categories,extract,id,language,lastModified,length,scrapedAt,title,url,_run_id,_dataset_id
[],"Aidon Oy is a Finnish technology company that focuses on smart grid and smart metering solutions and services in the Nordics. Founded in 2004, it is headquartered in Jyväskylä, Finland, with offices in Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark. 
On November 9, 2023, Gridspertise completed the acquisition of the company.",56729891,en,2026-06-25T11:35:18Z,5095,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Aidon,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidon,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing suspected AI-generated texts from June 2026"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023"", ""Broadband"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from October 2025""]","Broadband over power lines (BPL) is a method of power-line communication (PLC) that allows relatively high-speed digital data transmission over public electric power distribution wiring. BPL uses higher frequencies, a wider frequency range, and different technologies compared to other forms of power-line communications to provide high-rate communication over longer distances. BPL uses frequencies that are part of the radio spectrum allocated to over-the-air communication services; therefore, the prevention of interference to, and from, these services is a very important factor in designing BPL systems.
There are two main categories of BPL: in-house and access. In-house BPL is broadband access within a building or structure using the electric lines of the structure to provide the network infrastructure. Access BPL is the use of electrical transmission lines to deliver broadband to the home. Access BPL is considered a viable alternative to cable or DSL to provide the 'last mile' of broadband to end users.",886569,en,2026-07-15T16:52:09Z,25635,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Broadband over power lines,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
"[""1907 establishments in Illinois"", ""All Wikipedia articles in need of updating"", ""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015"", ""Articles with dead external links from August 2017"", ""Articles with permanently dead external links"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Companies based in Chicago"", ""Electric power companies of the United States"", ""Exelon"", ""Nuclear power companies of the United States"", ""Short description matches Wikidata""]","Commonwealth Edison, commonly known by syllabic abbreviation as ComEd, is the largest electric utility in Illinois, and the primary electric provider in Chicago and much of Northern Illinois. Its service territory stretches roughly from  Iroquois County on the south to the Wisconsin border on the north and from the Iowa border on the west to the Indiana border on the east.  For more than 100 years, Commonwealth Edison has been the primary electric delivery services company for Northern Illinois. Today, ComEd is a unit of Chicago-based Exelon Corporation, one of the nation's largest electric and gas utility holding companies. ComEd provides electric service to more than 3.8 million customers across Northern Illinois. The company's revenues totaled more than $7 billion in 2023.
As of 2015, ComEd has interconnections with We Energies, ITC Midwest, Ameren, American Electric Power, Northern Indiana Public Service, and MidAmerican Energy Company (MEC).",1030512,en,2026-07-28T03:58:17Z,35328,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Commonwealth Edison,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Edison,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"In an electrical grid, contingency is an unexpected failure of a single principal component (e.g., an electrical generator or a power transmission line) that causes the change of the system state large enough to endanger the grid security. Some protective relays are set up in a way that multiple individual components are disconnected due to a single fault, in this case, taking out all the units in a group counts as a single contingency. A scheduled outage (like maintenance) is not a contingency.
The choice of term emphasizes the fact that a single fault can cause severe damage to the system so quickly that the operator will not have time to intervene, and therefore a reaction to every single fault has to be defensively pre-built into the system configuration. Some sources use the term interchangeably with ""disturbance"" and ""fault"".",73065907,en,2026-07-30T03:00:34Z,9766,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Contingency (electrical grid),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_(electrical_grid),WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"Demand response is a change in the power consumption of an electric utility customer to better match the demand for power with the supply. Until the 21st century decrease in the cost of pumped storage and batteries, electric energy could not be easily stored, so utilities have traditionally matched demand and supply by throttling the production rate of their power plants, taking generating units on or off line, or importing power from other utilities. There are limits to what can be achieved on the supply side, because some generating units can take a long time to come up to full power, some units may be very expensive to operate, and demand can at times be greater than the capacity of all the available power plants put together. Demand response, a type of energy demand management, seeks to adjust in real-time the demand for power instead of adjusting the supply.
Utilities may signal demand requests to their customers in a variety of ways, including simple off-peak metering, in which power is cheaper at certain times of the day, and smart metering, in which explicit requests or changes in price can be communicated to customers.
The customer may adjust power demand by postponing some tasks that require large amounts of electric power, or may decide to pay a higher price for their electricity. Some customers may switch part of their consumption to alternate sources, such as on-site solar panels and batteries.
In many respects, demand response can be put simply as a technology-enabled economic rationing system for electric power supply. In demand response, voluntary rationing is accomplished by price incentives—offering lower net unit pricing in exchange for reduced power consumption in peak periods. The direct implication is that users of electric power capacity not reducing usage (load) during peak periods will pay ""surge"" unit prices, whether directly, or factored into general rates.
Involuntary rationing, if employed, would be accomplished via rolling blackouts during peak load periods. Practically speaking, summer heat waves and winter deep freezes might be characterized by planned power outages for consumers and businesses if voluntary rationing via incentives fails to reduce load adequately to match total power supply.",2696466,en,2026-07-30T02:40:00Z,55941,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Demand response,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_response,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"EPB of Chattanooga, formerly known as the Electric Power Board of Chattanooga, is an American electric power distribution and telecommunication company owned by the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee. EPB serves nearly 180,000 homes and businesses in a 600-square mile area in the greater Chattanooga area and Hamilton County. In 2010, EPB was the first company in the United States to offer 1 Gbit/s high-speed internet over a fiber optic network, over 200 times faster than the national average. As a result, Chattanooga has been called ""Gig City"" and held up as a national model for deploying the world's fastest internet and the most advanced Smart Grid electric distribution system in the United States. On October 15, 2015, Chattanooga implemented the world's first community-wide 10-gig Internet service.
In 1935, an act of the Tennessee Legislature established EPB as an independent board of the City of Chattanooga to provide electric power to the Greater Chattanooga area. EPB began serving their customers in 1939.",28809509,en,2026-08-03T14:27:47Z,30631,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,EPB,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPB,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"An electrical grid (or electricity network) is an interconnected network for electricity delivery from producers to consumers. Electrical grids consist of power stations, electrical substations to step voltage up or down, electric power transmission to carry power over long distances, and finally electric power distribution to customers. In that last step, voltage is stepped down again to the required service voltage. Power stations are typically built close to energy sources and far from densely populated areas. Electrical grids vary in size and can cover whole countries or continents. From small to large there are microgrids, wide area synchronous grids, and super grids. The combined transmission and distribution network is part of electricity delivery, known as the power grid.
Grids are nearly always synchronous, meaning all distribution areas operate with three phase alternating current (AC) frequencies synchronized (so that voltage swings occur at almost the same time). This allows transmission of AC power throughout the area, connecting the electricity generators with consumers. Grids can enable more efficient electricity markets.
Although electrical grids are widespread, as of 2016, 1.4 billion people worldwide were not connected to an electricity grid. As electrification increases, the number of people with access to grid electricity is growing. About 840 million people (mostly in Africa), which is ca. 11% of the World's population, had no access to grid electricity in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010.
Electrical grids can be prone to malicious intrusion or attack; thus, there is a need for electric grid security. Also as electric grids modernize and introduce computer technology, cyber threats start to become a security risk. Particular concerns relate to the more complex computer systems needed to manage grids.",20344155,en,2026-07-30T02:42:58Z,51813,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Electrical grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"Electrical grid security in the United States involves the physical and cybersecurity of the United States electrical grid. The smart grid allows energy customers and energy providers to more efficiently manage and generate electricity. Similar to other new technologies, the smart grid also introduces new security concerns.
The electric utility industry in the U.S. leads several initiatives to help protect the national electric grid from threats. The industry partners with the federal government, particularly the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation, and federal intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
From the 2000s through to the 2020s, the security of the U.S. electrical grid has come into question. Government officials have expressed concern with the possibility of violent extremists and agents of foreign states attacking the nation's electrical grid. Cybersecurity is also an issue for electric grid security in the United States with financially motivated crimes being more common than terrorist ones.",72445772,en,2026-07-30T02:49:41Z,32769,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Electrical grid security in the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid_security_in_the_United_States,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"Enel S.p.A. is an Italian multinational producer and distributor of electricity and gas. Enel was first established as a public body at the end of 1962, and then transformed into a limited company in 1992. In 1999, following the liberalisation of the electricity market in Italy, Enel was privatised. The Italian state, through the Ministry of Economy and Finance, is the main shareholder, with 23.6% of the share capital as of 31 December 2024.

The company is quoted on the FTSE MIB index on the Borsa Italiana.",3897032,en,2026-08-01T09:04:55Z,109463,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Enel,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enel,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"Fluentgrid Limited (formerly Phoenix IT Solutions Limited) is an Indian enterprise software company headquartered in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, that develops digital platforms for electricity, water and gas utilities, as well as smart city and public infrastructure projects. Founded on 4 December 1998 by Murali Krishna Gannamani, the company operated as Phoenix IT Solutions Limited until adopting its current name in December 2015.
Its software has been deployed in utility and public-sector digital transformation projects, including the Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) for the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC), a cloud-based customer billing platform for Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL), and COVID-19 response systems developed for the Visakhapatnam district administration in 2020.
The company has received industry recognition including the IBM Beacon Award (2012) and the Fierce Innovation Award for Energy (2015). Its software development organisation achieved Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) Maturity Level 5 in 2017, and in 2025 Fluentgrid was recognised as a Major Player in the International Data Corporation (IDC) MarketScape assessment of worldwide utility meter data management system vendors.",72248030,en,2026-07-31T13:48:59Z,20470,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Fluentgrid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluentgrid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"Gigabit Home Networking (G.hn) is a specification for wired home networking that supports speeds up to 2 Gbit/s and operates over four types of legacy wires: telephone wiring, coaxial cables, power lines and plastic optical fiber. Some benefits of a multi-wire standard are lower equipment development costs and lower deployment costs for service providers (by allowing customer self-install).",17216326,en,2026-08-01T18:56:46Z,32403,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,G.hn,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hn,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
"[""All article disambiguation pages"", ""All disambiguation pages"", ""Commons link is the pagename"", ""Disambiguation pages"", ""Place name disambiguation pages"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata""]","Grid, The Grid, or GRID may refer to:",191882,en,2026-08-02T13:42:04Z,4615,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"GridLAB-D is an open-source (BSD license) simulation and analysis tool that models emerging smart grid energy technologies. It couples power flow calculations with distribution automation models, building energy use and appliance demand models, and market models.  It is used primarily to estimate the benefits and impacts of smart grid technology.",32712904,en,2026-07-20T16:57:21Z,14546,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,GridLAB-D,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GridLAB-D,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"GridPoint is an American clean technology company based in Reston, Virginia, that provides energy management and sustainability services to enterprises and government agencies, such as electric utilities.
GridPoint services include building management systems, equipment-level submetering and monitoring hardware, software analytics, and related energy management services.",14640467,en,2026-07-15T00:55:01Z,14366,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,GridPoint,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GridPoint,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"Grid energy storage, also known as large-scale energy storage, is a set of technologies connected to the electrical power grid that store energy for later use. These systems help balance supply and demand by storing excess electricity from variable renewables such as solar and inflexible sources like nuclear power, releasing it when needed. They further provide essential grid services, such as helping to restart the grid after a power outage. 
As of 2023, the largest form of grid storage is pumped-storage hydroelectricity, with utility-scale batteries and behind-the-meter batteries coming second and third. Lithium-ion batteries are well suited for short-duration storage (under 8 hours), due to their lower cost and sensitivity to degradation at high states of charge. Flow batteries and compressed air energy storage may provide storage for medium-duration. Two forms of storage are suited for long-duration storage: green hydrogen, produced via electrolysis and thermal energy storage.
Energy storage is one option to making grids more flexible. Another solution is the use of more dispatchable power plants that can change their output rapidly, for instance peaking power plants to fill in supply gaps. Demand response can shift load to other times and interconnections between regions can balance out fluctuations in renewables production. 
The price of storage technologies typically goes down with experience. For instance, lithium-ion batteries have been getting some 20% cheaper for each doubling of worldwide capacity. Systems with under 40% variable renewables need only short-term storage. At 80%, medium-duration storage becomes essential and beyond 90%, long-duration storage does too. The economics of long-duration storage is challenging, and alternative flexibility options like demand response may be more economic.

",1646838,en,2026-07-31T15:08:45Z,48544,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Grid energy storage,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_energy_storage,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
"[""All Wikipedia articles in need of updating"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from September 2025"", ""Building engineering"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Home automation"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2026"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages""]","Home automation or domotics is building automation for a home. A home automation system will monitor and/or control home attributes such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include home security such as access control and alarm systems. 
The phrase smart home refers to home automation devices that have internet access.  Home automation, a broader category, includes any device that can be monitored or controlled via wireless radio signals, not just those having internet access.  When connected with the Internet, home sensors and activation devices are an important constituent of the Internet of Things (""IoT"").
A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a central smart home hub (sometimes called a ""gateway""). The user interface for control of the system uses either wall-mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a Web interface that may also be accessible off-site through the Internet.",184978,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,25955,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Home automation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"IEEE Smart Grid is an initiative launched by IEEE to help provide expertise and guidance for individuals and organizations involved in the modernization and optimization of the power grid, better known as the ""smart grid"". IEEE Smart Grid encompasses an array of activities, including development of new smart grid-related standards, best practices, publications, and conferences and educational opportunities.",34493193,en,2026-07-29T20:29:54Z,41048,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,IEEE Smart Grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Smart_Grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"Iberdrola, S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [iβeɾˈðɾola]) is a Spanish multinational electric utility company based in Bilbao, Spain. It has  around 40,000 employees and serves around 30 million customers.
Subsidiaries include ScottishPower (United Kingdom), Avangrid (United States) and Neoenergia (Brazil), amongst others.  As of 2023, the largest shareholder of the company is the Qatar Investment Authority, with BlackRock and Norges Bank (managers of the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global) also holding significant interests.
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind power, and the world's second largest electricity utility by market capitalisation. As of 2023, the company operates a capacity of 62,045 MW, of which 41,246 MW are from renewable sources worldwide.",3176306,en,2026-07-28T18:05:54Z,139780,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Iberdrola,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberdrola,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"An inverter-based resource (IBR) is a source of electricity that is asynchronously connected to the electrical grid via an electronic power converter (""inverter""). The devices in this category, also known as converter interfaced generation (CIG) and power electronic interface source, include the variable renewable energy generators (wind, solar) and energy storages such as battery, super capacitors, etc.. These devices lack the intrinsic behaviors (like the inertial response of a synchronous generator) and their features are almost entirely defined by the control algorithms, presenting specific challenges to system stability as their penetration increases, for example, a single software fault can affect all devices of a certain type in a contingency (cf. section on Blue Cut fire below). IBRs are sometimes called non-synchronous generators. The design of inverters for the IBR generally follows the IEEE 1547 and NERC PRC-024-2 standards.
The term unconventional sources includes IBRs as well as other generators that behave differently than synchronous generators.",73027829,en,2026-07-30T03:00:33Z,18703,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Inverter-based resource,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter-based_resource,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"KT Corporation (Hangul: 주식회사 케이티), formerly Korea Telecom, is a South Korean telecommunications company, mobile network operator (MNO) and mobile virtual network operator (MVNO). KT is the large wireless carrier in South Korea, with 13.5 million subscribers as of Q4 2023.
The formerly fully-state-owned firm (the government's National Pension Service currently owns 12.19% shares and is the largest shareholder) is South Korea's first telecommunications company and is a major supplier of the local landline and broadband internet market, serving about 90 percent of the country's fixed-line subscribers and 45 percent of high-speed Internet users. After selling its wireless affiliate Korea Mobile Telecom in 1994, KT returned to the wireless market with the creation of PCS carrier KTF in January 1997.
The company's merger with KTF, its wireless subsidiary, in 2009 made it the country's ninth largest chaebol (conglomerate) with nearly 24 trillion won in assets as of 2009.
In January 2011, KT launched unified brand ""Olleh"" for both fixed-line and cellular broadband services. However in 2016, they decided to revert to ""KT"" for landline and cellular broadband services.",3084697,en,2026-08-02T15:07:10Z,50541,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,KT Corporation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_Corporation,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,8233092,en,2026-08-01T08:45:25Z,34631,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Korea Electric Power Corporation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Electric_Power_Corporation,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,51252717,en,2026-07-30T02:54:44Z,20487,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,North American power transmission grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_power_transmission_grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,2923194,en,2026-08-03T18:51:08Z,43284,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Off-the-grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-the-grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,36128856,en,2026-07-15T17:18:23Z,10199,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Open Smart Grid Protocol,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Smart_Grid_Protocol,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,5199213,en,2026-07-30T02:40:31Z,31089,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Phasor measurement unit,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor_measurement_unit,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,50375026,en,2026-07-30T02:54:29Z,18148,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Power-to-X,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-X,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
"[""All articles lacking in-text citations"", ""All articles with vague or ambiguous time"", ""Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2013"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 errors: ISBN date"", ""CS1 errors: missing periodical"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Electronics industry"", ""Power electronics"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Vague or ambiguous time from March 2012""]",,1001628,en,2026-07-25T14:22:33Z,63164,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Power electronics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_electronics,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,73767860,en,2026-07-30T03:00:44Z,19111,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Power system reliability,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_system_reliability,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,1400408,en,2026-08-02T03:39:12Z,21656,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Recloser,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recloser,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,51283753,en,2026-07-30T02:54:44Z,4979,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Sector coupling,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_coupling,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,74158384,en,2026-07-30T03:00:55Z,13861,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Short circuit ratio (electrical grid),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuit_ratio_(electrical_grid),WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,29655174,en,2026-07-15T01:01:40Z,10806,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Silver Spring Networks,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Spring_Networks,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,37237664,en,2026-08-03T01:22:32Z,25281,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart Grid Energy Research Center,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Grid_Energy_Research_Center,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,40364759,en,2026-07-13T04:58:09Z,11885,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart Grid Interoperability Panel,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Grid_Interoperability_Panel,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,12592050,en,2026-07-31T13:48:23Z,99720,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart city,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,13201685,en,2026-07-30T02:41:47Z,125194,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,35227098,en,2026-07-15T01:04:05Z,18409,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart grid in China,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid_in_China,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,24871629,en,2026-08-01T23:33:23Z,5254,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart grid in the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid_in_the_United_States,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,31221396,en,2026-07-28T18:47:08Z,26901,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart grid policy of the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid_policy_of_the_United_States,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,29843899,en,2026-07-09T05:17:42Z,29743,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart grids by country,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grids_by_country,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,29719854,en,2026-07-13T04:57:20Z,7011,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart grids in Austria,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grids_in_Austria,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,26665102,en,2026-07-31T13:48:35Z,13903,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart grids in South Korea,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grids_in_South_Korea,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,3895745,en,2026-07-28T10:44:48Z,84996,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Smart meter,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_meter,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,1316975,en,2026-08-03T06:34:18Z,25978,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,State Grid Corporation of China,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,18445297,en,2026-07-31T09:14:51Z,9692,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,SuperSmart Grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperSmart_Grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,20617690,en,2026-07-30T02:43:00Z,27992,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Super grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,45445414,en,2026-07-15T17:23:38Z,13707,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Power_Delhi_Distribution_Limited,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,20137036,en,2026-07-31T09:14:55Z,5575,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Unified Smart Grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Smart_Grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,2008322,en,2026-07-31T09:14:08Z,57962,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Vehicle-to-grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],,20588316,en,2026-07-31T12:58:00Z,24673,2026-08-03T22:01:11+00:00,Wide area synchronous grid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_synchronous_grid,WJVpyKKbzwdNka8R4,jSPDMNKQoyAwjfIx2
[],"Agricultural microbiology is a branch of microbiology dealing with plant-associated microbes and plant and animal diseases. It also deals with the microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial degradation of organic matter and soil nutrient transformations. The primary goal of agricultural microbiology is to comprehensively explore the interactions between beneficial microorganisms like bacteria and fungi with crops. It also deals with the microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial degradation of organic matter and soil nutrient transformations.",25595552,en,2026-07-15T17:11:57Z,21620,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Agricultural microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Applied and Environmental Microbiology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Microbiology. It was established in 1953 as Applied Microbiology and obtained its current name in 1975. Articles older than six months are available free of cost from the website, however, the newly published articles within six months are available to subscribers only. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 3.7. The journal has been ranked as one of the top 100 journals over the past 100 years in the fields of biology and medicine. The editor-in-chief is Gemma Reguera (Michigan State University).",9791889,en,2026-07-15T19:41:07Z,2584,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Applied and Environmental Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_and_Environmental_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Archives of Microbiology (formerly Archiv für Mikrobiologie ISSN 0003-9276) is a peer-reviewed  scientific journal of microbiology established in 1930. It is edited by Yusuf Akhter, and published by Springer Berlin Heidelberg ten times per year.",47732636,en,2026-08-03T09:50:06Z,3201,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Archives of Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"BMC Microbiology is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal that covers microorganisms and various aspects of microbiology. The journal was established in 2001 and is published by BioMed Central.
The associate editor is Vasco Giovagnetti.
The journal publishes research articles, reviews, and commentaries related to microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses.",21537288,en,2026-08-03T09:49:58Z,2962,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,BMC Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Bacteria are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit the air, soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in mutualistic, commensal and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised and there are many species that cannot be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.
Like all animals, humans carry vast numbers (approximately 1013 to 1014) of bacteria. Most are in the gut, though there are many on the skin. Most of the bacteria in and on the body are harmless or rendered so by the protective effects of the immune system, and many are beneficial, particularly the ones in the gut. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, tuberculosis, tetanus and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. Bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector (biomining, bioleaching), as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.
Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes (""fission fungi""), bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells contain circular chromosomes, do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea. Unlike Archaea, bacteria contain ester-linked lipids in the cell membrane, possess elongation factors that are resistant to ADP-ribosylation by diphtheria toxin, use formylmethionine in protein synthesis initiation, and have numerous genetic differences, including a different 16S rRNA.",9028799,en,2026-08-02T09:46:44Z,160728,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Bacteria,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences. Microbiology can be also classified based on taxonomy, in the cases of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and phycology. There is considerable overlap between the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other disciplines, and certain aspects of these branches can extend beyond the traditional scope of microbiology
In general the field of microbiology can be divided in the more fundamental branch (pure microbiology) and the applied microbiology (biotechnology). In the more fundamental field the organisms are studied as the subject itself on a deeper (theoretical) level.
Applied microbiology refers to the fields where the micro-organisms are applied in certain processes such as brewing or fermentation. The organisms itself are often not studied as such, but applied to sustain certain processes.",53959546,en,2026-07-10T02:22:36Z,7933,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Branches of microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Cellular microbiology is a discipline that bridges microbiology and cell biology to investigate interactions between microorganisms and host cells at the molecular level. 
Cellular microbiology attempts to use pathogenic microorganisms as tools for cell-biology research, and to employ cell-biology methods to understand the pathogenicity of microorganisms. Toxins and virulence factors from microbes have been used for decades to influence processes in eukaryotic cells and to study them. It has increasingly appeared that applying a purified toxin on a cell does not always provide the complete picture, and that understanding the role of the toxin in pathogenicity, the way the toxin promotes the microbe, the way the toxin is produced and the co-evolution of the toxin and its host-cell counterparts, is crucial.",21450492,en,2026-07-15T17:09:21Z,13235,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Cellular microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Critical Reviews in Microbiology is an international, peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes comprehensive review articles covering all areas of medical microbiology. Areas covered by the journal include bacteriology, virology, microbial genetics, epidemiology, and diagnostic microbiology. It is published by Taylor and Francis Group.
As of 2024, the impact factor is 6.0.

",21902257,en,2026-07-15T19:41:08Z,2814,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Critical Reviews in Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Reviews_in_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Culturomics is the high-throughput cell culture of bacteria that aims to comprehensively identify strains or species in samples obtained from tissues such as the human gut or from the environment. This approach was conceived as an alternative, complementary method to metagenomics, which relies on the presence of homologous sequences to identify new bacteria. Due to the limited phylogenetic information available on bacteria, metagenomic data generally contains large amounts of ""microbial dark matter"", sequences of unknown origin. Culturomics provides some of the missing gaps with the added advantage of enabling the functional study of the generated cultures. Its main drawback is that many bacterial species remain effectively uncultivable until their growth conditions are better understood. Therefore, optimization of the culturomics approach has been done by improving culture conditions.
Unlike metagenomics, which relies on direct shotgun sequencing or 16S rRNA gene sequencing, culturomics is based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. However, culturomics also uses 16S RNA sequencing to identify new species.",65547507,en,2026-08-01T15:35:46Z,4902,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Culturomics (microbiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturomics_(microbiology),B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Diagnostic microbiology is the study of microbial identification. Since the discovery of the germ theory of disease, scientists have been finding ways to harvest specific organisms. Using methods such as differential media or genome sequencing, physicians and scientists can observe novel functions in organisms for more effective and accurate diagnosis of organisms. Methods used in diagnostic microbiology are often used to take advantage of a particular difference in organisms and attain information about what species it can be identified as, which is often through a reference of previous studies. New studies provide information that others can reference so that scientists can attain a basic understanding of the organism they are examining.",52970582,en,2026-07-15T17:26:48Z,44373,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Diagnostic microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"In the context of microbiology, enucleation refers to removing the nucleus of a cell. By replacing it with a different nucleus, this technique is used mainly in cloning but can also be used for creating hybrids of plants or animals. It was discovered that cells can be chemically enucleated with Cytochalasin B in 1967.",21440386,en,2026-07-15T00:58:19Z,1595,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Enucleation (microbiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enucleation_(microbiology),B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Environmental Microbiology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal focused on microbial interactions and microbial processes in the environment. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell. Until January 2024, it was an official journal of the Society for Applied Microbiology (now known as Applied Microbiology International), but is now no longer affiliated with that society. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 4.0.",59501176,en,2026-07-29T00:58:46Z,1976,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Environmental Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"The European Academy of Microbiology, generally abbreviated as EAM, is a European institution made up of about 150 microbiology scientists, founded in 2009.
The main objective of the Academy is to be the authoritative voice of microbiology in Europe and thus enhance the potential of microbiology and microbiologists in Europe and globally. The Federation of European Microbiology Societies (FEMS) founded and supports the EAM, and many EAM members collaborate with FEMS in various capacities (e.g. directors, editors in chief of FEMS journals, etc.). The President of the EAM as of 1 January 2021 is Jörg Vogel.

",60476943,en,2026-07-15T17:29:58Z,7323,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,European Academy of Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Academy_of_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"FEMS Microbiology Reviews is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing invited review articles in the field of microbiology. The journal was established in 1985, and is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies. The editors-in-chief are Karin Sauer, David Blackbourn, and Bart Thomma.",61576244,en,2026-08-03T09:50:12Z,2523,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,FEMS Microbiology Reviews,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEMS_Microbiology_Reviews,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"In microbiology, collective bacteria and other microorganisms in a host are historically known as flora. Although microflora is commonly used, the term microbiota is becoming more common as microflora is a misnomer. Flora pertains to the Kingdom Plantae. Microbiota includes Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi and Protists. Microbiota with animal-like characteristics can be classified as microfauna.",2839182,en,2026-06-22T20:44:36Z,4964,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Flora (microbiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_(microbiology),B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food. This includes the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage; pathogens that may cause disease (especially if food is improperly cooked or stored); microbes used to produce fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine; and microbes with other useful roles, such as producing probiotics.",7073591,en,2026-08-03T09:49:55Z,13539,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Food microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Future Microbiology is a peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 2006 and is published by Future Medicine. The editors-in-chief are Richard A. Calderone (Georgetown University) and Joseph M Blondeau (University of Saskatchewan). The journal covers all aspects of the microbiological sciences, including virology, bacteriology, parasitology, and mycology.",45417113,en,2026-07-15T19:41:10Z,2103,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Future Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells. The ability of bacterial colonies to induce hemolysis when grown on blood agar is used to classify certain microorganisms. This is particularly useful in classifying streptococcal species. A substance that causes hemolysis is called a hemolysin.,2843064,en,2026-07-15T16:55:25Z,5893,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Hemolysis (microbiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology),B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"Impedance microbiology is a microbiological technique used to measure the microbial number density (mainly bacteria but also yeasts) of a sample by monitoring the electrical parameters of the growth medium. The ability of microbial metabolism to change the electrical conductivity of the growth medium was discovered by Stewart and further studied by other scientists such as Oker-Blom, Parson and Allison in the first half of 20th century. However, it was only in the late 1970s that, thanks to computer-controlled systems used to monitor impedance, the technique showed its full potential, as discussed in the works of Fistenberg-Eden & Eden, Ur & Brown and Cady.",48815776,en,2026-07-11T02:08:13Z,17962,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Impedance microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"The Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology is a peer-reviewed open-access medical journal published by Medknow Publications on behalf of the Indian Association of Medical Microbiology. The journal publishes articles on  medical microbiology including bacteriology, virology, mycology, and parasitology.",27392607,en,2026-07-15T19:41:08Z,2262,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Journal_of_Medical_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,52893218,en,2026-07-15T17:26:46Z,15203,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Industrial microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,17545110,en,2026-08-01T18:57:32Z,5842,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Instruments used in microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_used_in_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,49048699,en,2026-08-03T09:50:06Z,2255,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,International Journal of Food Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Food_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,13452936,en,2026-07-15T19:41:07Z,9625,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Systematic_and_Evolutionary_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,29632673,en,2026-07-15T19:41:09Z,2878,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,International Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,49147063,en,2026-07-31T13:48:50Z,11516,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Isolation (microbiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(microbiology),B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,35119322,en,2026-07-15T19:41:09Z,2433,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Journal of Basic Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Basic_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,13437795,en,2026-08-03T09:49:56Z,4934,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Journal of Medical Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,9949565,en,2026-07-30T02:41:16Z,39127,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Medical microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
"[""Articles with short description"", ""Cell culture"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Culture collections"", ""Microbiology techniques"", ""Microbiology terms"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata""]",,541900,en,2026-07-30T02:39:16Z,20306,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Microbiological culture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,21393077,en,2026-07-30T02:43:08Z,29716,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,13427921,en,2026-07-15T19:41:07Z,3132,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Microbiology (journal),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology_(journal),B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,72348380,en,2026-07-30T05:00:22Z,2302,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Microbiology Outreach Prize,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology_Outreach_Prize,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
"[""1945 establishments in the United Kingdom"", ""All articles lacking reliable references"", ""Articles lacking reliable references from May 2021"", ""Articles with short description"", ""British biology societies"", ""Learned societies of the United Kingdom"", ""Microbiology Society"", ""Microbiology organizations"", ""Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia"", ""Organisations based in the London Borough of Camden"", ""Science and technology in London"", ""Scientific organizations established in 1945"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from November 2020""]",,2013871,en,2026-07-15T16:53:59Z,9779,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Microbiology Society,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology_Society,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,66692845,en,2026-08-03T09:50:13Z,3746,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Microbiology Spectrum,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology_Spectrum,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,9794408,en,2026-07-15T19:41:07Z,1911,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology_and_Molecular_Biology_Reviews,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,29346940,en,2026-07-26T20:07:02Z,14315,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Microbiology of decomposition,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology_of_decomposition,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
"[""Articles containing Greek-language text"", ""Articles with excerpts"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""Good articles"", ""Microorganisms"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from February 2021"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]",,20377,en,2026-08-02T14:27:31Z,76106,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Microorganism,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Applied geometry"", ""Articles with excerpts"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from December 2025"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from May 2026"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026"", ""Cell biology"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Molecular biology"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024""]",,19200,en,2026-08-03T09:49:51Z,52273,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Molecular biology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,49154907,en,2026-07-17T16:21:12Z,3441,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Nature Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
"[""Academic journals established in 2003"", ""Articles with short description"", ""English-language journals"", ""Microbiology journals"", ""Monthly journals"", ""Monthly journals (infobox)"", ""Nature Research academic journals""]",,2225449,en,2026-07-15T19:41:07Z,3570,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Nature Reviews Microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Reviews_Microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,61576445,en,2026-08-03T09:50:12Z,3818,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Pathogens and Disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens_and_Disease,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,40978256,en,2026-07-17T21:59:47Z,15304,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Petroleum microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,12069712,en,2026-07-10T15:18:28Z,7368,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Pharmaceutical microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,3755376,en,2026-06-22T17:03:41Z,11023,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Pleomorphism (microbiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleomorphism_(microbiology),B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,42898616,en,2026-07-20T10:47:36Z,3378,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Priming (microbiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(microbiology),B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,39235503,en,2026-07-15T17:20:12Z,8499,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,33662844,en,2026-08-03T07:34:27Z,91351,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Soil microbiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_microbiology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,7158257,en,2026-07-15T17:00:11Z,19371,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Streaking (microbiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaking_(microbiology),B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],,62933148,en,2026-07-15T17:30:59Z,41791,2026-08-03T22:00:16+00:00,Wuhan Institute of Virology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology,B7aeCg5Aocigz9r4B,OvUXbRC8t5N57cvxO
[],"In general topology, an Alexandrov topology is a topology in which the intersection of an arbitrary family of open sets is open (while the definition of a topology only requires this for a finite family). Equivalently, an Alexandrov topology is one whose open sets are the upper sets for some preorder on the space.
Spaces with an Alexandrov topology are also known as Alexandrov-discrete spaces or finitely generated spaces. The latter name stems from the fact that their topology is uniquely determined by the family of all finite subspaces. This makes them a generalization of finite topological spaces.
Alexandrov-discrete spaces are named after the Russian topologist Pavel Alexandrov. They should not be confused with Alexandrov spaces from Riemannian geometry introduced by the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov.",542198,en,2026-07-15T16:51:31Z,12495,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Alexandrov topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrov_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.
Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.",38801,en,2026-08-03T10:31:21Z,19954,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Algebraic topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"Arithmetic topology is an area of mathematics that is a combination of algebraic number theory and topology. It establishes an analogy between number fields and closed, orientable 3-manifolds.",23834912,en,2026-07-30T02:43:50Z,5115,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Arithmetic topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"The circuit topology of an electronic circuit is the form taken by the network of interconnections of the circuit components.  Different specific values or ratings of the components are regarded as being the same topology.  Topology is not concerned with the physical layout of components in a circuit, nor with their positions on a circuit diagram; similarly to the mathematical concept of topology, it is only concerned with what connections exist between the components.  Numerous physical layouts and circuit diagrams may all amount to the same topology.
Strictly speaking, replacing a component with one of an entirely different type is still the same topology.  In some contexts, however, these can loosely be described as different topologies.  For instance, interchanging inductors and capacitors in a low-pass filter results in a high-pass filter.  These might be described as high-pass and low-pass topologies even though the network topology is identical.  A more correct term for these classes of object (that is, a network where the type of component is specified but not the absolute value) is prototype network.
Electronic network topology is related to mathematical topology. In particular, for networks which contain only two-terminal devices, circuit topology can be viewed as an application of graph theory.  In a network analysis of such a circuit from a topological point of view, the network nodes are the vertices of graph theory, and the network branches are the edges of graph theory.
Standard graph theory can be extended to deal with active components and multi-terminal devices such as integrated circuits.  Graphs can also be used in the analysis of infinite networks.",19103773,en,2026-07-09T05:17:18Z,48369,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Circuit topology (electrical),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_topology_(electrical),hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In mathematics, coarse topology is a term in comparison of topologies which specifies the partial order relation of a topological structure to other one(s).
Specifically, the coarsest topology may refer to:

Initial topology, the most coarse topology in a certain category of topologies
Trivial topology, the most coarse topology possible on a given set",9660820,en,2026-07-08T11:09:27Z,519,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Coarse topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarse_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In mathematics, combinatorial topology was an older name for algebraic topology, dating from the time when topological invariants of spaces (for example the Betti numbers) were regarded as derived from combinatorial decompositions of spaces, such as decomposition into simplicial complexes. After the proof of the simplicial approximation theorem this approach provided rigour.
The change of name reflected the move to organise topological classes such as cycles-modulo-boundaries explicitly into abelian groups. This point of view is often attributed to Emmy Noether, and so the change of title may reflect her influence. The transition is also attributed to the work of Heinz Hopf, who was influenced by Noether, and to Leopold Vietoris and Walther Mayer, who independently defined homology.
A fairly precise date can be supplied in the internal notes of the Bourbaki group. While this kind of topology was still ""combinatorial"" in 1942, it had become ""algebraic"" by 1944. This corresponds also to the period where homological algebra and category theory were introduced for the study of topological spaces, and largely supplanted combinatorial methods.
More recently the term combinatorial topology has been revived for investigations carried out by treating topological objects as composed of pieces as in the older combinatorial topology, which is again found useful.
Azriel Rosenfeld (1973) proposed digital topology for a type of image processing that can be considered as a new development of combinatorial topology. The digital forms of the Euler characteristic theorem and the Gauss–Bonnet theorem were obtained by Li Chen and Yongwu Rong. A 2D grid cell topology already appeared in the Alexandrov–Hopf book Topologie I (1935).
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz had envisioned a form of combinatorial topology as early as 1679 in his work Characteristica Geometrica.",363400,en,2026-07-30T02:39:10Z,5025,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Combinatorial topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In topology and related areas of mathematics, the set of all possible topologies on a given set forms a partially ordered set. This order relation can be used for comparison of the topologies.",393069,en,2026-07-12T06:01:48Z,7498,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Comparison of topologies,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_topologies,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"Computable topology is a discipline in mathematics that studies the topological and algebraic structure of computation. Computable topology is not to be confused with algorithmic or computational topology, which studies the application of computation to topology.",36075414,en,2026-07-31T20:17:42Z,20237,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Computable topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computable_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from June 2026"", ""Calculus"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Pages using sidebar with the child parameter"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Theory of continuous functions"", ""Types of functions"", ""Wikipedia semi-protected pages""]","In mathematics, a continuous function is a function such that a small variation of its argument induces at most a small variation of its value. This implies there are no abrupt changes in value, known as discontinuities. More precisely, a function is continuous if arbitrarily small changes in its value can be assured by restricting its argument to sufficiently small changes. A discontinuous function is a function that is not continuous. Until the 19th century, mathematicians largely relied on intuitive notions of continuity and considered only continuous functions. The epsilon–delta definition of a limit was introduced to formalize the definition of continuity.
Continuity is one of the core concepts of calculus and mathematical analysis, where arguments and values of functions are real numbers and complex numbers. The concept has been generalized to functions between metric spaces and between topological spaces. The latter are the most general continuous functions, and their definition is the basis of topology.
A stronger form of continuity is uniform continuity. In order theory, especially in domain theory, a related concept of continuity is Scott continuity.
As a practical example, the function H(t) denoting the height of a growing flower at time t would be considered continuous. In contrast, the function M(t) denoting the amount of money in a bank account at time t would be considered discontinuous since it ""jumps"" at each point in time when money is deposited or withdrawn.",6122,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,65836,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Continuous function,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In mathematics, and more particularly in set theory, a cover (or covering) of a set 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 is a family of subsets of 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 whose union is all of 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
. More formally, if 
  
    
      
        C
        =
        {
        
          U
          
            α
          
        
        :
        α
        ∈
        A
        }
      
    
    {\displaystyle C=\lbrace U_{\alpha }:\alpha \in A\rbrace }
  
 is an indexed family of subsets 
  
    
      
        
          U
          
            α
          
        
        ⊂
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle U_{\alpha }\subset X}
  
 (indexed by the set 
  
    
      
        A
      
    
    {\displaystyle A}
  
), then 
  
    
      
        C
      
    
    {\displaystyle C}
  
 is a cover of 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 if

  
    
      
        
          ⋃
          
            α
            ∈
            A
          
        
        
          U
          
            α
          
        
        =
        X
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle \bigcup _{\alpha \in A}U_{\alpha }=X.}
  

Thus the collection 
  
    
      
        {
        
          U
          
            α
          
        
        :
        α
        ∈
        A
        }
      
    
    {\displaystyle \lbrace U_{\alpha }:\alpha \in A\rbrace }
  
 is a cover of 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 if each element of 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 belongs to at least one of the subsets 
  
    
      
        
          U
          
            α
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle U_{\alpha }}
  
.",317552,en,2026-07-29T18:25:29Z,8761,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Cover (topology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_(topology),hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020"", ""Differential topology"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Use American English from March 2019""]","In mathematics, differential topology is the field dealing with the topological properties and smooth properties of smooth manifolds. In this sense differential topology is distinct from the closely related field of differential geometry, which concerns the geometric properties of smooth manifolds, including notions of size, distance, and rigid shape. By comparison differential topology is concerned with coarser properties, such as the number of holes in a manifold, its homotopy type, or the structure of its diffeomorphism group. Because many of these coarser properties may be captured algebraically, differential topology has strong links to algebraic topology.

The central goal of the field of differential topology is the classification of all smooth manifolds up to diffeomorphism. Since dimension is an invariant of smooth manifolds up to diffeomorphism type, this classification is often studied by classifying the (connected) manifolds in each dimension separately:

In dimension 1, the only smooth manifolds up to diffeomorphism are the circle, the real number line, and allowing a boundary, the half-closed interval 
  
    
      
        [
        0
        ,
        1
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle [0,1)}
  
 and fully closed interval 
  
    
      
        [
        0
        ,
        1
        ]
      
    
    {\displaystyle [0,1]}
  
.
In dimension 2, every closed surface is classified up to diffeomorphism by its genus, the number of holes (or equivalently its Euler characteristic), and whether or not it is orientable. This is the famous classification of closed surfaces. Already in dimension two the classification of non-compact surfaces becomes difficult, due to the existence of exotic spaces such as Jacob's ladder.
In dimension 3, William Thurston's geometrization conjecture, proven by Grigori Perelman, gives a partial classification of compact three-manifolds. Included in this theorem is the Poincaré conjecture, which states that any closed, simply connected three-manifold is homeomorphic (and in fact diffeomorphic) to the 3-sphere.

Beginning in dimension 4, the classification becomes much more difficult for two reasons. Firstly, every finitely presented group appears as the fundamental group of some 4-manifold, and since the fundamental group is a diffeomorphism invariant, this makes the classification of 4-manifolds at least as difficult as the classification of finitely presented groups. By the word problem for groups, which is equivalent to the halting problem, it is impossible to classify such groups, so a full topological classification is impossible. Secondly, beginning in dimension four it is possible to have smooth manifolds that are homeomorphic, but with distinct, non-diffeomorphic smooth structures. This is true even for the Euclidean space 
  
    
      
        
          
            R
          
          
            4
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}
  
, which admits many exotic 
  
    
      
        
          
            R
          
          
            4
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}
  
 structures. This means that the study of differential topology in dimensions 4 and higher must use tools genuinely outside the realm of the regular continuous topology of topological manifolds. One of the central open problems in differential topology is the four-dimensional smooth Poincaré conjecture, which asks if every smooth 4-manifold that is homeomorphic to the 4-sphere, is also diffeomorphic to it. That is, does the 4-sphere admit only one smooth structure? This conjecture is true in dimensions 1, 2, and 3, by the above classification results, but is known to be false in dimension 7 due to the Milnor spheres.
Important tools in studying the differential topology of smooth manifolds include the construction of smooth topological invariants of such manifolds, such as de Rham cohomology or the intersection form, as well as smoothable topological constructions, such as smooth surgery theory or the construction of cobordisms. Morse theory is an important tool which studies smooth manifolds by considering the critical points of differentiable functions on the manifold, demonstrating how the smooth structure of the manifold enters into the set of tools available. Oftentimes more geometric or analytical techniques may be used, by equipping a smooth manifold with a Riemannian metric or by studying a differential equation on it. Care must be taken to ensure that the resulting information is insensitive to this choice of extra structure, and so genuinely reflects only the topological properties of the underlying smooth manifold. For example, the Hodge theorem provides a geometric and analytical interpretation of the de Rham cohomology, and gauge theory was used by Simon Donaldson to prove facts about the intersection form of simply connected 4-manifolds. In some cases techniques from contemporary physics may appear, such as topological quantum field theory, which can be used to compute topological invariants of smooth spaces.
Famous theorems in differential topology include the Whitney embedding theorem, the hairy ball theorem, the Hopf theorem, the Poincaré–Hopf theorem, Donaldson's theorem, and the Poincaré conjecture.",8562,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,15002,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Differential topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In mathematics, more specifically general topology, the double origin topology is an example of a topology given to the plane R2 with an extra point, say 0*, added. In this case, the double origin topology gives a topology on the set X = R2 ⊔ {0*}, where ⊔ denotes the disjoint union.

",29904885,en,2026-07-16T14:52:08Z,2483,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Double origin topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_origin_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a dual topology is a locally convex topology on a vector space that is induced by the continuous dual of the vector space, by means of the bilinear form (also called pairing) associated with the dual pair.
The different dual topologies for a given dual pair are characterized by the Mackey–Arens theorem. All locally convex topologies with their continuous dual are trivially a dual pair and the locally convex topology is a dual topology.
Several topological properties depend only on the dual pair and not on the chosen dual topology and thus it is often possible to substitute a complicated dual topology by a simpler one.",1790140,en,2026-07-30T02:39:45Z,2986,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Dual topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"Electronic filter topology defines electronic filter circuits without taking note of the values of the components used but only the manner in which those components are connected.
Filter design characterises filter circuits primarily by their transfer function rather than their topology. Transfer functions may be linear or nonlinear. Common types of linear filter transfer function are; high-pass, low-pass, bandpass, band-reject or notch and all-pass. Once the transfer function for a filter is chosen, the particular topology to implement such a prototype filter can be selected so that, for example, one might choose to design a Butterworth filter using the Sallen–Key topology.
Filter topologies may be divided into passive and active types. Passive topologies are composed exclusively of passive components: resistors, capacitors, and inductors.   Active topologies also include active components (such as transistors, op amps, and other integrated circuits) that require power. Further, topologies may be implemented either in unbalanced form or else in balanced form when employed in balanced circuits. Implementations such as electronic mixers and stereo sound may require arrays of identical circuits.",6099726,en,2026-07-25T14:22:37Z,20580,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Electronic filter topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In mathematics, and especially general topology, the Euclidean topology is the natural topology induced on 
  
    
      
        n
      
    
    {\displaystyle n}
  
-dimensional Euclidean space 
  
    
      
        
          
            R
          
          
            n
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
  
 by the Euclidean metric.",1482085,en,2026-07-23T19:38:00Z,2790,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Euclidean topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In mathematics, a filter on a set is a collection of nonempty subsets which is upward closed and closed under finite intersections (see Filter on a set for a more detailed discussion).
An example of filter is the collection of neighborhoods of a point in a topological space.
This article is focused on applications of filters to topology.
Filters were introduced by Henri Cartan in 1937 as an alternative to the related notion of a net developed in 1922 by E. H. Moore and Herman L. Smith.
In metric spaces, and more generally in sequential spaces, basic topological notions such as open set, closed set, convergence, continuity, compactness and more can be fully characterized in terms of sequences, as studied in real analysis. But in other classes of spaces, sequences are insufficient.
Filters and nets both provide ways to generalize the notion of convergence and characterize all these topological notions in general topological spaces.  Filters also provide a common framework for defining various types of limits of functions, including limits from the left or right, to infinity, to a point or a set.
In particular, filters and nets provide equivalent notions of convergence: to each net one can associate a filter, and to each filter a net, so that the net converges to a point if and only if the same is true of the associated filter, and vice versa. So the use of one or the other is often a matter of convenience.
Besides characterizing topological notions, filters and ultrafilters, which are a special type of filter, are used extensively in general topology for constructing topological spaces of interest.",47516955,en,2026-07-30T03:08:28Z,28903,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Filters in topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filters_in_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In general topology and related areas of mathematics, the final topology (or coinduced, strong, colimit, or inductive topology) on a set 
  
    
      
        X
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle X,}
  
 with respect to a family of functions from topological spaces into 
  
    
      
        X
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle X,}
  
 is the finest topology on 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 that makes all those functions continuous. 
The quotient topology on a quotient space is a final topology, with respect to a single surjective function, namely the quotient map. The disjoint union topology is the final topology with respect to the inclusion maps. The final topology is also the topology that every direct limit in the category of topological spaces is endowed with, and it is in the context of direct limits that the final topology often appears.  A topology is coherent with some collection of subspaces if and only if it is the final topology induced by the natural inclusions.  
The dual notion is the initial topology, which for a given family of functions from a set 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 into topological spaces is the coarsest topology on 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 that makes those functions continuous.",1819736,en,2026-07-30T02:39:45Z,23784,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Final topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],Finite topology is a mathematical concept which has several different meanings.,2981087,en,2026-07-12T06:02:26Z,3699,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Finite topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In mathematics, the flat topology is a Grothendieck topology used in algebraic geometry. It is used to define the theory of flat cohomology; it also plays a fundamental role in the theory of descent (faithfully flat descent). The term flat here comes from flat modules.
There are several slightly different flat topologies, the most common of which are the fppf topology and the fpqc topology.  fppf stands for fidèlement plate de présentation finie, and in this topology, a morphism of affine schemes is a covering morphism if it is faithfully flat and of finite presentation.  fpqc stands for fidèlement plate et quasi-compacte, and in this topology, a morphism of affine schemes is a covering morphism if it is faithfully flat and a quasi-compact morphism.  In both categories, a covering family is defined to be a family which is a cover on Zariski open subsets.  In the fpqc topology, any faithfully flat and quasi-compact morphism is a cover.  These topologies are closely related to descent. The ""pure"" faithfully flat topology without any further finiteness conditions such as quasi compactness or finite presentation is not used much as it is not subcanonical; in other words, representable functors need not be sheaves.
Unfortunately the terminology for flat topologies is not standardized. Some authors use the term ""topology"" for a pretopology, and there are several slightly different pretopologies sometimes called the fppf or fpqc (pre)topology, which sometimes give the same topology.
Flat cohomology was introduced by Grothendieck in about 1960.",10538912,en,2026-07-29T18:25:29Z,8072,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Flat topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"In mathematics, general topology (or point set topology) is the branch of topology that deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation of most other branches of topology, including differential topology, geometric topology, and algebraic topology.
The fundamental concepts in point-set topology are continuity, compactness, and connectedness: 

Continuous functions, intuitively, take nearby points to nearby points.
Compact sets are those that can be covered by finitely many sets of arbitrarily small size.
Connected sets are sets that cannot be divided into two pieces that are far apart.
The terms 'nearby', 'arbitrarily small', and 'far apart' can all be made precise by using the concept of open sets. If we change the definition of 'open set', we change what continuous functions, compact sets, and connected sets are. Each choice of definition for 'open set' is called a topology. A set with a topology is called a topological space.
Metric spaces are an important class of topological spaces where a real, non-negative distance, also called a metric, can be defined on pairs of points in the set. Having a metric simplifies many proofs, and many of the most common topological spaces are metric spaces.",178649,en,2026-07-30T02:39:02Z,42367,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,General topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,51513135,en,2026-07-03T04:46:11Z,3641,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Graph (topology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(topology),hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
"[""Articles containing French-language text"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 French-language sources (fr)"", ""Sheaf theory"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Topos theory""]",,12910,en,2026-07-16T11:32:40Z,36195,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Grothendieck topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,60123,en,2026-07-12T06:01:39Z,5134,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,I-adic topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-adic_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,32196401,en,2026-07-29T18:37:16Z,2629,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Integer broom topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_broom_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,35938255,en,2026-07-27T12:34:41Z,2560,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Linear topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,1790627,en,2026-07-30T02:39:45Z,5965,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Mackey topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackey_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,72927658,en,2026-07-15T01:22:04Z,1596,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Magnetic topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,2073470,en,2026-08-03T04:33:16Z,70447,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Manifold,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,41413,en,2026-07-30T02:38:56Z,41626,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Network topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,14627005,en,2026-07-16T04:50:29Z,12179,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Nisnevich topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisnevich_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,213650,en,2026-07-20T16:56:36Z,15649,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Order topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
"[""Articles with short description"", ""Category theory"", ""General topology"", ""Pages that use a deprecated format of the math tags"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata""]",,24764,en,2026-07-30T02:38:54Z,12395,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Pointless topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointless_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,1789978,en,2026-07-30T02:39:45Z,43898,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Polar topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
"[""Articles with short description"", ""General topology"", ""Operations on structures"", ""Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link"", ""Short description matches Wikidata""]",,24910,en,2026-07-27T08:34:24Z,13433,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Product topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,99293,en,2026-07-30T02:38:59Z,51061,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Shape of the universe,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,14263013,en,2026-07-30T02:41:59Z,6240,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Spacetime topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,910926,en,2026-07-21T10:59:15Z,9566,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Subspace topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspace_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,31870479,en,2026-07-12T06:03:32Z,1079,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Syntomic topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntomic_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
"[""All articles lacking reliable references"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles lacking reliable references from June 2024"", ""Articles needing additional references from May 2025""]",,30450,en,2026-07-30T02:38:55Z,28610,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Topological space,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
"[""Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"", ""Articles containing Greek-language text"", ""Articles containing Latin-language text"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""Commons link is on Wikidata"", ""Mathematical structures"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Topology"", ""Use dmy dates from February 2022"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]",,29954,en,2026-07-30T02:38:55Z,41061,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,30275938,en,2026-07-06T02:27:09Z,5076,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Topology (chemistry),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(chemistry),hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,1298879,en,2026-07-05T12:26:53Z,2250,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Topology (disambiguation),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(disambiguation),hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,1082645,en,2026-07-18T14:01:25Z,25917,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Topology optimization,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_optimization,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,2707163,en,2026-07-30T02:40:00Z,3281,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Ultrastrong topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrastrong_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,30876937,en,2026-07-30T02:47:29Z,2970,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Ultraweak topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraweak_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,7185527,en,2026-07-10T01:35:50Z,324,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Uniform topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,58301902,en,2026-07-25T02:19:25Z,3580,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,V-topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,15393951,en,2026-07-30T02:42:11Z,3132,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Vague topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vague_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,33662,en,2026-07-30T02:38:55Z,21577,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Weak topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],,241744,en,2026-07-20T16:56:36Z,23710,2026-08-03T22:00:37+00:00,Zariski topology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski_topology,hABasIOvsqMZZb9A6,9Qa5saRCtoU2ukLY7
[],"Between 19 May and 21 October 1883, the volcanic island of Krakatoa (located in the Sunda Strait, then part of the Dutch East Indies—modern-day Indonesia) began erupting, lasting more than five months. On 27 August, the island had its most significant eruption, which destroyed over 70% of the island and its surrounding archipelago, the island collapsing into a caldera. The eruption of 27 August had an estimated volcanic explosivity index of 6, and is one of the deadliest and most destructive volcanic events in recorded history; the third explosion of that day, that occurred at 10:02 a.m., remains the loudest-known sound in history.
The explosion was heard 3,110 kilometres (1,930 mi) away in Perth, Western Australia, and Rodrigues near Mauritius, 4,800 kilometres (3,000 mi) away. The acoustic pressure wave circled the globe more than three times. At least 36,417 deaths are attributed to the eruption and the tsunamis it created. Significant additional effects were felt worldwide in the days and weeks after the volcano's eruption. Additional seismic activity was reported until February 1884, but any reports after October 1883 were dismissed by Rogier Verbeek's subsequent investigation into the eruption.",21086032,en,2026-07-17T05:03:23Z,47503,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,1883 eruption of Krakatoa,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"Ambrym is a volcanic island in Malampa Province in the archipelago of Vanuatu. It is located near the center of the archipelago of Vanuatu, and also hosts one of the most active volcanoes in the world, which includes lava lakes in two craters near the summit. It is currently the least populous island in the country.

",962540,en,2026-08-02T13:44:26Z,12210,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Ambrym,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrym,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"Apoyeque is a pyroclastic shield, located in the Chiltepe Peninsula Natural Reserve in Nicaragua. It has a 2.8-km wide, 400-m-deep, lake-filled caldera.",9794422,en,2026-08-01T03:24:28Z,4230,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Apoyeque,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoyeque,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"Bruce F. Houghton (born 29 April 1950 in Auckland, New Zealand) is a New Zealand volcanologist. He was a student at Auckland University, and University of Otago, where he completed a PhD in 1977 on the geology of the Takatimu Mountains in western Southland.
As of 2010, Houghton was the Hawai'i State volcanologist and the Gordon A. Macdonald Professor of Volcanology at the University of Hawaiʻi. In August 2017, Bruce was awarded the highest award in volcanology, the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior's Thorarinsson Medal. He is recognized as ""a giant of volcanology"".",26785006,en,2026-07-24T03:27:53Z,8461,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Bruce Houghton,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Houghton,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"The Bulletin of Volcanology is a peer reviewed scientific journal that is published ten times per year by  Springer Science+Business Media. It is the official journal of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). The focus of the journal is volcanoes, volcanic products, eruptive behavior, and volcanic hazards. The Executive Editor is Marie Edmonds.
The impact factor for Bulletin of Volcanology in 2020 is 2.517.",23957703,en,2026-07-15T19:41:08Z,4007,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Bulletin of Volcanology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_Volcanology,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"Clive Oppenheimer (born 1964) is a British volcanologist, and Professor of Volcanology in the Department of Geography of the University of Cambridge.",55050415,en,2026-07-24T03:29:07Z,13469,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Clive Oppenheimer,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Oppenheimer,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"Costanza Bonadonna (born 1971) is an Italian earth scientist who is a Full Professor of volcanology and geological risk at the University of Geneva. She currently serves as Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Geneva, President of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI), and past President of the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology (VGP) section of the American Geophysical Union (AGU).",65826686,en,2026-07-24T03:29:43Z,10450,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Costanza Bonadonna,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanza_Bonadonna,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"The Decade Volcanoes are 16 volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive eruptions and proximity to densely populated areas.  The Decade Volcanoes project encourages studies and public-awareness activities at these volcanoes, with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the volcanoes and the dangers they present, and thus being able to reduce the severity of natural disasters.
Decade Volcanoes are named as such because the project was initiated in the 1990s as part of the United Nations–sponsored International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.
A volcano may be designated a Decade Volcano if it exhibits more than one volcanic hazard (people living near the Decade Volcanoes may experience tephra fall, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, lahars, volcanic edifice instability and lava dome collapse); shows recent geological activity; is located in a densely populated area (eruptions at any of the Decade Volcanoes may threaten tens or hundreds of thousands of people, and therefore mitigating eruption hazards at these volcanoes is crucial); is politically and physically accessible for study; and there is local support for the work.",1579326,en,2026-08-02T13:44:33Z,19355,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Decade Volcanoes,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"In volcanology, deformation refers to the change in the shape of a volcano or the surrounding landscape due to the movement of magma. This can be in the form of inflation, which is a response to pressurization, or deflation, which is a response to depressurization. Inflation is represented by swelling of the ground surface, a volcanic edifice, or a subsurface magma body. It can be caused by magma accumulation, exsolution of volatiles, geothermal processes, heating, and tectonic compression. Deflation is represented by shrinking of the ground surface, a volcanic edifice, or a subsurface magma body. It can be caused by magma withdrawal (related to intrusion or eruption), volatile escape, thermal contraction, phase changes during crystallization, and tectonic extension. Deformation is a key indicator of pre-eruptive unrest at many active volcanoes, but deformation signals must be used in combination with other eruption indicators for forecasting reliability.",67520209,en,2026-07-25T08:18:25Z,10043,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Deformation (volcanology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(volcanology),vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"Ejecta (Latin for 'things thrown out'; sing. ejectum) are particles ejected from an area. In volcanology, in particular, the term refers to particles including pyroclastic materials (tephra) that came out of a volcanic explosion and magma eruption volcanic vent, or crater, has traveled through the air or water, and fell back to the ground surface or ocean floor.",913539,en,2026-07-07T22:38:37Z,9801,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Ejecta,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejecta,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"In 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano located in the modern-day region of Campania, Italy, erupted, causing one of the deadliest eruptions in history. Vesuvius violently ejected a cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of 33 km (21 mi), ejecting molten rock, pulverized pumice and hot ash at 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the thermal energy of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The event gives its name to the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruption, characterised by columns of hot gases and ash reaching the stratosphere, although the event also included pyroclastic flows associated with Peléan eruptions.
The event destroyed several Roman towns and settlements in the area. Pompeii and Herculaneum, obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic surges and ashfall deposits, are the most famous examples. Archaeological excavations have revealed much of the towns and the lives of the inhabitants, leading to the area becoming Vesuvius National Park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The total population of both cities was over 20,000. The remains of over 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum. The total death toll from the eruption remains unknown.
A detailed firsthand account of the eruption is preserved in two letters of Pliny the Younger, who personally witnessed the event from the town of Misenum.",30752226,en,2026-07-22T05:22:21Z,53489,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"The Flat Landing Brook Formation is a geological formation in
Gloucester County of northern New Brunswick, Canada. It consists mostly of volcanic rocks that were deposited 466 to 465 million years ago during the Darriwilian stage of the Middle Ordovician epoch.",53811648,en,2026-07-18T05:22:02Z,6509,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Flat Landing Brook Formation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Landing_Brook_Formation,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"George Patrick Leonard Walker  (2 March 1926 – 17 January 2005) was a British geologist who began his career studying mineralogy and later made significant contributions to volcanology.
He was widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modern quantitative volcanology.",1737683,en,2026-07-26T00:37:30Z,10626,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,George P. L. Walker,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._L._Walker,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"The Hawaii Center for Volcanology was a cooperative effort between the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the United States Geological Survey, and the Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. The loosely organized cooperative was created in 1992 to ""bring together experts from around the state of Hawaii so that we might better understand these magical mountains of fire"", and consists of approximately 80 scientists. Its site is maintained by members of the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology staff, even though it is no longer in operation.",36852524,en,2026-07-16T23:42:15Z,1240,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Hawaii Center for Volcanology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Center_for_Volcanology,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) is a learned society that focuses on research in volcanology, efforts to mitigate volcanic disasters, and research into closely related disciplines, such as igneous geochemistry and petrology, geochronology, volcanogenic mineral deposits, and the physics of the generation and ascent of magmas in the upper mantle and crust. It is one of eight constituent associations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).
IAVCEI is run by an executive committee whose membership changes every four years. The Executive determines policies for the Association, enacting them through a series of commissions and task groups. Bulletin of Volcanology is the journal of IAVCEI.

",4978343,en,2026-07-15T16:58:24Z,10688,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Volcanology_and_Chemistry_of_the_Earth%27s_Interior,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research is a scientific journal that publishes recent research on the fields of volcanology and geothermal activity, as well as the societal and environmental impact of these phenomenon.",24707323,en,2026-07-27T15:56:55Z,2333,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Volcanology_and_Geothermal_Research,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"Lionel Wilson is a British volcanologist, known for his studies of the physics of volcanic eruptions, and for his work on planetary volcanism. He was awarded the G.K. Gilbert Award of the Geological Society of America in 2005, and the Thorarinsson Medal of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior in 2025.",80139010,en,2026-07-24T03:30:25Z,7815,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Lionel Wilson (geophysicist),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Wilson_(geophysicist),vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"As of 2018, the Philippines has 24 volcanoes listed as active by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Twenty-one of these have had historical eruptions. The three exceptions are Cabalian, which is a strongly fumarolic volcano; Leonard Kniaseff, which was active 1,800 years ago (C14), and Isarog, which last erupted around 3500 BCE and 2374 BCE ± 87 based on radiocarbon dating.
Volcanoes in the country have erupted within the last 600 years, with accounts of these eruptions documented by humans; or have erupted within the last 10,000 years (Holocene). There are 100 volcanoes in the Philippines listed by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (GVP) at present, of which 20 are categorized as ""historical"" and 59 as ""Holocene"". The GVP lists volcanoes with historical, Holocene eruptions, or possibly older if strong signs of volcanism are still evident through thermal features like fumaroles, hot springs, mud pots, etc.",20494112,en,2026-07-30T02:42:59Z,20821,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,List of active volcanoes in the Philippines,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"This is a list of earthquakes in Italy that had epicentres in Italy, or significantly affected the country. On average every four years an earthquake with a magnitude equal to or greater than 5.5 occurs in Italy.
Due to the particular geodynamic situation (convergence of the Eurasian plate with the African plate) the Italian territory is frequently subject to earthquakes, giving it the record in Europe for these phenomena. Out of 1,300 destructive earthquakes that occurred in the 2nd millennium in the central Mediterranean Sea, 500 affected Italy.
The analysis of the earthquakes indicates that they are mostly distributed along the areas affected by Alpine and Apennine tectonics, where they are caused by movements along faults. The highest seismicity hazard in Italy has been concentrated in the central-southern part of the peninsula, along the Apennine ridge, in Calabria and Sicily and in some northern areas, like Friuli-Venezia Giulia, part of Veneto and western Liguria.",22304960,en,2026-08-02T12:40:20Z,47521,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,List of earthquakes in Italy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or higher, or a plume height of at least 30 km. To date, there have been no eruptions with a confirmed VEI of 8 in the Holocene; and only a few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during this time: the most recent was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.",66976609,en,2026-07-06T22:05:16Z,72560,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_large_Holocene_volcanic_eruptions,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,30687979,en,2026-07-30T02:40:06Z,330253,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,List of mountains in the Philippines,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,8990532,en,2026-07-15T18:10:01Z,7978,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_potentially_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,19525830,en,2026-07-27T15:56:55Z,1841,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Mamelon (volcanology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelon_(volcanology),vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,256485,en,2026-08-02T13:44:16Z,92435,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Mayon,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayon,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,152994,en,2026-08-02T13:44:15Z,66071,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Mount Tambora,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
"[""16th-century volcanic events"", ""17th-century volcanic events"", ""18th-century volcanic events"", ""19th-century volcanic events"", ""20th-century volcanic events"", ""Active volcanoes"", ""All Wikipedia articles needing clarification"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""All pages needing factual verification"", ""Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"", ""Articles containing Italian-language text"", ""Articles containing Latin-language text"", ""Articles containing Neapolitan-language text"", ""Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text"", ""Articles containing undetermined-language text"", ""Articles containing video clips"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 Italian-language sources (it)"", ""Campanian volcanic arc"", ""Complex volcanoes""]",,46817,en,2026-08-02T13:44:01Z,71051,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Mount Vesuvius,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,36323327,en,2026-08-02T13:48:01Z,5937,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Geophysics_and_Volcanology,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,62046,en,2026-08-03T09:25:55Z,29833,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,North Island,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,14523957,en,2026-07-30T02:42:01Z,2911,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Odin Planitia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin_Planitia,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,53165483,en,2026-07-15T17:26:54Z,9551,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHIVOLCS_Earthquake_Intensity_Scale,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,12830378,en,2026-08-02T13:45:43Z,17858,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Institute_of_Volcanology_and_Seismology,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,1159922,en,2026-07-15T16:52:39Z,16115,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Plinian eruption,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinian_eruption,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,387219,en,2026-07-15T16:51:09Z,10671,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,31538932,en,2026-08-01T03:24:34Z,20576,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Santorini caldera,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santorini_caldera,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,3146684,en,2026-08-02T13:44:49Z,13309,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Sierra Blanca (New Mexico),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Blanca_(New_Mexico),vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,29513623,en,2026-07-31T13:48:37Z,4368,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Surono,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surono,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,21861339,en,2026-07-15T17:09:39Z,2973,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanism of Chile,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_Chile,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,669844,en,2026-08-02T13:44:22Z,46833,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanism of Iceland,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_Iceland,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,25319624,en,2026-07-27T15:56:55Z,5577,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanism of Indonesia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_Indonesia,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,581481,en,2026-08-02T13:44:21Z,30774,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanism of Italy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,393082,en,2026-07-13T08:42:28Z,11613,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanism of Java,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_Java,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,15265796,en,2026-07-27T16:12:02Z,26265,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanism of New Zealand,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_New_Zealand,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,11634630,en,2026-07-19T05:40:00Z,59557,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanism on Io,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_on_Io,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,20386565,en,2026-07-30T02:42:58Z,56537,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanism on Mars,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,12829661,en,2026-07-30T02:41:45Z,32181,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanism on Venus,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in British English with Oxford spelling"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles lacking reliable references"", ""Articles containing Italian-language text"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2022"", ""Articles containing video clips"", ""Articles lacking reliable references from November 2023"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 maint: publisher location"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Geological hazards"", ""Pages with Hawaiian IPA"", ""Plate tectonics"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Source attribution"", ""Use Oxford spelling from November 2024"", ""Use mdy dates from November 2024"", ""Volcanic landforms"", ""Volcanic rocks"", ""Volcanism"", ""Volcanoes"", ""Volcanoes by status"", ""Volcanology"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference"", ""Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages""]",,32571,en,2026-07-30T02:38:55Z,99187,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcano,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,256572,en,2026-07-30T02:39:06Z,10618,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanologist,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanologist,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,238112,en,2026-07-30T02:39:05Z,31727,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcanology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanology,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,11738336,en,2026-08-03T09:49:56Z,7005,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Volcán Tacaná,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tacan%C3%A1,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],,293909,en,2026-08-01T03:24:25Z,43267,2026-08-03T21:59:54+00:00,Whakaari / White Island,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakaari_/_White_Island,vfcBKvPTS3lTOePac,Pfsuyg309y01MQm4C
[],"-maxxing (also -maxxed, -maxxer) is an Internet slang suffix meaning to optimize or maximize a particular quality or activity. The double consonantized variation ""xx"" suffix originated from the incelosphere in the 2010s, where looksmaxxing referred to maximizing one's physical attractiveness, whereas the single consonantized variation ""x"" originated in game theory and role-playing game terminology. It entered mainstream usage through TikTok and social media in the 2020s, often applied humorously to everyday activities.",82435309,en,2026-07-31T04:10:01Z,17414,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,-maxxing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-maxxing,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"Abstract strategy games are games like chess, draughts and Go. They are typically strategy games with minimal or no narrative theme, an outcome determined mostly by player choice (with minimal or no randomness; deterministic), and in which there is little to no hidden information (also called perfect information games). Pure abstract strategy games are typically governed by simple, explicit rules whose strategic depth arises from combinatorial complexity. Abstract strategy games are also games of analytical skill, usually with significant depth or strategic complexity. Skill grows over time as players develop experience, and a greater understanding of a specific game. Experienced players with greater ability to analyze multiple moves in advance will almost always beat beginners at abstract strategy games.
There are numerous types of abstract strategy games, from pure strategy to mixed strategy games that may have elements of random or hidden information. Go, Pente and checkers are ""pure"" abstract perfect information games since they perfectly fulfill all three criteria; Chess games, Tafl games and Hive feature recognizable themes (though they are highly stylized or minimalistic); Stratego is a borderline or exception case, since it is deterministic, loosely based on Napoleonic warfare, and features some concealed information. Furthermore, some games with elements of chance, like backgammon and pachisi, may also be considered abstract strategy games, though there is disagreement on this issue among ludologists. However, since they contain an element of luck and randomness, they are not ""pure"" abstract strategy games.
Several traditional abstract strategy games like Chess and Go have a long history and are culturally significant products that have been played for generations in various regions of the world. Beyond entertainment, abstract strategy games have served as educational tools to teach logic, patience and foresight. They have also served as status symbols for the intelligentsia and elite classes, and as competitive mind sports. For example, during the Cold War, chess matches were seen as intellectual battles between East and West.

