at Judge Howell's, wenl list week to
Norwich to visit her son and family.
The Rev. F. S. Tolman was In Water
town, Mans., Sunday with his parents.
Tho Rev. 1!. Jl. Moore suplied for him
and lhi fomblned Methodist and Baptist
Churches worshipped In the latter
church. The union service was held In
Bethany Church. Mr. and .Mr Douglas
Barclay and children were at the home
of tho hitter's uarents. Mr. and Mrs. B.
A. Manchester, over the holiday. Mr.
and Mrs. Rex Fullani came from Montpe
lier Friday and anj visiting at the home
of Mr. and Mr. Selden Tewkabury and
also other relatives In the vicinity. Miss
Helen Merrill, who ha been out of town
for several months, I the guost of Mrs.
13. T. Salisbury. Mr. and Mr. Claude
Fitrr, of Hancock, after visiting Mrs.
Allen Moore, left for their homo Monday.
Gilford Moore, who Is able to be out of
the hospital, Is with his mother, Mrs.
Moore. Mrs. K G Goodwin, who
has been In Rat re visiting her daugh
ter, .Mrs. D. C. Wllmot, has roturned
home. Mis A. M Rowe. who went to
Troj . N. V last week to visit her son,
arrived home the first of the week. Mr.
Rowe. who was here Sunday, left Mon
day to resume his business. Mim Bertha
Alannev. who Is employed bv the Fron
tier Press company In Boston, has been
passing several days here with her par- I
ents. Mr. and Mrs. John Mannoy. Mrs.
E. F. Blxby, a leaeher in New Jersey,
arrived Sunday morning to pass tho week
with her mother. Mrs. J. C. Aldan, at tho
homo of A. J Curtis. Mrs. Lucy Kidder
1ms closed -i week's stay here with Mrs.
.Southard and gone t,t hr home in Bethel.
Mrs. C C i.vmih 1m ,..l.t. OB...
risvs In Huston with her daughter. Mrs,
Thomas El lott-Th,. West liandnlnl,
Grange held ,i meeting Saturday. It l
was necessary to elect three officers to
fill the vacancies caused by the is-slgna-Hons
of thote who were elected. The bal
lot resulted In the choice of II. W. ttol-
den for master. Ml. George Allen for
tVres, and Gladys Fasetl as lady as
sistant stewaid. Nine candidates were
elected to membership and reports of th
officers iflven. Mr. )Grtrud' FasahU.
lecturer, gave a leport of the State Gramje
which she attended at St. Johnsbury,
and Miss Zatae Blair n banjo solo. Mrs.
Duni'int. lecturer of illllcreat Grange, gave
a much enjoyed recitation, Mrs. G. L.
CniTigan a Christmas selection and George
Mint read nome verses paying his re
spects to the lecturer. It was voted to
Invite Clarence Martin, of Rocbe.'ter, to
act as Installing officer at the first meet
ing In January.
A soldier who gave hl name as Private
Clifford WJsher was arrested at the rail
road station Friday, on charge of belnr
a deserter, and also charged with theft.
Suspicions were first aroused when he
offered to sell his unirorm, and a mrstage
wna received about that lime lo bo on
the watch for a deserter from Fort Ethan
Allen. The same morning the hand car
and tools belonging to the Mast Granville
section foreman were taken from Ihe
Bralntroe reiulr barn, and left on tha
track below the station. Wisher was
placed In the lock-up after some of the
tools wero dlscoveerd upon his person bv
Sheriff D. D. Howe, and the lallroai
detective was summoned and he was
escorted hack to Fort Rthan Allen, Cyril
Hnd Wllmer Angell. .students nt Dart
mouth College, are passing the vacation
here with their parents, Dr. and Mr.
F. "' Angoll. Miss Cleora Morae of Port
land, Me.. Is passing uevcrnl dnys hcie
with her brother, C. C. Moiso, and wife.
The Webster mill has a contiaet for
cornice nnd the Interior finish of the new
school building at Sprlnglleld. It Is also
to furnish Ihe finish required for ru
modeling the Interior ot the Barre Savings
Bank & Trust company, -The ladles of
Bethany Guild realized ?132.S0 from their
sale of aprons, fancy articles and food, held I
last week In the parish house. Tho Green
Mountain Glove company Is cloed for the'
bolldnV'S. bill Wttl .ntlinift un.I, .fi,titt,atl'
i. Miss Delia Chandler has, been 'tulte III
fop ten days, bill l now thoiiRht to be.
mipiovioR. .ir, iinii Airs. uotiRins ar-
elay and children of Barre were with Mrs,
Untela.vV paienls, Mr. nnd Mis. Byron
Manchester. Chilstiuas day. Mr, and Mrs !
Ilex Fiillaut of .Montpelier came Friday
and went to the home of Mrs. Fullam's
parents. .Mr. and Mrs. Seldcn Tcwksbury.l
for a few days' visit. Miss Bcrthn Man-1
"fV from Boston Friday to pass tho j
ho Idav season with bet- nnrnnts. Atr ni.,1 1
.', t" . " V. .-, . . .
,r'.' ' ohn Manney.-Mrs. r.ucy Kidder or
J'lL "'" "i!" Z ZJtl
Tri.,.. , . ,...
left on lrldny for Manchester. X, II
, where they will visit their son, Frederick
Dumas, and family, and then will ro to'
SprlnRflcld. to visit other tclatlvcs bcfoioi
retUrnlnR home. Miss MnrRaret Chenev,
,..,. , V -
A" ' 1 , " "rand.1,u Vs ,0?n .or
the holiday teccss with her narents. Mr. i
nnd Mrs. Harry Cheney. Miss Etta Cbnm
herlln, a leaeher In Montpelier. Is passing 1
n few day here. Miss MarJorlo Snauld-1
lng, another teacher, from Springfield, Is '
passing her vacation hero with her father, '
K. E. Spauldlng.-Mrs. W. D. Hampton
nnd child came from Morrlsvllle to vlilt
bar parents, Mr. and Mrs. Hale Flint.
Earl Church, who .tas been employed In
Worcester, has been compelled to Rive up
his work on account of poor health, and
Is at die Church farm. Frank Williams,
who has henn on his father's farm In
Rralntreo for a couple of years, has ac
cepted a position as superintendent for
tho testing department ot the Spencer
Wire company of Palmer, Mass., and loft
hete last week. Ills family arc living In
Ihe A. T. Xeft house on Central street
until suitable nuarters can be found In
Palmer. Alva Robinson of Klmore was
In town last week to see his brother. Riley
Roblnaon. who Is In very poor health.
W. W. Wood bns rented and moved Into
the Htockwell block. A Christmas exercise
in tho form of a cantata, "A Good Time.
With Santa Glaus," was given at the
Methodist Church on Friday evening.
Gifts wore distributed from a well-laden
tree. At tho Baptist Church, also, there
were exercises and a tree. The Bethany
Sunday school had their exercises tho
anie evnnlng, with a tree. The Rochester
nlub gave a dance at the Orange hall
The annual meeting of Fefn Lodge of
the Rebrkahs was held at he Odd Fellows'
hall Tuesday evnclng, with a small at
tendance, owing, no douht, to the Red
Cross ball the same night. After the usual
closing up of the business for the year. It
was found the lodge had raised about ?20O
aside from the dues and financially was
In a good condition. The election of of
ficers resulted a follows Noble grand,
Mrs. May Goodwin; vice-grand, Mrs.
Elizabeth Booth: secretary, Miss Mildred
Fuller; treasurer, Mrs. A. M. Rowe Thn
appointive officers will be made known
In the near future and all will be Installed
together at a Joint Installation some date
In January, lo be announced later. Tho
lodge has now 101 members. Robert Sault
of Lawrence, Mass,, Is passing several
i1.sv.s her with nla ulslr Mia flcsns
'Agnes and Mabel Sault. Harold Sault and
wife, also of St. Albans, are here with
Mr. flault's parents for several days.
Miss Minnie Davis of Hartford Is vlsitlnR
Mrs. K. T. Salisbury. Clifford 7'atch left
Tuesday afternoon for Effingham, III.,
where he will enter a college of photo
graphy lo take a three months' course.
Frank and William Plumley have returned
from Hartland, where they went to visit
their sister and her family. Mrs, Christine
Bruce of Lebanon. N H Is paslng a
few day here with her little daughter
at Uie home of Mrs. Alice Bruce. The
latost news from Mrs, J. C. Wells is very
encouraging and she Is thought to be mak
ing a good reoovery. She Is at the home
of her son, John Wells, In Bast Randolph,
where she was taken 111. Mrs. V. D.
Fraser has closed a visit of several days
here with her daughter, Mrs George
Drew, and gone to her home In AVood
stock. A large erowd attended the Red
Croes ball af the Salisbury warehouse.
Tuesday evening. An 11-plece orchestra
from Brockton, Mass.. furnished the
music. M Is understood that tho expenses
of the ball were paid by the Salisbury
company and tha entire proceeds went
to (he Red Cross. Many people were
from out of town to attend the dance.
News has been received of the death of
Mrs. Frank Chandler In New York. Mrs.
Chandler had been In frail health for a
long time and her death was not un
expected. The decoased was the wife of
Frank Chandler, the brother of Col. A. H.
Chandler, and was well known hy many
ot the older residents. -Clifford Moore,
who recently underwent n operation for
appendicitis, Is able to be out und Is at
the home of his mother. Mr. Alice Moore,
ror a time, till he is able to go to work.
The annual meeting or the Randolph
lodgo or Odd Fellows was held Monday
night, with a fair attendance, The re
ports were given and th followln of
ficers elected; Noble rrand. George Mud
gett; vice-grand, B. A. Averlll, secretary,
George Rogers; treasurer, A M. Hub
bard. The appointive officers will be
made known and installed In January
The lodge have made a request for a Joint
Installation with th other bodies, and
tha4 will be determined In the near
Mrs, Charles Chadwlck I 111 and un
der the care of a doctor. The Rev. Mr.
Snow left ror Ottawa Monday for a short
visit and to bring his wife and Infant
aon back. A. S. Wells and E. I! Hay
ward spent Christmas In Philadelphia
Miss Clara Balch of Claieinont v visit
ing Mr. and Mrs. Harry Cooley - Ralph
I'"1'1 " al ,10ln', rr"m llls I'acnm,
11. Barker, who has
been 111, If much Improved and able to
be nbout the house. Mrs. Famaworth
la having a week vacation from
levelling on Osgood hill Christmas ee
the young people s,ang carols around the
village. At eight o'clock a community
tree with a program of songs and recita
tions hy the children and lantern slides
appropriate to the occasion and distribu
tion from a wall laden tree, made a very
enjoyablu evening. The exercises were
In Agricultural hall. A contribution or
about 114 was taken ror the children's re
lief fund for the East. Miss Annie Clark
of Lynchburg, 1'a., In spending her vaca-
'tion with her slateis, llattle and Nellie
Clark. Mis Nellie has been un Invalid
for many months.
navin Aiioeraou, in iuoniiiener n
denl at Norwich University, who l the
gueil or Wesley Joslyn during the hoi-
Idays. sprained his ankle while roasting
Saturdav.-Mr. and Mrs. 11 P. Leavltl
and Ml Lillian Leavltt spent Chrlai -
ma with relatives In Lvndonvllle.-
Harry .lenne returned to hs work with
the New Vork Telephone company Mon-
day after spending a few days with hW
David Anderson, of Montpelier
, parents. Mr. nnd Mrs, Mlmer .lenne-
Mine Lillian Johnson, of Lowell, Mans.,
i the guest of her ulster, Mrs. A. T.
Lorlmer.-Miss Helen Jamison la visiting .
at her home In Illy -Mis. William nP) .,
at- la vlslllng relatives In Hoston.-MIss
Doris Lordlier Is In Boston for a week,
where she will visit relatlvce.-MlsH Kvel n
lllnckburn, of St. Johnsbury, Is the guest
of tile Rev. and Mrs. L. A. lldwards.
Miss Holen Mltaon Is visiting Mr. and
Mrs. J. F. Lambert and other friends In
town. The Congregational Church was
well tilled .Sunday evening when (lie
cantata, ,"Tho First Christmas." by Ira
Bishop Wilaon, was presented by a. chor-
F. D. ABERNETHY
Head of Church Street.
Business Hours 8:30
To-morrow, Friday, December 31
Our Advertisement of -the
Greatest of Clearance Sales
Beginning on Monday, January 3
May be seen in these columns and on pages 2 and
3 of this paper.
In consequence of the unexampled conditions
which govern this sale, we shalV regard it as a
favor if our patrons will tender cash in payment
for purchases instead of asking for credit.
us of over 30 voices, under the direction
of the Rev L. A. Kdwards. Tho soloists
were Mrs. John Wilson, Mrs. ,T. E. Mo
Carten, Mlsa Marlon Xewland, Miss Wm
ona Billings and W. R. Prouty. The pri
mary department ot tho Sunday-school
also gave several songs and recitations
undor tho direction of Mrs. William Bond
and Miss Klla Ramsdcll.
Jasper Robinson, Boston and Maine
billing clerk at this place, was
glvem a putse of $J"J Christmas morning
Irom hU fallow railway employes. Mr.
Robinson is In tho Montreal Oene.ral hos
pital for a serious operation. The Dart
mouth dance given in M hool hall Christ -mus
eve was attended by a largo num
ber. Wio Jar. orchestra under the direc
tion of G. IV Hamilton '23, Inttoduccd
many noveMeatures, The. revolving com
tmttea wa made of Dartmouth graduates
with their wives Mr and Mrs. .1 K. Mo
Carton, Mr and Mrs. John Piouty. Mr.
and Mrs Carroll Davis, Judge and Mis
K. J, SmlUi and Mr and Mr. J. M. Cun
nhlgjiam. Carroll Davis has been In
Montpelier and Burlington on a business
trlo-Crtr. and Mrs. CharUs Huso of CAarjr,
lr.U formerly of this city, are the par- j
enta of a son born December .-Mls ,
Jennie Curtis. Miss flladys Drown. Mi.s ,
Dorothy llool and Miss Ruth Bm.
. M students are homo for the holl-.
dajWr-C. .E. Greene baa returned from a
two months' trip to New J'ork and New
J er7 ear. .". .u. v,uuningimni tins oeen i n,0,j
spending a few days In Boston and Man
chester. Mrs. C A Davis spent the holl
tlavs with her narents lu island Pond.
Joel C. Hlbbnrd of Windsor, editor of the I ""day school at the Methodist KpUcn
Windsor Journal. Is viaIMn- his sister. ' "aI hurch was reorganized Sunday with
Mrs. Walter Abbott The Rev. and Mrs.
A P Banks were tendered a Christina I
gift of a purso of money from thsi parieh
loners of St. Mark's KplscoprU Churrh. '
Prof. Kmest Smith and Mrs. Smith of St
T'aul'a echool, Garden City, L. I , and
Mr and Mrs. Seth Smith and children or
Newport Center were guests of Judge
and Mrs K. J Smith Chilstmas. Harley
.1 Sawyer, head of the commervial de- ,
paKment of the Pawtuoket high school.
Is visiting his mother, .Mrs. Rosemary ,
SftWyeii .for 10 dayw Several ear loads of
southern pine timbers ar being unloaded i
wbfpb, are to bo use,!. In tebutldlng tha
Jl. "Ml, railroad hridite arrows Lake
Deootk tnd Mrs. William Macfarlane. '
who foV'the past two years have been Uv-,
ln$ With, their son, the R-v William Oltm
son Macfarlane, pastor of the Congrega
tional Church here, reached the COth an- '
nlwrsarr of their marriage December X'.
which occurred In Cowansville. Can., j
wruon was inoir noma ror many years
The T,. A. S. arranged a surprise rec.ptlon
io be held Tuesday afternoon from two
io five at the rhurch parlors. Refresh
ments were eved and purse of gold
coin presented. Mr. Macfarlane ran awa
from home to enlist In the Civil War.
serving Ihree ,ears lu ihe ramons Sth Vt.
Regiment as bandsman, under General
Banks and General B. V. Butler. At the
close, of the war, for two years, he trav
eled trom coast to ' oast and tor some
time In South America, with a hand con -
cert company, after which In- settled
down in his own home. They have
both always been Identified with 'he va
rious departments of church work, much
of the time with the choir. Two chil
dren weic born to them, but only the
Ke W G Macfarlane lived to grow up.
They have many relatives In tl) United
States and Canada, who with their many
irrieuds, extend congratulations and good
wishes. Air. and Mrs. Albert Uaatman.
, of Lyndonvllle, came '"rlday to nta till
I .Mondaj noon with their parents. Miss
I'hella Miller came home from Hartford,
Conn., Friday lo stay at home till Mon
day. Mr. and Mrs. Guy Georjce and
daughter spent Saturday with their sla
ter. Mrs. Rnclcot. at North Troy -Mr
und Mrs. John Dubois and son spent Sat
uiday ut North Troy. Mr, and Mis. Al
ton Aitginr entertained relatives from out
or town Chrimmas eve with a Christmas
tree decorated heuvlly with brandies of
pepper blossoms sett I them rioin .Mrs,
Young, of Los Angeles, Calif , which wen
very kindly distributed to friends, MIsb
Theo Jlendrli la home from her school in
Westmoro for a week's vacation. Sun
day morning- found tho thermometer al
"X degrees below aero, Friday evening
some of the officers and the teachers of
the Junior Sunday school classes met In
thv Congregational vestry for a social
hour, spont hi games, etc., each one re-
ID l. tT n t. ,nn,,l. .....1 n
, .,, ....
1 Doris Alh, little daughter or Mr. sjul
"roM Hrcer who was born Dwm.
""- Hecetnber a. the funeral be-
m1'' sal"r'I' afternoon with Hie
' l!oc' Macfarlane officiating. The
Parents have the sympathy of all ihelr
friends in the bereavement. -Mr and Mrs
lMl w..nt lo Burlington Saturday
lomalu with their daughtei. Airs ll.
'in-ci nimuuci., uu -uoniinj. .ins t.acnet
Ilrahnna, or Lowell, sjient last week with
"rl cousin, .hiss i.iiiii liimrri -cjnviere
Renoli returned to his homo Tueeda aN
ler spending Tour years In Vancouver, R.
'' His sister. Miss Yvonne Henolt. who
I" teaching in Irasuurg. came home Frl
I da for the holldays.-Mlles Abell, of
, Irasburg recently visited Mnrk Willis.-
Homer Longley, of Providence, came last
week to stay awhile with his brother,
Herbert. -Next Mondn.v O, W. Bailey,
rcpresentative-elcd, nccompanles his son,
Allon, to Montpelier, where the latter is
appointed page, nnd himself soon enters
on Ills duties aa representative. .Mr,
n. m. to 5:30 p. rti.
Bailey was bom In Potton. ('an ovem
her 10. KM, am came to this town n
18,'Hi four years later bought his presen'
farm of 4fa seres, took out his natural'
tatlon papers, and en'eted on hla II c
work as a successful and prosperoirt
farmer, holding practically alt ihe ro-i i
Mis Dvld IVIlley had the mlsfortum
, to fall attain a few.dys since and r
etveil a dislocated elbow and tiadlv
sprained wrist. Word has been receive,!
I that our former townsman. Ceorgo Cunu
nilngs. has been elected lieutenant-governor
of Wisconsin, the Slate of his adop
tion The Christmas exerelses Vrlday
evening at the town hall wte well car
rled out The churches were well flllnr
Sunday. "Come to ClmrWi Sunday".
1 Hiram .lot-dan l Improving end was ab 1
to go down to the store ono day lesi
neek - llaiold Simpson and Marjorlfl Per-
I Hi are home from lho University ot Vei
inoTit for the holidays. Rverctt Pernio li
recovering fr.tm pneumonia. Mr. and
I 1re Wllllnm Unrv T ..nnnlll. nra
gp,,,, a fw nnvs Mr. Hard,...
pnrn, Mr H1H, Mr. ,-har,.K Goodrich
.Sat,clnv morning, l.rnvel Brown and
, rfH olm,teail ,, unltfd , mAr.
r1ae tho Rev f,. Gordnn Mr. nnd
Brim (lrp popui. vounf- .
of the town and congrntuIatlOTm are ax-
the rollowlng new officers. Superintend
ent, Waller Anderson, assistant,' M 1
Sawyor; secretary and treasurer, HoHis
Lathe. Tho teachers are to be appointed,
hy tho superintendent S. A Smith, wh
haj been quite HI. is slowly Ipioving--George
Walker Is 111 with pneumonia.
Mr. and Mrs L. Ulgford w-re among
those wl'o entertained at dinner 'hrut
mas dav. Kvcryone s Invited to Eai
Craftsburv, New Year's day, lo the Com
munlty entertainment and dinner. Ro
land Moodle. who was ill last week, suf
fering from a seven, cold, Is Improving -The
Christmas exercises al the Methodist
Kplscopil Church, given ' bv he yonng
people anil chlldien wen especially in
terestlng The klndergart. a eNcrolse? ad
ded much to the pleasure of the audience.
Mrs. Lydia Robblns. who was severely
hurt last week was surpilxed by a Christ
mas tree lu her room containing many
beautiful and useful presents for he"
.omfort and enjoyment. L. Blgford came
from Manchester Thursday for the
I'bilstoius recess The Rev. O. B. Wells
and Tamlly were week-end visitor i n
On Detember thermometers reenter
ed ml degrees below zeio. Mr, and Mrs.
A. .' I'ttln entertained over i 'hrl.-tm.is
Mr. and .Mrs. Raymond .lenne of l-'i'
dale. Miss Helen .lenne of Newport anil;
Arthur. I.eUtul and Mlra .lenne. -Sylvester
Wlllinnu l critically ,11 Chests'
Carpenter's babies have bronchitis Mr
and Mrs. Kdward Habtlngs and daughter.
' nOK, p, Christinas ,ia) ln tjrn L'nf
Chester Adams and tamlly of Newpor
spent Christmas with his mother Mi.
M A. Adams. Wallace Percy nas diph
theria and Mrs. Don Percy is iUit III.
Mr. and Mrs. c G. Kastman hav
closed their house and gone to Kew por'
for the remainder of the winter Oscar
Abbott Is very poorly this winter Mr
and .Mrs, Ray Adams of L r lonvllle,
visited Mr. nnd Mrs. T A Adam'- t orts',
mas day. Mr. and Mrs Charles Wl -liamH
of Newport spent Christmas wlCi
his parents, Mr and Mrs. Silvester Wl -Hams.
