id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57320884b9d445190005e74b | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947β49 and 1953β55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions dur... | What republican majority leader died in a plane crash? | {
"text": [
"Hale Boggs"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
57320884b9d445190005e74c | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947β49 and 1953β55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions dur... | Since 1995 who is the only majority leader to become speaker? | {
"text": [
"John Boehner"
],
"answer_start": [
670
]
} |
57320884b9d445190005e74d | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947β49 and 1953β55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions dur... | Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker? | {
"text": [
"Dennis Hastert"
],
"answer_start": [
1111
]
} |
57320884b9d445190005e74e | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947β49 and 1953β55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions dur... | Between majority leader and speaker what roles did Boehner have? | {
"text": [
"Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011"
],
"answer_start": [
786
]
} |
573209d50fdd8d15006c66f7 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, ... | Who is the leader of the majority leader in House? | {
"text": [
"Speaker"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
573209d50fdd8d15006c66f8 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, ... | What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress? | {
"text": [
"Majority Leader"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
573209d50fdd8d15006c66f9 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, ... | Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert? | {
"text": [
"Majority Leader Tom DeLay"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
573209d50fdd8d15006c66fa | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, ... | Who is the leader of the minority party in the House? | {
"text": [
"Minority Leader"
],
"answer_start": [
674
]
} |
57320ad7e99e3014001e6468 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's c... | Does the minority or majority party have more leadership positions in House? | {
"text": [
"minority party has one less leadership position"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
57320ad7e99e3014001e6469 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's c... | What role did Pelosi win in 112th Congress? | {
"text": [
"Minority Leader"
],
"answer_start": [
640
]
} |
57320ad7e99e3014001e646a | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's c... | What party lost control of House in 2010 elections? | {
"text": [
"Democrats"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
57320bb80fdd8d15006c6713 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be ... | What rule gives minority leader right to offer motion to recommit with instructions? | {
"text": [
"Rule XII, clause 6"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
57320bb80fdd8d15006c6714 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be ... | Who may place legislation on a corrections calendar? | {
"text": [
"minority leader"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
57320bb80fdd8d15006c6715 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be ... | Minority leader may appoint individuals to what government roles? | {
"text": [
"certain federal entities."
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
57320eb5b9d445190005e7a5 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enuncia... | Are minority leadership roles specified closely? | {
"text": [
"are not well-defined"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
57320eb5b9d445190005e7a6 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enuncia... | What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader? | {
"text": [
"Representative Bertrand Snell"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
57320eb5b9d445190005e7a7 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enuncia... | What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part? | {
"text": [
"He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies."
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
57320eb5b9d445190005e7a8 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enuncia... | What defines a large part of minority leader role? | {
"text": [
"tradition and custom"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
57321018b9d445190005e7ad | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged ... | When was the minority leader position created? | {
"text": [
"20th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
57321018b9d445190005e7ae | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged ... | Why was minority leader position created? | {
"text": [
"not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
57321018b9d445190005e7af | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged ... | Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning "Minority Leader?" | {
"text": [
"James Madison"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
57321018b9d445190005e7b0 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged ... | Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress? | {
"text": [
"Alexander Hamilton"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
} |
573212a80fdd8d15006c6758 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coord... | In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties? | {
"text": [
"(Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
573212a80fdd8d15006c6759 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coord... | What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of the house? | {
"text": [
"to represent a party comprising a distinct minority"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
5732144fe99e3014001e64dc | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849... | What made identifying House leadership difficult? | {
"text": [
"Internal party disunity"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732144fe99e3014001e64dd | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849... | How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker? | {
"text": [
"at least twenty different candidates"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
5732144fe99e3014001e64de | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849... | From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated? | {
"text": [
"two of these seven Congresses"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} |
57321aceb9d445190005e7f5 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed i... | Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883? | {
"text": [
"Randall Ripley"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
57321aceb9d445190005e7f7 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed i... | Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader? | {
"text": [
"Thomas Reed,"
],
"answer_start": [
887
]
} |
57321d6de17f3d14004226a9 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership." Further, when Republicans were in the min... | Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years? | {
"text": [
"1871 and 1873"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
57321d6de17f3d14004226aa | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership." Further, when Republicans were in the min... | What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875? | {
"text": [
"James Blaine"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
57321d6de17f3d14004226ab | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership." Further, when Republicans were in the min... | What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79? | {
"text": [
"James A. Garfield"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
57321f24e17f3d14004226af | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional p... | Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position? | {
"text": [
"there is disagreement among historical analysts"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
57321f24e17f3d14004226b0 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional p... | What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century? | {
"text": [
"strong party organization and professional politicians"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
57321f24e17f3d14004226b1 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional p... | What were these conditions effective for in the house? | {
"text": [
"establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure."