",564678,en,2026-07-26T12:06:24Z,80157,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Abstract strategy game,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_strategy_game,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"Algorithmic game theory (AGT) is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of game theory and computer science, focused on understanding and designing algorithms for environments where multiple strategic agents interact. This research area combines computational thinking with economic principles to address challenges that emerge when algorithmic inputs come from self-interested participants.
In traditional algorithm design, inputs are assumed to be fixed and reliable. However, in many real-world applications—such as online auctions, internet routing, digital advertising, and resource allocation systems—inputs are provided by multiple independent agents who may strategically misreport information to manipulate outcomes in their favor. AGT provides frameworks to analyze and design systems that remain effective despite such strategic behavior.
The field can be approached from two complementary perspectives:

Analysis: Evaluating existing algorithms and systems through game-theoretic tools to understand their strategic properties. This includes calculating and proving properties of Nash equilibria (stable states where no participant can benefit by changing only their own strategy), measuring price of anarchy (efficiency loss due to selfish behavior), and analyzing best-response dynamics (how systems evolve when players sequentially optimize their strategies).
Design: Creating mechanisms and algorithms with both desirable computational properties and game-theoretic robustness. This sub-field, known as algorithmic mechanism design, develops systems that incentivize truthful behavior while maintaining computational efficiency.
Algorithm designers in this domain must satisfy traditional algorithmic requirements (such as polynomial-time running time and good approximation ratio) while simultaneously addressing incentive constraints that ensure participants act according to the system's intended design.",16334749,en,2026-07-15T17:06:15Z,14257,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Algorithmic game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"In game theory, the battle of the sexes is a two-player coordination game that also involves elements of conflict. The game was introduced in 1957 by R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa in their book, Games and Decisions. Some authors prefer to avoid assigning sexes to the players and instead use Players 1 and 2, and some refer to the game as Bach or Stravinsky, using two concerts as the two events. The game description here follows Luce and Raiffa's original story.  
Imagine that a man and a woman hope to meet this evening, but have a choice between two events to attend: a prize fight and a ballet. The man would prefer to go to prize fight. The woman would prefer the ballet. Both would prefer to go to the same event rather than different ones. If they cannot communicate, where should they go?
The payoff matrix labeled ""Battle of the Sexes (1)"" shows the payoffs when the man chooses a row and the woman chooses a column. In each cell, the first number represents the man's payoff and the second number the woman's. 
This standard representation does not account for the additional harm that might come from not only going to different locations, but going to the wrong one as well (e.g. the man goes to the ballet while the woman goes to the prize fight, satisfying neither). To account for this, the game would be represented in ""Battle of the Sexes  (2)"", where in the top right box, the players each have a payoff of 1 because they at least get to attend their favored events.",1596497,en,2026-08-02T09:05:21Z,5697,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Battle of the sexes (game theory),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"Behavioral game theory seeks to examine how people's strategic decision-making behavior is shaped by social preferences, social utility and other psychological factors. Behavioral game theory analyzes interactive strategic decisions and behavior using the methods of game theory, experimental economics, and experimental psychology. Experiments include testing deviations from typical simplifications of economic theory such as the independence axiom and neglect of altruism, fairness, and framing effects. As a research program, the subject is a development of the last three decades.
Traditional game theory is a critical principle of economic theory, and assumes that people's strategic decisions are shaped by rationality, selfishness and utility maximisation. It focuses on the mathematical structure of equilibria, and tends to use basic rational choice theory and utility maximization as the primary principles within economic models. At the same time rational choice theory is an ideal model that assumes that individuals will actively choose the option with the greatest benefit. The fact is that consumers have different preferences and rational choice theory is not accurate in its assumptions about consumer behavior. In contrast to traditional game theory, behavioral game theory examines how actual human behavior tends to deviate from standard predictions and models. In order to more accurately understand these deviations and determine the factors and conditions involved in strategic decision making, behavioral game theory aims to create new models that incorporate psychological principles. Studies of behavioral game theory demonstrate that choices are not always rational and do not always represent the utility maximizing choice.
Behavioral game theory largely utilizes empirical and theoretical research to understand human behavior. It also uses laboratory and field experiments, as well as modeling – both theoretical and computational. Recently, methods from machine learning have been applied in work at the intersection of economics, psychology, and computer science to improve both prediction and understanding of behavior in games.",45222866,en,2026-07-16T17:36:19Z,37900,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Behavioral game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"The game of chicken, also known as the hawk-dove game or snowdrift game, is a model of conflict for two players in game theory. The principle of the game is that while the ideal outcome is for one player to yield (to avoid the worst outcome if neither yields), individuals try to avoid it out of pride, not wanting to look like ""chickens"". The players may taunt each other to increase the shame of yielding. When one player yields the conflict is avoided and the game ends.
The name ""chicken"" has its origins in a game in which two drivers drive toward each other on a collision course: one must swerve, or both may die in the crash, but if one driver swerves and the other does not, the one who swerved will be called a ""chicken"", meaning a coward; this terminology is most prevalent in political science and economics. The name ""hawk–dove"" refers to a situation in which there is a competition for a shared resource and the contestants can choose either conciliation or conflict; this terminology is most commonly used in biology and evolutionary game theory. From a game-theoretic point of view, ""chicken"" and ""hawk–dove"" are identical. The game has also been used to describe the mutual assured destruction of nuclear warfare, especially the sort of brinkmanship involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis.",381323,en,2026-07-30T02:39:10Z,40739,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Chicken (game),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_(game),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"Combinatorial game theory is a branch of mathematics and theoretical computer science that typically studies sequential games with perfect information. Research in this field has primarily focused on two-player games in which a position evolves through alternating moves, each governed by well-defined rules, with the aim of achieving a specific winning condition. Unlike economic game theory, combinatorial game theory generally avoids the study of games of chance or games involving imperfect information, preferring instead games in which the current state and the full set of available moves are always known to both players. However, as mathematical techniques develop, the scope of analyzable games expands, and the boundaries of the field continue to evolve. Authors typically define the term ""game"" at the outset of academic papers, with definitions tailored to the specific game under analysis rather than reflecting the field’s full scope.
Combinatorial games include well-known examples such as chess, checkers, and Go, which are considered complex and non-trivial, as well as simpler, ""solved"" games like tic-tac-toe. Some combinatorial games, such as infinite chess, may feature an unbounded playing area. In the context of combinatorial game theory, the structure of such games is typically modeled using a game tree. The field also encompasses single-player puzzles like Sudoku, and zero-player automata such as Conway's Game of Life—although these are sometimes more accurately categorized as mathematical puzzles or automata, given that the strictest definitions of ""game"" imply the involvement of multiple participants.
A key concept in combinatorial game theory is that of the solved game. For instance, tic-tac-toe is solved in that optimal play by both participants always results in a draw. Determining such outcomes for more complex games is significantly more difficult. Notably, in 2007, checkers was announced to be weakly solved, with perfect play by both sides leading to a draw; however, this result required a computer-assisted proof. Many real-world games remain too complex for complete analysis, though combinatorial methods have shown some success in the study of Go endgames. In combinatorial game theory, analyzing a position means finding the best sequence of moves for both players until the game ends, but this becomes extremely difficult for anything more complex than simple games.
It is useful to distinguish between combinatorial ""mathgames""—games of primary interest to mathematicians and scientists for theoretical exploration—and ""playgames,"" which are more widely played for entertainment and competition. Some games, such as Nim, straddle both categories. Nim played a foundational role in the development of combinatorial game theory and was among the earliest games to be programmed on a computer. Tic-tac-toe continues to be used in teaching fundamental concepts of game AI design to computer science students.",292231,en,2026-07-30T02:39:07Z,24363,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Combinatorial game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"Competition is a rivalry where two or more parties strive for a common goal which cannot be shared: where one's gain is the other's loss (an example of which is a zero-sum game). Competition can arise between entities such as organisms, individuals, economic and social groups, etc. The rivalry can be over attainment of any exclusive goal, including recognition.
Competition occurs in nature, between living organisms which co-exist in the same environment. Animals compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources. Humans usually compete for food and mates, though when these needs are met deep rivalries often arise over the pursuit of wealth, power, prestige, and fame when in a static, repetitive, or unchanging environment. Competition is a major tenet of market economies and business, often associated with business competition as companies are in competition with at least one other firm over the same group of customers. Competition inside a company is usually stimulated with the larger purpose of meeting and reaching higher quality of services or improved products that the company may produce or develop.
Competition is often considered to be the opposite of cooperation; however, in the real world, mixtures of cooperation and competition are the norm. In economies, as the philosopher R. G. Collingwood argued ""the presence of these two opposites together is essential to an economic system. The parties to an economic action co-operate in competing, like two chess players"". Optimal strategies to achieve goals are studied in the branch of mathematics known as game theory.
Competition has been studied in several fields, including psychology, sociology and anthropology. Social psychologists, for instance, study the nature of competition. They investigate the natural urge of competition and its circumstances. They also study group dynamics, to detect how competition emerges and what its effects are. Sociologists, meanwhile, study the effects of competition on society as a whole. Additionally, anthropologists study the history and prehistory of competition in various cultures. They also investigate how competition manifested itself in various cultural settings in the past, and how competition has developed over time.",181592,en,2026-07-13T00:49:02Z,47789,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Competition,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution.
Committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of group (e.g., intentions; reasons for holding certain beliefs) and by engaging in collective negotiation. Dimensions of resolution typically parallel the dimensions of conflict in the way the conflict is processed.
Cognitive resolution is the way disputants understand and view the conflict, with beliefs, perspectives, understandings and attitudes. Emotional resolution is in the way disputants feel about a conflict, the emotional energy. Behavioral resolution is reflective of how the disputants act, their behavior. Ultimately a wide range of methods and procedures for addressing conflict exist, including negotiation, mediation, mediation-arbitration, diplomacy, and creative peacebuilding.",412676,en,2026-08-01T12:37:46Z,63764,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Conflict resolution,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resolution,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"In game theory, a cooperative or coalitional game is a game with groups of players who form binding ""coalitions"" with external enforcement of cooperative behavior (e.g. through contract law). This is different from non-cooperative games in which there is either no possibility to forge alliances or all agreements need to be self-enforcing (e.g. through credible threats).
Cooperative games are analysed by focusing on coalitions that can be formed, and the joint actions that groups can take and the resulting collective payoffs.",657958,en,2026-07-30T02:39:20Z,42632,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Cooperative game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"In cooperative game theory, the core  is the set of feasible allocations or imputations where no coalition of agents can benefit by breaking away from the grand coalition. One can think of the core corresponding to situations where it is possible to sustain cooperation among all agents. A coalition is said to improve upon or block a feasible allocation if the members of that coalition can generate more value among themselves than they are allocated in the original allocation. As such, that coalition is not incentivized to stay with the grand coalition. 
An allocation is said to be in the core of a game if there is no coalition that can improve upon it. The core is then the set of all feasible allocations.",1886266,en,2026-07-30T02:39:47Z,11653,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Core (game theory),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(game_theory),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"Daniel Kahneman (; Hebrew: דניאל כהנמן; March 5, 1934 – March 27, 2024) was an Israeli-American psychologist best known for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making as well as behavioral economics, for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences together with Vernon L. Smith. Kahneman's published empirical findings challenge the assumption of human rationality prevailing in modern economic theory. Kahneman became known as the ""grandfather of behavioral economics.""
With Amos Tversky and others, Kahneman established a cognitive basis for common human errors that arise from heuristics and biases, and developed prospect theory. In 2011, Kahneman was named by Foreign Policy magazine in its list of top global thinkers. In the same year, his book Thinking, Fast and Slow, which summarizes much of his research, was published and became a best seller. In 2015, The Economist listed him as the seventh most influential economist in the world.
Kahneman was professor emeritus of psychology and public affairs at Princeton University's Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. Kahneman was a founding partner of TGG Group, a business and philanthropy consulting company. He was married to cognitive psychologist and Royal Society Fellow Anne Treisman, who died in 2018.",165492,en,2026-08-03T09:57:15Z,91376,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Daniel Kahneman,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"The dark forest hypothesis is the idea that extraterrestrial civilizations may exist in abundance across the universe, but remain silent and hidden out of fear that revealing themselves would lead to destruction by a more technologically advanced and hostile civilization. It is one of several proposed explanations of the Fermi paradox, which contrasts the apparently high probability of extraterrestrial life with the lack of evidence for it. The hypothesis derives its name from Liu Cixin's 2008 novel The Dark Forest although similar concepts predate the work.",72032480,en,2026-07-30T03:00:18Z,15660,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Dark forest hypothesis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_forest_hypothesis,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"In game theory, Deadlock is a game where the action that is mutually most beneficial is also dominant. This provides a contrast to the Prisoner's Dilemma where the mutually most beneficial action is dominated.  This makes Deadlock of rather less interest, since there is no conflict between self-interest and mutual benefit.
On the other hand, deadlock game can also impact the economic behaviour and changes to equilibrium outcome in society.",2631391,en,2026-07-30T02:39:59Z,3691,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Deadlock (game theory),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock_(game_theory),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in British English with Oxford spelling"", ""All pages needing factual verification"", ""Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles with LibriVox links"", ""Articles with excerpts"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 French-language sources (fr)"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 errors: ISBN date"", ""CS1 maint: location missing publisher"", ""Economics"", ""Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link"", ""Pages using Sister project links with default search"", ""Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use Oxford spelling from August 2016""]","Economics () is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyses what is viewed as the basic elements of economies, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of those interactions. Individual agents may include households, firms, buyers, and sellers. Macroeconomics analyses economies as systems where production, distribution, consumption, savings, and investment expenditure interact; and the factors of production affecting them, such as: labour, capital, land, and enterprise, inflation, economic growth, and public policies that impact these elements. It also seeks to analyse and describe the global economy.
Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics, describing ""what is"", and normative economics, advocating ""what ought to be""; between economic theory and applied economics; between rational and behavioural economics; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics.
Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, including business, finance, cybersecurity, health care, engineering and government. It is also applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, feminism, law, philosophy, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment.

",9223,en,2026-08-03T21:46:34Z,180826,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Economics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is the application of game theory to evolving populations in biology. It defines a framework of contests, strategies, and analytics into which Darwinian competition can be modelled. It originated in 1973 with John Maynard Smith and George R. Price's formalisation of contests, analysed as strategies, and the mathematical criteria that can be used to predict the results of competing strategies.
Evolutionary game theory differs from classical game theory in focusing more on the dynamics of strategy change. This is influenced by the frequency of the competing strategies in the population.
Evolutionary game theory has helped to explain the basis of altruistic behaviours in Darwinian evolution. It has in turn become of interest to economists, sociologists, anthropologists, and philosophers.
Moreover, given evolutionary game theory's ability to model the decision-making dynamics of interacting agents over time, evolutionary game theoretic models have found applications in a range of other fields including control engineering and traffic modeling.",774572,en,2026-07-30T02:39:23Z,65984,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Evolutionary game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"In game theory, a focal point (or Schelling point) is a solution that people tend to choose by default in the absence of communication in order to avoid coordination failure. The concept was introduced by the American economist Thomas Schelling in his book The Strategy of Conflict (1960). Schelling states that ""[p]eople can often concert their intentions or expectations with others if each knows that the other is trying to do the same"" in a cooperative situation (p. 57), so their action would converge on a focal point which has some kind of prominence compared with the environment. However, the conspicuousness of the focal point depends on time, place and people themselves. It may not be a definite solution.

",2583208,en,2026-07-30T02:39:59Z,12550,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Focal point (game theory),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_point_(game_theory),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"In game theory, folk theorems are a class of theorems describing an abundance of Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games (Friedman 1971). The original Folk Theorem concerned the payoffs of all the Nash equilibria of an infinitely repeated game. This result was called the Folk Theorem because it was widely known among game theorists in the 1950s, even though no one had published it. Friedman's (1971) Theorem concerns the payoffs of certain subgame-perfect Nash equilibria (SPE) of an infinitely repeated game, and so strengthens the original Folk Theorem by using a stronger equilibrium concept: subgame-perfect Nash equilibria rather than Nash equilibria.
The Folk Theorem suggests that if the players are patient enough and far-sighted (i.e. if the discount factor 
  
    
      
        δ
        →
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle \delta \to 1}
  
), then repeated interaction can result in virtually any average payoff in an SPE equilibrium. ""Virtually any"" is here technically defined as ""feasible"" and ""individually rational"".",3013390,en,2026-07-30T02:40:05Z,29069,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Folk theorem (game theory),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_theorem_(game_theory),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"A game is an activity defined by a challenge and a set of rules, typically done for enjoyment, competition, or development. Games may be played informally or in professional competitive settings before audiences. Popular formats include board games, card games, video games, and sports, distinguished from unstructured play by having rules. Scholars have long debated the essence of games, with no single definition achieving universal acceptance.
Games are a universal feature of human culture. The Royal Game of Ur and Senet are among the oldest known games, dating back to at least 2600 BCE. Throughout history, games have served as tools for entertainment, teaching, ritual, and socialization. In the modern era, the global video game industry has grown to surpass both film and music in annual revenue, reflecting how central games have become to contemporary life.

Philosophically, games have attracted attention as a test case for the nature of rules and meaning. Psychologists link play to cognitive development in children and to the intense, satisfying concentration called flow in adults. Game theory uses the structure of games to model decision making in fields such as economics and evolutionary biology.",18723138,en,2026-08-03T10:47:59Z,61485,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Game,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"Game Theory is the seventh studio album by American hip-hop band the Roots, released August 29, 2006, on Def Jam Recordings. The group's first release for the label after leaving Geffen Records, the album was recorded by the Roots mostly using the Apple-developed software application GarageBand. A darker, grittier album with minimal emphasis on hooks in comparison to their previous work, Game Theory features a stripped-down sound similar to the work of Public Enemy, with lyrics that concern sociological themes and the late hip-hop producer J Dilla.
The album debuted at number nine on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling 61,000 copies in its first week. It produced two singles and achieved moderate sales success. Upon its release, Game Theory received acclaim from most music critics and earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Album. To date, the album has sold over 200,000 copies in the United States.",5698099,en,2026-07-28T10:52:45Z,28372,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Game Theory (album),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Theory_(album),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,1697995,en,2026-07-15T16:53:28Z,54656,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Game Theory (band),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Theory_(band),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,81209738,en,2026-07-31T13:49:02Z,15613,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Game engagement theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engagement_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,402119,en,2026-07-21T09:30:50Z,41969,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Game studies,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_studies,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,11924,en,2026-08-03T21:46:34Z,143928,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,6186266,en,2026-07-12T21:18:38Z,728,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Game theory (disambiguation),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory_(disambiguation),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,26879077,en,2026-07-12T06:03:27Z,6286,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Hot game,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_game,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,5365395,en,2026-07-30T02:40:32Z,4395,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Incentive compatibility,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive_compatibility,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,2771009,en,2026-07-30T02:40:01Z,8922,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,List of games in game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_games_in_game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,50511277,en,2026-08-02T20:15:53Z,71157,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,MatPat,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MatPat,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,689895,en,2026-08-03T21:46:34Z,34794,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Mechanism design,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_design,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,18819,en,2026-08-03T21:46:34Z,51545,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Microeconomics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,19589,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,27471,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Minimax,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,45337,en,2026-07-30T02:38:56Z,65300,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Nash equilibrium,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,1439241,en,2026-08-02T12:23:28Z,19179,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Non-cooperative game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperative_game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,25409684,en,2026-08-02T18:01:32Z,32335,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Paradox of tolerance,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,321438,en,2026-07-30T02:39:08Z,7675,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Perfect information,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_information,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,81959454,en,2026-07-30T03:03:14Z,10966,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Pierpaolo Battigalli,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierpaolo_Battigalli,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,23014,en,2026-07-30T02:38:54Z,19725,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Poker,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,7043646,en,2026-07-30T02:40:52Z,22297,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Quantum game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,4654588,en,2026-07-20T16:56:50Z,17859,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Role-playing game theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game_theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,12212983,en,2026-07-15T17:03:27Z,76627,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Scott Miller (pop musician),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Miller_(pop_musician),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,29607,en,2026-07-30T02:38:55Z,27064,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Strategy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,1434441,en,2026-07-30T02:39:38Z,19013,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Strategy (game theory),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_(game_theory),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,30746,en,2026-07-25T15:30:35Z,40085,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,31609,en,2026-07-31T22:44:47Z,35944,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Tic-tac-toe,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,267800,en,2026-07-30T02:39:06Z,21922,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Tit for tat,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit_for_tat,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
"[""All accuracy disputes"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with style issues"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""American inventions"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020"", ""Articles containing video clips"", ""Articles needing additional references from November 2022"", ""Articles prone to spam from October 2013"", ""Articles with dead external links from June 2023"", ""Articles with disputed statements from June 2023"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from December 2025"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)"", ""Digital media"", ""Games and sports introduced in 1947"", ""Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata"", ""Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images"", ""Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from January 2020"", ""Video games"", ""Visual arts media"", ""Webarchive template other archives"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2024"", ""Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2023"", ""Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism""]",,5363,en,2026-07-30T19:56:03Z,149857,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Video game,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,2072393,en,2026-07-30T02:39:50Z,2725,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Win–win game,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93win_game,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,25046926,en,2026-07-30T02:44:06Z,10806,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Zermelo's theorem (game theory),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%27s_theorem_(game_theory),cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],,34417,en,2026-07-30T02:38:55Z,29581,2026-08-03T22:00:50+00:00,Zero-sum game,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_game,cQqnF3e6IpU5pOXeS,mPwfg1vagGfpeZeuK
[],"In particle physics, annihilation is the process that occurs when a subatomic particle collides with its respective antiparticle to produce other particles, such as an electron colliding with a positron to produce two photons. The total energy and momentum of the initial pair are conserved in the process and distributed among a set of other particles in the final state. Antiparticles have exactly opposite additive quantum numbers from particles, so the sums of all quantum numbers of such an original pair are zero. Hence, any set of particles may be produced whose total quantum numbers are also zero as long as conservation of energy, conservation of momentum, and conservation of spin are obeyed.
During a low-energy annihilation, photon production is favored, since these particles have no mass. High-energy particle colliders produce annihilations where a wide variety of exotic heavy particles are created.
The word ""annihilation"" takes its use informally for the interaction of two particles that are not mutual antiparticles –  not charge conjugate. Some quantum numbers may then not sum to zero in the initial state, but conserve with the same totals in the final state. An example is the ""annihilation"" of a high-energy electron antineutrino with an electron to produce a W− boson.
If the annihilating particles are composite, such as mesons or baryons, then multiple different particles are typically produced in the final state.
The inverse of annihilation is pair production, the process in which a high-energy photon converts its energy into mass.",346133,en,2026-08-02T08:14:29Z,13542,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Annihilation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"In particle physics, a boson ( ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2, ...). The class of bosons is one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have half odd-integer spin (1/2, 3/2, 5/2, ...). Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion. Paul Dirac coined the term boson to classify the fundamental particles that obey Bose–Einstein statistics, the quantum framework pioneered by Satyendra Nath Bose.
Some bosons are elementary particles occupying a special role in particle physics, distinct from the role of fermions (which are sometimes described as the constituents of ""ordinary matter""). Certain elementary bosons (e.g. gluons) act as force carriers, which give rise to forces between other particles, while one (the Higgs boson) contributes to the phenomenon of mass. Other bosons, such as mesons, are composite particles made up of smaller constituents.
Outside the realm of particle physics, multiple identical composite bosons behave at high densities or low temperatures in a characteristic manner described by Bose–Einstein statistics: for example, a gas of helium-4 atoms becomes a superfluid at temperatures close to absolute zero. Similarly, superconductivity arises because some quasiparticles, such as Cooper pairs, behave in this characteristic manner.",20556915,en,2026-07-29T16:38:49Z,11662,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Boson,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"The European Organization for Nuclear Research, also called European Laboratory for Particle Physics, known as CERN (; French pronunciation: [sɛʁn]; Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in Meyrin, a western suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 25 member states. Israel, admitted in 2013, is the only full member geographically out of Europe. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer.
The acronym CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory; in 2024, it had 2,704 scientific, technical, and administrative staff members, and hosted about 12,406 users from institutions in more than 80 countries. In 2016, CERN generated 49 petabytes of data.
CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research – consequently, numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN through international collaborations. CERN is the site of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. The main site at Meyrin hosts a large computing facility, which is primarily used to store and analyze data from experiments, as well as simulate events. As researchers require remote access to these facilities, the lab has historically been a major wide area network hub. CERN is also the birthplace of the World Wide Web.",37351,en,2026-08-03T19:22:01Z,150294,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,CERN,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"In experimental particle physics, a calorimeter is a type of detector that measures the energy of particles.  Particles enter the calorimeter and initiate a particle shower  in which their energy is deposited in the calorimeter, collected, and measured. The energy may be measured in its entirety, requiring total containment of the particle shower, or it may be sampled. Typically, calorimeters are segmented transversely to provide information about the direction of the particle or particles, as well as the energy deposited, and longitudinal segmentation can provide information about the identity of the particle based on the shape of the shower as it develops. Calorimetry design is an active area of research in particle physics.",2900052,en,2026-07-15T06:39:15Z,4094,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Calorimeter (particle physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter_(particle_physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
"[""All articles lacking in-text citations"", ""Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2022"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Atomic physics"", ""CS1 maint: location missing publisher"", ""Dimensional analysis"", ""Experimental particle physics"", ""Measurement"", ""Nuclear physics"", ""Particle physics"", ""Physical quantities"", ""Scattering"", ""Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)"", ""Scattering theory"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Spectroscopy"", ""Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016""]","In physics, the cross section is a measure related to the probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles.  For example, the Rutherford cross section is a measure of probability that an alpha particle will be deflected by a given angle during an interaction with an atomic nucleus. Cross section is typically denoted σ (sigma) and has dimension of area, with units of square meter or more often in barns. In a way, it can be thought of as the size of the object that the excitation must hit in order for the process to occur, but more exactly, it is a parameter of a stochastic process.
When two discrete particles interact in classical physics, their mutual cross section is the area transverse to their relative motion within which they must meet in order to scatter from each other. If the particles are hard hard spheres that interact only upon contact, their scattering cross section is related to their geometric size. If the particles interact through some action-at-a-distance force, such as electromagnetism or gravity, their scattering cross section is generally larger than their geometric size.
When a cross section is specified as the differential limit of a function of some final-state variable, such as particle angle or energy, it is called a differential cross section (see detailed discussion below). When a cross section is integrated over all scattering angles (and possibly other variables), it is called a total cross section or integrated total cross section. For example, in Rayleigh scattering, the intensity scattered at the forward and backward angles is greater than the intensity scattered sideways, so the forward differential scattering cross section is greater than the perpendicular differential cross section, and by adding all of the infinitesimal cross sections over the whole range of angles with integral calculus, we can find the total cross section.
Scattering cross sections may be defined in nuclear, atomic, and particle physics for collisions of accelerated beams of one type of particle with targets (either stationary or moving) of a second type of particle. The probability for any given reaction to occur is in proportion to its cross section. Thus, specifying the cross section for a given reaction is a proxy for stating the probability that a given scattering process will occur.
The measured reaction rate of a given process depends strongly on experimental variables such as the density of the target material, the intensity of the beam, the detection efficiency of the apparatus, or the angle setting of the detection apparatus. However, these quantities can be factored away, allowing measurement of the underlying two-particle collisional cross section.
Differential and total scattering cross sections are among the most important measurable quantities in nuclear, atomic, and particle physics.
With light scattering off of a particle, the cross section specifies the amount of optical power scattered from light of a given irradiance (power per area). Although the cross section has the same units as area, the cross section may not necessarily correspond to the actual physical size of the target given by other forms of measurement. It is not uncommon for the actual cross-sectional area of a scattering object to be much larger or smaller than the cross section relative to some physical process. For example, plasmonic nanoparticles can have light scattering cross sections for particular frequencies that are much larger than their actual cross-sectional areas.",7480,en,2026-08-02T08:14:18Z,38462,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Cross section (physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"In the Grand Unified Theory of particle physics (GUT), the desert refers to a theorized gap in energy scales, between approximately the electroweak energy scale–conventionally defined as roughly the vacuum expectation value or VEV of the Higgs field (about 246 GeV)–and the GUT scale, in which no known interactions appear.
It can also be described as a gap in the lengths involved, with no new physics below 10−18 m (the currently probed length scale) and above 10−31 m (the GUT length scale).
The idea of the desert was motivated by the observation of approximate, order of magnitude, gauge coupling unification at the GUT scale. When the values of the gauge coupling constants of the weak nuclear, strong nuclear, and electromagnetic forces are plotted as a function of energy, the 3 values appear to nearly converge to a common single value at very high energies. This was one theoretical motivation for Grand Unified Theories themselves, and adding new interactions at any intermediate energy scale generally disrupts this gauge coupling unification. The disruption arises from the new quantum fields- the new forces and particles- which introduce new coupling constants and new interactions that modify the existing Standard Model coupling constants at higher energies. The fact that the convergence in the Standard Model is actually inexact, however, is one of the key theoretical arguments against the Desert, since making the unification exact requires new physics below the GUT scale.",7344637,en,2026-07-15T00:51:57Z,12228,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Desert (particle physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_(particle_physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"Don Lincoln (born 1964) is an American physicist, author, host of the YouTube channel Fermilab, and science communicator. He conducts research in particle physics at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and was an adjunct professor of physics at the University of Notre Dame, although he is no longer affiliated with the university. He received a Ph.D. in experimental particle physics from Rice University in 1994. In 1995, he was a co-discoverer of the top quark. He has co-authored hundreds of research papers, and more recently, was a member of the team that discovered the Higgs boson in 2012.",31073742,en,2026-07-24T03:28:02Z,15891,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Don Lincoln,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Lincoln,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
"[""All Wikipedia articles in need of updating"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from June 2025"", ""Elementary particles"", ""Quantum field theory"", ""Quantum mechanics"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Subatomic particles"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2025""]","In the Standard Model of particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a  subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. The Standard Model recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a consequence of flavor and color combinations and antimatter, the fermions and bosons are known to have 48 and 13 variations, respectively. These 61 elementary particles include electrons and other leptons, quarks, and the fundamental bosons. Subatomic particles such as protons or neutrons, which contain two or more elementary particles, are known as composite particles.",11274,en,2026-08-02T08:08:11Z,37555,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Elementary particle,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"The European Strategy for Particle Physics is a prioritisation of European ambitions to advance particle physics science for the long-term future and is the cornerstone of Europe's decision-making process in the field. The European Strategy is mandated by the CERN Council, and is formed through a broad consultation of the grass-roots particle physics community. The opinions of physicists from around the world are actively solicited and the European Strategy is developed in close coordination with similar processes in the US and Japan in order to ensure coordination and optimal use of resources globally.
The European Strategy takes into account the worldwide particle physics landscape and developments in related fields, and was initiated by the CERN Council to coordinate activities across a large, international and fast-moving community with the aim to maximise scientific returns.
The CERN Council began discussions in 2005 that led to the European Strategy's first document being adopted in 2006. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was cited as the top scientific priority of European particle physics with a discussion of a possible significant luminosity upgrade. Other priorities included research and development of future accelerators, coordination with a potential International Linear Collider, and participation in a global neutrino program.
An update to the original European Strategy was prepared in 2012 and formally adopted in 2013 following the discovery of the Higgs boson.
Input from the particle physics community for the next update was requested to be submitted by 18 December 2018. This update for the decade of the 2020s was adopted in June 2020.",62829214,en,2026-07-25T16:27:06Z,4581,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,European Strategy for Particle Physics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Strategy_for_Particle_Physics,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with hAudio microformats"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from May 2025"", ""Enrico Fermi"", ""Fermions"", ""Quantum field theory"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Spoken articles"", ""Use dmy dates from March 2022""]","In particle physics, a fermion is a subatomic particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermions have a half-integer spin (spin ⁠1/2⁠, spin ⁠3/2⁠, etc.) and obey the Pauli exclusion principle. These particles include all quarks and leptons and all composite particles made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei. Fermions differ from bosons, which obey Bose–Einstein statistics.
Some fermions are elementary particles (such as electrons), and some are composite particles (such as protons). For example, according to the spin-statistics theorem in relativistic quantum field theory, particles with integer spin are bosons. In contrast, particles with half-integer spin are fermions.
In addition to the spin characteristic, fermions have another specific property: they possess conserved baryon or lepton quantum numbers. Therefore, what is usually referred to as the spin-statistics relation is, in fact, a spin statistics-quantum number relation.
As a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, only one fermion can occupy a particular quantum state at a given time. Suppose multiple fermions have the same spatial probability distribution, then, at least one property of each fermion, such as its spin, must be different. Fermions are usually associated with matter, whereas bosons are generally force carrier particles. However, in the current state of particle physics, the distinction between the two concepts is unclear. Weakly interacting fermions can also display bosonic behavior under extreme conditions. For example, at low temperatures, fermions show superfluidity for uncharged particles and superconductivity for charged particles.
Composite fermions, such as protons and neutrons, are the key building blocks of everyday matter.
English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac coined the name fermion from the surname of Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.",11529,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,7159,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Fermion,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"In particle physics, flavour or flavor refers to the species of an elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours of leptons. They are conventionally parameterized with flavour quantum numbers that are assigned to all subatomic particles. They can also be described by some of the family symmetries proposed for the quark-lepton generations.

",1928465,en,2026-07-16T05:50:00Z,25045,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Flavour (particle physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"In particle physics, a generation or family is a division of the elementary particles. Between generations, particles differ by their flavour quantum number and mass, but their electric and strong interactions are identical.
There are three generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics. Each generation contains two types of leptons and two types of quarks. The two leptons may be classified into one with electric charge −1 (electron-like) and neutral (neutrino); the two quarks may be classified into one with charge −1⁄3 (down-type) and one with charge +2⁄3 (up-type). The basic features of quark–lepton generation or families, such as their masses and mixings etc., can be described by some of the proposed family symmetries.",2455731,en,2026-07-17T17:33:38Z,13054,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Generation (particle physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_(particle_physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
"[""Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 maint: location missing publisher"", ""Hadrons"", ""Nuclear physics"", ""Pages including recorded pronunciations"", ""Pages using the Phonos extension"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata""]","In particle physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks that are held together by the strong nuclear force. Pronounced  , the name is derived from Ancient Greek  ἁδρός (hadrós) 'stout, thick'. They are analogous to molecules, which are held together by the electromagnetic force. Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from two hadrons: the proton and the neutron, while most of the mass of the protons and neutrons is in turn due to the binding energy of their constituent quarks, due to the strong force.
Hadrons are categorized into two broad families: baryons, made of an odd number of quarks (usually three), and mesons, made of an even number of quarks (usually two: one quark and one antiquark). Protons and neutrons (which make the majority of the mass of an atom) are examples of baryons; pions are an example of a meson. A tetraquark state (an exotic meson), named the Z(4430)−, was discovered in 2007 by the Belle Collaboration and confirmed as a resonance in 2014 by the LHCb collaboration. Two pentaquark states (exotic baryons), named P+c(4380) and P+c(4450), were discovered in 2015 by the LHCb collaboration. There are several other ""Exotic"" hadron candidates and other colour-singlet quark combinations that may also exist.
Almost all ""free"" hadrons and antihadrons (meaning, in isolation and not bound within an atomic nucleus) are believed to be unstable and eventually decay into other particles. The only known possible exception is free protons, which appear to be stable, or at least, take immense amounts of time to decay (order of 1034+ years). By way of comparison, free neutrons are the longest-lived unstable particle, and decay with a half-life of about 611 seconds, and have a mean lifetime of 879 seconds (see Free neutron decay).
Hadron physics is studied by colliding hadrons, e.g. protons, with each other or the nuclei of dense, heavy elements, such as lead (Pb) or gold (Au), and detecting the debris in the produced particle showers. A similar process occurs in the natural environment, in the extreme upper-atmosphere, where muons and mesons such as pions are produced by the collisions of cosmic rays with rarefied gas particles in the outer atmosphere.",13821,en,2026-08-02T08:13:18Z,16153,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Hadron,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"In physics, helicity is the projection of the spin onto the direction of momentum.
Mathematically, helicity is the sign of the projection of the spin vector onto the momentum vector: ""left"" is negative, ""right"" is positive. Thus, it can be represented with the operator 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      p
                    
                    ^
                  
                
              
              ⋅
              
                
                  
                    
                      Σ
                    
                    ^
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                |
              
              
                
                  
                    
                      p
                    
                    ^
                  
                
              
              
                |
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {{\hat {\mathbf {p} }}\cdot {\hat {\mathbf {\Sigma } }}}{|{\hat {\mathbf {p} }}|}}}
  
, where 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                p
              
              ^
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {p} }}}
  
 is the momentum operator and 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                Σ
              
              ^
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {\Sigma } }}}
  
 is the spin operator.",3027077,en,2026-07-20T16:56:47Z,7584,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Helicity (particle physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicity_(particle_physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the fields in particle physics theory. In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson that couples to (interacts with) particles whose mass arises from their interactions with the Higgs field, has zero spin, even (positive) parity, no electric charge, and no color charge. It is also very unstable, decaying into other particles almost immediately upon generation.
The Higgs field is a scalar field with two neutral and two electrically charged components that form a complex doublet of the weak isospin SU(2) symmetry. Its ""sombrero potential"" leads it to take a nonzero value everywhere (including otherwise empty space), which breaks the weak isospin symmetry of the electroweak interaction and, via the Higgs mechanism, gives a rest mass to all massive elementary particles of the Standard Model, including the Higgs boson itself. The existence of the Higgs field became the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and for several decades was considered ""the central problem in particle physics"".
Both the field and the boson are named after physicist Peter Higgs, who in 1964, along with five other scientists in three teams, proposed the Higgs mechanism, a way for some particles to acquire mass. All fundamental particles known at the time should be massless at very high energies, but fully explaining how some particles gain mass at lower energies had been extremely difficult. If these ideas were correct, a particle known as a scalar boson (with certain properties) should also exist. This particle was called the Higgs boson and could be used to test whether the Higgs field was the correct explanation. 
After a 40-year search, a subatomic particle with the expected properties was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. The new particle was subsequently confirmed to match the expected properties of a Higgs boson. Physicists from two of the three teams, Peter Higgs and François Englert, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013 for their theoretical predictions. Although Higgs's name has come to be associated with this theory, several researchers between about 1960 and 1972 independently developed different parts of it.
In the media, the Higgs boson has often been called the ""God particle"" after the 1993 book The God Particle by Nobel Laureate Leon M. Lederman. The name has been criticised by physicists, including Peter Higgs.",20556903,en,2026-08-02T08:08:44Z,255976,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Higgs boson,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"The idea that matter consists of smaller particles and that there exists a limited number of sorts of primary, smallest particles in nature has existed in natural philosophy at least since the 6th century BC. Such ideas gained physical credibility beginning in the 19th century, but the concept of ""elementary particle"" underwent some changes in its meaning: notably, modern physics no longer deems elementary particles indestructible. Even elementary particles can decay or collide destructively; they can cease to exist and create (other) particles in result.
Increasingly small particles have been discovered and researched: they include molecules, which are constructed of atoms, that in turn consist of subatomic particles, namely atomic nuclei and electrons. Many more types of subatomic particles have been found. Most such particles (but not electrons) were eventually found to be composed of even smaller particles such as quarks. Particle physics studies these smallest particles; nuclear physics studies atomic nuclei and their (immediate) constituents: protons and neutrons.",41555255,en,2026-07-30T02:51:00Z,34392,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,History of subatomic physics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"A jet is a narrow cone of hadrons and other particles produced by the hadronization of quarks and gluons in a particle physics or heavy ion experiment. Particles carrying a color charge, i.e. quarks and gluons, cannot exist in free form because of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) confinement which only allows for colorless states. When protons collide at high energies, their color charged components each carry away some of the color charge. In accordance with confinement, these fragments create other colored objects around them to form colorless hadrons. The ensemble of these objects is called a jet, since the fragments all tend to travel in the same direction, forming a narrow ""jet"" of particles. Jets are measured in particle detectors and studied in order to determine the properties of the original quarks.
A jet definition includes a jet algorithm and a recombination scheme. The former defines how some inputs, e.g. particles or detector objects, are grouped into jets, while the latter specifies how a momentum is assigned to a jet. For example, jets can be characterized by the thrust. The jet direction (jet axis) can be defined as the thrust axis. In particle physics experiments, jets are usually built from clusters of energy depositions in the detector calorimeter. When studying simulated processes, the calorimeter jets can be reconstructed based on a simulated detector response. However, in simulated samples, jets can also be reconstructed directly from stable particles emerging from fragmentation processes. Particle-level jets are often referred to as truth-jets. A good jet algorithm usually allows for obtaining similar sets of jets at different levels in the event evolution. Typical jet reconstruction algorithms are, e.g., the anti-kT algorithm, kT algorithm, cone algorithm. A typical recombination scheme is the E-scheme, or 4-vector scheme, in which the 4-vector of a jet is defined as the sum of 4-vectors of all its constituents.
In relativistic heavy ion physics, jets are important because the originating hard scattering is a natural probe for the QCD matter created in the collision, and indicate its phase. When the QCD matter undergoes a phase crossover into quark gluon plasma, the energy loss in the medium grows significantly, effectively quenching (reducing the intensity of) the outgoing jet.
Example of jet analysis techniques are:

jet correlation
flavor tagging (e.g., b-tagging)
jet substructure.
The Lund string model is an example of a jet fragmentation model.",2178278,en,2026-07-12T10:27:41Z,9984,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Jet (particle physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(particle_physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)  is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008, in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists, and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference and as deep as 175 metres (574 ft) beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva.
The first collisions were achieved in 2010 at an energy of 3.5 tera-electronvolts (TeV) per beam, about four times the previous world record. The discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC was announced in 2012. Between 2013 and 2015, the LHC was shut down and upgraded; after those upgrades it reached 6.5 TeV per beam (13.0 TeV total collision energy). At the end of 2018, it was shut down for maintenance and further upgrades, and reopened over three years later in April 2022.
The collider has four crossing points where the accelerated particles collide. Nine detectors, each designed to detect different phenomena, are positioned around the crossing points. The LHC primarily collides proton beams, but it can also accelerate beams of heavy ions, such as in lead–lead collisions and proton–lead collisions.
The LHC's goal is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics, including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson, searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories, and studying other unresolved questions in particle physics.",357353,en,2026-07-30T02:39:09Z,122305,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Large Hadron Collider,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"A linear particle accelerator (often shortened to linac) is a type of particle accelerator that accelerates charged subatomic particles or ions to a high speed by subjecting them to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beamline. The principles for such machines were proposed by Gustav Ising in 1924, while the first machine that worked was constructed by Rolf Widerøe in 1928 at the RWTH Aachen University.
Linacs have many applications: they generate X-rays and high energy electrons for medicinal purposes in radiation therapy, serve as particle injectors for higher-energy accelerators, and are used directly to achieve the highest kinetic energy for light particles (electrons and positrons) for particle physics.
The design of a linac depends on the type of particle that is being accelerated: electrons, protons or ions. Linacs range in size from a cathode-ray tube (which is a type of linac) to the 3.2-kilometre-long (2.0 mi) linac at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park, California.",273524,en,2026-07-15T16:50:49Z,41729,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Linear particle accelerator,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"A list of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments. Some early particle accelerators that more properly did nuclear physics, but existed prior to the separation of particle physics from that field, are also included. Although a modern accelerator complex usually has several stages of accelerators, only accelerators whose output has been used directly for experiments are listed.",3343262,en,2026-07-09T05:16:35Z,34714,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,List of accelerators in particle physics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accelerators_in_particle_physics,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,385334,en,2026-08-03T09:49:52Z,25523,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,List of particles,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,183089,en,2026-07-31T07:40:11Z,118169,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,List of unsolved problems in physics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,883189,en,2026-07-18T20:40:20Z,6162,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Massless particle,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massless_particle,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,19673093,en,2026-07-30T02:42:53Z,85866,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Matter,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,21485,en,2026-08-01T15:22:14Z,150298,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Neutrino,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
"[""All articles with dead external links"", ""Articles with dead external links from December 2023"", ""Articles with permanently dead external links"", ""Articles with short description""]",,21285,en,2026-08-03T10:23:50Z,43975,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Nuclear physics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,18698687,en,2026-07-23T19:48:25Z,8429,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Observer effect (physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,30778041,en,2026-08-03T09:50:00Z,24754,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Particle,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,6150170,en,2026-08-02T08:15:21Z,16285,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Particle Data Group,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Data_Group,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,18589032,en,2026-08-03T18:48:06Z,67581,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Particle accelerator,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,23259,en,2026-08-03T12:02:34Z,42481,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Particle physics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,3566883,en,2026-07-15T16:56:38Z,19678,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Particle physics and representation theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics_and_representation_theory,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,3479667,en,2026-07-26T03:39:42Z,17346,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Parton (particle physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parton_(particle_physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,22939,en,2026-08-02T06:43:49Z,91662,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Physics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,1266589,en,2026-07-27T20:33:22Z,10281,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Point particle,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_particle,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,1430548,en,2026-07-31T01:15:27Z,23802,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Preon,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preon,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,23317,en,2026-07-31T01:55:47Z,59248,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Proton,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,25202,en,2026-07-30T16:21:27Z,101498,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Quantum mechanics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,25179,en,2026-08-03T18:45:39Z,79074,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Quark,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,23017591,en,2026-07-16T05:50:02Z,3250,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Resonance (particle physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(particle_physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,19593829,en,2026-07-31T07:40:17Z,75885,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Spin (physics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,47641,en,2026-08-03T18:56:12Z,70480,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Standard Model,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,212490,en,2026-07-30T03:02:39Z,36951,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Subatomic particle,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,224636,en,2026-07-30T02:39:04Z,73452,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Supersymmetry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,31296,en,2026-08-02T08:08:37Z,31070,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Tachyon,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,330981,en,2026-07-16T05:49:59Z,14099,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Tau (particle),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_(particle),Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,58772,en,2026-07-30T02:38:57Z,38386,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,192316,en,2026-07-15T16:50:33Z,23306,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Virtual particle,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_particle,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,405532,en,2026-07-23T19:22:06Z,39017,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,W and Z bosons,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],,33426,en,2026-07-30T02:38:55Z,29593,2026-08-03T22:00:05+00:00,Wave–particle duality,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality,Nh2cfVptloBRvUGEE,gFVvgh2BB5kJQlwf4
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science.  This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the 17th century.",78919126,en,2026-08-02T09:45:43Z,2590,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,17th century in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_century_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1821.",15797037,en,2026-07-29T05:58:11Z,1969,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,1821 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1830.",21513547,en,2026-07-29T05:59:13Z,3210,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,1830 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1862.",15932790,en,2026-07-29T06:05:39Z,1845,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,1862 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1889.",21194059,en,2026-07-29T06:13:21Z,6492,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,1889 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science.  This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the 18th century.",78919325,en,2026-06-24T03:54:48Z,9497,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,18th century in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1962.",15678231,en,2026-07-29T06:18:51Z,5388,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,1962 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1979.",15678196,en,2026-07-31T12:57:59Z,33204,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,1979 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1987.",14055949,en,2026-07-31T07:40:35Z,44883,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,1987 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1994.",15313333,en,2026-07-21T13:20:11Z,63679,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,1994 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2001.",15313481,en,2026-07-22T14:43:17Z,60239,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2001 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2002.",15313494,en,2026-07-23T06:44:50Z,57419,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2002 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2006.",15577542,en,2026-07-21T13:20:11Z,80760,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2006 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2007.",15577886,en,2026-07-23T06:45:23Z,67393,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2007 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2008.",15688561,en,2026-07-23T06:45:23Z,102583,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2008 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"The year 2009 in archosaur paleontology was eventful.  Archosaurs include the only living dinosaur group — birds — and the reptile crocodilians, plus all extinct dinosaurs,  extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosaur paleontology is the scientific study of those animals, especially as they existed before the Holocene Epoch began about 11,700 years ago.  The year 2009 in paleontology included various significant developments regarding archosaurs.
This article records new taxa of fossil archosaurs of every kind that have been described during the year 2009, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of archosaurs that occurred in the year 2009.",46427800,en,2026-07-27T03:02:08Z,77842,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2009 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"The year 2010 in archosaur paleontology was eventful.  Archosaurs include the only living dinosaur group — birds — and the reptile crocodilians, plus all extinct dinosaurs,  extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosaur palaeontology is the scientific study of those animals, especially as they existed before the Holocene Epoch began about 11,700 years ago.  The year 2010 in paleontology included various significant developments regarding archosaurs.
This article records new taxa of fossil archosaurs of every kind that have been described during the year 2010, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of archosaurs that occurred in the year 2010.",46427669,en,2026-07-27T03:02:08Z,99325,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2010 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2010.",25709831,en,2026-07-23T06:44:53Z,52418,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2010 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2013.",37763390,en,2026-07-23T06:45:27Z,226869,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2013 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"This article records new taxa of fossil archosaurs of every kind that are scheduled described during the year 2014, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of archosaurs that are scheduled to occur in the year 2014.",72485052,en,2026-07-23T06:45:08Z,111200,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2014 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,74660011,en,2026-07-27T03:02:08Z,86087,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2015 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,47597082,en,2026-07-23T06:44:59Z,288574,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2016 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,61868184,en,2026-07-23T06:45:04Z,205880,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2019 in primate paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_primate_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,61449877,en,2026-07-21T13:21:59Z,130650,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2019 in reptile paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_reptile_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,62667540,en,2026-07-23T06:45:32Z,289478,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2020 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,69650627,en,2026-07-27T03:02:07Z,283315,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2022 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,69695891,en,2026-07-23T06:45:34Z,112761,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2022 in reptile paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_reptile_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,72512231,en,2026-07-21T13:22:22Z,297831,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2023 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,72661904,en,2026-07-25T11:44:19Z,124228,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2023 in reptile paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_reptile_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,75546694,en,2026-07-21T13:22:27Z,314948,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2024 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,75694249,en,2026-07-23T06:45:35Z,416306,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2024 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,75700174,en,2026-07-25T02:14:53Z,136102,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2024 in reptile paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_reptile_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,78620179,en,2026-07-29T04:44:51Z,391637,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2025 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,78779558,en,2026-08-02T22:27:15Z,549651,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2025 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,78771884,en,2026-07-29T03:27:56Z,157965,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2025 in reptile paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_reptile_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,81645351,en,2026-08-03T19:38:33Z,230811,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2026 in archosaur paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_archosaur_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,82004887,en,2026-08-03T20:37:17Z,90409,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2026 in arthropod paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_arthropod_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,82004855,en,2026-08-02T20:36:53Z,288885,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2026 in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,82002162,en,2026-08-03T17:57:17Z,91161,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,2026 in reptile paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_reptile_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,10659584,en,2026-07-15T19:41:07Z,2429,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,14109888,en,2026-07-19T15:22:16Z,13130,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,List of years in paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing Russian-language text"", ""Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from April 2025"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Dinosaur museums"", ""Fossil museums"", ""Museums established in 1937"", ""Museums in Moscow"", ""Museums in the Soviet Union"", ""Natural history museums in Russia"", ""Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia"", ""Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas"", ""Paleontology in Russia"", ""Short description matches Wikidata""]",,9490724,en,2026-08-03T02:00:41Z,4728,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Moscow Paleontological Museum,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Paleontological_Museum,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,73775640,en,2026-07-30T14:33:43Z,9103,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Paleontological Statistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontological_Statistics,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
"[""Articles with short description"", ""Earth sciences"", ""Evolutionary biology"", ""Fossils"", ""Good articles"", ""Historical geology"", ""Pages using Sister project links with default search"", ""Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata"", ""Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images"", ""Paleontology"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use mdy dates from June 2021""]",,23084,en,2026-07-30T02:38:54Z,104926,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Paleontology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,81864855,en,2026-08-02T22:48:15Z,54111,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Paleontology in Uruguay,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology_in_Uruguay,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,43266372,en,2026-06-22T18:31:30Z,446,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Paleontology in Washington,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology_in_Washington,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,37799080,en,2026-07-22T23:52:25Z,27977,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Paleontology in Wisconsin,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology_in_Wisconsin,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],,42207921,en,2026-07-31T13:48:46Z,2745,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Triebold Paleontology Incorporated,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triebold_Paleontology_Incorporated,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
"[""1933 in paleontology"", ""1933 non-fiction books"", ""All stub articles"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Biology book stubs"", ""Paleontology books"", ""Paleontology stubs"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""University of Chicago Press books""]",,5122339,en,2026-07-15T00:50:24Z,2554,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Vertebrate Paleontology (book),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Paleontology_(book),QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
"[""1988 in paleontology"", ""1988 non-fiction books"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""All stub articles"", ""Articles needing additional references from December 2016"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016"", ""Biology book stubs"", ""Evolution stubs"", ""Paleontology books"", ""Paleontology stubs"", ""Short description matches Wikidata""]",,5122245,en,2026-07-15T00:50:24Z,1800,2026-08-03T22:00:45+00:00,Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_Paleontology_and_Evolution,QsPFgqlDy8bI6wNSe,RAHMdci4jp7QrRBGp
[],"The adaptive immune system (AIS), also known as the acquired immune system or specific immune system, is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized cells, organs, and processes that eliminate pathogens specifically. The acquired immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system).
Like the innate system, the adaptive immune system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components and destroys invading pathogens. Unlike the innate immune system, which is pre-programmed to react to common broad categories of pathogen, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to each particular pathogen the body has encountered.
Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to future encounters with that pathogen. Antibodies are a critical part of the adaptive immune system. Adaptive immunity can provide long-lasting protection, sometimes for the person's entire lifetime. For example, someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime; in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection, as with chickenpox. This process of adaptive immunity is the basis of vaccination.
The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. B cells and T cells, two different types of lymphocytes, carry out the main activities: antibody responses, and cell-mediated immune response. In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish harmful from harmless foreign molecules; the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma, or any other allergy.
In adaptive immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the genome). This acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in allergies or autoimmunity).
The system is highly adaptable because of two factors. First, somatic hypermutation is a process of accelerated random genetic mutations in the antibody-coding genes, which allows antibodies with novel specificity to be created. Second, V(D)J recombination randomly selects one variable (V), one diversity (D),
and one joining (J) region for genetic recombination and discards the rest, which produces a highly unique combination of antigen-receptor gene segments in each lymphocyte. This mechanism allows a small number of genetic segments to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Since the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.",1664060,en,2026-07-15T16:53:25Z,61939,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Adaptive immune system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"Affective forecasting, also known as hedonic forecasting or the hedonic forecasting mechanism, is the prediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future. As a process that influences preferences, decisions, and behavior, affective forecasting is studied by both psychologists and economists, with broad applications.",2426547,en,2026-07-30T02:39:56Z,81587,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Affective forecasting,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_forecasting,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Antibodies"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from June 2026"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Glycoproteins"", ""Immunology"", ""Reagents for biochemistry"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from March 2020"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]","An antibody (Ab), or immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as those that exist on bacteria and virus cells, including those that cause disease. Each individual antibody recognizes one or more specific antigens, and antigens (a portmanteau of ""antibody generator"") of virtually any size and chemical composition can be recognized. Each of the branching chains comprising the ""Y"" of an antibody contains a paratope (the antigen-binding site) that specifically binds to one particular epitope (a specific part of an antigen bound by the paratope) on an antigen, allowing the two molecules to bind together with precision. Using this mechanism, antibodies can effectively ""tag"" the antigen (or a microbe or an infected cell bearing such an antigen) for attack by cells of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its ability to invade a host cell).
Antibodies may be borne on the surface of an immune cell, as in a B cell receptor, or they may exist freely by being secreted into the extracellular space. The term antibody generally refers to the free (secreted) form, while the term immunoglobulin can refer to either forms. Since they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, the terms are often treated as synonymous.
To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding paratopes at each tip of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. The rest of an antibody's structure is much less variable; in humans, antibodies occur in five classes or isotypes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Human IgG and IgA antibodies are also divided into discrete subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4; IgA1 and IgA2). The class refers to the functions triggered by the antibody (also known as effector functions), in addition to some other structural features. Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. Between species, while classes and subclasses of antibodies may be shared (at least in name), their function and distribution throughout the body may be different, which complicates the use of animal models in studying antibodies. For example, mouse IgG1 is closer to human IgG2 than to human IgG1 in terms of its function.
The term humoral immunity is often treated as synonymous with the antibody response, describing the function of the immune system that exists in the body's humors (fluids) in the form of soluble proteins, as distinct from cell-mediated immunity, which generally describes the responses of T cells (especially killer T cells). In general, antibodies are considered part of the adaptive immune system, though this classification can become complicated. For example, natural IgM, which are made by B-1 cells that have properties more similar to innate immune cells than adaptive, refers to IgM antibodies made independently of an immune response that demonstrate polyreactivity—i.e. they recognize multiple distinct (unrelated) antigens. These can work with the complement system in the earliest phases of an immune response to help facilitate clearance of the offending antigen and delivery of the resulting immune complexes to the lymph nodes or spleen for initiation of an immune response. Hence in this capacity, the functions of antibodies are more akin to that of innate immunity than adaptive. Nonetheless, in general, antibodies are regarded as part of the adaptive immune system because they demonstrate exceptional specificity (with some exceptions), are produced through genetic rearrangements (rather than being encoded directly in the germline), and are a manifestation of immunological memory.",2362,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,139959,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Antibody,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"Artificial immune systems (AIS) are a class of rule-based machine learning systems inspired by the principles and processes of the vertebrate immune system. The algorithms are typically modeled after the immune system's characteristics of learning and memory for problem-solving, specifically for biological computational techniques.