The game supper served by Ihe Men -I
club Mondnj . evening In Ihe gymnasm "
was enjoyed by a goodly company. T'
menu was especially fine. Linus Leav
ens, fish and game commissioner, J
f the -speaker of tin; evening Edmu- i
j Root, captain of the losing side, and Ids
men made the arrangements and did -i
catering. Points scorod In the hun', Tf
against 475. Tom Dunn nnd 10 T. Whef
er are III. Miss Mary Root Is spend g
the Christmas vacation at her home an I
Miss Winifred Williams of Boston Is a
her parents' homefor a week, )lm
Saiah Robbln i-peut Christmas with hr
sister. Myrtle, who is at (he Pfttsfnrd
sanitarium Miss Marian Kllzabelh IV
erson Is visiting at Hast Berkshhe 'his
week George Anderson and family spen'
Christmas at South Alhan .Miss Mari'n
returned with them as a guesl of ,M s
Kdtia Anderson. -Christinas family en" -erlngs
were hell! at James Palt'on
Cieage Cole's, B. A Dutton's I-' I'
KaHton's and Mrs A C Dusta , s ,M
and Mrs. '. . Root and Miss Mary Hon
and Mr and -Mis. Fred Root and daug
ler. Marlon, were Christmas guesis f
Mr and Mrs A B Fairbanks ,if Gi'ee".
boi-o. Over inn attended the Christinas
exercises and tree at the Congre allouM
Church Friday night. The offering take i
ror the Near Hast relief amounted in Jl'
-A community gathering will be he' I
at the Presbyterian Church In I3af
Craflbur New Year's day. Pinner w I
be served and reminiscences or (he own
by several of lho older rltlxens wll fu'--tilah
tho program. The annual roll imII
and business meeting or the fnngi-ega
tlonnl Church will be held Sutuiday ,l.n
uar.v S, This Is an all day service dinner
served al noon as usual. Lei incmh'M
(Contluucd uu page 10) | 48,037 | 1,181 |
978,780 | 6:9 The following are the descendants of Noah. Inasmuch as Noah alone was destined to perpetuate the lineage of the human race that began with Adam, the Torah begins a new history of humanity from him. But before enumerating his offspring, the Torah first describes his righteousness, in order to explain why God singled him out to be spared from the impending flood and to demonstrate that our true "offspring" are our good deeds:
Even though his life spanned many corrupt generations, Noah was a righteous man; he remained faultless despite the corruptive influence of his generations. Nonetheless, he did not possess sufficient moral fortitude to remain righteous on his own. Rather, in order to remain righteous, Noah walked with God, that is, he had to keep his mind constantly focused on Him. Thus, on an absolute scale, he would not have been considered exceptionally righteous; he was faultless only relative to the corruption of his generations.
10 Noah was the father of three sons: Shem, who would play the most pivotal role in the ensuing history of humanity; Ham, the youngest; and Japheth, the oldest.
11 As recounted above, by the year 1536, the world had become corrupt before God, with idolatry and licentiousness rampant, and in addition, the land was filled with robbery.
12 God saw the world, and it was corrupt, for all flesh—even the animals—had perverted its way on the earth by engaging in cross-species relations.
13 In that year, God said to Noah, "I have decided to put an end to all flesh, for several reasons: Firstly, many of them are guilty of idolatry and licentiousness, and this type of indiscriminate behavior incurs the corrective response of indiscriminate destruction. Nonetheless, these two transgressions by themselves would not be enough to seal their fate; it is because the world is filled with robbery due to them that I shall obliterate them from the earth. True, many of them are below the age of 100 and thus cannot be held legally culpable, but society has degenerated to the point where there is no longer any hope that they will turn out righteous at a later stage. Even though I am not going to destroy the world in its entirety, I will wipe out the top layer of earth—as deep as can be reached by a plow—to express how their malevolent behavior almost made Me regret having created the world in the first place.
14 Of all the ways at My disposal to spare you from this destruction, I want you to make yourself an enormous ark. Perhaps when everyone sees what you are doing and asks you about it, the news of the impending flood will inspire them to repent. You are to build it out in the open, and I want you to build it yourself, without any help from your sons or anyone else; this way it will take you a long time to build, giving your contemporaries ample time to consider repenting. Make the ark out of cypress wood, for the word for 'cypress' (gofer) is related to the word for 'sulphur' (gofrit), and the floodwater will be sulfurous, a fact that might further encourage the people to repent. You shall make the ark with compartments for each type of animal, and you shall caulk it inside and outside with pitch. It will be necessary to caulk it both inside and out because the floodwater will hit it forcefully.
15 This is how you shall make it: The length of the ark shall be 300 cubits (144 meters, or 471 feet), its width 50 cubits (24 meters, or 77 feet), and its height 30 cubits (14.4 meters, or 47 feet).
16 Even though you will naturally build the ark with numerous windows and stock it with enough lamps to provide light, I want it to be especially well-lit. You shall therefore make an additional skylight and use a luminous stone for additional light in the ark. Taper the roof so that its tip is one cubit wide, so the water will run off it. Place the entrance to the ark in its side, so the water won't seep in from above. You shall make it with a lower deck for garbage, a second deck for the animals, and a third deck for the people.
Figure 6: The Ark
17 And as for Me, I am ready to agree with those angels who opposed the creation of humanity. I am about to bring the Flood of water upon the earth, to destroy from under the heavens all flesh that has in it a breath of life. The water will cause total disorder and disarray, and everything will rot. The surface of the earth will remain submerged underwater for one full year. Everything on earth shall perish.
18 But I shall establish My covenant with you: I promise you that the food that you bring with you into the ark will not rot during the entire time that you are in it, and that the people will not kill you when they find out what you are doing. You and your family shall enter the ark, but men and women are to live in separate quarters: you will be together with your sons, and your wife will be with your sons' wives. It is not appropriate to engage in marital relations while the earth is being destroyed. The animals will likewise not be allowed to mate in the ark.
19 Of all incorporeal living beings—the demons,
and of all flesh, you shall bring a minimum
of two of each species into the ark to keep alive with you; they shall be male and female.
20 From each species of bird, from each species of livestock, and from each species of creature that crawls on the ground, two of each kind will come to you on their own to be kept alive; you will not have to trap or gather them. Nonetheless, the ark will allow only the animals that did not crossbreed to enter; you are to escort these animals to their designated compartments.
21 And as for you, take for yourself some of every kind of edible food and gather it in for yourself, so that it shall be for you and for them to eat."
22 Noah did everything that God commanded him to do regarding the construction of the ark exactly. Even though he built it alone, he managed, remarkably, to finish it within the allotted 120 years.
The people, however, did not repent when they found out why Noah was building the ark. Instead, they vowed that if he would try to enter it once it was finished, they would destroy the ark and kill him. In part, this was due to the fact that the spiritual makeup of the antediluvian world was not very conducive to self-refinement and repentance.
Second Reading 7:1 So, on the 10th of Marcheshvan 1656, God said to Noah, "Come into the ark, you and your entire household, for it is you that I have seen to be righteous before Me in this generation." Although the Torah records earlier that Noah was both righteous and faultless, God only praises Noah for his righteousness, for it is not appropriate to enumerate all a person's merits when addressing him directly.
2 God continued, "Since you are acquainted with the teachings of the Torah, you know precisely which animals are ritually pure—i.e., those which will eventually be permissible to the Jewish people as food—and those which are not. You shall take for yourself seven pairs of every kind of ritually pure animal, each pair consisting of a male and its mate, but take only two of the animals that are not ritually pure, a male and its mate. You are to take an additional number of ritually pure animals because only these are to be permitted to be offered as sacrifices.
3 You shall also take seven pairs of the ritually pure birds of the heavens, each pair consisting of a male and its mate, in order to keep its seed alive over the entire face of the earth.
4 For today, your only surviving ancestor, Methuselah, died. In another seven days, after the customary seven-day period of mourning for him is over, I will bring rain on the earth. The rain will last for forty days and forty nights, corresponding to the forty days it takes for an embryo to be considered a human being, because the wicked people of the earth caused Me to fashion their illegitimate offspring. With this flood, I will obliterate every being that I have made from the face of the earth."
5 Noah did all that God had commanded him regarding settling the animals in the ark and stocking it with provisions, but he himself tarried at the entrance, because he didn't fully believe that God would actually go ahead and implement His plan.
6 Noah was in his six hundredth year when the Flood occurred and water covered the earth.
7 When it started to rain, Noah, together with his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives, came into the ark, fleeing from the waters of the Flood.
8 In contrast, all the animals had already entered the ark before it began to rain: Of the ritually pure animals, and of the animals that are not ritually pure, of the birds, and of all the creatures that crawl on the ground,
9 one pair of the ritually impure and seven pairs of the ritually pure, male and female, they had come on their own to Noah into the ark, as God had said when He commanded Noah to enter the ark.
10 After the seven days of mourning for Methuselah passed, the waters of the Flood came upon on the earth. During the ensuing forty days, the sun, the moon, the planets, and the stars did not shine, and it was therefore completely dark.
11 The flood began in the six hundredth year of Noah's life—1656—in the second month, Marcheshvan, on the seventeenth of the month. Because of the gravity of the people's misdeeds, ordinary rain did not suffice to cleanse the earth. Rather, on that day, all the wellsprings of the great abyss burst open and the floodgates of the heavens were opened.
12 Nonetheless, initially, ordinary rain fell upon the earth, to give the people a final chance to repent. Had they repented, the rain would have continued to fall in a normal, beneficial fashion. However, when they failed to take advantage of this opportunity to repent, it became a deluge. Although God released the entire amount of water that would descend during this flood from the heavenly storehouses of water all at once, He made it fall evenly over a period of forty days and forty nights.
13 Because of the people's threats, God protected Noah by summoning lions and bears that prevented the people from harming him or damaging the ark. Thus Noah entered the ark in the very midst of that day, the 17th of Marcheshvan, with Noah's sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them. Noah took some vine branches and fig-tree shoots along with him.
14 And with them, every kind of beast, every kind of livestock, every kind of creature that crawls on the ground, and every kind of flying creature—every bird and every winged creature, even locusts.
15 Of all flesh that had in it a breath of life, they came to Noah into the ark, in pairs.
16 Those who came were male and female; of all flesh they came, as God had commanded him, and God sealed the entrance behind him.
The animals that came to the ark behaved peacefully, even on their way to the ark. Even the wild beasts harmed neither the other animals nor Noah during their stay in the ark.
Third Reading 17 The Flood was upon the earth for forty full days, until the night of the 28th of Kislev. The waters increased and lifted the ark, and it rose above the ground.
18 The waters surged and increased greatly over the earth, and the ark drifted on the surface of the water, eleven cubits of its height remaining submerged under the surface of the water.
Figure 7: The Ark in the Water
19 The waters surged exceedingly high over the earth, and all the high mountains under the whole sky were covered.
20 The mountains were covered, and the waters surged fifteen cubits above Mount Ararat, the highest of them in the region.
21 All flesh that moved upon the earth perished: including the birds, the livestock, the beasts, and every crawling creature that swarmed on the earth, as well as all humanity.
22 Every being that had the breath of the spirit of life in its nostrils, every being that was on dry land, died. The fish, however, remained alive.
23 God obliterated every being that had been on the face of the earth—from man, to livestock, to reptiles, to the birds of the heavens. They were obliterated from the earth; Noah and those who were with him in the ark survived and were greatly pained by their isolation. The descendants of the giants Shamchazai and Azael, however, survived the floodwaters, and eventually settled around Hebron.
The floodwaters swept all the corpses of those who perished to the lowlands of Babylonia.
24 The waters surged over the earth for an additional 150 days after the rainfall stopped, and did not subside throughout this entire period—from the 28th of Kislev until the 29th of Iyar.
The task of caring for the animals was extremely strenuous, and Noah often groaned or even spit blood from sheer exhaustion. Once, he was late in delivering the lions' meal, and one of them struck him. (This incident was the only exception to the animals' otherwise peaceful behavior in the ark. God made this happen once in order to show Noah that He holds righteous people such as Noah to a very high standard of behavior and that He punishes their slightest misdeeds in this world in order for them to have a clean slate in the afterlife.) Noah and his family therefore prayed to God to relieve their suffering in the ark.
8:1 On account of Noah's prayers, God ceased treating the world, as He had done until then, with His attribute of strict justice, and instead began allowing His attribute of mercy to dominate. He thus remembered Noah. He also remembered that all the beasts and livestock with him in the ark had not engaged in crossbreeding, neither before entering the ark nor during their stay within it. God caused His spirit of consolation and rest to apply to what was happening on earth, and the waters began to subside.
2 When it stopped raining on the 28th of Kislev, most of the wellsprings of the abyss were sealed, but some of them were left open to serve as hot springs. In contrast, all the floodgates of heaven were sealed. Thus the rain from the heavens was held back.
3 At the end of 150 days from the 28th of Kislev, i.e., beginning on the 1st of Sivan, the waters slowly but steadily receded from upon the earth and the waters diminished. The water level dropped one-fourth of a cubit per day, so that
4 after sixteen days, that is, on the seventeenth day of the month of Sivan, which was the seventh month counting from when the rain stopped falling, in Kislev, the ark came to rest on the Mountains of Ararat (see Figure 8). Since the water reached to a height of fifteen cubits above the mountaintop and the bottom of the ark was submerged eleven cubits below water level, the water level only had to drop four cubits to allow the ark to rest on the peak of Mount Ararat.
5 The waters continued to diminish at this rate for another forty-four days, i.e., until the first day of Menachem Av, the tenth month counting from when the rain stopped falling, in Kislev. In the course of these forty-four days, the water level dropped an additional eleven cubits. Thus, in the tenth month, on the first of the month, the height of the water had receded a total of fifteen cubits, and the highest mountain peaks became visible.
6 Once the ark firmly settled on the mountaintop, the water began to recede much faster. Forty days after the highest mountaintops became visible, i.e., on the 10th of Elul, Noah opened the window he had made in the ark.
7 On the next day, the 11th of Elul, he sent out the raven to see if the water had receded completely. He assumed that the raven would not return if it would find a place to rest. But because the raven was afraid that Noah would harm its mate, when it went out, it circled to and fro around the ark until the water dried up from the surface of the earth. (Because the raven did not fulfill its mission, God miraculously prolonged its life and sent it to fulfill a similar mission during the lifetime of the prophet Elijah.)
8 Seven days later, on the 18th of Elul, Noah sent out the dove to see if the water had subsided from the surface of the earth. Here again, he knew that the dove, like the raven before it, would not return if it would find a place to land.
9 But the dove could not find any place to rest its feet, and it returned to him, to the ark, for there was still water over the entire surface of the earth. He stretched out his hand and took it, and brought it to himself into the ark.
10 He waited another seven days, until the 25th of Elul, and once again sent the dove out from the ark.
11 The dove came back to him toward evening, and behold, it had plucked an olive leaf with its beak. Olive trees are particularly hardy, so it makes sense that some had survived the flood. On the other hand, the flood had surely destroyed any foliage that might have been on these trees. The leaf that the dove had brought back looked fresh (and not like an old leaf that had been floating on the water for a year), and the appearance of the stem showed clearly that the dove had plucked it off the tree. These clues indicated that the water had subsided long enough ago to allow sufficient time for such a leaf to grow. Thus, even if the dove had plucked the leaf off a tree on a mountaintop, it would still mean that enough time had elapsed for the rest of the earth to dry up considerably. Noah then knew that the water had subsided from the earth and it was time to prepare to disembark. By choosing to pluck an olive leaf, the dove intimated that it would rather receive food as bitter as olives directly from God than more palatable food from the hand of a human.
12 He waited yet another seven days, until the 2nd of Tishrei, and sent out the dove, and this time it never again returned to him.
13 In the year 1657, which was the six-hundred-and-first year of Noah's life, on the first day of Tishrei, the first month, the waters had drained off the earth. Noah removed the covering of the ark and looked, and saw that the earth's surface was drying, although it was still too damp to live on.
14 By the twenty-seventh day of Marcheshvan, the second month, the earth was completely dry. This was exactly one solar year (365 days) since the rain had first begun to fall, on the 17th of Marcheshvan. The Flood purified the world of its spiritual defilement and coarseness. For the first time, the world became receptive to the process of self-initiated refinement. From this point on, it would be relatively easy to ascend the ladder of spiritual self-refinement and repent for misdeeds.
Leaving the Ark
Fourth Reading 15 Neither Noah nor the animals wanted to leave the ark, for they knew that once they did, the animals would revert to their naturally aggressive behavior. Their peaceful coexistence was a taste of the heightened spiritual state of the messianic future. Therefore, God spoke to Noah, saying,
16 "Leave the ark, despite the spiritual descent you will undergo by doing so. Furthermore, you may now resume marital relations: you may live together with your wife, and your sons may live together with your son's wives.
17 All living creatures from all flesh—birds, livestock, and all the reptiles that crawl upon the ground—tell them to leave with you, and if they prefer to stay in the ark, take them out forcibly. Outside the ark, they will be allowed to teem on the earth, and be fruitful and multiply on the earth."
18 Noah went out, but he did not resume marital relations. He continued to live together with his sons, and his wife continued to live with his sons' wives. Noah was reluctant to have more children, for he was afraid that history might repeat itself: humanity might again sin and bring upon itself another flood. What was the purpose of repopulating the world if it might ultimately be destroyed?
19 All the beasts, all the reptiles, all the birds, all the creatures that crawl upon the ground came out of the ark by families. They reaffirmed their commitment not to engage in crossbreeding.
20 Noah correctly intuited that God had commanded him to take an additional number of ritually pure animals to offer them as sacrifices when he left the ark. So he built an altar to God. He took some of every species of ritually pure livestock and of every kind of ritually pure bird, and he offered them up as ascent-offerings on the altar. An ascent-offering is one in which the meat of the animal is entirely consumed by fire on an altar.
21 God figuratively smelled the appeasing fragrance, and God said to Himself, "I hereby swear that I will never again curse the soil because of humanity, for the inclination of a person's heart is challenged by his evil inclination from his earliest youth, i.e., from birth. Never again will I strike down all life as I have done.
22 As long as the earth lasts, none of the seasons—seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter—nor day and night, will ever cease."
Figure 9: The Seasons
9:1 God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth. I promise you that you will be fertile. As for your fear about having more children, I tell you now that I have promised not to destroy the world again.
2 Furthermore, neither do you need to be concerned that your offspring's lives will be endangered. As it was before the degeneration of humanity prior to the flood,
there shall be a fear and dread of you upon all the beasts of the earth and upon all the birds of the sky, in all that will crawl on the land and in all the fish of the sea. They will no longer try to devour you when you are alive. Rather, they have been placed in your hand:
3 Every moving creature that lives shall be yours to eat; like plant vegetation, I have now given you everything. Until now, I forbade humanity from killing animals for food, because I was afraid that, given this power over life and death, people would delude themselves into thinking that they had godlike dominion over the world. But because humanity has become weaker and needs to eat meat to subsist, I am allowing these health considerations to override this former prohibition. Also, because the spiritual makeup of the world is now more conducive to self-refinement, there is less danger of you becoming coarsened by eating meat.
4 But nevertheless, you may not eat the flesh of a still-living creature, nor its blood.
5 Although I have allowed you to kill animals, nevertheless, do not think that I have given you absolute power over life and death, not even your own. In fact, you may not even cause yourselves to bleed unnecessarily; if you do, I will settle the account of the blood you shed by punishing you. If you take your own lives by committing suicide—even without shedding blood, as, for example, by strangulation—I will punish you in the afterlife.
Human life is so precious that, now that I have again forbidden the animals to kill you, I will settle the account from the hand of every wild beast that kills one of you, by killing it in turn.
Neither may you kill other people. I will empower the courts to punish anyone who commits a witnessed act of murder: intentional murder is to be punishable by death and unintentional manslaughter is to be punishable by exile. I will settle the account for human life Myself whenever the courts cannot, both from someone who commits an intentional but unwitnessed murder and from someone who commits unintentional manslaughter—i.e., who is on as good terms with his victim as he is with his own brother but kills him accidentally. I will arrange for the accidental manslayer to accidentally kill the murderer in the presence of witnesses; thus the murderer will receive his death penalty and the court will sentence the manslayer to exile to atone for his carelessness. If, however, the unwitnessed manslayer goes into exile voluntarily, I will arrange for the murderer to be killed in another fashion.
6 In contrast, whoever intentionally sheds human blood, was warned not to do so, and was witnessed doing so, his blood shall be shed by the human court, for God made man in the image of God. The murderer is guilty of diminishing the image of God on earth and has thus forfeited his right to live.
7 And as for you, I now command you: be fruitful and multiply, proliferate upon the earth, and make it populous. If you or your descendants refrain from procreating, I will consider it tantamount to committing murder."
In addition to what God explicitly commanded them, Noah's children undertook to show honor to their parents and forswore licentiousness, understanding that these principles are the foundation of the just society that had been undermined by the generations preceding the Flood.
Fifth Reading 8 Nonetheless, Noah was still hesitant to procreate, so God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him again, saying,
9 "I hereby fortify My promise. I am establishing My covenant to seal My promise with you and with your offspring after you,
10 with every living creature that is with you—the birds, the livestock, and all the harmless beasts of the earth who live with you—with all crawling creatures who left the ark, and with every living being on earth that is harmful to human beings.
11 Furthermore, I will confirm My covenant with you by giving you a sign that I am bound by it, and thus you can rest assured that never again will any flesh be cut off by the waters of a flood. Never again will there be a flood that will destroy the earth or any part of it."
12 God said, "This is the sign that I am providing for the covenant between Me and you and every living creature that is with you, for all generations that require it (i.e., the sign, in case they themselves not be sufficiently righteous):
13 I have placed My rainbow in the clouds, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between Me and the world. As part of the overall refinement of reality effected by the Flood, the atmosphere will now be sufficiently purified to refract and reflect sunlight and thereby produce rainbows. The rainbow therefore testifies to the fact that the world is now sufficiently refined to afford the possibility of repentance. Since it is always possible for humanity to repent, it will never again be necessary to wipe out the world.
14 Thus, when the behavior of any society in any locale degenerates to the point that I regret having created its inhabitants, and I bring clouds over the earth to indicate that they deserve that I bring a flood upon them, just as I did with your generation, the rainbow will appear among the clouds,
15 and I will recall My covenant that exists between Me and you and every living creature among all flesh, so that never again shall the waters become a flood to destroy any flesh. However, when no part of society is behaving that immorally, it will not be necessary for me to cause a rainbow to appear.