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
573227fbe17f3d14004226c9 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frede... | Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership? | {
"text": [
"Democrats"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
573227fbe17f3d14004226ca | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frede... | Why were republicans upset with Mann? | {
"text": [
"objecting to their private bills on the floor"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
573227fbe17f3d14004226cb | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frede... | What year did Republicans regain control while Rober Michel was Minority Leader? | {
"text": [
"1994"
],
"answer_start": [
752
]
} |
573228afe99e3014001e656b | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, d... | Is the Senate or the House more partisan? | {
"text": [
"more partisan nature of the House"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
573228afe99e3014001e656c | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, d... | What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president? | {
"text": [
"Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
573229aab9d445190005e879 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associ... | What influences role of minority leader? | {
"text": [
"personality and contextual factors"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
573229aab9d445190005e87a | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associ... | Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document? | {
"text": [
"House rule book."
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
57322dd1b9d445190005e89d | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consult... | How many private calendar objector members does minority leader appoint? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
57322dd1b9d445190005e89f | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consult... | Who does minority leader have informal ties with for scheduling house matters? | {
"text": [
"majority party leaders"
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
57322fcce17f3d14004226ed | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member... | According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair? | {
"text": [
"Policy Committee"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
57322fcce17f3d14004226ee | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member... | According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head? | {
"text": [
"Steering Committee"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
57322fcce17f3d14004226ef | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member... | According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have? | {
"text": [
"Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
57322fcce17f3d14004226f0 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member... | According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint? | {
"text": [
"Democratic Leadership Council"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
573230f4e17f3d1400422709 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party... | Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy? | {
"text": [
"A party's floor leader"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57323214b9d445190005e8ae | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to... | Who establishes leadership PACs? | {
"text": [
"Minority leaders"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
57323937e99e3014001e65ac | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the d... | Does minority leader act solely to advance party objectives? | {
"text": [
"in consultation with other party colleagues"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
57323937e99e3014001e65ad | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the d... | Does minority leader always employ same strategy for party objectives? | {
"text": [
"options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
57323be20fdd8d15006c686b | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | A look at one minority leadership strategyβpartisan oppositionβmay suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party.... | Is it safe to employ negative strategy? | {
"text": [
"\"going negative\" carries risks"
],
"answer_start": [
800
]
} |
57323f88e99e3014001e65c6 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority lead... | What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections? | {
"text": [
"develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
57323f88e99e3014001e65c8 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority lead... | How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition? | {
"text": [
"218"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
57323f88e99e3014001e65c9 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority lead... | What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections? | {
"text": [
"independents and swing voters"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
573243720fdd8d15006c68a3 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their d... | How do minority leaders gauge party preferences? | {
"text": [
"conduct surveys of party colleagues"
],
"answer_start": [
735
]
} |
57324734e99e3014001e662f | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Confer With the White House. If his or her party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the P... | What was Robert Michel's role as minority leader? | {
"text": [
"point man\" for Republican presidents"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
573248f40fdd8d15006c6900 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administratio... | What was Gerald Ford's role as minority leader under Johnson administration? | {
"text": [
"propose Republican alternatives"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
573248f40fdd8d15006c6901 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administratio... | What did Ford's alternatives provide for republican's? | {
"text": [
"political protection"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
57324a7be17f3d14004227eb | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | "We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on ... | What options do minority party have in amendment phase? | {
"text": [
"offer our program as a substitute"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
57324a7be17f3d14004227ec | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | "We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on ... | If minority party loses committ of the whole, then what motion may be filed? | {
"text": [
"motion to recommit and get a vote on that"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
57324c1bb9d445190005e9e5 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party. Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the crea... | What is a good technique to foster party harmony? | {
"text": [
"appointment of task forces"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
57324c1bb9d445190005e9e6 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party. Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the crea... | What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus? | {
"text": [
"partisan colleagues with conflicting views"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
57324d51b9d445190005e9f5 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future posit... | Who is the chief vote counter for party? | {
"text": [
"The Chief Deputy Whip"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57324d51b9d445190005e9f6 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future posit... | Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House? | {
"text": [
"Patrick McHenry."