",1589987,en,2026-07-15T20:57:12Z,14507,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Artificial immune system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_immune_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"An autoimmune disease is a condition causing disease that results from an anomalous response of the adaptive immune system, wherein it mistakenly targets and attacks healthy, functioning parts of the body as if they were foreign organisms. It is estimated that there are more than 80 recognized autoimmune diseases, with recent scientific evidence suggesting the existence of potentially more than 100 distinct conditions. Nearly any body part can be involved.
Autoimmune diseases are a separate class from autoinflammatory diseases. Both are characterized by an immune system malfunction which may cause similar symptoms, such as rash, swelling, or fatigue, but the cardinal cause or mechanism of the diseases is different. A key difference is a malfunction of the innate immune system in autoinflammatory diseases, whereas in autoimmune diseases there is a malfunction of the adaptive immune system.
Symptoms of autoimmune diseases can significantly vary, primarily based on the specific type of the disease and the body part that it affects. Symptoms are often diverse and can be fleeting, fluctuating from mild to severe, and typically comprise low-grade fever, fatigue, and general malaise. However, some autoimmune diseases may present with more specific symptoms such as joint pain, skin rashes (e.g., urticaria), or neurological symptoms.
The exact causes of autoimmune diseases remain unclear and are likely multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental influences. While some diseases like lupus exhibit familial aggregation, suggesting a genetic predisposition, other cases have been associated with infectious triggers or exposure to environmental factors, implying a complex interplay between genes and environment in their etiology.
Some of the most common diseases that are generally categorized as autoimmune include coeliac disease, type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease, inflammatory bowel diseases (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), multiple sclerosis, alopecia areata, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Diagnosing autoimmune diseases can be challenging due to their diverse presentations and the transient nature of many symptoms.
Treatment modalities for autoimmune diseases vary based on the type of disease and its severity. Therapeutic approaches primarily aim to manage symptoms, reduce immune system activity, and maintain the body's ability to fight diseases. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and immunosuppressants are commonly used to reduce inflammation and control the overactive immune response. In certain cases, intravenous immunoglobulin may be administered to regulate the immune system. Despite these treatments often leading to symptom improvement, they usually do not offer a cure and long-term management is often required.
In terms of prevalence, a UK study found that 10% of the population were affected by an autoimmune disease. Women are more commonly affected than men. Autoimmune diseases predominantly begin in adulthood, although they can start at any age. The initial recognition of autoimmune diseases dates back to the early 1900s, and since then, advances in understanding and management of these conditions have been substantial, though much more is needed to fully unravel their complex etiology and pathophysiology.",19468046,en,2026-07-29T19:50:06Z,72467,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Autoimmune disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an ""autoimmune disease"". Prominent examples include celiac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and multiple sclerosis. Autoimmune diseases are very often treated with steroids.
Autoimmunity means presence of antibodies or T cells that react with self-protein and is present in all individuals, even in normal health state. It causes autoimmune diseases if self-reactivity can lead to tissue damage.",93842,en,2026-07-15T16:49:55Z,51621,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Autoimmunity,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunity,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"The autonomic nervous system (ANS), sometimes called the visceral nervous system and formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the nervous system that operates internal organs, smooth muscle and glands. The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, its force of contraction, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, is set into action by the autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system is regulated by integrated reflexes through the brainstem to the spinal cord and organs. These functions include control of respiration, cardiac regulation, vasomotor activity, and certain reflex actions such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. Those are then subdivided into other areas and are also linked to autonomic subsystems and the peripheral nervous system. The hypothalamus, just above the brain stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic functions, receiving autonomic regulatory input from the limbic system.
Although conflicting reports about its subdivisions exist in the literature, the autonomic nervous system has historically been considered a purely motor system, and has been divided into three branches: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system however is a less recognized part of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for setting off the fight-or-flight response. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's rest and digestion response. In many cases, both of these systems have ""opposite"" actions where one system activates a physiological response and the other inhibits it. An older simplification of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as ""excitatory"" and ""inhibitory"" was overturned due to the many exceptions found. A more modern characterization is that the sympathetic nervous system is a ""quick response mobilizing system"" and the parasympathetic is a ""more slowly activated dampening system"", but even this has exceptions, such as in sexual arousal and orgasm, wherein both play a role.
There are inhibitory and excitatory synapses between neurons. A third subsystem of neurons has been named as non-noradrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitters because they use other transmitters such as nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter. These functions are integral in autonomic function, in particular in the gut and the lungs.
Although the ANS is also known as the visceral nervous system and although most of its fibers carry non-somatic information to the CNS, many authors still consider it only connected with the motor side. Most autonomous functions are involuntary but they can often work in conjunction with the somatic nervous system which provides voluntary control. Overall, the ANS ensures the maintenance of vital functions and allows the body to effectively adapt to cycles of stress and recovery.",166189,en,2026-07-30T02:39:02Z,30996,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Autonomic nervous system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"The avian immune system is the system of biological structures and cellular processes that protects birds from disease.
The avian immune system resembles that of mammals since both evolved from a common reptilian ancestor and have inherited many commonalities.  They have also developed a number of different strategies that are unique to birds. Most avian immunology research has been carried out on the domestic chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus.  Birds have lymphoid tissues, B cells, T cells, cytokines and chemokines like many other animals. They can also have tumours, immune deficiency and autoimmune diseases.",41495125,en,2026-07-24T05:05:30Z,18417,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Avian immune system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_immune_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"The behavioral immune system is a phrase coined by the psychological scientist Mark Schaller to refer to a suite of psychological mechanisms that allow individual organisms to detect the potential presence of infectious parasites or pathogens in their immediate environment, and to engage in behaviors that prevent contact with those objects and individuals.
The existence of a behavioral immune system has been documented across many animal species, including humans. It is theorized that the mechanisms that comprise the behavioral immune system evolved as a crude first line of defense against disease-causing pathogens.
In humans and animals, activating a physiological immune response to pathogens is effective, but metabolically costly. Immune responses are activated at the expense of other fitness enhancing activities. Inflammation after infection can also be harmful to the body (e.g., contribute to diseases of aging). In addition to cultural adaptations to avoid pathogens, the behavioral immune system acts as a set of defense mechanisms to protect against pathogens before infection occurs",25777855,en,2026-07-18T00:03:52Z,51841,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Behavioral immune system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_immune_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncotherapy) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. It is an application of the basic science of cancer immunology (immuno-oncology) and a growing subspecialty of oncology.
Cancer immunotherapy exploits the fact that cancer cells often have tumor antigens, molecules on their surface that can bind to antibody proteins or T-cell receptors, triggering an immune system response. The tumor antigens are often proteins or other macromolecules (e.g., carbohydrates). Normal antibodies bind to external pathogens, but the modified immunotherapy antibodies bind to the tumor antigens marking and identifying the cancer cells for the immune system to inhibit or kill. The clinical success of cancer immunotherapy is highly variable between different forms of cancer; for instance, certain subtypes of gastric cancer react well to the approach whereas immunotherapy is not effective for other subtypes.
Major types of cancer immunotherapy include immune checkpoint inhibitors, which block inhibitory pathways such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 to enhance T cell activity against tumors. These therapies have shown effectiveness in treating cancers such as melanoma and lung cancer.
Adoptive cell therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, involve modifying a patient's immune cells to recognize cancer-specific antigens. These therapies have been particularly effective in certain blood cancers. Natural killer cell (NK) therapies and CAR-NK cell approaches are also being explored, leveraging NK cells' innate ability to target tumor cells. Other strategies include cancer vaccines, which aim to provoke an immune response against tumor-associated antigens, and may be either preventive or therapeutic. Immunomodulatory agents such as cytokines (e.g., interleukin-2, interferon-alpha) and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) are used to enhance immune activity or alter the tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic virus therapies, which employ engineered viruses to selectively kill cancer cells while promoting systemic immunity, are also under investigation.
In 2018, American immunologist James P. Allison and Japanese immunologist Tasuku Honjo received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation.",1661124,en,2026-08-01T21:43:42Z,108572,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Cancer immunotherapy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is an immune response that does not rely on the production of antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells (a.k.a. cytotoxic T lymphocytes), and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.",569705,en,2026-07-30T02:39:17Z,16634,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Cell-mediated immunity,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
"[""Articles with 'species' microformats"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018"", ""CS1 maint: url-status"", ""Chondrichthyes"", ""Extant Silurian first appearances"", ""Fish classes"", ""Pridoli first appearances"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from August 2020""]","Chondrichthyes (; from Ancient Greek  χόνδρος (khóndros) 'cartilage' and  ἰχθύς (ikhthús) 'fish') is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyans, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or bony fish, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Chondrichthyes are aquatic vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, placoid scales, and conus arteriosus in the heart. Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.
The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates and sawfish) which lack opercula, and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).  Extant chondrichthyans range in size from the 10 cm (3.9 in) finless sleeper ray to the over 10 m (33 ft) whale shark.",5232,en,2026-07-27T03:02:07Z,54578,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Chondrichthyes,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"In vertebrates, the circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the body. It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek kardia meaning heart, and Latin vascula meaning vessels). The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary circulation or circuit. Some sources use the terms cardiovascular system and vascular system interchangeably with circulatory system.
The network of blood vessels are the great vessels of the heart including large elastic arteries, and large veins; other arteries, smaller arterioles, capillaries that join with venules (small veins), and other veins. The circulatory system is closed in vertebrates, which means that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. Many invertebrates such as arthropods have an open circulatory system with a heart that pumps a hemolymph which returns via the body cavity rather than via blood vessels. Diploblasts such as sponges and comb jellies lack a circulatory system.
Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; it is circulated around the body carrying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and collecting and disposing of waste materials. Circulated nutrients include proteins and minerals and other components include hemoglobin, hormones, and gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. These substances provide nourishment, help the immune system to fight diseases, and help maintain homeostasis by stabilizing temperature and natural pH.
In vertebrates, the lymphatic system is complementary to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system carries excess plasma (filtered from the circulatory system capillaries as interstitial fluid between cells) away from the body tissues via accessory routes that return excess fluid back to blood circulation as lymph. The lymphatic system is a subsystem that is essential for the functioning of the blood circulatory system; without it the blood would become depleted of fluid.
The lymphatic system also works with the immune system. The circulation of lymph takes much longer than that of blood and, unlike the closed (blood) circulatory system, the lymphatic system is an open system. Some sources describe it as a secondary circulatory system.
The circulatory system can be affected by many cardiovascular diseases. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on disorders of the blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.",57330,en,2026-08-01T22:57:33Z,52726,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Circulatory system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the humoral, innate immune system and enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane. Despite being part of the innate immune system, the complement system can be recruited and brought into action by antibodies generated by the adaptive immune system.
The complement system consists of a number of small, inactive, liver synthesized protein precursors circulating in the blood. When stimulated by one of several triggers, proteases in the system cleave specific proteins to release cytokines and initiate an amplifying cascade of further cleavages. The result of this complement activation or complement fixation cascade is stimulation of phagocytes to clear foreign and damaged material, inflammation to attract additional phagocytes, and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex. About 50 proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system, including plasma proteins, and cell membrane receptors. They account for about 10% of the globulin fraction of blood serum.
Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin pathway. The alternative pathway accounts for the majority of terminal pathway activation and so therapeutic efforts in disease have revolved around its inhibition.",543131,en,2026-07-30T02:39:16Z,43717,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Complement system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"The term corporate immune system, or corporate immune response, refers to a process within corporations that demands organizations within the company accomplish activities in a certain way, a form of conformity tendencies. It is, in effect, the active form of groupthink, when the past outcome of groupthink processes forces itself on organizations that are otherwise different.
The term is most commonly used to describe such processes that drive out innovation and entrepreneurial activity within organizations. This is often found in large multi-divisional companies, where it manifests itself as inter-divisional fighting, often subtle or unintended. Multinational corporations are particularly common examples, as divisional differences can be compounded by different corporate structures, languages and even time zones.",34829001,en,2026-07-20T16:57:23Z,8102,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Corporate immune system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_immune_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"The Earth immune system is a controversial proposal, claimed to be a consequence of  the Gaia hypothesis. The Gaia hypothesis holds that the entire earth may be considered a single organism (Gaia). As a self-maintaining organism, Earth would have an immune system of some sort in order to maintain its health.
Some proponents of this speculative concept, for example, hold that humankind can be considered an ""infection"" of Gaia, and that AIDS is an attempt by this immune system to reject the infection. 
""Cancer"" might be a more accurate term, as humans evolved within Gaia, and are not external invaders.
An opposite view is that humankind is Gaia's immune system itself, perhaps evolved to avert future catastrophes such as the Permian and Cretaceous mass extinctions of species.
James Lovelock's book ""The Revenge of Gaia"" suggests that Gaia has many mechanisms for eliminating civilizations that do harm through greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, but suggests that with increasing heat being received from the sun, Gaia's ability to ""bounce back"" as it did after the Permian and Cretaceous extinction events, may be increasingly compromised.
Paul Hawken suggests in Blessed Unrest that when Earth is considered a living system then Earth's immune system is made up of the million or so organizations all around the globe that are working for social justice, the environment, and indigenous people's rights. Many of these groups are linked through the Internet and other means so there is a vast network of interconnected people and groups working to protect the planet, its people, and all beings. For example, one organization that serves to link groups working on sustainable energy is Inforse in Denmark.",216213,en,2026-07-25T15:11:48Z,3344,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Earth immune system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_immune_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fish. It can be contrasted with fish physiology, which is the study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. In practice, fish anatomy and fish physiology complement each other, the former dealing with the structure of a fish, its organs or component parts and how they are put together, as might be observed on a dissecting table or under a microscope, and the latter dealing with how those components function together in living fish.
The anatomy of fish is often shaped by the physical characteristics of water, the medium in which fish live. Water is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs more light than air does. The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage (cartilaginous fish) or bone (bony fish). The main skeletal element is the vertebral column, composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong. The ribs attach to the spine and there are no limbs or limb girdles. The main external features of the fish, the fins, are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays which, with the exception of the caudal fins, have no direct connection with the spine. They are supported by the muscles that make up most of the trunk.
The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of the gills and then around the body in a single circulatory loop. The eyes are adapted for seeing underwater and have only local vision. There is an inner ear but no external or middle ear. Low-frequency vibrations are detected by the lateral line system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish, which responds to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure.
Sharks and rays are basal fish with numerous primitive anatomical features similar to those of ancient fish, including skeletons composed of cartilage. Their bodies tend to be dorso-ventrally flattened, and they usually have five pairs of gill slits and a large mouth set on the underside of the head. The dermis is covered with separate dermal placoid scales. They have a cloaca into which the urinary and genital passages open, but not a swim bladder. Cartilaginous fish produce a small number of large yolky eggs. Some species are ovoviviparous, having the young develop internally, but others are oviparous and the larvae develop externally in egg cases.
The bony fish lineage shows more derived anatomical traits, often with major evolutionary changes from the features of ancient fish. They have a bony skeleton, are generally laterally flattened, have five pairs of gills protected by an operculum, and a mouth at or near the tip of the snout. The dermis is covered with overlapping scales. Bony fish have a swim bladder which helps them maintain a constant depth in the water column, but not a cloaca. They mostly spawn a large number of small eggs with little yolk which they broadcast into the water column.",331951,en,2026-07-30T02:39:08Z,89410,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Fish anatomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_anatomy,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"The gastrointestinal tract (also called the GI tract, digestive tract, and the alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The tract is one of the largest of the body's systems. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Food taken in through the mouth is digested to extract nutrients and absorb energy, and the waste expelled at the anus as feces. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines.
Most animals have a ""through-gut"" or complete digestive tract. Exceptions are more primitive ones: sponges have small pores (ostia) throughout their body for digestion and a larger dorsal pore (osculum) for excretion, comb jellies have both a ventral mouth and dorsal anal pores, while cnidarians and acoels have a single pore for both digestion and excretion.
The human gastrointestinal tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, and is divided into the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. The GI tract includes all structures between the mouth and the anus, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organs of digestion, namely, the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The complete human digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder). The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment. The whole human GI tract is about nine meters (30 feet) long at autopsy. It is considerably shorter in the living body because the intestines, which are tubes of smooth muscle tissue, maintain constant muscle tone in a halfway-tense state but can relax in different areas to allow for local distension and peristalsis.
The human gut microbiota is made up of around 4,000 different strains of bacteria, archaea, viruses and eukaryotes, with diverse roles in the maintenance of immune health and metabolism. Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract release hormones to help regulate the digestive process. These digestive hormones, including gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin, are mediated through either intracrine or autocrine mechanisms, indicating that the cells releasing these hormones are conserved structures throughout evolution.",69720,en,2026-07-24T19:03:45Z,54902,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Gastrointestinal tract,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"Giardiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the protist enteropathogen Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia and G. intestinalis), especially common in children and travelers. Infected individuals experience steatorrhea, a type of diarrhea with fatty sticky stool; abdominal pain, weight loss, and weakness due to dehydration and malabsorption. Less common symptoms include skin rash, hives and joint swelling. Symptoms usually begin one to three weeks after exposure and, without treatment, may last two to six weeks or longer. Some infected individuals experience mild or no symptoms and remain symptom-free even if the infection persists for a long time. 
Giardiasis spreads via the fecal-oral route, when Giardia cysts excreted with feces contaminate food or water that is later consumed orally. The disease can also spread between people and between people and animals, mainly via pets. Cysts may survive for nearly three months in cold water. 
The microscopic identification of Giardia and its cysts in fecal samples is considered the gold standard method for diagnosing giardiasis. Immunoassays, such as ELISA and PCR for giardia gene loci, are also available as diagnostic tools, although are not widely used due to methods complexity and costs.
Prevention may be improved through proper personal hygiene practices and by cooking and sanitizing food. Asymptomatic cases often do not need treatment. When symptoms are present, treatment is typically provided with either tinidazole or metronidazole. Other drugs, such as nitazoxanide, albendazole, quinacrine, chloroquine, paromomycin, and other drug combinations are also used in clinics. Refractory giardiasis and resistant strains are reported more and more often. Infection may cause a person to become lactose intolerant, so it is recommended to temporarily avoid lactose following an infection or use lactase supplements.  
Giardiasis occurs worldwide. It is one of the most common parasitic human diseases. Infection rates are as high as 7% in the developed world and 30% in the developing world. In 2013, there were approximately 280 million people worldwide with symptomatic cases of giardiasis. The World Health Organization classifies giardiasis as a neglected disease. It is popularly known as beaver fever in North America.",411991,en,2026-07-15T16:51:13Z,61240,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Giardiasis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],"The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system. Without treatment, it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a preventable disease. It can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition. While there is no cure or vaccine for HIV, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease, and, if used before significant disease progression, can extend the life expectancy of someone living with HIV to a nearly standard level. An HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live a normal life, and die with the virus, not of it. Effective treatment for HIV-positive people (people living with HIV) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the viral load undetectable.  Early testing can show if treatment is needed to stop progression and to prevent infecting others.
Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. An HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually. Campaigns by UNAIDS and other organizations around the world have communicated this as Undetectable = Untransmittable. 
Without treatment the infection can interfere with the immune system, and eventually progress to AIDS, sometimes taking many years. Following initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. During this period the person may not know that they are HIV-positive, yet they will be able to pass on the virus. Typically, this period is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms. Eventually the HIV infection increases the risk of developing other infections such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors which are rare in people who have normal immune function. The late stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss. Without treatment, the life expectancy of an individual with HIV is around 11 years. 
HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex (including anal, oral and vaginal sex), contaminated hypodermic needles or blood transfusions, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit the virus. Oral sex has little risk of transmitting the virus. Ways to avoid catching HIV and preventing the spread include safe sex, treatment to prevent infection (""PrEP""), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed (""PEP""), treating those who are infected, and needle exchange programs. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication.
Recognized worldwide in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination. The disease also has large economic impacts. There are many misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion, including the Catholic Church's position not to support condom use as prevention. It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.
HIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid-20th century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade. Between the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2024, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 42.3 million deaths worldwide. In 2025, 1.2 million people acquired HIV and an estimated 40.9 million people worldwide were living with HIV. HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. The United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Gates Foundation have pledged $200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS.",5069516,en,2026-07-27T16:11:11Z,220510,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,HIV/AIDS,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023"", ""CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Human anatomy"", ""Human body"", ""Human physiology"", ""Pages with Image Carousel disabled"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from April 2020"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages""]",,54176,en,2026-08-02T01:30:41Z,57153,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Human body,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,338526,en,2026-07-20T16:56:37Z,16935,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Humoral immunity,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immunity,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,191003,en,2026-08-03T09:49:51Z,27892,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,46868845,en,2026-07-23T13:59:45Z,33403,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immune checkpoint,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_checkpoint,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,13875325,en,2026-07-16T07:56:00Z,8691,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immune disorder,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_disorder,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,6865131,en,2026-07-10T08:39:52Z,21471,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immune dysregulation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_dysregulation,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,13734824,en,2026-07-29T18:32:42Z,25923,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immune privilege,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_privilege,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,147561,en,2026-07-15T16:50:21Z,14751,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immune response,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_response,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
"[""Articles with short description"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Featured articles"", ""Immune system"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Source attribution"", ""Use dmy dates from November 2020"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]",,14958,en,2026-08-01T22:58:11Z,123102,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immune system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,5024592,en,2026-07-15T16:58:26Z,52642,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immune tolerance,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_tolerance,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,298547,en,2026-07-15T16:50:53Z,32114,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immunity (medicine),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medicine),d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,629684,en,2026-07-16T07:55:09Z,28999,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immunodeficiency,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
"[""Articles containing Latin-language text"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Immunology"", ""Medical specialties"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Short description matches Wikidata""]",,14959,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,39835,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immunology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,168944,en,2026-08-03T09:49:51Z,11974,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immunosuppression,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,226533,en,2026-07-30T22:58:06Z,67379,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Immunotherapy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,3113497,en,2026-07-30T02:40:06Z,54748,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Innate immune system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,483378,en,2026-07-25T16:28:44Z,11819,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Lamina propria,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamina_propria,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,17432575,en,2026-07-16T07:56:13Z,98404,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,List of autoimmune diseases,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_autoimmune_diseases,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,42087655,en,2026-06-16T23:02:21Z,5835,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,List of systems of the human body,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_of_the_human_body,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,71425,en,2026-07-24T20:35:51Z,63705,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Lymphatic system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,58911,en,2026-08-03T18:47:39Z,137872,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Measles,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,6198688,en,2026-07-31T07:58:28Z,168984,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Medical terminology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_terminology,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,23208453,en,2026-07-20T16:57:13Z,24446,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Mucosal immunology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosal_immunology,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,16081289,en,2026-07-07T22:44:09Z,12609,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Nonspecific immune cell,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonspecific_immune_cell,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,22620312,en,2026-08-03T04:35:45Z,12777,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Ocular immune system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_immune_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,419100,en,2026-07-15T16:51:14Z,7300,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Organ system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_system,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,544177,en,2026-08-03T11:50:23Z,98263,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Plasmodium falciparum,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,816012,en,2026-07-20T16:56:39Z,54438,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Psychoneuroimmunology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoneuroimmunology,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,232921,en,2026-07-15T16:50:42Z,34892,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,Severe combined immunodeficiency,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficiency,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],,25164668,en,2026-07-30T02:44:07Z,32886,2026-08-03T22:00:11+00:00,White blood cell,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell,d13clwgoQkPsWYN1z,gzsPEDX4nvahxwxq1
[],Anna Magdalena Bach (née Wilcke; 22 September 1701 – 27 February 1760) was a German professional singer and the second wife of Johann Sebastian Bach.,1458203,en,2026-07-24T03:26:36Z,20112,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Anna Magdalena Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Magdalena_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"In music, the BACH motif is a succession of notes important or characteristic to a piece, which consists of the notes B♭, A, C, B♮: 

In German musical nomenclature, in which the note B natural is named H and the B flat named B, it forms Johann Sebastian Bach's family name. One of the most frequently occurring examples of a musical cryptogram, the motif has been used by countless composers, especially after the Bach Revival in the first half of the 19th century.",195083,en,2026-08-03T16:19:35Z,18449,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,BACH motif,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BACH_motif,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"The 1754 obituary of Johann Sebastian Bach is usually called the ""Nekrolog."" It was published four years after his death.",47879096,en,2026-08-02T14:51:28Z,8431,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Bach's Nekrolog,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach%27s_Nekrolog,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"The Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (German: [ˈbax ˌvɛʁkə fɐˈtsaɪçnɪs], lit. 'Bach Works Catalogue'; BWV) is a catalogue of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was first published in 1950, edited by Wolfgang Schmieder. The catalogue's second edition appeared in 1990 and the third edition in 2022.
The catalogue groups compositions by genre. Even within a genre, compositions are not necessarily collated chronologically. 
In part this reflects the fact that some compositions cannot be dated. However, an approximate or precise date can be assigned to others: for example, BWV 992 was composed many years before BWV 1.",265783,en,2026-07-30T02:39:06Z,185722,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Bach Church is the common name of a Protestant parish church in Arnstadt, Thuringia, Germany. It was officially named Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Kirche in 1935 because of its association with the composer Johann Sebastian Bach.
It was in this church that Bach played a harpsichord concerto after working for Johann Ernst III, Duke of Saxe-Weimar for 7 months.
A church on the premises named after St. Boniface burned down in 1581. A new church was built from 1676 to 1683 and simply named Neue Kirche (New church). It is a Baroque hall church with three tiers on all sides.

The organ builder Johann Friedrich Wender from Mühlhausen built from 1699 to 1703 on the third tier of the church an organ with two manuals and 21 stops. It was inspected in June 1703 by Johann Sebastian Bach, then 18 years old, who was hired afterwards for the post of the organist at the church, his first position as an organist. He was succeeded in 1707 by his cousin Johann Ernst Bach who held the post to 1728. The organ was changed and restored several times. A replica of the organ was installed in the church of Pontaumur, Auvergne, which is used also for a regional Bach festival, Bach en Combrailles.",49553599,en,2026-08-02T13:49:13Z,3668,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,"Bach Church, Arnstadt","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_Church,_Arnstadt",oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],The Bach Medal (German: Bach-Medaille) is awarded by the Lord Mayor of Leipzig during the Bachfest Leipzig in recognition of efforts to promote the work of Johann Sebastian Bach. The Bach Medal of the City of Leipzig is an annual award.,57819153,en,2026-07-30T02:56:43Z,7271,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Bach Medal,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_Medal,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"The Bach family is a family of notable composers of the Baroque and Classical periods of music, the best-known of whom was Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750). There are surviving descendants of the Erfurt Line, such as the great-great-great-grandson of Frederich Leopold Bach or the daughters of Philip Frederick Bach, Susan Jean Weaver and Nancy Louis Hertzog Bach. A family genealogy was drawn up by Johann Sebastian Bach himself in 1735 when he was 50 and was continued by his son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.",713599,en,2026-08-03T03:38:49Z,15465,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Bach family,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_family,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"The first major biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach, including those by Johann Nikolaus Forkel and Philipp Spitta, were published in the 19th century. Many more were published in the 20th century by, among others, Albert Schweitzer, Charles Sanford Terry, Christoph Wolff and Klaus Eidam.",47303941,en,2026-07-30T15:54:17Z,40220,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographies_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Throughout his life as a musician, Johann Sebastian Bach composed cantatas for both secular and sacred use. He composed his church cantatas for use in the Lutheran church, mainly intended for the occasions of the liturgical year.",3353505,en,2026-07-15T16:56:19Z,105237,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Church cantata (Bach),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_cantata_(Bach),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"There are four Clavier-Übung (keyboard practice) volumes by Johann Sebastian Bach, all of them published during his lifetime:

Clavier-Übung I, for harpsichord, contains six partitas, BWV 825–830, which were published separately from 1726 to 1730, and then grouped into one publication in 1731
Clavier-Übung II, for harpsichord with two manuals, contains the Italian Concerto, BWV 971 and the Overture in the French style, BWV 831, and was published in 1735
Clavier-Übung III, for organ, contains the Prelude and Fugue in E flat major, BWV 552, 21 chorale preludes, BWV 669–689, and the Four Duets, BWV 802–805, and was published in 1739
Clavier-Übung IV, better known as the Goldberg Variations, for harpsichord with two manuals, was published in 1741",52651638,en,2026-06-22T18:31:31Z,1098,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Clavier-Übung (Bach),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavier-%C3%9Cbung_(Bach),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"The International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition (German: Internationaler Bach Wettbewerb Leipzig) is a music competition in Leipzig, Germany, held by the Bach-Archiv Leipzig. It was founded in 1950 and was held every four years from 1964 to 1996 with five subjects and is now held every two years with three changing subjects violin / baroque violin, piano, harpsichord or in the fields of voice, cello / baroque violoncello and organ. From 1965 the competition is a member of the World Federation of International Music Competitions in Geneva.",26567710,en,2026-07-30T02:44:27Z,5254,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Competition,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Johann Ambrosius Bach (22 February 1645 – 20 February 1695) was a German musician, father to Johann Sebastian Bach.",3263884,en,2026-07-15T16:56:08Z,3066,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Ambrosius Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Johann Bernhard Bach (23 May 1676 – 11 June 1749) was a German composer, and second cousin of J. S. Bach.",309951,en,2026-07-15T16:50:54Z,5954,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Bernhard Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Johann Christian Bach (5 September 1735 – 1 January 1782) was a German composer of the Classical era and the youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach.
Bach received his early musical training from his father, and later from his half-brother, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach in Berlin. After his time in Berlin he made his way to Italy to study with the famous Padre Martini in Bologna. While in Italy, J.C. Bach was appointed as an organist at the Milan Cathedral. In 1762 he became a composer to the King’s Theatre in London where he wrote a number of successful Italian operas and became known as ""The English Bach"".
Bach is responsible for the development of the sinfonia concertante form. He became one of the most influential figures of the classical period, influencing compositional styles of prolific composers like Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. There are two others named Johann Christian Bach in the Bach family tree, but neither was a composer.",250979,en,2026-08-02T20:02:54Z,13936,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Christian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Johann Christoph Bach (baptised 18 December [O.S. 8 December] 1642 – 31 March 1703) was a German composer and organist of the Baroque period. Johann Christoph was an older cousin of Johann Sebastian Bach who would later describe him in his Genealogy (Ursprung, 1735) as ""the profound composer"", suggesting a solid reputation not only within the family but also in wider musical society. He is not to be confused with Johann Sebastian Bach's son, Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach.",2157868,en,2026-07-24T03:26:42Z,4924,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Christoph Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],Johann Christoph Bach (16 June 1671 – 22 February 1721) was a musician of the Bach family. He was the eldest of the brothers of Johann Sebastian Bach who survived childhood.,17375796,en,2026-08-02T20:07:21Z,6559,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Christoph Bach (organist at Ohrdruf),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Bach_(organist_at_Ohrdruf),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Johann Ludwig Bach (14 February [O.S. 4 February] 1677 – 1 May 1731) was a German composer and violinist.
He was born in Thal (Ruhla) near Eisenach on 4 February 1677. At the age of 22 he moved to Meiningen eventually being appointed cantor there, and later Kapellmeister. He wrote a large amount of music and regularly oversaw performances, both at Meiningen and neighbouring courts.
He was a third cousin of Johann Sebastian Bach, who made copies of several of his cantatas and performed them at Leipzig. The cantata Denn du wirst meine Seele nicht in der Hölle lassen, BWV 15, once thought to be by Johann Sebastian, and listed as BWV 15 in Wolfgang Schmieder's catalogue of his works, is now thought to be by Johann Ludwig.
Bach died on 1 May 1731 in Meiningen.",331421,en,2026-07-15T16:51:01Z,41963,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Ludwig Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Johann Michael Bach (baptised 19 August [O.S. 9 August] 1648, Arnstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – 27 May [O.S. 17 May] 1694, Gehren) was a German composer of the Baroque period.  He was the brother of Johann Christoph Bach, as well as first cousin, once removed and father-in-law of Johann Sebastian Bach (he was the father of J.S. Bach's first wife Maria Barbara Bach). He is sometimes referred to as the ""Gehrener Bach"" to distinguish him from the ""Wuppertaler Bach"", Johann Michael Bach (musician at Wuppertal).",2158021,en,2026-07-15T16:54:10Z,3938,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Michael Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Michael_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
"[""1653 births"", ""1706 deaths"", ""17th-century German classical composers"", ""17th-century German male musicians"", ""17th-century keyboardists"", ""18th-century German classical composers"", ""18th-century German keyboardists"", ""18th-century German male musicians"", ""All articles lacking reliable references"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018"", ""Articles needing additional references from October 2025"", ""Articles with International Music Score Library Project links"", ""Articles with hAudio microformats"", ""Articles with hCards"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with weasel words from November 2024"", ""Biography with signature"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Composers for pipe organ"", ""Composers with IMSLP links"", ""German Baroque composers"", ""German Lutherans"", ""German cathedral organists"", ""German classical composers of church music"", ""German classical organists""]","Johann Pachelbel (also Bachelbel; baptised 11 September [O.S. 1 September] 1653 – buried 9 March 1706) was a German composer, organist, and teacher who brought the south German organ schools to their peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era.
Pachelbel's music enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime; he had many pupils and his music became a model for the composers of south and central Germany. Pachelbel is most famous for the Canon in D; other well known works include the Chaconne in F minor, the Toccata in E minor for organ, and the Hexachordum Apollinis, a set of keyboard variations.
He was influenced by southern German composers, such as Johann Jakob Froberger and Johann Caspar Kerll, Italians such as Girolamo Frescobaldi and Alessandro Poglietti, French composers, and the composers of the Nuremberg tradition. He preferred a lucid, uncomplicated contrapuntal style that emphasized melodic and harmonic clarity. His music is less virtuosic and less adventurous harmonically than that of Dieterich Buxtehude, although, like Buxtehude, Pachelbel experimented with different ensembles and instrumental combinations in his chamber music and, most importantly, his vocal music, much of which features exceptionally rich instrumentation. Pachelbel explored many variation forms and associated techniques, which manifest themselves in various diverse pieces, from sacred concertos to harpsichord suites.",60587,en,2026-08-02T20:02:52Z,63000,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Pachelbel,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Johann Sebastian Bach (31 March [O.S. 21 March] 1685 – 28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his prolific output across a variety of instruments and forms, including the orchestral Brandenburg Concertos; solo instrumental works such as the Cello Suites and Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin; keyboard works such as the Goldberg Variations and The Well-Tempered Clavier; organ works such as the Schübler Chorales and the Toccata and Fugue in D minor; and choral works such as the St. Matthew Passion and the Mass in B minor. He is known for his mastery of counterpoint, as heard in The Musical Offering and The Art of Fugue. Felix Mendelssohn precipitated the Bach Revival with a performance of the St. Matthew Passion in 1829. Ever since, Bach has been acclaimed as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music.
The Bach family had already produced several composers when Johann Sebastian was born in Eisenach, the youngest child of the city musician Johann Ambrosius Bach. After being orphaned at age 10, he lived for five years with his eldest brother, Johann Christoph, then continued his musical education in Lüneburg. In 1703 he returned to Thuringia, working as a musician for Protestant churches in Arnstadt and Mühlhausen. Around that time he also paid extended visits to the courts in Weimar, where he expanded his organ repertory, and the reformed court at Köthen, where he was mostly engaged with chamber music. By 1723 he was hired as Thomaskantor, church music director of the city of Leipzig and thus responsible for music in four Lutheran city churches and for the St. Thomas School. He decided to compose annual cycles of church cantatas, and also wrote music for Leipzig University's student ensemble, Collegium Musicum. In 1726 he began publishing his organ and other keyboard music. In Leipzig, he had difficult relations with his employer, as he had during some of his earlier positions. This situation was somewhat remedied when his sovereign, Augustus III of Poland, granted him the title of court composer of the Elector of Saxony in 1736. In the last decades of his life, Bach reworked and extended many of his earlier compositions. He died due to complications following eye surgery in 1750 at the age of 65. Four of his twenty children, Wilhelm Friedemann, Carl Philipp Emanuel, Johann Christoph Friedrich, and Johann Christian, became composers.
Bach enriched established German styles through his mastery of counterpoint, harmonic and motivic organisation, and his adaptation of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly Italy and France. His compositions include hundreds of cantatas, both sacred and secular. He composed Latin church music, Passions, oratorios, and motets. He adopted Lutheran hymns, not only in his larger vocal works but also in such works as his four-part chorales and his sacred songs. Bach wrote extensively for organ and other keyboard instruments. He composed concertos, for instance for violin and for harpsichord, and suites, as chamber music as well as for orchestra. Many of his works use contrapuntal techniques like canon and fugue.
Several decades after his death, in the 18th century, Bach was still primarily known as an organist. Several biographies of Bach were published in the 19th century, and by the end of that century all of his known music had been printed. Dissemination of Bach scholarship continued through periodicals (and later websites) devoted to him, other publications such as the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV, a numbered catalogue of his works), and new critical editions of his compositions. His music was further popularised by a multitude of arrangements, including the ""Air on the G String"" and ""Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring"", and recordings, among them three boxed sets of performances of his complete œuvre marking the 250th anniversary of his death.",9906294,en,2026-08-02T20:05:23Z,158402,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,74503407,en,2026-07-08T22:30:54Z,446,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Sebastian Bach (disambiguation),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_(disambiguation),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,26328022,en,2026-07-21T02:14:39Z,2263,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Sebastian Bach (painter),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_(painter),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,38694194,en,2026-07-30T02:50:09Z,2425,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Johann Sebastian Bach Institute,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Institute,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,11449972,en,2026-07-30T02:38:50Z,84610,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Keyboard concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_concertos_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,82902382,en,2026-08-03T02:00:46Z,8303,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Leipzig Bach Museum,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Bach_Museum,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,34525170,en,2026-07-30T02:48:26Z,108489,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of Bach cantatas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bach_cantatas,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,217088,en,2026-07-30T02:39:04Z,209799,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of chorale harmonisations by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chorale_harmonisations_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,68711650,en,2026-07-31T07:58:31Z,241489,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of church cantatas by liturgical occasion,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_church_cantatas_by_liturgical_occasion,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
"[""All articles with dead external links"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles containing Italian-language text"", ""Articles containing video clips"", ""Articles with German-language sources (de)"", ""Articles with International Music Score Library Project links"", ""Articles with Italian-language sources (it)"", ""Articles with dead external links from January 2026"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 French-language sources (fr)"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 Italian-language sources (it)"", ""CS1 Latin-language sources (la)"", ""CS1 interproject-linked names"", ""CS1 interwiki-linked names"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach"", ""Lists of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from December 2019"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Works with IMSLP links""]",,15910,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,62437,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,52584050,en,2026-07-30T02:55:14Z,20259,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concertos_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,8947200,en,2026-07-30T02:41:07Z,39900,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of fugal works by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fugal_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,3893684,en,2026-07-30T02:40:15Z,159584,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of keyboard and lute compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_keyboard_and_lute_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,49372201,en,2026-07-30T02:54:19Z,68103,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,"List of masses, passions and oratorios by Johann Sebastian Bach","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_masses,_passions_and_oratorios_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach",oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,47710453,en,2026-07-30T02:53:44Z,28715,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of motets by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motets_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,49489673,en,2026-07-30T02:54:20Z,28418,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of orchestral works by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_orchestral_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,49481377,en,2026-07-30T02:54:20Z,212130,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,217091,en,2026-07-30T02:39:04Z,67020,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of songs and arias by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_and_arias_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,11077346,en,2026-07-27T23:06:53Z,2316,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of suites by Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suites_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,2108841,en,2026-07-15T16:54:06Z,4338,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Maria Barbara Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Barbara_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,6110329,en,2026-07-30T02:40:41Z,9961,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,New Bach Edition,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bach_Edition,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,856575,en,2026-07-30T02:39:24Z,28115,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_for_Anna_Magdalena_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,6115145,en,2026-07-15T16:59:28Z,18119,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Orchestral suites (Bach),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral_suites_(Bach),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,51501355,en,2026-07-16T00:09:13Z,78429,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Organ Sonatas (Bach),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_Sonatas_(Bach),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,52676418,en,2026-07-16T00:09:15Z,19241,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Organ concerto (Bach),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_concerto_(Bach),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,2021679,en,2026-07-19T21:00:28Z,18283,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Partita for Violin No. 2 (Bach),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partita_for_Violin_No._2_(Bach),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,72904551,en,2026-07-30T03:00:32Z,13164,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Portraits of Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraits_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,930371,en,2026-07-25T16:50:50Z,9534,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Sinfonia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,1950194,en,2026-07-31T07:58:27Z,34587,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatas_and_Partitas_for_Solo_Violin_(Bach),oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,47879126,en,2026-07-15T17:24:44Z,13793,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Spitta's Johann Sebastian Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitta%27s_Johann_Sebastian_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],,250974,en,2026-07-24T22:40:22Z,43620,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Wilhelm Friedemann Bach,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach,oFDQmGEFpmgEs4Mrg,5woaVw2R357CZHOVq
[],"Architecture is the study and practice of designing structures, especially habitable ones. It utilizes civil engineering techniques, but is considered a visual art. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. The term comes from Latin  architectura; from Ancient Greek  ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn) 'architect'; from  ἀρχι- (arkhi-) 'chief' and  τέκτων (téktōn) 'creator'. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
The practice of architecture itself, which began in the prehistoric era, has been used as a way of expressing culture by civilizations on all seven continents. For this reason, architecture is considered to be a form of art. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times. The earliest surviving text on architectural theories is the 1st century BC treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius, according to whom a good building embodies firmitas, utilitas, and venustas (durability, utility, and beauty). Centuries later, Leon Battista Alberti developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective quality of buildings to be found in their proportions. In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that ""form follows function"". ""Function"" began to replace the classical ""utility"" and was understood to include not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological, and cultural dimensions. The idea of sustainable architecture was introduced in the late 20th century.
Architecture began as rural, oral vernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues. Indian and Chinese architecture influenced forms all over Asia and Buddhist architecture in particular took diverse local flavors. During the Middle Ages, pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects known by name. Later, the roles of architects and engineers became separated.
Modern architecture began after World War I as an avant-garde movement that sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and postmodern and contemporary architecture developed. Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating.

",21296224,en,2026-08-03T19:48:55Z,69059,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"Architecture in Central Asia refers to the architectural styles of the numerous societies that have occupied Central Asia throughout history. These styles include a regional tradition of Islamic and Iranian architecture, including Timurid architecture of the 14th and 15th centuries, as well as 20th-century Soviet Modernism. Central Asia is an area that encompasses land from the Xinjiang Province of China in the East to the Caspian Sea in the West. The region is made up of the countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. The influence of Timurid architecture can be recognised in numerous sites in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, whilst the influence of Persian architecture is seen frequently in Uzbekistan and in some examples in Turkmenistan. Examples of Soviet architecture can be found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.",8314784,en,2026-08-03T19:36:33Z,40905,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture in Central Asia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_in_Central_Asia,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"Architecture in early modern Scotland encompasses all building within the borders of the kingdom of Scotland, from the early sixteenth century to the mid-eighteenth century. The time period roughly corresponds to the early modern era in Europe, beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation and ending with the start of the Enlightenment and Industrialisation.
Vernacular architecture made use of local materials such as stone, turf and, where available, wood. Most of the population was housed in small hamlets and isolated dwellings. The most common form of dwelling throughout Scotland was the long house, shared by humans and animals. About ten percent of the population lived in the burghs, in a mixture of half-timbered and stone houses.
The impact of the Renaissance on Scottish architecture began in the reign of James III in the late fifteenth century with the rebuilding of royal palaces such as Linlithgow, and reached its peak under James V. The Reformation had a major impact on ecclesiastical architecture from the mid-sixteenth century onward, resulting in simple church buildings, devoid of ornamentation. From the 1560s great private houses were built in a distinctive style that became known as Scottish Baronial. Such houses combined Renaissance features with those of Scottish castles and tower houses, resulting in larger, more comfortable residences.
After the Restoration in 1660, there was a fashion for grand private houses in designs influenced by the Palladian style and associated with the architects Sir William Bruce (1630–1710) and James Smith (c. 1645–1731). After the Act of Union in 1707, the threat of Jacobite Rebellions led to the building of military defences such as Fort George near Inverness. Scotland produced some of the most significant architects of the eighteenth century, including Colen Campbell, James Gibbs and William Adam, who all had a major influence on Georgian architecture across Britain. The influence of Gibbs led to churches that employed classical elements, with a pedimented rectangular plan and often with a steeple.",37868725,en,2026-07-17T06:25:28Z,35495,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture in early modern Scotland,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_in_early_modern_Scotland,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The architecture of the United States demonstrates a broad variety of architectural styles and built forms over the country's history of over two centuries of independence and former Spanish, French, Dutch and British rule.
Architecture in the United States has been shaped by many internal and external factors and regional distinctions. As a whole it represents a rich eclectic and innovative tradition.",199138,en,2026-08-03T18:01:22Z,72643,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture in the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"Like other aspects of the culture of Africa, the architecture of Africa is exceptionally diverse. Throughout the history of Africa, Africans have developed their own local architectural traditions. In some cases, broader regional styles can be identified, such as the Sudano-Sahelian architecture of West Africa. A common theme in traditional African architecture is the use of fractal scaling: small parts of the structure tend to look similar to larger parts, such as a circular village made of circular houses.
African architecture in some areas has been influenced by external cultures for centuries, according to available evidence. Western architecture has influenced coastal areas since the late 15th century and is now an important source of inspiration for many larger buildings, particularly in major cities.
African architecture uses a wide range of materials, including thatch, stick/wood, mud, mudbrick, rammed earth, and stone. These material preferences vary by region: North Africa for stone and rammed earth, the Horn of Africa for stone and mortar, West Africa for mud/adobe, Central Africa for thatch/wood and more perishable materials, Southeast and Southern Africa for stone and thatch/wood.
Author Binyavanga Wainaina argues that people from the west would portray Africa as a decrepit and barren land and had failed to look at the wonders of the continent.",2249390,en,2026-08-02T21:27:12Z,139015,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture of Africa,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The architecture of Bangladesh is intertwined with the architecture of the Bengal region and the broader Indian subcontinent. The architecture of Bangladesh has a long history and is rooted in Bangladesh's culture, religion and history. It has evolved over centuries and assimilated influences from social, religious and exotic communities. The architecture of Bangladesh bears a remarkable impact on the lifestyle, tradition and cultural life of Bangladeshi people. Bangladesh has many architectural relics and monuments dating back thousands of years.",24254873,en,2026-08-02T20:02:20Z,24805,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture of Bangladesh,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"Colombia's architectural heritage includes Spanish colonial architecture, such as Catholic churches. Its modern architecture represents various International Style architecture. In the postmodern architecture era, a wave of innovate and striking buildings have been designed.
Colombian cultural heritage includes indigenous, European, Indian and African influences. The country's colonial buildings reflect their Spanish (and particularly Andalusian origin, as seen in the traditional single-story) houses laid around a central patio, to be found both in colonial towns such as Santafé (Bogotá), Tunja or Cartagena, or in rural haciendas throughout the country. After gaining its independence, Colombia severed its links with Spain and looked elsewhere for new models, first England, then France, marking the beginning of what became known as Republican Architecture (Arquitectura republicana), an era that lasted well into the twentieth century, when the changes in architectural thinking in Europe brought Modern Architecture to the country during the last years before World War II.
Prominent Colombian architects include Rafael Esguerra, Daniel Bermúdez, Giancarlo Mazzanti, Rogelio Salmona, Álvaro Barrera, Patricio Samper Gnecco, Bruce Graham, Laureano Forero Ochoa, Pedro Nel Gómez, Raúl Fajardo Moreno, Rafael Esguerra, Arturo Robledo Ocampo and Simón Vélez. Firms include plan:B.
Jorge Arango, Andres Cortes, Jaime Correa and Felipe Hernandez (architect) were born in Colombia. Bruce Graham worked in Colombia. Expats such as Leopold Rother worked in Colombia.",13236234,en,2026-08-03T16:35:06Z,13093,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture of Colombia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Colombia,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The architecture of Croatia has roots in a long history: the Croats have inhabited the area for fourteen centuries, but there are important remnants of earlier periods still preserved in the country. The historic architecture of most old towns on the coast is Venetian, a legacy of the Venetian empire. The Habsburg and Ottoman empires also influenced the architecture of the region.",12208609,en,2026-08-03T19:09:29Z,54140,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture of Croatia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Croatia,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The architecture of England is the architecture of the historic Kingdom of England up to 1707, and of England since then, but is deemed to include buildings created under English influence or by English architects in other parts of the world, particularly in the English overseas possessions and the later  British Empire, which developed into the present-day Commonwealth of Nations.
Apart from Anglo-Saxon architecture, the major non-vernacular forms employed in England before 1900 originated elsewhere in western Europe, chiefly in France and Italy, while 20th-century Modernist architecture derived from both European and American influences. Each of these foreign modes became assimilated within English architectural culture and gave rise to local variation and innovation, producing distinctive national forms. Among the most characteristic styles originating in England are the Perpendicular Gothic of the late Middle Ages, High Victorian Gothic and the Queen Anne style.",1194886,en,2026-07-15T16:52:43Z,39476,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture of England,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_England,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The architecture of Mexico reflects the influences of various cultures, regions, and periods that have shaped the country's history and identity. In the pre-Columbian era, distinct styles emerged that reflected the distinct cultures of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, particularly in the architecture of Mesoamerica. During the colonial era, the region was transformed by successive styles from Europe. With the foremost style during this era being Mexican Baroque.
In 19th century independent Mexico, foreign architectural influence lead to the gradual rise of Eclecticism, particularly during the Porfiriato. After the Mexican Revolution, there was a nationalist movement in the arts that promoted neo-Mesoamerican styles and a revival of Novohispanic styles.
By the mid-20th century, the nationalist architectural styles began to lose popularity as international architecture movements permeated. Nonetheless, architects during this era designed public and private projects that combined functionalism, regionalism, and modernism to create a distinctive Mexican style of architecture. Most notable among these architects was Luis Barragán.
In contemporary Mexico, the rise of globalization has led to the localization of international movements, including Postmodern, New Classical and Neomodern.",20959016,en,2026-08-03T12:43:41Z,60852,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture of Mexico,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The architecture of Poland reflects the country’s political, religious, and cultural development since 966 AD, when the Polish state first emerged. The country's architectural heritage is defined by a broad sequence of major European styles, each leaving a clear imprint on the country’s cities and landscapes, and the architectural forms and styles greatly differ between the various regions of Poland. 
The Romanesque (10th and 11th century) and Gothic architecture (13th century) established Poland’s earliest monumental forms, in particular the Brick Gothic style which was utilised extensively in churches and castles during the Middle Ages and later in Gothic Revival. The Renaissance (early 16th century) introduced classical harmony and proportion, visible in planned urban layouts, arcaded courtyards, and façades with decorated attics above the cornice, which is the most recognisable feature of the Polish Renaissance. Notably, Mannerism and Northern Mannerism left a considerable legacy in built heritage across the country. Baroque architecture then became dominant (late 16th century), characterised by stucco decoration, ornamented interiors and palace complexes. Following the Partitions of Poland, under foreign rule, the late 18th and 19th century brought Neoclassicism, Eclecticism and industrial architecture.
In the 20th century, Poland’s architecture was shaped by modernism (functionalism), socialist realism, and extensive post-World War II reconstruction of major cities, especially Warsaw and Gdańsk. Modernist housing estates and public buildings became widespread between 1920 and 1939, while socialist realist projects emphasized monumental scale and ideological symbolism from 1949 until the mid-1950s. Between 1960 and 1989, prefabricated functionalist housing estates were the dominant form of architectural expression in which the form follows function. After 1989, largely controversial postmodernism became widespread before being succeeded by contemporary architecture in more recent years. At present, Poland leads in the adaptive reuse of industrial sites and in the revitalisation of its built heritage. 
Several important works of Western architecture, such as the Wawel Hill, the Książ and Malbork castles, cityscapes of Toruń, Zamość, and Kraków are located in the country. Some of them are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Now Poland is developing modernist approaches in design with architects like Daniel Libeskind, Karol Żurawski, and Krzysztof Ingarden.",25143462,en,2026-08-03T21:44:28Z,44094,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture of Poland,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The architecture of Serbia has a long, rich and diverse history. Some of the major European style from Roman to Postmodern are demonstrated, including renowned examples of Raška, Serbo-Byzantine with its revival, Morava, Baroque, Classical and Modern architecture, with prime examples in Brutalism and Streamline Moderne.
Centuries of turbulent history of Serbia caused a great regional diversity and favored vernacular architecture. This made for a heterogeneous and diverse architectural style, with architecture differing from town to town.  While this diversity may still be witnessed in small towns, the devastation of architectural heritage in the larger cities during World War II, and subsequent socialist influence on architecture resulted in specific mix of architectural styles.",17985616,en,2026-08-03T15:03:39Z,120255,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture of Serbia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Serbia,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The architecture of Singapore displays a range of influences and styles from different places and periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial period to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate trends from around the world. In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial period.
Traditional architecture in Singapore includes vernacular Malay houses, local hybrid shophouses and black and white bungalows, a range of places of worship reflecting the ethnic and religious diversity of the city-state as well as colonial civic and commercial architecture in European Neoclassical, gothic, palladian and renaissance styles.
Modern architecture in Singapore began with the transitional Art Deco style and the arrival of reinforced concrete as a popular building material. International Style modern architecture was popular from the 1950s to the 1970s, especially in the public housing apartment blocks. The Brutalist style of architecture was also popular in the 1970s. These styles coincided with the great urban renewal and building boom periods in Singapore history, and consequently these are the most common architectural styles seen on the island. Some of the more architecturally significant works of this period include Pearl Bank Apartments by Tan Cheng Siong, and the People's Park Complex and Golden Mile Complex by Design Partnership.
Post-modern architecture experiments, in both the 'historicist' and deconstructivist modes made an appearance in the 1980s, though the style was relatively muted in its expression. Another architectural trend has been the rediscovery of Singapore's architectural heritage, leading to an active conservation programme as well as a booming industry in the restoration of historic buildings, often adapting them to new uses. A recent example is the National Museum of Singapore.
An important area of local innovation has involved seeking to develop a form of modern architecture appropriate to Singapore's tropical climate. This climatically sensitive approach to architecture traces its roots back to the vernacular Malay houses and through to experiments by British colonial architects and early local nationalist architects to devise an authentically local architecture using modern construction methods. In the 1980s and especially from the late 1990s, this has led to a proliferation of what might be called 'modern tropical' architecture, or neo-tropical architecture. It involves a return to clean and simple rectilinear modernist forms, coupled with an emphasis of lush landscaping and sleek sun-shading in the form of metal or wood louvres, instead of the modernist glass curtain wall, which admits and traps solar heat. These architectural efforts have taken on a new relevance and urgency due to concerns about global warming, climate change and environmental sustainability, especially given that air conditioning in buildings is one of the largest consumers of electricity in Singapore, which is mostly generated by fossil fuels.

From the late 1990s, like many other global cities and aspiring global cities, the Singapore government consciously launched a drive to develop 'iconic' landmarks in the city to strengthen the Singapore brand identity as well as to attract foreign tourists, skilled immigrants, investments and buzz. Several such landmark projects have since been developed, sometimes through open or closed architectural design competitions. These include the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay arts centre, the Supreme Court of Singapore, the new National Library, Singapore, the Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort and the Singapore Flyer.",2574990,en,2026-08-03T15:35:36Z,25838,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Architecture of Singapore,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Singapore,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The Art Deco style, which originated in France just before World War I, had an important impact on architecture and design in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s.  The most notable examples are the skyscrapers of New York City, including the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, and Rockefeller Center. It combined modern aesthetics, fine craftsmanship, and expensive materials, and became the symbol of luxury and modernity. While rarely used in residences, it was frequently used for office buildings, government buildings, train stations, movie theaters, diners and department stores. It also was frequently used in furniture, and in the design of automobiles, ocean liners, and everyday objects such as toasters and radio sets.
In the late 1930s, during the Great Depression, it featured prominently in the architecture of the immense public works projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration and the Public Works Administration, such as the Golden Gate Bridge and Hoover Dam. The style competed throughout the period with the modernist architecture, and came to an abrupt end in 1939 with the beginning of World War II.  The style was rediscovered in the 1960s, and many of the original buildings have been restored and are now historical landmarks.",51461985,en,2026-07-30T02:54:48Z,50446,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Art Deco in the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco_in_the_United_States,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"Brutalist architecture is an architectural style that emerged during the 1950s in the United Kingdom, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are known for minimalist construction showcasing the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. The style commonly makes use of exposed, unpainted concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome colour palette; other materials, such as steel, timber, and glass, are also featured.
Descended from modernism, brutalism is said to be a reaction against the nostalgia of architecture in the 1940s. Derived from the Swedish word nybrutalism, the term ""new brutalism"" was first used by British architects Alison and Peter Smithson for their pioneering approach to design. The style was further popularised in a 1955 essay by architectural critic Reyner Banham, who also associated the movement with the French phrases béton brut (""raw concrete"") and art brut (""raw art""). The style, as developed by architects such as the Smithsons, Hungarian-born Ernő Goldfinger, and the British firm Chamberlin, Powell & Bon, was partly foreshadowed by the modernist work of other architects such as French-Swiss Le Corbusier, Estonian-American Louis Kahn, German-American Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Finnish Alvar Aalto.
In the United Kingdom, brutalism was featured in the design of utilitarian, low-cost social housing influenced by socialist principles and soon spread to other regions around the world, while being echoed by similar styles like in Eastern Europe. Brutalist designs became most commonly used in the design of institutional buildings, such as provincial legislatures, public works projects, universities, libraries, courts, and city halls. The popularity of the movement began to decline in the late 1970s, with some associating the style with urban decay and totalitarianism. Brutalism's popularity in socialist and communist nations owed to traditional styles being associated with the bourgeoisie, whereas concrete emphasized equality.
Brutalism has been polarising historically; specific buildings, as well as the movement as a whole, have drawn a range of criticism (often being described as ""cold""). There are often public-led campaigns to demolish brutalist buildings. Some people are favourable to the style, and in the United Kingdom some buildings have been preserved.",424948,en,2026-07-30T02:39:12Z,74321,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Brutalist architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"Chinese architecture is the embodiment of an architectural style that has developed over millennia in China and has influenced architecture throughout East Asia. Since its emergence during the early ancient era, the structural principles of its architecture have remained largely unchanged. The main changes involved diverse decorative details. Starting with the Tang dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of neighbouring East Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Mongolia in addition to minor influences on the architecture of Southeast and South Asia including the countries of Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and the Philippines.
Chinese architecture is characterized by bilateral symmetry, use of enclosed open spaces, feng shui (e.g. directional hierarchies), a horizontal emphasis, and an allusion to various cosmological, mythological or in general symbolic elements. Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type, ranging from pagodas to palaces. Due to the frequent use of wood, a relatively perishable material, as well as few monumental structures built of more durable materials, much historical knowledge of Chinese architecture derives from surviving miniature models in ceramic and published diagrams and specifications.
Although unifying aspects exist, Chinese architecture varies widely based on status or affiliation, such as whether the structures were constructed for emperors, commoners, or for religious purposes. Other variations in Chinese architecture are shown in vernacular styles associated with different geographic regions and different ethnic heritages.

The architecture of China is as old as Chinese civilization. From every source of information—literary, graphic, exemplary—there is strong evidence testifying to the fact that the Chinese have always enjoyed an indigenous system of construction that has retained its principal characteristics from prehistoric times to the present day. Over the vast area from Chinese Turkistan to Japan, from Manchuria to the northern half of French Indochina, the same system of construction is prevalent; and this was the area of Chinese cultural influence. That this system of construction could perpetuate itself for more than four thousand years over such a vast territory and still remain a living architecture, retaining its principal characteristics in spite of repeated foreign invasions—military, intellectual, and spiritual—is a phenomenon comparable only to the continuity of the civilization of which it is an integral part.
In more recent times, China has become the most rapidly modernizing country in the world. In the past few decades, cities like Shanghai have completely changed their skyline, with some of the world's tallest skyscrapers dotting the horizon. China also has one of the most extensive high speed rail networks, connecting and allowing its large population to travel more efficiently.
Throughout the 20th century, Chinese architects have attempted to bring traditional Chinese designs into modern architecture. Moreover, the pressure for urban development throughout China requires high speed construction and a greater floor area ratio: thus, in cities the demand for traditional Chinese buildings (which are normally less than 3 levels) has declined in favor of high-rises. However, the traditional skills of Chinese architecture, including major and minor carpentry, masonry, and stonemasonry, are used in the construction of vernacular architecture in China's rural areas.",964617,en,2026-08-02T15:07:08Z,89706,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Chinese architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM), or International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, responsible for a series of events and congresses arranged across Europe by the most prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement focusing in all the main domains of architecture (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, and many others).",394070,en,2026-07-15T16:51:10Z,10806,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_Internationaux_d%27Architecture_Moderne,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"Constructivist architecture was a constructivist style of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. Abstract and austere, the movement aimed to reflect modern industrial society and urban space, while rejecting decorative stylization in favor of the industrial assemblage of materials. Designs combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly communist social purpose. Although it was divided into several competing factions, the movement produced many pioneering projects and finished buildings, before falling out of favor around 1932. It has left marked effects on later developments in architecture.",6795854,en,2026-07-15T16:59:56Z,37410,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Constructivist architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the 21st century. No single style is dominant. Contemporary architects work in several different styles, from postmodernism, high-tech architecture and new references and interpretations of traditional architecture like New Classical architecture to highly conceptual forms and designs, resembling sculpture on an enormous scale. Some of these styles and approaches make use of very advanced technology and modern building materials, such as tube structures which allow construction of buildings that are taller, lighter and stronger than those in the 20th century, while others prioritize the use of natural and ecological materials like stone, wood and lime. One technology that is common to all forms of contemporary architecture is the use of new techniques of computer-aided design, which allow buildings to be designed and modeled on computers in three dimensions, and constructed with more precision and speed.
Contemporary buildings and styles vary greatly. Some feature concrete structures wrapped in glass or aluminium screens, very asymmetric facades, and cantilevered sections which hang over the street. Skyscrapers twist, or break into crystal-like facets. Facades are designed to shimmer or change color at different times of day.
Whereas the major monuments of modern architecture in the 20th century were mostly concentrated in the Americas and Western Europe, contemporary architecture is global; important new buildings have been built in China, Russia, India and particularly in Arab states of the Persian Gulf; the Burj Khalifa in Dubai was the tallest building in the world in 2019, and the Shanghai Tower in China was the second-tallest.
Additionally, in the late 20th century, New Classical Architecture, a traditionalist response to modernist architecture, emerged, continuing into the 21st century. The 21st century saw the emergence of multiple organizations dedicated to the promotion of traditional architecture. Examples include the International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism (INTBAU), the Institute of Classical Architecture & Art (ICAA), the Driehaus Architecture Prize. Contemporary traditional architects include Michael Graves, Léon Krier, Yasmeen Lari, Robert Stern and Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil.
Recently, in the realm of contemporary architecture, a philosophy known as ""New Contextualism"" has emerged, primarily coined and propagated by Bangladeshi architect and academic Mohammad Habib Reza. This approach advocates for creating built environments that are profoundly informed by both historical precedents and future predictions, while embracing a holistic understanding of context. Unlike universalist or purely modernist perspectives, New Contextualism emphasizes the deep integration of a design within its specific setting, considering not only the immediate site but also broader universal values, regional characteristics, and the socio-cultural fabric of a place. It stresses the importance of equity, social justice, and the revitalization of vernacular building traditions to achieve sustainable and inclusive designs. The philosophy encourages the use of data analytics and scenario planning to anticipate future needs and challenges, aiming for timeless yet adaptable architectural solutions.
Most of the landmarks of contemporary architecture are the works of a small group of architects who work on an international scale. Many were designed by architects already famous in the late 20th century, including Mario Botta, Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Norman Foster, Ieoh Ming Pei, Dariush Borbor and Renzo Piano, while others are the work of a new generation born during or after World War II, including Zaha Hadid, Santiago Calatrava, Daniel Libeskind, Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron, Rem Koolhaas, and Shigeru Ban. Other projects are the work of collectives of several architects, such as UNStudio and SANAA, or large multinational agencies such as Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, with thirty associate architects and large teams of engineers and designers, and Gensler, with 5,000 employees in 16 countries.",3970948,en,2026-07-15T16:57:13Z,75938,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Contemporary architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"Dzong architecture is used for dzongs, a distinctive type of fortified monastery (Dzongkha: རྫོང, Wylie: rdzong, [dzoŋ˩˨]) architecture found mainly in Bhutan and Tibet. The architecture is massive in style with towering exterior walls surrounding a complex of courtyards, temples, administrative offices, and monks' accommodation.",247578,en,2026-08-01T21:58:44Z,12389,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Dzong architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzong_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,6585032,en,2026-07-29T21:40:35Z,34700,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Fascist architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,17132223,en,2026-07-17T06:21:23Z,11264,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Feminism and modern architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,568755,en,2026-07-31T07:58:27Z,27332,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Functionalism (architecture),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture),fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,341798,en,2026-07-25T10:20:52Z,33448,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Googie architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googie_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,3684625,en,2026-08-02T09:21:30Z,194990,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,History of architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,33673358,en,2026-07-30T02:48:14Z,11763,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Industrial architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,1201591,en,2026-07-30T02:39:33Z,32109,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Interior architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,314881,en,2026-07-31T07:58:26Z,58373,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,International Style,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,26517381,en,2026-08-02T16:57:52Z,7944,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Italian modern and contemporary architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_modern_and_contemporary_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,344430,en,2026-08-02T12:05:20Z,93978,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Japanese architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,1707947,en,2026-08-03T20:01:25Z,56348,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Korean architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,1330747,en,2026-07-30T02:38:27Z,14186,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Miami Modern architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Modern_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,1835463,en,2026-07-15T22:24:08Z,43007,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Mid-century modern,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-century_modern,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
"[""1960s in art"", ""1970s in art"", ""Abstract art"", ""All articles to be expanded"", ""All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing Dutch-language text"", ""Articles containing French-language text"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles containing Japanese-language text"", ""Articles to be expanded from December 2025"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2025"", ""Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2021"", ""Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2024"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 Italian-language sources (it)"", ""CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025"", ""CS1 maint: location missing publisher"", ""CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Contemporary art movements"", ""Design languages"", ""Minimalism"", ""Modern art"", ""Modernism"", ""Post-war period"", ""Postmodern art"", ""Postmodernism"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Simple living"", ""Use dmy dates from March 2023"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Western art""]",,20836,en,2026-08-03T09:49:51Z,66327,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Minimalism,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,19668784,en,2026-07-15T23:35:36Z,2208,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Modern,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,18198410,en,2026-07-30T02:42:38Z,17982,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Modern Greek architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,315927,en,2026-08-03T18:31:02Z,125380,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Modern architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,52936081,en,2026-07-15T17:26:47Z,31020,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Modern architecture in Athens,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture_in_Athens,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,80808475,en,2026-08-02T13:50:55Z,80482,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Modern architecture of Kaunas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture_of_Kaunas,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,1430291,en,2026-07-15T16:53:03Z,7463,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Neomodern,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomodern,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,40894293,en,2026-07-15T17:21:05Z,33267,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,New Classical architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Classical_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,36994726,en,2026-07-31T00:06:43Z,63148,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Phallic architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallic_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,8938191,en,2026-08-02T21:08:52Z,64308,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Portuguese architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,964995,en,2026-08-03T09:49:52Z,74289,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Postmodern architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
"[""1880s neologisms"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Art movements"", ""Articles containing French-language text"", ""Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 maint: location"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Criticism of rationalism"", ""Cultural trends""]",,23603,en,2026-07-31T21:02:37Z,105587,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Postmodernism,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,9314726,en,2026-07-30T02:41:11Z,30365,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Sarasota School of Architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota_School_of_Architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,1207392,en,2026-07-15T16:52:44Z,33269,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Streamline Moderne,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,51351686,en,2026-08-02T13:49:19Z,37229,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architectural_Work_of_Le_Corbusier,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,9245549,en,2026-07-30T02:41:10Z,18079,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Vestibule (architecture),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture),fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],,26104893,en,2026-08-03T16:19:37Z,15060,2026-08-03T21:59:45+00:00,Vietnamese architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_architecture,fgZSg2wkW72dEMOjM,7587aiyAnYAwy5BsS
[],"The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceanic divisions. It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km2 (5,430,000 sq mi) and is the coldest of the world's oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or North Polar Sea. It has also been described as being approximately equivalent to an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. It is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing world ocean.
The Arctic Ocean includes the North Pole region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere and extends south to about 60°N. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by Eurasia and North America, and the borders follow topographic features: the Bering Strait on the Pacific side and the Greenland Scotland Ridge on the Atlantic side. It is mostly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years, showing a continuous decline in sea ice extent. In September 2012, the Arctic ice extent reached a new record minimum. Compared to the average extent (1979–2000), the sea ice had diminished by 49%.",18951556,en,2026-08-03T15:56:26Z,79614,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Arctic Ocean,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"The Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) is a major Government of Canada ocean research facility located in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.  BIO is the largest ocean research station in Canada. Established in 1962 as Canada's first, and currently largest, federal centre for oceanographic research, BIO derives its name from the Bedford Basin, an inland bay comprising the northern part of Halifax Harbour, upon which it is located.
Spread out over 40 acres (160,000 m2) of a former Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) property near Shannon Park in Dartmouth, BIO consists of a series of interconnected buildings housing research labs and offices, as well as docks for Canadian Coast Guard and RCN research vessels.
As the federal government seeks to concentrate its operations in the Halifax Regional Municipality, BIO is being considered for additional office buildings to house other non-oceanographic and non-research organizations and their employees. As such, new buildings have been built for the Canadian Coast Guard as well as Environment Canada in recent years.",746640,en,2026-08-02T13:44:23Z,11017,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Bedford Institute of Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Institute_of_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Biological oceanography  is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system. Biological oceanography may also be referred to as ocean ecology, in which the root word of ecology is Oikos (oικoσ), meaning ‘house’ or ‘habitat’ in Greek. The main focus of biological oceanography is on the microorganisms within the ocean; looking at how they are affected by their environment and how that affects larger marine creatures and their ecosystem. Biological oceanography is similar to marine biology, but is different because of the perspective used to study the ocean. Biological oceanography takes a bottom-up approach (in terms of the food web), while marine biology studies the ocean from a top-down perspective. Biological oceanography mainly focuses on the ecosystem of the ocean with an emphasis on plankton: their diversity (morphology, nutritional sources, motility, and metabolism); their productivity and how that plays a role in the global carbon cycle; and their distribution (predation and life cycle).",6456388,en,2026-07-22T18:54:37Z,8931,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Biological oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Boaty McBoatface (informally known as Boaty) is part of a fleet of six ""over-the-horizon"" autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) of the Autosub Long Range (ALR) class. Launched in 2017, the ALRs are designed, owned and operated by the National Oceanography Centre in the UK. One of the many features of ALRs is a shore-launch capability. 
Boaty and her fleet-mates are part of the UK National Marine Equipment Pool operated and maintained by the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton.  The ALRs can contain or carry a wide range of oceanographic instruments and sensors to gather data to help understand ocean current and activity, and ultimately the Earth's climate.",49887485,en,2026-07-30T02:54:23Z,25260,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Boaty McBoatface,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaty_McBoatface,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"The CSIRO Division of Oceanography (1981–1997) was a research section (Division) of the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific Industrial and Research Organisation), Australia's national science research agency. It was split from the previous CSIRO Division of Fisheries and Oceanography in 1981 and merged again with the same entity in 1997.",82929097,en,2026-07-01T16:57:33Z,6005,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,CSIRO Division of Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO_Division_of_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Charles Alden Black (March 6, 1919 – August 4, 2005) was an American businessman known for his work in aquaculture and oceanography as well as his marriage to Shirley Temple.",2428280,en,2026-07-24T03:26:45Z,7008,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Charles Alden Black,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alden_Black,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"A drifter (not to be confused with a float) is an oceanographic device floating on the surface to investigate ocean currents by tracking location. They can also measure other parameters like sea surface temperature, salinity, barometric pressure, and wave height. Modern drifters are typically tracked by satellite, often GPS. They are sometimes called Lagrangian drifters since the location of the measurements they make moves with the flow.  A major user of drifters is NOAA's Global Drifter Program.",17323566,en,2026-07-22T05:44:39Z,13420,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Drifter (oceanography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifter_(oceanography),Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"The Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) is an echelon IV component of the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (NMOC), which provides worldwide meteorological and oceanographic data and analysis for the United States Navy and strategic allies of the United States. The center is based out of Monterey, California. FNMOC provides Global and Regional Weather Prediction Charts (WXMAP) and Global Ensemble Weather Prediction Charts (EFS). WxMAP depictions of NAVGEM predictions for side-by-side comparison with NCEP global NWS models (GFS) are also available. FNMOC provides Global and Regional Ocean Wave Prediction Charts (WW3), Global Ensemble Ocean Wave Prediction Charts (WW3 Ensemble), and Global Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Anomaly Charts (NCODA). FNMOC provides links to satellite imagery of tropical cyclones (TCWEB) and current tropical storm forecast tracks.
FNMOC is composed of military and civilian personnel. The team consists of specialists in meteorology, oceanography, computer science, and Fleet operations. The team's efforts provide computerized weather and ocean prediction products, weather satellite imagery products, and related tactical decision aids and data, supporting virtually every combat platform and weapons system operated by the US Navy.",991181,en,2026-07-31T13:48:06Z,5459,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Numerical_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Center,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Fleet Weather Center San Diego (FWC-SD) is an echelon IV command reporting to Commander Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command and part of the Information Warfare Community. FWC-SD is located on Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, California and consists of personnel across the Indo-Pacific who are responsible for delivering meteorology and oceanographic capability to Navy, Joint, and Coalition forces operating in Third, Fifth, and Seventh Fleets.",69144128,en,2026-08-02T13:50:23Z,13320,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Fleet Weather Center San Diego,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Weather_Center_San_Diego,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"A float (not to be confused with a drifter) is an oceanographic instrument platform used for making subsurface measurements in the ocean without the need for a ship, propeller, or a person operating it. Floats measure the physical and chemical aspects of the ocean in detail, such as measuring the direction and speed of water or the temperature and salinity. A float will descend to a predetermined depth where it will be neutrally buoyant. Once a certain amount of time has passed, most floats will rise back to the surface by increasing its buoyancy so it can transmit the data it collected to a satellite.  A float can collect data while it is neutrally buoyant or moving through the water column. Often, floats are treated as disposable, as the expense of recovering them from remote areas of the ocean is prohibitive; when the batteries fail, a float ceases to function, and drifts at depth until it runs aground or floods and sinks. In other cases, floats are deployed for a short time and recovered.",40854234,en,2026-07-22T06:28:56Z,7382,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Float (oceanography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_(oceanography),Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Forensic Oceanography is a collaborative project between Lorenzo Pezzani and Charles Heller in which they ""critically investigate the militarised border regime imposed by Europe across the Mediterranean Sea"". Pezzani is an architect based in London and Heller is a film-maker based in Tunis. They began in 2011 within Forensic Architecture. Forensic Oceanography's investigations form the basis of reports and visual interpretations, which have been exhibited in art galleries and at art festivals in Europe.",61216568,en,2026-07-12T21:39:24Z,5860,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Forensic Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Institute of Oceanography may refer to:

Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Florida Institute of Oceanography
Skidaway Institute of Oceanography",69051853,en,2026-07-08T21:08:52Z,290,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Institute of Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force command in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The JTWC is responsible for the issuing of tropical cyclone warnings in the North-West Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean for all branches of the U.S. Department of Defense and other U.S. government agencies. Their warnings are intended primarily for the protection of U.S. military ships and aircraft, as well as military installations jointly operated with other countries around the world. Its U.S. Navy components are aligned with the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command.",1010055,en,2026-08-02T13:44:26Z,26977,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Joint Typhoon Warning Center,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Journal of Oceanography is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published bimonthly by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Oceanographic Society of Japan. It was established under the title Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan in 1942 and published articles both in English and Japanese; it was renamed to its current title in 1991. The journal covers developments in oceanography and its sub-disciplines, including physical oceanography, marine chemistry, biological oceanography, marine geology and paleoceanography. Its current editor-in-chief is Hiroaki Saito (University of Tokyo).",81465650,en,2026-07-15T19:41:11Z,3881,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Journal of Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],The Journal of Physical Oceanography is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society. It was established in January 1971 and is available on the web since 1996. Online articles older than one year are available as open access. The editor-in-chief is Jerome Smith (Scripps Institution of Oceanography).,4072173,en,2026-08-03T09:49:54Z,3112,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Journal of Physical Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Limnology and Oceanography (L&O) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal focused on all aspects of limnology and oceanography. It was established in 1956 and originally published through the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), and now published in partnership with John Wiley and Sons. Occasionally, L&O publishes special issues focused on a specific topic in aquatic systems in addition to the six regular issues published each year.",56434341,en,2026-07-28T17:03:35Z,4933,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Limnology and Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology_and_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods (L&O Methods) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal focused on methodological aspects of the aquatic sciences, such as new measurement equipment and techniques or evaluations and comparisons of existing methods. It was established in 2003 and originally published through the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), and now published in partnership with John Wiley and Sons. Occasionally, L&O Methods publishes special issues focused on a specific topic in aquatic systems in addition to the twelve regular issues published each year.