16 In accordance with the transformation of My attribute of judgment into My attribute of mercy that began when you prayed to Me in the ark, I will now extend the covenant I just established between us and apply it to My attribute of judgment, as well: Even when your conduct is wanting, and logically My attribute of judgment should raise an accusation against you, the rainbow will be in the clouds, and I will see it to recall the eternal covenant I am now making between God's attribute of judgment and every living creature among all flesh that is upon the earth, and I will not even allow My attribute of judgment to prosecute you."
17 God said to Noah, showing him a rainbow, "Behold the sign of the covenant that I have established between Me and all flesh that is upon the earth."
Sixth Reading 18 Having been promised by God that his progeny would not be wiped out, Noah resumed marital relations with his wife, as did his sons with their wives. The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth; they each had a number of children. Ham was the father of four sons, the youngest of which was Canaan. Ham was incensed that his father, Noah, was trying to have more children. He assumed that Cain had killed his brother, Abel, because he wanted the whole world for himself. Since Noah was the new beginning of the human race, Ham considered himself already deprived enough by having to share the world with two other brothers, and should not be required to share it with any additional brothers.
19 These three were the sons of Noah, and from them the whole world branched out.
20 Noah was the master of the soil, and understood the importance of grain as the mainstay of civilized life. Nonetheless, when he came out of the ark, instead of first planting a grain crop, he degraded himself by planting a vineyard, to produce wine for purposes of enjoyment. He had brought vine branches along with him into the ark.
21 He drank some of the wine and became drunk, and uncovered himself inside his tent.
22 Ham's youngest son, Canaan, saw his grandfather exposed. He ran to tell his father. Ham, the father of Canaan, came and entered Noah's tent and saw his father's nakedness. He realized that this was his chance to prevent his father from having more children. He first had relations with him and then castrated him, and then told it to his two brothers outside.
23 Shem, enlisting Japheth's help, took a garment and placed it on the shoulders of them both. They then walked into the tent backwards and covered their father's nakedness. Even when they approached him and had to turn their bodies around, they did so while facing away from him, so that they did not ever see their father's nakedness.
24 Noah awoke from his wine and realized what his youngest, immature, and degenerate son had done to him.
25 He said, "Cursed be Canaan! Because of you, Ham, I will never have a fourth son to tend to me, and I no longer want you to tend to me. Therefore, since my eldest sons will now have this responsibility, I decree that your fourth son shall be a slave's slave—a slave to his father's brothers, Shem and Japheth, who must now serve me alone!"
26 He then said, "Blessed be God, the God who will favor Shem by giving his descendants the Promised Land! Canaan's descendants shall be their slaves and pay them tribute!
27 May God expand Japheth materially, but may He dwell in the tents of the descendants of Shem. (One fulfillment of this prophecy occurred with regard to the two Temples in Jerusalem: The first Temple, built by Solomon, a descendant of Shem, was endowed with a far greater measure of Divine revelation than was the second Temple, which was built by Cyrus the Persian, a descendant of Japheth.)
And let Canaan's descendants be slaves to the descendants of Shem even when the latter will dwell in countries other than their own!"
In addition to Noah's explicit prophecies, there were additional repercussions to each son's behavior in this incident. Shem, for having cloaked his father, earned the privilege that his descendants (the Jewish people) would wear the ritual prayer blanket (talit). Japheth, for having assisted his brother Shem in covering their father, earned the privilege that his eschatological descendant (Gog) would be buried in the Land of Israel. Ham, for having capitalized on his father's exposure, earned the degrading embarrassment that his descendants would be carried off naked into captivity.
The Seventy Nations
28 Having concluded the narrative of Noah, the Torah now details the genealogy of his descendants.
Noah lived 350 years after the Flood, which occurred in the 600th year of his life.
29 All the days of Noah thus came to 950 years, and he died.
10:1 The following are the descendants of Noah's sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, who fathered children after the Flood. The generations after the Flood learned the main lesson of the Flood—that wanton abuse of the limits God imposes on human procreative activity brings wanton destruction, as does robbery—and they therefore undertook to refrain from committing these sins. However, they did continue to worship idols; the vast majority of the nations listed here were idolaters.
In accordance with God's instructions that his descendants fill the world, Noah divided up the known world, assigning a specific geographical region to each of his seventy descendants. In accordance, again, with God's original intention, he assigned the Land of Israel to the descendants of Shem.
2 The sons of Japheth were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Yavan, Tuval, Meshech, and Tiras, who later became known as Persia.
3 The sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz, Rifat, and Togarmah.
4 The sons of Yavan were Elishah, Tarshish, the Kittites, and the Dodanites.
5 From these, the island-nations, their clans, and their nations branched out, each with its language, into their lands.
6 The sons of Ham were Kush, Egypt, Put, and Canaan.
7 The sons of Kush were Seva, Chavilah, Savtah, Ra'amah, and Savtecha. The sons of Ra'amah were Sheva and Dedan.
8 Kush was the father of Nimrod ["Let us rebel"], the first man in the world powerful enough to rally the masses to rebel against God, as will be described below.
9 He was a mighty hunter, "trapping" people by convincing them to join his rebellion against God, and he flaunted his rebellious intentions before God Himself. Hence, the saying, "He is like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before God" is applied to anyone who intentionally seeks to provoke God's anger.
10 His kingdom began with Babylon, and with Erech, Akad, and Kalneh, in the land of Shinar.
11 But when its inhabitants began to follow Nimrod, Assyria and his family left that land and built Nineveh, Rechovot-Ir and Kalach,
12 as well as Resen, between Nineveh and Kalach; Nineveh is the great city, the capital of Assyria.
13 Egypt fathered the Ludites, the Anamites, the Lehavites ("Flames," so known because of their fiery faces), the Naftuchites,
14 the Patrusites and the Kasluchites—who engaged in wife-swapping and produced the Philistines, who thus descended from them both—and the Kaftorites.
15 Canaan was the father of Sidon, his firstborn, and Het,
16 as well as the Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgashites,
17 the Hivites, the Arkites, the Sinites,
18 the Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites. From these, the families of the Canaanites later spread out further.
19 The Canaanite borders extended from Sidon toward Gerar until Gaza, and toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Tzevoyim, until Lasha.
20 These are the descendants of Ham, according to their clans and languages, by their lands and nations.
21 Children were also born to Shem. He was the ancestor of all those who lived on the other, eastern side of the Euphrates, and the brother of Japheth, the eldest son of Noah and the only other son who honored him.
22 The sons of Shem were Elam, Assyria, Arpachshad, Lud, and Aram.
23 The sons of Aram were Utz, Chul, Geter, and Mash.
24 Arpachshad was the father of Shelach, and Shelach was the father of Ever.
25 Two sons were born to Ever. The name of the first was Peleg, because his father prophesied that in the final days of his life, the world would be divided [niflegah], as will be described below. The name of his brother was Yoktan ("the Small One," so named because of his humility).
26 Yoktan was the father of Almodad, Shelef, Chatzarmavet ("the Court of Death," which besides being his given name was also the name of his city), Yerach,
27 Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah,
28 Oval, Avimael, Sheva,
29 Ophir, Chavilah, and Yovav; all these were the sons of Yoktan, who merited fathering all these numerous extended families because of his humility.
30 Their dwelling place extended from Mesha towards Sephar, the eastern mountain.
31 These are the descendants of Shem, according to their clans and languages, by their lands and their nations.
32 These mentioned above were the families of Noah's sons, in their order of birth, by their nations, and from them the nations eventually dispersed over the earth after the Flood.
Figure 10: The Seventy Nations
The Tower of Babel
Seventh Reading 11:1 Deliberately ignoring God's instructions to Noah that they disperse and populate the world, Noah's descendants chose to live together in the mountainous region around Mount Ararat. Acutely aware that God had brought on the Flood because of the world's antisocial behavior, they reasoned that the best way to garner God's favor and beneficence was to show Him that they could live together in unity. The whole population of the world was united, speaking one language, but they were also united in a common, ill-advised cause, led by Nimrod. Nimrod convinced them that God was being presumptuous by relegating humanity to the earth while reserving heaven for Himself alone; it was therefore necessary to show God that they were challenging this arrogance by building a tower that would reach upward into heaven, His domain. Furthermore, he convinced them that the Flood was simply a natural, periodic occurrence that would repeat itself every 1656 years, and for this reason, too, they should build a tower that would reach into the clouds, so they could take measures to control the rainfall, if necessary. They therefore had to look for a place where they could all congregate and build such a tower.
2 When they migrated from the mountains in the east in search of such a place, they found a valley in the land of Shinar large enough for these purposes and they settled there (see Figure 11).
3 But there were no stones in this valley with which to build, so they said to one another, "Come, let us mold bricks and fire them." The bricks they made were as hard as stone, and the clay served them for mortar with which to plaster the walls.
4 They said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top shall reach into the sky. Let us make ourselves a name, so that we will not be scattered by God all over the face of the earth and thereby lose the merit that earns us His beneficence." It was at this point that the Assyrians separated themselves from Nimrod and migrated to the north.
5 In the year 1996, God descended to see the city and the tower that the sons of man had built. Although He knew what they were doing, He wished to demonstrate that a judge should never pass sentence before thoroughly examining the case.
6 God said, "They possess all the advantages and conveniences of being a single people, all having one language—and this is what they have begun to do?! So now, should they not be prevented from doing that which they planned to do?"
7 In order to demonstrate how a person should always humbly seek the counsel of others before deciding upon a course of action—even if they are of lesser status—He consulted with His heavenly court, saying, "Come, let us descend and confuse their speech there, so that one person will not understand another's speech. This will make them quarrel with one another and break up into separate groups, the very thing they feared would happen to them. Although they have declared war on Me, and thus, theologically, their sin is greater than the sins of the generation of the Flood, I will not destroy them, because at least they were united and acted peacefully towards one another. In contrast, the people of the Flood were contentious and robbed from one another. I value peace among My creatures even more than I value the respect they owe Me."
8 The heavenly court agreed. Except for Shem and his family, they all suddenly forgot how to speak their original language, Hebrew, and each clan began speaking its own language. Not being able to communicate with each other, they dispersed. In this way, God scattered them from that place all over the face of the earth, and they stopped building the city. The descendants of Japheth and Ham migrated westward, leaving the descendants of Shem in the regions east of the Euphrates River.
9 It was therefore named Babel, because this was the place where God confused (balal) the whole world's language. From there God dispersed them over all the face of the earth and revoked their privilege of entering the afterlife, as well.
The Line of Shem
10 Having concluded recounting how the seventy descendants of Noah became separate nations, the Torah continues its chronicle of the lineage of Shem. It will be noticed in this chronicle that the human lifespan became increasingly shorter after the Flood. This is because after the Flood, God no longer sustained the world without regard to human merit, as He had done before the Flood. Rather, God henceforward made humanity's success in self-refinement the central factor in eliciting Divine beneficence. Although this ensured that God would never again wipe out the world, it attenuated the intensity of the flow of Divine life force, resulting in shorter life-expectancy.
Figure 12: The Shortening of Life Expectancy
The following are the descendants of Shem: Shem was 100 years old when he fathered his third son, Arpachshad, in the year 1658, two years after the Flood began.
11 Shem lived 500 years after he fathered Arpachshad, and he fathered other sons and daughters before he died in the year 2158, at the age of 600.
12 Arpachshad was 35 years old when he fathered a son, Shelach, in the year 1693.
13 Arpachshad lived 403 years after Shelach was born, and he fathered other sons and daughters before he died in the year 2096, at the age of 438.
14 Shelach was 30 years old when he fathered a son, Ever, in the year 1723.
15 Shelach lived 403 years after he fathered Ever, and he fathered other sons and daughters before died in the year 2126, at the of 433.
16 Ever was 34 years old when he fathered a son, Peleg, in the year 1757.
17 Ever lived 430 years after he fathered Peleg, and he fathered other sons and daughters before he died in the year 2187, at the age of 464. After the dispersion, Shem saw that humanity was again drifting away from God's original instructions to humanity. He therefore founded, together with his great-grandson Ever, an academy whose purpose it was to preserve the corpus these teachings—which God would later give formally as the Torah—and teach them to whomever was interested enough to seek them out. Together with the God's teachings, this academy also preserved the knowledge of the world's original language, Hebrew. This language was kept secret, since Shem and Ever understood from the incident of the Tower of Babel that God felt that the general population was no longer worthy of using it. Shem settled in the city of Salem (which would later be renamed Jerusalem).
18 Peleg was 30 years old when he fathered a son, Reu, in the year 1787.
19 Peleg lived 209 years after he fathered Reu, and he fathered other sons and daughters before he died in the year 1996—the year of the dispersion—at the age of 239.
20 Reu was 32 years old when he had a son, Serug, in the year 1819.
21 Reu lived 207 years after he fathered Serug, and he fathered other sons and daughters before he died in the year 2026, at the age of 239.
22 Serug was 30 years old when he fathered a son, Nachor, in the year 1849.
23 Serug lived 200 years after he fathered Nachor, and he fathered other sons and daughters before he died in the year 2049, at the age of 230.
24 Nachor was 29 years old when he fathered a son, Terach, in the year 1878.
25 Nachor lived 119 years after he fathered Terach, and he fathered other sons and daughters before he died in the year 1997, at the age of 148.
26 Terach was 70 years old when, in the year 1948, he fathered a son, whom he named Abram ("the Prince of Aram"). His eldest son was Nachor, named after his father, and his next eldest son was Haran. Abram was born from one wife and Nachor and Haran from another.
27 The narrative now focuses on the history of Terach's family. The following are the descendants of Terach: Terach was the father of Abram, Nachor, and Haran, and Haran was the father of Lot and of two daughters, Sarai and Milkah.
28 Abram grew up during the period after Nimrod and his followers had already migrated to the Plain of Shinar. Although raised as an idolater, Abram already perceived the folly of idol worship in his early childhood. When he purposely broke his father's idols, the latter brought him to Nimrod, who threw him into a fiery furnace. God miraculously saved Abram, and he emerged from the furnace unscathed. Abram's older brother, Haran, decided that he would side with whoever would win this confrontation. Upon seeing that Abram emerged unharmed, Haran declared himself to be on his side, whereupon Nimrod then cast him, too, into the furnace, and he died there. Thus, Haran died during the lifetime of his father, Terach, in the land of his birth, and, in fact, he died because his father, Terach, took Abram to Nimrod. The news of this incident became so widespread that Nimrod became known as Amrafel ("He who said, 'Fall [into the furnace!]'") and the city where it occurred became known as Ur ("the fire") of the Kasdites. Another meaning of the word Ur is "valley," since it was the capital of Nimrod's kingdom in the Valley of Shinar.
29 Abram and Nachor married. The name of Abram's wife was Sarai, and the name of Nachor's wife was Milkah, the daughter of Haran, who was the father of Milkah and her sister Sarai, who was also known as Yiskah, meaning "[far]-looking," since she was gifted with Divine inspiration and could foretell the future; "[good]-looking," since everyone enjoyed gazing at her beauty; and "royal dignity," parallel to her other name, Sarai, which means "my princess." Abram and Nachor, the two brothers, thus both married their nieces, two sisters—the daughters of their brother, Haran (see Figure 13).
30 Sarai was barren; she had no child. And according to Abraham's astrological calculations, he would never have any children through her.
31 The incident of the fiery furnace convinced Terach to himself espouse monotheism. But because he did not want to acknowledge his repentance publicly, he instead decided to move to a place where he would not be a public figure, thus avoiding the need to participate in public idol worship. Terach took his son Abram; his grandson Lot, the son of Haran; and his daughter-in-law Sarai, the wife of his son Abram. Terach and Abram left Ur of the Kasdites with Lot and Sarai, heading toward Canaan. They left Nachor and Milkah behind in Ur. On the other hand, Terach knew that moving all the way to Canaan would entail espousing monotheism publicly, and he was not ready to do this. So they came as far as the city of Charan in Aram, and settled there (see Figure 14). While in Charan, Abram and Sarai began to spread monotheism and gradually gathered around them a following of new believers. Their activities quelled God's anger, which had been increasingly intensifying with the spread of idolatry after the Flood.
In the year 2018, when Abram was 70 years old, he visited Canaan briefly. As will be described below, God appeared to him while he was there and promised to give him Canaan and to make him the progenitor of the chosen people. Abram then returned to Charan. Since his father, Terach, had not wanted to accompany him to Canaan, Abram had to return to Charan to continue to care for him, for until God instructed him explicitly to leave, he was still legally bound to observe the commandment of parental respect.
By this time, Abram had learned of God's original instructions to humanity that were preserved by Shem and Ever. He had begun to observe these teachings, which God would later give to his descendants as the Torah. Nonetheless, he did not circumcise himself, because this would have violated God's explicit commandment not to shed human blood; his voluntary assumption of the Torah's commandments did not have the legal power to override an explicit directive.
32 All of Terach's days came to 205 years, and Terach died in Charan in the year 2083. But because he was outwardly an idolater, he was considered figuratively "dead" even while he was alive, for the wicked are considered dead even in their lifetimes, whereas the righteous are considered alive even after their death. | 47,876 | 179 |
44,826 | US 6830187 B2
The disclosed methods and apparatus relate generally to the electronics media industry, such as cable television (CATV), home shopping services, on-line computer services and computer memory applications. These methods and apparatus allow a user to access and make use of electronic media input and output devices by reference to and/or utilization of standard printed matter, such as magazines, textbooks, or any other printed matter that can be correlated to electronic media.
1. A system for displaying programming material to a user, the system comprising:
a printed magazine having at least one machine recognizable feature;
a feature recognition unit having associated therewith a means for recognizing said machine recognizable feature and a means for transmitting a coded signal in response to the recognition of said machine recognizable feature;
an intelligent controller having associated therewith a means for accessing said programming material in response to receiving said coded signal; and
a display unit for presenting said programming material.
2. A system as defined in
3. A system as defined in
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99. A method of providing a user access to programming material, comprising the steps of:
printing a machine recognizable feature within a magazine;
scanning said machine recognizable feature of said magazine; and
transmitting data associated with said machine recognizable feature via a communication link to access said programming material, wherein said programming material is related to said magazine.
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102. A method of providing a user access to supplemental programming material associated with a magazine, comprising the steps of:
printing a machine recognizable feature within said magazine, wherein said machine recognizable feature has associated therewith a command sequence for accessing programming material;
scanning said machine recognizable feature within said magazine and downloading data indicative of said machine recognizable feature via the Internet to a remote server;
accessing programming material from said remote server; and
transmitting said programming material to said user allowing said user to perceive said programming material in a humanly perceivable form, wherein said programming material is related to said magazine.
103. A The method of
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This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/365,961, filed Aug. 2, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/628,246, filed Apr. 4, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,863, which is a division of application Ser. No. 08/250,799, filed May 25, 1994, now abandoned.
The present invention relates generally to the electronic media industry—such as cable television (CATV), home shopping services, on-line computer services, personal computer applications, and CD-ROM-based multi-media applications—and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for allowing a user to access and make use of such electronic media services via a device that makes use of a standard book, magazine or other printed work.
It is a well-known fact that a large fraction of the population is unfamiliar with the operation or use of modern computer devices. This remains true despite significant advances in user-interface technology—such as mouses, windows, menus and the like. It is commonly said that such technology makes computers “user friendly.” However, the modern mouse/window/menu-based user-interface technology has been widely available for several years, and yet it still appears that this technology is not a panacea for computer-phobia. Indeed, studies have shown that a majority of VCR owners cannot operate the simple menu-based interface used to program their VCRs. Thus, there exists a great need for improved user-interface technology, if computer-based electronic media is to become as widely used and accepted as television or radio.
This need for improved user-interface technology will become even greater with the arrival of technology such as the presently planned “information superhighway,” which will permit delivery of high-bandwidth (i.e., full-motion video rate) digital data into millions of homes via fiber optic, cable, RF, microwave or satellite links. Such technology will, in concept, permit instant delivery of a virtually limitless selection of commercial, informational, educational and entertainment programming at a user's request. However, without better user-interface technology, the average user may not be capable of enjoying the vast capabilities of such a system. Indeed, it is clear that the number of programming choices available to the user of such technology will be far greater than the number of choices involved in programming a VCR—a task already demonstrated to be too complicated for the average user of present-day user-interface technology.
In contrast to the difficulty many people encounter in using remote controls and other prior art computer interfaces, printed matter—such as books and magazines—represents an almost universally familiar and non-intimidating medium by which a user can acquire desired information. Even illiterate individuals incapable of reading text can nonetheless peruse pages of printed matter and appreciate the substance of flashy advertisements and the like. Thus, it would be highly desirable to provide a system with the information accessing capabilities of a modern CD-ROM or on-line computer system, and the user-interface simplicity of printed matter.
The prior art includes a class of devices known as “talking books”—see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,881 entitled TALKING BOOK WITH AN INFRARED DETECTOR USED TO DETECT PAGE TURNING, U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,573 entitled VISUAL AND AUDIBLE ACTIVATED WORK AND METHOD OF FORMING SAME, U.S. Pat. No. 4,778,391 entitled SOUND-PRODUCING AMUSEMENT OR EDUCATIONAL DEVICES, U.S. Pat. No. 4,809,246 entitled SOUND ILLUSTRATED BOOK HAVING PAGE INDICATOR CIRCUIT, U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,092 entitled TALKING BOOK and U.S. Pat. No. 5,209,665 entitled INTERACTIVE AUDIO VISUAL WORK, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Typically, these “talking books” consist of a book with various sensors which—when activated by touching, page turning, etc.—cause a sound generating means (also embedded within the book) to produce or replay particular sounds. Talking books thus provide an interface for allowing an unsophisticated user (i.e., a child) to access a very primitive computer (i.e., the sound generating means embedded within the book) via familiar printed matter (i.e., the book with embedded sensors). Importantly, however, talking books do not provide a means for interfacing with modern electronic media—such as cable television (CATV), home shopping services, on-line computer services, CD-ROM-based multimedia applications, interactive TV or home computer applications. One approach to interfacing with these modern electronic media is the “simulated book”—see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,725, entitled MICROPROCESSOR BASED SIMULATED BOOK, incorporated herein by reference. The “simulated book” is in essence a book-size intelligent graphics terminal. Unlike the talking books, the simulated book is not a self-contained system, but rather transmits commands to and receives data from a CD-ROM equipped personal computer via a wireless link. Thus, the programming that the simulated book can access is not limited to that which can be stored in embedded memory devices, as with the talking books. Importantly, however, the user-interface provided by the simulated book is essentially the conventional computer interface—i.e., keys, pointer, menus, etc. Therefore, a computer-phobic user will likely still find the simulated book intimidating and inaccessible.