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
57324d51b9d445190005e9f7 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future posit... | Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference? | {
"text": [
"Senior Chief Deputy Whip"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
5731f53ce17f3d1400422581 | Armenians | Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France... | Where do Armenians mostly live besides Armenia? | {
"text": [
"Nagorno-Karabakh Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
5731f53ce17f3d1400422582 | Armenians | Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France... | How many Armenians live outside Armenia and the republic within it? | {
"text": [
"around 5 million"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
5731f53ce17f3d1400422584 | Armenians | Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France... | Why did many Armenians leave Armenia? | {
"text": [
"the Armenian Genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6693 | Armenians | Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia... | How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used? | {
"text": [
"around the 6th century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6694 | Armenians | Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia... | What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'? | {
"text": [
"476 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
} |
5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6695 | Armenians | Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia... | Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'? | {
"text": [
"Hecataeus of Miletus"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6696 | Armenians | Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia... | Who described Armenian life in 401 BC? | {
"text": [
"Xenophon"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
5731f63a0fdd8d15006c6697 | Armenians | Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia... | What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like? | {
"text": [
"Persians"
],
"answer_start": [
831
]
} |
5731f6af0fdd8d15006c669d | Armenians | The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600β1200 BC). Soon a... | What mountain does Armenia surround? | {
"text": [
"Mount Ararat"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
5731f6af0fdd8d15006c669e | Armenians | The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600β1200 BC). Soon a... | What era was the Hittite Empire in? | {
"text": [
"the Bronze Age"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
5731f6af0fdd8d15006c669f | Armenians | The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600β1200 BC). Soon a... | When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule? | {
"text": [
"1600β1200 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
5731f6af0fdd8d15006c66a0 | Armenians | The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600β1200 BC). Soon a... | When did the Arme-Shupria rule? | {
"text": [
"1300sβ1190 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
5731f6af0fdd8d15006c66a1 | Armenians | The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600β1200 BC). Soon a... | When did the Nairi rule? | {
"text": [
"1400β1000 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
5731f6f8b9d445190005e6ef | Armenians | Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. H... | What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian? | {
"text": [
"Greek and Ancient Macedonian"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
5731f6f8b9d445190005e6f0 | Armenians | Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. H... | What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in? | {
"text": [
"Pontic Indo-European"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
5731f6f8b9d445190005e6f1 | Armenians | Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. H... | Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate? | {
"text": [
"the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
57320a38e99e3014001e6460 | Armenians | The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became ... | When was Armenia established? | {
"text": [
"in the late 6th century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
57320a38e99e3014001e6461 | Armenians | The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became ... | What famous inscription mentioned Armenia? | {
"text": [
"the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
57320a38e99e3014001e6462 | Armenians | The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became ... | During which dynasty was Armenia established? | {
"text": [
"Orontid dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
57320a38e99e3014001e6463 | Armenians | The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became ... | When was Armenia at its largest? | {
"text": [
"95β65 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
57320ae8e17f3d1400422601 | Armenians | The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with G... | What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion? | {
"text": [
"The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57320ae8e17f3d1400422602 | Armenians | The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with G... | What religion was Armenian paganism influenced by? | {
"text": [
"Zoroastrianism"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
57320ae8e17f3d1400422603 | Armenians | The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with G... | When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion? | {
"text": [
"AD 301"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
57320ae8e17f3d1400422604 | Armenians | The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with G... | Why did Armenia make Christianity its official religion? | {
"text": [
"in defiance of the Sassanids"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
57320ae8e17f3d1400422605 | Armenians | The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with G... | Who invented the Armenian alphabet? | {
"text": [
"Mesrop Mashtots"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} |
573218f2e17f3d1400422685 | Armenians | In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. The... | When did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom? | {
"text": [
"885 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
573218f2e17f3d1400422686 | Armenians | In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. The... | Under which ruler did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom? | {
"text": [
"Ashot I"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
573218f2e17f3d1400422687 | Armenians | In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. The... | What dynasty was Ashot I part of? | {
"text": [
"the Bagratid Dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
573218f2e17f3d1400422688 | Armenians | In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. The... | Who invaded Armenia in 1064? | {
"text": [
"Seljuk Turks"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
573218f2e17f3d1400422689 | Armenians | In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. The... | What Turkic federations ruled Armenia? | {
"text": [
"the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu"
],
"answer_start": [
826
]
} |
57321a1ae99e3014001e6512 | Armenians | From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century w... | When did the Russo-Persian War begin? | {
"text": [
"1826"
],
"answer_start": [
872
]
} |
57321a1ae99e3014001e6513 | Armenians | From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century w... | When did the Russo-Persian War end? | {
"text": [
"1828"
],
"answer_start": [
877
]
} |
57321a1ae99e3014001e6514 | Armenians | From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century w... | What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War? | {
"text": [
"Treaty of Turkmenchay"
],
"answer_start": [
901
]
} |
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