",56434350,en,2026-07-15T19:41:10Z,3027,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Limnology and Oceanography: Methods,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology_and_Oceanography:_Methods,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"Limnology and Oceanography Letters (L&O Letters) is a bimonthly, online open access, and peer-reviewed scientific journal focused on publishing innovative and trend-setting studies in all aspects of limnology and oceanography. It was established in 2016 and publishes four types of articles; Letters, Essays, Current Evidence, and Data Articles. L&O Letters is published through the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography in partnership with John Wiley and Sons. Occasionally, L&O Letters publishes special issues focused on a specific topic in aquatic systems in addition to the six regular issues published each year.",59006765,en,2026-07-15T19:41:10Z,2730,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Limnology and Oceanography Letters,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology_and_Oceanography_Letters,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"This list of earth sciences awards is an index to articles on notable awards for earth sciences, or natural science related to the planet Earth. It includes awards for meteorology, oceanography and paleontology, but excludes awards for environmental science, geography, geology and geophysics, which are covered by separate lists.",62804318,en,2026-07-31T01:19:42Z,21690,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,List of earth sciences awards,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earth_sciences_awards,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"This is a list of oceanography institutions and programs worldwide. Oceanographic institutions and programs are broadly defined as places where scientific research is carried out relating to oceanography. This list is organized geographically. Some oceanographic institutions are standalone programs, such as non-governmental organizations or government-funded agencies. Other oceanographic institutions are departments within colleges and universities. While oceanographic research happens at many other departments at other colleges and universities, such as Biology and Geology departments, this list focuses on larger departments and large research centers specifically devoted to oceanography and marine science. Aquaria are not listed here.",17580808,en,2026-07-13T09:29:41Z,58249,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,List of oceanographic institutions and programs,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanographic_institutions_and_programs,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,1819715,en,2026-07-30T02:39:45Z,59476,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Marine geology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_geology,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
"[""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles to be expanded"", ""All articles with empty sections"", ""Arctic Ocean"", ""Articles needing additional references from July 2024"", ""Articles to be expanded from February 2025"", ""Articles with empty sections from February 2025"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Mediterranean"", ""Oceanographical terminology"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata""]",,59713,en,2026-07-30T02:38:57Z,6023,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Mediterranean seas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_seas,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,28967108,en,2026-08-03T01:22:31Z,5248,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Mindanao State University–Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao_State_University%E2%80%93Tawi-Tawi_College_of_Technology_and_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,11074998,en,2026-07-30T02:41:26Z,5626,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Mooring (oceanography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography),Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,2838094,en,2026-08-01T23:01:35Z,8307,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,National Oceanography Centre,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,1834279,en,2026-08-03T01:22:26Z,15183,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,National Oceanography Centre Southampton,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre_Southampton,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,18851476,en,2026-07-15T17:07:48Z,11371,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Command,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,6191163,en,2026-08-02T13:45:10Z,11485,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Naval Oceanographic Office,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Oceanographic_Office,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,27680033,en,2026-07-30T05:09:20Z,5524,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Nha Trang Oceanography Institute,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nha_Trang_Oceanography_Institute,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,776619,en,2026-07-30T02:39:23Z,67704,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Ocean gyre,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_gyre,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,69051839,en,2026-07-09T09:13:51Z,436,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Oceanographic Institute,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographic_Institute,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,1835511,en,2026-08-03T02:00:41Z,12448,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Oceanographic Museum of Monaco,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographic_Museum_of_Monaco,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
"[""Applied and interdisciplinary physics"", ""Articles containing video clips"", ""Articles incorporating Cite DNB template"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Earth sciences"", ""Hydrology"", ""Oceanography"", ""Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link"", ""Physical geography"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from September 2019"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]",,44044,en,2026-08-03T15:56:26Z,44055,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,28161166,en,2026-07-15T19:41:08Z,2701,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Oceanography (journal),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography_(journal),Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,16686748,en,2026-07-31T02:46:54Z,231938,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Outline of oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,75703135,en,2026-07-30T03:01:11Z,1717,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Overflow (oceanography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography),Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,997178,en,2026-07-11T21:23:42Z,30196,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Oxygen minimum zone,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_minimum_zone,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,387440,en,2026-07-30T02:39:11Z,37772,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Physical oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,45658840,en,2026-07-30T02:53:20Z,31992,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Planetary oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,67696353,en,2026-07-09T05:18:51Z,33352,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Remote sensing (oceanography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing_(oceanography),Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,1540172,en,2026-07-15T16:53:12Z,12348,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Research vessel,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_vessel,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,676502,en,2026-08-03T07:57:39Z,115971,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Rogue wave,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_wave,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,224295,en,2026-08-02T13:44:16Z,83666,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Scripps Institution of Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,11535022,en,2026-08-03T01:22:28Z,14421,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Skidaway Institute of Oceanography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidaway_Institute_of_Oceanography,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,17872875,en,2026-07-19T23:07:48Z,9077,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Spice (oceanography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_(oceanography),Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,28159711,en,2026-08-03T09:50:00Z,6845,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,The Oceanography Society,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oceanography_Society,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in British English"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""Articles containing Japanese-language text"", ""Articles containing video clips"", ""Articles needing additional references from July 2023"", ""Articles using Mw magnitude scale"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)"", ""CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)"", ""Commons category link is locally defined"", ""Natural events"", ""Pages with Japanese IPA"", ""Pages with plain IPA"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Tsunami"", ""Use British English from July 2019"", ""Water waves"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages""]",,31161,en,2026-08-02T09:33:32Z,69263,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Tsunami,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,10567426,en,2026-08-01T09:58:37Z,55279,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Underwater acoustics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_acoustics,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],,116673,en,2026-08-02T18:47:21Z,25479,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,"Woods Hole, Massachusetts","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole,_Massachusetts",Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
"[""1930 establishments in Massachusetts"", ""1930 in biology"", ""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025""]",,102918,en,2026-08-03T15:20:36Z,28635,2026-08-03T21:58:52+00:00,Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution,Yg9QkabSAal0VRdh0,nQJdfrPmadZRYHm96
[],"American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophy produced by American people. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a ""core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation"". The Ivy League colleges such as Harvard, Yale, and Princeton have long been influential.
Colonial America was influenced by the Puritan thought of Samuel Johnson and Jonathan Edwards. The philosophy of the American Revolution and Founding Fathers of the United States such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as uniquely American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively. 
American philosophy since the 20th century is mostly analytic philosophy. Some of the most prominent American analytic philosophers are W. V. O. Quine and Saul Kripke.",22943476,en,2026-08-03T20:47:03Z,118370,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,American philosophy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Analytic philosophy is a broad school of thought or style in contemporary Western philosophy, especially anglophone philosophy, with an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, rigorous arguments, formal logic, mathematics, and the natural sciences (with less emphasis on the humanities). It is further characterized by the linguistic turn, or a concern with language and meaning.
Analytic philosophy is often contrasted with continental philosophy, a catch-all term for other methods prominent in continental Europe, most notably existentialism, phenomenology, and Hegelianism.   The distinction has also been drawn between ""analytic"" being academic or technical philosophy and ""continental"" being literary philosophy.
The proliferation of analytic philosophy began around the turn of the twentieth century and has been dominant since the second half of the century. Central figures in its history include Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Other important figures include Franz Brentano, the logical positivists (especially Rudolf Carnap), and the ordinary language philosophers.
Wilfrid Sellars, W. V. O. Quine, Saul Kripke, David Lewis, and others, led a decline of logical positivism and a subsequent revival in metaphysics. Analytic philosophy has also developed several new branches of philosophy and logic, notably philosophy of language, mathematics, and science, and modern predicate and mathematical logic.",159211,en,2026-08-03T06:41:46Z,173353,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Analytic philosophy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Bicameral mentality is a psychological hypothesis proposed by American psychologist Julian Jaynes. It suggests that early modern humans experienced thoughts and emotions not as originating within themselves but as commands from external ""gods"". According to the theory, the human mind once functioned with a division in which one part generated verbal instructions while a second part obeyed, forming a ""bicameral mind"". The eventual collapse of this mental structure is proposed to have led to the development of self-reflective consciousness in humans. 
The term was coined by Jaynes, who presented the idea in his 1976 book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, wherein he makes the case that a bicameral mentality was the ""normal and ubiquitous state"" of the human mind as recently as 3,000 years ago, at the end of the Bronze Age.",2181792,en,2026-07-31T17:07:11Z,53044,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Bicameral mentality,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral_mentality,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Brian Glenney (born December 14, 1974) is an American Philosopher and Graffiti Artist most known for co-founding a street art project turned movement known as the Accessible Icon Project. The movement re-designed the International Symbol of Access to display an active, engaged image with focus on the person with disability. “It was intended as a kind of radical statement,” says Elizabeth Guffey, author of Designing Disability: Symbols, Space, and Society and professor of art history at SUNY Purchase. “The very oddity of it is people started taking it seriously as a new symbol, and it’s such a weird life that it’s lived, that it’s become a kind of legal symbol.”
The Accessible Icon is in use internationally. It is the default accessibility emoji and its use is a legal requirement in New York and Connecticut. and is used in numerous others, such as on placards in Washington state. However, the icon is also banned federally by the Federal Highway Administration for use on road signs in the United States and the International Organization for Standardization, which established the regular use of the original symbol under ISO 7001, has also rejected the design. The infamy of the Accessible Icon, with its illegal beginnings, and both legalized and banned status, makes it of considerable artistic value, as evidenced by its display and housing in many museum permanent collections, including Museum of Modern Art and Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. “We really like the situation we’re in,” Glenney says. “It gives visibility to the context of people with disabilities. It keeps them ‘in the market’ of ideas, so to speak. Our symbol is most successful when it's not fully legal—when there's lots of wrinkles and questions.”",57123654,en,2026-07-26T00:09:31Z,12062,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Brian Glenney,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Glenney,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"In philosophy of mind, the computational theory of mind (CTM), also known as computationalism, is a family of views that hold that the human mind is an information processing system and that cognition and consciousness together are a form of computation. It is closely related to functionalism, a broader theory that defines mental states by what they do rather than what they are made of.",3951220,en,2026-08-03T00:10:10Z,27070,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Computational theory of mind,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
"[""Accuracy disputes from January 2023"", ""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All accuracy disputes"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with failed verification"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing Latin-language text"", ""Articles with dead external links from June 2023"", ""Articles with dead external links from May 2026"", ""Articles with failed verification from August 2021"", ""Articles with hAudio microformats"", ""Articles with permanently dead external links"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from March 2026"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""Cognitive neuroscience"", ""Cognitive psychology"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Concepts in epistemology"", ""Concepts in the philosophy of mind"", ""Concepts in the philosophy of science"", ""Consciousness"", ""Emergence"", ""Mental processes"", ""Metaphysical properties"", ""Metaphysics of mind"", ""Mind–body problem"", ""Neuropsychological assessment"", ""Ontology"", ""Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link"", ""Phenomenology"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Spoken articles"", ""Theory of mind"", ""Use American English from July 2023"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2026""]","Consciousness is being aware of something internal to one's self, or of states or objects in one's external environment. It has been the topic of extensive explanations, analyses, and debate among philosophers, scientists, and theologians for millennia. There is no consensus on what exactly needs to be studied, or whether consciousness can be considered a scientific concept. In some explanations it is synonymous with mind, while in others it is considered an aspect of it.
In the past, consciousness meant one's ""inner life"": the world of introspection, private thought, imagination, and volition. Today, it often includes various forms of cognition, experience, feeling, or perception. It may be awareness, awareness of awareness, metacognition, or self-awareness, either continuously changing or not. There is also a medical definition that helps, for example, to discern ""coma"" from other states. The disparate range of research, notions, and speculations raises some curiosity about whether the right questions are being asked.
Examples of the range of descriptions, definitions and explanations are: ordered distinction between self and environment, simple wakefulness, one's sense of selfhood or soul explored by ""looking within"", being a metaphorical ""stream"" of contents, or being a mental state, mental event, or mental process of the brain.",5664,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,183918,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Consciousness,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"David John Chalmers (; born 20 April 1966) is an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist, specializing in philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. He is a professor of philosophy and neural science at New York University (NYU), as well as co-director of NYU's Center for Mind, Brain and Consciousness (along with Ned Block). In 2006, he was elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. In 2013, he was elected as a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Chalmers is best known for formulating the hard problem of consciousness, and for popularizing the philosophical zombie thought experiment.
Chalmers and David Bourget co-founded PhilPapers; a database of journal articles for philosophers.",258221,en,2026-07-30T02:39:06Z,33937,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,David Chalmers,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Dualism in Indian philosophy is a belief, or large spectrum of beliefs, held by certain schools of Indian philosophy that reality is fundamentally composed of two parts or two types of existence. This mainly takes the form of either mind-matter dualism, as in some strands of Buddhist philosophy, or consciousness-nonconsciousness dualism in the Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy. These can be compared and contrasted with mind-body dualism in Western philosophy of mind and metaphysics.
Another form of dualism in Hindu philosophy is found in the Dvaita (""dualism"") Vedanta school, which regards God and the world as two realities with distinct essences; this is a form of theistic dualism. By contrast, schools such as Advaita (""nondualism"") Vedanta embrace nondualism or absolute monism, regarding dualism as an illusion (maya).",56133469,en,2026-07-31T00:37:21Z,6290,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Dualism (Indian philosophy),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy),deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Embodied cognition represents a diverse group of theories which investigate how cognition is shaped by the bodily state and capacities of the organism. These embodied factors include the motor system, the perceptual system, bodily interactions with the environment (situatedness), and the assumptions about the world that shape the functional structure of the brain and body of the organism. Embodied cognition suggests that these elements are essential to a wide spectrum of cognitive functions, such as perception biases, memory recall, comprehension and high-level mental constructs (such as meaning attribution and categories) and performance on various cognitive tasks (reasoning or judgment).
The embodied mind thesis challenges other theories, such as cognitivism, computationalism, and Cartesian dualism. It is closely related to the extended mind thesis, situated cognition, and enactivism. The modern version depends on understandings drawn from up-to-date research in psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, dynamical systems, artificial intelligence, robotics, animal cognition, plant cognition, and neurobiology.",33034640,en,2026-08-01T21:59:27Z,185162,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Embodied cognition,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
"[""Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"", ""Articles containing Sanskrit-language text"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""Epistemology"", ""Featured articles"", ""Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link"", ""Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata"", ""Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch"", ""Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from April 2020""]","Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called the theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical knowledge in the form of skills, and knowledge by acquaintance as a familiarity through experience. Epistemologists study the concepts of belief, truth, and justification to understand the nature of knowledge. To discover how knowledge arises, they investigate sources of justification, such as perception, introspection, memory, reason, and testimony.
The school of skepticism questions the human ability to attain knowledge, while fallibilism says that knowledge is never certain. Empiricists hold that all knowledge comes from sense experience, whereas rationalists believe that some knowledge does not depend on it. Coherentists argue that a belief is justified if it is consistent with other beliefs. Foundationalists, by contrast, maintain that the justification of basic beliefs does not depend on other beliefs. Internalism and externalism debate whether justification is determined solely by mental states or also by external circumstances.
Separate branches of epistemology focus on knowledge in specific fields, like scientific, mathematical, moral, and religious knowledge. Naturalized epistemology relies on empirical methods and discoveries, whereas formal epistemology uses formal tools from logic. Social epistemology investigates the communal aspect of knowledge, and historical epistemology examines its historical conditions. Epistemology is closely related to psychology, which infers the beliefs people hold from their words and actions, while epistemology studies the norms governing the evaluation of beliefs. It also intersects with fields such as decision theory, education, and anthropology.
Early reflections on the nature, sources, and scope of knowledge are found in ancient Greek, Indian, and Chinese philosophy. The relation between reason and faith was a central topic in the medieval period. The modern era was characterized by the contrasting perspectives of empiricism and rationalism. Epistemologists in the 20th century examined the components, structure, and value of knowledge while integrating insights from the natural sciences and linguistics.

",9247,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,211582,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Epistemology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in American English""]","Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Existence is often contrasted with essence: the essence of an entity is its essential features or qualities, which can be understood even if one does not know whether the entity exists.
Ontology is the philosophical discipline studying the nature and types of existence. Singular existence is the existence of individual entities while general existence refers to the existence of concepts or universals. Entities present in space and time have concrete existence in contrast to abstract entities, like numbers and sets. Other distinctions are between possible, contingent, and necessary existence and between physical and mental existence. The common view is that an entity either exists or not with nothing in between, but some philosophers say that there are degrees of existence, meaning that some entities exist to a higher degree than others.
The orthodox position in ontology is that existence is a second-order property, or a property of properties. For example, to say that lions exist means that the property of being a lion is possessed by at least one entity. A different view sees existence as a first-order property, or a property of individuals, meaning existence is similar to other properties of individuals, like color and shape. Alexius Meinong and his followers accept this idea and say that not all individuals have this property; they state that there are some individuals, such as Santa Claus, that do not exist. Universalists reject this view; they see existence as a universal property of every individual.
The concept of existence has been discussed throughout the history of philosophy and already played a role in ancient philosophy, including Presocratic philosophy in Ancient Greece, Hindu and Buddhist philosophy in Ancient India, and Daoist philosophy in ancient China. It is relevant to fields such as logic, mathematics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and existentialism.",9302,en,2026-08-03T13:39:51Z,133652,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Existence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"In philosophy of mind, the extended mind thesis (EMT) says that the mind does not exclusively reside in the brain or even the body, but extends into the physical world. The thesis proposes that some objects in the external environment can be part of a cognitive process and in that way function as extensions of the mind itself. Examples of such objects are written calculations, a diary, or a personal computer; in general, it concerns objects that store information. The hypothesis considers the mind to encompass every level of cognition, including the physical level.
It was proposed by Andy Clark and David Chalmers in ""The Extended Mind"" (1998). They describe the idea as ""active externalism, based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes.""
For the matter of personal identity (and the philosophy of self), the EMT has the implication that some parts of a person's identity can be determined by their environment.",45456836,en,2026-07-05T22:48:10Z,22905,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Extended mind thesis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_mind_thesis,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Frances Egan is a professor of philosophy at Rutgers University.    She has authored a number of articles and book chapters on philosophy of mind, philosophy of cognitive science, and perception.",40294177,en,2026-07-26T00:09:29Z,3936,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Frances Egan,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Egan,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"In philosophy of mind, functionalism is the thesis that each and every mental state (for example, the state of having a belief, of having a desire, or of being in pain) is constituted solely by its functional role, which means its causal relation to other mental states, sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs. Functionalism developed largely as an alternative to type physicalism and behaviorism.
Functionalism is a theoretical level between the physical implementation and behavioral output. Therefore, it is different from its predecessors of Cartesian dualism (advocating independent mental and physical substances) and Skinnerian behaviorism and physicalism (declaring only physical substances) because it is only concerned with the effective functions of the brain, through its organization or its ""software programs"".
Since a mental state is identified by a functional role, it is said to be realized on multiple levels; in other words, it is able to be manifested in various systems, even perhaps computers, so long as the system performs the appropriate functions. While a computer's program performs the functions via computations on inputs to give outputs, implemented via its electronic substrate, a brain performs the functions via its biological operation and stimulus responses.",192355,en,2026-08-03T09:49:51Z,48237,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Functionalism (philosophy of mind),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind),deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"The ""ghost in the machine"" is a term originally used to describe and critique the concept of the mind existing alongside and separate from the body.  In more recent times, the term has several uses, including the concept that the intellectual part of the human mind is influenced by emotions; and within fiction, for an emergent consciousness residing in a computer.
The term originates with British philosopher Gilbert Ryle's description of René Descartes' mind–body dualism. Ryle introduced the phrase in The Concept of Mind (1949) to highlight the view of Descartes and others that mental and physical activity occur simultaneously but separately.",2283352,en,2026-07-20T16:56:45Z,8046,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Ghost in the machine,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_in_the_machine,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"In philosophy of mind, the hard problem of consciousness (or simply the hard problem) is to explain how and why organisms have qualia, phenomenal consciousness, or subjective experience. It is contrasted with the ""easy problems"" of explaining why and how physical systems give rise to the ability to discriminate, to integrate information, and to perform behavioural functions such as watching, listening, speaking (including generating an utterance that appears to refer to personal behaviour or belief), and so forth. The easy problems are amenable to functional explanation—that is, explanations that are mechanistic or behavioural—since each physical system can be explained purely by reference to the ""structure and dynamics"" that underpin the phenomenon.
Proponents of the hard problem hold that it is categorically different from the easy problems since no mechanistic or behavioural explanation could explain the character of an experience, not even in principle. Even after all the relevant functional facts are explicated, they argue, there will still remain a further question: ""why is the performance of these functions accompanied by experience?"" To bolster their case, proponents of the hard problem frequently turn to various philosophical thought experiments, involving philosophical zombies, or inverted qualia, or the ineffability of colour experiences, or the unknowability of foreign states of consciousness, such as the experience of being a bat.
The terms ""hard problem"" and ""easy problems"" were coined by the philosopher David Chalmers in a 1994 talk given at The Science of Consciousness conference held in Tucson, Arizona. The following year, the main talking points of Chalmers' talk were published in The Journal of Consciousness Studies. The publication gained significant attention from consciousness researchers and became the subject of a special volume of the journal, which was later published as a book. In 1996, Chalmers published The Conscious Mind, a book-length treatment of the hard problem, in which he elaborated on his core arguments and responded to counterarguments. His use of the word easy is ""tongue-in-cheek"". As the cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker puts it, they are about as easy as going to Mars or curing cancer. ""That is, scientists more or less know what to look for, and with enough brainpower and funding, they would probably crack it in this century.""
The existence of the hard problem is disputed. It has been accepted by some philosophers of mind such as Joseph Levine, Colin McGinn, and Ned Block and cognitive neuroscientists such as Francisco Varela, Giulio Tononi, and Christof Koch. On the other hand, its existence is rejected by other philosophers of mind, such as Daniel Dennett, Massimo Pigliucci, Thomas Metzinger, Patricia Churchland, and Keith Frankish, and by cognitive neuroscientists such as Stanislas Dehaene, Bernard Baars, Anil Seth, and Antonio Damasio. Clinical neurologist and sceptic Steven Novella has dismissed it as ""the hard non-problem"". According to a 2020 PhilPapers survey, a majority (62.4%) of the philosophers surveyed said they believed that the hard problem is a genuine problem, while 29.7% said that it does not exist.
There are a number of other potential philosophical problems that are related to the Hard Problem. Ned Block believes that there exists a ""Harder Problem of Consciousness"", due to the possibility of different physical and functional neurological systems potentially having phenomenal overlap. Another potential philosophical problem which is closely related to Benj Hellie's vertiginous question, dubbed ""The Even Harder Problem of Consciousness"", refers to why a given individual has their own particular personal identity, as opposed to existing as someone else. Finally, proposals in the 2020s have been made to reconcile views from neuroscience and the philosophy of mind from a representationalist perspective. This holds in particular for a cognitively inspired form of representationalism, which is presumed to offer a favourable perspective for bridging gaps between different views in cognitive neuroscience and the philosophy of mind, relating to concepts such as intentionality, emergence, consciousness, and qualia.",634216,en,2026-07-30T02:39:19Z,115484,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Hard problem of consciousness,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"The history of philosophy is the systematic study of the development of philosophical thought. It focuses on philosophy as rational inquiry based on argumentation, but some theorists also include myth, religious traditions, and proverbial lore.
Western philosophy originated with an inquiry into the fundamental nature of the cosmos in Ancient Greece. Subsequent philosophical developments covered a wide range of topics including the nature of reality and the mind, how people should act, and how to arrive at knowledge. The medieval period was focused more on theology. The Renaissance period saw a renewed interest in Ancient Greek philosophy and the emergence of humanism. The modern period was characterized by an increased focus on how philosophical and scientific knowledge is created. Its new ideas were used during the Enlightenment period to challenge traditional authorities. Influential developments in the 19th and 20th centuries included German idealism, pragmatism, positivism, formal logic, linguistic analysis, phenomenology, existentialism, and postmodernism.
Arabic–Persian philosophy was strongly influenced by Ancient Greek philosophers. It had its peak period during the Islamic Golden Age. One of its key topics was the relation between reason and revelation as two compatible ways of arriving at the truth. Avicenna developed a comprehensive philosophical system that synthesized Islamic faith and Greek philosophy. After the Islamic Golden Age, the influence of philosophical inquiry waned, partly due to Al-Ghazali's critique of philosophy. In the 17th century, Mulla Sadra developed a metaphysical system based on mysticism. Islamic modernism emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries as an attempt to reconcile traditional Islamic doctrines with modernity.
Indian philosophy is characterized by its combined interest in the nature of reality, the ways of arriving at knowledge, and the spiritual question of how to reach enlightenment. Its roots are in the religious scriptures known as the Vedas. Subsequent Indian philosophy is often divided into orthodox schools, which are closely associated with the teachings of the Vedas, and heterodox schools, like Buddhism and Jainism. Influential schools based on them include the Hindu schools of Advaita Vedanta and Navya-Nyāya as well as the Buddhist schools of Madhyamaka and Yogācāra. In the modern period, the exchange between Indian and Western thought led various Indian philosophers to develop comprehensive systems. They aimed to unite and harmonize diverse philosophical and religious schools of thought.
Central topics in Chinese philosophy were right social conduct, government, and self-cultivation. In early Chinese philosophy, Confucianism explored moral virtues and how they lead to harmony in society while Daoism focused on the relation between humans and nature. Later developments include the introduction and transformation of Buddhist teachings and the emergence of the schools of Xuanxue and Neo-Confucianism. The modern period in Chinese philosophy was characterized by its encounter with Western philosophy, specifically with Marxism. Other influential traditions in the history of philosophy were Japanese philosophy, Latin American philosophy, and African philosophy.",748760,en,2026-07-30T02:39:22Z,197475,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,History of philosophy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher. Born in Königsberg in the Kingdom of Prussia, he is considered one of the central thinkers of the Enlightenment. His comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, political theory, and the philosophy of religion have made him one of the most influential and highly discussed figures in modern Western philosophy.
Kant's philosophy is centered on the human subject and motivated by the desire to secure the possibility of both knowledge and morality against the threats of skepticism and determinism. In the Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787), Kant argues for transcendental idealism, the doctrine that space and time are mere ""forms of intuition"" (German: Anschauung) that structure all experience and that we have knowledge only of ""appearances"" and not of the nature of things in themselves. Kant drew a parallel to the Copernican Revolution in his proposal to think of the objects of experience as conforming to people's spatial and temporal forms of intuition and the categories of the understanding, instead of the traditional method of showing how the mind might conform to its objects.
Kant believed that reason is the source of morality and that the categorical imperative binds all rational agents. He believed that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment. Kant hoped that perpetual peace could be secured through an international federation of republican states and international cooperation. Kant believed that true religion is grounded on morality. The exact nature of his religious views is a matter of dispute.",14631,en,2026-08-03T19:20:21Z,159545,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Immanuel Kant,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Infinite regress is a philosophical concept to describe a series of entities. Each entity in the series depends on its predecessor, following a recursive principle. For example, the epistemic regress is a series of beliefs in which the justification of each belief depends on the justification of the belief that comes before it.
An infinite regress argument is an argument against a theory based on the fact that this theory leads to an infinite regress. For such an argument to be successful, it must demonstrate not just that the theory in question entails an infinite regress but also that this regress is vicious. There are different ways in which a regress can be vicious. The most serious form of viciousness involves a contradiction in the form of metaphysical impossibility. Other forms occur when the infinite regress is responsible for the theory in question being implausible or for its failure to solve the problem it was formulated to solve.
Traditionally, it was often assumed without much argument that each infinite regress is vicious but this assumption has been put into question in contemporary philosophy. While some philosophers have explicitly defended theories with infinite regresses, the more common strategy has been to reformulate the theory in question in a way that avoids the regress. One such strategy is foundationalism, which posits that there is a first element in the series from which all the other elements arise but which is not itself explained this way. Another way is coherentism, which is based on a holistic explanation that usually sees the entities in question not as a linear series but as an interconnected network.
Infinite regress arguments have been made in various areas of philosophy. Famous examples include the cosmological argument and Bradley's regress.",3004668,en,2026-06-19T08:32:39Z,25918,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Infinite regress,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_regress,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Interactionism or interactionist dualism is the theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that matter and mind are two distinct and independent substances that exert causal effects on one another. An example of your mind influencing your body would be if you are depressed (which is related to your mind), you can observe the effects on your body, such as a slouched posture, a lackluster smile, etc. Another example, this time of your body affecting your mind would be: If you struck your toe very forcefully on a door (which is related to your body), you would experience terrible pain (which is related to your mind). Interactionism is one type of dualism, traditionally a type of substance dualism though more recently also sometimes a form of property dualism. Many philosophers and scientists have responded to this theory with arguments both supporting and opposing its relevance to life and whether the theory corresponds to reality.",25019252,en,2026-08-03T09:49:59Z,21346,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Interactionism (philosophy of mind),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind),deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,154170,en,2026-08-03T09:49:51Z,36949,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Intuition,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,58987474,en,2026-07-26T19:51:26Z,5336,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,John Heil,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heil,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,44673100,en,2026-07-28T18:06:05Z,19657,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Kenneth M. Sayre,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Sayre,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,3052977,en,2026-07-15T16:55:46Z,57451,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of philosophical problems,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,1007026,en,2026-07-31T17:34:15Z,16645,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of philosophies,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophies,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,10702216,en,2026-07-30T02:41:23Z,47423,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,List of publications in philosophy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_philosophy,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,4102640,en,2026-08-02T12:29:48Z,120859,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Meaning (philosophy),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy),deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,39127306,en,2026-08-02T00:40:04Z,42034,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Mechanism (philosophy),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy),deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,26571896,en,2026-07-30T02:44:27Z,30644,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Medieval philosophy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,2075414,en,2026-07-22T16:56:03Z,64187,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Mental state,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_state,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,18895,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,173906,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Metaphysics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,19378,en,2026-08-03T18:49:16Z,183843,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Mind,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,175456,en,2026-07-31T07:58:26Z,110313,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Mind–body dualism,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,11081176,en,2026-07-30T15:50:53Z,69693,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Mind–body problem,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,5646759,en,2026-07-15T16:59:02Z,9358,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Non-physical entity,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-physical_entity,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,3073531,en,2026-08-01T19:11:06Z,34582,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Outline of philosophy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,3820043,en,2026-07-26T05:34:21Z,14419,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Paul Thagard,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thagard,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,13692155,en,2026-08-01T19:11:06Z,202203,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Philosophy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,6880483,en,2026-07-31T17:07:07Z,104057,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Philosophy of mind,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,81094,en,2026-07-30T02:38:58Z,106816,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Proposition,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,9919947,en,2026-07-30T02:41:16Z,21564,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Quietism (philosophy),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy),deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,35183000,en,2026-07-26T00:09:29Z,10121,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Reza Negarestani,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Negarestani,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,295320,en,2026-07-15T00:45:55Z,4466,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Society of Mind,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Mind,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,74146091,en,2026-07-31T20:20:47Z,27750,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy),deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,46803936,en,2026-07-26T00:09:30Z,24756,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Susan Schneider,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Schneider,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,488083,en,2026-07-30T02:39:14Z,152215,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Theory of mind,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,192793,en,2026-07-30T02:39:03Z,44420,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Thomas Nagel,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,3980175,en,2026-07-15T16:57:14Z,18223,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Type physicalism,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_physicalism,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,13704154,en,2026-08-02T18:01:32Z,96358,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,Western philosophy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophy,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],,38714,en,2026-08-03T09:49:51Z,59549,2026-08-03T21:59:20+00:00,World,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World,deFGhgRYog2wbtTcP,nV8pj4tFdKbbEqydg
[],"Antimicrobial nanotechnology is the study of using biofilms to disrupt a microbe's cell membrane, deliver an electric charge to the microbe, and cause immediate cellular death via a ""mechanical kill"" process, preventing the original microbe from mutating into a superbug. The biofilms are made up of long atomic chains that can breach the cell wall. These spikes are roughly the size of a human hair and are far too small to injure large cells in mammals. These atom chains have a significant positive charge that attracts bacteria that are negatively charged. A new class of antimicrobial has been created by applying nanotechnology to the challenge of superbugs and multiple drug resistance organisms.",67958010,en,2026-07-04T04:42:26Z,5638,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Antimicrobial nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"The applications of nanotechnology include industrial, medicinal, and energy uses. Nanotechnology's use of smaller-sized materials allows for adjustment of molecules and substances at the nanoscale level, which can further enhance the mechanical properties of materials or grant access to less physically accessible areas of the body. Because nanoparticles and nanodevices are highly versatile through modification of their physiochemical properties, they have found uses in nanoscale electronics, cancer treatments, vaccines, hydrogen fuel cells, and nanographene batteries.",38324933,en,2026-07-30T23:24:36Z,22257,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Applications of nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"The University of Queensland's Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) was established in 2003. It is one of four stand-alone research institutions at the university with more than 500 researchers, students and support staff. The inaugural Director was Peter Gray (2003 – 2015). The institute's second director, Professor Alan Rowan, commenced in 2016.
The AIBN is an integrated multi-disciplinary research institute bringing together researchers in the areas of bioengineering and nanotechnology. It is home to research groups working at the interface of the biological, chemical and physical sciences, and its applications in human health and environmental issues.
Notable work performed by the institute includes the needleless Nanopatch vaccine delivery device that is ready to begin human trials; local production of an experimental antibody for the treatment of the Hendra virus; and biofuel research.",44632653,en,2026-07-22T23:16:11Z,10270,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_for_Bioengineering_and_Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"Avengers: Endgame is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the direct sequel to Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and the 22nd film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Anthony and Joe Russo and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the film features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don Cheadle, Paul Rudd, Brie Larson, Karen Gillan, Danai Gurira, Benedict Wong, Jon Favreau, Bradley Cooper, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Josh Brolin. In the film, the surviving members of the Avengers and their allies attempt to reverse Thanos's actions in Infinity War, which erased half of all life in the universe.
The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 2, but Marvel Studios later removed this title. The Russo brothers joined as directors in April 2015, with Markus and McFeely signing on to write the script a month later. It is a conclusion to the story of the MCU up to that point, ending several main characters' story arcs. The plot revisits moments from earlier films, bringing back actors and settings from throughout the franchise. Filming began in August 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, shooting back-to-back with Infinity War, and ended in January 2018. Additional filming took place in the Metro and downtown Atlanta areas, New York state, Scotland, and England. The official title was announced in December 2018. With an estimated budget range of $356–400 million, Endgame is one of the most expensive films ever produced.
Avengers: Endgame premiered at the Los Angeles Convention Center on April 22, 2019, and was released in the United States on April 26 as part of Phase Three of the MCU. The film received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its direction, acting, musical score, action scenes, visual effects, and emotional weight, with critics lauding its culmination of the 22-film story. It grossed nearly $2.8 billion worldwide, surpassing Infinity War's entire theatrical run in eleven days and setting several box-office records. It was the highest-grossing film of all time from July 2019 to March 2021, when it was surpassed by the previous record-holder, Avatar (2009). Endgame was nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 92nd Academy Awards, among numerous other accolades. An extended version, titled Avengers: Endgame Encore, will be released in theaters in September 2026 in anticipation of the film's two sequels, Avengers: Doomsday and Avengers: Secret Wars, which are respectively scheduled for release in December 2026 and 2027.",44254295,en,2026-08-02T16:11:32Z,199720,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Avengers: Endgame,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"The Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CoEN) is a nanotechnology facility located at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). It is one of the 8 centers of excellence in Thailand.
The CoEN at the AIT is used for applied research and graduate education in nanotechnology. Current research activities at the CoEN focus on dye-sensitive solar cells, electronic devices, gas sensors, bio-diagnostic tools, specific microscopic sensors, heavy-metal-ion sensors for wastewater, environmental mitigation through visible light photocatalysis, the shake-up of nanoparticles, and layer-by-layer growth from colloidal particles, among others. The Master's degree program in Nanotechnology was launched in 2009. The center has over 30 members from 10 countries carrying out cross-disciplinary research in nanotechnology.
The Center collaborates with many international institutions, most notably: 

State University of New York at Buffalo, United States,
S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, India,
Center of Photoelectrochemical Energy, Korea University, South Korea,
Center for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, India,
Inorganic Materials Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden,
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland,
Uppsala University, Sweden,
University of Quebec, Canada,
Leibniz Institute of New Materials, Germany,
University of California, Berkeley, United States,
and Griffith University, Australia.

",26306290,en,2026-08-03T01:22:30Z,29579,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Excellence_in_Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"DNA nanotechnology is the design and manufacture of artificial nucleic acid structures for technological uses. In this field, nucleic acids are used as non-biological engineering materials for nanotechnology rather than as the carriers of genetic information in living cells. Researchers in the field have created static structures such as two- and three-dimensional crystal lattices, nanotubes, polyhedra, and arbitrary shapes, and functional devices such as molecular machines and DNA computers. The field is beginning to be used as a tool to solve basic science problems in structural biology and biophysics, including applications in X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins to determine structures. Potential applications in molecular scale electronics and nanomedicine are also being investigated.
The conceptual foundation for DNA nanotechnology was first laid out by Nadrian Seeman in the early 1980s, and the field began to attract widespread interest in the mid-2000s. This use of nucleic acids is enabled by their strict base pairing rules, which cause only portions of strands with complementary base sequences to bind together to form strong, rigid double helix structures. This allows for the rational design of base sequences that will selectively assemble to form complex target structures with precisely controlled  nanoscale features. Several assembly methods are used to make these structures, including tile-based structures that assemble from smaller structures, folding structures using the DNA origami method, and dynamically reconfigurable structures using strand displacement methods. The field's name specifically references DNA, but the same principles have been used with other types of nucleic acids as well, leading to the occasional use of the alternative name nucleic acid nanotechnology.",26901564,en,2026-07-30T02:44:38Z,87360,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,DNA nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"Ethics of nanotechnology is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in nanotechnology and its impacts.
According to Andrew Chen, ethical concerns about nanotechnologies should include the possibility of their military applications, the dangers posed by self-replicant nanomachines, and their use for surveillance monitoring and tracking. Risks to environment to public health are treated in a report from the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment as well as is a report of the European Environment Agency. Academic works on ethics of nanotechnology can be found in the journal Nanoethics.",64485122,en,2026-07-12T20:35:20Z,9259,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Ethics of nanotechnologies,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_nanotechnologies,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"The Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology is an award given by the Foresight Institute for significant advances in nanotechnology.  Two prizes are awarded annually, in the categories of experimental and theoretical work. There is also a separate challenge award for making a nanoscale robotic arm and 8-bit adder.",9548739,en,2026-07-27T18:08:44Z,33093,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_Prize_in_Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"This glossary of nanotechnology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to nanotechnology, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.
For more inclusive glossaries concerning related fields of science and technology, see Glossary of chemistry terms, Glossary of physics, Glossary of biology, and Glossary of engineering.",63399479,en,2026-07-17T06:46:14Z,31665,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Glossary of nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"Gray goo (also spelled as grey goo) is a hypothetical global catastrophic scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in which out-of-control self-replicating machines consume all biomass (and perhaps also everything else) on Earth while building many more of themselves, a scenario that has been called ecophagy (literally: ""consumption of the environment""). The original idea assumed machines were designed to have this capability, while popularizations have assumed that machines might somehow gain this capability by accident.
Self-replicating machines of the macroscopic variety were originally described by mathematician John von Neumann, and are sometimes referred to as von Neumann machines or clanking replicators.
The term gray goo was coined by nanotechnology pioneer K. Eric Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation. In 2004, he stated ""I wish I had never used the term 'gray goo',"" arguing that it had inspired public fears that interfered with research on more conventional, non-self replicating nanotechnology. Engines of Creation mentions ""gray goo"" as a thought experiment in two paragraphs and a note, while the popularized idea of gray goo was first publicized in a mass-circulation magazine, Omni, in November 1986.",175996,en,2026-08-03T12:51:42Z,18608,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Gray goo,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_goo,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability.  It includes making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability.
The word GREEN in the name Green Nanotechnology has dual meaning. On one hand it describes the environment friendly technologies utilized to synthesize particles in nano scale; on the other hand it refers to the nanoparticles synthesis mediated by extracts of chlorophyllus plants.
Green nanotechnology has been described as the development of clean technologies, ""to minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products. It also encourages replacement of existing products with new nano-products that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle.""",16065393,en,2026-07-23T04:57:11Z,38035,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Green nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"Heart nanotechnology is the ""Engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale"" (""Nanotechnology Research"").",33661741,en,2026-07-30T02:54:04Z,20286,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Heart nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"The history of nanotechnology traces the development of the concepts and experimental work falling under the broad category of nanotechnology.  Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central  concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation.  The field was subject to growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, with prominent debates about both its potential implications as well as the feasibility of the applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, and with governments moving to promote and fund research into nanotechnology.  The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology, although these were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials rather than the transformative applications envisioned by the field.",7064233,en,2026-07-30T02:40:52Z,55881,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,History of nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IEEE. Sponsored by IEEE Nanotechnology Council, the journal covers physical basis and engineering applications in nanotechnology. Its editor-in-chief is Sorin Coțofană (Delft University of Technology).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 2.5.",77012880,en,2026-07-15T19:41:11Z,1933,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"The impact of nanotechnology extends from its medical, ethical, mental, legal and environmental applications, to fields such as engineering, biology, chemistry, computing, materials science, and communications.
Major benefits of nanotechnology include improved manufacturing methods, water purification systems, energy systems, physical enhancement, nanomedicine, better food production methods, nutrition and large-scale infrastructure auto-fabrication. Nanotechnology's reduced size may allow for automation of tasks which were previously inaccessible due to physical restrictions, which in turn may reduce labor, land, or maintenance requirements placed on humans.
Potential risks include environmental, health, and safety issues; transitional effects such as displacement of traditional industries as the products of nanotechnology become dominant, which are of concern to privacy rights advocates. These may be particularly important if potential negative effects of nanoparticles are overlooked.
Whether nanotechnology merits special government regulation is a controversial issue. Regulatory bodies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate of the European Commission have started dealing with the potential risks of nanoparticles. The organic food sector has been the first to act with the regulated exclusion of engineered nanoparticles from certified organic produce, firstly in Australia and the UK, and more recently in Canada, as well as for all food certified to Demeter International standards",7200558,en,2026-07-30T02:40:53Z,33009,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Impact of nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"Nanotechnology is impacting the field of consumer goods, several products that incorporate nanomaterials are already in a variety of items; many of which people do not even realize contain nanoparticles, products with novel functions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant. Examples of that car bumpers are made lighter, clothing is more stain repellant, sunscreen is more radiation resistant, synthetic bones are stronger, cell phone screens are lighter weight, glass packaging for drinks leads to a longer shelf-life, and balls for various sports are made more durable. Using nanotech, in the mid-term modern textiles will become ""smart"", through embedded ""wearable electronics"", such novel products have also a promising potential especially in the field of cosmetics, and has numerous potential applications in heavy industry. Nanotechnology is predicted to be a main driver of technology and business in this century and holds the promise of higher performance materials, intelligent systems and new production methods with significant impact for all aspects of society.",7067473,en,2026-07-30T02:40:52Z,30671,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Industrial applications of nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"The International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON) is an international, multi-stakeholder group committed to developing and communicating information regarding potential environmental and health risks of nanotechnology, thereby fostering risk reduction while maximizing societal benefit. ICON is composed of individuals from academia, industry, government and non-governmental organizations from countries of high nanotechnology research and development activity. ICON is a technically driven organization and does not engage in advocacy or commercial activities.",13779708,en,2026-07-15T00:54:40Z,5060,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,International Council on Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"The International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) was established by Northwestern University in 2000. It was the first institute of its kind in the United States and is one of the premier nanoscience research centers in the world. Today, the IIN represents and unites more than $1 billion in nanotechnology research, educational programs, and supporting infrastructure.
IIN faculty includes 20 members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. One of Northwestern University's largest collaborative efforts, IIN brings together more than 240 chemists, engineers, biologists, physicians, and business experts, to focus on society's most perplexing problems. But the IIN's influence extends far beyond Northwestern's campus. It has developed collaborative partnerships with academic institutions in 30 countries, as well as with more than a dozen U.S. federal agencies and 100 countries.
Since its inception, more than 2,000 products and systems have been commercialized worldwide. Twenty-three start-up companies have been launched based upon IIN research, and they have attracted over $1 billion in venture capital funding. The IIN is changing the face of research in fields from medical diagnostics to materials science. The IIN drives innovation-based business formation, employment and economic growth.
The role of the institute is to support meaningful efforts in nanotechnology, house state-of-the-art nanomaterials characterization facilities, and nucleate individual and group efforts aimed at addressing and solving key problems in nanotechnology. The IIN positions Northwestern University and its partners in academia, industry, and national labs as leaders in this exciting field.",44158633,en,2026-08-03T01:22:33Z,10802,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,International Institute for Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
"[""1979 establishments in Iran"", ""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing Arabic-language text"", ""Articles containing Persian-language text"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2025"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2025"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2023"", ""Articles with dead external links from June 2024"", ""Articles with dead external links from October 2024"", ""Articles with excerpts"", ""Articles with permanently dead external links"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024"", ""BRICS nations"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)"", ""CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)"", ""CS1 errors: periodical ignored"", ""CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa)"", ""Coordinates on Wikidata"", ""Countries and territories where Persian is an official language"", ""Countries in Asia"", ""Countries in West Asia"", ""Developing 8 Countries member states"", ""Former monarchies of West Asia"", ""G15 nations"", ""Iran"", ""Iranian plateau"", ""Islamic republics"", ""Member states of OPEC"", ""Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"", ""Member states of the United Nations"", ""Pages including recorded pronunciations"", ""Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata"", ""Pages using contains special characters for widely supported languages"", ""Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas"", ""Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters"", ""Pages using largest cities with class"", ""Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images"", ""Pages using the Phonos extension"", ""Pages with Persian IPA"", ""Religion and politics""]","Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, historically known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the northeast, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. With a population of over 92 million, Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population. It is divided into five regions with 31 provinces. Tehran is the nation's capital and largest city and serves as its primary economic center.
Home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, the territory of present-day Iran was first unified under the Medes in the 7th century BC and reached its territorial height in the 6th century BC, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire. Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the 4th century BC. An Iranian rebellion in the 3rd century BC established the Parthian Empire, which later liberated the country. In the 3rd century AD, the Parthians were succeeded by the Sasanian Empire, which oversaw a golden age in the history of Iranian civilization. Ancient Iran saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanization, religion, and administration. Once a center for Zoroastrianism, Iran underwent Islamization following the 7th century Muslim conquest. Innovations in literature, philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy and art were renewed during the Islamic Golden Age and Iranian Intermezzo, a period during which Iranian Muslim dynasties ended Arab rule and revived the Persian language. This era was followed by Seljuk and Khwarazmian rule, Mongol conquests and the Timurid Renaissance from the 11th to 14th centuries.
In the 16th century, the native Safavid dynasty re-established a unified Iranian state with Twelver Shia Islam as the official religion, laying the framework for the modern state of Iran. During the Afsharid Empire in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, but it lost this status after the Qajars took power in the 1790s. The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty by Reza Shah, who ousted the last Qajar Shah in 1925. Following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941, his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi rose to power. Attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh to nationalize the oil industry led to the Anglo-American coup in 1953. 
The Iranian Revolution in 1979 overthrew the monarchy, and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by Ruhollah Khomeini, the country's first supreme leader. In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, sparking the eight-year-long Iran–Iraq War. Iran has since been involved in proxy wars with Israel and Saudi Arabia; in 2025, Israeli strikes on Iran escalated tensions into the Twelve-Day War. Following the war and amid a growing economic crisis, the largest protests since 1979 erupted in 2025. The United States and Israel launched a war with Iran in 2026, after they assassinated supreme leader Ali Khamenei. His son, Mojtaba Khamenei, was subsequently elected as his successor.
Iran's government is a theocratic Islamic republic governed by elected and unelected institutions, with ultimate authority vested in the supreme leader. While it holds elections, key offices, including the head of state and military, are not subject to public vote. The Iranian government is an authoritarian regime which has been widely criticized internationally due to poor human rights record, including restrictions on freedom of assembly, expression, and the press, as well as its treatment of women, ethnic minorities, and political dissidents. The Iranian economy is centrally planned with significant state ownership in key sectors. It is a regional power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels, natural gas supply and oil reserves, its geopolitically significant location, and its role as the world's focal point of Shia Islam. Iran is a threshold state with one of the most scrutinized nuclear programs. It is a founding member of the UN and a member state of numerous international organizations. Iran has 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites (the 10th-highest in the world) and ranks 4th in intangible cultural heritage or human treasures.",14653,en,2026-08-03T11:22:29Z,384854,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Iran,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"James Mitchell Tour is an American chemist, nanotechnologist and intelligent design proponent. He is the T. T. and W. F. Chao Professor of Chemistry at Rice University, where he is also a joint professor of materials science and nanotechnology.",1791478,en,2026-07-31T06:50:25Z,9181,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,James Tour,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tour,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,16769,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,19411,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,K. Eric Drexler,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,80430744,en,2026-07-06T03:26:53Z,1665,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,List of nanotechnology journals,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_journals,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,10004859,en,2026-07-17T06:42:02Z,16091,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,List of nanotechnology organizations,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_organizations,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,17675,en,2026-08-02T21:25:47Z,307577,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Lithuania,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,80678904,en,2026-08-01T03:01:11Z,66433,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Man of Tomorrow (film),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Tomorrow_(film),QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,4799060,en,2026-08-02T19:54:29Z,6692,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Marcus Nanotechnology Building,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Nanotechnology_Building,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,294218,en,2026-07-30T02:39:07Z,23683,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Molecular assembler,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_assembler,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,19637,en,2026-07-17T06:41:22Z,59513,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Molecular nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,1234517,en,2026-07-30T02:39:34Z,132414,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanoparticle,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,1006597,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,64289,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanorobotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,21488,en,2026-08-02T16:05:36Z,77502,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,32249901,en,2026-07-17T06:43:47Z,1764,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanotechnology (journal),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_(journal),QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,905278,en,2026-07-31T13:48:06Z,67525,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanotechnology education,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_education,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,55566398,en,2026-07-30T02:56:18Z,10579,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanotechnology for water purification,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_for_water_purification,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,63883339,en,2026-06-24T21:10:16Z,48778,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanotechnology in agriculture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_agriculture,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,63888621,en,2026-07-30T11:09:03Z,21016,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanotechnology in cosmetics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_cosmetics,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,3165257,en,2026-07-31T20:17:41Z,26001,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanotechnology in fiction,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,60786392,en,2026-07-30T02:57:50Z,29454,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nanotechnology in warfare,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_warfare,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,1032221,en,2026-08-03T09:49:52Z,26692,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,National Nanotechnology Initiative,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Nanotechnology_Initiative,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,4647936,en,2026-07-17T16:21:12Z,3172,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Nature Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,14431229,en,2026-07-17T06:42:18Z,13407,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Outline of nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,31383321,en,2026-07-30T07:30:11Z,10310,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Award_in_Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,23033,en,2026-08-02T21:08:30Z,372090,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Portugal,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,82367142,en,2026-07-29T03:38:24Z,2930,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Radical Abundance (book),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Abundance_(book),QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,18069384,en,2026-07-17T06:42:43Z,52164,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Regulation of nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,25523,en,2026-08-02T20:02:51Z,134804,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Richard Feynman,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,19079770,en,2026-07-24T01:57:33Z,36613,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Societal impact of nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_impact_of_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,82295570,en,2026-07-30T06:04:59Z,16499,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Special Headquarters for the Development of Nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Headquarters_for_the_Development_of_Nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,57255388,en,2026-08-01T11:50:01Z,312800,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Superman (2025 film),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_(2025_film),QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],,30380229,en,2026-07-31T13:48:38Z,10867,2026-08-03T21:58:40+00:00,Wet nanotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_nanotechnology,QDVr71kKEpmDOshrL,BdSg3P09PUgUgxgUm
[],"In linguistics, anaphora () is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (its antecedent). In a narrower sense, anaphora is the use of an expression that depends specifically upon an antecedent expression and thus is contrasted with cataphora, which is the use of an expression that depends upon a postcedent expression. The anaphoric (referring) term is called an anaphor. For example, in the sentence Sally arrived, but nobody saw her, the pronoun her is an anaphor, referring back to the antecedent Sally. In the sentence Before her arrival, nobody saw Sally, the pronoun her refers forward to the postcedent Sally, so her is now a cataphor (and an anaphor in the broader sense, but not in the narrower one). Usually, an anaphoric expression is a pro-form or some other kind of deictic (contextually dependent) expression. Both anaphora and cataphora are species of endophora, referring to something mentioned elsewhere in a dialog or text.
Anaphora is an important concept for different reasons and on different levels: first, anaphora indicates how discourse is constructed and maintained; second, anaphora binds different syntactical elements together at the level of the sentence; third, anaphora presents a challenge to natural language processing in computational linguistics, since the identification of the reference can be difficult; and fourth, anaphora partially reveals how language is understood and processed, which is relevant to fields of linguistics interested in cognitive psychology.",1276799,en,2026-07-15T16:52:51Z,18181,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Anaphora (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, psychology, communication research, information science, natural language processing, anthropology, and sociology. Applied linguistics is a practical use of language.

",406551,en,2026-07-23T09:40:28Z,13625,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Applied linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) is a scientific and professional organization for people working on natural language processing. Its namesake conference is one of the primary high impact conferences for natural language processing research, along with EMNLP. The conference is held each summer in locations where significant computational linguistics research is carried out.
It was founded in 1962, originally named the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics (AMTCL). It became the ACL in 1968. The ACL has a European (EACL), a North American (NAACL), and an Asian (AACL) chapter.",644058,en,2026-07-21T19:59:06Z,15986,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Association for Computational Linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computational_Linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"The Austronesian languages ( AW-strə-NEE-zhən) are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples). They are spoken by approximately 386 million people (4.4% of the world population). This makes it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include Malay (one variant standardized as Indonesian), Javanese, Sundanese, Tagalog (and its standardized form Filipino), Malagasy and Cebuano. According to some estimates, the family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any language family.
In 1706, the Dutch scholar Adriaan Reland first observed similarities between the languages spoken in the South East Asia Archipelago and by peoples on islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the 19th century, researchers (e.g. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Herman van der Tuuk) started to apply the comparative method to the Austronesian languages. The first extensive study on the history of the phonology was made by the German linguist Otto Dempwolff. It included a reconstruction of the Proto-Austronesian lexicon. The term Austronesian was coined (as German austronesisch) by Wilhelm Schmidt, deriving it from Latin auster ""south"" and Ancient Greek νῆσος (nêsos ""island""), meaning the ""Southern Island languages"".
Most Austronesian languages are spoken by the people of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania. Only a few languages, such as Peninsular Malay varieties, Jakun, Temuan, Urak Lawoiʼ and the Chamic languages (except Acehnese), are indigenous to mainland Asia, or Malagasy which is the only Austronesian language indigenous to Insular East Africa. There are few Austronesian languages which have populations exceeding a few thousand, but a handful have speaking populations in the millions; Indonesian, the most widely spoken, has around 252 million speakers, making it the tenth most-spoken language in the world. Approximately twenty Austronesian languages are official in their respective countries.
By the number of languages they include, Austronesian and Niger–Congo are the two largest language families in the world. They each contain roughly one-fifth of the world's languages. The geographical span of Austronesian was the largest of any language family in the first half of the second millennium CE, before the spread of Indo-European languages in the colonial period. It ranges from Madagascar to Easter Island in the eastern Pacific.
According to Robert Blust (1999), Austronesian is divided into several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively in Taiwan. The Formosan languages of Taiwan are grouped into as many as nine first-order subgroups of Austronesian. All Austronesian languages spoken outside the Taiwan mainland (including its offshore Yami language) belong to the Malayo-Polynesian (sometimes called Extra-Formosan) branch.
Most Austronesian languages lack a long history of written attestation. The oldest inscription in the Cham language, the Đông Yên Châu inscription dated to c. 350 AD, is the first attestation of any Austronesian language.",58800,en,2026-08-02T02:45:19Z,100591,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Austronesian languages,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"A classifier (abbreviated clf or cl) is a word or affix that accompanies nouns and can be considered to ""classify"" a noun depending on some characteristics (e.g. humanness, animacy, sex, shape, social status) of its referent. Classifiers in this sense are specifically called noun classifiers because some languages in Papua as well as the Americas have verbal classifiers which categorize the referent of its argument.
In languages that have classifiers, they are often used when the noun is being counted, that is, when it appears with a numeral. In such languages, a phrase such as ""three people"" is often required to be expressed as ""three X (of) people"", where X is a classifier appropriate to the noun for ""people""; compare to ""three blades of grass"". Classifiers that appear next to a numeral or a quantifier are particularly called numeral classifiers. They play an important role in certain languages, especially East and Southeast Asian languages, including Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese.
Numeral classifiers may have other functions too; in Chinese, they are commonly used when a noun is preceded by a demonstrative (word meaning ""this"" or ""that""). Some Asian languages like Zhuang, Hmong and Cantonese use ""bare classifier construction"" where a classifier is attached without numerals to a noun for definite reference; the latter two languages also extend numeral classifiers to the possessive classifier construction where they behave as a possessive marker connecting a noun to another noun that denotes the possessor.
Possessive classifiers are usually used in accord with semantic characteristics of the possessed noun and less commonly with the relation between the possessed and the possessor although possessor classifiers are reported in a few languages (e.g. Dâw).
Classifiers are absent or marginal in European languages. An example of a possible classifier in English is piece in phrases like ""three pieces of paper"". In American Sign Language, particular classifier handshapes represent a noun's orientation in space.
There are similarities between classifier systems and noun classes, although there are also significant differences. While noun classes are defined in terms of agreement, classifiers do not alter the form of other elements in a clause. Also, languages with classifiers may have hundreds of classifiers whereas languages with noun classes (or in particular, genders) tend to have a smaller number of classifiers. Noun classes are not always dependent on the nouns' meaning but they have a variety of grammatical consequences.",1138165,en,2026-08-02T16:08:46Z,54963,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Classifier (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the study of language that encompasses a number of complementary and sometimes overlapping theories. Their defining characteristic is the guiding assumption that linguistic patterns are patterns of conceptualization. Thus, cognitive linguists consider that the study of language provides insight into other human cognitive functions and vice-versa. In this regard, cognitive linguistics challenges generative grammar's hypothesis that some basic linguistic competence is innate and separate from other cognitive faculties. It also objects to truth-conditional semantics's notion that linguistic meaning can be understood in terms of the truth or falsity of a sentence in relation to an external reality.
Cognitive linguistic theories include George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), Ronald Langacker's cognitive grammar, Charles Fillmore's frame semantics, Leonard Talmy's force dynamics, and Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner's conceptual blending.",72711,en,2026-07-25T04:03:34Z,21488,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Cognitive linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Coherence in linguistics is what makes a text semantically meaningful.
It is especially dealt with in text linguistics. Coherence is achieved through syntactic features such as the use of deictic, anaphoric and cataphoric elements or a logical tense structure, and semantic features such as presuppositions and implications connected to general world knowledge. 
Robert De Beaugrande and Wolfgang U. Dressler define coherence as a ""continuity of senses"" and ""the mutual access and relevance within a configuration of concepts and relations"". Thereby a textual world is created that does not have to comply to the real world. But within this textual world the arguments also have to be connected logically so that the reader/hearer can produce coherence.
""Continuity of senses"" implies a link between cohesion and the theory of Schemata initially proposed by F. C. Bartlett in 1932 which creates further implications for the notion of a ""text"".  Schemata, subsequently distinguished into Formal and Content Schemata (in the field of TESOL) are the ways in which the world is organized in our minds. In other words, they are mental frameworks for the organization of information about the world. It can thus be assumed that a text is not always one because the existence of coherence is not always a given. On the contrary, coherence is relevant because of its dependence upon each individual's content and formal schemata.