A disadvantage of both the talking book and simulated book technologies is that both include relatively costly electronics—i.e., microprocessors, memory, display devices, etc.—as a part of the “book.” Thus, these technologies cannot be effectively used to create a “throw-away” interactive magazine, newspaper or advertising brochure.
Thus, there remains a need for a method and apparatus for accessing the vast resources of electronic media using a device as familiar and non-intimidating as printed matter. There remains a further need for such a method and apparatus which utilizes a low cost, throw-away printed matter.
One object of the present invention is a method and apparatus for allowing a user to access electronic media via a printed matter.
Another object of the invention is a method and apparatus for allowing a user to access electronic media relating to, or expanding upon, material presented in the printed matter.
Another object of the invention is a low cost, throw-away printed matter useful in connection with other objects of the invention.
Still another object of the invention is an improved method of providing electronic media services.
Yet another object of the invention is an intelligent controller for use in connection with the invention.
In accordance with one embodiment, the invention comprises: (i) a printed matter having at least one sensor and a transmitter associated therewith; and (ii) an intelligent controller having a receiver and a means for accessing programming material. A user triggers said sensor through interaction with said printed matter, for example, by touching a particular spot on a page or by turning a page. In response to the triggering of said sensor, the transmitter sends a signal indicative of said sensor. The receiver receives said signal and, in response thereto, the intelligent controller executes a pre-programmed command related to accessing or controlling electronic media or programming. For example, when the user triggers a sensor associated with an advertisement in the printed matter, the intelligent controller may, in response, send a signal via a telephone line, cable connection, or wireless modem or cellular link to a remote video server, and thereby cause a promotional program to appear on the user's television.
In accordance with another embodiment, the invention comprises: (i) a printed matter having at least one machine-recognizable feature—such as a bar code or magnetic strip (or any commonly used printed indicia, such as a printed character, symbol or pictorial icon), (ii) a feature recognition unit having a means for recognizing said feature and a transmitter, and (iii) an intelligent controller having a receiver. The user directs the feature recognition unit to a feature on said printed matter. In response, said recognition unit transmits a signal indicative of the identity of the particular feature. The receiver receives said signal and the intelligent controller, in response thereto, executes an appropriate pre-programmed command.
In accordance with another embodiment, the invention comprises: (i) a printed matter having at least one machine-recognizable feature and (ii) an intelligent feature recognition unit having means for recognizing said feature, means for associating said recognized feature with a command, and means for issuing said command over a wireless link. In use, the user directs said intelligent feature recognition unit at a feature on said printed matter. In response, said intelligent recognition unit associates said feature with a pre-programmed command and issues a pre-programmed command sequence over a wireless data link to control or access electronic media services. The command may, for example, be transmitted—via an infrared (IR) or ultrasound link—to a CATV control box in the same room, or—via a cellular or satellite link—to the CATV company office.
In accordance with another embodiment, the invention comprises a printed matter having: (i) at least one sensor, (ii) a control module and (iii) a transmitter associated therewith. In response to the triggering of said sensor, said control module directs the transmitter to transmit a command related to accessing or controlling an electronic media service.
Other aspects of the invention relate to methods of providing, accessing or utilizing electronic media services. In accordance with one such aspect, the invention involves: (i) providing a printed matter having at least one sensor associated therewith, (ii) providing an intelligent controller which, in response to the triggering of said sensor, performs a pre-programmed command, and (iii) executing said pre-programmed command to access or control an electronic media.
Another aspect of the invention involves a method of providing electronic media services, which includes the steps of: (i) providing printed matter to a potential customer and (ii) pre-programming an intelligent controller to access or control an electronic media service in response to an event wherein the customer interacts with the printed matter in a particular manner. Advantageously, said printed matter comprises a low cost, throw-away publication.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an improved method of providing shop-at-home services includes the steps of: (i) providing to the customer a printed catalogue having at least one sensor or machine-recognizable feature associated therewith, (ii) programming a controller to execute a pre-programmed command in response to an event wherein the customer interacts with said sensor or feature, and (iii) providing a service—e.g., displaying promotional programming on the customer's television, contacting the customer by telephone, establishing a computer “chat” link, etc.—by telephone, cable, or wireless link in response to the execution of said command.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to an improved method of instruction, including the steps of: (i) providing an instructional printed matter—such as a textbook, cookbook, children's book or manual—having at least one sensor or machine-recognizable feature associated therewith, (ii) providing a means, distinct from said textbook or other printed matter, for executing a pre-programmed command in response to an event wherein a reader interacts with said sensor or feature, and (iii) in response to said command, causing or controlling: (a) the electronic delivery or presentation of information related to that in the textbook or other printed matter; and/or (b) the establishment of a communication link to a live tutor or consultant familiar with the subject matter contained in the instructional printed matter.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a low cost, throw-away printed matter—including at least one machine-recognizable feature—adapted for use in connection with the invention.
The above—as well as other—aspects, objects and features of the present invention will be described in the Detailed Description below, which is intended to be read in conjunction with the following set of drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment wherein the display unit is embedded within the printed matter;
FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of the invention wherein electronic media is presented on a user's TV set;
FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of the invention wherein programming material is accessed from a remote source;
FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of the invention which includes a feature recognition unit;
FIG. 4a depicts an embodiment of the invention wherein the feature recognition unit provides an interface between the display unit and a remote source of programming material;
FIG. 5 depicts an embodiment of the invention adapted for presentation of musical programming;
FIG. 5a depicts an alternative embodiment of the invention adapted for presentation of musical programming;
FIG. 6 depicts an embodiment of the invention wherein the display unit comprises a personal computer;
FIG. 6a depicts an embodiment of the invention wherein the user employs a hand-held scanner/pointer device to select features associated with a printed matter and to interface with an intelligent controller or personal computer;
FIG. 6b depicts an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein the user employs a separately attached trackball mouse and hand-held scanner device to select features associated with a printed matter and to interface with an intelligent controller or personal computer;
FIG. 6c depicts another embodiment of the invention wherein the user employs a separately attached trackball mouse and digital camera device to select features associated with a printed matter and to interface with an intelligent controller or personal computer;
FIG. 6d depicts another embodiment of the invention wherein the user employs a microphone set up to interface with an intelligent controller or personal computer which contains voice recognition software to select features associated with a printed matter;
FIG. 6e depicts yet another embodiment of the invention wherein the user employs a traditional keyboard set up to interface with an intelligent controller or personal computer for manual entry to select features associated with a printed matter;
FIG. 6f depicts another embodiment of the present invention in which a scanable magnetic strip is set up to interface with an intelligent controller or personal computer equipped with a magnetic card reader to select features associated with a printed matter; and
FIG. 7 depicts an embodiment of the invention adapted for shop-at-home applications.
In this section, the various preferred embodiments of the invention are described from two general perspectives. The first, a “functional” perspective, focuses on the contemplated interactions between the user and the various components—i.e., the printed matter, controller, display unit, etc.—of the invention. This functional description provides the insight needed to implement the software or firmware used in connection with the invention. The second perspective, the “apparatus” view, describes the various technologies that can be used to implement the individual components of the present invention.
The Functional Perspective
Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which depicts an embodiment of the invention comprising a printed matter 1 in communication (preferably wireless) with a data server 2. Printed matter 1 includes at least one sensor 3 and a controller, which preferably includes a microprocessor 4. A stiff or flexible page 5 (any page within a book) holds a display screen 6.
Printed matter 1 can take the form of a book, magazine, manual, musical score, catalog, advertisement, newspaper, telephone or electronic service directory, or other like means. The controller—including microprocessor 4—is preferably embedded within the spine or any other page of printed matter 1.
Display screen 6 can be an LED display, a passive or active matrix LCD display or other like means, and may also have an audio transducer associated therewith.
Sensor 3 is preferably touch sensitive, but can also be a page sensor or a combination of touch and page sensor, as described below. In response to a user's touch, microprocessor 4 causes programming material to be retrieved from data server 2 and displayed on screen 6. Data communication between server 2 and microprocessor 4 may operate via RF cellular, microwave, IR, optical, conductive, telephonic or CATV links, or any combination of these or other like means.
Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which depicts an alternative embodiment of the invention comprising a printed matter 21, an intelligent controller 24 and display unit 25. Printed matter 21 includes at least one sensor 22 and a transmitter 23. In response to a user's actuation of sensor 22, transmitter 23 transmits a coded signal indicative of the identity of the actuated sensor. A receiver 26 in intelligent controller 24 receives the coded signal. Controller 24 then identifies the actuated sensor, and initiates display of appropriate programming material on display unit 25 (which can be a TV set or any other means for audio or audiovisual presentation, including but not limited to a personal computer). Programming material preferably derives from a mass storage device—e.g., a magnetic disk, CD-ROM, ROM, flash RAM, PCMCIA card or other memory means—associated with intelligent controller 24 (or with display unit 25). As used herein, the term “memory means” shall also include future storage technologies, such as the recently announced multi-layer CD-ROMs being developed by IBM. See “New I.B.M. Laser Method Stacks Data on Disks,” New York Times, May 13, 1994.
Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which depicts an embodiment of the invention in which intelligent controller 31 derives programming material from a remote server 30. Controller 31 includes means for accessing a remote server 30 of programming material, and preferably further includes means for decompressing compressed programming material received from server 30. In response to a coded signal received by receiver 26, intelligent controller 31 sends an appropriate command to server 30 to select II and initiate transfer of appropriate programming material. Controller 31 then receives programming material from remote server 30 and prepares (e.g., decompresses, if necessary) the material for presentation on display unit 25. As with conventional pay-per-view CATV services and on-line computer services, the user is billed according to the volume and/or nature of programming material requested.
Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which depicts an embodiment of the invention including a printed matter 40, a feature recognition unit 42, an intelligent controller 31, a server 30 and a display unit 25. Printed matter 40 includes at least one machine-recognizable feature 41 in the printed work, such as a bar code, invisible bar code, magnetic code, printed character, symbol or pictorial icon, or other feature.
Feature recognition unit 42 is a hand-held device and includes means 44 for recognizing feature 41, a transmitter 45 and an optional user actuation switch 43. The user directs recognition unit 42 at a feature and depresses actuation switch 43. In response thereto, means 44 for recognizing “reads” (i.e., for a printed feature, scans and identifies) the feature 41, and transmitter 45 transmits a coded signal indicative of the identity of feature 41. The operation of controller 31, server 30 and display unit 25 is otherwise identical or similar to the FIG. 3 embodiment.
Still referring to FIG. 4, use of embedded features 41—as opposed to sensors—lowers the fabrication cost of printed matter 40. Advantageously, printed matter 40 can be a low cost, throw-away publication.
An identification code generated either by recognition unit 42 or intelligent controller 31 allows the user to be billed for his/her use of transmitted material by server 30 and, for commercial applications, allows the advertiser to identify the potential customer.
Reference is now made to FIG. 4a, which depicts an embodiment of the invention in which the functions of the intelligent controller are integrated into a recognition/control unit 46. Unit 46 includes means 44 for recognizing feature 41 and means 48 for accessing—preferably via a cellular RF link—programming material associated with server 30. In addition, recognition/control unit 46 optionally includes a microprocessor. Either recognition/control unit 46 or display unit 47 may include means for decompressing compressed programming material.
Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which depicts an embodiment of the invention adapted for musical applications. The embodiment includes a printed musical score 50, an electronic baton 51, a music controller 55 and an audio/audiovisual player 56. Using baton 51, the user directs a recognition means 52—which can be either a CCD camera or a magnetic detector—at a particular portion 57 of printed score 50. Transmitter 53 then transmits a coded signal indicative of the selected portion 57. Music controller 55, in response to the coded signal, directs the presentation of appropriate audio or audiovisual programming on player 56. Music controller 55 may include a means for storing programming material—such as ROM, CD-ROM, flash RAM, PCMCIA card or other memory means—or an electronic musical synthesizer, or both.
Reference is now made to FIG. 5a, which depicts an alternative embodiment of the invention directed to musical applications. In FIG. 5a, music controller 55 a retrieves programming material from a remote data server 57. Using a remote server permits continuous updating of programming material, such as replacing one performance or opera company with another. Either player 56 or controller 55 a preferably includes means for decompressing compressed programming material received from server 57.
Reference is now made to FIG. 6, which depicts an embodiment of the invention utilizing a personal computer to access and display electronic programming material. In this embodiment, portions of the personal computer provide the functions of the previously-described intelligent controller, while other portions of the computer provide the functions of the display unit. The scope of this invention should not be limited to the traditional notions of Personal Computers. The present invention will find use in conjunction with more non-traditional applications such as WEB-TV®, Video Phones, as well as other chip based technologies. An interface unit 60 includes a receiver 26 for receiving a coded signal from a transmitter 23, representative of an actuated sensor 22 (or, in an alternative embodiment which includes a feature recognition unit, from the feature recognition unit indicative of the selected feature) on printed matter 21. Interface unit 60 connects to personal computer 61 by any conventional means, such as an I/O port, card slot, etc. Personal computer 61 monitors the interface unit 60, and displays (or controls the display of) appropriate programming material selected by the user through his/her interaction with printed matter 21.
Programming material can be stored on personal computer 61—on a ROM, CD-ROM, flash RAM, PCMCIA card, or other disk/card supplied along with printed matter 21—or accessed from a remote data server 62.
Reference is now made to FIG. 6a, which shows an embodiment of the invention wherein a user employs a hand-held recognition device 67 to: (i) select programming material associated with a feature 41 on a printed matter 40; and (ii) control or interact with a personal computer 65 during the presentation and/or execution of the programming material. The recognition device 67 may be comprised of one of many possible devices already in use within the computer and electronics industry.
The prefered embodiment may utilize a scanner/mouse which is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,949, entitled HAND-HAND-HELD OPTICAL SCANNER AND COMPUTER MOUSE, which is incorporated herein by reference. The FIG. 6a embodiment provides at least two modes of interaction for the use of the Scanner/Mouse:
(i) Scan Mode:
In this mode, scanner/mouse 67 operates as a scanner. The user points scanner/mouse 67 at a feature 41 in a printed matter 40 and depresses a switch to cause the feature to be scanned. Personal computer 65 receives the scanned image, decodes it, and executes a pre-programmed command in response. Execution of the pre-programmed command may, for example, cause personal computer 65 to fetch an interactive software program from a centralized data bank 62, and begin execution of the fetched software. Once the fetched software begins executing, scanner/mouse 67 may be placed into mouse/trackball mode, in order to support interaction between the user and personal computer 65.
(ii) Mouse/Trackball Mode:
In this mode, scanner/mouse 67 operates as a normal X-Y movement sensor, such as a mouse or trackball. Thus, this mode is useful to control conventional graphical interface functions, such as menus, windows, icons, cursors, video games, etc. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this mode can provide any or all features typically found in modern graphical user interfaces.
The scanning function of the mouse may in the alternative be accomplished by the utilization of a bar code or other symbol laser scanning device incorporated within the hand-held unit 67. This invention is commonly used in grocery stores, and automated warehousing applications to price, and inventory goods. These scanners may be manufactured as a single unit with the trackball mouse of the PC 65 or alternatively may be employed as a separate device 69 with separately attached trackball mouse 64 as shown in FIG. 6b. As described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,297, entitled PORTABLE LASER SCANNING SYSTEM AND SCANNING METHODS, these laser scanning devices 69 have a trigger within the device which initiates a repetitive scanning of each object bearing a symbol 41, and an indicator displays when the reading of that particular object has been completed. The recognition of the symbol 41 is accomplished by the generation of a miniature light beam from the unit which is reflected in varying intensity depending on the qualities of the symbol 41. A sensing means within the unit detects the intensity of the light reflected from the symbol 41. The detecting means then generates an electrical signal indicative of the detected intensity of the light. A signal processing means then interprets the electrical signals to generate data descriptive of the symbol. The printed matter 40 would be affixed with bar codes or other symbols 41 which could be read with the laser scanning device 69. The user would be directed to place the scanning portion of the device upon the symbol 41 and depress the trigger at appropriate times while reading or viewing the printed matter 40. The symbol 41 once scanned and processed would deliver a corresponding digital command, or reference to the software of the PC 65 working in coordination with the scanning device 69.
An additional peripheral device which may be employed to recognize symbols could be the digital camera 63 shown in FIG. 6c. The digital camera 63 has gained popularity over recent years, and would have the advantage in this application of already being available to consumers who have either purchased it for its picture quality digital images, or for those who would be interested in the cameras multi-functional use including this application. The digital camera 63 employs solid state sensing devices such as a charged coupled device to record images. The optical images which are recorded are then converted to discreet electric signals, which are then stored in various memory devices. The images may then be recalled from the memory device to be displayed, printed, or otherwise manipulated. One of the applications of the digital camera 63 is in the downloading of digital images to personal computers 65. The digital camera 63 could therefore be used to download images of symbols 41 within reading materials 40 to the user's PC 65. Symbol processing software on the PC 65 could then interpret symbols downloaded from the digital camera 63 or its memory, and the PC 65 program's code logic would thereby trigger corresponding functions of PC 65.
The triggering of the functions of PC 65 could also be initialized by verbal commands 58 a from the user 58, as shown in FIG. 6d. The PC 65 could be affixed with a microphone 59. As the user 58 reads or works with a printed material 40 she could be instructed to pronounce verbal commands 58 a into the microphone 59 by feature 41 in the printed matter 40. The PC 65 would then have voice recognition software which would interpret the verbal commands 58 a from the printed matter 40 to access the programing material by, for example running applications which correspond with the commands.
In yet another alternative embodiment of the invention the feature 41 of printed matter 40 could also be manually entered into the PC 65 by way of a traditional keyboard 68 shown in FIG. 6e. Users of the printed matter 40 who, for example, are reading advertisements, or working through a tutorial would be directed to manually input codes or word commands (feature 41) into the PC 65 by way of a keyboard 68. The command would then, similar to other sensing devices, initialize a program or PC function which would operate in concert with the printed matter 40.
In each of the configurations of this invention described in FIGS. 6a-6 f, PC applications may be retrieved from PC interfaces 62 such as CD ROM drives, hard drives, PCMCIA cards, Flash RAM, web interfaces, or any other addressable memory device which the PC has access too.
The coded information might also be transferred to the computer through a scanable magnetic strip 41 a as shown in FIG. 6f. Known magnetic strip technology, used such as that credit and debit cards, has information as fixed electronic data embedded on the surface of the card. The PC 65 will have a magnetic card reader 49 connected to one of its external ports. The printed matter 40 will direct the user to read the magnetic strip 41 a into the reader 49. The information embedded on the magnetic strip will provide commands to the PC 65 to access programing material by directing currently running applications, or to retrieve and run applications from remote or local sources.
Data collected from the sensing device(s) in the form of digital images or translated to a decoded command may by transferred to the PC 65 via a METHOD AND SYSTEM OF BI-DIRECTIONAL PARALLEL PORT DATA TRANSFER BETWEEN DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,793. This process transfers discreet packets of data both to and from peripheral devices. These devices would be in constant communication, allowing both the sensing device as well as the PC 65 to send and receive data. Alternatively the data may be transferred via infra red, microwave or some other light frequency data transfer method. The user might also desire that the sensing device be manufactured in kind with the traditional television remote control device. This would re-enforce the desirability of the unit being manufactured in a wireless unit with a light emitting data transfer method as described above. This advantage would of course be balanced with the cost effectiveness of the design, as well as the reliability of the data transfer via either method.
Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which depicts an embodiment of the invention adapted for commercial and shop-at-home applications. The customer views and interacts with a printed matter 70 (via sensors or a feature recognition units, both as previously described). Printed matter 70 is preferably a throw-away catalog or advertising brochure listing commercial items, such as programming choices, merchandise, travel or event schedules, or television and/or radio programming schedules. The user interacts with printed matter 70 (i.e., with certain features and/or sensors therein) to cause a coded signal 71 indicative of the customer's selection to be transmitted (either by a transmitter embedded in the printed matter or within a feature recognition unit) to controller 73. In response thereto, controller 73 utilizes a modem/telephone (or other wired or wireless communication) link 74-75 to communicate the customer's selection to a commercial provider's remote office 78 (or to a centralized data bank or information superhighway).
The commercial provider preferably uses a “caller ID” function to identify the customer and can respond in a number of ways: (i) have a representative contact the customer; (ii) send the ordered merchandise or tickets to the customer; (iii) direct a data server 72 to provide programming or additional promotional material via a CATV line 76 to controller 73, which replays the material on the customer's TV set; or (iv) download and execute an interactive merchandise selection program on the customer's personal computer or any other electronic media input, output or sensory stimulating device.
The Apparatus Perspective:
The various technologies used to implement the individual functional components that comprise a part of this invention are described below.
Touch Pad Technology
Sensor 3 can be implemented using a wide variety of presently available touch sensitive pad technology. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,016,008 entitled DEVICE FOR DETECTING THE POSITION OF A CONTROL MEMBER ON A TOUCH-SENSITIVE PAD, U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,124 entitled TOUCH SENSITIVE CONTROL PANEL, U.S. Pat. No. 4,862,151 entitled REMOTE CONTROL DEVICE FOR A COMPUTER ASSOCIATED WITH A VIDEO SCREEN, U.S. Pat. No. 4,827,084 entitled SOLID STATE IMAGE DETECTOR AND SIGNAL GENERATOR and U.S. Pat. No. 4,644,101 entitled PRESSURE-RESPONSIVE POSITION SENSOR, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a plurality of touch sensors 22 are embedded within the back binding of the printed matter 21. Alternatively, touch sensors 22 can be positioned along inner or outer margins of the binding, or of particular pages, of printed matter 21 (or along an edge of a mounting tray in which a disposable printed matter is placed). Electronics mounted within printed matter 21 (or within a mounting tray) responds to the actuation of a touch sensor 22 and transmits a coded signal indicative of the identity of the actuated sensor.
Advantageously, touch sensors can be combined with page sensors—as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,209,665; 4,990,092; 4,636,881 and 4,809,246, all previously incorporated herein—to provide a larger number of “effective sensors.” In this embodiment, each time a sensor is actuated, the electronics within the printed matter also checks the page sensor(s) to determine which page is currently being viewed. The electronics then generates a coded signal that identifies both the sensor actuated and the currently visible page. Thus, each (page, sensor) combination represents, in essence, a single “effective sensor.”
Hybrid embodiments combining touch pads and page sensors are also possible. For example, a printed matter might contain a sheet of touch sensors every so many pages, with the page interval being dependent on the stiffness of the pages and the responsiveness of the sensors. That is, if the maximum number of pages through which a user's touch could be reliably detected by a touch sensor was X, then the printed matter would preferably include a sheet of touch sensors every X pages of text.