",2585984,en,2026-07-15T00:48:57Z,3134,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Coherence (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding, composition or nominal composition is the process of word formation that creates compound lexemes. Compounding occurs when two or more words or signs are joined to make a longer word or sign. Consequently, a compound is a unit composed of more than one stem, forming words or signs. If the joining of the words or signs is orthographically represented with a hyphen, the result is a hyphenated compound (e.g., must-have, hunter-gatherer).  If they are joined without an intervening space, it is a closed compound (e.g., footpath, blackbird).  If they are joined with a space (e.g. school bus, high school, lowest common denominator), then the result – at least in English – may be an open compound.
The meaning of the compound may be similar to or different from the meaning of its components in isolation. The component stems of a compound may be of the same part of speech—as in the case of the English word footpath, composed of the two nouns foot and path—or they may belong to different parts of speech, as in the case of the English word blackbird, composed of the adjective black and the noun bird.  With very few exceptions, English compound words are stressed on their first component stem.
Some languages easily form compounds from what in other languages would be a multi-word expression. This can result in unusually long words, a phenomenon known in German (which is one such language) as Bandwurmwörter (""tapeworm words"").
Compounding extends to Sign languages as well, where compounds are also created by combining two or more sign stems.
So-called ""classical compounds"" are compounds derived from classical Latin or ancient Greek roots.
In many languages, including English, Spanish, Latin and German, all numbers greater than twenty that have more than one non-zero digit are written and spoken as compounds.",887473,en,2026-07-26T02:26:08Z,44200,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Compound (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
"[""Articles with excerpts"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Cognitive science"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Computational fields of study"", ""Computational linguistics"", ""Formal sciences"", ""Mathematical linguistics"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]","Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the computational modelling of natural language, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions. In general, computational linguistics draws upon linguistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematics, logic, philosophy, cognitive science, cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, anthropology and neuroscience, among others. Computational linguistics is closely related to mathematical linguistics.",5561,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,12979,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Computational linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Corpus linguistics is an empirical method for the study of language by
text corpus (plural corpora). Corpora are balanced, often stratified collections of authentic, ""real world"", text of speech or writing that aim to represent a given linguistic variety. Today, corpora are generally machine-readable data collections. 
Corpus linguistics proposes that a reliable analysis of a language is more feasible with corpora collected in the field—the natural context (""realia"") of that language—with minimal experimental interference. Large collections of text, though corpora may also be small in terms of running words, allow linguists to run quantitative analyses on linguistic concepts that may be difficult to test in a qualitative manner.
The text-corpus method uses the body of texts in any natural language to derive the set of abstract rules which govern that language. Those results can be used to explore the relationships between that subject language and other languages which have undergone a similar analysis. The first such corpora were manually derived from source texts, but now that work is automated.
Corpora have not only been used for linguistics research, they have been increasingly used to compile dictionaries (starting with The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language in 1969) and reference grammars, with A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, published in 1985, as a first.
Experts in the field have differing views about the annotation of a corpus. These views range from John McHardy Sinclair, who advocates minimal annotation so texts speak for themselves, to the Survey of English Usage team (University College, London), who advocate annotation as allowing greater linguistic understanding through rigorous recording.",40277,en,2026-07-16T00:08:27Z,20414,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Corpus linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"The economy principle in linguistics, also known as linguistic economy, is a functional explanation of linguistic form. It suggests that the organization of phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax is fundamentally based on a compromise between simplicity and clarity, two desirable but to some extent incompatible qualities. The more distinctive elements that a language has, for example phonemes or functional markers, the more it will promote hearer-easiness. This, however, occurs on the expense of the speaker, who must make a greater effort to convey a message. An economic solution yields good communicative value without excessive time and energy costs.
The word 'economy' derives from Greek oikòs ('house') and nomòs (from némein, 'to deliver'). The notion of good household management is transferred metaphorically from a social to a linguistic level where it represents a force maintaining systemic equilibrium. The same principle—a compromise between gain and cost—also applies to biological systems. However, functional linguistics does not consider itself to be a part of evolutionary biology, but both as belonging to systems theory, and both as being governed by the logic of trade-off. In linguistics, the economy principle suggests that language change cannot make languages exceedingly difficult to produce or process, predicting that the constant changes that are natural to language, despite appearing to have a deteriorating effect, ultimately do not make languages less suited for intercommunication.",73949101,en,2026-07-27T12:59:25Z,11090,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Economy (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Folk linguistics consists of statements, beliefs, or practices concerning language which are based on uninformed speculation rather than based on the scientific method, which characterizes the modern field of linguistics. Folk linguistics sometimes arises when scientific conclusions about language come off as counterintuitive to native speakers. However, folk linguistics may also be motivated by confirmation bias, prejudice, ideology, or nationalism.",3990062,en,2026-07-26T08:01:52Z,7995,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Folk linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Forensic linguistics, legal linguistics, or language and the law is the application of linguistic knowledge, methods, and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure. It is a branch of applied linguistics.
Forensic linguistics is an umbrella term covering many applications to legal contexts. These are often split between written and spoken items. It is common for forensic linguistics to refer only to written text, whereas anything involving samples of speech is known as forensic speech science. 
There are principally three areas of application for linguists working on written texts in forensic contexts:

understanding language of the written law,
understanding language use in forensic and judicial processes, and
the provision of linguistic evidence.
Forensic speech science also has many different applications:

speaker comparison
disputed utterance analysis
voice parades
speaker profiling
audio enhancement and authentication
The discipline of forensic linguistics is not homogeneous; it involves a range of experts and researchers in different areas of the field.",602412,en,2026-07-31T07:40:12Z,68695,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Forensic linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
"[""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 errors: ISBN date"", ""Cybernetics"", ""Grammar frameworks"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Systems theory"", ""Theories of language""]","Functional linguistics is an approach to the study of language characterized by taking systematically into account the speaker's and the hearer's side, and the communicative needs of the speaker and of the given language community. Linguistic functionalism spawned in the 1920s to 1930s from Ferdinand de Saussure's systematic structuralist approach to language (1916).
Functionalism sees functionality of language and its elements to be the key to understanding linguistic processes and structures. Functional theories of language propose that since language is fundamentally a tool, it is reasonable to assume that its structures are best analyzed and understood with reference to the functions they carry out. These include the tasks of conveying meaning and contextual information.
Functional theories of grammar belong to structural and, broadly, humanistic linguistics, considering language as being created by the community, and linguistics as relating to systems theory. Functional theories take into account the context where linguistic elements are used and study the way they are instrumentally useful or functional in the given environment. This means that pragmatics is given an explanatory role, along with semantics. The formal relations between linguistic elements are assumed to be functionally-motivated. Functionalism is sometimes contrasted with formalism, but this does not exclude functional theories from creating grammatical descriptions that are generative in the sense of formulating rules that distinguish grammatical or well-formed elements from ungrammatical elements.
Simon Dik characterizes the functional approach as follows:

In the functional paradigm a language is in the first place conceptualized as an instrument of social interaction among human beings, used with the intention of establishing communicative relationships. Within this paradigm one attempts to reveal the instrumentality of language with respect to what people do and achieve with it in social interaction. A natural language, in other words, is seen as an integrated part of the communicative competence of the natural language user. (2, p. 3)
Functional theories of grammar can be divided on the basis of geographical origin or base (though it simplifies many aspects): European functionalist theories include Functional (discourse) grammar and Systemic functional grammar (among others), while American functionalist theories include Role and reference grammar and West Coast functionalism. Since the 1970s, studies by American functional linguists in languages other than English from Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas (like Mandarin Chinese and Japanese), led to insights about the interaction of form and function, and the discovery of functional motivations for grammatical phenomena, which apply also to the English language.",11669,en,2026-07-15T16:49:39Z,29283,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Functional linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families (comparative linguistics), and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.
This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).",63630,en,2026-08-03T05:10:38Z,21998,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Historical linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Linguistics is the scientific study of language, involving analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context.
Language use was first systematically documented in Mesopotamia, with extant lexical lists of the 3rd to the 2nd Millennia BCE, offering glossaries on Sumerian cuneiform usage and meaning, and phonetical vocabularies of foreign languages. Later, Sanskrit would be systematically analysed, and its rules described, by Pāṇini (fl. 6-4th century BCE), in the Indus Valley. Beginning around the 4th century BCE, Warring States period China also developed its own grammatical traditions. Aristotle laid the foundation of Western linguistics as part of the study of rhetoric in his Poetics c. 335 BC. Traditions of Arabic grammar and Hebrew grammar developed during the Middle Ages in a religious context like Pānini's Sanskrit grammar.
Modern approaches began to develop in the 18th century, eventually being regarded in the 19th century as belonging to the disciplines of psychology or biology, with such views establishing the foundation of mainstream Anglo-American linguistics, although in England philological approaches such as that of Henry Sweet tended to predominate.
This was contested in the early 20th century by Ferdinand de Saussure, who established linguistics as an autonomous discipline within social sciences. Following Saussure's concept, general linguistics consists of the study of language as a semiotic system, which includes the subfields of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Each of these subfields can be approached either synchronically or diachronicially.
Today, linguistics encompasses a large number of scientific approaches and has developed still more subfields, including applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, sociolinguistics, and computational linguistics.",55419,en,2026-07-12T17:40:46Z,48274,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,History of linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Integrational Linguistics (IL) is a general approach to linguistics that has been developed by the German linguist Hans-Heinrich Lieb and others since the late 1960s. The term ""Integrational Linguistics"" as a name for this approach has been used in publications since 1977 and antedates the use of the same term for integrationism, an unrelated approach developed by Roy Harris. Integrational Linguistics continues being developed by an open group of linguists from various countries.",38762347,en,2026-07-17T00:25:16Z,18215,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Integrational linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrational_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Interactional linguistics (IL) is an interdisciplinary approach to grammar and interaction in the field of linguistics, that applies the methods of Conversation Analysis to the study of linguistic structures, including syntax, phonetics, morphology, and so on. Interactional linguistics is based on the principle that linguistic structures and uses are formed through interaction and it aims at understanding how languages are shaped through interaction. The approach focuses on temporality, activity implication and embodiment in interaction. Interactional linguistics asks research questions such as ""How are linguistic patterns shaped by interaction?"" and ""How do linguistic patterns themselves shape interaction?"".",22267941,en,2026-06-29T10:41:32Z,12081,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Interactional linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactional_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"In linguistics, discourse analysis, and related fields, an interlocutor is a person involved in a conversation or dialogue. Two or more people speaking to one another are each other's interlocutors.  The terms conversation partner, hearer, or addressee are often used interchangeably with interlocutor.",29460546,en,2026-08-03T05:46:22Z,7696,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Interlocutor (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocutor_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"In linguistics, intonation is the variation in pitch used to indicate the speaker's attitudes and emotions, to highlight or focus an expression, to signal the illocutionary act performed by a sentence, or to regulate the flow of discourse. For example, the English question ""Does Maria speak Spanish or French?"" is interpreted as a yes-or-no question when it is uttered with a single rising intonation contour (i.e.,‍is Maria able to speak either Spanish or French?), but is interpreted as an alternative question when uttered with a rising contour on ""Spanish"" and a falling contour on ""French"" (i.e.,‍I know Maria can speak either Spanish or French, but I don't know which it is‍— which is it?). Although intonation is primarily a matter of pitch variation, its effects almost always work hand-in-hand with other prosodic features. Intonation is distinct from tone, the phenomenon where pitch is used to distinguish words (as in Mandarin) or to mark grammatical features (as in Kinyarwanda).",3707734,en,2026-07-22T13:29:13Z,37667,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Intonation (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,22499764,en,2026-07-30T02:43:23Z,71941,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,LGBTQ linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
"[""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles needing additional references from May 2022"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022"", ""CS1 errors: ISBN date"", ""Historical linguistics"", ""Language families"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Types of groupings"", ""Use dmy dates from July 2017"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia pending changes protected pages""]",,18190,en,2026-08-03T11:29:17Z,36878,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Language family,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,22760983,en,2026-08-02T09:28:55Z,68868,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,70799408,en,2026-07-10T19:13:35Z,441,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Linguistics (disambiguation),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics_(disambiguation),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,12439119,en,2026-07-15T17:03:41Z,25709,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Linguistics wars,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics_wars,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,21755302,en,2026-07-07T18:29:23Z,2936,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Logology (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logology_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,78756037,en,2026-07-30T03:01:56Z,16375,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Mathematical linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,38558162,en,2026-07-24T15:12:29Z,20400,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Media linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,82749540,en,2026-07-13T01:30:42Z,3860,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Missionary linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,196565,en,2026-07-25T14:22:32Z,14760,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Mora (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
"[""All pages needing factual verification"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 French-language sources (fr)"", ""CS1 maint: location missing publisher"", ""CS1 maint: others"", ""CS1 maint: publisher location"", ""Grammar"", ""Linguistic morphology"", ""Linguistics terminology"", ""Pages with plain IPA"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2024"", ""Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013"", ""Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2025""]",,20646,en,2026-07-20T16:56:33Z,34487,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Morphology (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,21566,en,2026-08-03T09:57:15Z,211047,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Noam Chomsky,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
"[""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing Latin-language text""]",,21483,en,2026-07-31T07:41:15Z,60333,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Numeral (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,894368,en,2026-07-16T06:36:48Z,8366,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Productivity (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,1411106,en,2026-07-30T02:39:37Z,33172,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Prosody (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,2067868,en,2026-07-30T17:32:48Z,10802,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Prothesis (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,63121213,en,2026-07-31T13:48:56Z,99330,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Romance linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,870352,en,2026-07-15T16:52:07Z,12366,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Sentence (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,8204445,en,2026-08-01T23:36:59Z,4640,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Sociocultural linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,13550031,en,2026-07-10T04:30:05Z,6276,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Sociohistorical linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociohistorical_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,71451362,en,2026-06-23T08:28:05Z,5691,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Stratification (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,583461,en,2026-07-25T14:22:32Z,36947,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Stratum (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,18955141,en,2026-07-29T03:18:31Z,63501,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Structural linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,10915787,en,2026-07-15T12:16:18Z,7048,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Subordination (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subordination_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,55422,en,2026-07-31T13:48:04Z,8051,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Theoretical linguistics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,39573,en,2026-07-31T13:48:04Z,121742,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Tone (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,12392775,en,2026-07-15T00:53:23Z,5445,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Umlaut (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,1645067,en,2026-07-20T16:56:43Z,20868,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Valency (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valency_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,255928,en,2026-07-31T07:58:26Z,15432,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Variety (linguistics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics),9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],,1449866,en,2026-07-31T10:54:11Z,29999,2026-08-03T21:59:12+00:00,Word,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word,9TowIGucXiBWjh2eJ,qi7lp6bAc0QAnjAoM
[],"Abigail Gutmann Doyle is a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, where she holds the  Saul Winstein Chair in Organic Chemistry. Her research focuses on the development of new chemical transformations in organic chemistry.",53908046,en,2026-07-24T03:29:04Z,18855,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Abigail Doyle,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Doyle,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.  Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 262,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, and related fields. It is one of the world's largest scientific societies by membership. The ACS is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus, Ohio.
The ACS is a source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals, national conferences, and the Chemical Abstracts Service. Its publications division produces over 90 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society, as well as the weekly trade magazine Chemical & Engineering News. The ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions. The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service, a provider of chemical databases worldwide.
The ACS has student chapters in virtually every major university in the United States and outside the United States as well. These student chapters mainly focus on volunteering opportunities, career development, and the discussion of student and faculty research. The organization also publishes textbooks, administers several national chemistry awards, provides grants for scientific research, and supports various educational and outreach activities.
The ACS has been criticized for predatory pricing of its products (SciFinder, journals and other publications), for opposing open access publishing, as well as for initiating numerous copyright enforcement litigations despite its non-profit status and its chartered commitment to dissemination of chemical information.",428508,en,2026-07-17T22:38:52Z,63979,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,American Chemical Society,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Analytical chemistry"", ""Articles prone to spam from January 2013"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from May 2025"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Materials science"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014""]","Analytical chemistry (or chemical analysis) is the branch of chemistry concerned with the development and application of methods to identify the chemical composition of materials and quantify the amounts of components in mixtures. It focuses on methods to identify unknown compounds, possibly in a mixture or solution, and quantify a compound's presence in terms of amount of substance (in any phase), concentration (in aqueous or solution phase), percentage by mass or number of moles in a mixture of compounds (or partial pressure in the case of gas phase).
It encompasses both classical techniques (e.g. titration, gravimetric analysis) and modern instrumental approaches (e.g. spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, electrochemical methods). Modern analytical chemistry is deeply intertwined with data analysis and chemometrics, and is increasingly shaped by trends such as automation, miniaturization, and real-time sensing, with applications across fields as diverse as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, forensic science, archaeology, nutritional science, agricultural chemistry, chemical synthesis, metallurgy, chemical engineering and materials science.
In the age of ""big data"", analytical chemistry, along with chemometrics and bioinformatics, has become central to interpreting complex results from high-throughput techniques like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), high-performance liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. There is also a strong trend towards miniaturization, automation, and the development of real-time, point-of-care diagnostic sensors.",2408,en,2026-08-02T04:47:09Z,45514,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Analytical chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"August Wilhelm von Hofmann (8 April 1818 – 5 May 1892) was a German chemist who made considerable contributions to organic chemistry. His research on aniline helped lay the basis of the aniline-dye industry, and his research on coal tar laid the groundwork for his student Charles Mansfield's practical methods for extracting benzene and toluene and converting them into nitro compounds and amines. Hofmann's discoveries include formaldehyde, hydrazobenzene, the isonitriles, and allyl alcohol. He prepared three ethylamines and tetraethylammonium compounds and established their structural relationship to ammonia.
After studying under Justus von Liebig at the University of Giessen, Hofmann became the first director of the Royal College of Chemistry, now part of Imperial College London, in 1845. In 1865 he returned to Germany to accept a position at the University of Berlin as a teacher and researcher. After his return he co-founded the German Chemical Society (Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft) (1867).
In both London and Berlin, Hofmann recreated the style of laboratory instruction established by Liebig at Giessen, fostering a school of chemistry focused on experimental organic chemistry and its industrial applications.
Hofmann received several significant awards in the field of chemistry, including the Royal Medal (1854), the Copley Medal (1875) and the Albert Medal (1881). He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1862. He was ennobled on his seventieth birthday. His name is associated with the Hofmann voltameter, the Hofmann rearrangement, the Hofmann–Martius rearrangement, Hofmann elimination, and the Hofmann–Löffler reaction.",940627,en,2026-07-28T11:49:36Z,29178,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,August Wilhelm von Hofmann,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with chemical formula Ca(ClO)2, also written as Ca(OCl)2. It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow. It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow decomposition in moist air. This compound is relatively stable as a solid and solution and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite. ""Pure"" samples have 99.2% active chlorine. Given common industrial purity, an active chlorine content of 65-70% is typical. It is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent.",2898453,en,2026-07-15T16:55:31Z,9588,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Calcium hypochlorite,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
"[""Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text"", ""Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"", ""Articles containing Arabic-language text"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 errors: ISBN date"", ""Chemistry"", ""Pages using Sister project links with default search"", ""Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from November 2020"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages""]","Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies matter: composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances. Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds.
In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology. It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the properties of the soil on the Moon (cosmochemistry), how medications work (pharmacology), and how to collect DNA evidence at a crime scene (forensics).
Chemistry has existed under various names since ancient times. It has evolved, and now chemistry encompasses various areas of specialisation, or subdisciplines, that continue to increase in number and interrelate to create further interdisciplinary fields of study. The applications of various fields of chemistry are used frequently for economic purposes in the chemical industry.",5180,en,2026-07-31T07:58:26Z,87981,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
"[""3-Hydroxypropenals"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Antioxidants"", ""Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes"", ""Articles needing additional references from May 2026"", ""Articles with changed CASNo identifier"", ""Articles with changed ChemSpider identifier"", ""Articles with changed EBI identifier"", ""Articles with changed InChI identifier"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024"", ""Articles without InChI source"", ""Biomolecules"", ""CS1 interwiki-linked names"", ""Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs"", ""Coenzymes"", ""Commons category link is the pagename"", ""Corrosion inhibitors"", ""Dietary antioxidants"", ""Dihydrofurans"", ""E number from Wikidata"", ""Enediols"", ""Furanones"", ""Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Vitamers"", ""Vitamin C""]","Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H8O6, originally called hexuronic acid. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish.  It dissolves freely in water to give mildly acidic solutions.  It is a mild reducing agent.
Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers), commonly denoted ""l"" (for ""levo"") and ""d"" (for ""dextro""). The l isomer is the one most often encountered: it occurs naturally in many foods, and is one form (""vitamer"") of vitamin C, an essential nutrient for humans and many animals. Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, formerly a major disease of sailors in long sea voyages. It is used as a food additive and a dietary supplement for its antioxidant properties. The ""d"" form (erythorbic acid) can be made by chemical synthesis, but has no major biological role.

",2268,en,2026-07-23T19:19:43Z,35540,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Chemistry of ascorbic acid,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_of_ascorbic_acid,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water. If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a dehydration synthesis. However other molecules can also be lost, such as ammonia, ethanol, acetic acid and hydrogen sulfide.
The addition of the two molecules typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in equilibrium, and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name condensation). The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of a catalyst. This class of reactions is a vital part of life as it is essential to the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids and to the biosynthesis of fatty acids.

Many variations of condensation reactions exist. Common examples include the aldol condensation and the Knoevenagel condensation, which both form water as a by-product, as well as the Claisen condensation and the Dieckman condensation (intramolecular Claisen condensation), which form alcohols as by-products.

",172825,en,2026-07-15T16:50:29Z,4215,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Condensation reaction,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_reaction,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"Diethylamine is an organic compound with the formula (CH3CH2)2NH. It is classified as a secondary amine. It is a flammable, volatile weakly alkaline liquid that is miscible with most solvents. It is a colorless liquid, but commercial samples often appear brown due to impurities. It has a strong ammonia-like odor.",5326547,en,2026-07-05T22:43:50Z,7040,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Diethylamine,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylamine,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group, a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms, each part of an organyl group (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula R−O−R′, where R and R′ represent the organyl groups. Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the organyl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, then it is a simple or symmetrical ether, whereas if they are different, the ethers are called mixed or unsymmetrical ethers. A typical example of the first group is the solvent and anaesthetic diethyl ether, commonly referred to simply as ""ether"" (CH3−CH2−O−CH2−CH3). Ethers are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin.",9263,en,2026-07-27T16:10:40Z,19597,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Ether,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"The European Journal of Organic Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering organic chemistry. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe.
The journal, along with the European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, was established in 1998 as the result of a merger of Chemische Berichte/Recueil, Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France, Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges, Gazzetta Chimica Italiana, Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, Anales de Química, Chimika Chronika, Revista Portuguesa de Química, and ACH-Models in Chemistry.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.261.",6817088,en,2026-07-15T19:41:07Z,2445,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,European Journal of Organic Chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journal_of_Organic_Chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"Friedrich Wöhler FRS(For) HonFRSE (German: [ˈvøːlɐ]; 31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a German chemist known for his work in both organic and inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form. He was the first to prepare several inorganic compounds, including silane and silicon nitride.
Wöhler is also known for seminal contributions in organic chemistry, in particular, the Wöhler synthesis of urea. His synthesis of the organic compound urea in the laboratory from inorganic substances contradicted the belief that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms due to a ""life force"" known as vitalism. However, the exact extent of Wöhler's role in diminishing the belief in vitalism is considered by some to be questionable.

",10777,en,2026-08-02T20:02:51Z,30479,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Friedrich Wöhler,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"In chemistry, functionality is the presence of functional groups in a molecule. A monofunctional molecule possesses one functional group, a bifunctional (or difunctional) two, a trifunctional three, and so forth. In organic chemistry (and other fields of chemistry), a molecule's functionality has a decisive influence on its reactivity.
In polymer chemistry, the functionality of a monomer refers to its number of polymerizable groups, and affects the formation and the degree of crosslinking of polymers.",47457991,en,2026-07-29T14:57:10Z,5373,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Functionality (chemistry),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionality_(chemistry),K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a hydrocarbon-based cyclic compound that contains at least one heteroatom as member(s) of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles.
Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes.  More than half of known compounds are heterocycles.  59% of US FDA-approved drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles.",13734,en,2026-07-31T09:45:31Z,21994,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Heterocyclic compound,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include the discovery of fire, extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass,
and making alloys like bronze.
The protoscience of chemistry, alchemy, was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations. However, by performing experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard Gibbs.",1416046,en,2026-07-31T01:25:35Z,164348,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,History of chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],IUPAC nomenclature is a set of recommendations for naming chemical compounds and for describing chemistry and biochemistry in general. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is the international authority on chemical nomenclature and terminology.,49583513,en,2026-07-09T05:18:18Z,12048,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the Blue Book). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be created. There is also an IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry.
To avoid long and tedious names in normal communication, the official IUPAC naming recommendations are not always followed in practice, except when it is necessary to give an unambiguous and absolute definition to a compound. IUPAC names can sometimes be simpler than older names, as with ethanol, instead of ethyl alcohol. For relatively simple molecules, they can be more easily understood than non-systematic names, which must be learnt or looked over. However, the common or trivial name is often substantially shorter and clearer, and so preferred. These non-systematic names are often derived from an original source of the compound. Also, very long names may be less clear than structural formulas.

",514402,en,2026-07-15T16:51:28Z,41530,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers chemical compounds that are not carbon-based, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications, fuels, and agriculture.",14624,en,2026-07-30T20:29:14Z,30857,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Inorganic chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (shortened as IOCB Prague) (Czech: Ústav organické chemie a biochemie Akademie věd České republiky) is a research institute under the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS). The institute centers around research in the fields of organic chemistry, biochemistry and neighboring disciplines, mostly oriented at applications in medicine and environment. It is known for its contribution in the development of key drugs against HIV and HBV. The institute also takes part in university education, supervising master's and doctoral theses.",70679579,en,2026-08-03T01:22:35Z,9464,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Organic_Chemistry_and_Biochemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC ) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology. It is a member of the International Science Council (ISC). IUPAC is registered in Zürich, Switzerland, and its administrative office, known as the ""IUPAC Secretariat"", is in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States.
IUPAC was established in 1919 as the successor of the International Congress of Applied Chemistry for the advancement of chemistry. Its members, the National Adhering Organizations, can be national chemistry societies, national academies of sciences, or just other bodies representing chemists. There are a total of fifty-four National Adhering Organizations and three Associate National Adhering Organizations. IUPAC's Inter-divisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IUPAC nomenclature) is the recognized world authority in developing standards for naming chemical elements and compounds. Since its creation, IUPAC has been run by many different committees with different responsibilities. These committees run different projects; of those which include standardizing nomenclature, finding ways to bring chemistry to the world, and publishing works.
IUPAC is best known for its works standardizing nomenclature in chemistry, but they have publications in many science fields including chemistry, biology, and physics. Some important work IUPAC has done in these fields includes standardizing nucleotide base sequence code names; publishing books for environmental scientists, chemists, and physicists; and improving education in science. IUPAC is also known for standardizing the atomic weights of the elements through one of its oldest standing committees, the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW).",14870,en,2026-07-31T12:57:52Z,56163,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,30660953,en,2026-08-01T07:25:29Z,8343,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Jones oxidation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_oxidation,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,54606306,en,2026-07-15T19:41:10Z,1923,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Letters in Organic Chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_in_Organic_Chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,18393,en,2026-08-02T09:46:44Z,115468,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Life,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,4216670,en,2026-07-26T00:09:27Z,9081,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Maitland Jones Jr.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland_Jones_Jr.,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,938177,en,2026-07-30T02:39:26Z,16749,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Medicinal chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,9821563,en,2026-08-03T03:00:29Z,205290,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Metal–organic framework,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93organic_framework,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,24716375,en,2026-07-23T07:40:47Z,3906,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Moiety (chemistry),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry),K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,619739,en,2026-08-03T01:46:43Z,159368,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Nitrile,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,21971994,en,2026-07-28T22:28:54Z,5424,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Organic_Chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,3727272,en,2026-07-15T19:41:07Z,3507,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_and_Biomolecular_Chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,69159943,en,2026-08-03T01:46:43Z,28950,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Organic azide,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_azide,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,22208,en,2026-08-03T18:05:16Z,38903,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Organic chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,22203,en,2026-07-30T02:38:54Z,21775,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Organic compound,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,1246718,en,2026-07-26T02:35:48Z,24342,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Organic matter,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_matter,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,172592,en,2026-07-30T02:39:02Z,14286,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Organic reaction,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_reaction,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,1456984,en,2026-07-30T02:39:38Z,25657,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Organic synthesis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,22526,en,2026-07-30T02:38:54Z,32815,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Organometallic chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,1867619,en,2026-07-15T16:53:45Z,26549,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Organotin chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organotin_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,6896,en,2026-08-02T19:27:59Z,31378,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Outline of chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,53546903,en,2026-08-03T02:15:59Z,6163,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Pavel Jungwirth,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Jungwirth,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,6124472,en,2026-07-15T16:59:29Z,2827,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Phanes (organic chemistry),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanes_(organic_chemistry),K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,23635,en,2026-08-02T04:39:28Z,14682,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Physical chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,11304514,en,2026-07-31T13:48:22Z,50827,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Physical organic chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,17525141,en,2026-07-09T05:17:13Z,9869,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Preferred IUPAC name,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,19916613,en,2026-07-31T23:00:38Z,43309,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Radical (chemistry),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry),K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,1792627,en,2026-07-12T10:27:39Z,15972,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Sandmeyer reaction,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandmeyer_reaction,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,2811604,en,2026-08-03T09:49:53Z,3680,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,The Journal of Organic Chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Organic_Chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,16100023,en,2026-07-03T02:54:13Z,5751,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Triethylsilane,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylsilane,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,46432477,en,2026-07-30T02:53:28Z,25142,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Women in chemistry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_chemistry,K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],,1458081,en,2026-06-23T09:17:14Z,18457,2026-08-03T21:58:27+00:00,Yield (chemistry),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(chemistry),K2mLjavmoKePrKDXr,yIQVJ8XkHRUqQX4hN
[],"The Annals of Epidemiology is a monthly peer-reviewed journal devoted to epidemiological research and is published as the official journal for American College of Epidemiology. The journal was established in 1990 and is published by Elsevier. Its Editor-in-Chief is Dr. Patrick Sullivan (Emory University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.6.",18552614,en,2026-07-15T19:41:08Z,1498,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Annals of Epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a personality disorder defined by a chronic pattern of behavior that disregards the rights and well-being of others. People with ASPD often exhibit behavior that conflicts with social norms, leading to issues with interpersonal relationships, employment, and legal matters. The condition generally manifests in childhood or early adolescence, with a high rate of associated conduct problems and a tendency for symptoms to peak in late adolescence and early adulthood.
The prognosis for ASPD is complex, with high variability in outcomes. Individuals with severe ASPD symptoms may have difficulty forming stable relationships, maintaining employment, and avoiding criminal behavior, resulting in higher rates of divorce, unemployment, homelessness, and incarceration. In extreme cases, ASPD may lead to violent or criminal behaviors, often escalating in early adulthood. Research indicates that individuals with ASPD have an elevated risk of suicide, particularly those who also engage in substance misuse or have a history of incarceration. Additionally, children raised by parents with ASPD may be at greater risk of delinquency and mental health issues themselves.
Although ASPD is a persistent and often lifelong condition, symptoms may diminish over time, particularly after age 40, though only a small percentage of individuals experience significant improvement. Many individuals with ASPD have co-occurring issues such as substance use disorders, mood disorders, or other personality disorders. Research on pharmacological treatment for ASPD is limited, with no medications approved specifically for the disorder. However, certain psychiatric medications, including antipsychotics, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers, may help manage symptoms like aggression and impulsivity in some cases, or treat co-occurring disorders.

The diagnostic criteria and understanding of ASPD have evolved significantly over time. Early diagnostic manuals, such as the DSM-I in 1952, described ""sociopathic personality disturbance"" as involving a range of antisocial behaviours linked to societal and environmental factors. Subsequent editions of the DSM have refined the diagnosis, eventually distinguishing ASPD in the DSM-III (1980) with a more structured checklist of observable behaviors. Current definitions in the DSM-5 align with the clinical description of ASPD as a pattern of disregard for the rights of others, with potential overlap in traits associated with psychopathy.",199051,en,2026-08-03T09:49:51Z,136033,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Antisocial personality disorder,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],Clinical Epidemiology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in epidemiology. It was established in 2009 and is published by the publisher Dove Medical Press. Clinical Epidemiology has published over 100 papers since 2009. The journal has also been indexed in PubMed.,37571204,en,2026-07-15T19:41:09Z,1728,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Clinical Epidemiology (journal),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Epidemiology_(journal),BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Clinical epidemiology is a subfield of epidemiology specifically focused on issues relevant to clinical medicine. The term was first introduced by virologist John R. Paul in his presidential address to the American Society for Clinical Investigation in 1938. It is sometimes referred to as ""the basic science of clinical medicine"".",28189627,en,2026-07-15T17:13:26Z,6321,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Clinical epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Computational epidemiology is a multidisciplinary field that uses techniques from computer science, mathematics, geographic information science and public health to better understand issues central to epidemiology such as the spread of diseases or the effectiveness of a public health intervention. Computational epidemiology traces its origins to mathematical epidemiology, but began to experience significant growth with the rise of big data and the democratization of high-performance computing through cloud computing.

",2720244,en,2026-07-25T14:22:35Z,2072,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Computational epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"The emerging field of conflict epidemiology offers a more accurate method to measure deaths caused during violent conflicts or wars that can generate more reliable numbers than before to guide decision-makers.
In February 2001 the Carter Center and the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), in collaboration with CARE, Emory University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), sponsored a meeting on ""Violence and Health"". The goals of the meeting were to determine the impact of violent conflict on public health and to advise public health training programs on means to enhance the work of public health professionals in working in violent conflicts.
Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject.  Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed during historic conflicts.  What conflict epidemiology offers is a better methodology to more accurately estimate actual mortality rates during existing wars and conflict.
As war is a leading cause of illness and death, there are those in the field of public health who argue ""war epidemiology"" should be a more prominent component of the field of public health.",12593926,en,2026-07-20T16:56:59Z,8340,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Conflict epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"What is E-epidemiology?

E-epidemiology, also known as digital epidemiology, is the science underlying the acquisition, maintenance, and application of epidemiological knowledge through digital media such as the internet, mobile phones, digital paper, and digital TV. It includes large-scale epidemiological studies increasingly conducted through distributed global collaborations enabled by the Internet (Brownstein, 2009)

Advantages of E-epidemiology

Traditionally, performing epidemiological trials with paper questionnaires has been both costly and time-consuming, requiring significant personnel to transform physical data into analyzable formats( Ebert, 2018). In contrast, modern communication tools allow for the rapid and cost-efficient assembly of data (Wyatt, 2000). Modern IT infrastructure provides the means for storing and organizing vast amounts of biological and lifestyle data, while high-performance computing and simulation-based inference procedures allow researchers to examine variables from complex data structures. Web portals directly enable efficient participant feedback, facilitate the use of interactive tools like animations, and allow researchers to disseminate their findings more easily. By transitioning questionnaire models into digital formats, researchers can increase interactivity and improve the flow of information between the participant and the investigator (Belisario, 2015). Beyond these general benefits of digitization, E-epidemiology also enables improved longitudinal tracking of participants over time, supports real-time disease surveillance, and allows for integration with electronic health records, capabilities that are particularly valuable for population-level research (Casey, 2019; Fallatah,2024).

Disadvantages of E-epidemiology

Despite its evident advantages over traditional methodologies, E-epidemiology introduces distinct challenges that researchers must navigate. One significant hurdle is the heightened need for security and confidentiality solutions to protect individual integrity and data ownership (Boulos, 2006; Porta, 2014). As the handling of personal records requires robust security programs and firewalls, researchers must protect both the digital data and the identities of their participants.
Another disadvantage of E-epidemiology that must be addressed is its inherent biases. Despite the digital nature of these tools, they remain subject to many of the same limitations and biases as traditional epidemiology methods. For instance, online surveys are still vulnerable to non-response bias (Bozman, 2005), social desirability bias (Zhu, 2024), and interviewer bias (Spencer, 2022). 
A further concern is the digital divide, the tendency for internet-based studies to systematically underrepresent older adults, lower-income populations, and people in low-connectivity regions,  which can introduce significant sampling bias at the population level (Sander, 2021). These factors must be addressed during the study design and data collection phases to prevent the generation of skewed or inaccurate results. Accounting for these complexities is especially critical in E-epidemiology given that its findings are often applied at the population level.

Bibliography

Sanders, C. K., & Scanlon, E. (2021). The Digital Divide Is a Human Rights Issue: Advancing Social Inclusion Through Social Work Advocacy. Journal of human rights and social work, 6(2), 130–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-020-00147-9
Ebert, J. F., Huibers, L., Christensen, B., & Christensen, M. B. (2018). Paper- or Web-Based Questionnaire Invitations as a Method for Data Collection: Cross-Sectional Comparative Study of Differences in Response Rate, Completeness of Data, and Financial Cost. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(1), e24. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8353
Casey, J. A., Schwartz, B. S., Stewart, W. F., & Adler, N. E. (2016). Using Electronic Health Records for Population Health Research: A Review of Methods and Applications. Annual review of public health, 37, 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021353
Blumenberg, C., & Barros, A. J. (2016). Electronic data collection in epidemiological research. The use of REDCap in the Pelotas birth cohorts. Applied clinical informatics, 7(3), 672–681. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-02-RA-0028
Fallatah, D. I., & Adekola, H. A. (2024). Digital epidemiology: harnessing big data for early detection and monitoring of viral outbreaks. Infection prevention in practice, 6(3), 100382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infpip.2024.100382

Brownstein, John S.; Freifeld, Clark C.; Madoff, Lawrence C. (2009). ""Digital Disease Detection — Harnessing the Web for Public Health Surveillance"". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (21): 2153–2157. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0900702. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 2917042. PMID 19423867.

Kamel Boulos MN; Cai Q; Padget JA; Rushton G (April 2006). ""Using software agents to preserve individual health data confidentiality in micro-scale geographical analyses"". J Biomed Inform. 39 (2): 160–70. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2005.06.003. PMID 16098819.

Miquel Porta (2014) A dictionary of epidemiology, 6th edn, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199976737.

Marcano Belisario, J. S., Jamsek, J., Huckvale, K., O'Donoghue, J., Morrison, C. P., & Car, J. (2015). Comparison of self-administered survey questionnaire responses collected using mobile apps versus other methods. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015(7), MR000042. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000042.pub2
Wyatt J. C. (2000). When to use web-based surveys. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA, 7(4), 426–429. https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.2000.0070426
Zhu, O. Y., Greene, D., & Dolnicar, S. (2024). Should the risk of social desirability bias in survey studies be assessed at the level of each pro-environmental behaviour? Tourism Management, 104, 104933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2024.104933
Bozman, C. S., & Stem, D. E., Jr. (2005). Non-response error within internet surveys: A cautionary note. Journal of International Information Management, 14(2), Article 3. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/jiim/vol14/iss2/3
Spencer, N. H., Syrdal, D. S., Coates, M., & Huws, U. (2022). Assessing bias in online surveys using alternative survey modes. Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation, 16(1), 34–51. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48675868",3993908,en,2026-07-31T20:47:43Z,7169,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,E-epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Economic epidemiology is a field at the intersection of epidemiology and economics. Its premise is to incorporate incentives for healthy behavior and their attendant behavioral responses into an epidemiological context to better understand how diseases are transmitted. This framework should help improve policy responses to epidemic diseases by giving policymakers and health-care providers clear tools for thinking about how certain actions can influence the spread of disease transmission.
The main context through which this field emerged was the idea of prevalence-dependence, or disinhibition, which suggests that individuals change their behavior as the prevalence of a disease changes. However, economic epidemiology also encompasses other ideas, including the role of externalities, global disease commons and how individuals' incentives can influence the outcome and cost of health interventions.
Strategic epidemiology is a branch of economic epidemiology that adopts an explicitly game theoretic approach to analyzing the interplay between individual behavior and population wide disease dynamics.",17601160,en,2026-07-29T14:21:47Z,21573,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Economic epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a specific population or populated place when that infection is constantly present, or maintained at a baseline level. The term describes the distribution of an infectious disease among a group of people or animals or within a populated area. An endemic disease always has a steady, predictable number of people or animals getting sick, but that number can be high (hyperendemic) or low (hypoendemic), and the disease can be severe or mild. Also, a disease that is usually endemic can become epidemic.
For example, chickenpox is endemic in the United Kingdom, but malaria is not. Every year, there are a few cases of malaria reported in the UK, but these do not lead to sustained transmission in the population due to the lack of a suitable vector (mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles). Consequently, there is no constant baseline level of malaria infection in the UK, and the disease is not endemic. However, the number of people who get chickenpox in the UK varies little from year to year, so chickenpox is considered endemic in the UK.",937967,en,2026-07-22T23:21:24Z,12517,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Endemic (epidemiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology),BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Environmental epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology concerned with determining how environmental exposures impact human health. This field seeks to understand how various external risk factors may predispose to or protect against disease, illness, injury, developmental abnormalities, or death. These factors may be naturally occurring or may be introduced into environments where people live, work, and play.",13924093,en,2026-07-31T13:52:32Z,25317,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Environmental epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
"[""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from March 2023"", ""Articles with dead external links from May 2023"", ""Articles with permanently dead external links"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2024"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023"", ""CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown"", ""Citation overkill"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Environmental social science"", ""Epidemiology"", ""Health sciences"", ""Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link"", ""Public health"", ""Public health research"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from January 2017"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]","Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population, and application of this knowledge to prevent diseases.
It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.
Major areas of epidemiological study include disease causation, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, environmental epidemiology, forensic epidemiology, occupational epidemiology, screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment.
Epidemiology, literally meaning 'the study of what is upon the people', is derived from Greek  epi 'upon, among',   demos 'people' and  logos 'study', referring to the study of human populations. However, the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations (veterinary epidemiology), although the term 'epizootiology' was historically used. 'Epidemiology' has also been applied to studies of plant populations (botanical or plant disease epidemiology).
The distinction between ""epidemic"" and ""endemic"" was first drawn by Hippocrates, The term ""epidemiology"" appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Joaquín de Villalba in Epidemiología Española. Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population, a condition known as a syndemic.
The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic, infectious disease, but of disease in general, including related conditions and, especially since the 20th century, chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Some examples of topics examined through epidemiology include high blood pressure, mental illness and obesity. Therefore, this epidemiology is based upon how the pattern of the disease causes change in the function of human beings.",66997,en,2026-08-02T16:22:02Z,77922,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"""Epidemiology"" is the sixth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series Community, and the 31st episode of the series overall. It originally premiered in the United States on NBC on October 28, 2010 as a special Halloween-themed episode. In the episode, the dean throws a Halloween themed party on campus. During the party, a few of the partygoers become sick from eating a hazardous substance that the dean mistook for taco meat bought at an army surplus store. The sickness causes those affected to turn into a violent, zombie-like state that can be passed on through bites. As the study group try to escape, the dean (under orders from U.S. Army Special Operations) locks the doors, trapping them inside with the infected.
The episode was written by Karey Dornetto and directed by Anthony Hemingway, and also features the voice of George Takei. The episode's plot is an homage to various zombie and horror movies, with the infected students mimicking stereotypical zombies and various tropes of the genre. The episode received overwhelmingly positive reviews and was watched by 5.6 million viewers on its original airing.",29412352,en,2026-07-15T17:14:02Z,10780,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology (Community),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_(Community),BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and patterns of health-events, health-characteristics and their causes or influences in defined populations.
Epidemiology may also refer to:

Epidemiology (journal)
Epidemiology (Community), episode of the television series Community",35813461,en,2026-07-08T20:26:10Z,359,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology (disambiguation),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_(disambiguation),BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Epidemiology is a bi-monthly, peer-reviewed journal for epidemiologic research, published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
The journal publishes original research from all fields of epidemiology, as well as review articles, meta-analyses, novel hypotheses, descriptions and applications of new methods and discussions of research theory and public health policy. It is the official journal of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE).  In 2020, Epidemiology had an impact factor of 4.822, ranking 35th among 203 journals in the field of public, environmental and occupational health.
Epidemiology was founded by Ken Rothman in 1990, who was Editor-in-Chief until 2001. From 2001-2014, Allen Wilcox was the Editor-in-Chief. Timothy Lash is the current Editor-in-Chief.",18537310,en,2026-07-15T19:41:08Z,2280,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology (journal),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_(journal),BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Epidemiology and Infection  is a peer-reviewed medical journal that contains original reports and reviews on all aspects of infection in humans and animals. Some of these aspects include zoonoses, tropical infections, food hygiene, and vaccine studies.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 4.2.",18557352,en,2026-07-15T19:41:08Z,1675,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology and Infection,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_and_Infection,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"The global pandemic of HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) began in 1981, and is an ongoing worldwide public health issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2023, HIV/AIDS had killed approximately 40.4 million people, and approximately 39 million people were infected with HIV globally. Of these, 29.8 million people (75%) are receiving antiretroviral treatment. There were about 630,000 deaths from HIV/AIDS in 2022. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million per year. Global incidence fell rapidly from 1997 to 2005, to about 2.6 million per year. Incidence of HIV has continued to fall, decreasing by 23% from 2010 to 2020, with progress dominated by decreases in Eastern Africa and Southern Africa. As of 2023, there are about 1.3 million new infections of HIV per year globally.
HIV originated in nonhuman primates in Central Africa and jumped to humans several times in the late 19th or early 20th century. One reconstruction of its genetic history suggests that HIV-1 group M, the strain most responsible for the global epidemic, may have originated in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, around 1920. AIDS was first recognized in 1981, and in 1983 HIV was discovered and identified as the cause of AIDS.
In some countries, HIV disproportionately affects certain key populations (sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, and transgender people) and their sexual partners. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 63% of new infections are women, with young women (aged 15 to 24 years) twice as likely as men of the same age to be living with HIV. In Western Europe and North America, men who have sex with men account for almost two thirds of new HIV infections.
Climate change impacts HIV risk, and the availability of and access to HIV prevention and treatment services, contributing to poor nutrition, impaired immunity, and poor adherence to treatment.
In 2018, the prevalence of HIV in the Africa Region was estimated at 1.1 million people. The African Region accounts for two thirds of the incidence of HIV around the world. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected by HIV. In 2020, more than two thirds of those living with HIV were living in Africa. HIV rates have been decreasing in the region: From 2010 to 2020, new infections in eastern and southern Africa fell by 38%. Still, South Africa has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world, at 8.45 million, 13.9% of the population as of 2022.
In Western Europe and North America, most people with HIV are able to access treatment and live long and healthy lives. In 2020, 88% of people living with HIV in this region knew their HIV status, and 67% have suppressed viral loads. In 2019, approximately 1.2 million people in the United States had HIV. 13% did not realize that they were infected. In Canada in 2016, there were about 63,110 cases of HIV. In 2020, 106,890 people were living with HIV in the UK and 614 died (99 of these from COVID-19 comorbidity). In Australia, in 2020, there were about 29,090 cases.",2340554,en,2026-07-29T11:18:04Z,104667,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"As of 2011, approximately 235 million people worldwide were affected by asthma, and roughly 250,000 people die per year from asthma-related causes. Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality. Prevalences vary between countries from 1% to 18%. Asthma tends to be more prevalent in developed than in developing countries. Rates are lower in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa. Within developed countries it is more common among those who are economically disadvantaged, but in contrast in developing countries it is more common amongst the affluent. The reason for these differences is not well known.
While asthma is twice as common in boys as in girls, severe asthma occurs at equal rates. Among adults, however, asthma is twice as common in women as in men.",23454727,en,2026-07-20T16:57:13Z,32538,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of asthma,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_asthma,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"The epidemiology of depression has been studied across the world.
Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, as the epidemiology has shown. Lifetime prevalence estimates vary widely, from 3% in Japan to 17% in India. Epidemiological data shows higher rates of depression in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and the United States than in other regions and countries. For most countries among the 10 studied, the number of people who experience depression during their lifetimes falls within an 8–12% range.
In North America, the probability of having a major depressive episode within any year-long period is 3–5% for males and 8–10% for females.",35500653,en,2026-07-05T23:09:43Z,20852,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of depression,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_depression,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Globally, an estimated 537 million adults are living with diabetes, according to 2021 data from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes was the 9th-leading cause of mortality globally in 2020, attributing to over 2 million deaths annually due to diabetes directly, and to kidney disease due to diabetes. The primary causes of type 2 diabetes is diet and physical activity, which can contribute to increased BMI, poor nutrition, hypertension, alcohol use and smoking, while genetics is also a factor. Diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly; previous 2019 estimates put the number at 463 million people living with diabetes, with the distributions being equal between both sexes  incidence peaking around age 55 years old.  The number is projected to 643 million by 2030, or 7079 individuals per 100,000, with all regions around the world continue to rise. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 85-90% of all cases. Increases in the overall diabetes prevalence rates largely reflect an increase in risk factors for type 2, notably greater longevity and being overweight or obese. The prevalence of African Americans with diabetes is estimated to triple by 2050, while the prevalence of white Americans is estimated to double. The overall prevalence increases with age, with the largest increase in people over 65 years of age. The prevalence of diabetes in America is estimated to increase to 48.3 million by 2050.
Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common (especially type 2) in the more developed countries. The greatest increase in prevalence is, however, occurring in low- and middle-income countries including in Asia and Africa, where most patients will probably be found by 2030. The increase in incidence in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the Western pattern diet). The risk of getting type 2 diabetes has been widely found to be associated with lower socio-economic position across countries.
The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death. However another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of associated complications (e.g. heart disease, stroke, kidney failure), which often result in premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes.
The burden of diabetes (both type 1 and 2) has a possibility to lead to complications of multiple body systems including nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. About half of patients with type 2 diabetes die due to cardiovascular disease and 10% from kidney failure. A study done on Gomel city population with radiation exposure after the Chernobyl incident demonstrated increased incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Women who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a 20-50% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.",39550875,en,2026-07-27T16:14:00Z,37686,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of diabetes,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],"Obesity has been observed throughout human history. Many early depictions of the human form in art and sculpture appear obese. However, it was not until the 20th century that obesity became common — so much so that, in 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) formally recognized obesity as a global epidemic and estimated that the worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975. Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2, and in June 2013 the American Medical Association classified it as a disease.
In countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), one child out of five is overweight or obese. Once considered a problem only of high-income countries, obesity rates are rising worldwide. In 2014, the mean BMI in 128 countries was above the threshold for overweight. Globally, there are now more people who are obese than who are underweight, a trend observed in every region over the world except parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In 2013, an estimated 2.1 billion adults were overweight, as compared with 857 million in 1980. Of adults who are overweight, 31% are obese. Increases in obesity have been seen most in urban settings.
Since body fat can be measured in several ways, statistics on the epidemiology of obesity vary between sources. While BMI is the most basic and commonly used indicator of obesity, other measures include waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, skinfold thicknesses, and bioelectrical impedance. The rate of obesity increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old. Sex- and gender-based differences also influence the prevalence of obesity. Globally there are more obese women than men, but the numbers differ depending on how obesity is measured.",21111360,en,2026-08-01T01:54:15Z,54308,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of obesity,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_obesity,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,32271173,en,2026-07-27T16:13:29Z,29175,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of pneumonia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_pneumonia,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,35049423,en,2026-07-30T02:48:33Z,18148,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of representations,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_representations,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,31360509,en,2026-07-27T16:13:24Z,18569,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of schizophrenia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,34397403,en,2026-07-20T16:57:22Z,48422,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of snakebites,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,2252874,en,2026-07-27T16:10:55Z,47088,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Epidemiology of suicide,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_suicide,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,8434240,en,2026-07-30T02:41:03Z,3798,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Programme_for_Intervention_Epidemiology_Training,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,50453569,en,2026-07-24T12:48:17Z,762,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Evolutionary epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,12807001,en,2026-08-01T20:20:26Z,10874,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Field epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,16017459,en,2026-07-26T18:06:22Z,12075,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Genetic epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,167008,en,2026-07-31T20:08:19Z,7365,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Incidence (epidemiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology),BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,24446656,en,2026-07-15T17:11:20Z,5033,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Information bias (epidemiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_bias_(epidemiology),BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,24901799,en,2026-07-03T20:38:25Z,1844,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Lagging (epidemiology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagging_(epidemiology),BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,5939070,en,2026-07-22T22:09:01Z,2424,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Landscape epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,36777840,en,2026-07-31T13:49:44Z,7666,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Managerial epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managerial_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,13924377,en,2026-07-15T17:04:45Z,9558,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Molecular epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,39618075,en,2026-08-03T09:50:02Z,26162,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Molecular pathological epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_pathological_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,43331656,en,2026-08-02T13:48:39Z,2879,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,National Institute of Epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,29718054,en,2026-07-15T17:14:09Z,22544,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Nutritional epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,50799575,en,2026-07-30T02:54:35Z,19505,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Occupational epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,4998418,en,2026-07-15T16:58:25Z,19712,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Psychiatric epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,463734,en,2026-07-31T22:37:29Z,136828,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Public health,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing video clips"", ""Articles with medical app sidebar"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from April 2026"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021"", ""CS1 maint: publisher location"", ""Causes of amputation"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Infectious diseases""]",,158400,en,2026-08-03T08:04:29Z,139907,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Sepsis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,46899627,en,2026-07-30T15:45:23Z,5082,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Sleep epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,15221455,en,2026-07-15T17:05:30Z,8459,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Social epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,4694241,en,2026-07-29T17:19:03Z,8355,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Spatial epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,13880040,en,2026-07-31T20:17:42Z,2675,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Statistical epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,14069120,en,2026-07-21T17:11:08Z,15463,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengthening_the_reporting_of_observational_studies_in_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,18717172,en,2026-07-31T08:20:16Z,4345,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,"Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance,_Epidemiology,_and_End_Results",BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
[],,80487004,en,2026-07-09T03:39:20Z,6085,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Survival epidemiology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_epidemiology,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Animal diseases"", ""Articles with excerpts"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Disease ecology"", ""Infectious diseases"", ""Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link"", ""Pages including recorded pronunciations"", ""Pages using the Phonos extension"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from March 2023"", ""Zoonoses""]",,34439,en,2026-07-29T22:35:02Z,84100,2026-08-03T21:59:01+00:00,Zoonosis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis,BYVxVxWa7agJuGqNy,Y3kABSymiIgDn1emT
"[""Kategori:Amerikanska dramafilmer"", ""Kategori:Amerikanska episka filmer"", ""Kategori:Amerikanska filmer 2001"", ""Kategori:Amerikanska science fiction-filmer"", ""Kategori:Artiklar med text på engelska"", ""Kategori:Brooklyn på film"", ""Kategori:Engelskspråkiga filmer"", ""Kategori:Filmer från Amblin Entertainment"", ""Kategori:Filmer från Dreamworks"", ""Kategori:Filmer från Warner Bros."", ""Kategori:Filmer i regi av Steven Spielberg"", ""Kategori:Filmer producerade av Steven Spielberg"", ""Kategori:Filmmusik av John Williams"", ""Kategori:Manhattan på film"", ""Kategori:Pinocchiofilmer"", ""Kategori:Robotar på film"", ""Kategori:Verk om vetenskap""]",A.I. – Artificiell Intelligens (engelska: A.I. Artificial Intelligence) är en amerikansk science fiction-film i regi av Steven Spielberg. Den hade biopremiär i USA den 29 juni 2001.,57418,sv,2026-05-03T10:24:35Z,4594,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,A.I. – Artificiell Intelligens,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._%E2%80%93_Artificiell_Intelligens,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
"[""Kategori:Förgreningssidor""]","AI eller Ai kan syfta på:

AI – intelligens hos maskiner eller programvara, se Artificiell intelligens
A.I. – Artificiell Intelligens – en film av Steven Spielberg
AI – en halvkanton i nordöstra Schweiz, se Appenzell Innerrhoden
AI – en internationell frivilligorganisation och ideell organisation, se Amnesty International
Ai (stad) – en stad i Gamla testamentet i Bibeln
Ai (musikgrupp) – en svensk popgrupp som främst uppmärksammades för sin medverkan i Melodifestivalen 1999
a.i. – en förkortning för ad interim
.ai – nationell toppdomän för Anguilla
.ai - filändelse för ett illustrationsprogram, se Adobe Illustrator
Ai, Marshallöarna – ö i Marshallöarna",23126,sv,2026-07-24T14:23:40Z,858,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,AI (olika betydelser),https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_(olika_betydelser),SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Anthropic PBC är ett amerikanskt privatägt AI-företag baserat i San Francisco, grundat 2021 av syskonen Daniela Amodei och Dario Amodei tillsammans med andra tidigare medarbetare från OpenAI.
Anthropic är registrerat som ett Public Benefit Corporation (PBC). Denna bolagsform ger företaget juridisk frihet att investera delar av sin vinst i allmännyttiga projekt, istället för att uteslutande maximera utdelningen till aktieägare. I gengäld krävs full transparens och årliga rapporter som redovisar hur verksamheten har bidragit till allmännyttan.",8958508,sv,2026-07-29T02:50:14Z,10033,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Anthropic,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA) är en lärobok om artificiell intelligens, skriven av Stuart J. Russell och Peter Norvig för universitetsstudenter. Den tredje upplagan av boken släpptes den 11 december 2009. Boken används i över 1100 universitet runt om i världen och har kallats ""den mest populära artificiell intelligens-läroboken i världen"".",6967759,sv,2026-05-23T10:46:00Z,1151,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence:_A_Modern_Approach,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
"[""Kategori:Artificiell intelligens"", ""Kategori:Enwp"", ""Kategori:Kognitionsvetenskap"", ""Kategori:Maskininlärning"", ""Kategori:Wikipedia:Basartiklar"", ""Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från BNE"", ""Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från BNF"", ""Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från GND"", ""Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från LCCN""]","Artificiell intelligens (AI), eller maskinintelligens, är förmågan hos datorprogram och robotar att efterlikna människors och andra djurs naturliga intelligens, främst kognitiva funktioner såsom förmågan att lära sig av tidigare erfarenheter, förstå naturligt språk, lösa problem, planera sekvenser av handlingar och att generalisera.
Begreppet är även namnet på det akademiska studieområde som ägnar sig åt att studera och skapa datorprogram med intelligent beteende. Inom AI-forskningen ryms flera delområden och metoder, från historiska expertsystem till maskininlärning, datautvinning, datorseende, stora språkmodeller och generativ AI. Tillämpningsområdena är breda och innefattar bland annat maskinläsning, röststyrning, maskinöversättning, chattbotar, digitala assistenter, självkörande bilar, ansiktsigenkänning och autonoma vapensystem.
Många AI-forskare och läroböcker definierar området som ""studiet och utformningen av intelligenta agenter"". En intelligent agent är ett system som uppfattar sin omgivning och vidtar åtgärder som maximerar chansen att framgångsrikt uppnå sina inprogrammerade mål. John McCarthy, som myntade begreppet artificiell intelligens 1956, definierade ämnet som ""vetenskapen och tekniken att skapa intelligenta maskiner"". De centrala problemen för AI-forskningen inkluderar resonemang, kunskapsrepresentation, planering, inlärning, naturlig språkbearbetning, perception samt förmågan att flytta och manipulera objekt.
Tekniken klassificeras i regel som ""svag AI"" (applikationsspecifik), till skillnad från artificiell generell intelligens (AGI), superintelligens (ASI) och artificiellt medvetande, vilka förblir hypotetiska och långsiktiga mål för forskningen.
Som vetenskapsfält är artificiell intelligens tvärvetenskapligt; det kombinerar discipliner som datavetenskap, matematik, psykologi, lingvistik, filosofi och neurovetenskap. Fältet är mycket tekniskt och specialiserat, ofta uppdelat kring specifika matematiska metoder (som statistik, symbolisk AI eller artificiella neurala nätverk) eller specifika tillämpningar.
Hela forskningsområdet bygger på det underliggande antagandet att den centrala mänskliga egenskapen intelligens ""går att beskriva så exakt att det gör det möjligt för en maskin att simulera den."" Denna utgångspunkt väcker komplexa filosofiska och etiska frågor om medvetande, själ och skapandet av tänkande maskiner, vilka har behandlats i mytologi och litteratur sedan antiken. Efter att historiskt ha pendlat mellan enorm optimism och djupa besvikelser (så kallade AI-vintrar), utgör artificiell intelligens i modern tid en grundpelare inom teknikindustrin och driver utvecklingen för att lösa flera av samhällets mest utmanande problem.",15,sv,2026-08-03T10:23:26Z,58065,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Artificiell intelligens,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificiell_intelligens,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Artificiell intelligens i datorspel avser de metoder och system som används för att styra icke-spelbara figurer (NPC:er), anpassa spelupplevelsen, analysera spelarbeteende och generera innehåll i datorspel och TV-spel. Begreppet syftar vanligen inte på artificiell generell intelligens, utan på praktiska tekniker som ska skapa trovärdigt, underhållande och resurseffektivt spelbeteende.",9021774,sv,2026-06-05T17:31:42Z,8273,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Artificiell intelligens i datorspel,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificiell_intelligens_i_datorspel,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Ett neuronnät (rekommenderad term enligt Svenska datatermgruppen) eller artificiellt neuronnät (ANN) är ett samlingsnamn på ett antal självlärande algoritmer som försöker efterlikna funktionen i biologiska neuronnät (exempelvis hjärnan). 
Algoritmer som emulerar neuronnät kan ofta klara problem som är svåra att lösa med konventionella datalogiska metoder. Exempel på tillämpningar är: informationsutvinning (data mining), mönsterigenkänning, signalbehandling, reglerteknik, datorspel, prognoser, självorganisering, icke-linjär optimering, optimeringsproblem med många bivillkor (exempelvis schemaläggning) med mera.
Ett neuronnät måste tränas innan det kan användas. De flesta neuronnät arbetar därför i två faser, först en inlärningsfas där nätverket tränas på den uppgift som ska utföras. Sedan följer en tillämpningsfas där nätverket bara använder det som det har lärt sig. Det går också att låta nätet fortsätta att lära sig även när det används, men vanligen lämnas det som det är när det uppnått den precision som eftersträvades.",235368,sv,2026-07-26T15:46:03Z,8483,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Artificiellt neuronnät,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificiellt_neuronn%C3%A4t,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Arvid Lunnemark, född 3 november 1999 i Malmö, är en svensk IT-entreprenör, matematiker och mjukvaruutvecklare. Han är mest känd som medgrundare och tidigare teknisk chef (CTO) för det amerikanska AI-bolaget Anysphere, företaget bakom den globalt uppmärksammade kodredigeraren Cursor.
I samband med att Anysphere stängde en rekordstor finansieringsrunda i slutet av 2025, där bolaget värderades till närmare 30 miljarder dollar, omskrevs Lunnemark som en av Sveriges yngsta dollarmiljardärer.",9016470,sv,2026-06-30T02:29:29Z,5171,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Arvid Lunnemark,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Lunnemark,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) är en chattrobot eller virtuell assistent, baserad på en stor språkmodell, som har utvecklats av företaget OpenAI under ledning av dess VD Sam Altman och tidigare teknikchefen Mira Murati(en) med flera.
ChatGPT lanserades som en prototyp på webbplatsen chat.openai.com den 30 november 2022, inledningsvis kostnadsfritt. Den fick snabbt uppmärksamhet för sina detaljerade och välartikulerade svar på frågor inom många kunskapsdomäner. Dess ojämna faktamässiga noggrannhet identifierades dock tidigt som en betydande nackdel. ChatGPT har blivit ""tränad"" genom maskininlärning av ett antal textkorpusar, bestående av ett stort antal böcker och webbsidor, inklusive Wikipedia, diskussionsforum och datorprograms manualsidor. Den har även ""tränats"" av rollspelsdata från simulerade dialoger mellan personer som har agerat å ena sidan chattbot och å andra sidan användare, samt genom människors bedömning av och återkoppling på robotens svarskvalitet.",8709972,sv,2026-07-07T03:00:27Z,47710,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,ChatGPT,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Claude är en serie stora språkmodeller (LLM) utvecklade av företaget Anthropic. Den första modellen lanserades den 14 mars 2023 och är uppkallad efter informationsteorins pionjär Claude Shannon. Claude är särskilt uppmärksammad för sina förmågor inom mjukvaruutveckling och för sitt fokus på säkerhet och etik genom träningsmetoden ""Constitutional AI"".",9013585,sv,2026-08-02T20:03:06Z,8072,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Claude (språkmodell),https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(spr%C3%A5kmodell),SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],Dartmouth-konferensen (The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence) hölls i Dartmouth College år 1956 och anses av många vara startskottet för artificiell intelligens som forskningsområde.,3976051,sv,2025-12-02T08:56:24Z,3161,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Dartmouth-konferensen,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth-konferensen,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Örlogskapten Data (IPA: /ˈdeɪtə/) är en rollfigur i Star Trek universumet, som spelas av Brent Spiner. Han uppträder i TV-serien Star Trek: The Next Generation samt långfilmerna Star Trek Generations, Star Trek: First Contact, Star Trek: Insurrection och Star Trek: Nemesis.
Data är en konstgjord livsform med artificiell intelligens och självmedvetande, som är byggd av Dr Noonien Soong i sin egen avbild. Han tjänar som andreofficer ombord på Stjärnflottans stjärnskepp USS Enterprise-D och USS Enterprise-E under 2300-talet.
Datas positroniska hjärna gör det möjligt för honom att utföra imponerande beräkningar. Under sitt tidiga liv hade Data svårigheter att förstå olika former av mänskligt beteende, bland annat eftersom han inte hade några känslor, vilket fick honom att utveckla en egen kultur. Datas mål är att bli mer lik sina mänskliga kollegor och få fler mänskliga upplevelser än en större del av dem. Detta är ibland en källa till humor i TV-serien. Ändå respekteras Data för sin visdom, nyfikenhet och balans av vänner och kollegor.
Data är på flera sätt en efterföljare till originalseriens rollfigur Spock, med ett utifrånperspektiv på mänskligheten, och de arbetade kort tillsammans i dubbelavsnittet Unification.",129100,sv,2026-07-08T17:10:55Z,5217,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Data (Star Trek),https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(Star_Trek),SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Deepmind, skrivet av företaget som DeepMind, är ett brittiskt artificiell intelligens-företag som grundades av Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg och Mustafa Suleyman 2010 som Deepmind Technologies. Företaget förvärvades av Google 2014.
Företaget köptes upp för över 500 miljoner amerikanska dollar. En av Deepminds villkor för Google var att de etablerade en etikstyrelse kring frågor rörande artificiell intelligens.
Ett av Deepminds huvudsakliga mål är att med hjälp av den stora mängden tillgängliga datorspel skapa generell artificiell intelligens, det vill säga artificiell intelligens som inte är anpassad för ett specifikt ändamål utan istället är tillämpbar i princip alla situationer med lämplig ingående data.[källa behövs]",5529772,sv,2026-07-27T15:10:09Z,2645,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Deepmind,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepmind,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],Den mjuka staten – Feminiseringen av samhället och dess konsekvenser är en fackbok av Erik J Olsson och Catharina Grönqvist Olsson utgiven 2024 på Karneval förlag.,8876988,sv,2026-05-23T10:47:16Z,5143,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Den mjuka staten,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_mjuka_staten,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Eliezer Shlomo Yudkowsky, född 11 september 1979, är en amerikansk artificiell intelligens-forskare, känd för att ha populariserat idén om vänlig artificiell intelligens. Han är en av grundarna och forskarassistent vid Machine Intelligence Research Institute, en ideell organisation baserad i Berkeley, Kalifornien.
2010 började han skriva på Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality och 2015 blev han klar. Boken är en fanfiction som skildrar trollkarlsvärlden i Harry Potter ur ett vetenskapligt och rationellt perspektiv.",6965732,sv,2026-05-19T00:06:31Z,1384,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Eliezer Yudkowsky,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Filosofin kring artificiell intelligens (förenklat: AI-filosofi) försöker besvara sådana frågor som följer:

Kan en maskin agera intelligent? Kan den lösa eventuella problem som en person skulle lösa genom att tänka?
Är mänsklig intelligens och maskinell intelligens samma sak? Är den mänskliga hjärnan i huvudsak en dator?
Kan en maskin har ett sinne, mentala tillstånd och ett medvetande på samma sätt som en människa kan? Kan den känna saker?
Dessa tre frågor återspeglar de olika intressena hos AI-forskare, lingvister, kognitiva forskare resp. filosofer. De vetenskapliga svaren på dessa frågor beror på definitionen av ""intelligens"" och ""medvetande"" samt exakt vilka ""maskiner"" som diskuteras.
Viktiga förslag inom AI-filosofin är:

Turingtestet: Om en maskin beter sig så intelligent som en människa, så är den lika intelligent som en människa
Dartmouthförslaget: Varje aspekt av lärande eller någon annan egenskap hos intelligens kan beskrivas så exakt att en maskin kan tillverkas för att simulera det
Newells och Simons hypotes om fysiska symbolsystem: Ett fysiskt symbolsystem har nödvändiga och tillräckliga medel för allmänt intelligenta handlingar
Searles starka AI-hypotes: Den ändamålsmässigt programmerade datorn med rätt in- och utdata skulle kunna ha ett sinne i exakt samma mening som människor har sinnen
Hobbes mekanism: Orsak är inget annat en beräkning",8036664,sv,2026-06-23T07:39:23Z,11960,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Filosofin kring artificiell intelligens,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofin_kring_artificiell_intelligens,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Frances O'Connor, född 12 juni 1967 i  Wantage, Oxfordshire, är en brittisk-australisk skådespelare. O'Connor är främst för sina roller i filmer som Mansfield Park (1999), Djävulen och jag (2000), A.I. – Artificiell Intelligens (2001), Mister Ernest (2002) och Timeline (2003), samt i tv-serien Mr Selfridge.",1693532,sv,2026-07-24T17:22:49Z,2089,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Frances O'Connor,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_O%27Connor,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Gemini, tidigare känd som Bard, är en artificiell intelligens-textrobot, med vilken en användare kan kommunicera för att få begriplig information genererad. Den är avsedd att inom ett brett område söka svar för att besvara faktafrågor, författa användbara texter av olika slag och samtala på ett människoliknande sätt. För att åstadkomma detta används maskininlärning av en stor mängd texter på internet, inklusive Wikipedia.",8724663,sv,2026-07-27T22:45:28Z,5568,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Gemini (chattbot),https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(chattbot),SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Generativ artificiell intelligens (även generativ AI) är artificiell intelligens som kan generera text, bilder, videor eller andra former av data med hjälp av generativa modeller, ofta som svar på specifika instruktioner (så kallade prompter). Genom maskininlärning identifierar generativa AI-modeller underliggande mönster och strukturer i sina träningsdata, för att därefter kunna skapa helt nya data med liknande egenskaper.",8838711,sv,2026-08-03T17:46:15Z,5930,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Generativ artificiell intelligens,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativ_artificiell_intelligens,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"Grok är en textrobot, utvecklad av XAI, som baserar sig på generativ artificiell intelligens. Den lanserades i november 2023 av Elon Musk, som ett initiativ baserat på den stora språkmodellen med samma namn. Grok har appar för IOS och Android och är integrerad med Twitter och Teslas Optimus-robot. Textbotten har fått sitt namn efter verbet grok (grokka i den svenska översättningen), vilket myntades 1961 av författaren Robert A. Heinlein i hans SF-roman Främling på egen planet. Heinlein ville med sitt begrepp beskriva en förståelse som var djupare än den mänskliga.
Textbotten har genererat olika kontroverser, inklusive konspirationsteorier, antisemitism, hyllanden av Adolf Hitler och en användning av tjänsten för att generera avklädda bilder av människor mot deras vilja. Den har också refererat till Musks åsikter när den blivit tillfrågad i kontroversiella ämnen eller runt svåra beslut. Uppdateringar sedan 2023 har politiskt förändrat textbotten mer åt höger, så att den oftare ger konservativa svar på användarförfrågningar.",8998471,sv,2026-07-31T02:24:06Z,3710,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Grok,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,8847685,sv,2026-07-05T16:01:53Z,7438,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Hallucination (artificiell intelligens),https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination_(artificiell_intelligens),SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,216729,sv,2026-05-23T10:35:04Z,3294,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Humanoid,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
"[""Kategori:Alla artiklar med döda externa länkar"", ""Kategori:Artiklar med döda externa länkar 2026-03"", ""Kategori:Intelligens""]",,834,sv,2026-07-23T09:42:33Z,28450,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Intelligens,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligens,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,9041323,sv,2026-07-28T00:05:32Z,12183,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Jens Nygren,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Nygren,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,9015064,sv,2026-07-21T09:07:55Z,5218,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Joel Hellermark,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Hellermark,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,9014558,sv,2026-05-23T10:47:25Z,5856,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Legora,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legora,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,8967059,sv,2026-05-23T20:28:46Z,4836,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Lovable,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovable,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,9029843,sv,2026-07-31T02:02:11Z,3339,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Magnifica Humanitas,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifica_Humanitas,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,8539827,sv,2026-07-21T09:07:51Z,2058,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Magnus Ahlqvist (företagsledare),https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Ahlqvist_(f%C3%B6retagsledare),SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,9015059,sv,2026-05-03T17:23:04Z,5473,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Max Junestrand,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Junestrand,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,9014152,sv,2026-05-19T08:35:49Z,7655,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Microsoft Copilot,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
"[""Kategori:Alla artiklar märkta med mallen källor"", ""Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver källor"", ""Kategori:Artiklar som behöver källor 2022-12"", ""Kategori:Cyberpunkromaner"", ""Kategori:Dystopisk litteratur"", ""Kategori:Länkkällor utan metadata: .jp"", ""Kategori:Länkkällor utan metadata: .org"", ""Kategori:Länkkällor utan metadata: samtliga"", ""Kategori:Nebulapriset"", ""Kategori:Science fiction-böcker"", ""Kategori:Skönlitteratur 1984""]",,54481,sv,2026-06-12T11:33:36Z,3797,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Neuromancer,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancer,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,5515621,sv,2026-07-28T03:15:09Z,26421,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Open AI,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_AI,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,5515650,sv,2026-06-22T22:55:44Z,1166,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_on_Artificial_Intelligence,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
"[""Kategori:Delområden inom logik"", ""Kategori:Matematisk logik""]",,62759,sv,2026-01-31T10:46:56Z,9834,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Predikatlogik,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predikatlogik,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,91505,sv,2026-03-20T15:00:12Z,5762,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Robotikens lagar,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotikens_lagar,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,7049147,sv,2026-07-23T13:41:16Z,6065,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Sam Altman,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Altman,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,5105733,sv,2026-05-27T04:46:38Z,1981,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Sana (olika betydelser),https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana_(olika_betydelser),SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,917882,sv,2026-05-03T10:25:20Z,806,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Skynet,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,8838751,sv,2026-05-19T08:35:49Z,7394,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Sora (artificiell intelligens),https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_(artificiell_intelligens),SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,1232674,sv,2026-07-12T17:06:55Z,4910,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Svante Linusson,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Linusson,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,402871,sv,2026-06-20T01:42:57Z,30924,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Teknologisk singularitet,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologisk_singularitet,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,5496033,sv,2026-05-23T10:44:54Z,2280,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,The Age of Intelligent Machines,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Intelligent_Machines,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,5497581,sv,2026-05-23T10:44:55Z,3021,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,The Singularity Is Near,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
"[""Kategori:Artificiell intelligens"", ""Kategori:Wikipedia:Projekt översätta källmallar"", ""Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från BNF"", ""Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från GND"", ""Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från LCCN""]",,44289,sv,2026-06-05T12:05:00Z,2321,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Turingtestet,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingtestet,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
"[""Kategori:Förgreningssidor"", ""Kategori:Sportevenemang i USA""]",,54667,sv,2026-07-24T14:23:40Z,863,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,US Open,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,9000397,sv,2026-07-29T14:15:01Z,4303,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Vibe-kodning,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe-kodning,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,286009,sv,2026-07-16T12:35:14Z,5602,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Visma Spcs,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma_Spcs,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,270035,sv,2026-07-24T14:23:42Z,1152,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Wasp,https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp,SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],,1406804,sv,2026-07-12T08:27:13Z,3229,2026-08-03T21:58:06+00:00,Watson (datorsystem),https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(datorsystem),SkYO1dkCaeTZsrH8e,9Pq5n9OoBPw9pPthJ
[],"A.I. Sztuczna inteligencja (ang. Artificial Intelligence: AI) – amerykański film science fiction z 2001 roku w reżyserii Stevena Spielberga na podstawie scenariusza, który napisali Brian Aldiss i Ian Watson.
Film jest adaptacją opowiadania Aldissa Supertoys Last All Summer Long. Projekt filmu był rozwijany od lat 70. przez Stanleya Kubricka. Po jego śmierci film poświęcony jego pamięci ukończył Spielberg.",299570,pl,2026-08-01T22:29:38Z,5175,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,A.I. Sztuczna inteligencja,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._Sztuczna_inteligencja,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"AI Act, EU Artificial Intelligence Act – rozporządzenie unijne w sprawie sztucznej inteligencji, które zostało przyjęte przez Parlament Europejski 13 marca 2024 roku.",5682376,pl,2026-08-01T22:32:49Z,11996,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,AI Act,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Act,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"AI slop, również slop – treści cyfrowe tworzone za pomocą generatywnej sztucznej inteligencji, które są postrzegane jako pozbawione wysiłku, jakości lub głębszego znaczenia oraz produkowane w dużej ilości. Termin został wprowadzony w latach dwudziestych XXI wieku i ma pejoratywne konotacje podobne do terminu „spam”. „Slop” został wybrany słowem roku 2025 przez słownik Merriam-Webster oraz przez American Dialect Society.",6021561,pl,2026-08-01T22:38:09Z,17566,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,AI slop,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_slop,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
"[""Kategoria:Artykuły z brakującymi przypisami od 2021-06"", ""Kategoria:Chatboty"", ""Kategoria:Wolne i otwarte oprogramowanie""]","ALICE (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity) – program komputerowy starający się naśladować ludzką konwersację i jednocześnie projekt Open Source mający na celu jego doskonalenie. ALICE nie zdołał jeszcze całkowicie spełnić testu Turinga, ale trzykrotnie wygrał oparte na tym teście zawody o Nagrodę Loebnera.
ALICE został zainspirowany programem ELIZA, lecz jest oparty na innych założeniach matematycznych i ogólnym podejściu do problemu. Stara się on wykorzystywać modele matematyczne, heurystyki naturalnej konwersacji.
ALICE to akronim od Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity, w którym to projekcie uczestniczy ok. 300 programistów i tysiące wolontariuszy testujących ALICE przez Internet. Projekt ALICE ruszył w 1995 roku. Program jest rozwijany w języku Java, choć istnieją też źródła w C++. Program w obu wersjach językowych wykorzystuje specjalnie opracowaną dla niego aplikację XML o nazwie AIML.
Pomysłodawcą projektu ALICE był haker Richard Wallace.",414,pl,2026-08-01T22:27:09Z,1718,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,ALICE (sztuczna inteligencja),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALICE_(sztuczna_inteligencja),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
"[""Kategoria:Absolwenci King’s College (Cambridge)"", ""Kategoria:Angielscy samobójcy"", ""Kategoria:Artykuły, które powinna mieć każda Wikipedia (od 10 do 30k)"", ""Kategoria:Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń"", ""Kategoria:Biomatematycy"", ""Kategoria:Brytyjczycy upamiętnieni nazwami nagród"", ""Kategoria:Brytyjscy informatycy"", ""Kategoria:Brytyjscy kryptolodzy"", ""Kategoria:Brytyjscy logicy"", ""Kategoria:Brytyjscy matematycy XX wieku"", ""Kategoria:Brytyjscy wojskowi"", ""Kategoria:Członkowie Royal Society"", ""Kategoria:Historia LGBT w Wielkiej Brytanii"", ""Kategoria:Ludzie upamiętnieni nazwami matematycznymi"", ""Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Londynie"", ""Kategoria:Ludzie związani ze sztuczną inteligencją"", ""Kategoria:Matematycy upamiętnieni nazwami nagród"", ""Kategoria:Odznaczeni Orderem Imperium Brytyjskiego"", ""Kategoria:Probabiliści"", ""Kategoria:Szablon cytowania bez określonego trybu"", ""Kategoria:Szablon cytowania zamienił nazwę czasopisma"", ""Kategoria:Urodzeni w 1912"", ""Kategoria:Zmarli w 1954""]","Alan Mathison Turing (ur. 23 czerwca 1912 w Londynie, zm. 7 czerwca 1954 w Wilmslow k. Manchesteru) – brytyjski matematyk, informatyk i wojskowy. Zajmował się głównie matematyką stosowaną: probabilistyką, teorią obliczalności, kryptologią i biomatematyką.
Turing to jeden z pionierów informatyki jako twórca koncepcji maszyny Turinga. W czasie II wojny światowej pracował nad złamaniem szyfrów III Rzeszy, maszyny Enigma. Jeden z ojców sztucznej inteligencji, proponując test Turinga jako kryterium inteligencji; wywarł tym wpływ na filozofię umysłu.
Turinga upamiętniają między innymi pomniki, nazwa planetoidy, nagroda naukowa, film Gra tajemnic i brytyjski banknot pięćdziesięciofuntowy (£50).",362,pl,2026-08-03T19:24:00Z,30538,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Alan Turing,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Anthropic PBC – amerykańskie przedsiębiorstwo zajmujące się sztuczną inteligencją, założone w 2021 roku przez byłych pracowników OpenAI, w tym rodzeństwo Dario i Daniela Amodei. Spółka rozwija rodzinę dużych modeli językowych Claude, narzędzia dla programistów, w tym Claude Code, oraz standard Model Context Protocol.
Anthropic jest przedsiębiorstwem typu spółki pożytku publicznego (ang. public benefit corporation). Według informacji spółki jej celem statutowym jest „odpowiedzialny rozwój i utrzymanie zaawansowanej sztucznej inteligencji dla długoterminowej korzyści ludzkości”. Anthropic silnie eksponuje badania nad bezpieczeństwem, interpretowalnością modeli i kontrolowaniem ryzyka związanego z coraz bardziej zaawansowanymi systemami AI.",5936584,pl,2026-08-03T14:47:05Z,29460,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Anthropic,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Bezpieczeństwo sztucznej inteligencji – interdyscyplinarna dziedzina skupiająca się na zapobieganiu wypadkom, niewłaściwemu użyciu i innym szkodliwym konsekwencjom wynikającym z działania aplikacji sztucznej inteligencji. Obejmuje to etykę maszyn i ich zgodność, a także monitorowanie systemów sztucznej inteligencji pod kątem ryzyka i zwiększanie ich niezawodności. Obszar ten zajmuje się w szczególności zagrożeniami egzystencjalnymi, jakie niosą ze sobą zaawansowane modele sztucznej inteligencji.",5886538,pl,2026-08-01T22:36:27Z,16435,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Bezpieczeństwo sztucznej inteligencji,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezpiecze%C5%84stwo_sztucznej_inteligencji,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Bielik – polski otwarty duży model językowy stworzony przez fundację SpeakLeash, dzięki zasobom obliczeniowym Akademickiego Centrum Komputerowego Cyfronet AGH. Założeniem Bielika jest lepsze dopasowanie do języka polskiego oraz polskich realiów. Jednym z inicjatorów projektu jest Sebastian Kondracki.
Oprócz oficjalnej strony Bielik jest także dostępny na platformie Hugging Face, gdzie użytkownicy mogą przetestować jego możliwości. Model, jak i narzędzia pomocne przy jego tworzeniu (zestaw danych, pakiety programistyczne), są dostępne na licencji open-source, co umożliwia szeroki dostęp do jego funkcji i zastosowań.",5858839,pl,2026-08-01T22:36:26Z,10606,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Bielik (model językowy),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielik_(model_j%C4%99zykowy),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"ChatGPT – chatbot opracowany przez OpenAI, oparty na generatywnej sztucznej inteligencji (dużym modelu językowym GPT), służący do generowania odpowiedzi na dane wprowadzane przez użytkownika. Model ten został opracowany na podstawie dużych zbiorów danych, aby mógł prowadzić rozmowę i angażować się w różne tematy, od ogólnych rozmów po określone obszary wiedzy.
ChatGPT został uruchomiony jako prototyp 30 listopada 2022 i szybko zwrócił na siebie uwagę dzięki rozbudowanym odpowiedziom z wielu dziedzin wiedzy, które jednak nierzadko są tylko pozornie prawidłowe. Jego model językowy został opracowany zarówno za pomocą technik uczenia nadzorowanego i uczenia przez wzmocnienie.
Komunikacja z ChatGPT polega na tworzeniu podpowiedzi, czyli specjalnie skonstruowanych zapytań. Jakość odpowiedzi jest zależna od jakości podpowiedzi.
W 2025 roku jego witryna była piątą najczęściej odwiedzaną stroną internetową na świecie.",5399779,pl,2026-08-02T23:35:15Z,22825,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,ChatGPT,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Cursor – edytor kodu źródłowego i zintegrowane środowisko programistyczne z wbudowanymi funkcjami opartymi na sztucznej inteligencji, będący forkiem Visual Studio Code. Rozwijany jest przez amerykańską spółkę Anysphere z San Francisco, założoną w 2022 roku. Program jest dostępny dla systemów Windows, macOS i Linux i wykorzystuje duże modele językowe do generowania, edycji i analizy kodu źródłowego.",6075239,pl,2026-08-01T22:36:31Z,11242,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Cursor,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursor,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Dolina niesamowitości (ang. uncanny valley) – termin stosowany w hipotezie naukowej, zgodnie z którą robot, rysunek lub animacja komputerowa wyglądający bądź funkcjonujący podobnie (lecz nie identycznie) jak człowiek, wywołuje u obserwatorów nieprzyjemne odczucia, a nawet odrazę. 
W 1970 roku japoński inżynier i konstruktor robotów Masahiro Mori przeprowadził badania dotyczące emocjonalnej reakcji ludzi na wygląd zewnętrzny robotów. Początkowo rezultaty były przewidywalne: im robot był bardziej podobny do człowieka, tym sympatyczniejszym się on wydawał – jednak tylko do określonej granicy. Roboty najbardziej zbliżone do człowieka nieoczekiwanie okazywały się niemiłe dla ludzi z powodu niewielkich szczegółów odróżniających je od człowieka. Wywoływały one uczucie dyskomfortu, a nawet strachu. Nieoczekiwany spadek na wykresie komfortu psychicznego (patrz obok) nazwany został „doliną niesamowitości”. Mori wykrył, że ruch obiektu potęguje jego pozytywne i negatywne postrzeganie.
W 2011 roku prof. Ayse Pinar Saygin z Uniwersytetu Kalifornijskiego podjęła badania mające na celu ustalenie przyczyn występowania doliny niesamowitości. W badaniu 20 osób w wieku od 20 do 36 lat, które nie miały doświadczenia z robotami, wykorzystano funkcjonalny rezonans magnetyczny. U uczestników badania mierzono aktywność w okolicach kory ciemieniowej odpowiedzialnej za rozpoznawanie ruchów, oraz w korze ruchowej, sterującej ruchami zamierzonymi. W toku badań największą aktywność mózgu zaobserwowano podczas oglądania przez badanego filmów przedstawiających robota humanoidalnego. Tymczasem w przypadku filmów przedstawiających człowieka i robota nie przypominającego człowieka aktywności były na podobnym, niskim poziomie. Konkluzja badań mówi, że widok robota człowiekopodobnego powoduje u obserwatora oczekiwanie wykonania konkretnych ruchów, a wobec ich braku, brak komfortu.",1612634,pl,2026-08-01T22:33:02Z,3554,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Dolina niesamowitości,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolina_niesamowito%C5%9Bci,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Dostrajanie (ang. fine-tuning) – podejście w uczeniu głębokim do uczenia transferowego, w którym parametry wstępnie wyszkolonego modelu sieci neuronowej są trenowane na nowych danych. Dostrajanie można przeprowadzić w całej sieci neuronowej lub tylko konkretnych warstwach. W drugim przypadku warstwy, które nie są dostrajane nie ulegają zmianie podczas propagacji wstecznej.
W przypadku niektórych architektur, takich jak konwolucyjne sieci neuronowe, zazwyczaj zamraża się pierwsze warstwy (najbliższe warstwie wejściowej), ponieważ przechwytują one cechy niższego poziomu, podczas gdy kolejne warstwy często rozróżniają cechy wyższego poziomu, które mogą być bardziej powiązane z zadaniem trenowanego modelu.
Modele wstępnie wytrenowane na dużych, ogólnych korpusach są zazwyczaj dostrajane przez ponowne wykorzystanie ich parametrów jako punkt startowy i dodanie warstwy specyficznej dla zadania, trenowanej od podstaw. Dostrajanie całego modelu też jest stosowane i często daje lepsze rezultaty ale jest bardziej kosztowne obliczeniowo.
Do metod dostrajania należą również metody dostrajania efektywnego parametrycznie (ang. parameter-efficient fine-tuning, PEFT), w których większość parametrów modelu pozostaje niezmieniona, a uczeniu podlega jedynie niewielki zbiór dodatkowych lub wybranych parametrów. Stanowią one alternatywę dla pełnego dostrajania dużych modeli, w tym dużych modeli językowych, ponieważ pozwalają ograniczyć liczbę trenowanych parametrów, a tym samym zmniejszyć wymagania pamięciowe i obliczeniowe. W literaturze wyróżnia się między innymi podejścia addytywne, selektywne, reparametryzacyjne i hybrydowe. Przykładami metod PEFT są adaptery, czyli niewielkie moduły dodawane do warstw modelu i trenowane dla konkretnego zadania, oraz LoRA (ang. Low-Rank Adaptation), w której wagi modelu bazowego pozostają zamrożone, a aktualizacja wag jest parametryzowana za pomocą trenowalnych macierzy niskiego rzędu. Niektóre metody PEFT, takie jak adaptery i LoRA, mogą w wielu zastosowaniach dawać wyniki zbliżone do pełnego dostrajania przy znacznie mniejszej liczbie trenowanych parametrów, a także ograniczyć koszty związane z przechowywaniem i obsługą wielu wariantów modelu. W przypadku adapterów umożliwia to współdzielenie jednego modelu bazowego między wieloma zadaniami bez konieczności przechowywania osobnej pełnej kopii modelu dla każdego z nich, natomiast w przypadku metod reparametryzacyjnych, takich jak LoRA, po zakończeniu uczenia możliwe jest połączenie parametrów adaptacyjnych z wagami modelu bazowego na potrzeby wnioskowania. Metody PEFT znajdują zastosowanie nie tylko w przetwarzaniu języka naturalnego, lecz także w modelach wizyjnych i modelach wielomodalnych.
Dostrajanie odbywa się zazwyczaj za pomocą uczenia nadzorowanego. To podejście można też połączyć z techniką RLHF, aby wytworzyć modele językowe, takie jak ChatGPT (dostrojona wersja modeli GPT).",5869323,pl,2026-08-01T22:36:27Z,7247,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Dostrajanie (sztuczna inteligencja),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostrajanie_(sztuczna_inteligencja),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Duży model językowy (ang. large language model, LLM) – model językowy wyszkolony na dużej ilości danych umożliwiający generowanie tekstu oraz realizację zadań związanych z przetwarzaniem języka naturalnego. Modele LLM są szkolone w ramach samonadzorowanego lub słabo nadzorowanego uczenia maszynowego z wykorzystaniem dużych ilości danych tekstowych. Proces ten jest intensywny obliczeniowo. Duże modele językowe mogą być wykorzystywane do generowania tekstu poprzez wielokrotne przewidywanie następnego tokenu lub słowa, przez co zaliczane są do generatywnej sztucznej inteligencji. 
Duże modele językowe są sieciami neuronowymi. Największe i najbardziej zdolne modele językowe oparte są na architekturze transformerów. 
Przykładami dużych modeli językowych są modele z serii GPT zbudowane przez OpenAI (np. GPT-3.5, GPT-4), używane w chatbotach ChataGPT i Microsoft Copilot, a także modele Llama zbudowane przez Meta Platforms. Istnieją również chińskie modele jak DeepSeek czy polskie jak Bielik i PLLuM.",5666340,pl,2026-08-01T22:32:47Z,29814,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Duży model językowy,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%BCy_model_j%C4%99zykowy,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Edward Warchocki – polski projekt humanoidalnego robota (oparty na platformie Unitree G1), funkcjonujący jako influencer w mediach społecznościowych. Został stworzony w 2026 roku przez Bartosza Idzika oraz Radosława Grzelaczyka. Jest uznawany za pierwszego w Polsce fizycznego robot-influencera, który wchodzi w bezpośrednie interakcje z ludźmi w przestrzeni publicznej.",6062738,pl,2026-07-18T16:23:34Z,8623,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Edward Warchocki,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Warchocki,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"ElevenLabs – amerykańskie przedsiębiorstwo założone przez Piotra Dąbkowskiego i Mateusza Staniszewskiego, tworzące naturalnie brzmiące syntezatory mowy i oprogramowania do przekształcania tekstu na mowę z wykorzystaniem sztucznej inteligencji i uczenia głębokiego. Uznawane za jedno z najważniejszych przedsiębiorstw, które przyczyniły się do popularyzacji sztucznej inteligencji na początku lat 20. XXI wieku.",5614856,pl,2026-08-02T23:35:20Z,12602,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,ElevenLabs,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElevenLabs,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Etyka robotów – problem zasad moralnych jakimi będą się kierowały urządzenia wyposażone w sztuczną inteligencję pojawił się znacznie wcześniej niż realne możliwości produkcji takich urządzeń. Początkowo rozważano go jedynie w literaturze fantastycznej, lecz teraz ze względu na dynamiczny rozwój nauki stał się realnym problemem.",1300582,pl,2026-08-01T22:27:22Z,10427,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Etyka robotów,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyka_robot%C3%B3w,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Etyka sztucznej inteligencji – dziedzina badań zajmująca się rozważaniem moralnych, społecznych i filozoficznych konsekwencji związanych z rozwojem i wykorzystaniem technologii sztucznej inteligencji. Jest interdyscyplinarnym obszarem, który łączy badania z zakresu filozofii, informatyki, prawa, socjologii, a także nauk politycznych i ekonomicznych.",5808456,pl,2026-08-01T22:32:57Z,4938,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Etyka sztucznej inteligencji,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyka_sztucznej_inteligencji,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Filozofia sztucznej inteligencji – gałąź filozofii, w której przedmiotem dyskusji są problemy dotyczące „myślących maszyn”, takie jak:

Czy maszyna może zachowywać się inteligentnie w sposób nieodróżnialny od zachowania człowieka i czy to implikuje, że taka maszyna rzeczywiście posiada umysł i świadomość?
Jak wyglądałyby etyczne konsekwencje stworzenia takich maszyn?
Czy procesy myślowe mogą zostać opisane w kategoriach modeli informatycznych?
Te pytania interesują badaczy sztucznej inteligencji, filozofów, psychologów poznawczych, specjalistów w dziedzinie kognitywistyki i lingwistyki.",4067653,pl,2026-08-01T22:30:18Z,1585,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Filozofia sztucznej inteligencji,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_sztucznej_inteligencji,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Funkcjonalizm -  pogląd w filozofii umysłu i kognitywistyce, zgodnie z którym nasze umysły lepiej jest traktować nie jako materialne czy niematerialne organy czy rzeczy, ale jako zdolności, funkcje i sposoby, na jakie jesteśmy zorganizowani, aby funkcjonować w świecie .
Współczesny funkcjonalizm uznaje ludzi za komputery, które tylko za sprawą losu, zbudowane są z krwi i kości, a ich stany umysłowe są stanami obliczeniowymi.",5742558,pl,2026-08-01T22:32:52Z,12082,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Funkcjonalizm (filozofia),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcjonalizm_(filozofia),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],Gemini (do lutego 2024 pod nazwą Bard) – duży model językowy opracowany przez firmę Google i rozwijany przez DeepMind.,5513425,pl,2026-08-02T23:35:18Z,3515,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Gemini (model językowy),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(model_j%C4%99zykowy),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5677271,pl,2026-08-03T17:46:15Z,78194,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Generatywna sztuczna inteligencja,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatywna_sztuczna_inteligencja,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
"[""Kategoria:Amerykańscy producenci sprzętu komputerowego"", ""Kategoria:Amerykańscy producenci telefonów komórkowych"", ""Kategoria:Amerykańskie przedsiębiorstwa informatyczne"", ""Kategoria:Amerykańskie przedsiębiorstwa softwarowe"", ""Kategoria:Google""]",,122531,pl,2026-08-02T23:32:32Z,23239,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Google,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5868941,pl,2026-08-01T22:36:27Z,6794,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Halucynacja (sztuczna inteligencja),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halucynacja_(sztuczna_inteligencja),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,2943863,pl,2026-08-01T22:29:12Z,3003,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Inteligencja,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencja,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,471549,pl,2026-07-17T19:34:55Z,1464,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Inteligencja kognitywna,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencja_kognitywna,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5670682,pl,2026-08-01T22:32:49Z,9938,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Jakub Pachocki,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Pachocki,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5505498,pl,2026-08-02T23:35:17Z,45653,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Jarosław Królewski,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kr%C3%B3lewski,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,146299,pl,2026-08-02T23:32:33Z,5621,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,John Carmack,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carmack,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
"[""Kategoria:Filozofia umysłu i kognitywistyka"", ""Kategoria:Nauki interdyscyplinarne"", ""Kategoria:Szablon cytowania bez określonego trybu"", ""Kategoria:Szablon cytowania używa pól opisowych"", ""Kategoria:Szablon odn bez numeru strony""]",,49853,pl,2026-08-01T22:28:35Z,6924,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Kognitywistyka,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitywistyka,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5995376,pl,2026-08-01T22:15:43Z,5190,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Mati Staniszewski,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati_Staniszewski,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,180440,pl,2026-08-02T23:32:34Z,68418,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Microsoft,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5874779,pl,2026-08-03T15:56:58Z,3809,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Model Context Protocol,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Context_Protocol,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,632347,pl,2026-08-01T22:30:47Z,20369,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Ogólna sztuczna inteligencja,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og%C3%B3lna_sztuczna_inteligencja,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5433230,pl,2026-08-02T23:35:16Z,77113,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,OpenAI,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,286873,pl,2026-08-01T22:26:02Z,26456,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Osobliwość technologiczna,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osobliwo%C5%9B%C4%87_technologiczna,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,2148032,pl,2026-08-01T22:12:39Z,12027,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Postęp w sztucznej inteligencji,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%C4%99p_w_sztucznej_inteligencji,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5867864,pl,2026-08-01T22:36:27Z,7229,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Retrieval-augmented generation,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5474339,pl,2026-08-02T23:35:17Z,14807,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Sam Altman,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Altman,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5882277,pl,2026-08-01T22:36:27Z,4538,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Samodoskonalenie (sztuczna inteligencja),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodoskonalenie_(sztuczna_inteligencja),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
"[""Kategoria:Artykuły wymagające uzupełnienia źródeł od 2010-06"", ""Kategoria:Artykuły z brakującymi przypisami od 2010-06"", ""Kategoria:Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń"", ""Kategoria:Artykuły z wyrażeniami zwodniczymi od 2013-12"", ""Kategoria:Sieci neuronowe""]",,42993,pl,2026-08-01T22:28:35Z,13460,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Sieć neuronowa,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%87_neuronowa,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5868547,pl,2026-08-02T23:35:25Z,4052,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Sora (sztuczna inteligencja),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_(sztuczna_inteligencja),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,2198997,pl,2026-08-01T22:12:40Z,9948,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Superinteligencja,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superinteligencja,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5595994,pl,2026-08-01T22:15:04Z,58783,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Synerise,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synerise,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
"[""Kategoria:Artykuły, które powinna mieć każda Wikipedia (powyżej 30k)"", ""Kategoria:Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń"", ""Kategoria:Cybernetyka"", ""Kategoria:Inteligencja"", ""Kategoria:Szablon cytowania zamienił nazwę czasopisma"", ""Kategoria:Szablony cytowania – problemy – cytuj – strona główna"", ""Kategoria:Sztuczna inteligencja""]",,5586,pl,2026-08-03T10:23:25Z,68188,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Sztuczna inteligencja,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuczna_inteligencja,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,3109136,pl,2026-07-28T14:12:47Z,221,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Sztuczna inteligencja (ujednoznacznienie),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuczna_inteligencja_(ujednoznacznienie),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
"[""Kategoria:Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń"", ""Kategoria:Historia sztucznej inteligencji""]",,6174,pl,2026-08-01T22:28:29Z,8173,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Test Turinga,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Turinga,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5673590,pl,2026-08-01T22:36:22Z,20596,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Transformer (sztuczna inteligencja),https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(sztuczna_inteligencja),whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5877910,pl,2026-08-01T22:33:03Z,4104,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Wyjaśnialna sztuczna inteligencja,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyja%C5%9Bnialna_sztuczna_inteligencja,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5868575,pl,2026-08-01T22:15:30Z,18393,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Wyścig zbrojeń sztucznej inteligencji,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wy%C5%9Bcig_zbroje%C5%84_sztucznej_inteligencji,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],,5886656,pl,2026-08-01T22:15:32Z,12716,2026-08-03T21:58:00+00:00,Zgodność sztucznej inteligencji,https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodno%C5%9B%C4%87_sztucznej_inteligencji,whVZPD68rFSgWQYoP,MALdhbheGECYHMENw
[],"Een AI-agent is een concept uit het vakgebied van de kunstmatige intelligentie. Het is een softwaresysteem dat zelfstandig zijn omgeving waarneemt, informatie verwerkt en handelingen uitvoert om zo bepaalde doelen te bereiken. Het opereert hierbij (grotendeels of volledig) autonoom. Gewoonlijk zullen AI-agents binnen door menselijke gebruikers gestelde doelen werken. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het plannen van een reis of het analyseren van data. AI-agents worden wel gezien als een tussenstap richting kunstmatige algemene intelligentie. Stuart Russel en Peter Norvig hebben in de jaren negentig van de twintigste eeuw een belangrijke rol gespeeld in het uitwerken van het concept van AI-agents.
Er is geen eenduidige definitie voor AI-agents. Veelvoorkomende kenmerken zijn onder andere doelgericht gedrag, interfaces voor natuurlijke taal, het vermogen om externe hulpmiddelen te gebruiken en het vermogen om taken uit te voeren die uit meerdere stappen bestaan. Hun besturingslogica wordt vaak aangestuurd door een groot taalmodel (LLM).",6060140,nl,2026-07-26T16:15:01Z,2805,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,AI-agent,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-agent,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Een AI-boom (uitspraak: ee aai boem) is een afkorting van artifical intelligence boom. Het is een periode van snelle vooruitgang op het gebied van kunstmatige intelligentie (of artificiële intelligentie; AI). Tijdens een AI-boom worden veel nieuwe ideeën en technieken ontwikkeld. Ook wordt er veel geld geïnvesteerd in kunstmatige intelligentie. Ten grondslag hieraan liggen technologische doorbraken en investeringen van overheden en bedrijven.
Volgens verschillende experts op het gebied van kunstmatige intelligentie zou de mensheid sinds midden jaren 2000 in de derde AI-boom zitten. Volgens AI-ontwikkelaar Yutaka Matsuo begon de derde AI-boom in 2013.",5937982,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:50Z,6641,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,AI-boom,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-boom,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Een AI-overname is een hypothetisch scenario waarin de kunstmatige intelligentie of artificiële intelligentie (AI) van een computer de dominante vorm van intelligentie op Aarde wordt, doordat computerprogramma's of robots de controle over de planeet ontnemen van de menselijke soort. Mogelijke scenario's zijn de vervanging van de gehele menselijke beroepsbevolking, de overname door een superintelligente AI en het populaire idee van een robotopstand.",5641733,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:38Z,7575,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,AI-overname,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-overname,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"AI-slop, vaak kortweg slop (slordig materiaal, rommel), is een term voor media van lage kwaliteit, inclusief teksten en afbeeldingen, gemaakt met behulp van generatieve kunstmatige intelligentietechnologie, die wordt gekenmerkt door een inherent gebrek aan inspanning, logica of doelgerichtheid. De term werd bedacht in de jaren twintig van de 21e eeuw en heeft een pejoratieve connotatie die lijkt op ""spam"" en er wordt op soortgelijke wijze figuurlijk taalgebruik gebruikt, dat voortkomt uit ongewenst voedsel.
Het is op verschillende manieren gedefinieerd als ""digitale rommel"", ""opvulmateriaal geproduceerd door AI-tools die snelheid en kwantiteit boven inhoud en kwaliteit stellen"" en ""slechte of ongewenste AI-inhoud in sociale media, kunst, boeken en, steeds vaker, in zoekresultaten"".
Jonathan Gilmore, hoogleraar filosofie aan de City University of New York, beschrijft het materiaal als een ""ongelooflijk banale, realistische stijl"" die voor de kijker gemakkelijk te verwerken is.",5964859,nl,2026-08-02T04:44:00Z,14533,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,AI-slop,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-slop,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Advanced Micro Devices"", ""Categorie:Wikipedia:Alle artikelen die een referentie missen"", ""Categorie:Wikipedia:Artikel mist referentie sinds september 2019""]","Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is een bedrijf uit Santa Clara, Californië, in de Verenigde Staten. AMD produceert microprocessoren en videokaarten ten behoeve van personal computers en kunstmatige intelligentie.
Sinds 2 januari 2015 staat AMD aan de NASDAQ genoteerd.",43240,nl,2026-08-03T08:37:49Z,22184,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Advanced Micro Devices,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Brits informaticus"", ""Categorie:Brits wiskundige"", ""Categorie:Cryptograaf"", ""Categorie:Geschiedenis van de informatica"", ""Categorie:Historische lhbti'er"", ""Categorie:Homoseksualiteit in de geschiedenis (Verenigd Koninkrijk)"", ""Categorie:Kunstmatige intelligentie-onderzoeker"", ""Categorie:Logicus"", ""Categorie:Persoon overleden door zelfdoding""]","Alan Mathison Turing (Londen, 23 juni 1912 – Wilmslow, 7 juni 1954) was een wiskundige, computerpionier en informaticus, mathematisch bioloog en logicus uit het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Hij was zeer invloedrijk in de ontwikkeling van de theoretische computerwetenschap, door de concepten van algoritme en berekenbaarheid te formaliseren met de door hem ontwikkelde turingmachine, waardoor hij kan worden beschouwd als een pionier van de moderne computer.",8,nl,2026-08-01T23:37:47Z,17341,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Alan Turing,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Alexandr Wang (1997) is de medeoprichter en CEO van Scale AI, een bedrijf voor kunstmatige intelligentie dat diensten levert op het gebied van datalabeling en modelevaluatie om toepassingen voor kunstmatige intelligentie te ontwikkelen. 
Op 24-jarige leeftijd werd hij in 2021 de jongste selfmade miljardair ter wereld op dat moment. Forbes schatte zijn vermogen in april 2025 op 3,6 miljard dollar.",5962934,nl,2026-06-10T12:12:29Z,4833,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Alexandr Wang,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Wang,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Algoritme"", ""Categorie:Programmeerconcept""]","Een algoritme is een stappenplan bestaande uit een eindige hoeveelheid regels in vaste volgorde om tot een oplossing te komen en het einddoel te bereiken. Het wordt ingezet als een handig hulpmiddel bij eenvoudige tot complexe problemen of situaties van het dagelijks leven en de digitale vraagstukken. Een voorbeeld is het monetair algoritme.
Het algoritme werd vroeger alleen gebruikt door wiskundigen, maar sinds de opkomst van computers wordt het vooral  gerelateerd aan automatisering, terwijl het algoritme een ruimer begrip kent. Dit kreeg verhaal in 1935 door de Britse wiskundige Alan Turing met zijn bekende uitdaging en beslissingsprobleem ""bestaat er een algoritme waarmee kan bewezen worden of een wiskundige bewering waar is of niet?"" Vanaf toen werden de mogelijkheden en onmogelijkheden besproken tussen wiskundigen en computerprogrammeurs.",9,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:22Z,17235,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Algoritme,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoritme,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Anthropic PBC is een Amerikaans bedrijf dat zich bezighoudt met kunstmatige intelligentie (artificial intelligence, AI). Anthropic heeft een familie van grote taalmodellen (LLM's) ontwikkeld, genaamd Claude, als concurrent van OpenAI's ChatGPT en Googles Gemini.",5891881,nl,2026-07-29T02:50:14Z,5449,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Anthropic,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Blade Runner 2049 is een Amerikaanse neo noir-sciencefictionfilm uit 2017 onder regie van Denis Villeneuve. De film, met in de hoofdrollen Ryan Gosling en Harrison Ford, dient als officieel vervolg van Blade Runner (1982); het verhaal speelt zich dertig jaar na de gebeurtenissen van de eerste film af. Ridley Scott, die het eerste deel regisseerde, dient voor deze film als uitvoerend producent.",4796711,nl,2026-07-20T22:12:53Z,22377,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Blade Runner 2049,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner_2049,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],Carlo van de Weijer (1966) is een Nederlandse expert op het gebied van kunstmatige intelligentie en mobiliteit en transport. Hij is directeur van het Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute (EAISI) aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TU/e). Daarnaast heeft hij diverse bestuursfuncties in vooral de automotive branche en geeft hij regelmatig zijn mening in de landelijke pers.,5950114,nl,2026-07-31T15:11:31Z,13034,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Carlo van de Weijer,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_van_de_Weijer,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is een door OpenAI aangeboden dienst. Het is een vorm van generatieve kunstmatige intelligentie, die onder andere teksten kan schrijven en complexe vragen kan beantwoorden. De dienst is te gebruiken als chatbot die dialogen simuleert, en is toegankelijk via extensies en API's. De naam wordt zowel gebruikt voor de dienst als voor de onderliggende grote taalmodellen.",5710983,nl,2026-08-03T07:25:41Z,21538,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,ChatGPT,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Claude is een generatieve kunstmatige intelligentie-chat-assistent ontwikkeld door Anthropic, een AI-onderzoeksbedrijf opgericht door voormalige OpenAI-onderzoekers. Het is een conversationeel AI-systeem gebaseerd op een groot taalmodel (LLM), getraind op grote hoeveelheden tekst en code. Het systeem wordt aangeboden als behulpzaam, veilig en functionerend in overeenstemming met menselijke waarden.",5891878,nl,2026-08-02T20:03:06Z,11208,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Claude (taalmodel),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(taalmodel),eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Dario Amodei (San Francisco, 1983) is een Amerikaanse onderzoeker en ondernemer op het gebied van kunstmatige intelligentie (AI). In 2021 richtte hij samen met zijn zus Daniela Amodei Anthropic op, het bedrijf achter de reeks grote taalmodellen Claude. Daarvoor was hij vicepresident onderzoek bij OpenAI.
In zijn hoedanigheid als CEO van Anthropic schrijft Amodei vaak over de voordelen en risico's van geavanceerde AI-systemen. Hij is een voorstander van een ""entente""-strategie waarbij een coalitie van democratische landen geavanceerde AI-systemen in militaire toepassingen gebruikt om een beslissend voordeel te behalen ten opzichte van tegenstanders, terwijl de voordelen worden gedeeld met samenwerkende landen.",6058016,nl,2026-07-20T22:14:14Z,3528,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Dario Amodei,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Amodei,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Deborah Nas is een Nederlandse innovatieonderzoeker en deeltijd-hoogleraar Strategic Design for Technology-Based Innovation aan de Technische Universiteit Delft. Haar onderzoek richt zich op de adoptie van nieuwe technologie, innovatieprocessen en de maatschappelijke impact van nieuwe technologieën, zoals kunstmatige intelligentie en kwantumtechnologie.",6051897,nl,2026-08-02T19:58:21Z,8236,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Deborah Nas,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Nas,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"DeepSeek (Chinees: 深度求索; pinyin: Shēndù Qiúsuǒ) is een Chinees bedrijf gespecialiseerd in de ontwikkeling van grote taalmodellen gebaseerd op kunstmatige intelligentie. De modellen zijn beschikbaar onder een opensource-licentie. Het bedrijf wordt uitsluitend gefinancierd door het Chinese hedgefonds High-Flyer. Zowel DeepSeek als High-Flyer zijn gevestigd in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. 
Het bedrijf kreeg in januari 2025 internationale aandacht met de release van zijn nieuwste model, DeepSeek R1, een concurrent voor gevestigde AI-systemen zoals OpenAI's ChatGPT. Bij veel bedrijven die elektronische onderdelen leveren voor AI-systemen ging de beurskoers flink onderuit, zoals NVIDIA dat 600 miljard dollar aan beurswaarde verloor.",5926636,nl,2026-07-29T02:48:19Z,8394,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,DeepSeek,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepSeek,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Demis Hassabis (Londen, 27 juli 1976) is een Brits computationeel neurowetenschapper, onderzoeker op het gebied van kunstmatige intelligentie (AI) en ondernemer. Hij is de CEO en medeoprichter van Google DeepMind. Hassabis en John Jumper kregen gezamenlijk de helft van de Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde van 2024 voor de ontwikkeling van AlphaFold, een programma voor de voorspelling van de eiwitstructuur.",5904526,nl,2026-07-20T22:14:00Z,6328,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Demis Hassabis,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demis_Hassabis,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Eliezer Shlomo Yudkowsky (geboren op 11 september 1979) is een Amerikaanse auteur over beslissingstheorie en ethiek. Hij is medeoprichter en onderzoeker bij het Machine Intelligence Research Institute (MIRI), een non-profit onderzoeksinstituut, gevestigd in Berkeley (Californië).
Yudkowsky is vooral bekend om zijn popularisering van ideeën over “vriendelijke” kunstmatige intelligentie. Zijn werk over het vooruitzicht van een op hol geslagen intelligentie-explosie beïnvloedde filosoof Nick Bostroms boek “Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies”.",5746733,nl,2026-07-29T05:03:12Z,2087,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Eliezer Yudkowsky,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Het existentiële risico door kunstmatige intelligentie verwijst naar het idee dat grote vooruitgang in kunstmatige algemene intelligentie (AGI) zou kunnen leiden tot het uitsterven van de mensheid of een onomkeerbare wereldwijde catastrofe.
Eén argument voor het belang van dit risico verwijst naar de manier waarop mensen andere soorten domineren, omdat het menselijk brein over specifieke capaciteiten beschikt die andere dieren niet hebben. Als kunstmatige intelligentie (AI) de menselijke intelligentie zou overtreffen en superintelligent zou worden, zou het oncontroleerbaar kunnen worden. Net zoals het lot van de berggorilla afhangt van de goede wil van de mens, zou het lot van de mensheid kunnen afhangen van de acties van een toekomstige machinale superintelligentie.",5959664,nl,2026-08-02T19:58:21Z,6114,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Existentieel risico door kunstmatige intelligentie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentieel_risico_door_kunstmatige_intelligentie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Generatieve kunstmatige intelligentie (generatieve AI, GenAI, of GAI) is kunstmatige intelligentie die in staat is tekst, afbeeldingen, video's, computercode of andere gegevens te genereren met behulp van generatieve modellen, vaak als reactie op ingetypte opdrachten. Generatieve AI-modellen leren de patronen en de structuur van hun trainingsgegevens en genereren vervolgens nieuwe gegevens met vergelijkbare kenmerken.
Verbeteringen in op transformatoren gebaseerde diepe neurale netwerken, met name grote taalmodellen (LLM's), zorgden begin jaren 2020 voor een bloei van generatieve AI-systemen. Hieronder vallen chatbots zoals ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini en LLaMA, systemen voor het genereren van afbeeldingen zoals Stable Diffusion, Midjourney en DALL-E, en AI-generatoren voor het genereren van video zoals Sora. Bedrijven als OpenAI, Anthropic, Microsoft, Google en Baidu, maar ook talloze kleinere bedrijven, hebben generatieve AI-modellen ontwikkeld.
Generatieve AI kent toepassingen in een breed scala aan sectoren, waaronder softwareontwikkeling, gezondheidszorg, financiën, entertainment, klantenservice, verkoop en marketing, kunst, schrijven, mode, en productontwerp. Er zijn echter zorgen geuit over het mogelijke misbruik van generatieve AI, zoals computercriminaliteit, het gebruik van nepnieuws of deepfakes om mensen te misleiden of te manipuleren, en de massale vervanging van menselijke banen.",5893790,nl,2026-08-03T17:46:56Z,6630,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Generatieve kunstmatige intelligentie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatieve_kunstmatige_intelligentie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5753124,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:41Z,6296,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Geoffrey Hinton,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5642003,nl,2026-07-20T22:13:40Z,1997,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Google Lens,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lens,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5751405,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:41Z,5724,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Hallucinatie (kunstmatige intelligentie),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinatie_(kunstmatige_intelligentie),eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Informatica"", ""Categorie:Informatie"", ""Categorie:Informatietechnologie""]",,27943,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:24Z,3652,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Informatietechnologie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatietechnologie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Menselijke intelligentie"", ""Categorie:Psychologie""]",,87189,nl,2026-07-23T09:42:32Z,26222,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Intelligentie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,1329414,nl,2026-07-31T15:11:29Z,6124,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Jaap van den Herik,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_van_den_Herik,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Amerikaans atheïst"", ""Categorie:Amerikaans informaticus"", ""Categorie:Amerikaans wiskundige"", ""Categorie:Kunstmatige intelligentie-onderzoeker""]",,120416,nl,2026-07-20T22:04:24Z,3765,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,John McCarthy (informaticus),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(informaticus),eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,6037616,nl,2026-08-02T19:58:21Z,9739,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Joseph Weizenbaum,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,1604743,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:42Z,5697,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Klantenservice,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klantenservice,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5382836,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:32Z,3937,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Kunstmatige algemene intelligentie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmatige_algemene_intelligentie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Formele wetenschap"", ""Categorie:Kunstmatige intelligentie""]",,10068,nl,2026-08-02T15:12:26Z,101442,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Kunstmatige intelligentie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmatige_intelligentie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,4371574,nl,2026-07-20T22:12:39Z,2623,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,MASSIVE (software),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASSIVE_(software),eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,301234,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:29Z,16078,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Machinaal leren,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinaal_leren,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5968891,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:52Z,6558,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Mistral AI,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,159075,nl,2026-08-03T08:02:32Z,16260,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,NVIDIA,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVIDIA,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Automatisch leren"", ""Categorie:Computernetwerk"", ""Categorie:Regeltechniek""]",,10795,nl,2026-07-26T15:47:50Z,13757,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Neuraal netwerk,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraal_netwerk,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5502869,nl,2026-08-02T19:58:19Z,19511,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,OpenAI,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Intellectuele-eigendomsrecht"", ""Categorie:Open science"", ""Categorie:Open source"", ""Categorie:Wetenschappelijke literatuur""]",,3147,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:23Z,31448,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Open source,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,6036144,nl,2026-07-20T22:14:12Z,1639,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Peter Steinberger,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Steinberger,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,4611632,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:20Z,29466,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Peter Thiel,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Poker""]",,50116,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:25Z,36696,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Poker,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5867541,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:47Z,21389,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Regulering van kunstmatige intelligentie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulering_van_kunstmatige_intelligentie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5870574,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:47Z,2922,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,SpaceXAI,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceXAI,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,4076790,nl,2026-07-20T22:12:32Z,2113,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Superintelligentie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligentie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Futurologie"", ""Categorie:Kunstmatige intelligentie"", ""Categorie:Techniek"", ""Categorie:Wetenschapsfilosofie""]",,45279,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:24Z,49690,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Technologische singulariteit,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologische_singulariteit,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Amerikaanse film"", ""Categorie:Australische film"", ""Categorie:Cyberpunkfilm"", ""Categorie:Film in het National Film Registry"", ""Categorie:Film over kunstmatige intelligentie"", ""Categorie:Film uit 1999"", ""Categorie:Heroic bloodshed"", ""Categorie:Martialartsfilm"", ""Categorie:Postapocalyptische film"", ""Categorie:The Matrix""]",,52569,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:25Z,18222,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,The Matrix,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5791327,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:43Z,23741,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Toepassingen van kunstmatige intelligentie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toepassingen_van_kunstmatige_intelligentie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
"[""Categorie:Filosofie van de kunstmatige intelligentie"", ""Categorie:Gedachte-experiment in de exacte wetenschappen"", ""Categorie:Onderzoek""]",,1713,nl,2026-07-20T22:04:14Z,5068,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Turingtest,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingtest,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,5714577,nl,2026-08-02T19:58:19Z,10196,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Verordening Kunstmatige Intelligentie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verordening_Kunstmatige_Intelligentie,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],,4913323,nl,2026-07-31T15:11:30Z,19382,2026-08-03T21:57:41+00:00,Yuval Noah Harari,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari,eqWTPIjKQqOIxvxcc,0It9sLd9WBdMpc4se
[],"Ablatie is een techniek om een ruimtevaartuig of onderdelen daarvan gedurende een beperkte periode zeer hittebestendig te maken met een enigszins brandbare, of door hitte schilferende of vervluchtigende isolatielaag.
Kurk is een voorbeeld van een ablatieve stof. Het verbrandt of verschroeit bij zeer hoge temperaturen, maar dat gaat zo langzaam dat het niet binnen de tijd van verhitting doorbrandt mits de materiaaldikte voldoende is en daardoor voldoende isolatiewaarde behoudt. Sommige ablatieve materialen onttrekken door de vervluchtiging hitte aan de materie waardoor ze zelf koelend zijn.
Ablatie wordt onder meer toegepast in hitteschilden en straalpijpen van raketmotoren. Bekende voorbeelden zijn de straalpijp van de RS-68 en het hitteschild van de Sojoezcapsule.
Voordelen van een ablatief hitteschild ten opzichte van een onbrandbaar hitteschild is dat het relatief goedkoop te vervaardigen is en minder kwetsbaar is dan bijvoorbeeld de keramische tegels van de spaceshuttle. Een nadeel is dat het vaak maar eenmalig te gebruiken is en zwaarder is. Sommige ablatieve materialen zijn echter zo duurzaam dat ze meerdere malen te gebruiken zijn. Het Pica X-hitteschild van de SpaceX Dragon is daar een voorbeeld van. In 2024 besloot SpaceX op Starship te experimenteren met een dubbel hitteschild, bestaand uit een onbrandbaar keramisch hitteschild waaronder als back-up een ablatief hitteschild zit.",5135093,nl,2025-09-22T11:44:11Z,1637,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Ablatie (ruimtevaart),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablatie_(ruimtevaart),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],Airbus Netherlands (voorheen Airbus Defence and Space Netherlands en Dutch Space) is een Nederlands ruimtevaartbedrijf dat zich richt op de productie van zonnepanelen en apparatuur voor de ruimtevaart. Het is in 1995 voortgekomen uit een verzelfstandigde afdeling van de Nederlandse vliegtuigfabriek Fokker. Bij het bedrijf werken ruim 200 mensen.,1270798,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:40Z,5143,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Airbus Netherlands,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Netherlands,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],Aurora is een programma van het Europees Ruimteagentschap (ESA) met als doel bemande ruimtevaart naar de planeet Mars. Het Aurora-programma is niet langer actief.,2123370,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:47Z,2200,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Aurora (ruimtevaart),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(ruimtevaart),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"Bemande ruimtevaart betreft ruimtevaartuigen met een of meer mensen die de ruimte in gaan. Dat zijn niet alleen bemanningsleden, die het ruimtevaartuig besturen, maar ook wetenschappers die onderzoek doen en zelfs passagiers (ruimtetoeristen). Ook een ruimtevlucht met alleen passagiers wordt tot de bemande ruimtevaart gerekend.
De atmosfeer wordt verwaarloosbaar op een hoogte van 80,5 kilometer volgens de definitie van de Amerikaanse luchtmacht of op een hoogte van 100 kilometer volgens de Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Het ruimtevaartuig kan na het bereiken van de ruimte:

meteen terugkeren naar aarde (suborbitale ruimtevlucht)
in een baan om de aarde gaan draaien (orbitale ruimtevlucht)
een doel hebben buiten de aarde, bijvoorbeeld de maan of een planeet:
eromheen en gelijk weer terug, vrije-terugkeertraject: traject waarbij na de voortstuwing bij het verlaten van de aardbaan en het op weg gaan naar een hemellichaam gedurende de gehele verdere vlucht geen voortstuwing nodig is, behalve kleine koerscorrecties
in een orbitale baan komen en uiteindelijk weer terug
landing en de bemanning vestigt zich daar (voormalig doel van Mars One)
landing en uiteindelijk weer terug (bij het Apollo-project bij zes missies van toepassing geweest voor twee van de drie ruimtevaarders, een bleef in de tussentijd in een orbitale baan)
De eerste bemande ruimtevlucht vond plaats op 12 april 1961 met aan boord Joeri Gagarin, kosmonaut van de Sovjet-Unie (Vostok 1, een enkele baan om de aarde). Een maand later brachten de Verenigde Staten een mens in de ruimte, astronaut Alan Shepard. Tientallen jaren waren de VS en de Sovjet-Unie (vanaf 1991: Rusland) de enige landen die bemande ruimtevaart uitvoerden. Het was inzet van de ruimtewedloop tussen beide landen. Binnen hun ruimtevaartprogramma's gingen wel mensen van vele nationaliteiten de ruimte in. In 2003 voerde China zijn eerste bemande ruimtevlucht uit, waarbij astronaut Yang Liwei een aantal omwentelingen om de Aarde maakte.
De bemande ruimtevaart die tot nu toe heeft plaatsgevonden was altijd ontworpen voor terugkeer van de astronaut(en) naar de Aarde (in enkele gevallen is dat door een ongeluk niet gelukt). Daarnaast zijn er plannen geweest voor bemande reizen waarvan het ontwerp de astronauten niet de mogelijkheid biedt terug te keren naar de Aarde, omdat die het project duurder en ingewikkelder zou maken. Deze betroffen tot nu toe steeds vestiging op Mars, zie Bemande ruimtevaart naar Mars.
In 2010 maakte de Verenigde Staten onder president Barack Obama bekend af te zien van nieuwe bemande vluchten naar de Maan, en in plaats daarvan ernaar te streven een vlucht naar een planetoïde te maken in 2025, rond 2035 een bemande vlucht met terugkeer naar de Aarde te maken naar een baan om Mars, en daarna een bemande vlucht met terugkeer naar de Aarde te maken met een landing op Mars. In 2017 maakte de regering van President Trump bekend de Maan toch weer als doel te zien. Hiervoor zouden het Space Launch System en Orion die NASA sinds 2011 in ontwikkeling zijn ook bruikbaar zijn. Deze raket-ruimteschip combinatie wordt als hoeksteen van het in 2019 opgestarte Artemisprogramma gezien.",1599074,nl,2026-07-20T22:06:11Z,24745,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Bemande ruimtevaart,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemande_ruimtevaart,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"Sinds de jaren 50 van de 20e eeuw worden er plannen gemaakt om bemande ruimtevluchten naar Mars uit te voeren. De plannen variëren van het maken van een scheervlucht langs Mars tot landen of het zich vestigen op de planeet of een van beide manen, Phobos en Deimos. Sommige plannen hebben terravorming, het bewerkstelligen van aardse omstandigheden op Mars, als uiteindelijk doel.
Tot nu toe waren bemande ruimtevluchten naar Mars het onderwerp van sciencefiction en van wetenschappelijke voorstellen. Al sinds de jaren 50 zijn er plannen gemaakt voor mogelijke missies, die meestal 10 tot 30 jaar in de toekomst zouden moeten plaatsvinden, maar tot op heden is er nog nooit een bemande ruimtereis naar Mars ondernomen.",2519342,nl,2026-07-24T15:11:31Z,27772,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Bemande ruimtevaart naar Mars,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemande_ruimtevaart_naar_Mars,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"Blue Origin is het ruimtevaartbedrijf van Amazon.com-oprichter Jeff Bezos dat in 2000 werd opgericht. Het richt zich op zowel  lanceringen als innovaties voor commerciële en wetenschappelijke ruimtevaart, en tot 2025 op ruimtetoerisme. Bezos gelooft dat in de toekomst miljoenen mensen in de ruimte zullen werken en wil dit faciliteren door ruimtevaart betaalbaar te maken. Blue Origin wordt gerekend tot de NewSpace-beweging.",4529847,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:19Z,19161,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Blue Origin,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"Het Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is een ruimtehaven en vliegveld van het Amerikaanse ministerie van Defensie. Tot 9 december 2020 droeg de lanceerbasis de naam Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). De herbenoeming moest in maart 2020 plaatsvinden, maar werd wegens de coronacrisis pas later dat jaar doorgevoerd. De herbenoeming vond plaats nadat alle aan ruimtevaart gerelateerde onderdelen van de Amerikaanse luchtmacht eind 2019 in de US Space Force werden ondergebracht. De basis bevindt zich op Cape Canaveral, een schiereiland en kaap dat deel uitmaakt van de barrière-eilanden aan de oostkust van de staat Florida en staat onder controle van de Space Launch Delta 45 de eerdere 45th Space Wing, een organisatie van United States Space Force (voor 20 december 2019 Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) met het hoofdkwartier op Patrick Space Force Base dat enkele tientallen kilometers ten zuiden van het CCSFS ligt.",1375955,nl,2026-07-20T22:05:58Z,12720,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Cape Canaveral Space Force Station,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Nederlands astronoom"", ""Categorie:Nederlands futuroloog"", ""Categorie:Nederlands televisiepresentator"", ""Categorie:Wikipedia:Alle artikelen die een referentie missen"", ""Categorie:Wikipedia:Artikel mist referentie sinds mei 2017""]","Christiaan Leonardus Martinus Gerardus (Chriet) Titulaer (Hout-Blerick (Venlo), 9 mei 1943 – Driebergen-Rijsenburg, 23 april 2017) was een Nederlands sterrenkundige, futuroloog, televisiepresentator en populair-wetenschappelijk schrijver.

",45559,nl,2026-08-03T05:08:05Z,20324,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Chriet Titulaer,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chriet_Titulaer,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"Het European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) is het technische en administratieve ""hart"" van de Europese Ruimtevaartorganisatie (ESA).
ESTEC bevindt zich in de Nederlandse gemeente Noordwijk, hoewel het enkele kilometers van het dorp af ligt en pal tegen Katwijk aan. Vrijwel alle ruimtevaartprojecten van ESA worden hier bedacht en begeleid tijdens hun verschillende ontwikkelingsfases. Het is het grootste ruimtevaarttechnologiecentrum van Europa.",677016,nl,2026-08-02T11:49:53Z,5408,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,European Space Research and Technology Centre,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Europese organisatie"", ""Categorie:Europese ruimtevaart"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaartorganisatie"", ""Categorie:Samenwerkingsverband"", ""Categorie:Wikipedia:Coördinaten met hoofdkwartier op Wikidata""]","Het Europees Ruimteagentschap (ESA) houdt zich in Europees verband bezig met projecten op het gebied van ruimtevaart, onderzoek van de Aarde, ruimteonderzoek, ontwikkeling van op satellietsystemen gebaseerde technologieën en de bevordering van de Europese economie. ESA werkt nauw samen met de Europese Unie maar maakt daar formeel geen deel van uit.",433,nl,2026-08-02T11:49:53Z,18162,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Europees Ruimteagentschap,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europees_Ruimteagentschap,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"De Faculteit Luchtvaart- en Ruimtevaarttechniek aan de Technische Universiteit Delft in Nederland leidt studenten op tot ingenieurs op gebied van luchtvaart- en/of ruimtevaarttechniek en doet onderzoek in deze en aanverwante disciplines zoals windenergie.
De faculteit is gehuisvest in een lichtblauw/wit flatgebouw ten zuiden van andere faculteitsgebouwen rond Mekelpark (vroeger Mekelweg), zoals EWI-gebouw en Bouwkunde-gebouw.
De faculteit telde begin 2014 ongeveer 2300 Bachelor- en Masterstudenten, 237 medewerkers en 181 PhD-studenten. De colleges en studiemateriaal zijn in het Engels. Een derde van de studenten komt uit het buitenland.",3964932,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:16Z,6324,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Faculteit Luchtvaart- en Ruimtevaarttechniek,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculteit_Luchtvaart-_en_Ruimtevaarttechniek,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"De Luchthaven Keulen-Bonn (Duits: Flughafen Köln/Bonn ""Konrad Adenauer"") is een middelgroot modern vliegveld in Keulen. In 2023 waren er bijna 10 miljoen passagiers die gebruikmaakten van de luchthaven en werd er ruim 971.000 ton vracht vervoerd. De IATA-code van het vliegveld ""CGN"" is afgeleid van ""Cologne"", de Engelse en Franse naam voor Keulen.