Intelligent Controllers and Data/Communication Servers
In accordance with several embodiments of the invention, an intelligent controller controls the selection of programming in a video “file server” system. File servers are well known in the art. Generally, as used herein, the term intelligent controller can refer to computer equipment having either: (a) some type of mass storage device, typically a magnetic or magneto-optical disk, that is connected to a network and utilized as central storage for multiple users via the network; and/or (b) some type of network interface which allows establishment of a communication link with other user(s).
Referring to a “file server” type of intelligent controller, the information that is typically stored on such a system consists of binary computer data such as executable programs and corresponding data. Exemplary of the types of corresponding data stored are numbers for spreadsheets, ASCII characters and codes for word processors, and drawing commands for drawing and CAD programs. These or similar types of data do not generally have a time element associated with them, nor do they generally require any extra processing beyond the usual interpretation that is accomplished by the computer program with which they are intended to be used.
In contrast, the playback of audio/video information has a time element associated with its use. Furthermore, the amount of data required to store audio/video program information in “raw” digital form is often prohibitive. Thus, it is common to employ audio/video compression techniques to compress audio/video program information before it is stored. As a result, further processing in the form of decompression and digital-to-analog conversion is required before the real-time viewing of an audio/video program can take place. Decompression may be accomplished through the use of known hardware or software techniques. Digital-to-analog conversion may be required, depending on the type of equipment used for viewing the audio/video program. A known audio/video file server apparatus manufactured and marketed by Protocomm of Trevose, Pa. permits real-time playback of compressed audio/video program information.
Generally, modern audio/video file server systems include: a storage unit for centrally storing compressed digital audio/video program information, a transceiver for receiving compressed digital audio/video program information from an external source over a network (or wireless communication link) to update the stored audio/video program information, a plurality of playback units, each associated with an external playback line and an external playback station, each including a decompression unit, for receiving selected compressed digital audio/video program information from the storage unit, for decompressing the selected compressed digital audio/video program information received from the storage unit, and for playing it in real time over the associated playback line to the associated playback station, a network interface unit for receiving playback requests from the playback units, and a processor for controlling the storage and playback units to play the decompressed selected audio/video program information in real time for viewing by users at selected playback stations.
Such a system is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,875 entitled AUDIO/VIDEO FILE SERVER INCLUDING DECOMPRESSION/PLAYBACK MEANS, which is incorporated herein by reference. The '875 system can be adapted to operate in accordance with the present invention by coupling intelligent controller of the present invention with the '875 system's network interface unit (which provides the playback requests to the playback unit). In the '875 system:
“Playback may be initiated through a user request from one of the playback stations or through direct interaction with audio/video file server 5. In the latter case, a simple user interface, such as a menu interface, may be employed for selection of the desired program information and the playback station. For example, a menu of the available items of audio/video program information, as named by the user or by the system, may be presented. The user may make a selection through cursor control keys on a keyboard.”
In contrast, the present invention permits the user to select and control the presentation of audio/video programming through a familiar printed matter interface, as has been previously described. The present invention thus offers the advantage of nearly universal accessibility.
In accordance with the present invention, multimedia programming is preferably delivered from the file server(s) to the replay unit via an Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN). U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,859 entitled ISDN MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM, incorporated herein by reference, describes such a system.
In accordance with the invention, a variety of means can be employed to communicate selection instructions to the video server and to communicate programming material from the server to the user's display unit. Since the selection instructions are very compact (i.e., low bandwidth), these instructions can be communicated via a standard telephone link using an inexpensive, low speed modem. This is similar, for example, to the method cable TV viewers use to select pay-per-view programming from local CATV companies—i.e., the viewer calls a particular toll-free number associated with the desired program, and the CATV office uses a “caller ID” function to determine which customer is to receive the program.
Communication of the programming material from the server to the display unit may require a higher-bandwidth means. No doubt, certain material—such as pricing information for a shop-at-home service or scheduling information for a travel booking service—could be easily transmitted via an inexpensive telephone/modem link. In addition, using the preferred compression/decompression techniques, many multi-media applications could also operate over a conventional telephone link. High quality audio/video programming, however, will likely require a higher bandwidth transmission medium, such as a CATV line, microwave link, DSB link, optical fiber link, cellular radio link, or enhanced bandwidth telephone connection.
Although the invention has been described above with reference to several presently preferred embodiments, such embodiments are merely exemplary and are not intended to define the scope of, or exhaustively enumerate the features of, the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention shall be defined by the following claims. Where a feature or limitation of a preferred embodiment is omitted in a claim, it is the inventors' intent that such claim not be construed to impliedly require the omitted feature or limitation. | 47,813 | 205 |
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1a. Richard ROSSER was born 1677 in what was then Old Rappahannock County, Virginia. He owned land in Richmond County, Virginia when John Rowley and Catherine Williams were killed on 30 Aug 1704 in Richmond County, Virginia. He married Sarah . about 1704 probably in Richmond County, Virginia. Richard lived in Hamilton Parish County, King George County, Virginia . He wrote his will on 17 Jun 1735 and it was proved on 5 Mar 1735/1736 in King George County, Virginia. Richard was about 59 years old when he died. Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys Volume IV 1697-1784 by Peggy Shomo Joyner King George County, Virginia. Richard ROSSER for whom surveyed, assignee of Thomas DUNCAN, no wart, date from survey; 15 Oct 1725 - 16 Nov 1726; 264 acres on Great Run of Rappahannock between Naked Mountain and a small mountain. Survey . John Savage. County formation is important as we review this family. Old Rappahannock County formed abolished in 1692. Richmond County, Virginia was formed in 1692 King George County, Virginia was formed in 1720-21 Stafford County, Virginia was formed in 1664 Prince William County, Virginia formed in 1730-31 Fauquier County, Virginia formed in 1759 NOTE: We believe that his parents may have been David ROSSER ( ROSIER ) who married twice: (David ROSSER may be our emigrant ancestory have come to America from Bristol England indentured to Lewis Markham for four years 30 Nov 1676. (1) Sarah SHERWOOD (2) Margaret CHILDREN OF RICHARD ROSSER AND SARAH 2a. Barbary ROSSER was born about 1711 in Virginia. 2b. James Glendening ROSSER was born about 1713 in Virginia 2c. Rachel ROSSER was born about 1714 in Virginia. (married a John Jackson (Schoolmaster according to the will of brother William Rosser) marriage in St Paul's Parish, Stafford County, Virginia dated 31 Jan 1731/1732. 2d. Elizabeth ROSSER was born about 1715 in King George County, Virginia 2e. Ann ROSSER was born about 1716 in King George County, Virginia. (married a James Glendening according to will of brother William Rosser) 3a. John Glendening 2f. John ROSSER was born about 1718 in King George County, Virginia and died in Fauquier County Virginia about 1783. John married Mary NEAVIL about 1760-1752 probably in Prince William County, Virginia. Mary was the daugther of George NEAVIL and Mary SYMES. (See his section) 2g. William ROSSER was born about 1720 in King George County, Virginia and died about 1747. His will is found in King George County, Virginia Will Book A-1 page 196. Died with having children. His will is very valuable. 2h. Sarah ROSSER was born about 1722 in King George County, Virginia. Sarah married Hayward TODD 7 Sep 1746 in Stafford County, Virginia. Hayward Todd before about 1754. 3a. Samuel TODD 3b. Hayward TODD 3c. Lucy TODD 3d. Richard TODD Richard ROSSER is listed as the neighbor of John ROWLEY and Catherine WILLIAMS who were killed by the Indians 30 Aug 1704 in Richmond County, Virginia. This land was on Pasbytansey Creek, Richmond County, Virginia. Richmond County, Virginia Wills and Inventories 1699-1709 f101r John Williams, St Marks Parish, Richmond County, Virginia will 27 Jan 1704/5 (7 Aug 1706) entire estate to Stephen Fewell and his children: no ex., witnesses: Richard Pearle, John Owen, Richard Rosser. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP TO STEPHEN FEWELL? King George County, Virginia Deed Book 1 page 315 The deposition of Richard Rosser ages about forty eight years being first sworn saith that Ann Hinson now Ann Hopkins who is about thirty years of age and wife to John HOPKINS is the daughter of Mary HINSON AND... William WOOD her Uncle late of Stafford County deceased and further this deponent said not. pursuant to the order of King George Court 2 Oct 1725..This deposition was taken before me the 26 Oct 1725. Samuel Skinker Recorded 8th Nov 1725 T. Turner Then came Hester Lampton widow and presented the above deposition and on her motion. was ordered to be recorded in perpetuam rei memoriam..T. Turner. page 315 The deposition of Mary CHESHIRE aged about 41 years sworn and saith.. that about 21 years ago Ann Hinson the daughter of Mary Hinson between 9 or 10 years of age was brought by her Uncle William Wood to Evan JONES's house and there she staid two or three months and by a certain mark on her body she this dponenent knowns her to be the same girl that at this present time is now the wife of John HOPKINS and further this deponent said not ..ordered 2 Oct 1725..deposition taken 26 Oct 1725. Then came Hester LAMPTON widdow and presented the above deposition and on her motion. was ordered to be recorded in perpetuam rei memoriam. T. Turner. King George County, Virginia Order Book 1723-1725 p 180 - David JONES produced a certificate from under the hand of Rowland Thornton Gentleman one of his majesties judges. ..... that he took up a runaway servant belong to Richard ROSSER of this county. named Thos Grimes p 238 2 Apr 1725 William ROWLEY, John OWENS, Richard ROSSER or any three of them to appraise the estate of Henry FEWELL. deceased. p 272 - 3 Sep 1725 Richard Rosser, John Owens, Francis Jefferys and Richard Bryant or any three of them appointed to appraise the estate of John Marders deceased. King George County, Virginia Order Book 1725-1728 6 Jul 1727 - John OWENS, Richard ROSSER and Nathaniel ELKINS acknowledge their bond for two hundred pounds sterling for the said OWENS true and faithfull administration of the said GOLLOP's estate. 4 Aug 1727 - Imparlance is granted unto Richard ROSSER in the suit brought against him by James JONES. 4 Aug 1727 Richard ROSSER served on a jury 1 Sep 1727 where Elizabeth PAULLIN (widow) versus George Braxton, Gentleman. 6 Oct 1727 Richard ROSSER served on a jury Jeremiah STROTHER versus William HARRISON. King George County Virginia Deed Book 2 p. 315 21 Apr 1740 King George County, The deposition of William Rowley Senior, ages about seventy years saith he kew a white oak standing on the North side of a hill which was always reputed Richard ROSSER's corner which tree is now rotten and gone and further saith not. sworn before me 21st Apr 1740 John Champe William ROWLEY. Memo: on the 21day of April 1740 Wm Rowley put up a locust post on the spot where the above mentioned tree formerly stood. In presence John Champe, Benjamin McCarty. Robert Smith, Haward Todd, William Kelly and John JACKSON At a court held 6th Jun 1740 .. Sarah ROSSER produced this deposition of William Rowley Senior.. into court and on her motion the same was admitted to record. King George County, Virginia Deed Book 3 page 320-324 Indenture between Joshua LAMPTON and Sarah his wife and William GRIGSBY Senior of Stafford County planter land of William Grigsby south side upon land of Thomas Grigsby deceased on the west upon land of Richard ROSSER along land to first station. Present Grigsby Rogers and William Grigsby Junior court 3 Nov 1749 King George County Virginia 10 Jan 1751 voting record. William ROWLEY VOTED FOR Charles CARTER John ROSSER Anthony STROTHER John ROSSER Charles CARTER King George County, Virginia Deed Book 3 page 483-487 Indenture made 4 Jun 1753 between Esther JONES and Joseph JONES of Hanover Parish County King George and William Grigsby Junior son of William Grigsby Senior of Brunswick parish and count of foresaid witness for fifty pounds sold 100 acres which William Lampton late of King George County deceased formerly purchased of one John Hopkins and Ann his wife which said Lampton by his last will and testament bequeather to his son Saml Lampton and if he died before he arrived to the age of eightenn years then to be equally divided among his other three children. vizt William LAMPTON, Ann Lampton now Ann Grigsby and Joshua Lampton which said Samuel dying before he came to age of 18 years the said William and Ann by virture of their said Fathers will became each of them respectively seized of and in one third part of the land . who sold all their right unto James JONES late of aforesaid county which being part in King George and part in Stafford County and is bounded as folleth on lands of the aforsaid William Grigsby Srnionr son of John Grigsby late of Stafford County deceased and Major John Fitzhugh and Richard ROSSER late deceased. Presence Jos Lampton Benja Rush Jr. Esther Jones - Joseph Jones At a court held 4 Jun 1752. About the time I found most of the information on the ROSSER family I found the following book which verified the information presented here. Obviously other families were treated in this excellent book entitled: The Wingfield and Nelson Families of Fauquier Co., Virginia, Compiled by J. Douglas BRADSHAW, Dietz Press, Richmond, Virginia 1986. Rosser information begins on page 279. Abstracts of Virginia's Northern Neck Warrants & Surveys 1697-1784 Volume IV, King George County, Virginia. Richard Rosser for whom surveyed assignee of Thomas Duncan, no warrant, date from survey 15 Oct 1725-16 Nov 1726 264 acres on Great Runn Run of Rappahannock between Naked Mountain and a small mountain. Survey John Savage. King George County, Virginia Will Book A-1 page 118-121 In the Name of God Amen. I Richard ROSSER of the County of King George being sick and weak of body, but of sound and perfect sense and memory, Thanks be to Almighty God for it , do constitute and ordain this my last Will and Testament, making null and void all other will or wills by me heretofore made to all intents and purposes as if they had never been made. Item, I give to my three sons, John, William, and James Rosser three hundred ninety eight acres of land lying in the county of Prince William, one tract of two hundred and ninety and seventy acres lying by the north side of the north fork of the Rappahannock River to be equally divided between them three and if any one them should died without heirs lawfully begotten, that the said land to be divided between the survivors, and in case they all die with out equally divided between Barbary, Sarah, Ann and Elizabeth ROSSER to them and their heirs of their bodies lawfully begotten forever. Item: I give to my daughter Barbary a Negro man named Frank and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever. Item: I give to Sarah my daughter a Negro man named Pomp and the heirs of the body lawfully begotten forever. Item: I give to my son John ROSSER a Negro man named Ned and to his heirs lawfully begotten forever. Item: I give to my son William ROSSER a Negro man named Harry and to his heirs and lawfully begotten forever. Item: I give to my son James a Negro woman named Pegg and her increase to him and his heirs lawfully begotten forever. Item: I give to my son John ROSSER a feather bed, one rug a pair of blankets, one sheet, one pot and hooks to him and his heirs forever. Item: I give to my son William one feather bed, one rug, a pair of blankets, one sheet, one pot to him and his heirs forever. Item: I give to my son James ROSSER one feather bed, one rug, a pair of blankets one sheet, one pot to his and his heirs forever. Item: I give to my daughter Barbary one feather bed, one rug, a pair of blankets, one sheet, one pot to her and the heirs of her body forever. Item: I give to my daughter Rachel one feather bed and the furniture belonging to it, one pot and frying pan now in here possession to her and the heirs of her body forever, and also a cow and calf now in her possession to her and the heirs of her body forever. Item: I give to my daughter Sarah one feather bed, one rugg, one pair of blankets, one sheet, one pot to the heirs of her body forever. Item: I give to my daughter Ann one feather bed, one rugg, one pair of blankets , one sheet, one pot to her the heirs of her body forever. Item I give to my daugher Elizabeth one bed, one rugg, a pair of blankets and one pot to her and the heirs of her body forever. Item: It is my will to leave all the rest residue and remainder of my estate divided amongs my children after the decease of my wife, and also it is my desire that all my estate in my possession be kept upon the plantation and nothing to be removed till after my wife's decease and also it is my desire that my estate shall not be appraised And lastly I do constitute and ordain my loving wife Sarah Rosser my whole and sole executrix to this my last will and testament. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 12th day of June 1735. Signed and sealed and delived in Presence of us William Somerton William Kelly Richard ROSSER William Strayton At a court held for King George County, Virginia the 5th day of Mar 1735/1736. King George County, Virginia Deed Book 3 20b. Know all men ... We Sarah ROSSER and John Champe Gentleman...are bund unto William Robinson Gent. ... on befalf of ye court of King George.. in sum five hundred pounds current money 5 Mar 1735/1736 condition if Sarah Rosser, executrix of ye last will and testament of Richard Rosser deceased make true inventory of all goods chattles and credits of ye said deceased and do exhibit into court court King George further do make just account of her actings and doings there in when required of ye said court and also truly pay all legaces. then this obligation be void ..or else remain. 5 Mar 1735/6 Sarah ROSSER Ordered to be recorded. POSSIBLE PARENTS OF RICHARD ROSSER 1a. David ROSSER came to Virginia 30 Nov 1676 from Bristol England with an Indenture to Lewis Markham . Lewis Markham is found in several records in the area. David died intestate before 1 Jun 1698 in Richmond County, Virginia. Margaret is listed as his wife. NOTE: We know that Richard ROSSER was born in 1677. Their names arementioned in early Richmond County, Virginia records. 24 Nov 1688 I David Rosier of Sittenburn Parish and my Wife Sarah ROSIER sold all our right in a parcell of land formerly belonging to Philip Sherwood deceased, the Father of my wife. From Old Rappahannock County Deed Book 1688-1692 pp 31-32.) Wills of Richmond County, Virginia, 1699-1800. page 300 David ROSSER administrator of his estate to Margaret ROSSER widow. Francis Stone and Francis TRIPLETT, SEC; 1 Jun 1698 David ROSSIER married (1) Sarah SHERWOOD BY 1688 and (2) Margaret ______________ mrc p. 173) Marriage of Richmond County, Virginia ROSS(I)ER, David (16??-1698) married (1) by 24 Nov 1688, Sarah Sherwood, one of the four daughters of Philip SHERWOOD, deceased of Rappahannock County whose land fell into Richmond County upon its formation in 1692. Their son and heir, David ROSSER, conveyed his one fourth interest in the land estate of his grandfather Sherwood in 1715 to Frances JAMES (Q.V.), P.102. cob#2, .301,313;db#7,P38. 23t115, 207, 278. It appears very likely that Francis JAMES married (2) Margaret (Surname Unknown), the widow of David ROSSER, and to whom administration was granted on his estate 1 Jun 1698. David ROSSER married (1) Sarah SHERWOOD; married (2) Margaret ________________ Francis JAMES married (1) Mary SHERWOOD; married (2) Margaret_________________ I believe the aforementioned Margarets are identical Index to Marriage Old Rappahannock & Essex County, Virginia 1655-1900 11 Nov 1672 Whereas Wm Ball who intermarried with Margaret WILLIAMSON and John ROZIER who intermarried with Mary WILLIAMSON by virture of the Will of Coll William UNDERWOOD deceased did give Margaret and Mary WILLIAMSON Eight Hundred Eighty Two acres of land (From old Rappahannock County Deed Book 1665-1677, pp 93-94. 1689 ROSIER, David married Sara daughter of Philip SHERWOOD D.B.8 page 35. 1673 ROSIER, John of Westmoreland County, Virginia married Mary WILLIAMSON daughter of James WILLIAMSON D.B. 5 page 201 and p 289 1a. John GRIGSBY was born about 1682 in Virginia. John married a Sarah ROSSER about 1702 in Virginia. 2a. Charles GRIGSBY Senior was born about 1708 and died in 1799. He married Sarah WILKERSON The Complete Book Of Emigrants 1607-1660 Peter Wilson Coldham, 1992. Genealogical Publishing Company. 1657 4 Mar Cecilly ROSSER of Bashink (sic) Monmouth, and Margery Giles of Bristol bound to Phillip Bennet mariner, to serve four years. 1659 16 Jul Ann ROSSER of Bristol bound to Richard SMITH serve four years in Virginia. The Complete Book of Emigrants 1661-1699 26 Jan 1661 Bristol, England Walter ROSSER yeoman 7 years to Stephen TAYLOR 25 Nov 1661? William ROSSER of Bristol, England apprenticed to Stephen TAYLOR 6 Aug 1662 Bristol, England Hugh ROSSER to Joseph WICKS apprenticed 4 years. 6 Oct 1665 Gilbert ROSSER apprenticed to Thomas ARROWSMITH 4 years in Virginia. 16 Sep 1669 Bristol, England John ROSSER to William FOXALL 4 years in Virginia. 1 Feb 1672 Charles ROSSER apprenticed to Thomas TAYLOR 26 Oct 1672 Alice Games apprenticed to John ROSSER for four years 30 Nov 1676 David ROSSER Bristol, England apprenticed to Lewis MARKHAM for four years ship Francis and Mary 7 Jan 1681 Bristol, England Philip LAMBERT apprenticed to Thomas ROSSER Virginia Wills and Administrations 1632-1800, by Clayton Torrence Campbell David 1790 Will Jonathan 1795 Administration Brunswick Jno. 1775 Will Fauquier John 1783 Will Greensville Eliz 1796 Will King George William 1747 EB Richard 1754 Administration Jas 1757 Inventory Orange Eliz 1742 Will Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys 1697-1784 Volume IV by Peggy Shomo JOYNER Mr. John Steele, 4 Jul 1722 16 Nov 1722 371 acres in Parish of Washington Pope Creek; adjacent to Joseph CHAMBERS, Mr Lawrence Pope, Gilbert METCALF, Ambrose BAXTER's old plantation formerly Wm Kimball's) Capt Ball, Mr ffrans St____, David Rosier. Surv. Thomas NEWTON. Abstracts of the Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys Richard ROSSER for whom surveyed , assigned of Thomas Duncan, not wart, dated from Survey; 15 Oct 1725 264 acres on Great Run of Rappahannock between Naked Mountain and a survey John SAVAGE. King George County, Virginia Deed Book 1 page 269-274 Indenture 1 / 2 Aprill 1725 between William ROWLEY of parish of Hanover, King George County and Thomas GRIGSBY of Parish of St. Paul's in County of Stafford.. by Deeds of Lease and Release.. for 2000 pounds of tobacco...sold 50 acres of plantation where on Richard Griffis now lives being part of a patent of five hundred acres which belong to Catherine the daughter and heir of Hugh Williams lat the wife of John Rowley deceased and was escheated by William Wood who obtained a deed for the same from the proprietors office dated the 23rd day of February 1705 containing fifty acres the said William Wood did by his last will dated 6 Jun 1706 give to William ROWLEY ..beginning at a post...Richard ROSSER's formerly wood, Mr Gregg's line, Mr Parlee.. Moses Battaley Presence Benja Berryman William ROWLEY ...and Mary the wife of the said ROWLEY relinquished her right of Dower and thirds. Know all men.... I Wm Rowley... am bound unto Thomas Grigsby...in sum of one hundred pounds sterling...2 Apr 1725. The condition of ye obligation..if Wm Rowley.. shall warrant the said lands unto Thomas Grigsby... this obligation to be void..otherways to remain in full force. 2 Apr 1725...Deeds of Lease and Release and bond recorded. April the first day 1725 recevied of Mr. Grigsby the sum of five shillings lawful money of England. William Rowley April the first day of 1725 received of Thos. Grigsby 2000 pounds of tobacco. Willm Rowley 7th May 1726. Receipt presented. King George County, Virginia Deed Book 1-A page 108-110 Indenture 5th/6th November 1730 between William LAMPTON Parish of Hanover King George County Planter and John Grigsby Junior of Parish of Overwharton in County of Stafford Blacksmith and Ann his wife of one part and James Jones of Parish of Hanover County of King George Bricklayer of other part. sell unto James JONES 100 acres Which William Lampton late of King George deceased fromerly purchased of John Hopkins and Ann his wife by his last will and testament gave to his son equally divided between his other three children (vizt) above named William Lampton and Ann now the wife of the above named John Grigsby and Joshua Lampton which Samuel dying before he came to age of 18 years the said Will and Ann Grigsby by virtue of the Fathers will be came seized of one full third part land being partly in King George and partly in Stafford in Parish of Hanover and St. Pauls .....bounded by lands of William Grigsby son of John Grigsby late of Stafford County deceased and of Major John Fitzhugh and Richard Rosser.. for thirty pounds current money of Virginia. William Grigsby Presence Richard Bryan , Thomas Vivion, Richard Tutt. John GRIGSBY Ann X GRIGSBY 6TH Nov 1730...Then came William Lampton, John Grigsby and Ann his wife said Ann being solely examined confessed her free consent thereto...Deeds of lease and release together with consideration mentioned recorded. King George County Virginia Deed Book 1-A page 238 Indenture 20th Oct 1732 between Richard Griffis Parish of Hanover King George County and Thomas Grigsby of Parish of St. Paul's Parrish County of Stafford Gentleman. for 6000 pounds Tobacco sold 74 acres part of Richard ROSSER's patent of 600 acres sold by Rosser to John ROWLEY by deed 12 Jan 1668 and by Wm Rowley son and heir of the said John ROWLEY conveyed to Richard GRIFFIS by deed dated 4th December 1729 land bounded ...Poplar swamp; a spring branc belonging to William SMITH deceased to Absalom SPICER Presence John HOLBROOK, Joseph CROUCH, John SIMPSON Richard Griffis 3rd November 1732. Deed recorded. page 291-293 Indenture 7th June 1734 between James Jones Parish of Brunswick County of King George and Henry Jones of same Planter.. in consideration of yearly rents... doth lease to farm lett 100 acres which William Lampton late of King George County deceased formerly purchased of John HOPKINS and Ann his wife and by his last will and testament gave to his son Samuel Lampton and if he died before arrived to age of 18 to be equally divided betweeen his other thre children (vizt) William LAMPTON, Ann Grigsby (now wife of John Grigsby) and Joshua Lampton which said Samuel died before came to age of 18 and said William them seized of 1/3l part which sold to above named James Jones land partly in King George County and partly in Stafford County and in Parish of Brunswick and St. Paul's is bounded on lands of William Grigsby son of John Grigsby late of Stafford County deceased and lands of Thomas Grigsby and Richard Rosser from 25th December next ensuing paying yearly 1200 pounds of tobacco and qt rents on 25th December...Plant 100 goo leather coats and Ginitins apple trees and a good peach orchard and 30 cherrie trees. Jas Jones Presence Enoch Berry Henry Jones Charles Jones, Wm (x) Dowlin 7th Jun 1734...Deed of Lease recorded. Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys Volume IV 1697-1784 Abstracts of by Peggy Shomo Joyner p 130. Westmoreland County, Virginia Samuel Davis, no wart, date from survey 15 Sep 1739 - 3 Nov 1739 59 acres adjancent George Weedon, John Weedon, Rosier, John Bland. CC Alexander Howerd and Leonard Courtney. Survey James Thomas Junior. King George County, Virginia Deed Book 5 page 808-810 Indenture made 2 Oct 1769 between John Lunsford of county of King George and Elizabeth his wife of one part and William Rowley of said county.. for sum one hundred and eighty pounds, eight shillings current money sold 129 acres it being land where on I now live. beginning at Richard Rosser's corner tree to the indian Cabbin Branch...to a white oak corner tree of Doctor Richard Bryan..Presence of Catherine Davis, Francis Jackson, William Marders John Lunsford Elizabeth Lunsford At a court held 5th Oct 1769... Deed Acknowledged.... admitted to record. Prince William County, Virginia - Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys 17110-1780 by Peggy Shomo JOYNER P. 134 Colo Henry Willis and Mr Richard Buckner of Caroline Co. 5 Jun 1731 28 Aug 1731 1,384 acres on Carters Run, at end of Naked Moutain, adjacent James Anderson/Handerson, Colo Lee, Richard Rosser, Michael Meldrum, Joseph Martain, John Corbin, Surv. John Warner. P. 117 Peter Kemper 6 July 1745 - 10 July 1745 187 acres on branches of Cater's Run, Rosser's Run, adjacent in wart-between lines of Michael Meldrum, James Crapp, John Dagy; in survey - Benja King, Buckner. CC - John Rosser and Jacob Smith. Pilot Joseph Williams. Surv. James Genn. p 118 Samuel King, assignee of William Ridings for who surveyed 4 Apr 1744 18 Apr 1744 229 acres on Carter's Run on side of Bushy Mountain a poisoned field adjacnet Jno Dagg, Thomas Jackman, Burditt/Buddy Clifton CC - Thomas Jackman, Joseph King, John Rosser. Pilot Jno Corbin. Surv. James Genn Virginia Northern Neck Land Grants 1742-1775 by Gertrude E. Gray. William Duling of Prince William County 140 acres in said county sruvey Mr James Genn. adjacent George Williams, John Kemper, Thomas Welsh (Welch), Joseph Williams, Richard Rosser, Rossers Run. 7 Sep 1747. FAMILY OF JOHN ROSSER OF FAUQUIER COUNTY, VIRGINIA 2f. John ROSSER was born about 1718 in King George County, Virginia. John married Mary NEAVIL 1750-1752 probably in Prince William County, Virginia. Mary was born about 1726 probably in Northumberland County, Virginia the daughter of George NEAVIL and Anna SYMES. John ROSSER left his will in Fauquier County, Virginia dated 23 Jun 1783. John lived on Cedar Run in Fauquier County, Virginia. Mary died about 1796 in Fauquier County, Virginia. Deed Book 3 page 467-470 King George County, Virginia John ROSSER in 1752 voted for Charles Carter Senior and Anthony STROTHER . If John ROSSER lived on Deep Run in Prince William County, Virginia. Why would he go to King George County , Virginia to vote. Did he live in King George County at this time? 3a. Mary ROSSER was born 1754 probably in Prince William County, Virginia. Mary married John MITCHELL 21 Dec 1771 in Fauquier County, Virginia. Will Book 2 Fauquier County, Virginia estate appraised May 1784 by James Crockett, Fred K. Burditt, John Kemper 4a. John Mitchell Junior 3b. Richard ROSSER was born about 1756 probably in Prince William County, Virginia. Richard married Judith KEMPER 23 Sep 1779 in Fauquier County, Virginia He died after 1832. Judith was the daughter of Peter KEMPER 3c. George ROSSER was born about 1764 in Fauquier County, Virginia. George married Priscilla MAUZY 15 FEB 1792 Fauquier County, Virginia. Priscilla was the daughter of Peter MAUZY. George ROSSER died before 1799 in Fauquier County, Virginia. 4a. Malinda ROSSER 4b. Nancy ROSSER married John MURRAY 8 Sep 1811 in Fauquier County, Virginia. 3d. John ROSSER was born about 1762 in Fauquier County, Virginia. John married Nelly GLENDENING 22 Feb 1781 in Fauquier County, Virginia. 4a. Eleanor ROSSER married James S. BOWLIN 10 Sep 1812 in Fauquier County, Virginia 4b. Mary ROSSER married Presley MCKELLUP 1 Mar 1805 in Fauquier County, Virginia 3e. William ROSSER was born about 1768 in Fauquier County, Virginia. married Mary CURTIS 12 Jan 1787 in Fauquier County, Virginia. 3f. Sukey Susanna ROSSER was born about 1770 in Fauquier County, Virginia. Susanna married John WITHERS 1 Sep 1796 in Fauquier County, Virginia. 3g. Letty ROSSER was born about 1772 in Fauquier County, Virginia. Letty married Edward BALL 22 Feb 1792 in Fauquier County, Virginia. (See Chapter 19) 3h. Sally ROSSER was born about 1773 in Fauquier County, Virginia 3i. Elizabeth ROSSER was born about Jan 1774 in Fauquier County, Virginia. 3j. Nancy ROSSER was born about 1775 in Fauquier County, Virginia. Nancy married Joseph NELSON 28 Dec 1803 in Fauquier County, Virginia son of Joseph NELSON Senior and Catherine O'BANNON. 3k. Violet ROSSER was born about 1776 in Fauquier County, Virginia 3l. Winny ROSSER was born about 1777 in Fauquier County, Virginia. 3m. Sarah ROSSER was born about 1778 in Fauquier County, Virginia. NOTE: Hannah ROSSER who married William WITHERS 16 Mar 1769 in Fauquier County, Virginia may be a daughter of John ROSSER; however, she is not listed in the Will and her marriage records shows no relation. Ambrose BARNETT witnessed the Marriage 3c. George ROSSER was born about 1764 in Fauquier County, Virginia. George married Priscilla MAUZY 15 Feb 1792 in Fauquier County, Virginia. Priscilla was the daughter of John MAUZY. George died before 23 Sep 1801 in Fauquier County, Virginia. 4a. Malinda ROSSER 4b. Nancy ROSSER Fauquier County, Virginia Guardian Bonds 1759-1891 by John K. GOTT Daniel WITHERS, guardian of Malinda ROSSER and Nancy ROSSER, orphans of George Rosser deceased. 23 Sep 1801. For $12,000. Security John A.W.SMITH J.P.: c. Peyton, James Morgan , Chas. L. CARTER, Asa Hume, Gent. Wit: B. Ward. King George County, Virginia Deed Book 4 pp 409-410 Indenture made 5th April 1759 between John Rosser of county Prince William of one part and William Rowley Gent of King George for sum sixty pounds current money... sold parcel of land in King George County where of said John Rosser is seized in fee simple containing 150 acres adjoining land in the possession of the said William Rowley.. Presence James Butler, William Marders, Saml Davis John Rosser At a cour held 6th July 1759...Indenture of Feoffment..admitted to recorded. Mr. Martin Picket in trust for heirs of Mr William Pickett for who surveyed 11 Mar 1762 - 8 Apr 1762 243 acres on dr. of Carter's Run Rappahannock Piney Mountain; adjacent Henry Martin, John Rowser, Rassiers, Hit, Thomas, Kamper, Joseph Blackwell on warrant only. Present John Rossier and Wm Pickett, Junr Surv. John Moffett. Virginia Northern Neck Land Grants Volume II 1742-1775 by Gertrude E. Gray. 4 Apr 1780 Fauquier County, Virginia. I-375 Capt William Pickett of Fauquier County 520 acres in said county survy by Mr John MOFFETT, 243 acres in said county . Martin Pickett to dispose of agreeable to said will. survey Mr John Moffett. adjacent John Rossier, Hitt's Martin's, Thomas's and Kemper's lines 3 Apr 1780. Deed Book 7 Fauquier County, Virginia 15 Sep 1780 B & S Andrew Anderson and Keziah, his wife and William Allason L852 tract to William Duling 7 Sep 1747 conveyed by said William Dulin and Clemance this wife and Alexander Monroe and Margaret his wife 22 Aug 1774 by survey made by John Mauzy 106 1/2 acres in line of Richard ROSSER corner to land formerly George Williams and now William Allason Rosser's Run Rosser's line to corner to Jacob Kemper pines in John Kemper's line and corner to land formerly Bushrod Doggett's William Pickett, Aylette Buckner, Benjamin Arnold Recorded 26 Mar 1781. Deed Book 7 Fauquier County, Virginia page 252-254 22 Aug 1784 B & S William Dulin CLEMENCE HIS WIFE, Alexander MONROE and Margaret his wife, Andrew ANDERSON L30 140 acres corner to Richard ROSSER, corner tree to George WILLIAMS by a drain falling into Rosser's Run corner to Jacob KEMPER pines in Kemper's line and corner to Bushrod Doggetts:; land pine ine John Arnold's line near a line of George Williams Witness Charles Morgan, Benjamin BALL, Reubin Bramlett recorded 26 Sep 1774. Deed Book 7 Fauquier County, Virginia page 512-513 21 Jan 1783 B & S Between John Rawser (Rosser) Senior and John MITCHELL and Mary his wife and their son John MITCHELL for love and affection held for John and Mary MITCHELL doth lend unto them during their natural life only...20 acres...part of tract whereon he now lives..for of Rawser's Branch in line of tract whereon he now lives.. fork of Rawser's Branch in line of the main Patent.. they promise not to sell, or any ways dispose of the above tract..without his consent..for future benefit of John Mitchell Junior grandson to the said John Rawser..give to John Mitchel, Jr. the said tract after the death of John and Mary MITCHELL...signed John Rosser Witnesses: George Rosser, John Rosser, Richard Rosser recorded 26 May 1783 prove by order of witnesses. Fauquier County, Virginia Wills dated 6 Apr 1783 page 473-474 I John ROSSER of the County aforesaid being sound in memory, but unwell in body doth make this my last will and testament. Wife: I lend my whole estate both real and personal during life or widowhood, but in case she marries it is then my desire she shall be thirded. Sons: Richard and George after wife's death my lands lying on Rappahannock were my son Richard now lives to be equally divided but it is my desire that George shall have the part that has a mill seat one, and in case either of them offer it for sale that it shall be forfeited and the property vested for the other son. Sons: John and William - My tract of land whereon I now live to be equally divided but it is my desire that William shall have the part where on the houses are and in case either of these shall ever offer it for sale that it shall be forfeited and property vested for the other son. Daughter: Item I give to my daughter Sukey, negro Sukey Daughter: Item I give to my daughter Letty, negro Winny Son Richard: negros Yambo and Cate Son George: Lucy and her sons Jack and Scitter. And in case with of my daughters negroes should die before my wife it is then my desire that my son George shall give a negro girl to the daughter who has lost hers. Son: John negro Ben Son William negro Jane . . . . . .at the death of my wife I desire that my whole stock then found and furniture shall be sold by my sons and the monies arising from the sale to be between my daughters Mary and Hannah . . . .. ..... my daughters Sally and Elizabeth I have already given their parts. Witnesses Signed John ROSSER Aylett Buckner George Rosser Fedrick Burditt James Crocket Will Proved 23 Jun 1783 by Aylett Buckner, Fedrick Burditt and James Crockett. Certificate for obtaining letters of administration granted Mary Rosser, Richard and John Rosser. Deed Book 7 Fauquier County, Virginia page 527-530 17 Jul 1783 Between Mary ROSSER , widow of John Rosser deceased Richard Rosser and Judith, his wife and Geoge Rosser and Richard and George being sons of the above named John and Mary Rosser his widow . . . . and William Allason L 282.10 tract on North Branch of Rappahannock River, by patent from the proprietor's office to Richard Rosser 7 Feb 1725 226 acres box oak in poison Field, Signed Mary X Rosser, Richard Rosser, Judith Rosser, George Rosser, witness Eppa Timberlake, William Withers, Fred'k Burditt, David Allason, Frances Payne, Johne Rosser recorded 28 Jul 1783 proved by order of witnesses. NOTE: The above deed establishes the father Richard ROSSER and son John ROSSER who just died relationship. Deed Book 8 Fauquier County, Virginia page 84-86 26 Jul 1783 John Peter Kamper and Frederick Kamper his son and Molly Kamper wife of said Frederick on the one part and Richard Rosser of the other part tract in Hamilton Parish corner to Harmon Button the Naked Mountain road line or Nathaniel Rector 70 acres recorded 22 Mar 1784. Deed Book 8 Fauquier County, Virginia page 245-248 10 Dec 1784 B & S John Shanks and Lydia his wife and John Misna land on Licking Run one of the witnesses was Richard Rosser. 1787 Virginia Tax List Fauquier County, Virginia ROSSER, Mary 0 6 6 2 5 Not Tithable ROSSER, George with Mary ROSSER ROSSER, William 0 0 0 1 0 ROSSER, John 0 0 1 2 1 ROSSER, Richard 0 0 1 2 2 1800 Fauquier County, Virginia Tax List NO ROSSER LISTED Fauquier County, Virginia Guardian Bonds 1759-1871 by John K. Gott p.14 1800 George GLENDENING (or Clendening), guardian of child Elizabeth Gleodening. 1800. For $1,000. Sec John Blackwell, Enoch (X) Foley, William Rosser, John Rosser. 1810 Fauquier County, Virginia Census No Rosser listed. 2g. William ROSSER was born about 1720 in King George County, Virginia. He died before 7 Mar 1747 in King George County, Virginia. NOTE: It appears that William did not marry; however, his will does give us added insight into the children of Richard ROSSER his father and his brothers and sisters. King George County, Virginia Will Book Al page 196-197 In the Name of God Amen, I William ROSSER of King George County being sick and weak of body, but in sound perfect and disposing memory and understanding praised be Almighty God for the same do make and declare this my last Will and Testament in manner and form following: Item: I give and bequeath to my loving brother James ROSSER one Negro man named Harry, and if it shall so happen that my said brother James shall happen to die then the said negro Harry to descend to my sister Elizabeth ROSSER. I also give and bequeath my horse, saddle and bridle to my brother James and all my wearing apparel. Item: I give and bequeath to my dear Mother all my hogs. Item: I give to my sister Rachel JACKSON, the wife of John JACKSON, twenty shillings, current money. I give to my god daughter and God son William and Jane THOMAS and daughter Simon THOMAS twenty shillings current money. I give to John Glendening, the son of James and Ann GLENDENING twenty shillings current money. I give to my sister Sarah, wife of Hayward TODD, twenty shillings current money. I also give to my brother James half my crop and desire he will pay the Doctors charge and all debts that shall come against my estate. I desire that my Mother may have the balance that is due to me from Major Champe. I also constitute and appoint my said brother James executor of this my last will and Testament and revoke all other wills whatsoever and declare this my last Will and Testament. William ROSSER Signed sealed Published and Declared as and for my last will and Testament this 4th day of May 1747 in the Presence of us James Glendening Sie JOHNSON John HOBBY At a court held for King George County on Friday the 7th day of August 1747. The Last Will and Testament of Willima Rosser, deceased was presented into court by James Rosser his Executor who made oath thereto and the same was proved by the oaths of James Glendening and John HOBBY and admitted to record, The said Executor with John Grant having entered into bond in the sum of one hundred pounds for the same. Fauquier County, Virginia Marriages for ROSSER ROSSER, Eleanor BOWLIN, James S. 10 Sep 1812 dau of John ROSSER, Hannah WITHERS, Wm Jr. 16 Mar 1769 Ambrose BARNETT ROSSER, George MAUZY, Priscilla 15 Feb 1792 dau of Henry ROSSER, James N. DODD, Hannah 6 Jan 1809 Nathaniel DODD ROSSER, John GLENDENING, Nelly 22 Feb 1781 Abram NEWTON ROSSER, Letty BALL, Edward 22 Feb 1792 Jesse PORTER ROSSER, Lucy HITT, Peter 9 Jul 1796 g dau of Mary ROSSER ROSSER, Mary MCKELLUP, Presley 1 Mar 1805 John ROSSER ROSSER, Mary MITCHELL, John 21 Dec 1771 John ROSSER(consent) ROSSER, Nancy NELSON, Joseph 28 Dec 1803 John WITHERS ROSSER, Nancy M MURRAY, John 8 Sep 1811 Daniel WITHERS ROSSER, Richard KEMPER, Judith 23 Sep 1779 dau of Peter ROSSER, Susanna WITHERS, John 1 Sep 1796 dau of Mary Marriage 9 Sep 1976 MOORE, Samuel MITCHELL, Malinda 13 Sep 1802 John ROSSER ROSSER FAMILY MARRIAGE FOR VIRGINIA. (Certainly not complete) Albemarle County, Virginia James ROSSE (N) Eliza WINGFIELD 5 Nov 1810 William ROSSER Ellen VIA 13 Nov 1881 Sallie O ROSSER Campbell C. COCKRAN 22 Dec 1886 T.L. ROSSER (female) H. H. GORDAN 13 Oct 1890 Mary F. ROSSE(N) Walker J. BATTEN 9 Feb 1876 Bedford County, Virginia Nancy ROSSER Jesse WOOD 3 Aug 1781 Jonathan ROSSER Nancy HELM 23 Jan 1782 John ROSSER Elizabeth STRANGE 28 Feb 1790 Brunswick County, Virginia David ROSSER Betty RIEVES 3 Nov 1778 Bethea ROSSER Benjamin RIEVES May 1791 Charlotte County, Virginia Milly ROSSER Thomas SMITH Junior 27 Jun 1803 Fauquier County, Virginia (See Above Marriages) Greenville County, Virginia Sarah ROSSER James DANCEY 14 Jun 1786 George ROSSER Ann BREWER 26 Feb 1790 Susanna ROSSER Peter WYCHE 22 Nov 1800 Madison County, Virginia John ROSSER Nancy LAWRENCE 17 Aug 1783 Nancy ROSSER Shadrach GRIFFEN 20 Jan 1800 James W. ROSSER Lucy BROYLES 31 Jan 1816 Mehehalen ROSSER Andrew GAAR 14 Feb 1839 John K. ROSSER Marth Ann BERRY 17 Dec 1840 George N. ROSSER Elizabeth F. BERRY 21 Oct 1841 Stafford County, Virginia Sarah ROSSER Todd HAYWARD 7 Sep 1746 NORTH CAROLINA MARRIAGE RECORDS (certainly not complete) Chatham County, North Carolina William M. ROSSE(N) Peggy EDWARDS 18 Jan 1839 Joseph ROSSER Nancy BURKE 2 Jan 1840 Thomas C. ROSSER Mary C. RAGLAND 1 Jan 1862 C. ROSSER Jesse PETTY 14 Nov 1864 Joseph ROSER Hannah GROSS 20 Aug 1865 Franklin County, North Carolina Rosa ROSSER THARINGTON, Wm 22 Dec 1866 Guilford County, North Carolina John W. ROSSER Annie A BENNETT 17 Oct 1859 Emma ROSSER Berry JONES 28 Sep 1865 Halifax County, North Carolina Mary ROSSER Willie THORNTON 9 Nov 1829 Joel ROSSER Mary R DRAKE 25 Nov 1829 Mary ROSSER Jacob FOX 8 Apr 1854 Hettie P ROSSER John W. FISHER 21 Aug 1856 George ROSSER Sarah ALSTON 5 Apr 1867 Johnston County, North Carolina Sarah ROSSER Abraham SMITH 10 Jan 1787 James ROSSER Levina VINSON 13 Feb 1792 Issac ROSSER Elisabeth VINSON 13 Mar 1802 John ROSSER Elizabeth PEARCE 28 Jan 1804 Worley ROSSER Betsy COLLINS 20 Jan 1810 Mecklenburg County, North Carolina Maria Jane ROSSER William LEE 7 Mar 1853 Nash County, North Carolina William ROSSER Winifred TAYLOR 3 Jan 1848 Orange County, North Carolina Joshua ROSSER Sarah WILLIS 4 Jul 1795 James ROSSER Nancy THRIFT 20 Apr 1830 Elizabeth ROSSER John J. TURNER 12 Jun 1847 William ROSSER Jane WILLIAMS 23 Dec 1863 Wake County, North Carolina Candis ROSSER William I. ROWLAND 13 Jun 1868 Warren County, North Carolina Sally ROSSER Saml KEAL ?????????????? Joice King ROSSER Richard TOWNES 25 Sep 1795 OTHER ROSSER FAMILY INFORMATION Orange County, Virginia Will Book 1 1735-1743 pages 206-207 Elizabeth ROSSER widow of Daniel ROSSER deceased being sick and weake did on 2 Dec declared that if she dyed her will and desire was the Jno. RUCKER takes possession of all her goods and chattles, tobo. and corn stock, etc., and that he pay himself and if any part of her estate remain he pay her other creditors so far as the affects and if more then pay her debts it was to be for the use of her children. ROSSER IN FAUQUIER COUNTY, VIRGINIA AFTER 1820 Fauquier County, Virginia Guardian Bonds 1759-1871 by John K. Gott p 108. Walker K. ARMISTEAD, chosen guardian of Bessie S. Rosser, infant over 14 years old, orphan of J.T.ROSSER, deceased 28 Nov 1866. For $600.00 Security: Thomas N. LATHAM. CHILDREN OF RICHARD ROSSER 2c. Rachel ROSSER was born about 1714 in Virginia. Rachel married John JACKSON 31 Jan 1731/1732. 