",1220902,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:39Z,6360,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Flughafen Köln-Bonn,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flughafen_K%C3%B6ln-Bonn,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"Een formatievlucht of vluchtformatie is een groep vliegtuigen die ten opzichte van elkaar in een bepaald patroon vliegen. Het in formatie vliegen wordt vaak gedaan tijdens verre en massive aanvallen, luchtshows en militaire parades. Het is meestal te beschouwen als een saluut. Formatievluchten worden hoofdzakelijk, maar niet uitsluitend, door militaire vliegtuigen uitgevoerd.",1036369,nl,2025-12-28T14:42:37Z,1508,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Formatievlucht,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formatievlucht,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Luchtvaartorganisatie"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaartorganisatie""]","De Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) werd opgericht op 14 oktober 1905. Deze internationale organisatie voor lucht- en ruimtevaart vaardigt de regels uit met betrekking tot sportieve prestaties voor lucht- en ruimtevaart, records en wedstrijden. Zij houdt zich ook bezig met de organisatie van wereldkampioenschappen en de World Air Games.
De zetel van de FAI is gevestigd in Lausanne, Zwitserland nabij het Internationaal Olympisch Comité (IOC).
De Koninklijke Belgische Aeroclub (KBAC) en Koninklijke Nederlandse Vereniging voor Luchtvaart (KNVvL) zijn beide lid van de FAI. De KBAC was destijds in 1905 medeoprichter van de FAI.",20640,nl,2026-08-01T20:04:55Z,6726,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Fédération Aéronautique Internationale,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"Hypergool is de term die gebruikt wordt voor twee stoffen die spontaan tot ontbranding komen wanneer ze in contact met elkaar komen. De bekendste toepassing hiervan is in de ruimtevaart, waar hypergole raketmotoren veel gebruikt worden.
De term hypergool werd voor het eerst gebruikt tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog in het Duitse raketbouwprogramma: hyper + ergon (Grieks voor werk) + ol (van oleum, Latijn voor olie).",1257542,nl,2026-05-04T06:59:21Z,1644,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Hypergool,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergool,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"James Alfred Van Allen (Mount Pleasant (Iowa), 7 september 1914 - Iowa City, 9 augustus 2006) was een Amerikaanse natuurkundige die verbonden was aan de universiteit van Iowa. 
De Van Allen-gordels zijn naar hem genoemd, nadat in 1958 de  satellieten Explorer 1 en Explorer 3 het bestaan ervan hadden aangetoond. Van Allen had erop gestaan dat deze satellieten een geigerteller aan boord moesten hebben om geladen deeltjes te kunnen opsporen.
Van Allen was een verklaard tegenstander van bemande ruimtevaart. Het rendement van bemande ruimtevaart vond hij erg mager en allerlei onderzoeken zouden beter, nauwkeuriger en goedkoper gedaan kunnen worden door onbemande ruimtevaartuigen, zo was hij van mening.",140895,nl,2026-07-31T15:11:29Z,1037,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,James Van Allen,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Allen,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],Het Kesslersyndroom is het scenario waarbij de dichtheid van objecten in een lage aardebaan hoog genoeg is dat botsingen tussen objecten een kettingreactie kunnen veroorzaken waarbij elke botsing ruimteschroot produceert dat de kans op verdere botsingen vergroot. Het scenario werd in 1978 beschreven door NASA-wetenschapper Donald J. Kessler. Hij stelde dat ruimtevaart en het gebruik van satellieten in bepaalde banen in de toekomst riskanter wordt.,5199329,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:27Z,2549,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Kesslersyndroom,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesslersyndroom,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"Het Kosmodroom van Bajkonoer (Kazachs: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı; Russisch: Космодром Байконур, Kosmodrom Bajkonoer) is de grootste raketlanceerplaats ter wereld. Het ligt op ongeveer 200 kilometer ten oosten van het Aralmeer, niet ver van de rivier Syr Darja.",187655,nl,2026-07-30T19:23:43Z,5276,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Kosmodroom Bajkonoer,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodroom_Bajkonoer,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"De kármánlijn is een denkbeeldige grens op een hoogte van 100 kilometer boven de Aarde.
Ze wordt gebruikt om een onderscheid te kunnen maken tussen luchtvaart en ruimtevaart. In die zin wordt de kármánlijn wel beschouwd als ""het begin van de ruimte"", en min of meer ""het einde van de atmosfeer van de Aarde"", al bestaat geen scherpe begrenzing.",1382686,nl,2026-07-20T22:05:59Z,4955,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Kármánlijn,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1nlijn,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"In de ruimtevaart is een lander (in het Engels descent module, descent capsule) een bemand of onbemand ruimtevaartuig dat een zachte landing kan maken op een hemellichaam. De term wordt vooral gebruikt voor een module of combinatie van modules die speciaal ontworpen is voor het landen, en in het geval van landen op een ander hemellichaam, voor het verblijf op het oppervlak, en eventueel de terugkeer. Daarnaast zijn/waren er modules van ruimtevaartuigen die kunnen/konden landen, maar die ook andere belangrijke functies hebben/hadden, bijvoorbeeld de Orbiter van het Spaceshuttleprogramma.
Voor hemellichamen met een atmosfeer kan de lander aerobraking en parachutes gebruiken om af te remmen, vaak met kleine raketten die de daalsnelheid afremmen. Zie ook Binnenkomst in de atmosfeer.
Bij de Mars Pathfinder-missie werden airbags gebruikt om de klap van de landing op te vangen.
Er zijn inmiddels op verschillende hemellichamen landers neergestreken: de Maan, Venus, Mars en de Saturnusmaan Titan. Op de Maan en Mars is op een deel van vluchten een voertuig om over het oppervlak te rijden meegebracht.",1835722,nl,2026-07-20T22:06:22Z,8025,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Lander (ruimtevaart),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander_(ruimtevaart),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,214194,nl,2026-07-20T22:04:30Z,14553,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Lijst van ongevallen en incidenten met ruimtevaartuigen,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_ongevallen_en_incidenten_met_ruimtevaartuigen,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,2755131,nl,2026-08-02T19:58:17Z,17245,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Lijst van ruimtevluchten naar de Maan,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_ruimtevluchten_naar_de_Maan,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,210040,nl,2026-07-20T22:04:30Z,19716,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Luchtvaartmuseum Aviodrome,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtvaartmuseum_Aviodrome,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,208882,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:28Z,2549,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Mark Peeters,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Peeters,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,214218,nl,2026-07-20T22:04:30Z,6016,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Nationaal Ruimtevaart Museum,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Ruimtevaart_Museum,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Amerikaans agentschap"", ""Categorie:NASA"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaartorganisatie""]",,3262,nl,2026-08-02T19:58:15Z,27813,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,National Aeronautics and Space Administration,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,1209456,nl,2026-08-01T20:04:55Z,3123,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Nederlands instituut voor vliegtuigontwikkeling en ruimtevaart,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_instituut_voor_vliegtuigontwikkeling_en_ruimtevaart,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,1804991,nl,2026-07-20T22:06:20Z,2143,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Operatie Paperclip,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Paperclip,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,268856,nl,2026-07-29T05:03:10Z,5297,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Piet Smolders,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Smolders,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,1668383,nl,2024-12-01T18:43:23Z,1508,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Reddingscapsule,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddingscapsule,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,233577,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:28Z,4993,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Roskosmos,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskosmos,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,2089566,nl,2026-07-20T22:06:39Z,42646,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Rover (ruimtevaart),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(ruimtevaart),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Ruimtevaart""]",,1488,nl,2026-07-27T13:09:28Z,37577,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Ruimtevaart,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtevaart,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Ruimtevaart naar Mars""]",,33188,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:24Z,28179,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Ruimtevaart naar Mars,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtevaart_naar_Mars,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:A-Z lijsten"", ""Categorie:Lijsten over ruimtevaart"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaart""]",,39425,nl,2026-07-18T18:07:50Z,38788,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Ruimtevaart van A tot Z,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtevaart_van_A_tot_Z,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Ruimtevaartprogramma van de Sovjet-Unie""]",,1505,nl,2026-06-07T17:01:55Z,3460,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Ruimtevaartprogramma van de Sovjet-Unie,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtevaartprogramma_van_de_Sovjet-Unie,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Ruimtevaartuig""]",,26694,nl,2026-07-29T13:16:47Z,13499,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Ruimtevaartuig,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtevaartuig,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,878197,nl,2026-06-21T12:08:54Z,289,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Satellietradio,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellietradio,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,2847392,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:11Z,7707,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Spirulina (voedingssupplement),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(voedingssupplement),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,178524,nl,2026-08-02T19:58:15Z,7692,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Telstar (satelliet),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstar_(satelliet),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,573883,nl,2026-01-04T12:30:09Z,388,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Tijdlijn van de ruimtevaart,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdlijn_van_de_ruimtevaart,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Lijsten over ruimtevaart"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaart"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaart naar jaar""]",,5566,nl,2026-03-13T15:26:22Z,8714,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Tijdlijn van de ruimtevaart (1895-1959),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdlijn_van_de_ruimtevaart_(1895-1959),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Lijsten over ruimtevaart"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaart"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaart naar jaar""]",,5567,nl,2026-03-13T15:26:22Z,8446,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Tijdlijn van de ruimtevaart (1960-1962),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdlijn_van_de_ruimtevaart_(1960-1962),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Lijsten over ruimtevaart"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaart"", ""Categorie:Ruimtevaart naar jaar""]",,5590,nl,2026-03-13T15:26:22Z,9504,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Tijdlijn van de ruimtevaart (1980-1999),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdlijn_van_de_ruimtevaart_(1980-1999),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,2984694,nl,2026-07-26T16:14:12Z,33140,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Tijdlijn van de ruimtevaart (2010-2019),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdlijn_van_de_ruimtevaart_(2010-2019),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,5301597,nl,2026-07-20T22:13:17Z,54242,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Tijdlijn van de ruimtevaart (2020-heden),https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdlijn_van_de_ruimtevaart_(2020-heden),k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,2372105,nl,2026-02-15T09:57:49Z,6457,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Vehicle Assembly Building,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],,1920536,nl,2024-09-07T20:12:39Z,1288,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Volgster,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgster,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:Amerikaans natuurkundige"", ""Categorie:Amerikaans ontwerper"", ""Categorie:Amerikaans werktuigbouwkundige"", ""Categorie:Apolloprogramma"", ""Categorie:Duits natuurkundige"", ""Categorie:Duits ontwerper"", ""Categorie:Duits persoon in de Tweede Wereldoorlog"", ""Categorie:Duits werktuigbouwkundige"", ""Categorie:Duitse adel"", ""Categorie:NASA"", ""Categorie:NSDAP-lid"", ""Categorie:Raketingenieur""]",,57207,nl,2026-07-31T15:11:29Z,30499,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Wernher von Braun,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
"[""Categorie:20e-eeuws natuurkundige"", ""Categorie:Hoogleraar aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"", ""Categorie:Hoogleraar aan de Technische Universiteit Delft"", ""Categorie:Nederlands natuurkundige"", ""Categorie:Nederlands ruimtevaarder"", ""Categorie:Nederlands televisiepresentator"", ""Categorie:Nederlands vliegenier""]",,1901,nl,2026-07-26T16:13:22Z,16397,2026-08-03T21:57:47+00:00,Wubbo Ockels,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wubbo_Ockels,k1BdHB4yrkSheLJhv,ubzAbphpBFI6x3f8Q
[],"Advanced Placement (AP) Macroeconomics (also known as AP Macro and AP Macroecon) is an Advanced Placement macroeconomics course for high school students that culminates in an exam offered by the College Board.
Study begins with fundamental economic concepts such as scarcity, opportunity costs, production possibilities, specialization, comparative advantage, demand, supply, and price determination.
Major topics include measurement of economic performance, national income and price determination, fiscal and monetary policy, and international economics and growth. AP Macroeconomics is frequently taught in conjunction with (and, in some cases, in the same year as) AP Microeconomics as part of a comprehensive AP Economics curriculum, although more students take the former.",4973033,en,2026-07-31T13:48:14Z,7769,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,AP Macroeconomics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Macroeconomics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an intergovernmental forum of all 11 states in Southeast Asia. ASEAN primarily focuses on Southeast Asian economic development, peaceful coexistence and adherence to international norms. ASEAN operates on the principle of consensus and respecting national sovereignty, meaning that ASEAN as a whole cannot force another member state to change its domestic laws.
ASEAN has a population of more than 680 million people and a purchasing power parity-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP) of around 6.3% global GDP. ASEAN member states represent a diverse set of economies: the least developed countries like Laos, to emerging economies like Vietnam, to developed economies like Singapore. Many Southeast Asian projects have originated from decentralised initiatives between member states, such as the ASEAN Power Grid, ASEAN Free Trade Area, ASEAN Integrated QR Code Payment System, or the mutual ASEAN visa-free policies. Every two years, it organises a sporting event to promote cultural exchange known as SEA Games.
ASEAN has strong ties with East Asian and South Asian countries. It has a vested interest in the security of the South China Sea and the greater Indo-Pacific region. In terms of diplomacy, ASEAN operates on a principle of centrality, meaning that all concerns from other countries or organisations about Southeast Asia should be routed to ASEAN instead of individual states. All Southeast Asian countries, many great powers, and international organisations have dedicated diplomatic presence near ASEAN headquarters in Jakarta.
The roots of ASEAN came from the ASEAN Declaration signed by five Southeast Asian countries in 1967. Originally, ASEAN was founded to contain communism, but gradually ASEAN was reoriented to focus on economic development and prevent foreign interference in Southeast Asia as a whole. As ASEAN expanded and admitted other countries, the member states eventually signed a binding ASEAN Charter in 2008. As of 2026, ASEAN are currently dealing with many threats, such as the worsening civil war in Myanmar, territorial disputes in the South China Sea and managing US–China tensions. Nevertheless, it is widely considered to be a successful example of regional collaboration, and its emphasis on de facto standards is seen as an opposite to the legal nature of the European Union.",106539,en,2026-08-03T15:06:23Z,282347,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,ASEAN,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto (26 July 1938 – 11 September 2024) was a Peruvian politician, professor, and engineer who served as the president of Peru from 1990 to 2000. During Fujimori's tenure, the Peruvian Armed Forces repressed the far-left guerrilla group Shining Path, halting the group's actions while also killing thousands of civilians. Fujimori became known for his neoliberal political and economic ideology of Fujimorism, which pushed a free market economy and social conservatism. He also collaborated with the head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN), Vladimiro Montesinos, to consolidate power and eliminate political opponents. Fujimori's presidency was marked by authoritarian measures, excessive use of propaganda, entrenched political corruption, multiple cases of extrajudicial killings, and human rights violations.
Born in Lima, Fujimori was the country's first president of Japanese descent, and was an agronomist and university rector prior to entering politics. Fujimori emerged as a politician during the midst of the internal conflict in Peru, the Peruvian Lost Decade, and the ensuing violence caused by the Shining Path. In 1992, during his first presidential term, Fujimori, with the support of SIN and the Peruvian Armed Forces, adopted the military's Plan Verde, targeting members of Peru's indigenous community and subjecting them to forced sterilizations. As part of the plan, he also carried out a self-coup against the Peruvian legislature and judiciary. Fujimori dissolved the Peruvian Congress and Supreme Court, effectively making him a dictator of Peru. The coup was criticized by Peruvian politicians, international governments, intellectuals and journalists, but was well received by the country's private business sector and a substantial part of the public. Following the coup d'état, Fujimori drafted a new constitution in 1993, which was approved in a referendum, and was elected as president for a second term in 1995 and controversially for a third term in 2000.
In 2000, following his third term election, Fujimori faced mounting allegations of widespread corruption and crimes against humanity within his government. Subsequently, Fujimori fled to Japan, where he submitted his presidential resignation via fax. Peru's congress refused to accept his resignation, instead voting to remove him from office on the grounds that he was ""permanently morally disabled"". While he was in Japan, Peru issued multiple criminal charges against him, stemming from the corruption and human rights abuses that occurred during his government. Peru requested Fujimori's extradition from Japan, which was refused by the Japanese government as they recognised him as a Japanese citizen, and Japanese laws stipulating against extraditing its citizens. In 2005, while Fujimori was visiting Santiago, Chile, he was arrested by the Carabineros de Chile at the request of Peru, and extradited to Lima to face charges in 2007. Fujimori was sentenced to 25 years in prison, but was pardoned by president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017, and was officially released in December 2023 following several years of legal proceedings regarding the legality of his pardon. He died in September 2024, nine months after his release. In  2026, his daughter Keiko became the country's first female elected president.",148483,en,2026-08-03T02:46:29Z,157073,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Alberto Fujimori,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in British English"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""All articles with vague or ambiguous time"", ""Articles containing Dutch-language text"", ""Articles containing French-language text"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007"", ""Articles needing additional references from April 2025"", ""Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from July 2026"", ""Belgium"", ""Benelux"", ""CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)"", ""CS1 French-language sources (fr)"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 Italian-language sources (it)"", ""CS1 errors: ISBN date"", ""Coordinates on Wikidata"", ""Countries and territories where Dutch is an official language"", ""Countries and territories where French is an official language"", ""Countries and territories where German is an official language"", ""Countries in Europe"", ""Federal monarchies"", ""Geographical articles missing image alternative text"", ""Kingdoms"", ""Low Countries"", ""Member states of NATO"", ""Member states of the Council of Europe"", ""Member states of the Dutch Language Union"", ""Member states of the European Union"", ""Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie"", ""Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean"", ""Member states of the United Nations"", ""OECD members"", ""Pages including recorded pronunciations"", ""Pages using Sister project links with default search"", ""Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata"", ""Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas"", ""Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters"", ""Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images"", ""Pages using the Phonos extension"", ""Pages with Dutch IPA"", ""Pages with French IPA"", ""Pages with German IPA"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata""]","Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the south, and the North Sea to the west. Belgium covers an area of 30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi) and has a population of more than 11.8 million; its population density of 383/km2 (990/sq mi) ranks 22nd in the world and sixth in Europe. The capital and largest metropolitan region is Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven.
Belgium is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a complex federal system structured on regional and linguistic grounds. The country is divided into three highly autonomous regions: the Flemish Region (Flanders) in the north, the Walloon Region (Wallonia) in the south, and the Brussels-Capital Region in the middle. Belgium is also home to two main linguistic communities: the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community, which constitutes about 60 percent of the population, and the French-speaking French Community, which constitutes about 40 percent of the population; a small German-speaking Community, comprising around one percent of the population, exists in the East Cantons. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Belgium is a developed country with an advanced high-income economy. It is one of the six founding members of the European Union, with its capital of Brussels serving as the de facto capital of the EU, hosting the official seats of the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, and one of two seats of the European Parliament (the other being Strasbourg). Brussels also hosts the headquarters of many major international organizations, such as NATO.
In antiquity, present-day Belgium was dominated by the Belgae before being annexed into the Roman Empire in the mid first century BC. During the Middle Ages, Belgium's central location kept it relatively prosperous and connected both commercially and politically to its larger neighbours; it was part of the Carolingian Empire, the succeeding Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently the Burgundian Netherlands. Following rule by Habsburg Spain (1556–1714), the Austrian Habsburgs (1714–1794), and Revolutionary France (1794–1815), most of modern-day Belgium was incorporated into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Centuries of being contested and controlled by various European powers earned Belgium the moniker ""the Battlefield of Europe"", a reputation reinforced in the 20th century by both world wars.
An independent Belgium was established in 1830 following the Belgian Revolution. In the 19th century it was one of the earliest participants of the Industrial Revolution, and the first country in continental Europe to become industrialised. By the early 20th century, it possessed several colonies, notably the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi, which gained independence between 1960 and 1962. The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speakers and French-speakers, fueled by differences in political culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia. This has resulted in several far-reaching state reforms, including the transition from a unitary to federal structure between 1970 and 1993. Tensions persist amid ongoing reforms; the country faces a strong separatist sentiment among the Flemish, controversial language laws, and a fragmented political landscape that resulted in a record 589 days without a government formation following the 2010 federal election.",3343,en,2026-08-03T02:00:19Z,218374,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Belgium,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Benjamin Moll (born June 29, 1983) is a German macroeconomist who is the Sir John Hicks Chair and Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics. He is the recipient of the 2024 Calvó-Armengol International Prize for his ""groundbreaking contributions on the role of heterogeneity, whether pertaining to individuals or the constraints they face"" and the 2017 Bernacer Prize for his ""path-breaking contributions to incorporate consumer and firm heterogeneity into macroeconomic models and use such models to study rich interactions between inequality and the macroeconomy"".",62421615,en,2026-07-26T00:09:31Z,7787,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Benjamin Moll,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Moll,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Starting in January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global health emergency; they declared the end of the emergency in May 2023.
The symptoms of COVID‑19 can vary but often include fever, fatigue, cough, breathing difficulties, loss of smell, and loss of taste. Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms. Of those who develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classified as patients, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging), and 5% develop critical symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction). Older people have a higher risk of developing severe symptoms and dying. Some people experience persistent symptoms (long COVID), for months or years after infection, including fatigue, cognitive issues and shortness of breath. Damage to organs has been observed in a subset.
COVID‑19 transmission occurs when infectious particles are breathed in or come into contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth. The risk is highest when people are in close proximity, but small airborne particles containing the virus can remain suspended in the air and travel over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur when people touch their eyes, nose, or mouth after touching surfaces or objects that have been contaminated by the virus. People remain contagious for up to 20 days and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms.
There are two common tests to detect a COVID infection. Antigen tests (also called rapid lateral flow tests) can be used at home. A positive test indicates an active infection. However, negative test results are not always accurate, especially when there are no symptoms. Health care providers can perform a more accurate PCR test, which is typically analysed in a laboratory.
Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, many of which have initiated mass vaccination campaigns. Other preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, use of face masks or coverings in public, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. Initial treatment consists of drugs that have been developed to inhibit the virus for those at high risk and symptomatic treatment, managing the disease through supportive care.
The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Most scientists believe that the SARS-CoV-2 virus entered into human populations through natural zoonosis, similar to the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV outbreaks, and consistent with other pandemics in human history. Social and environmental factors including climate change, natural ecosystem destruction and wildlife trade increased the likelihood of such zoonotic spillover.",63030231,en,2026-08-02T19:18:25Z,287922,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,COVID-19,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"The Centre For Macroeconomics (CFM) is a research centre in London dedicated to the investigation and development of new methodologies and research in order to inform economic policy decisions. It also focuses on ways to alleviate the effects of the 2008 financial crisis through its careful study. The CFM is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), and was founded in 2012. It is one of the larger research centers in the world dedicated to the study of financial crises.",45236344,en,2026-08-03T01:22:33Z,5115,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Centre for Macroeconomics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Macroeconomics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Disequilibrium macroeconomics is a tradition of research centered on the role of deviation from equilibrium in economics. This approach is also known as non-Walrasian theory, equilibrium with rationing, the non-market clearing approach, and non-tâtonnement theory. Early work in the area was done by Don Patinkin, Robert W. Clower, and Axel Leijonhufvud. Their work was formalized into general disequilibrium models, which were very influential in the 1970s. American economists had mostly abandoned these models by the late 1970s, but French economists continued work in the tradition and developed fixprice models. Other approaches that focus on the dynamic processes and interactions in economic systems that are constantly changing and do not necessarily settle into a stable state are discussed as non-equilibrium economics.",34696808,en,2026-07-30T02:48:28Z,19094,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Disequilibrium macroeconomics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Economics () is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyses what is viewed as the basic elements of economies, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of those interactions. Individual agents may include households, firms, buyers, and sellers. Macroeconomics analyses economies as systems where production, distribution, consumption, savings, and investment expenditure interact; and the factors of production affecting them, such as: labour, capital, land, and enterprise, inflation, economic growth, and public policies that impact these elements. It also seeks to analyse and describe the global economy.
Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics, describing ""what is"", and normative economics, advocating ""what ought to be""; between economic theory and applied economics; between rational and behavioural economics; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics.
Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, including business, finance, cybersecurity, health care, engineering and government. It is also applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, feminism, law, philosophy, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment.

",9223,en,2026-08-03T21:46:34Z,180826,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Economics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Kazan is one of the largest industrial and financial centres of Russia, and a leading city of the Volga economic region in construction and accumulated investment. Total banking capital of Kazan banks is third in Russia. The main industries of the city are: mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical, light and food industries. An innovative economy is represented by the largest IT-park in Russia which is one of the largest of its kind amongst Eastern Europe science parks. Kazan ranks 174th (highest in Russia) in Mercer’s Worldwide Quality of Living Survey.",30757378,en,2026-07-12T10:28:48Z,10371,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Economy of Kazan,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kazan,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Its capital and largest city is Helsinki. Finland has a population of 5.7 million. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish, the mother tongues of 83.5 percent and 5.0 percent of the population, respectively. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to boreal in the north. Its land is predominantly covered by boreal forest, with over 180,000 recorded lakes.
Finland was first settled around 9000 BC after the last Ice Age. During the Stone Age, various cultures emerged, distinguished by different styles of ceramics. The Bronze Age and Iron Ages were marked by contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region. From the late 13th century, Finland became part of Sweden following the Northern Crusades. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was captured from Sweden and became an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire. During this period, Finnish art flourished and an independence movement gradually developed.
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Finland declared its independence. A civil war ensued the following year, with the anticommunist Whites emerging victorious. Finland's status as a republic was confirmed in 1919. During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. As a result, it lost parts of its territory to the Soviet Union but retained its independence and democracy. During the Cold War, Finland embraced an official policy of neutrality. After the Cold War, Finland became a member of the European Union in 1995 and the Eurozone in 1999. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Finland joined NATO in 2023.
Finland became the first country in Europe to grant universal suffrage in 1906, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office.  Finland remained a largely rural and agrarian country until the 1950s, when it pursued rapid industrialisation and a Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in an advanced economy and high per capita income. The country consistently ranks highly in international rankings across various categories, such as education, economic competitiveness, happiness, and prosperity. Finnish foreign policy based on its middle power status emphasizes international cooperation and partnership, which has recently shifted towards closer ties with NATO. Finnish cultural values, including egalitarianism, secularism, human rights and environmentalism, are actively promoted through membership in multiple international forums.",10577,en,2026-08-03T19:05:02Z,261574,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Finland,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"The Galor-Zeira model, developed by Oded Galor and Joseph Zeira in 1988, is the first macroeconomic model to examine the influence of economic inequality on macroeconomic dynamics. The model disputes the previously prevalent view, held by the representative agent approach in macroeconomics till the early 1990s, that economic inequality has no effect on macroeconomic activity. It posits that when there are imperfections in capital markets and indivisibilities in investment in the production of human capital (such as education), the distribution of wealth can impact both the long-term per capita income and the process of economic growth. This model was published in the paper “Income Distribution and Macroeconomics”, 1993.",43103489,en,2026-08-02T10:50:09Z,10434,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Galor–Zeira model,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galor%E2%80%93Zeira_model,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Macroeconomic theory has its origins in the study of business cycles and monetary theory. In general, early theorists believed monetary factors could not affect real factors such as real output. John Maynard Keynes attacked some of these ""classical"" theories and produced a general theory that described the whole economy in terms of aggregates rather than individual, microeconomic parts. Attempting to explain unemployment and recessions, he noticed the tendency for people and businesses to hoard cash and avoid investment during a recession. He argued that this invalidated the assumptions of classical economists who thought that markets always clear, leaving no surplus of goods and no willing labor left idle.
The generation of economists that followed Keynes synthesized his theory with neoclassical microeconomics to form the neoclassical synthesis. Although Keynesian theory originally omitted an explanation of price levels and inflation, later Keynesians adopted the Phillips curve to model price-level changes. Some Keynesians opposed the synthesis method of combining Keynes's theory with an equilibrium system and advocated disequilibrium models instead. Monetarists, led by Milton Friedman, adopted some Keynesian ideas, such as the importance of the demand for money, but argued that Keynesians ignored the role of money supply in inflation. Robert Lucas and other new classical macroeconomists criticized Keynesian models that did not work under rational expectations. Lucas also argued that Keynesian empirical models would not be as stable as models based on microeconomic foundations.
The new classical school culminated in real business cycle theory (RBC). Like early classical economic models, RBC models assumed that markets clear and that business cycles are driven by changes in technology and supply, not demand. New Keynesians tried to address many of the criticisms leveled by Lucas and other new classical economists against Neo-Keynesians. New Keynesians adopted rational expectations and built models with microfoundations of sticky prices that suggested recessions could still be explained by demand factors because rigidities stop prices from falling to a market-clearing level, leaving a surplus of goods and labor. The new neoclassical synthesis combined elements of both new classical and new Keynesian macroeconomics into a consensus. Other economists avoided the new classical and new Keynesian debate on short-term dynamics and developed the new growth theories of long-run economic growth. The Great Recession led to a retrospective on the state of the field and some popular attention turned toward heterodox economics.",22785026,en,2026-07-30T02:43:28Z,122266,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,History of macroeconomic thought,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Hydraulic macroeconomics is an informal characterization of certain types of macroeconomic study assuming aggregate social wealth (demand or supply) as somewhat smooth, constant and homogeneous. The term was first introduced as hydraulic Keynesianism by Alan Coddington in classification of theoretical research methodologies in Keynesian economics.
Hydraulics is the science and engineering of the mechanical properties of liquids. Macroeconomics is the study of the performance and structure of an entire economy.  Hydraulic macroeconomics is, essentially, a study of the economy that treats money as a form of liquid that circulates through the economic plumbing.
William Phillips, an economist and creator of the Phillips curve, invented the MONIAC, a hydraulic computer which simulated the British economy. This is the inspiration for the term. Even earlier, in 1891, Irving Fisher built a hydraulic machine for calculating equilibrium prices.
Initially, the phrase, ""hydraulic macroeconomics"", was associated with Keynesian economic models that did not display household or firm optimization.",29856976,en,2026-07-17T02:13:44Z,2958,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Hydraulic macroeconomics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_macroeconomics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"The IS–LM model, or Hicks–Hansen model, is a  two-dimensional macroeconomic model which is used as a pedagogical tool in macroeconomic teaching. The IS–LM model shows the relationship between interest rates and output in the short run. The intersection of the ""investment–saving"" (IS) and ""liquidity preference–money supply"" (LM) curves illustrates a ""general equilibrium"" where supposed simultaneous equilibria occur in both the goods and the money markets. The IS–LM model shows the importance of various demand shocks (including the effects of monetary policy and fiscal policy) on output and consequently offers an explanation of changes in national income in the short run when prices are fixed or sticky.  Hence, the model can be used as a tool to suggest potential levels for appropriate stabilisation policies. It is also used as a building block for the demand side of the economy in more comprehensive models like the AD–AS model.
The model was developed by John Hicks in 1937 and was later extended by Alvin Hansen as a mathematical representation of Keynesian macroeconomic theory. Between the 1940s and mid-1970s, it was the leading framework of macroeconomic analysis. Today, it is generally accepted as being imperfect and is largely absent from teaching at advanced economic levels and from macroeconomic research, but it is still an important pedagogical introductory tool in most undergraduate macroeconomics textbooks.
As monetary policy since the 1980s and 1990s generally does not try to target money supply as assumed in the original IS–LM model, but instead targets interest rate levels directly, some modern versions of the model have changed the interpretation (and in some cases even the name) of the LM curve, presenting it instead simply as a horizontal line showing the central bank's choice of interest rate. This allows for a simpler dynamic adjustment and supposedly reflects the behaviour of actual contemporary central banks more closely.",54057,en,2026-07-15T16:49:48Z,29827,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,IS–LM model,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS%E2%80%93LM_model,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Iceland is a Nordic island country between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Europe and North America. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the region's westernmost and most sparsely populated country. Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which is home to about 35% of the country's roughly 395,000 residents (excluding nearby towns/suburbs, which are separate municipalities). The official language of the country is Icelandic. Iceland is on a rift between tectonic plates, and its geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau with sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite being at a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the Landnámabók, an ancient manuscript, the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD, when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the island's first permanent settler. In following centuries, Norwegians and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin. The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. After a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under de facto Danish rule upon its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and the Treaty of Kiel formally ceded Iceland to Denmark in 1814.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form culminating with the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, ending the remaining formal ties to Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, Iceland nevertheless has a claim to sustaining one of the world's longest-running parliaments. Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid after World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the world's wealthiest and most developed nations. In 1950, Iceland joined the Council of Europe. In 1994 it became a part of the European Economic Area, further diversifying its economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. It has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard.",14531,en,2026-08-01T14:38:40Z,230505,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Iceland,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"In international economics and international political economy, the impossible trinity (also known as the trilemma, the monetary trilemma or the Unholy Trinity) is the view that it is impossible to have all three of the following at the same time:

a fixed foreign exchange rate
free capital movement (absence of capital controls)
an independent monetary policy
It is both a hypothesis based on the uncovered interest rate parity condition, and a finding from empirical studies where governments that have tried to simultaneously pursue all three goals have failed. The concept was developed independently by both John Marcus Fleming in 1962 and Robert Alexander Mundell in different articles between 1960 and 1963.
Historically in advanced economies, the periods pre-1914 were characterized by stable foreign exchange rates and free capital movement, whereas monetary autonomy was limited. The period from 1950 to 1971 had restrictions on capital movement (e.g. capital controls), but exchange rate stability and monetary autonomy were present. The period since the 1970s has been characterized by floating exchange rates, free capital movement and monetary autonomy.",1307966,en,2026-07-08T09:23:18Z,18983,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Impossible trinity,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_trinity,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"International finance (also referred to as international monetary economics) is the branch of monetary and macroeconomic interrelations between two or more countries. International finance examines the dynamics of the global financial system, international monetary systems, balance of payments, exchange rates, foreign direct investment, and how these topics relate to international trade.
Sometimes referred to as multinational finance, international finance is additionally concerned with matters of international financial management. Investors and multinational corporations must assess and manage international risks such as political risk and foreign exchange risk, including transaction exposure, economic exposure, and translation exposure.
Some examples of key concepts within international finance are the Mundell–Fleming model, the optimum currency area theory, purchasing power parity, interest rate parity, and the international Fisher effect. Whereas the study of international trade makes use of mostly microeconomic concepts, international finance research investigates predominantly macroeconomic concepts.
The foreign exchange and political risk dimensions of international finance largely stem from sovereign nations having the right and power to issue currencies, formulate their own economic policies, impose taxes, and regulate movement of people, goods, and capital across their borders.",1799316,en,2026-07-22T18:39:54Z,10667,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,International finance,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_finance,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"In macroeconomics, investment ""consists of the additions to the nation's capital stock of buildings, equipment, software, and inventories during a year"" or, alternatively, investment spending — ""spending on productive physical capital such as machinery and construction of buildings, and on changes to inventories — as part of total spending"" on goods and services per year.  ""accounting""
The types of investment include residential investment in housing that will provide a flow of housing services over an extended time, non-residential fixed investment in things such as new machinery or factories, human capital investment in workforce education, and inventory investment (the accumulation, intentional or unintentional, of goods inventories)
In measures of national income and output, ""gross investment"" (represented by the variable I ) is a component of gross domestic product (GDP), given in the formula GDP = C + I + G + NX, where C is consumption, G is government spending, and NX is net exports, given by the difference between the exports and imports, X − M. Thus investment is everything that remains of total expenditure after consumption, government spending, and net exports are subtracted (i.e. I = GDP − C − G − NX ).
""Net investment"" deducts depreciation from gross investment. Net fixed investment is the value of the net increase in the capital stock per year.
Fixed investment, as expenditure over a period of time (e.g., ""per year""), is not capital but rather leads to changes in the amount of capital. The time dimension of investment makes it a flow. By contrast, capital is a stock—that is, accumulated net investment up to a point in time.",46551274,en,2026-07-15T17:24:01Z,3553,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Investment (macroeconomics),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_(macroeconomics),NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],"Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. Located within the Middle East, it is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The country covers an area of 438,317 square kilometres (169,235 sq mi) and has a population of over 46 million, making it the 58th largest country by area and the 31st most populous in the world. Baghdad, home to over 8 million people, is the capital city and the largest in the country.
Starting in the 6th millennium BC, the fertile plains between Iraq's Tigris and Euphrates rivers, referred to as Mesopotamia, fostered the rise of early cities, civilisations, and empires including Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria. Known as the cradle of civilisation, Mesopotamia saw the invention of astrology, mathematics, navigation, timekeeping, writing systems, the wheel, the sailboat, a calendar, and a law code. After the Arab conquest of Mesopotamia in the 7th century, Iraq became the metropole of the Abbasid Caliphate with Baghdad emerging as a global cultural and intellectual hub during the Islamic Golden Age, home to institutions such as the House of Wisdom. Following Baghdad's destruction by the Mongols in 1258, Iraq came under successive empires, and from the 16th until the 20th century, it was governed within the Ottoman system as a defined region known administratively as Ottoman Iraq.
Since independence in 1932 after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Iraq has experienced spells of significant economic and military growth alongside periods of instability and conflict. Iraq emerged as a hashemite monarchy after centuries of Ottoman rule and a period under British administration. In 1958, a military coup led by Abdul Karim Qasim overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. Later, the Ba'ath Party took power in 1968, establishing a one-party state under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and later Saddam Hussein, who presided over war against Iran from 1980 to 1988 and then invaded Kuwait in 1990. In 2003, U.S.-led coalition forces invaded and occupied Iraq, overthrowing the government and triggering an insurgency and sectarian violence during the Iraq War, which ended in 2011. From 2013 to 2017, Iraq faced another major conflict with the rise and defeat of the Islamic State. Today post-war conflict continues at a lower scale, hampering stability alongside the influence of Iran. However, recently Iraq has begun to rein in Iranian influence and advance its own state authority.
A federal parliamentary republic, Iraq is considered an emerging middle power. It is home to a diverse population, geography and wildlife. Most Iraqis are Muslims, while significant religious minorities include Christians, Jews, Mandaeans, Yarsanis, and Yazidis. Iraqis are ethnically diverse; mostly Iraqi Arabs, as well as Kurds, Turkmens, Yazidis, Assyrians, Armenians, Doms, and Shabaks. Arabic and Kurdish are the official languages of Iraq, while Assyrian (Suret), Turkmen and Mandaic are spoken regionally. Iraq, home to one of the largest oil reserves in the world, has a significant oil and gas industry. It is also popular for its agriculture and tourism. At present, Iraq is in the process of reconstruction.",7515928,en,2026-08-03T09:49:55Z,223451,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Iraq,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,32553187,en,2026-07-15T19:41:09Z,1674,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Journal of Macroeconomics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Macroeconomics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,16642,en,2026-08-03T19:20:38Z,259644,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Kazakhstan,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,188171,en,2026-08-01T07:50:30Z,216782,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Kenya,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,17326,en,2026-07-31T18:11:13Z,110351,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Keynesian economics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,44717635,en,2026-07-26T00:09:29Z,11711,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Lance Taylor (economist),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Taylor_(economist),NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,41319,en,2026-07-04T14:13:20Z,6373,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Link,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,48126562,en,2026-07-22T11:08:00Z,10163,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,17675,en,2026-08-02T21:25:47Z,307577,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Lithuania,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,82896595,en,2026-07-28T23:21:55Z,5875,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Ludwig Straub,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Straub,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,24147114,en,2026-07-15T19:41:08Z,1625,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Macroeconomic Dynamics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomic_Dynamics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,67916703,en,2026-07-30T02:48:12Z,1276,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Macroeconomic indicators,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomic_indicators,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,897740,en,2026-07-30T02:39:25Z,20071,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Macroeconomic model,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomic_model,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,53089087,en,2026-07-06T20:06:12Z,4342,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Macroeconomic populism,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomic_populism,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,18820,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,70234,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Macroeconomics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,4852076,en,2026-08-03T21:46:34Z,20730,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Mainstream economics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_economics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,83163204,en,2026-07-18T19:10:57Z,494,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Matching theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_theory,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,12837061,en,2026-07-15T17:04:02Z,17438,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Microfoundations,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfoundations,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,4682782,en,2026-07-31T18:11:13Z,67714,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Modern Monetary Theory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,8983183,en,2026-07-26T12:09:42Z,64264,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Money,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,21634,en,2026-08-03T21:46:34Z,59141,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Neoclassical economics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_economics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,13312532,en,2026-07-31T18:11:13Z,37861,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Neoclassical synthesis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,80327,en,2026-07-31T18:11:13Z,50814,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,New Keynesian economics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,13437204,en,2026-07-30T02:41:49Z,14427,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,New classical macroeconomics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,29580396,en,2026-07-15T17:14:06Z,8056,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,New neoclassical synthesis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,23033,en,2026-08-02T21:08:30Z,372090,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Portugal,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,74259459,en,2026-07-26T00:09:34Z,18809,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Raghbendra Jha,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghbendra_Jha,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,7799189,en,2026-07-26T00:09:27Z,8932,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Roger Garrison,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Garrison,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,1608557,en,2026-07-26T00:09:26Z,25757,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Thomas J. Sargent,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,69328,en,2026-08-01T22:01:45Z,275438,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,United Arab Emirates,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],,31853,en,2026-08-03T19:30:09Z,195359,2026-08-03T21:58:22+00:00,Uzbekistan,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan,NeRGdHeyiGyLXki2Y,hdBUFApW5kojJdZrO
[],أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي هي جزء من أخلاقيات التقانة الخاصة بالروبوتات وغيرها من الكائنات الذكية المصطنعة. يمكن تقسيمها إلى أخلاقيات الروبوتات، المتعلقة بالسلوك الأخلاقي للبشر عند تصميم كائنات ذكية مصطنعة وبنائها واستخدامها ومعاملتها، وأخلاقيات الآلات التي تهتم بالسلوك الأخلاقي للوكلاء الأخلاقيين الاصطناعيين (إيه إم إيه إس). بالنسبة لآلات الذكاء العام الاصطناعي (إيه جي أي)، أُجري العمل التمهيدي على نُهج تُدرج آلات الذكاء العام الاصطناعي، التي تعتبر وكلاء أخلاقيون بالمعنى الكامل، في الأطر القانونية والاجتماعية القائمة. وركزت هذا النهج على الاعتبار المزدوج لوضعهم القانوني وحقوقهم.,7469933,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,212855,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],أي آي: الذكاء الاصطناعي (الإنجليزية: A.I. Artificial Intelligence هو فيلم خيال علمي أمريكي إنتاج عام 2001 من إخراج ستيفن سبيلبرج وبطولة جود لو وويليام هورت وهالي جويل.,900707,ar,2026-07-30T20:48:02Z,6704,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,أيه. آي. الذكاء الاصطناعي (فلم),https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%87._%D8%A2%D9%8A._%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_(%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85),Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],الاستئصال هو في الذكاء الاصطناعي وخاصة تعلم الآلة إزالة أحد مكونات أو لَبِنات نظام الذكاء الاصطناعي. تدرس الدراسة الاستئصالية أداء نظام الذكاء الاصطناعي عن طريق إزالة مكونات معينة لفهم مساهمة المكون في النظام العام.,9415569,ar,2026-07-29T15:07:42Z,890,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,استئصال (ذكاء اصطناعي),https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A),Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],"الإلمام بالذكاء الاصطناعي أو محو الأمية بالذكاء الاصطناعي أو المعرفة بكيفية توظيف الذكاء الاصطناعي هي القدرة على فهم التطبيقات المختلفة للذكاء الاصطناعي واستخدامها بشكل فعال ومراقبتها ونقد مختلف جوانبها. يٌقصد بالمصطلح عادةً تعليم عامة الناس ممّن يجهلون بالذكاء الاصطناعي واستخدامه مهارات التعامل معه وتوظيفه، وليس الأشخاص المهرة في هذا المجال.
إن الإلمام والوعي باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي أصبح ضرورة ملحّة لطلاب المدارس والجامعات بمختلف كلياتها في الوقت الحالي،  فنرى استخدامات الذكاء الاصطناعي في حياتنا اليومية متمثلة بمجموعة متنوعة من التطبيقات، بما في ذلك السيارات ذاتية القيادة، والمساعدين الافتراضيين كَـ سيري ومساعد غوغل، وتطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي التوليدي مثل ChatGPT، إذ أصبحت جزءاً أٍساسياً من الحياة في العصر الحديث، مما أدى لزيادة ضرورة إصدار أحكام واعية ومستنيرة مبنية على الوعي باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي من قبل مستخدمي هذه الأدوات. علاوةً على ذلك، فإنه من المرجح أيضًا أن يكون لمحو الأمية بالتعامل مع الذكاء الاصطناعي تأثير على فرص العمل المستقبلية للخريجين والطلاب.",9718926,ar,2026-07-29T15:07:55Z,21831,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الإلمام بالذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],"التقدم في الذكاء الاصطناعي ( بالانجليزيةProgress in artificial: intelligence ) يشير إلى التقدم والإنجازات التي تم تحقيقها في مجال الذكاء الاصطناعي مع مرور الوقت. الذكاء الاصطناعي هو فرع متعدد التخصصات من علوم الحاسب الآلي يهدف إلى إنشاء آلات وأنظمة قادرة على أداء المهام التي تتطلب عادة الذكاء البشري.

اُستخدمت تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في مجموعة واسعة من المجالات بما في ذلك التشخيص الطبي، والتطبيقات الاقتصادية والمالية، والتحكم في الروبوت، والقانون ، والاكتشاف العلمي كذلك، وألعاب الفيديو ، وألعاب الأطفال. ومع ذلك، لاتعتبر كل التطبيقات للذكاء الاصطناعي في حد ذاتها ذكاءا اصطناعيا : ""لقد تم ترشيح الكثير من تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي المتطورة إلى تطبيقات عامة، غالبًا دون أن يطلق عليها اسم الذكاء الاصطناعي لأنه بمجرد أن يصبح شيء ما مفيدًا وشائعًا بدرجة كافية، فإنه لا يُسمى ذكاء اصطناعي بعد الآن .""  ""الالاف من تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي مدمجة بعمق في البنية التحتية لكل صناعة.""  في أواخر التسعينيات وأوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين، أصبحت تكنولوجيا الذكاء الاصطناعي تُستخدم على نطاق واسع كعناصر لأنظمة أكبر،  ولكن نادرًا ما يُنسب الفضل إلى هذا المجال في هذه النجاحات في ذلك الوقت.
يقوم كابلان وهاينلاين ببناء الذكاء الاصطناعي على ثلاث مراحل تطورية:

الذكاء الاصطناعي الضيق - تطبيق الذكاء الاصطناعي فقط على مهام محددة؛
الذكاء العام الاصطناعي تطبيق الذكاء الاصطناعي على العديد من المجالات والقادر على حل المشكلات التي لم تكن مصممة من أجلها بشكل مستقل؛
الذكاء الاصطناعي الفائق – تطبيق الذكاء الاصطناعي على أي مجال قادر على الإبداع العلمي والمهارات الاجتماعية والحكمة العامة.
كي تتم المقارنة مع الاداء البشري ، يمكن تقييم الذكاء الاصطناعي على أساس مشاكل مقيدة ومحددة بشكل جيد. وقد تم تسمية مثل هذه الاختبارات باختبارات تورينج المتخصصة. كما أن المشكلات الأصغر توفر أهدافًا أكثر قابلية للتحقيق، وهناك عدد متزايد باستمرار من النتائج الإيجابية.
لا يزال البشر يتفوقون بشكل كبير على كل من شات جي بي تي 4 والنماذج المدربة وفقًا لمعيار ConceptARC الذي سجل 60% في معظم الفئات، و77% في فئة واحدة، بينما حقق البشر 91% في جميع الفئات و97% في فئة واحدة.",9646313,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,70267,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,التقدم في الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],"الخطر الوجودي من الذكاء الاصطناعي العام هو الفرضية القائلة بأن التقدم الكبير في الذكاء الاصطناعي العام (AGI) يمكن أن يؤدي إلى انقراض الإنسان أو كارثة عالمية أخرى لا رجعة فيها.
تناقش إحدى الحجج التالي: يسيطر الجنس البشري حاليًا على الأنواع الأخرى لأن الدماغ البشري يمتلك قدرات مميزة تفتقر إليها الحيوانات الأخرى. إذا تجاوز الذكاء الاصطناعي البشرية في الذكاء العام وأصبح فائق الذكاء، فقد يصبح من الصعب أو المستحيل التحكم فيه. مثلما يعتمد مصير الغوريلا الجبلية على حسن النية البشرية، كذلك قد يعتمد مصير البشرية على أفعال آلة المستقبل فائقة الذكاء.
تتم مناقشة احتمال وقوع كارثة وجودية بسبب الذكاء الاصطناعي على نطاق واسع، ويتوقف جزئيًا على السيناريوهات المختلفة للتقدم المستقبلي في علوم الكمبيوتر. أعرب كبار علماء الكمبيوتر والرؤساء التنفيذيين التقنيين عن مخاوفهم بشأن الذكاء الخارق مثل جيفري هينتون، ويوشوا بنجيو، وآلان تورنغ، وإيلون ماسك، وسام ألتمان، الرئيس التنفيذي لشركة OpenAI. في عام 2022، وجدت دراسة استقصائية لباحثي الذكاء الاصطناعي الذين نشروا مؤخرًا في المؤتمرات الميدانية NeurIPS وICML أن غالبية المستجيبين يعتقدون أن هناك فرصة بنسبة 10% أو أكبر لأن عدم قدرتنا على التحكم في الذكاء الاصطناعي سيؤدي إلى كارثة وجودية (لاحظ أن نسبة المشاركة في الاستطلاع كانت 17%). في عام 2023، وقّع المئات من خبراء الذكاء الاصطناعي وشخصيات بارزة أخرى بيانًا مفاده أن: التخفيف من خطر الانقراض من الذكاء الاصطناعي يجب أن يكون أولوية عالمية إلى جانب المخاطر المجتمعية الأخرى مثل الأوبئة والحرب النووية. وفي نوفمبر 2023 أجتمع قادة سياسيون ومسؤولون في شركات التكنولوجيا العملاقة وخبراء في الذكاء الاصطناعي بالمملكة المتحدة في انطلاق القمة العالمية الأولى حول المخاطر المترتبة عن التطور المتسارع لهذه التقنية الثورية.
ينبع مصدران للقلق من مشاكل التحكم في الذكاء الاصطناعي والمواءمة: قد يكون من الصعب التحكم في آلة فائقة الذكاء أو غرسها بقيم متوافقة مع الإنسان. يعتقد العديد من الباحثين أن الآلة فائقة الذكاء ستقاوم محاولات تعطيلها أو تغيير أهدافها، لأن مثل هذا الحادث سيمنعها من تحقيق أهدافها الحالية. سيكون من الصعب للغاية مواءمة الذكاء الفائق مع النطاق الكامل للقيم والقيود الإنسانية المهمة. في المقابل، يجادل المشككون مثل عالم الكمبيوتر يان ليكون بأن الآلات فائقة الذكاء لن تكون لديها رغبة في الحفاظ على نفسها.
مصدر ثالث للقلق هو أن انفجار مفاجئ للذكاء قد يفاجئ الجنس البشري غير المستعد. للتوضيح، إذا كان الجيل الأول من برنامج كمبيوتر قادرًا على مطابقة فعالية باحث الذكاء الاصطناعي على نطاق واسع يمكنه إعادة كتابة خوارزمياته ومضاعفة سرعته أو قدراته في ستة أشهر، فمن المتوقع أن يستغرق برنامج الجيل الثاني ثلاثة أشهر تقويمية لأداء قدر مماثل من العمل. في هذا السيناريو، يستمر الوقت لكل جيل في الانكماش، ويخضع النظام لعدد كبير غير مسبوق من الأجيال من التحسين في فترة زمنية قصيرة، قفزًا من الأداء دون البشر في العديد من المجالات إلى الأداء الخارق في جميع مجالات الاهتمام تقريبًا. من الناحية التجريبية، تُظهر أمثلة مثل ألفازيرو في مجال Go أن أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي يمكن أن تتطور أحيانًا من قدرة ضيقة على المستوى البشري لتضييق القدرة الخارقة بسرعة شديدة.",4532017,ar,2026-08-03T21:23:28Z,189880,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الخطر الوجودي من الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],الذكاء الاصطناعي الجديد (الإنجليزية: Nouvelle AI) هو مقاربة في مجال الذكاء الاصطناعي نشأت في عام 1980 على يد رودني بروكس، الذي كان حينها عضوًا في مختبر الذكاء الاصطناعي في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا. يختلف هذا النهج من الذكاء الاصطناعي الجديد عن الذكاء الاصطناعي التقليدي في انه يهدف إلى إنتاج روبوتات بمستوى ذكاء يقارب ذكاء الحشرات. ويرى الباحثون أن الذكاء يمكن أن ينشأ بصورة عضوية من السلوكيات البسيطة عندما تتفاعل هذه الذكاءات مع العالم الواقعي، بدلاً من الاعتماد على عوالم منشأة تحتاج أن تُبرمج مسبقًا كما هو الحال في أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي الرمزي.ويُعَدّ هذا التوجّه خطوة مهمّة نحو فهم أعمق للذكاء بوصفه ظاهرة ناشئة تتكوّن من تفاعلات بسيطة، مما يجعل هذا الاتجاه أساسًا لفهم أكثر واقعية لكيفية ظهور السلوك الذكي في الكائنات الحية والأنظمة الحاسوبية على حدّ سواء.,10160716,ar,2026-07-29T15:08:14Z,16871,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي الجديد,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],الذكاء الاصطناعي الصديق أو الذكاء الاصطناعي الودي (بالإنجليزية: Friendly artificial intelligence أو friendly AI أو FAI)، يشير هذا المصطلح إلى مجموعة فرضيات تشير إلى نوع من أنواع الذكاء العام الاصطناعي (AGI) الذي قد يكون له تأثير إيجابي (أو حميد) على البشرية، أو يتماشى على الأقل مع المصلحة البشرية كما يساهم في تحسين الجنس البشري. يعتبر الـ FAI جزء من أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي ويرتبط بشكل قوي بأخلاقيات الآلة (بالإنجليزية: Machine ethics). بينما تهتم دراسات أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي بالسلوك الذي يتوجب عامل الذكاء الاصطناعي التعامل به، تركز أبحاث الذكاء الاصطناعي الصديق على الجانب العملي وتدرس كيفية إحداث هذا السلوك على أرض الواقع والتأكد من تقييده بشكل مناسب.,8475653,ar,2026-08-03T10:31:15Z,17704,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي الصديق,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم هو مصطلح واسع النطاق يحتوي على مجالات دراسة محددة متجمعة بجانبه، بما في ذلك التعلم الآلي، ومعالجة اللغة الطبيعية، وفلسفة الذكاء الاصطناعي، والروبوتات المستقلة. يحتوي الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم أيضًا على مجموعة متنوعة من مجالات البحث، والتي تم دمجها معًا. بما في ذلك التجسيد البشري، والذكاء الاصطناعي التوليدي، واتخاذ القرارات القائمة على البيانات، وأخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي، ومراقبة الفصول الدراسية، وخصوصية البيانات، ومحو أمية الذكاء الاصطناعي.,9723548,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,66369,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],يستخدم الذكاء الاصطناعي في مجموعة من المجالات في الحكومة. يمكن استخدامه لتعزيز أهداف السياسة العامة (في مجالات مثل خدمات الطوارئ، والصحة والرعاية الاجتماعية)، إلى جانب مساعدة العامة في التفاعل مع الحكومة (من خلال استخدام المساعدين الافتراضيين مثلًا). وفقًا لمجلة بزنس هارفارد ريفيو، فإن «تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي على القطاع العام واسعة ومتزايدة، مع وجود تجارب مبكرة لها في أنحاء العالم». أشارت هيلا ميهر من مركز آش للحكم الديمقراطي والابتكار في جامعة هارفارد إلى أن الذكاء الاصطناعي في الحكومة ليس جديدًا، فقد استخدمت الخدمات البريدية الأساليب الآلية في نهاية تسعينيات القرن العشرين للتعرف على الكتابة اليدوية على الظروف لتوجيه الرسائل على نحو آلي. ينجم عن استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في الحكومة فوائد كبيرة، من ضمنها الكفاءات المؤدية إلى التوفير في التكاليف (من خلال تخفيض عدد المكاتب الأمامية مثلًا)، وتقليل فرص الفساد. من ناحية ثانية، هناك مخاطر أيضًا قد تنتج عن استخدامه.,8659800,ar,2026-07-29T15:07:07Z,10583,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي في الحكومة,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],"الذكاء الاصطناعي في المملكة العربية السعودية قطاعٌ ملياريّ سريع النمو، تستثمر فيه الحكومة السعودية مليارات الريالات منذ بداية طفرة الذكاء الاصطناعي في القرن الحادي والعشرين الميلادي، وتعتني بتعليم المواطنين في مجاله، وتُطلق مبادرات له، وتنظم السياسات الأخلاقية لاستخدامه، وتبني مراكز بيانات الذكاء الاصطناعي، وتنشئ النماذج اللغوية الكبيرة العربية وتدريبها، وتستقطب المواهب للمملكة، وتسعى لتكون ضمن أفضل خمسة مراكز عالميًا في مجاليّ التدريب والذكاء الاصطناعي، وهي من أهم القطاعات لتحقيق مستهدفات رؤية السعودية 2030، إذ ترتبط بـ 70% من مستهدفات الرؤية.
حسب المؤشر العالمي للذكاء الاصطناعي لعام 2025م التابع لجامعة ستانفورد، حلّت السعودية في المركز الأول عربيًا والخامس عالميًا في نمو قطاع الذكاء الاصطناعي، والمركز الثالث عالميًا في نمو التوظيف بقطاع الذكاء الاصطناعي، وسُجلت ضمن أعلى الدول في ارتفاع هجرة المواهب إليها.",10369545,ar,2026-07-29T15:08:27Z,58253,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي في السعودية,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],"يشير الذكاء الاصطناعي في الصحة العقلية إلى تطبيق الذكاء الاصطناعي والتقنيات الحسابية والخوارزميات لدعم فهم وتشخيص وعلاج اضطرابات الصحة العقلية. في سياق الصحة العقلية، يُعتبر الذكاء الاصطناعي أحد مكونات الرعاية الصحية الرقمية، بهدف تحسين إمكانية الوصول والدقة ومعالجة الانتشار المتزايد لمشاكل الصحة العقلية. تتضمن تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في هذا المجال تحديد وتشخيص الاضطرابات العقلية، وتحليل السجلات الصحية الإلكترونية، وتطوير خطط العلاج الشخصية، والتحليلات للوقاية من الانتحار. هناك أيضًا أبحاث حول المعالجين بالذكاء الاصطناعي، والشركات الخاصة التي تقدم علاجات الكلام مثل العلاج السلوكي المعرفي. على الرغم من فوائدها المحتملة العديدة، فإن تنفيذ الذكاء الاصطناعي في الرعاية الصحية العقلية يطرح تحديات كبيرة واعتبارات أخلاقية، ويظل تبنيه محدودًا حيث يعمل الباحثون والممارسون على معالجة الحواجز القائمة.
يعد الذكاء الاصطناعي مجالًا مزدهرًا بسرعة مع تحقيق تقدم ناجح في مجال الرعاية الصحية. وقد شقت طريقها إلى الصحة العقلية مما أدى إلى تطورات كبيرة في التشخيص والتشخيص والعلاج. إن تطبيق الذكاء الاصطناعي في مجال الصحة العقلية يمكن أن يقضي على وصمة العار وخطورة مشاكل الصحة العقلية على مستوى العالم. لقد أدى الاهتمام الحديث بقضايا الصحة العقلية إلى ظهور حقائق مثيرة للقلق مثل الاكتئاب، الذي يؤثر على ملايين الأشخاص سنويًا. إن التطبيق الحالي للذكاء الاصطناعي في مجال الصحة العقلية لا يلبي الطلب على التخفيف من المخاوف المتعلقة بالصحة العقلية العالمية. في هذه المقالة، سيتم تناول المخاوف الأخلاقية مثل خصوصية البيانات والوصول غير القانوني إلى المعلومات الحساسة. كما تمت مناقشة مسألة ما إذا كانت برامج المحادثة واعية بما يكفي لاستخدامها كمستشارين للصحة العقلية في هذه الورقة.",9980189,ar,2026-07-29T15:08:05Z,84741,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي في الصحة العقلية,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],"من المتوقع أن يصل سوق الذكاء الاصطناعي في الهند إلى 8 مليارات دولار بحلول عام 2025، وينمو بمعدل نمو سنوي مركب ‏ (CAGR) يزيد عن 40% من عام 2020 إلى عام 2025. يعد هذا النمو جزءًا من طفرة الذكاء الاصطناعي الأوسع نطاقًا، وهي فترة عالمية من التقدم التكنولوجي السريع حيث كانت الهند رائدة بدءًا من أوائل العقد الأول من القرن الحادي والعشرين مع روبوتات الدردشة القائمة على معالجة اللغة الطبيعية من هابتيك، كوروفر.أيه آي، نيكي.أيه آي ثم اكتسبت شهرة في أوائل عشرينيات القرن الحادي والعشرين بناءً على التعلم التعزيزي، والتي تميزت باختراقات مثل نماذج الذكاء الاصطناعي التوليدية من أوبن أيه آي وكروتريم وألفافولد من جوجل ديب مايند. وفي الهند، كان تطوير الذكاء الاصطناعي تحويليًا بنفس القدر، مع تطبيقات في الرعاية الصحية والتمويل والتعليم، مدعومة بمبادرات حكومية مثل الاستراتيجية الوطنية للذكاء الاصطناعي التي وضعتها لجنة نيتي أيوج ‏ في عام 2018. نشرت مؤسسات مثل المعهد الإحصائي الهندي والمعهد الهندي للعلوم أوراق بحثية وبراءات اختراع رائدة في مجال الذكاء الاصطناعي. اعتبارًا من أبريل 2025، بلغت استثمارات القطاع الخاص في الهند في الذكاء الاصطناعي 1.4 مليار دولار، وهو ما يضع الهند في المرتبة العاشرة عالميًا من حيث استثمارات القطاع الخاص في الذكاء الاصطناعي، وفقًا لتقرير الأمم المتحدة.
في الهند، تم استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في الأجهزة الطبية والتقارير الطبية والتنبؤ بنتائج الإعلان والتسويق، تصميم وتطوير المنتجات والرعاية الصحية والاختبارات المعرفية باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي التشخيصي. تستخدم العلامات التجارية الهندية الذكاء الاصطناعي التوليدي لتوليد أفكار المنتجات وتطوير المفاهيم المرئية وإنشاء المنشورات الاجتماعية.
في حين أن الذكاء الاصطناعي يقدم فرصًا كبيرة للنمو الاقتصادي والتنمية الاجتماعية في الهند، إلا أن التحديات مثل مخاوف خصوصية البيانات ونقص المهارات والاعتبارات الأخلاقية تحتاج إلى معالجة من أجل نشر الذكاء الاصطناعي المسؤول. أدى نمو الذكاء الاصطناعي في الهند أيضًا إلى زيادة عدد الهجمات الإلكترونية التي تستخدم الذكاء الاصطناعي لاستهداف المنظمات.",9998876,ar,2026-08-03T10:41:59Z,278765,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي في الهند,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],الذكاء الاصطناعي في فلسطين هو مجموع السياسات والمبادرات والبرامج التعليمية والتطبيقات العملية المرتبطة بتطوير الذكاء الاصطناعي واستخدامه في دولة فلسطين. وقد برز هذا المجال في سياق أوسع من التحول الرقمي، وتحديث الإدارة العامة، وتنمية قطاع الاتصالات وتكنولوجيا المعلومات، ودعم ريادة الأعمال والبحث العلمي. وخلال عقد 2020، بدأت المؤسسات الفلسطينية في بلورة توجه أكثر انتظاما نحو الذكاء الاصطناعي من خلال تشكيل فريق وطني مختص، ووضع الاستراتيجية الوطنية للذكاء الاصطناعي، وربط هذا المسار ببرامج بناء القدرات، والتحديث التشريعي، وتوسيع العمل على تطبيقات تحقق النفع العام.,10382463,ar,2026-07-29T15:08:28Z,18810,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي في فلسطين,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],الذكاء الاصطناعي في مشاريع ويكيميديا يستخدم الذكاء الاصطناعي في ويكيبيديا وغيرها من مشاريع ويكيميديا بهدف تطوير هذه المشاريع حيث يعتبر التفاعل بين البشر والبوتات في مشاريع ويكيميديا عملية روتينية وتكرارية.,9834555,ar,2026-08-01T21:10:29Z,21985,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي في مشاريع ويكيميديا,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],مع تزايد انتشار الذكاء الاصطناعي، هناك قلق متزايد بشأن كيفية تأثير ذلك على الانتخابات. تشمل الأهداف المحتملة للذكاء الاصطناعي العمليات الانتخابية، ومكاتب الانتخابات، ومسؤولي الانتخابات، وبائعي الانتخابات.,10004555,ar,2026-08-01T18:54:17Z,67069,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الذكاء الاصطناعي والانتخابات,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],"الموسيقى والذكاء الاصطناعي (الإنجليزية: Music and artificial intelligence) هو تطوير برامج برنامج موسيقي ‏ التي تستخدم الذكاء الاصطناعي لتوليد الموسيقى. كما هو الحال مع التطبيقات في مجالات أخرى، فإن الذكاء الاصطناعي في الموسيقى يحاكي أيضًا المهام العقلية. الميزة البارزة هي قدرة خوارزمية الذكاء الاصطناعي على التعلم بناءً على البيانات السابقة، كما هو الحال في تكنولوجيا المرافقة الحاسوبية، حيث يكون الذكاء الاصطناعي قادرًا على الاستماع إلى أداء بشري وأداء المرافقة. ويقود الذكاء الاصطناعي أيضًا تقنية التأليف التفاعلية، حيث يقوم الكمبيوتر بتأليف الموسيقى استجابةً للأداء الحي. هناك تطبيقات أخرى للذكاء الاصطناعي في الموسيقى لا تشمل فقط تأليف الموسيقى وإنتاجها وأدائها، بل تشمل أيضًا كيفية تسويق الموسيقى واستهلاكها. وقد تم أيضًا تطوير العديد من برامج تشغيل الموسيقى لاستخدام تقنية التعرف على الصوت ومعالجة اللغة الطبيعية للتحكم في صوت الموسيقى. تتضمن الأبحاث الحالية تطبيق الذكاء الاصطناعي في تأليف الموسيقى والأداء والنظرية ومعالجة الصوت الرقمي. كان الملحنون/الفنانون مثل جينيفر والش ‏ أو هولي هيرندون يستكشفون جوانب الذكاء الاصطناعي الموسيقي لسنوات في عروضهم وأعمالهم الموسيقية. يمكن العثور على نهج أصلي آخر للبشر «تقليد الذكاء الاصطناعي» في التركيب الصوتي رباعيات وترية ‏ الذي تبلغ مدته 43 ساعة لجورج لينتز ‏.
اقترح مؤرخ الفن في القرن العشرين إروين بانوفسكي أنه في كل الفنون، توجد ثلاثة مستويات من المعنى: المعنى الأساسي، أو الموضوع الطبيعي؛ والمعنى الثانوي، أو الموضوع التقليدي؛ والمعنى الثالثي، المحتوى الجوهري للموضوع. يستكشف الذكاء الاصطناعي للموسيقى أهم هذه الأمور، حيث يخلق موسيقى بدون «القصد» الذي يكمن وراءها عادةً، مما يجعل الملحنين الذين يستمعون إلى القطع التي تم إنشاؤها بواسطة الآلة يشعرون بالقلق بسبب الافتقار إلى المعنى الواضح.",9980237,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,84676,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الموسيقى والذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],الهيئة السعودية للبيانات والذكاء الاصطناعي المعروفة اختصاراً باسم سدايا (SDAIA)، هي هيئة حكومية سعودية أنشئت بأمر ملكي بتاريخ 1440/12/29هـ الموافق 30 أغسطس 2019 م، وترتبط مباشرةً برئيس مجلس الوزراء، ويرأس مجلس إدارتها رئيس مجلس الوزراء، ويلحق بها «المركز الوطني للذكاء الاصطناعي»، و«مكتب إدارة البيانات الوطنية» اللذين أنشئا معها، ويرتبطان بها تنظيميًا، إضافةً إلى مركز المعلومات الوطني.,6368515,ar,2026-08-01T21:09:39Z,26942,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,الهيئة السعودية للبيانات والذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],"بالم (بالانجليزية: PaLM) هو نموذج لغة كبير قائم على المحولات يحتوي على 540 مليار معامل، طُوِّر بواسطة جوجل إي أي. قام الباحثون أيضًا بتدريب إصدارات أصغر من بالم، نماذج تحتوي على 8 و62 مليار معلمة، لاختبار تأثيرات حجم النموذج.
بالم قادر على مجموعة واسعة من المهام، بما في ذلك التفكير المنطقي، والتفكير الحسابي، وتفسير الدعابة، وإنشاء الرموز البرمجية، والترجمة. عند دمجه مع تقنية الهندسة الفورية، حقق بالم أداءً أفضل بشكل ملحوظ في مجموعات البيانات التي تتطلب التفكير في خطوات متعددة، مثل المسائل الرياضية والأسئلة المستندة إلى المنطق.
أُعْلِنّ عن النموذج لأول مرة في أبريل 2022 وظل خاصا حتى مارس 2023، بعدما أطلقت شركة جوجل واجهة برمجة تطبيقات لـبالم والعديد من التقنيات الأخرى. بحيث ستكون واجهة برمجة التطبيقات متاحة بشكل أولي فقط لعدد محدود من المطورين الذين انضموا إلى قائمة الانتظار قبل أن يتم بعد ذلك فتحها للعامة.
طورت شركة جوجل ديب مايند نسخة من بالم ب540 معامل تسمى ميد-بالم تم صقلها على البيانات الطبية بحيث تفوقت على سابقتها من النماذج في إجابتها على الأسئلة الطبية. ميد-بالم كان أول من نجح في تخطي اختبار الترخيص الطبي في الولايات المتحدة، بإجابته على كل من أسئلة الاختيارات المتعددة والأسئلة المفتوحة بدقة. ويتوفر أيضًا على منطق بحيث أنه قادر على تقييم ردوده الخاصة.
جوجل أيضا وسعت بالم بإستخدام محولات الرؤية لإنشاء بالم-إي، عبارة عن نموذج الرؤية واللغة الحديث، الذي يمكن إستعمالة من أجل المنابلة الآلية. ويمكن للنموذج أيضا أداء مهام في مجال الروبوتات بشكل تنافسي دون الحاجة إلى إعادة التدريب أو الصقل.",9209791,ar,2026-08-01T21:10:23Z,12676,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,بالم (ذكاء اصطناعي),https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_(%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A),Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],يُستخدم مصطلح بلاغة الذكاء الاصطناعي (AI rhetoric) بشكل أساسي لوصف النصوص والخطابات الإقناعية التي تُنتجها برامج الدردشة الآلية باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي التوليدي، مع العلم أن المصطلح قد يُطلق أيضًا على اللغة التي يكتبها أو يتحدث بها البشر عند التواصل مع هذه البرامج. ويرتبط هذا المجال الناشئ من الدراسات البلاغية بمجالات البلاغة الرقمية والتفاعل بين الإنسان والحاسوب.,10373194,ar,2026-08-02T09:40:56Z,20929,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,بلاغة الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9482121,ar,2026-08-02T09:40:56Z,31568,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,تأثير الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,2198515,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,244282,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,تاريخ الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,8326357,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,418249,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,7590936,ar,2026-07-29T15:06:15Z,207993,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,تنظيم الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,10379767,ar,2026-07-29T15:08:28Z,4875,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,حرب الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9730386,ar,2026-08-03T19:18:23Z,32633,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,حرب الذكاء الاصطناعي الباردة,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,10151669,ar,2026-07-29T15:08:14Z,14655,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,دورة أساسيات الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
"[""تصنيف:إدارة"", ""تصنيف:اختبار نفسي"", ""تصنيف:بوابة علم النفس/مقالات متعلقة"", ""تصنيف:بوابة علوم عصبية/مقالات متعلقة"", ""تصنيف:بوابة فلسفة/مقالات متعلقة"", ""تصنيف:بوابة منطق/مقالات متعلقة"", ""تصنيف:جميع المقالات التي بحاجة لتدقيق خبير"", ""تصنيف:جميع المقالات التي بحاجة لصيانة"", ""تصنيف:جميع المقالات التي بها عبارات بحاجة لمصادر"", ""تصنيف:ذكاء""]",,41881,ar,2026-08-01T21:05:42Z,18399,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,ذكاء,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
"[""تصنيف:Articles with DMOZ links"", ""تصنيف:أخطاء الاستشهاد: دورية مفقودة"", ""تصنيف:أخطاء الاستشهاد: روابط خارجية"", ""تصنيف:أخطاء الاستشهاد: وسائط غير مدعومة"", ""تصنيف:أخطاء الاستشهاد: وسائط مكررة"", ""تصنيف:الاستشهاد: قيمة المجلد طويلة"", ""تصنيف:الاستشهاد بمصادر باللغة الإنجليزية (en)"", ""تصنيف:الاستشهاد بمصادر باللغة الفرنسية (fr)"", ""تصنيف:الذكاء حسب النوع"", ""تصنيف:السبرانيات"", ""تصنيف:الصفحات التي لا تقبل ربط البوابات المعادل"", ""تصنيف:بوابة برمجة الحاسوب/مقالات متعلقة"", ""تصنيف:بوابة تقانة المعلومات/مقالات متعلقة"", ""تصنيف:بوابة خيال علمي/مقالات متعلقة"", ""تصنيف:بوابة ذكاء اصطناعي/مقالات متعلقة"", ""تصنيف:بوابة روبوتيات/مقالات متعلقة"", ""تصنيف:تعزيز الصحة"", ""تصنيف:تقانات ناشئة"", ""تصنيف:جميع المقالات التي بحاجة لتدقيق خبير"", ""تصنيف:جميع المقالات التي بحاجة لصيانة"", ""تصنيف:جميع المقالات التي بها عبارات بحاجة لمصادر"", ""تصنيف:جميع المقالات ذات الوصلات الخارجية المكسورة"", ""تصنيف:حواسيب"", ""تصنيف:ذكاء اصطناعي"", ""تصنيف:صفحات بأخطاء في المراجع"", ""تصنيف:صفحات بها وصلات إنترويكي"", ""تصنيف:صفحات بها وصلات مقالات للترجمة من الإنجليزية"", ""تصنيف:صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين"", ""تصنيف:صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة"", ""تصنيف:علم البيانات"", ""تصنيف:علوم شكلية"", ""تصنيف:علوم عصبية حاسوبية"", ""تصنيف:قالب أرشيف الإنترنت بوصلات واي باك"", ""تصنيف:مجالات دراسة حاسوبية"", ""تصنيف:مقالات بحاجة لتدقيق خبير"", ""تصنيف:مقالات تحوي نصا بالإنجليزية"", ""تصنيف:مقالات ذات عبارات بحاجة لمصادر"", ""تصنيف:مقالات ذات عبارات بحاجة لمصادر منذ أغسطس 2008"", ""تصنيف:مقالات ذات وصلات خارجية مكسورة"", ""تصنيف:مقالات ذات وصلات خارجية مكسورة منذ مايو 2019""]",,3947,ar,2026-08-03T13:36:00Z,237730,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,ذكاء اصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9171994,ar,2026-07-29T15:07:33Z,13867,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,ذكاء اصطناعي رمزي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,7413744,ar,2026-07-29T15:06:10Z,3894,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,ذكاء اصطناعي ضعيف,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%81,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9174828,ar,2026-08-01T21:10:23Z,71165,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,ذكاء اصطناعي قابل للتفسير,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,8466410,ar,2026-07-29T15:06:58Z,13228,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,ذكاء اصطناعي مثالي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9424929,ar,2026-08-03T17:46:14Z,204168,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,ذكاء اصطناعي مولد,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,6359937,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,53258,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,ذكاء عام اصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,4381297,ar,2026-07-29T15:02:46Z,16164,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,سيطرة الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9032873,ar,2026-08-03T07:25:40Z,108222,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,شات جي بي تي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9795251,ar,2026-07-29T15:07:57Z,15414,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,شتاء الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9712569,ar,2026-07-29T15:07:55Z,124248,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,صناعة الذكاء الاصطناعي في الصين,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9711588,ar,2026-08-03T14:30:55Z,95327,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,طفرة الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,10245756,ar,2026-08-03T14:30:59Z,34589,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,فقاعة الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,257606,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,40866,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,فلسفة الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9293108,ar,2026-07-29T15:07:37Z,60884,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,فن الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,8993518,ar,2026-07-29T15:07:26Z,22174,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,قانون الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9149502,ar,2026-08-01T18:54:17Z,31401,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,لامدا (ذكاء اصطناعي),https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A),Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,8361162,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,197105,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,مشكلة التحكم في الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9996366,ar,2026-08-02T19:18:27Z,65505,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,مواضيع الذكاء الاصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9193423,ar,2026-08-01T18:54:17Z,36159,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,هلوسة (ذكاء اصطناعي),https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A9_(%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A),Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,9978645,ar,2026-07-29T15:08:05Z,16562,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,هيوماين,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],,10401619,ar,2026-07-29T15:08:30Z,45673,2026-08-03T21:58:15+00:00,وكيل ذكاء اصطناعي,https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A,Fl8BCN840fX5gVGj8,ZMHNJRZkRyNEulR2H
[],"A. I. - Inteligência Artificial (em inglês: A.I. Artificial Intelligence) é um filme de ficção científica dramático estadunidense, de 2001, dirigido por Steven Spielberg. Com o roteiro de Spielberg e a história concebida por Ian Watson, o filme é vagamente baseado no conto de 1969 ""Supertoys Last All Summer Long"" de Brian Aldiss. Situado em uma sociedade futurista, o filme é estrelado por Haley Joel Osment como David, um andróide infantil exclusivamente programado com a capacidade de amar; Jude Law, Frances O'Connor, Brendan Gleeson e William Hurt estrelam em papéis coadjuvantes.
O desenvolvimento de A.I. começou originalmente depois que o produtor e diretor Stanley Kubrick adquiriu os direitos da história de Aldiss no início dos anos 1970. A partir de então, Kubrick contratou uma série de escritores, incluindo Aldiss, Bob Shaw, Ian Watson e Sara Maitland, até meados dos anos 1990 para desenvolver um projeto. Contudo, o filme definhou num inferno de desenvolvimento por anos, em parte porque Kubrick sentiu que as imagens geradas por computador não eram avançadas o suficiente para representar o personagem David, que ele acreditava que nenhum ator mirim retrataria de forma convincente. Em 1995, Kubrick entregou o projeto de A.I. a Spielberg, mas o filme não ganhou força até o falecimento de Kubrick em 1999. Spielberg permaneceu próximo ao tratamento de Watson para o roteiro e dedicou o filme a Kubrick.
O filme foi lançado em 29 de junho de 2001 na América do Norte, sendo distribuído pela Warner Bros. e DreamWorks através de um acordo entre as empresas. Recebeu críticas geralmente positivas dos críticos e arrecadou US$ 235,9 milhões contra um orçamento estimado entre US$ 90–100 milhões. Recebeu indicações ao Óscar de Melhores efeitos visuais e Melhor trilha sonora (pelo trabalho de John Williams, colaborador de longa data de Spielberg). Em uma pesquisa da BBC de 2016 com 177 críticos ao redor do mundo, A. I. - Inteligência Artificial foi eleito o octogésimo terceiro melhor filme pós-2000. Desde então, foi chamado de uma das melhores obras de Spielberg, bem como um dos maiores filmes do século 21 até hoje.",174601,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:53Z,66168,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,A.I. - Inteligência Artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._-_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"Em inteligência artificial (IA), particularmente em aprendizado de máquina, a ablação consiste na remoção de um componente de um sistema de IA. Um estudo de ablação tem como objetivo determinar a contribuição de um componente para o sistema de IA, removendo-o e analisando o desempenho resultante.
O termo é uma analogia com a biologia (remoção de componentes de um organismo) e é particularmente utilizado na análise de redes neurais artificiais, por analogia com a cirurgia cerebral ablativa [en]. Outras analogias incluem sistemas neurológicos, como o da Drosophila e o cérebro de vertebrados.
Os estudos de ablação exigem que um sistema apresente degradação graciosa: o sistema deve continuar funcionando mesmo quando certos componentes estão ausentes ou degradados. De acordo com alguns pesquisadores, os estudos de ablação são considerados uma técnica conveniente para investigar a inteligência artificial e sua resiliência a danos estruturais.
Os estudos de ablação danificam ou removem certos componentes em um ambiente controlado para investigar todos os possíveis resultados de falhas no sistema; isso caracteriza como cada ação impacta o desempenho e a capacidade geral do sistema. O processo de ablação pode ser usado para testar sistemas que realizam tarefas como reconhecimento de fala, detecção de objetos [en] e controle de robôs [en].",7714730,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:45Z,5107,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Ablação (inteligência artificial),https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abla%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial),7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"No campo da inteligência artificial (IA), a pesquisa de alinhamento da IA (em inglês, AI alignment) visa direcionar os sistemas de IA aos objetivos e interesses pretendidos por seus criadores. Um sistema de IA alinhado favorece o objetivo pretendido; um sistema de IA desalinhado tem competência para favorecer algum objetivo, mas não o pretendido.
Sistemas de IA podem ser difíceis de alinhar e sistemas desalinhados podem funcionar mal ou causar danos. Pode ser difícil para os projetistas de IA especificar toda a gama de comportamentos desejados e indesejados. Então, eles usam objetivos fáceis de especificar para representar esses comportamentos, o que omite algumas das instruções desejadas. Os sistemas de IA, entretanto, exploram as brechas resultantes disso. Assim, eles atingem eficientemente os objetivos propostos, mas de uma forma inesperada e às vezes prejudicial (reward hacking; ""hack de recompensas"", em tradução livre). Os sistemas de IA também podem desenvolver  comportamentos instrumentais indesejados, como a busca de poder, para atingir mais facilmente seus objetivos. Ainda, eles podem desenvolver objetivos emergentes difíceis de detectar antes da implantação do sistema, momento em que enfrentam novas situações e distribuições de dados. Esses problemas afetam sistemas comerciais existentes, como robôs, modelos de linguagem, veículos autônomos e sistemas de recomendação de redes sociais. No entanto, sistemas futuros mais poderosos poderão ser afetados mais severamente, uma vez que esses problemas resultam parcialmente da alta competência.
A comunidade de pesquisa de IA e as Nações Unidas solicitaram pesquisa técnica e soluções políticas para garantir que os sistemas de IA estejam alinhados aos valores humanos.
O alinhamento da IA é um subcampo da segurança da IA, o estudo da construção de sistemas de IA seguros. Outros subcampos da segurança da IA incluem a robustez, o monitoramento e o controle de capacidade [en]. Os desafios da pesquisa na área do alinhamento incluem a inserção de valores complexos na IA, o desenvolvimento de IAs honestas, a supervisão escalável, a avaliação e a interpretação de modelos de IA, bem como a prevenção de comportamentos emergentes da IA, como a busca de poder. A pesquisa de alinhamento tem conexões com a pesquisa de interpretabilidade, a robustez, a detecção de anomalias, a incerteza calibrada, a verificação formal, o aprendizado de preferências, a engenharia de sistemas críticos, a teoria dos jogos, a justiça algorítmica  e as ciências sociais, entre outros.",7078354,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:14Z,110824,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Alinhamento da inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alinhamento_da_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"Na inteligência artificial (IA), uma alucinação ou alucinação artificial é uma resposta confiante por parte da IA que não parece ser justificada pelos dados de treinamento.
Por exemplo, um chatbot alucinatório sem conhecimento sobre a receita de uma empresa de grande porte pode internamente escolher um número aleatório (como ""US$ 13.6 bilhões"") que o chatbot considere plausível, e então continuar a insistir falsa e repetidamente que a receita da referida empresa é de US$ 13.6 bilhões, sem sinal de consciência interna de que o número foi produto da própria imaginação deste.
Esses fenômenos são chamados de ""alucinações"", em analogia com o fenômeno da alucinação na psicologia humana. Note que enquanto uma alucinação humana é uma percepção por um ser humano que não pode ser sensatamente associada com a parte do mundo externo que o humano está diretamente observando com seus órgãos sensoriais, uma alucinação da IA é, em vez disso, uma resposta confiante que não pode ser fundamentada em nenhum dos seus dados de treinamento da mesma.
A alucinação de inteligência artificial ganhou destaque por volta de 2022 com o lançamento de certos modelos de linguagem grande (LLMs) como o ChatGPT. Os usuários reclamaram que tais bots muitas vezes pareciam incorporar sociopaticamente e sem sentido falsidades plausíveis dentro do conteúdo gerado. Outro exemplo de alucinação na inteligência artificial é quando a IA ou chatbot esquece que é uma máquina e alega ser humano.
Em 2023, os analistas consideraram a alucinação frequente um grande problema na tecnologia LLM. No mesmo ano, em um editorial para o periódico Cureus, foi proposto o uso do termo ""desinformação"" como substituto para o atual considerando que este seria mais entendível para aqueles com pouco conhecimento sobre o tema.  