2h. Sarah ROSSER was born about 1722 the daughter of Richard ROSSER and Sarah. Sarah ROSSER of Hanover Parish married Hayward Todd 7 Sep 1746 in Stafford County, Virginia. 3a. Samuel TODD was born 28 Jul 1747 in St Paul's Parish, Stafford County, Virginia. 3b. Richard Todd 3e. Lucy Todd was born 27 Mar 1751 in St. Paul's Parish, Stafford County, Virginia. 3f. Hayward Todd St. Paul's Parish Register 1715-1798 compiled by John Bailey Calvert Nicklin Marriage Mary TODD and John MURRAY 12 Dec 1727 Death Richard TODD died 18 Jan 1736/1738 Birth William TODD son of Richard TODD and Lucy born 12 Feb 1727/1728. Marriage Lucy TODD and John MARTIN 5 Nov 1742 Birth Samuel TODD son of Hayward TODD and Sarah 28 Jul 1747 Birth Hester TODD dau of Hayward TODD and Mary (Sarah?) 13 Apr 1750. Birth Lucy TODD dau of Hayward TODD and Sarah 27 Mar 1751 Marriage Rachel ROSSER of Hanover Parish married John JACKSON 31 Jan 1731/1732 Stafford County, Virginia Will Book page 295-296 In Name of God Amen I Hayward Todd being sick but of sound memory...make my last will and testament. Imprs. Soul to God.. body to be buried decently interr'd Item I give to my two sons Samuel Todd and Richard Todd my two tracts of land in Cullpeper County in the little fork of Rappahannock River one tract containing 300 acres that I bought of the executrors of Capt Jonn Grant deceased an other tract adjoining to the aforesaid containing 400 acres that I bought of Horatio Dade Gentl. 100 acres I reserve to my borth William Todd and heris of his body lawfully begotten to be laid off to him as my executors hereafter see fit. The other 600 acres to be equally divided betwenn my two sons Samuel and Richard and to heirs of their bodies..in fault of such heirs then to my daughter Lucy and her heirs. Item I give to my daughter Lucy one feather bed and furniture and two cows and calves one iron pot one frying pan two pewter dishes, 2 basons and 6 new plates to be delivedered to her by executrix and executor hereafter mentioned if she live to receive the same. Ittem it is my will that as much of my personal estate be sold as will pay my just debts my negroes excepted. It is my desire that all the residue of my personal estate be kept in hands of my Exx and Exr to be improved by them in the best manner they shall see fit for the maintenance and educating my children and the remeaindeer be equally divided amongs my thre children and their heirs. Item it is my desire that my two sons shall be bound to such trad as shall best tuit them after they have got schooling sufficient for the country business Item I appoint my loving wife Sarah Todd and Capt William Rowley my sole exrs. and Exr of this my last will and testament 24 Jun 1754. Presence Antho. Griffuth, Hayward Todd Henry Heath, Wm Greenlee At court held for Stafford County 11 Mar 1754 The within last will and testament Hayward Todd deceased presented by Sarah Todd one of the exrs therein named...made oath.further... admited to record William Rowley refused to taken the executorship upon him, and the said Sarah having refused to accept the legacys given her by the will administration with the will annext is granted hershe having entered into bond according to law. Stafford County, Virginia page 298-299 At court held for Stafford County 12 Mar 1755. This inventory returned entered to record. do Inventory and appraise estate of Hayward Todd deceased as followeth// items listed and valued. Total 170:10:6Wm Grigsby, James Grigsby, James Hansborough. At court held for Stafford County 9 Apr 1755 this inventory and appraisal estate of Hayward Todd deceased being returned and admitted to record. Stafford County, Virginia Hayward Todd mentioned in the will of Burdit CLIFTON. Hayward TODD sold him land earlier than 3 Dec 1760 . p 424-427. King George County, Virginia Deed Book 4 page 461 This indenture witnesseth that Samuel Todd son of Haward Todd deceased of parish of Overwharton and county Stafford hat by consent of his guardian William Rowley, Gent. put himself apprentice to Reuben Berry of parish Hanover in county King George Joiner to learn his art trade of Mistery after the manner of an apprentice... during term of eight years until he shall arive to the age of twenty years. 2 day April 1761. Presence Anthony Strother, William Rowley Joseph Strother, Junr Reuben Berry At a court held 2 Apr 1761...Indenture of Feoffment..admitted to record King George County, Virginia Deed Book 5 page 732 This indenture witnesseth that Hayward Todd son of Hayward Todd deceased of parish of Overwahrton and county Stafford doth of his own free will and approbation of his guardian William Rowley Gent bind himself an apprentice to Reuben Berry Joiner of Parish of Hanover in County in King George. during term of eight years or till he arrive to age twenty one years...at expiration of term to pay said Hayward the legal freed dues. Presence George Tankersley William Rowley Benjamin Berry Reuben Berry At a court held 5th May 1768...Hayward Todd is bound an apprentice ..... admitted to record. Deed Book 5 King George pp 646-647 John Dixon bought land of Mrs Todd on Rappahannock River Brunswick Parish, King George County, Virginia. Deed Book 5 page 894-896 Richard Todd wittness indenture dated 4 Jun 1771 between Margaret Strother and Alexander Loggey of King George County, Virginia. Deed Book 5 page 1020-1022 Saml Todd witness indenture dated 9 Dec 1772 between George Arnold and Sarah and William Boon of King George County, Virginia | 47,689 | 2 |
558,056 | Vail, James R.
For many years James R. Vail has been devoted to the service of the government, and as United States immigration inspector at Bellingham he is filling a post of large responsibility. A son of John P. and Sophronia J. (Sisson) Vail, he was born October 20, 1871, in Nobles county, Illinois. His father was a soldier in the Civil war and valiantly defended the Union cause. In 1872 he went to Minnesota and took up a homestead, casting in his lot with the early settlers of that state, where he spent the remainder of his life.
James R. Vail spent his boyhood on his father's farm and received his early instruction in the public schools of Minnesota. He came to Bellingham, July 20, 1897, and afterward attended the University of Washington, spending his summers in this city, and he also took a course in a local business college. In January, 1901, he entered the United States customs service, and for three years he was in eastern Washington, while from 1905 until 1912 he was connected with the customs office at Lynden. He was then sent to Blaine, Washington, and there remained until September 1917, when he was transferred to the immigration department. He was stationed successively at Winnipeg, Canada, St. John, North Dakota, and Vancouver, British Columbia, and since November, 1919, he has had charge of the station at Bellingham. He is very thorough and conscientious in the performance of his duties and his work has been highly satisfactory.
On July 18, 1902, Mr. Vail married Miss Myrtie North, a native of Illinois and a daughter of H. W. and Cornelia (Linderman) North. Her father is a Union veteran and now has charge of the Soldiers Home at Orting, Washington. To Mr. and Mrs. Vail were born two children: Lyle, who attended Pullman College and is now residing in Seattle; and Merle, who died in 1923, when fifteen years of age.
Mr. Vail is liberal in his political views and invariably casts his ballot for the man whom he considers best qualified for office, irrespective of party affiliations. He is the owner of twelve attractive cottages situated on Cottonwood beach and from their rental derives a substantial addition to his income. Fidelity to duty is one of the salient traits in his character and his record is an unblemished one.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pg. 87
Vander Griend, M.
The gentleman to a brief review of whose life and character the reader's attention is herewith directed is among the favorably known and representative citizens of western Whatcom county. He has by his indomitable enterprise and progressive methods not only attained a large measure of success in his own material affairs but has contributed largely to the advancement of his community. He is widely known as a man of unswerving honesty, sound judgment and indomitable industry and stands deservedly high in the esteem of his fellow citizens. M. Vander Griend was born in Holland in 1872 and is a son of M. and Adriana (Vaandrager) Vander Griend, both natives of Holland and both of whom are now deceased, the father dying in 1913 and the mother April 10, 1925. In 1885 the father brought his wife and nine children to the United States, locating in South Dakota, where for three years he was engaged in farming, and then located south of Lincoln, Nebraska, where he bought one hundred and sixty acres of land, also renting much additional land. He had for years been interested in Washington and Oregon but never understood why land in these states was so cheap. He made a trip out here in 1898 and looked the country over but did not move here until 1901, when he bought one hundred and twenty acres, about half of which was cleared, all being cleared at this time. Two children were born to him and his wife in this country, there thus being eight sons and three daughters in the family.
M. Vander Griend the immediate subject of this sketch, secured his education partly in the public schools of his native land and partly in the schools of South Dakota and Nebraska. He came to Lynden in 1899 and when the rest of the family arrived he helped his father clear the land and improve the property, remaining with the latter until his marriage, when he located northwest of Lynden, on the Guide Meridian road, in Delta township. He had forty acres across the road from the home farm, a part of the old Lauckhart homestead, all of which was wild land when he bought it, but which he cleared and then sold to his brother. He is now the owner of fifty acres of fertile bottom land, on which he has a man who runs the place for him on an equal share basis. He keeps twenty-five milk cows and is making preparations for the housing of one thousand chickens. The farm produces an abundance of hay and grain, and is also splendid potato land. Mr. Vander Griend is likewise the owner of an eleven acre place in town, where he keeps twelve cows, retailing the milk and cream, in which business he has been very successful.
In 1903, at Lynden, Mr. Vander Griend was married to Miss Augusta Schuyleman, who was born in Holland and was brought to the United States when six years of age. She received a good education and taught school for a number of years prior to her marriage. Her parents are both deceased, the father dying January 1, 1902, and the mother in 1908. To Mr. and Mrs. Vander Griend were born three children, namely: Adriana and Maurine, who are students in the State Normal School at Bellingham; and Ward, who is in high school. Mr. Vander Griend has long been active in local public affairs, having served for several terms as assessor and as road overseer. He was a member of the board of directors of the old Lynden Creamery and is a member of the board of directors of the Northwest Washington Fire Association, of which he has been president. He is a member of the First Christian Reformed church, of which he was one of the organizers and to which he gives liberal support, and is a member of the Whatcom County Dairymen's Association and the Whatcom County Poultry Association. He is a public-spirited citizen and witholds his cooperation from no movement which is intended to promote public improvement. Genial and friendly in all his social relations, he easily makes friends, and he stands high in popular esteem and confidence.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pgs. 324-325
Vander Griend, William B.
The sterling qualities of his Dutch ancestors are manifest in the character of William B. Vander Griend, who has worked his way steadily upward in the financial world and now occupies an influential position in banking circles of Lynden, representing one of the old families of this district. He was born October 20, 1884, in the kingdom of Holland, and was but a year old when his parents, Marius and Adriantje Steena (Vaandrager) Vander Griend, made the voyage to the United States, settling in Charles Mix county, South Dakota. In 1889 they migrated to Firth, Nebraska, and in March, 1901, came to Whatcom county, Washington. The father purchased a tract of one hundred and twenty acres three miles northwest of Lynden and devoted the remainder of his life to the task of cultivating his land, which he brought to a high state of development. He responded to death's summons in 1913, and the mother passed away in 1925. The homestead is still owned by the family and is one of the most desirable farms in this section of the country. To Mr. and Mrs. Vander Griend were born eleven children, eight sons and three daughters. One daughter died in 1921 and two live in Nebraska, while the sons are residents of Whatcom county.
William B. Vander Griend attended the public schools and was reared on his father's ranch, aiding in the work of plowing, planting and harvesting. He completed a course in a commercial college and in 1907 entered the Lynden State Bank in the capacity of bookkeeper. His work was performed with accuracy and conscientiousness, and he was promoted to the position of cashier in August, 1919, when the institution was nationalized. It has since been operated under the name of the First National Bank, of which P. M. Surrurier is president. The business was established in 1905 as a private bank and is the pioneer financial institution of Lynden. It has a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars. It is classed with the strongest moneyed institutions of this part of the state, and the steady growth of the bank makes it a helpful ally of local business, young and old, which, like the institution, is expanding along constructive, progressive lines. Mr. Vander Griend has faithfully served the bank for nineteen years and is one of its most able and popular officials.
In 1915 Mr. Vander Griend married Miss Ada Jane Hoover, a native of Nebraska and a daughter of Cyrus and Clara Hoover, now residents of Fresno, California. To this union have been born three children: Clara Adrianna, Adrianna Ada and Jane Lenore. Mr. Vander Griend and his wife are members of the Second Christian Reformed church, and in politics he is a republican but not a strong partisan, voting independently at local elections. Enterprising, efficient and trustworthy, he has progressed far on the highroad which leads to success, and his many friends in Lynden speak of him in terms of high regard.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pgs. 136-139
Van Der Yacht, Henry H.
There could be no more comprehensive history written of a county or a community and its people than that which deals with the life work of those who, by their own endeavor and indomitable energy, have placed themselves where they well deserve the title of "progressive," and in the following lines will be found the life record of one who has made of his obstacles stepping stones to higher things. At the same time that he was winning his way in the material affairs of life, he also gained a high reputation for uprightness and honor. Henry H. Van der Yacht, one of the leading farmers and poultrymen of Delta township, is a native of Holland, where he was born on the 9th of November, 1877, a son of Harry and Gertrude Van der Yacht. They also were natives of the Netherlands, and brought their family to the United States locating in Michigan, where the father was engaged in farming until 1907, when he sold his land and came to Whatcom county, locating on a small farm which he bought near Lynden. There he spent his remaining years, dying in 1919, his wife passing away in 1913. They were the parents of ten children, Charles, Ida, Henry H., John, James, Andrew, Albert, Annie, Joseph, deceased, and Sarah, deceased.
Henry H. Van der Yacht was educated in the public schools of Michigan, and remained at home with his parents until his marriage, when [where] he was employed at farm work until coming to Washington in 1907, after which he worked on neighboring farms for two years and in 1909 rented one hundred and twenty acres of land in Delta township, the Henry Hoffman homestead, located four miles northwest of Lynden. Fifteen acres of the place was cleared and he cleared sixty acres more, on which he carried on farming until 1920, when he bought eighty acres of the place. Here he has achieved a pronounced success and gained an enviable reputation as an enterprising and energetic farmer. During the past three years he has built three fine chicken houses, in which he cares for twelve hundred laying hens. He also keeps eighteen good grade Guernsey cows and eight head of young stock and two horses for general farm work. His present prosperity has been attained entirely through his own indefatigable efforts and the enviable position which he holds among his fellow citizens has been honestly gained. He is a good business man, exercising sound judgment in all of his affairs, and devoting himself closely to the work in hand. He is a member of the Whatcom County Dairymen's Association and the Whatcom County Poultry Association and he and his wife are deeply interested in everything pertaining to the prosperity and welfare of their community, Mrs. Van der Yacht being a member of the board of trustees of the Sunshine school.
On January 8, 1902, Mr. Van der Yacht was married to Miss Ila Boice, who was born and reared in Michigan, the daughter of Clinton and Evelyn Boice, both of whom also were natives of that state, where her father is a successful farmer. Her mother died in 1906. They were the parents of six children, Floyd, Lyman (deceased), Ila, Carl, Henry and Gertrude. To Mr. and Mrs. Van der Yacht have been born seven children: Mrs. Evelyn Perkins, of Seattle; Gertrude, deceased; Harry, a graduate of the Lynden high school; Doyle, now a student in that school; Edna; Vivian; and Dale. Genial and friendly, kindly and generous, interested in the welfare of his fellow citizens, the subject has well merited the confidence and good will which he enjoys throughout the community where he lives.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pg. 795
Van Eman, Miss Clarice L.
For more than twenty years Miss Clarice L. VanEman, teacher of mathematics in the Fairhaven high school, has been connected with Bellingham city schools and is widely known in educational circles throughout this section of the state. Born in the city of Leavenworth, Kansas, she is a daughter of Andrew R. and Frances E. (Glasgow) VanEman, the latter a native of Ohio and the former of Pennsylvania, both members of old colonial families represented on this side of the water for seven or eight generations. The VanEmans are of the old "Pennsylvania Dutch" stock and the name is found widely represented throughout the country, now variously rendered VanEman, Vaneman, Vanemman and in some instances Vandeman.
When Miss VanEman was not yet two years old, her parents moved with their family to Lewis and Clark county, Montana, where her father became engaged in farming and where she was reared. She was graduated from the Great Falls (Mont.) high school, had further schooling in the University of Washington and in the University of Michigan and from the latter was graduated in 1903, majoring in mathematics and botany. While continuing her studies Miss VanEman was for some years engaged as a teacher in the schools of Great Falls and in 1904 came to Washington and became engaged as a teacher in the Fairhaven school at Bellingham, with which she has since been connected, teacher of mathematics and botany, and now recognized as one of the valued members of the effective staff of the city schools. Miss VanEman is a member of the American Association of University Women and of the local organizations of teachers and has a wide acquaintance in her profession. She is a member of the Congregational church and has ever taken an interested and helpful part in the general social and cultural activities of the community in which she cast her lot more than twenty years ago, a choice of location she never has had occasion to regret. She resides in the Stephen Court apartments and is quite pleasantly situated there.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pg. 277
Van Hemert, Peter J.
Peter J. Van Hemert, well known in banking circles of Lynden and Whatcom county, is a man of marked business ability and recognizes the difficulties, the possibilities and the opportunities of a situation. Energy and perseverance are brought to cope with the first, and tact and resourcefulness utilize the last in the accomplishment of his well defined purpose. He was born in Marion county, Iowa, in 1871 and was thirteen years of age when his parents, John and Willempy Van Hemert, migrated to South Dakota, where the father spent the remainder of his life.
Peter J. Van Hemert attended the public schools of Iowa and South Dakota and was also a student at a normal school. He was engaged in teaching for several years with much success and for two terms was superintendent of the schools of Douglas county, South Dakota. He then turned to commercial pursuits, conducting a grain and live stock business in Platte, South Dakota, and was also vice president of the Platte State Bank and the Tripp County State Bank. In 1910 he arrived in Everett, Washington, and a year later came with his mother to Lynden, where her demise occurred. Mr. Van Hemert purchased an interest in the Lynden department store and was elected treasurer of the corporation. He served in that capacity until 1924, when he sold his stock in the concern, and has since devoted his attention to financial affairs. He is president of the Peoples state Bank, and the other officers are J. W. Stearns, vice president, and J. Van Dalfsen, cashier. The directors are D. W. Bender, J. P. Boerhave, J. W. Stearns, Henry Shagren, Nels Jacobson, Sr., P. J. Van Hemert and J. T. Zylstra. The bank was organized in 1921 with the same board of directors with the exception of J. P. Boerhave, who has replaced H. J. Kok. The business is housed in a two-story building of concrete construction, erected especially for banking purposes. It contains modern vaults, safety deposit boxes and the complete equipment of an up-to-date bank. It has a paid in capital stock of forty thousand dollars and a surplus fund of ten thousand dollars, and the statement of December 31, 1925, showed deposits of approximately $230,000. During the five years of its existence the bank has enjoyed a steady growth and counts as its greatest asset the loyal support and enthusiastic cooperation of its depositors, whose confidence in the stability of the institution has constituted the chief factor in its upbuilding.
In 1902 Mr. Van Hemert was united in marriage to Miss Cora Sluyter, of Douglas county, South Dakota. They are active in the social affairs of the community, and in politics Mr. Van Hemert pursues an independent course, regarding the qualifications of a candidate as a matter of prime importance. He is a man of proven worth and integrity and his activities have always been directed into constructive channels, contributing to public progress and prosperity as well as to individual success.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pgs. 141-142
Van Horn, Guy E.; Hon.
Hon. Guy E. Van Horn, a member of the state legislature, has filled other public offices of trust and responsibility and is also widely known as one of the pioneer poultrymen of Whatcom county. He resides in Marietta township and is a member of an old and highly respected family of this district. He was born July 10, 1878, in Blair, Nebraska, and is a son of William and Sarah (Williams) Van Horn, natives of Pennsylvania. At the time of the conflict between the north and the south the father offered his aid to the Union and served for three years and three months with Company E of the Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. In 1889 he migrated to Salem, Oregon, and in the spring of 1890 came to Whatcom county. He purchased a small tract in Marietta township, which at that time was a wilderness, and after years of unceasing toil finally succeeded in clearing his land and preparing the soil for the production of crops. Eventually he converted the place into a fertile farm and there made his home until his retirement. He has reached an advanced age, but the mother is deceased.
Guy E. Van Horn was a boy of twelve when the family came to Whatcom country, and his education was completed in the public schools of Marietta township. He aided his father in tilling the fields and worked for wages until he reached the age of twenty-four, and he has since operated the home farm, also owning an additional tract of sixty-seven acres in the township. He was one of the first men in the state to glimpse the possibilities of the poultry business, in which he embarked in 1902, and in this field of activity he has met with exceptional success. In 1907 he started to raise pure bred stock and now has six thousand hens, specializing in the best grade of white Leghorns. Mr. Van Horn employs four men and three women and enjoys the distinction of owning the largest poultry ranch in the northwest. His prosperity is the result of thorough, painstaking effort and a detailed knowledge of this industry, gleaned by intensive study and years of practical experience. In order to maintain a pure strain, the eggs for hatching are produced on his ranch, on which he has erected good buildings and installed every modern improvement, keeping not only in line with but also in advance of the times.
In 1901 Mr. Van Horn married Miss Mabel Eytcheson, of Wisconsin, a daughter of William Jasper Eytcheson, and eight children have been born to them. Evelyn, the eldest, is the wife of William Lewis, who assists her father in the conduct of the ranch, and they have a daughter, June. The other children are: William, Guy Elliott, Cecelia, Adele, Rose, Jean and John. Mr. Van Horn is an adherent of the republican party and represents his district in the Washington assembly. He carefully studies every question brought before the house and his advocacy of a measure is always an indication of his firm belief in its value as a factor in good government. He has been school director and township clerk and for several years was treasurer of the township. For two terms he has been a member of the board of township supervisors and in 1925 was made its chairman, doing much constructive work in this connection. He belongs to the Grange and was the first master of the local Grange. Mr. Van Horn aided in organizing the Washington Cooperative Egg & Poultry Association and for many years was one of its trustees. He possesses the spirit of self-reliance which carries the individual far beyond the ranks of mediocrity and enables him to become a power in his chosen field. He has played a dominant part in the upbuilding of Whatcom county's great poultry industry and ranks with those men whose careers have been conspicuously useful.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pgs. 160-161
Van Wingerden, George
George Van Wingerden, a member of the board of supervisors of Custer township, and proprietor of a well kept farm near Blaine, has been a resident of this state since the days of his boyhood and has thus been a witness of the development that has resulted in modern progress and improvement. He was born on a farm in Missaukee county, in north central Michigan, July 8, 1881, and is a son of Garrett and Emma (Christie) Van Wingerden, the latter of whom was born in New York state, a daughter of that Washington pioneer, Phillip Christie, a Canadian by birth, who is the late '70s had come to Washington on a prospecting tour and who after one or two trips back and forth between here and Michigan took up his permanent residence here, one of the able pioneers of this region. His last days were spent here, his death occurring in 1922 on the place now occupied by his grandson, the subject of this sketch, he then being at the great age of one hundred and four years. Mrs. Emma Van Wingerden died in California in 1913.
Garrett Van Wingerden, who is now living at Blaine, was born at Holland, Ottawa county, Michigan, and was a son of one of the Hollanders who made up the colony which settled that place. After his marriage he established his home in Missaukee county and there remained until 1888 when, following the representations made by his father-in-law, Phillip Christie, the Washington pioneer, who had taken up a tract of land in Lewis county, he disposed of his holdings in Michigan and with his family came to this state, locating temporarily at Toledo, Lewis county. A year later he went to Cowlitz county, where he remained for seven years and then, after a brief residence at Shelton, Mason county, came to Whatcom county and has since had his residence in Blaine.
By reason of the several changes of residence made by his father during the time of his school days George Van Wingerden's educational advantages were somewhat intermittent, his attendance having been divided between the schools of Michigan and of Lewis and Cowlitz counties this state. He was about seventeen years of age when he came with his father to Whatcom county and after some further schooling at Blaine he began working in the woods and was for some years thereafter employed in lumbering operations, working in the woods here and in Snohomish county. In 1904 his grandfather Christie gave him the tract of land on which he is now living and after his marriage in the next year he established his home on that place and has since been living there, finishing the clearing necessary to bring it under cultivation and otherwise improving the place up to its present standard. Mr. Van Wingerden has a well improved tract of twenty acres and gives his attention chiefly to dairying and poultry raising. He has a good herd of dairy cattle and about three hundred and fifty White Leghorns (of the Tancred strain) and is going well in his business. One of the improvements on the place is a silo of ample capacity. In addition to carrying on his own operations he has found time to take part in various other works and for three years during the season was engaged in cement construction work on the highway passing his home. He was formerly a member of the board of directors of the Farmers Mutual Telephone Company and is now a director of the Northwest Farm Loan Association and a local appraiser for that concern. He is a member of the Whatcom County Dairy Association and of the Poultry Association and in the affairs of these mutually helpful organizations has long taken an earnest interest. He also is one of the charter members of the local grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. Mr. Van Wingerden has long been interested in local civic affairs, for three years served as clerk of the school board in his district and since 1923 has been rendering public service as a member of the board of township supervisors.
It was on July 2, 1905, in Bellingham, that Mr. Van Wingerden was united in marriage to Miss Dorabelle Wilder and to this union four children have been born, namely: Harold, born in 1908; Jessie, who died in 1919 at the age of seven years; Rhoda, born in 1915; and Eloise, born in 1920. Mrs. Van Wingerden also was born in Michigan, and is a daughter of Charles and Ida (Pittman) Wilder, the latter a native of Michigan and a member of one of the pioneer families of that state. Charles Wilder, who was a native of Canada and a substantial farmer, died in 1904 and his widow in 1910 married Garrett Van Wingerden, father of her daughter's husband. She died in 1914.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pgs. 441-442
A man of naturally sound judgment and industrious and thrifty habits, characteristics of the race of which he is a descendant, Gerrit Veleke, whose fine farm is located near Lynden, Whatcom county, has so ordered his career as to be eminently eligible to representation in a work of this kind. He has by his strictly moral habits, close attention to his business affairs and fair dealing with his fellowmen risen to a high place among his associates and is considered a leading citizen of his community. Mr. Veleke was born in Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin, June 2, 1884, and is a son of Art and Clara (De Grotenhuis) Veleke, both of whom were natives of Holland.
The father was born April 10, 1849, and came to the United States in 1867, locating in Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin, where he devoted his attention to farming. Later he moved to St. Croix, where he remained for two years, and he was then for the same length of time at Oak Harbor. In 1896 he came to Lynden, Whatcom county, being one of the first Hollanders to locate in this community, and was instrumental in inducing other of his countrymen to come here. He engaged in farming here and in the course of time cleared up a good deal of land. He was a man of stanch integrity, indomitable industry and a good manager and enjoyed to a marked degree the respect of the entire community. Our subject's mother was brought to this country by her mother when eight years of age, locating in Wisconsin, where she met and married Mr. Veleke. To their union were born seven children, namely: Mrs. Hattie Oordt, who died in 1912; Lizzie, who is the wife of Garritt Schuyleman, of Lynden; Gerrit, the subject of this sketch; Jennie, the wife of P. A. Pyeatt, of Custer, this county; Cornelius, who died at the age of three years; Nellie, the wife of Charles Reed, of Bellingham; and Minnie, the wife of Bert Lamdaal, of Bellingham. The mother of these children died in 1913 and in 1914 Mr. Veleke was married to Miss Marie Brewer, who was born at Rotterdam, Holland, and they have one child, Elizabeth.
Gerrit Veleke received his education in the public schools of Oak Harbor, Wisconsin, and completed his studies after coming to Lynden. He remained on his father's farm until he was about eighteen years of age, when he started out on his own account being employed in various ways, later becoming deliveryman for the Kildall store. Then, in partnership with Harry Elder, he engaged in the mercantile business, handling groceries, feed and hardware, in which line he continued for about two years, when he sold his interest to his partner and turned his attention to his land, which he had bought in 1908. The original purchase was twenty acres, to which he later added another twenty acres. He moved onto the place in 1915 and at once entered upon the task of clearing it and getting it into cultivation. The tract had been cut over, though but a few acres had been cleared, and he now has his first twenty acres entirely under the plow, while about four acres of the other tract are cleared. He has made substantial improvements on the ranch, including a fine house and commodious barn. He gives special attention to dairying, keeping from twelve to fifteen good Guernsey cattle, and raises a sufficient amount of feed on the place to take care of his stock.
Mr. Veleke was married, July 26, 1905, to Miss Nellie DeHoog, who was born at Pella, Iowa, a daughter of Bastaan and Aria (Vandersyde) DeHoog, both of whom also were natives of Iowa. When she was but three weeks old her mother died, and in 1903 her father brought his family to Lynden, Whatcom county, where he has followed farming principally. To Mr. and Mrs. Veleke have been born three children, namely: Adria, Arthur B. and Bernece. Mr. Veleke has always taken a deep interest in local public affairs, and soon after moving onto his farm he was elected township supervisor. He became chairman of the board on his reelection, holding that position continuously since. He has been especially interested in the improvement of the highways and has been instrumental in having many new roads built. His religious connection is with the First Reformed church, to which he is a generous contributor. He is a member of the Whatcom County Dairymen's Association and the Whatcom County Poultry Association. By a life of persistent and well applied industry, led along the most honorable lines, he has not only gained a gratifying measure of pecuniary independence but has also won what is of far more importance, the sincere respect and confidence of the entire community in which he lives.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pgs. 716-717
George Vermeulen, proprietor of the well established and popular Sea Gull coffee shop in the Hanna block, Bellingham, and also proprietor of a flourishing gasoline station in that city, is a retired sailor, of European birth, and has been familiar with this section of the Pacific coast since the days of the Alaska gold rush in 1898. He was born in Holland, July 24, 1872, son of Gerrett Vermeulen, and was there reared and educated. He spent sixteen months in the army and in 1891, when nineteen years of age, took to the sea, becoming a sailor on American fruit liners in the trade between the port of New York and Jamaica, and on other lines, including service on the Lauredo in the African trade. In 1898 he was on a vessel which made the passage through the Strait of Magellan and up the coast to Alaska. In the spring of 1899 he took service on the United States transport Roanoke, transporting soldiers and army supplies to the Philippines, and at the end of the return trip made another trip to Alaska. After a bit of prospecting in Nome he located at Dawson and there remained until 1904, when he closed out his interest there and came to Bellingham, where he ever since has made his home, his residence here thus covering a period of more than twenty years.
Upon his arrival in Bellingham, Mr Vermeulen bought the Maple Falls hotel and operated it until 1906, when he opened the Sea Gull coffee shop, which he since has been operating quite successfully, this well established restaurant having for years enjoyed a well merited reputation as one of the most popular eating houses in the northwest. In the spring of 1918 Mr. Vermeulen opened a gasoline filling station at the corner of Railroad avenue and Magnolia street and in the following year bought the old Hyatt home corner at Elk and Rose streets. In 1920 he sold his filling station on Railroad avenue and in May 1924, opened on the old Hyatt corner the gasoline filling station which he since has been operating at that place in addition to his restaurant business, doing very well in both enterprises.
In 1915, in Bellingham, Mr. Vermeulen was united in marriage to Miss Grace Hope, who was born in the state of Maine. They are republicans and take a proper interest in civic affairs as well as in the general affairs of the community. Mr. Vermeulen is a Knight Templar and Scottish Rite Thirty-second Degree Mason, past eminent commander of Hesperus Commandery No. 8, Knights Templar, and is also a Noble of the Mystic Shrine.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pg. 883
Vinup, Charles F. and George W.
A man who has achieved success and has also won the honor and esteem of his fellow citizens deserves more than passing notice. Such is the record, briefly stated, of G. W. Vinup, well known farmer of Lynden township. By a life of persistent and well applied energy along honorable lines, he has justly earned the right to recognition in the permanent record of his locality along with other public-spirited and progressive men of the county who have made their influence felt in their respective communities. Mr. Vinup was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on the 17th of September, 1868, and he is a son of Charles F. and Margaret (Grimmer) Vinup, the latter of whom was born in Germany, whence she was brought to the United States when three years old. The family settled in Cincinnati, and there she was reared to womanhood.
Charles F. Vinup was born in Brennerhausen, Germany, December 11, 1841, and when he was nine years of age he was brought to this country by his parents, who settled in Indiana, where his father followed farming. In that state he was reared and educated and later moved to Cincinnati, where he lived for a time. In 1887 Mr. Vinup came to Whatcom county and homesteaded a tract of land on the boundary line near Lynden. He lived there some six years, during which time he cleared about six acres of the dense timber which covered it. He then moved to the town of Lynden, of which he was elected mayor in 1903, serving two terms, and he was a member of the town council for twelve years. About 1905 he went to Granger, where he established a grocery store, conducting it until his death, which occurred April 2, 1906, at the age of sixty-five years. He was a veteran of the Civil war, having served for three years and eleven months as a private in company E, Fiftieth and Fifty-second Regiments, Indiana Volunteer Infantry. After the death of his first wife he was married in 1884 to Miss Sarah Decker, a native of Pennsylvania, who died in August, 1904.
At the age of four years G. W. Vinup was taken to Cairo, Illinois, by his parents, who remained there about a year, and they then moved to New Ulm, Minnesota, where our subject started to attend school. His mother died in February, 1881, when he was twelve years old, and soon afterward the family moved to Howard Lake, Minnesota, where he finished his education. At the age of fifteen years he went to Minneapolis, where he remained for about a year, going from there to Hay Springs, Nebraska, and then to Wyoming, where he spent two years on the ranges and as a rancher. During 1888 he was in the Idaho panhandle and in western Washington, working as a farm hand, and in 1891 he came to Whatcom county and homesteaded twenty acres of land near the border in the vicinity of Lynden. The tract was very swampy and covered mainly with jack pine, and he did but little clearing there. Later he bought a twenty acre farm which contained considerable improvements, and there he lived until August, 1908, when he came to his present farm, which comprises forty acres of good land, the greater part of which had been logged off. He now has about five acres cleared and has built a good house and other farm buildings. He is devoting his attention mainly to the chicken business, having about a thousand laying hens, of the White Leghorn breed, in the handling of which he has met with pronounced success. He also keeps a few cows and raises good crops of hay.
On July 1, 1896, Mr. Vinup was married to Miss Minnie Dupray, who was born on the Little Horn river, Iowa, in a rude shack, constructed of poles and hay, from which they were driven out during high water. She is a daughter of F. M. and Nancy (Webb) Dupray, the former a native of Ohio and the latter of New York state, and whose marriage occurred in Missouri. The father was a farmer and miller and was a hard working and industrious man. Mrs. Vinup completed her education in the public schools of Nebraska, where she lived until December, 1890, when the family came to Whatcom county, locating first at Bellingham, where they remained for about a year. They then located on a farm in Ferndale township. To Mr. and Mrs. Vinup have been born seven children, namely: Clyde, who is married and lives at Brooklyn, N. Y.; Charles, who died at the age of thirteen years; Edgar, of Lynden, who is married and has one child; Etta, who is the wife of S. G. Fale, of San Jose, California, and has one child; Cressa, who is engaged in teaching near Klamath Falls, Oregon; and Alvin and Leon, who are in school. Fraternally Mr. Vinup is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias and the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. He is public spirited in his attitude toward all measures for the advancement of the public welfare and is generous in his support of worthy benevolent enterprises. Because of his unswerving honesty in all his dealings with his fellowmen and his genial and kindly nature, he has won and retains a host of warm friends throughout the locality so long honored by his citizenship.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pgs. 164-167
The life of William Visser, well known farmer and dairyman of Lynden township has been such as to elicit just praise from those who know him best, owing to the fact that he has always been true to the trusts reposed in him and has been upright in his dealings with his fellowmen, at the same time lending his support to the advancement of any cause looking to the welfare of the community at large. Mr. Visser is a native of Holland, born April 16, 1877, and is a son of Hans and Florence (Dykstra) Visser, the former of whom died in his native land. The widowed mother came to the United States in 1894 and afterward became the wife of Richard Stremler. She is now living in Grand Rapids, Michigan at the age of seventy-one years.
Because his mother left Holland, William Visser was rendered ineligible for military service. He received his education in that country and worked on neighboring farms for eight years. In 1898 he came to the United States, locating in Michigan, where for two years he was employed on celery farms, and in January, 1900, he came to Lynden, Whatcom county. During his first year here he worked in logging camps. In 1902 he rented the P. Benson farm, which he operated for four years, and then for three years he rented and operated the B. P. Nelson place. In 1909 he bought eighty acres of land comprising his present farmstead and immediately entered upon the task of clearing the tract, on which about the only improvement was an old barn. He has cleared seventy acres and has erected a good set of farm buildings, making a very attractive and comfortable home. He later bought sixty acres additional and is now engaged in clearing the latter tract. While he carries on a general line of farming, he devotes his attention principally to dairying, keeping twenty-five cows, mostly good grade Guernseys, together with a registered sire. He separates the cream, feeding the skim milk to the pigs and young stock, of which he keeps about forty head altogether. He also owns two hundred and fifty laying hens, which he has found to be a profitable source of income. He raises practically enough hay, grain and roughage on the place to feed his stock and poultry. The land is in a fine arable condition, much of it having been drained.
In 1905 Mr. Visser was married to Miss Hattie Roosma, who also was born in Holland, a daughter of Edward Roosma, who died in his native land, his widow afterward becoming the wife of P. DeJong, of Lynden. To Mr. and Mrs. Visser have been born eleven children, namely: Bessie, Flossie, Hans, Ida, Eddie, Dick, Pete, Annie, Jamie, Bert and William, all of whom received their educational training in the Ebenezer school, belonging to the Christian Reform church. Mr. and Mrs. Visser are active members of that church, to which they give liberal support. Mr. Visser has passed through the various stages of settlement in a comparatively new country and has been a witness of the wonderful development which has characterized this locality. In the early days here he drove a covered wagon one day a week to Bellingham, carrying his farm produce to market and bringing back provisions and feed. His record here has been marked by much hard work, but today he is enjoying the fruits of his labors and is very comfortably and pleasantly situated. He is a member of the Whatcom County Dairymen's Association and the Whatcom County Poultry Association. Because of his business ability, his success and his many excellent personal qualities, he has attained and holds a high place in the confidence and regard of the community in which he lives.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pgs. 331-332
Examples that impress force of character on all who study them are worthy of record in the annals of history wherever they are found, and by a few general observations it is hoped to convey herewith some idea of the high standing of Cornelius Voskamp, one of the leading farmers and dairymen of his section of Whatcom county. Those who know him will readily acquiesce in the statement that many elements of a solid and practical nature are united in his makeup and which through a series of years have gained for him well deserved success and prominence in his community. Mr. Voskamp is a native of Ottawa county, Michigan, born on the 16th of January, 1881, and is a son of Martin and Gertrude Voskamp, both of whom were natives of Holland. They came to the United States in 1870 and settled at Grand Rapids, Michigan, where the father was employed at various line of work for about four years. Then, at about the time of his marriage, he rented a tract of land, on which he carried on farming operations until 1900, when he came to Whatcom county and bought eighty acres of land in Delta township, eighteen acres of which were cleared and on which stood a small house and a good-sized barn. He at once applied himself to the clearing of the remainder of the land and at the time of his death, in 1917, he had sixty acres cleared and under cultivation. His wife passed away in 1884. To this worthy couple were born four children, namely: Mrs. Mary Hendrick, who lives in Michigan; P. G., who lives in Seattle, Washington; Cornelius, the immediate subject of this sketch; and Mrs. Margaret Marlink, who lives in Holland, Michigan.
Cornelius Voskamp attended the public schools of his native state and remained at home until his marriage. He accompanied the family and their removal to Washington and on the death of his father he bought out the other heirs to the estate, so that he is now the owner of the eighty acres comprising the homestead. Splendid improvements have been made on the place, including the erection of an attractive house in 1909 and an excellent barn in 1911. The homestead is nicely located on a paved highway and its general appearance is inviting and reflects great credit on those who have effected the various improvements made here. Prior to 1919 the place contained fifteen good grade cows, but in that year Mr. Voskamp started a herd of pure-bred registered Ayrshire cattle, buying three cows and four heifers, as well as a registered bull, from George Parberry, of Mountain View. Our subject now owns thirty-two head of registered stock, the pride of the community, and which has been shown at the leading fairs in this section of the state. In 1923 he took first prize on his herd, first prize on an aged cow, first and second prizes on one year old heifers and several more prizes at the Northwest fair held at Lynden. He did not exhibit in 1925, the year having been so abnormally dry that the cows were not in condition for show purposes. In this and many other ways Mr. Voskamp has shown a progressive disposition and has won a high reputation for his energy and up-to-date ideas relative to the various phases of farm management and operation. He is an active member of the Whatcom County Dairymen's Association and is deeply interested in everything that in any way pertains to the prosperity and advancement of his community. He is an earnest advocate of good roads, in the securing of which for this locality he has been an influential factor.
On June 19, 1918, Mr. Voskamp was married to Miss Anna Roo, who was born in Holland, Michigan, a daughter of Albert and Margaret Roo. Her parents were natives of Holland, whence they came to the United States in 1862, locating in Michigan. There they lived until 1901, when they came to Whatcom county, buying a ranch, to the farming of which Mr. Roo devoted himself for several years. He recently moved to Lynden, where he is now living, retired from active labor. To him and his wife were born four children: Jennie, Charles, Anna and Ralph. Mr. and Mrs. Voskamp have three children, namely: Martin A., born November 28, 1919; Marguerite Irene, born January 13, 1922; and Alvin, born September 2, 1925.
Mr. Voskamp is easily the peer of any of his fellows in the qualities that constitute correct manhood and good citizenship. He possesses not only those powers which render a man efficient in the material affairs of life but also those strong social qualities which commend a man to the good opinion of those about him. In his daily affairs he manifests a generous regard for his fellow citizens, and as a large-hearted, whole-souled gentleman no one in the community merits and commands more fully the confidence and good will of the people generally.
History of Whatcom County Volume 2, Lottie Roeder Roth, pub. 1926, pgs. 338-339 | 47,613 | 64 |