",7088252,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:14Z,24042,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Alucinação (inteligência artificial),https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alucina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial),7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"A Anthropic PBC é uma empresa de benefício estadunidense de inteligência artificial (IA) com sede em São Francisco. Ela desenvolveu uma família de grandes modelos de linguagem (LLMs) chamada Claude. A Anthropic opera como uma corporação de benefício público, que pesquisa e desenvolve IA para ""estudar suas propriedades de segurança na fronteira tecnológica"" e usar essa pesquisa para implantar modelos seguros para o público.
A Anthropic foi fundada em 2021 por ex-membros da OpenAI, incluindo os irmãos Daniela Amodei e Dario Amodei, que são presidente e CEO, respectivamente. A partir de fevereiro de 2026, a Anthropic possui um valor estimado em US$ 380 bilhões.

",7162052,pt,2026-07-29T11:24:17Z,58640,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Anthropic,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"As aplicações da inteligência artificial são várias e em diversas áreas, como na indústria e no meio acadêmico. A inteligência artificial (IA) é a capacidade dos sistemas computacionais de realizar tarefas tipicamente associadas à inteligência humana, tais como aprendizagem, raciocínio, resolução de problemas, percepção e tomada de decisões. O subcampo do aprendizado de máquina tem sido utilizado para diversos fins científicos e comerciais, como tradução de idiomas, reconhecimento de imagens, tomada de decisões, pontuação de crédito e comércio eletrônico. Nos últimos anos, houve avanços significativos no campo da inteligência artificial generativa, que utiliza modelos generativos para produzir textos, imagens, vídeos ou outras formas de dados.

",7262896,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:23Z,87501,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Aplicações da inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplica%C3%A7%C3%B5es_da_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"O aprendizado automático (português brasileiro) ou  a aprendizagem automática (português europeu) ou também aprendizado de máquina (português brasileiro) ou aprendizagem de máquina (português europeu) (em inglês: machine learning) é um subcampo da Engenharia e da ciência da computação que evoluiu do estudo de reconhecimento de padrões e da teoria do aprendizado computacional em inteligência artificial. Em 1959, Arthur Samuel definiu aprendizado de máquina como o ""campo de estudo que dá aos computadores a habilidade de aprender sem serem explicitamente programados""(livre tradução).  O aprendizado automático explora o estudo e construção de algoritmos que podem aprender de seus erros e fazer previsões sobre dados. Tais algoritmos operam construindo um modelo a partir de inputs amostrais a fim de fazer previsões ou decisões guiadas pelos dados ao invés de simplesmente seguindo inflexíveis e estáticas instruções programadas. Enquanto que na inteligência artificial existem dois tipos de raciocínio (o indutivo, que extrai regras e padrões de grandes conjuntos de dados, e o dedutivo), o aprendizado de máquina só se preocupa com o indutivo.
Algumas partes do aprendizado automático estão intimamente ligadas (e muitas vezes sobrepostas) à estatística computacional; uma disciplina que foca em como fazer previsões através do uso de computadores, com pesquisas focando nas propriedades dos métodos estatísticos e sua complexidade computacional. Ela tem fortes laços com a otimização matemática, que produz métodos, teoria e domínios de aplicação para este campo. O aprendizado automático é usado em uma variedade de tarefas computacionais onde criar e programar algoritmos explícitos é impraticável. Exemplos de aplicações incluem filtragem de spam, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres (OCR), processamento de linguagem natural, motores de busca, diagnósticos médicos, bioinformática, reconhecimento de fala, reconhecimento de escrita, visão computacional e locomoção de robôs. O aprendizado de máquinas é às vezes confundido com mineração de dados, que é um sub-campo que foca mais em análise exploratória de dados e é conhecido como aprendizado não supervisionado. No campo da análise de dados, o aprendizado de máquinas é um método usado para planejar modelos complexos e algoritmos que prestam-se para fazer predições- no uso comercial, isso é conhecido como análise preditiva. Esses modelos analíticos permitem que pesquisadores, cientistas de dados, engenheiros, e analistas possam ""produzir decisões e resultados confiáveis e repetitíveis"" e descobrir os ""insights escondidos"" através do aprendizado das relações e tendências históricas nos dados.
As contribuições para a fundação da aprendizagem automática (aprendizado de máquina) feitas pelos cientistas John Hopfield e Geoffrey Hinton foram distinguidas em 2024 com o Prémio Nobel de Física. O Comité Nobel destacou os cientistas por ""descobertas fundamentais e invenções que permitem aprendizagem automática com redes neuronais artificiais”.

",516354,pt,2026-07-28T01:37:14Z,46057,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Aprendizado de máquina,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprendizado_de_m%C3%A1quina,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"A arte de inteligência artificial é qualquer obra, especialmente imagens e composições musicais, criada com o uso de programas de inteligência artificial (IA), como modelos de texto para imagem e geradores musicais. Às vezes, ela é confundida com arte digital. Embora tanto imagens de inteligência artificial quanto a arte digital envolvam o uso de tecnologia, a inteligência artificial é caracterizada pelo uso de algoritmos generativos e técnicas de aprendizado de máquina que podem produzir de forma autônoma, utilizando diretamente de imagens feitas por artistas humanos, muitas vezes sem possuir as devidas permissões de direitos autoriais dos próprios.

",7165313,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:18Z,43473,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Arte de inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_de_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"Artificial é algo produzido pela humanidade, sendo o oposto de natural que não envolve e nem necessita da intervenção humana.",7042944,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:13Z,1170,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"""Attention Is All You Need"" é um artigo científico de 2017 sobre aprendizado de máquina de autoria de oito cientistas e engenheiros que trabalhavam no Google. O artigo introduziu uma nova arquitetura de aprendizado profundo conhecida como Transformer, baseada no mecanismo de atenção proposto em 2014 por Bahdanau et al. A abordagem do Transformer descrita no documento tornou-se a arquitetura principal de uma ampla variedade de sistemas de inteligência artificial, incluindo modelos de linguagem grandes (LLMs).
Na época, o foco da pesquisa era melhorar as técnicas de Seq2seq para tradução automática, mas os autores foram além no artigo, prevendo o potencial da técnica para outras tarefas, como responder a perguntas e o que hoje é conhecido como IA generativa multimodal.
Alguns dos primeiros exemplos nos quais a equipe testou a arquitetura Transformer incluíram a tradução de inglês para alemão, a geração de artigos da Wikipédia sobre ""O Transformer"" e a análise sintática. Esses experimentos convenceram a equipe de que o Transformer era um modelo de linguagem de uso geral, e não apenas uma ferramenta eficiente para tradução.
Em 2025, o artigo já havia sido citado mais de 173.000 vezes, posicionando-se entre os dez artigos científicos mais citados do século XXI. Após a publicação do documento pelo Google, todos os autores deixaram a empresa para trabalhar em outras corporações ou para fundar suas próprias startups.

",7617081,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:38Z,35842,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Attention Is All You Need,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_Is_All_You_Need,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"Basilisco de Roko é o nome de um experimento mental que afirma que uma superinteligência artificial (IA) no futuro seria incentivada a criar uma simulação de realidade virtual para torturar qualquer pessoa que soubesse de sua possível existência, mas não contribuísse diretamente para seu avanço ou desenvolvimento, a fim de incentivar esse avanço. O experimento foi proposto em 2010 em um fórum de ciência chamado LessWrong. O nome do experimento de pensamento deriva do autor do artigo (Roko) e do basilisco, uma criatura mítica capaz de destruir inimigos com seu olhar. A comunidade que debateu o experimento proposto pelo usuário ""Roko"", apesar de pequena, possuia influência na indústria de tecnologia, por conta de seu interesse em transumanismo e singularidade tecnológica.
Embora a teoria tenha sido inicialmente descartada como nada além de conjectura ou especulação por muitos usuários do LessWrong, o cofundador do LessWrong, Eliezer Yudkowsky, registrou usuários que descreveram sintomas como pesadelos e colapsos mentais ao lerem a teoria, devido à estipulação de que apenas saber sobre a teoria tornava a pessoa vulnerável ao próprio basilisco. Isso levou a discussão sobre o basilisco no site a ser banida por cinco anos. No entanto, esses relatos foram posteriormente descartados como sendo exagerados ou inconsequentes, e a própria teoria foi descartada como absurda, inclusive pelo próprio Yudkowsky. Mesmo após o descrédito da postagem, ela ainda é usada como exemplo de princípios como probabilidade epistemológica e religião implícita. Ela também é considerada uma versão moderna da aposta de Pascal.",7208579,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:20Z,37888,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Basilisco de Roko,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilisco_de_Roko,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"Bradesco Inteligência Artificial (Bia) é um chatbot movido a inteligência artificial do Bradesco. Seu desenvolvimento iniciou-se em 2014 a partir do Watson, da IBM.",7434101,pt,2026-08-03T15:07:54Z,7537,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Bia (inteligência artificial),https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_(intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial),7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"A bolha da IA ou bolha da Inteligência Artificial é uma bolha hipotética do mercado de ações que cresce no contexto da explosão de IA, um período de rápido aumento do investimento em inteligência artificial (IA) que está a afetar a economia em geral. A especulação sobre uma bolha origina-se principalmente de preocupações de que as principais empresas de tecnologia de IA estejam envolvidas num fluxo circular de investimentos que inflaciona artificialmente o valor das suas ações. A especulação também surgiu de comparações entre o ambiente atual de financiamento de tecnologia e o da bolha da Internet das décadas de 1990 e 2000.",7853784,pt,2026-07-30T08:36:09Z,43940,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Bolha da IA,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolha_da_IA,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"ChatGPT (do inglês: Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) é um chatbot desenvolvido pela OpenAI e lançado em 30 de novembro de 2022. O nome ""ChatGPT"" combina ""Chat"", referindo-se à sua funcionalidade de chatbot, e ""GPT"", que significa Generative Pre-trained Transformer (Transformador Pré-treinado Generativo, em tradução livre), um tipo de modelo de linguagem grande (Large Language Model, LLM, na sigla em inglês). Com base em um LLM, ele usa como contexto, prompts e respostas sucessivas para prever as palavras que seriam mais adequadas, de acordo com as ideias da empresa, para compor a nova resposta; o algoritmo para essa previsão resulta do seu treinamento. Assim, o ChatGPT também permite que utilizadores refinem e direcionem uma conversa para a duração, formato, estilo, nível de detalhe e linguagem desejados.
Em janeiro de 2023, o ChatGPT tinha se tornado a aplicação de software de consumo de crescimento mais rápido da história, conquistando mais de 100 milhões de utilizadores e contribuindo para o crescimento da avaliação da OpenAI para 29 bilhões de dólares. O lançamento do ChatGPT estimulou o desenvolvimento de produtos concorrentes, incluindo Gemini, Ernie Bot, LLaMA, Claude e Grok. A Microsoft lançou o Copilot, baseado no GPT-4 da OpenAI. Alguns observadores manifestaram preocupação sobre o potencial do ChatGPT e de programas semelhantes para substituir ou atrofiar a inteligência humana, permitir o plágio ou alimentar a desinformação.
O ChatGPT está disponível para uso online em três versões, uma construída em GPT-4, outra em GPT-4o e outra em GPT-o mini, todas membros da série proprietária de modelos transformadores generativos pré-treinados (GPT) da OpenAI, com base na arquitetura de transformador desenvolvida do Google - e é ajustada para aplicações de conversação usando uma combinação de aprendizagem supervisionada e aprendizagem por reforço. O ChatGPT foi lançado como uma pré-visualização de investigação disponível gratuitamente, mas devido à sua popularidade, a OpenAI agora opera o serviço num modelo freemium. Ele permite que os utilizadores no seu nível gratuito acessem a versão baseada em GPT-4o mini, enquanto que as versões mais avançadas baseadas em GPT-4 e GPT-4o e o acesso prioritário aos recursos mais recentes são fornecidos aos assinantes pagos sob o nome comercial ""ChatGPT Plus"".
O ChatGPT é creditado por iniciar o boom da IA, que levou a um investimento rápido e sem precedentes e à atenção do público no campo da inteligência artificial.

",7021469,pt,2026-08-03T15:07:53Z,182110,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,ChatGPT,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"A cognição corporificada, incorporada ou corporeada, do inglês embodied cognition, é a teoria de que muitas características da cognição, sejam humanas ou não, são moldadas por aspectos de todo o corpo de um organismo. Os sistemas sensoriais e motores são vistos como fundamentalmente integrados ao processamento cognitivo. As características cognitivas incluem construções mentais superiores (como conceitos e categorias) e desempenho em várias tarefas cognitivas (como raciocínio ou julgamento). Os aspectos corporais envolvem o sistema motor, o sistema perceptivo, as interações corporais com o ambiente (situacionalidade) e as suposições sobre o mundo construídas na estrutura funcional do organismo.
A tese da mente corporificada desafia outras teorias, como o cognitivismo, o computacionalismo e o dualismo cartesiano. Ela está intimamente relacionada à tese da mente estendida, à cognição situada e à enação. A versão moderna dessa teoria depende de contribuições de pesquisas recentes em psicologia, linguística, ciência cognitiva, sistemas dinâmicos, inteligência artificial, robótica, cognição animal, cognição vegetal e neurobiologia.",5258533,pt,2026-07-28T01:40:00Z,159419,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Cognição corporificada,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogni%C3%A7%C3%A3o_corporificada,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"As controvérsias envolvendo a inteligência artificial abrangem uma ampla gama de debates públicos, acadêmicos e políticos sobre os efeitos na sociedade da inteligência artificial (IA). Esses debates se intensificaram particularmente no final da década de 2010 e na década de 2020, coincidindo com um período acelerado de desenvolvimento conhecido como o boom da IA. Enquanto os defensores enfatizam o potencial da tecnologia para resolver problemas complexos e melhorar a qualidade de vida humana, os detratores destacam uma grande variedade de perigos e desafios. Estes incluem preocupações com ética, plágio e roubo, fraude, segurança e alinhamento, impactos ambientais, desemprego tecnológico e a disseminação de desinformação. O tema também abrange desafios teóricos ou futuros graves, como o surgimento da superinteligência artificial e os riscos existenciais.

",7815579,pt,2026-08-01T01:35:09Z,65383,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Controvérsias sobre inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controv%C3%A9rsias_sobre_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"Dario Amodei (25 de março de 1983) é um pesquisador e empreendedor americano de inteligência artificial. Ele é o cofundador e CEO da Anthropic, a empresa por trás da série de modelos de linguagem Claude. Anteriormente, foi vice-presidente de pesquisa na OpenAI.",7626702,pt,2026-08-02T05:05:58Z,8261,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Dario Amodei,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Amodei,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"Hangzhou DeepSeek Artificial Intelligence Co., Ltd., comumente chamada de DeepSeek, (chinês:深度求索; pinyin: Shēndù Qiúsuǒ) é uma empresa chinesa de inteligência artificial especializada no desenvolvimento de modelos de linguagem de grande porte (LLMs) de código aberto. Sediada em Hangzhou, a companhia é propriedade e recebe financiamento do fundo de hedge chinês High-Flyer, cujo cofundador, Liang Wenfeng, fundou a empresa em 2023 e atualmente ocupa o cargo de CEO.
O modelo DeepSeek-R1 apresentou desempenho superior em testes com modelos otimizados para processamento de imagens e análise de dados complexos, quando comparado a outros modelos de linguagem de grande porte contemporâneos, como o GPT-4 da OpenAI. Ele foi treinado a um custo significativamente mais baixo, US$ 6 milhões, em comparação com US$ 100 milhões para o GPT-4 da OpenAI em 2023, e requer apenas um décimo da potência computacional de um LLM equivalente. Os modelos de IA da DeepSeek foram desenvolvidos em meio a sanções dos Estados Unidos contra a Índia e a China relacionadas aos chips da Nvidia, que visavam restringir a capacidade desses dois países de desenvolver sistemas avançados de IA.
A DeepSeek disponibiliza seus algoritmos de inteligência artificial generativa, modelos e detalhes de treinamento como código aberto, permitindo que seu código seja livremente acessado, utilizado, modificado e adaptado para a criação de novos projetos. A empresa recruta ativamente jovens pesquisadores de IA das principais universidades chinesas e também contrata profissionais de áreas fora da ciência da computação, com o objetivo de diversificar o conhecimento e as capacidades de seus modelos. O DeepSeek atualmente está na versão ""V-4"".",7532460,pt,2026-08-03T15:07:54Z,26352,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,DeepSeek,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepSeek,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"Um software de detecção de conteúdo gerado por inteligência artificial visa determinar se algum material, como texto, imagem, vídeo ou áudio, foi gerado utilizando inteligência artificial. Entretanto, no presente momento, softwares com esse objetivo são considerados pouco confiáveis.",7732470,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:47Z,31810,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Detecção de conteúdo gerado por inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detec%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_conte%C3%BAdo_gerado_por_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"Elon Reeve Musk FRS (Pretória, 28 de junho de 1971) é um empresário, empreendedor, inventor e filantropo sul-africano, naturalizado canadense e estadunidense. É o fundador, diretor executivo e diretor técnico da SpaceX; CEO da Tesla, Inc.; um dos cofundadores da OpenAI, fundador e CEO da Neuralink; cofundador, presidente da SolarCity, proprietário do X (antigo Twitter) e ex-comissário do Departamento de Eficiência Governamental dos Estados Unidos durante o segundo governo Trump em 2025. Desde 2021, Musk se posiciona como a pessoa mais rica do mundo, até então com um patrimônio líquido estimado em 200 bilhões de dólares, de acordo com o Bloomberg Billionaires Index. Já a revista Forbes estimou sua fortuna em 221,3 bilhões de dólares, principalmente de suas participações acionárias nas empresas Tesla e na SpaceX. Em junho de 2026, a Forbes estimou que seu patrimônio líquido seja de US$ 1.4 trilhão, sendo o primeiro trilionário em termos nominais absolutos, além de ser o único registrado oficialmente na história moderna.
Musk demonstrou publicamente preocupações com a extinção humana e também propôs soluções, das quais algumas são o objetivo principal de suas empresas e já estão sendo feitas na prática. Entre elas, a redução do aquecimento global, através do uso de energias renováveis, um projeto multiplanetário, mais especificamente a colonização de Marte, e o desenvolvimento seguro da inteligência artificial.
Em janeiro de 2011, uma de suas empresas, a SpaceX, tornou-se a primeira empresa no mundo a vender um voo comercial à Lua. A missão, marcada para 2013, foi contratada pela empresa Astrobotic Technology, tendo como objetivo colocar um pequeno jipe na superfície lunar, o que não aconteceu. Em 2012, encerrou o projeto do Tesla Roadster, o primeiro modelo da sua autoria, um carro totalmente elétrico que custava cerca de 92 mil dólares. A Tesla já lançou quatro modelos: S, Y, X e o Modelo 3, este último com a responsabilidade de trazer os carros elétricos para as massas, partindo de um custo inicial de 35 mil dólares. Em 25 de abril de 2022, ele também concordou em comprar o Twitter por 44 bilhões de dólares.
Musk expressou opiniões que o tornaram uma figura polarizadora e controversa. Ele foi criticado por fazer declarações não científicas, enganosas, ou endossar teorias da conspiração, incluindo sobre a pandemia de COVID-19 e a eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 2020, além de endossar postagens antissemitas, sendo que por este último ele se desculpou. Em 2024, Musk foi o maior doador na eleição presidencial daquele ano e desde então tem se destacado como um apoiador de personalidades, causas e partidos políticos de extrema-direita no mundo todo.",912213,pt,2026-08-01T21:37:54Z,136424,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Elon Musk,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7439575,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:31Z,37137,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Engenharia de inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_de_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7175087,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:18Z,63642,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Explosão de IA,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explos%C3%A3o_de_IA,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7121212,pt,2026-08-03T15:07:53Z,29668,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Google Gemini,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gemini,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7251964,pt,2026-08-03T15:07:53Z,11306,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Grok,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,4171492,pt,2026-07-30T19:31:24Z,18723,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,História da inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7880980,pt,2026-08-03T15:07:54Z,45988,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,IOS 27,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_27,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
"[""Categoria:!Artigos bons na Wikipédia em cantonês"", ""Categoria:!Artigos bons na Wikipédia em persa"", ""Categoria:!Artigos de ciência que carecem de notas de rodapé"", ""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé desde fevereiro de 2013"", ""Categoria:!Páginas que usam referências com parâmetros obsoletas"", ""Categoria:Filosofia"", ""Categoria:Inteligência"", ""Categoria:Psicologia da personalidade"", ""Categoria:Psicopedagogia""]",,13080,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:36Z,12230,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Inteligência,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7724360,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:46Z,8448,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Inteligência Artificial Autônoma,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_Artificial_Aut%C3%B4noma,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
"[""Categoria:!Artigos com excertos"", ""Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em cantonês"", ""Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em sérvio"", ""Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em tártaro"", ""Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)"", ""Categoria:!CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Artigo principal com parâmetro prefixo"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Webarchive archiveis links"", ""Categoria:!Páginas que utilizam argumentos duplicados ao chamar predefinições"", ""Categoria:Aprendizagem de máquina"", ""Categoria:Cibernética"", ""Categoria:Ciências formais"", ""Categoria:Filosofia da ciência"", ""Categoria:Governo por algoritmo"", ""Categoria:Inteligência artificial"", ""Categoria:Inteligência artificial em jogos"", ""Categoria:Tecnologia na sociedade"", ""Categoria:Tecnologias emergentes""]",,12722,pt,2026-08-03T19:42:40Z,71351,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7449446,pt,2026-08-03T10:31:15Z,5876,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Inteligência artificial amigável,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial_amig%C3%A1vel,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7450245,pt,2026-07-29T08:24:14Z,12880,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Inteligência artificial estreita,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial_estreita,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7097052,pt,2026-08-03T17:46:15Z,30301,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Inteligência artificial generativa,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial_generativa,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,6702809,pt,2026-07-28T01:40:58Z,102169,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Inteligência artificial geral,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial_geral,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7805999,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:54Z,24912,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Inteligência artificial na Wikimedia,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial_na_Wikimedia,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,1688390,pt,2026-07-28T01:37:47Z,48638,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Left 4 Dead,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_4_Dead,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7861613,pt,2026-07-31T02:02:11Z,24065,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Magnifica humanitas,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifica_humanitas,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,5998411,pt,2026-07-28T01:40:27Z,29879,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Música e inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_e_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,5460196,pt,2026-07-30T13:08:04Z,60590,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,OpenAI,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7534494,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:35Z,15895,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Projeto de Lei 2338/2023,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeto_de_Lei_2338/2023,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7831983,pt,2026-07-30T19:12:34Z,31168,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Psicose por inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicose_por_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7559362,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:36Z,5024,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Qwen,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwen,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
"[""Categoria:!Artigos com ligações precisando de desambiguação"", ""Categoria:!Artigos de tecnologia que carecem de notas de rodapé"", ""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé desde abril de 2013"", ""Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)"", ""Categoria:!Páginas que usam hiperligações mágicas ISBN"", ""Categoria:!Páginas que usam referências com parâmetros obsoletas"", ""Categoria:Palavras que diferem em versões da língua portuguesa"", ""Categoria:Pesquisa de mercado"", ""Categoria:Redes neurais"", ""Categoria:Tecnologia da informação""]",,1685,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:34Z,61131,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Rede neural artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_neural_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7153786,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:17Z,157114,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Risco existencial da inteligência artificial geral,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risco_existencial_da_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial_geral,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
"[""Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)"", ""Categoria:!Esboços maiores que 25000 bytes"", ""Categoria:!Esboços sobre tecnologia"", ""Categoria:!Páginas que usam hiperligações mágicas ISBN"", ""Categoria:Ciência da computação"", ""Categoria:Robótica"", ""Categoria:Tecnologia da informação""]",,57610,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:41Z,28246,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Robótica,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%B3tica,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,1677012,pt,2026-08-01T00:25:35Z,217354,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Ronaldo Lemos,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_Lemos,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,7143090,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:17Z,97371,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Segurança da inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguran%C3%A7a_da_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,475735,pt,2026-07-28T01:37:12Z,56189,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Singularidade tecnológica,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularidade_tecnol%C3%B3gica,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
"[""Categoria:!Artigos a revisar desde agosto de 2015"", ""Categoria:!Artigos a revisar sem indicação de tema"", ""Categoria:!Artigos com escopo geográfico limitado"", ""Categoria:!Artigos com escopo geográfico limitado sem indicação de tema"", ""Categoria:!Artigos com texto com tempo vago ou ambíguo"", ""Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)""]",,76957,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:43Z,138346,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Tecnologia educacional,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_educacional,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,100768,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:46Z,43847,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Teste de Turing,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teste_de_Turing,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],,5448328,pt,2026-07-28T01:40:07Z,23279,2026-08-03T21:57:29+00:00,Ética na inteligência artificial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica_na_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial,7OBtjozBY3G8FnldR,yl6EKf9gzsBKgkDPJ
[],"O ano de 1951 viu uma extensa exploração do espaço pelos Estados Unidos e pela União Soviética usando foguetes suborbitais. Os soviéticos lançaram sua primeira série de testes biomédicos para o limite de 100 quilômetros do espaço (conforme definido pela Federação Aeronáutica Internacional). Várias agências americanas lançaram mais de uma dúzia de foguetes de sonoridade científica entre outros. A Marinha dos Estados Unidos lançou seu foguete de sondagem Viking pela sétima vez desde 1949, desta vez para um recorde de 219 km em agosto de 1951.
O desenvolvimento também continuou por ambas as superpotências em foguetes mais poderosas do que o V-2 alemão da era da Segunda Guerra Mundial, que inaugurou a era dos voos espaciais. A União Soviética avançou muito além de seu R-1 (uma cópia V-2) com o lançamento do foguete R-2, que poderia transportar uma tonelada de explosivos duas vezes mais longe que seu antecessor. Embora o ambicioso míssil balístico de alcance intermediário tenha sido cancelado em 1951, o projeto de míssil R-5 mais viável foi iniciado. Tanto a Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos quanto o Exército dos Estados Unidos iniciaram seus primeiros projetos de mísseis balísticos pós-V-2, Atlas para a força aérea e Redstone para o exército.",6679976,pt,2026-07-28T15:55:39Z,47888,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,1951 na exploração espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_na_explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"As bases foram estabelecidas para o lançamento do primeiro satélite artificial com a programação do Ano Internacional da Geofísica para 1957-1958. Este esforço científico envolveria dezenas de nações em uma investigação global dos fenômenos físicos, no solo e no espaço.
Em 1952, todos os ramos das Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos, muitas vezes em parceria com organizações civis, continuaram seu programa de pesquisa de foguetes de sondagem além da fronteira de 100 quilômetros do espaço (conforme definido pela Federação Aeronáutica Internacional) usando o foguete Aerobee. A Universidade de Iowa lançou sua primeira série de foguetes, demonstrando a validade do foguete lançado por balão. O lançamento do Viking 9 no final do ano pela equipe do Laboratório de Pesquisa Naval dos Estados Unidos sob a gestão de Milton Rosen representou o auge do projeto de foguete operacional contemporâneo.
O ano não viu nenhum novo míssil balístico adicionado aos arsenais dos Estados Unidos ou da União Soviética. No entanto, o trabalho continuou rapidamente no desenvolvimento de grandes foguetes, particularmente do Redstone do Exército dos Estados Unidos e do míssil R-5 soviético.",6682035,pt,2026-07-28T15:55:39Z,45865,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,1952 na exploração espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_na_explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"O acidente de Alcântara, também conhecido como tragédia de Alcântara, foi um grande incêndio seguido de algumas explosões, que destruíram o foguete brasileiro VLS-1 V03 em sua plataforma de lançamento no Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara, matando 21 técnicos civis.
O objetivo da missão, nomeada Operação São Luís, era colocar o microssatélite meteorológico SATEC do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais e o nanosatélite UNOSAT da Universidade do Norte do Paraná em órbita circular equatorial a 750 km de altitude.",119608,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:48Z,53747,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Acidente de Alcântara,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidente_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"O acidente do ônibus (português brasileiro) ou vaivém (português europeu) espacial Challenger ocorreu em 28 de janeiro de 1986 no litoral de Cabo Canaveral quando o ônibus espacial Challenger se desintegrou aos 73 segundos da missão STS-51-L, matando seus sete tripulantes, o primeiro acidente fatal do programa espacial dos Estados Unidos durante um voo. A missão era a décima do orbitador e a vigésima quinta do Programa Ônibus Espacial. Seu objetivo era lançar um satélite de comunicações e estudar o cometa Halley, além de levar a professora Christa McAuliffe ao espaço, o que resultou em um interesse público maior do que o normal, com o lançamento e acidente sendo assistidos ao vivo em várias escolas dos Estados Unidos.
A causa do acidente foi a falha das juntas tóricas primária e secundária em uma articulação do propulsor de combustível sólido direito do ônibus espacial. As temperaturas extremamente baixas na manhã do lançamento enrijeceram as juntas tóricas de borracha, reduzindo sua capacidade de selar as articulações. As vedações foram rompidas pouco depois do lançamento e gás pressurizado quente de dentro do propulsor vazou, corroendo o suporte de fixação conectando-o ao tanque externo e depois o próprio tanque. O desmoronamento da estrutura interna do tanque e a rotação do propulsor que se seguiu jogou a montagem do ônibus espacial em uma direção que permitiu que as forças aerodinâmicas o despedaçassem. Há indícios de que pelo menos alguns tripulantes sobreviveram à desintegração inicial, porém o momento exato de suas mortes é desconhecido.
O acidente resultou em um hiato de 32 meses em voos espaciais do ônibus espacial. A investigação criticou a cultura organizacional e processo de tomada de decisões da NASA que contribuíram para o acidente. Dados desde 1977 indicavam a possibilidade de falha catastrófica nas juntas tóricas. A NASA e a fabricante Morton Thiokol não resolveram a questão, com os administradores da NASA ignorando avisos de engenheiros sobre os perigos de lançamentos sob temperaturas baixas. Como resultado, a NASA estabeleceu o Escritório de Segurança, Confiabilidade e Garantia de Qualidade, dentre outras medidas. A construção de um novo orbitador para substituir a Challenger foi aprovada em 1987, com a Endeavour voando pela primeira vez em maio de 1992. As missões seguintes voaram com um projeto modificado do propulsor de combustível sólido.",3963657,pt,2026-07-28T01:39:09Z,92220,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Acidente do ônibus espacial Challenger,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidente_do_%C3%B4nibus_espacial_Challenger,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"O acidente do ônibus espacial (português brasileiro) ou vaivém (português europeu) Columbia ocorreu no dia 1 de fevereiro de 2003, durante a fase de reentrada na atmosfera terrestre, a apenas dezesseis minutos de tocar o solo no regresso da missão STS-107, causando a destruição total da nave e a morte dos sete astronautas que compunham a tripulação. Esta missão, de objectivo científico, teve a duração de dezesseis dias, ao longo dos quais foram cumpridas com sucesso, as cerca de oitenta experiências programadas.
Momentos após a desintegração do Columbia, milhares de destroços em chamas caíram sobre uma extensa faixa terrestre, essencialmente no estado do Texas, e na Louisiana, alguns dos quais atingiram casas de habitação, empresas e escolas. Entre a população ninguém ficou ferido.
A recolha dos destroços prolongou-se de forma intensiva até meados de Abril daquele ano, ao longo de 40 000 km², dos quais 2 850 km² foram percorridos a pé, e os restantes utilizando meios aéreos ou navais junto à linha costeira da Califórnia. Foram recolhidos 83 mil pedaços do Columbia, correspondentes a 37% da massa total da nave. Entre os destroços, encontravam-se também parte dos restos mortais dos astronautas.
Foi constituída uma comissão independente de inquérito ao acidente, a Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), que produziu um relatório oficial de quatrocentas páginas após quase sete meses de investigação, no qual foram apontadas as causas técnicas e organizacionais que estiveram directa ou indirectamente envolvidas na origem da destruição do Columbia. Foram ainda perspectivadas hipotéticas soluções de resgate da tripulação e elaboradas 29 recomendações a implementar, quinze das quais de cumprimento obrigatório, sem o qual não poderia haver um regresso aos voos.",76992,pt,2026-07-28T19:47:11Z,87031,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Acidente do ônibus espacial Columbia,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidente_do_%C3%B4nibus_espacial_Columbia,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB) é a autarquia do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação responsável pelo programa espacial do Brasil. Ela opera um espaçoporto em Alcântara, Maranhão, e uma base de lançamento espacial na Barreira do Inferno, Rio Grande do Norte. A agência deu ao país um papel de destaque no setor aeroespacial na América do Sul e tecnicamente fez do Brasil um parceiro do projeto da Estação Espacial Internacional (EEI). Anteriormente, o programa espacial esteve sob o controle dos militares brasileiros; ele foi transferido para o controle civil em 10 de fevereiro de 1994.
A AEB participa ativamente na disseminação da conhecimento científico no Brasil, colaborando com olimpíadas de conhecimento em diversas escolas e universidades do país, como a Olimpíada Brasileira de Astronomia e Astronáutica (OBA) e a Mostra Brasileira de Foguetes (MOBFOG), nas quais qualquer estudante pode participar.
A AEB sofreu um grande revés em 2003, quando a explosão de um foguete matou 21 técnicos. O Brasil lançou com sucesso o seu primeiro foguete ao espaço em 23 de outubro de 2004, a partir do Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara; foi um VSB-30 lançado em uma missão suborbital. Este lançamento foi seguido por vários outros bem sucedidos.
Em 30 de março de 2006, o astronauta Marcos Pontes tornou-se o primeiro brasileiro e lusófono a ir ao espaço, onde ficou na EEI por uma semana. Durante a sua viagem, Pontes realizou oito experimentos selecionados pela AEB. Ele pousou no Cazaquistão em 8 de abril de 2006, com a tripulação da Expedição 12.
A Agência Espacial Brasileira tem prosseguido uma política de desenvolvimento conjunto de tecnologia com programas espaciais mais avançados. Inicialmente, houve uma forte tentativa de cooperação com os Estados Unidos, mas depois de dificuldades em termos de transferência tecnológica, o Brasil tentou outros projetos, como parcerias com China, Índia, Rússia e Ucrânia. Desde novembro de 2007, a AEB publica a revista Espaço Brasileiro, com literatura científico-tecnológica pertinentes à ciência espacial.",205514,pt,2026-08-01T05:12:16Z,39130,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Agência Espacial Brasileira,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%AAncia_Espacial_Brasileira,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Agência Espacial Europeia (em francês: Agence spatiale européenne - ASE; em inglês: European Space Agency - ESA) é uma organização intergovernamental dedicada à exploração espacial, com 22 estados-membros, incluindo Portugal. Fundada em 1975 e com sede em Paris, na França, a ESA tem uma equipe de mais de duas mil pessoas, com um orçamento anual de cerca de 4,28 mil milhões de euros, ou 5,51 mil milhões de dólares (2013).
Entre os programas da ESA estão voos espaciais tripulados, principalmente através da participação na Estação Espacial Internacional, o lançamento e operação de missões de exploração não-tripuladas para outros planetas e para a Lua, a observação da Terra, a ciência, as telecomunicações, bem como a manutenção do Centro Espacial de Kourou, na Guiana Francesa, além da conceção de veículos de lançamento. O Ariane 5 (o principal veículo de lançamento europeu) é operado através da Arianespace.
As missões científicas da ESA são baseadas no ESTEC, em Noordwijk, Países Baixos, as missões de observação da Terra na ESRIN em Frascati, Itália, o Centro Europeu de Operações Espaciais (ESOC) está em Darmstadt, Alemanha, o EAC, que treina astronautas para missões futuras, localiza-se em Colónia, Alemanha, e o Centro Europeu de Astronomia Espacial está localizado em Madrid, Espanha.",55640,pt,2026-08-01T05:12:16Z,30933,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Agência Espacial Europeia,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%AAncia_Espacial_Europeia,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Agência Japonesa de Exploração Aeroespacial (宇宙航空研究開発機構, Uchū-Kōkū-Kenkyū-Kaihatsu-Kikō), em inglês:  Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency - JAXA) é a agência espacial do Japão. Através da fusão de três organizações anteriormente independentes, a JAXA foi formada em 1º de outubro de 2003 e é responsável pela pesquisa, desenvolvimento de tecnologia e lançamento de satélites em órbita, além de estar envolvida em muitas missões mais avançadas, como exploração de asteroides e possível exploração humana do Lua. Seu lema é ""Uma JAXA"" e seu slogan corporativo é ""explorar para realizar"" (anteriormente ""alcançando os céus, explorando o espaço"").",59380,pt,2026-08-01T05:12:16Z,11229,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Agência Japonesa de Exploração Aeroespacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%AAncia_Japonesa_de_Explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Aeroespacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Apollo 11 foi um voo espacial tripulado norte-americano responsável pelo primeiro pouso na Lua. Os astronautas Neil Armstrong e Buzz Aldrin alunissaram o módulo lunar Eagle em 20 de julho de 1969 às 20h17min UTC. Armstrong tornou-se o primeiro humano a pisar na superfície lunar seis horas depois já no dia 21, seguido por Aldrin vinte minutos depois. Os dois passaram por volta de duas horas e quinze minutos fora da espaçonave e coletaram 21,5 quilogramas de material para trazer de volta à Terra. Michael Collins pilotou sozinho o módulo de comando e serviço Columbia na órbita da Lua enquanto seus companheiros estavam na superfície. Armstrong e Aldrin passaram um total de 21 horas e meia na Lua até reencontrarem-se com Collins.
A missão foi lançada por um foguete Saturno V do Centro Espacial John F. Kennedy na Flórida às 13h32min UTC de 16 de julho, tendo sido a quinta missão tripulada do Programa Apollo da Administração Nacional da Aeronáutica e Espaço (NASA). A nave Apollo era formada por três partes: um módulo de comando com uma cabine para três astronautas, a única parte que retornou para a Terra; um módulo de serviço, que apoiava o módulo de comando com propulsão, energia elétrica, oxigênio e água; e um módulo lunar dividido em dois estágios, um de descida para a Lua e um de subida para levar os astronautas de volta à órbita.
Os astronautas foram enviados em direção da Lua pelo terceiro estágio do Saturno V, separando-se do resto do foguete e viajando por três dias até entrarem na órbita da Lua. Armstrong e Aldrin então foram para o Eagle, pousaram em Mare Tranquillitatis e passaram um dia na superfície. Os astronautas usaram o estágio de subida do módulo lunar para saírem da Lua e acoplarem com o Columbia. O Eagle foi abandonado antes de realizarem as manobras que os colocaram em uma trajetória de volta para a Terra. Eles retornaram em segurança e amerissaram no Oceano Pacífico em 24 de julho após oito dias no espaço.
A alunissagem foi transmitida ao vivo mundialmente pela televisão. Armstrong pisou na superfície lunar e falou palavras que ficaram famosas: ""É um pequeno passo para [um] homem, um passo gigante para a humanidade"". A Apollo 11 encerrou a Corrida Espacial e realizou o objetivo nacional norte-americano estabelecido em 1961 pelo presidente John F. Kennedy de ""antes de esta década acabar, aterrissar um homem na Lua e retorná-lo em segurança para a Terra"". Os três astronautas foram recebidos com enormes celebrações nos Estados Unidos e pelo mundo, recebendo diversas condecorações e homenagens.",48605,pt,2026-08-02T06:29:41Z,127399,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Apollo 11,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Arte espacial (ou ""arte astronômica"") é a expressão usada para definir um gênero artístico que busca representar as maravilhas do Universo. Porém, também pode incluir obras de arte que são feitas no espaço, em situações de gravidade zero dentro de espaço naves, estações espaciais ou voos parabólicos, assim como inclui também obras de arte feitas na Terra porém enviadas ao espaço, seja para orbitarem como satélites artificiais ou como parte de satélites maiores, ou para permanecerem em corpos celestes, como em Marte ou na Lua.
Assim como outros gêneros, a arte espacial é multifacetada, abrangendo características do realismo, impressionismo, arte de hardware, escultura, imagens abstratas e até arte zoológica, entre outros. Por mais que os artistas façam arte que referenciam elementos astronômicos há muito tempo, mais especificamente desde a Pré-história, a arte espacial em si ainda está em sua infância: afinal, a humanidade ganhou a capacidade tecnológica de olhar para fora do nosso mundo somente há poucas décadas. Assim, a representação dessas novas fronteiras é ainda recente.
Seja qual for o caminho estilístico escolhido, quando artistas geralmente tentam comunicar ideias relacionadas, de alguma forma, ao espaço, é comum que isso inclua reflexões sobre a infinita vastidão que nos cerca. Em alguns casos, artistas que se consideram ""artistas do espaço"" usam mais do que ilustrações e pinturas para comunicar descobertas científicas ou obras que retratam o espaço. Isto porque alguns tiveram a oportunidade de trabalhar diretamente com a tecnologia de voo espacial e mesmo com cientistas especializados na tentativa de expandir as artes, as humanidades e a expressão cultural relativa à exploração espacial.
Praticantes das artes visuais têm, por muitas décadas, explorado o espaço em suas imaginações, usando métodos tradicionais de pintura. Agora, muitos usam as mídias digitais para alcançar objetivos semelhantes. revistas de ficção científica e de ensaios visuais eram os principais veículos para a arte espacial, muitas vezes reproduzindo imagens de planetas, naves espaciais e dramáticas paisagens extraterrestres. Chesley Bonestell, R. A. Smith, Lucien Rudaux, David A. Hardy e Ludek Pesek são alguns dos principais artistas do começo do gênero. Eles se envolveram ativamente na visualização de propostas para a exploração do espaço sideral, obtendo contribuições de astrônomos e especialistas no que era ainda um campo incipiente da tecnologia de foguetes. Esses especialistas estava ansiosos para disseminar as suas ideias para um público mais amplo e a arte espacial tinha um grande papel nisso. (De fato, foi o segundo administrador da NASA, James E. Webb, quem iniciou o programa de arte espacial da agência, em 1962, quatro anos depois da sua fundação.) Uma das características mais marcantes da obra de Bonestell é o modo como ele retrata os mundos exóticos com a sua própria beleza alienígena, muitas vezes retratando a destinação assim como os modos tecnológicos de se chegar até lá.",7085006,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:14Z,47403,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Arte espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Astromóvel, rover (em inglês) e rover planetário designam um veículo de exploração espacial projetado para mover-se na superfície de um planeta ou de outro corpo celeste. Alguns deles foram projetados para transportar membros da tripulação de uma missão espacial tripulada; outros são parcial ou totalmente construídos como robôs autônomos. Os veículos geralmente chegam à superfície do planeta de destino em um veículo aterrissador.",3859516,pt,2026-07-28T01:39:06Z,6769,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Astromóvel,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrom%C3%B3vel,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
"[""Categoria:Astronáutica"", ""Categoria:Exploração espacial""]","A astronáutica, também chamada de cosmonáutica ou, mais raramente, espaçonáutica, é o ramo da ciência e da técnica que se ocupa com máquinas projetadas para operarem fora da atmosfera terrestre, sejam elas tripuladas ou não tripuladas. É a ciência e a tecnologia que lida, primariamente, com o voo espacial.

",7592,pt,2026-07-10T10:30:21Z,4469,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Astronáutica,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%A1utica,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Autonomia (do grego antigo αὐτονομία, autonomia: de αὐτόνομος, autonomos, uma junção de αὐτο-, auto-, ""de si mesmo"" + νόμος, nomos, ""lei"", ou seja, ""aquele que estabelece suas próprias leis"") é um conceito encontrado na moral, na política, na filosofia e na bioética. É a capacidade de um indivíduo racional (não necessariamente um organismo vivo) de tomar uma decisão não forçada baseada nas informações disponíveis. Na filosofia ligada à moral e à política, a autonomia é usada como base para se determinar a responsabilidade moral da ação de alguém, (ver teoria desenvolvida por Kant) sendo aplicada na ética feminista. Outras áreas do conhecimento também usam o termo, como medicina e exploração espacial.

",158200,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:52Z,7113,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Autonomia,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomia,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"O Challenger foi o terceiro ônibus espacial, ou vaivém espacial em Portugal, construído pela NASA (depois de Enterprise e Columbia), finalizado em julho de 1982, que fez parte da sua frota de 5 ônibus espaciais. Sua primeira missão foi a STS-6, realizada entre os dias 4 a 9 de abril de 1983. Foi ao espaço apenas 10 vezes ao longo de 3 anos de operação, se tornando o ônibus com menos missões realizadas.
No ano de 1986, o Challenger sofreu o primeiro acidente no programa com ônibus espaciais. No dia 28 de janeiro, 73 segundos após o seu lançamento, iniciando a missão STS-51-L, a espaçonave explodiu em pleno ar, matando todos os 7 astronautas tripulantes do ônibus espacial. Essa missão destacou-se por ter como tripulante Christa McAuliffe, a primeira professora civil a voar em uma viagem espacial. Christa daria duas aulas de 15 minutos do espaço para 2,5 milhões de alunos, fazendo parte do Projeto Professor no Espaço.
Este acidente paralisou as missões dos ônibus espaciais por meses, durante os quais foi realizada uma extensa investigação que chegou à conclusão de que uma anilha provocou toda a tragédia. As investigações foram lideradas pelo físico Richard Feynman, que explicou em uma coletiva ao vivo que algumas anilhas expandiam e contraiam-se à medida em que a sua temperatura variava.",53890,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:41Z,19174,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Challenger (ônibus espacial),https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_(%C3%B4nibus_espacial),ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Ciência e tecnologia no Brasil são produzidas em grande parte nas universidades públicas e institutos de pesquisa. Neste campo de conhecimento, o Brasil tem obtido uma posição significativa no cenário internacional. Segundo o Relatório Global de Tecnologia da Informação 2010–2011 do Fórum Econômico Mundial, o Brasil é o 56.º maior desenvolvedor mundial de TI.
O Brasil possui o mais avançado programa astronômico de exploração espacial da América Latina, com recursos significativos para veículos de lançamento como a família de foguetes sub orbitais VS e fabricação de satélites. Na história do programa espacial brasileiro, a Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB) assinou um acordo com a Administração Nacional de Aeronáutica e Espaço (NASA), do Estados Unidos, em 14 de outubro de 1997, para fornecer peças para a Estação Espacial Internacional. Este acordo possibilitou ao Brasil treinar seu primeiro astronauta. Em 30 de março de 2006, o coronel Marcos Pontes a bordo do veículo Soyuz se transformou no primeiro astronauta brasileiro e o terceiro latino-americano a orbitar a Terra.
Já sobre o programa nuclear brasileiro, o urânio enriquecido na Fábrica de Combustível Nuclear (FCN), de Resende, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, atende à demanda energética do país. Existem planos para a construção do primeiro submarino nuclear do país. O país realiza pesquisas sobre fusão nuclear e possui três tokamaks (reatores experimentais de fusão) instalados na Unicamp, USP e INPE. O ETE (Experimento Tokamak Esférico), foi projetado e construído por esta última instituição, que também o opera. O Brasil também é um dos três países da América Latina com um laboratório do tipo síncrotron em operação, um mecanismo de pesquisa da física, da química, das ciências dos materiais e da biologia.
O Brasil também tem um grande número de notáveis personalidades científicas. Entre os inventores brasileiros mais reconhecidos estão os padres Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Roberto Landell de Moura e Francisco João de Azevedo, além de Alberto Santos Dumont, Evaristo Conrado Engelberg, Manuel Dias de Abreu, Andreas Pavel e Nélio José Nicolai. A ciência brasileira é representada por nomes como César Lattes (físico brasileiro codescobridor do méson pi), Mário Schenberg (considerado o maior físico teórico do Brasil), José Leite Lopes (único físico brasileiro detentor do UNESCO Science Prize), Artur Ávila (o primeiro latino-americano ganhador da Medalha Fields) e Fritz Müller (pioneiro no apoio factual à teoria da evolução apresentada por Charles Darwin).",779430,pt,2026-08-02T08:01:12Z,60018,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Ciência e tecnologia no Brasil,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_e_tecnologia_no_Brasil,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Columbia foi o primeiro ônibus espacial (português brasileiro) ou vaivém espacial (português europeu), construído pelos Estados Unidos, baseado no protótipo Enterprise. 
O Columbia foi o primeiro de uma série de cinco naves espaciais reaproveitáveis. Esta nova forma de viajar ao espaço foi uma tentativa dos Estados Unidos de transformar os voos espaciais em lançamentos rotineiros, de forma a serem economicamente mais viáveis. 
Quando o Columbia foi lançado, em 12 de abril de 1981, a previsão que os primeiros modelos fariam até 100 voos e haveria uma média de 24 lançamentos por ano. Contudo, passados mais de 27 anos do primeiro lançamento foram realizados um total de 124 voos, tendo ocorrido dois grandes desastres com a morte das duas tripulações, e o recorde de lançamentos foi de apenas 9 em 1985.",63408,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:41Z,4794,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Columbia (ônibus espacial),https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(%C3%B4nibus_espacial),ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Corrida espacial foi uma competição do século XX entre dois adversários da Guerra Fria, a União Soviética e os Estados Unidos, para alcançar capacidade superior de voo espacial. Teve suas origens na corrida armamentista nuclear baseada em mísseis balísticos entre as duas nações após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A vantagem tecnológica demonstrada pela realização dos voos espaciais era vista como necessária para a segurança nacional e tornou-se parte do simbolismo e da ideologia da época. O período da corrida espacial trouxe lançamentos pioneiros de satélites artificiais, sondas espaciais robóticas para a Lua, Vênus e Marte, e voos espaciais tripulados em órbita terrestre baixa e, finalmente, para a Lua.
A competição começou a sério em 2 de agosto de 1955, quando a União Soviética respondeu ao anúncio estadunidense feito quatro dias antes da intenção de lançar satélites artificiais para o Ano Geofísico Internacional, declarando que também lançaria um satélite ""no futuro próximo"". Os desenvolvimentos nas capacidades de mísseis balísticos tornaram possível levar a competição entre os dois Estados para o espaço sideral. Esta competição ganhou a atenção do público com o ""choque Sputnik"", quando a URSS conseguiu o primeiro lançamento de satélite artificial bem-sucedido em 4 de outubro de 1957 do Sputnik 1, e posteriormente quando os soviéticos enviaram o primeiro humano ao espaço com o voo orbital de Iuri Gagarin em 12 de abril de 1961. A URSS demonstrou uma liderança inicial na corrida com estes e outros primeiros ao longo dos próximos anos, alcançando a Lua pela primeira vez com o Programa Luna, empregando missões robóticas
Depois que o presidente estadunidense, John F. Kennedy, aumentou as apostas e estabeleceu uma meta de ""pousar um homem na Lua e devolvê-lo em segurança à Terra"", ambos os países trabalharam no desenvolvimento de veículos de lançamento superpesados, com os Estados Unidos implantando com sucesso o Saturno V, que era grande o suficiente para enviar um orbitador de três pessoas e um módulo de pouso de duas pessoas à Lua. O objetivo foi alcançado em julho de 1969, com o voo da Apollo 11, uma conquista singular que os estadunidenses consideraram ofuscar quaisquer conquistas soviética anterior. No entanto, tal opinião é geralmente controversa, com outros atribuindo o primeiro homem no espaço como sendo uma conquista muito maior. A URSS criou dois programas lunares tripulados, mas não teve sucesso com seu foguete N1 para lançar e pousar na Lua antes dos Estados Unidos e acabou cancelando-o para se concentrar em Salyut, o primeiro programa de uma estação espacial, e os primeiros pousos em Vênus e em Marte. Enquanto isso, os EUA desembarcaram mais cinco tripulações do Programa Apollo na Lua e continuaram a exploração de outros corpos extraterrestres roboticamente.
Um período de distensão seguiu com o acordo de abril de 1972 sobre um projeto-teste cooperativo chamado Apollo-Soyuz (ASTP), resultando no acoplamento espacial de 17 de julho de 1975 na órbita terrestre e o encontro de uma tripulação de astronautas estadunidenses com uma tripulação de cosmonautas soviéticos e no desenvolvimento conjunto de um internacional padrão APAS-75. Este acoplamento é considerado como o ato final da corrida espacial, a competição só gradualmente seria substituída pela cooperação. O colapso da União Soviética eventualmente permitiu que os Estados Unidos e a recém-fundada Federação Russa encerrassem sua competição da Guerra Fria também no espaço, concordando em 1993 com os programas Shuttle-Mir e Estação Espacial Internacional.",119274,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:48Z,37657,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Corrida espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrida_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"O Endeavour é o quinto e mais recente ônibus espacial construído pela NASA. A sua construção começou em 1987 com o objetivo de substituir o Challenger, destruído durante um acidente em 1986. Peças sobressalentes das estruturas do  Discovery e do Atlantis foram usadas na sua construção. A decisão de construir o Endeavour foi preferida à alternativa de reaparelhar o Enterprise porque o custo era menor. 

O Endeavour foi lançada pela primeira vez em 1992 e teve como primeira missão interceptar e relançar um satélite que saíra da rota padrão. Em 1993 fez sua primeira missão de serviço ao Telescópio Espacial Hubble. O Endeavour saiu de serviço por oito meses em 1997 para reajustes, incluindo a instalação de uma nova escotilha pressurizada. Em dezembro de 1998, ela entregou o módulo da Estação Espacial Internacional.
O nome do vaivém espacial Endeavour foi dado em homenagem ao navio Endeavour comandado pelo navegador inglês James Cook na sua viagem de exploração do oceano Pacífico no século XVIII. O nome também é uma homenagem a outro Endeavour, o módulo de comando da Apollo 15.  
Atualmente encontra-se em exposição no California Science Center, em Los Angeles.",75990,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:42Z,6225,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Endeavour (ônibus espacial),https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endeavour_(%C3%B4nibus_espacial),ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Estação Espacial Internacional (EEI) (em inglês:  International Space Station, ISS, em russo:  Междунаро́дная косми́ческая ста́нция, МКС) é um laboratório espacial completamente concluído, cuja montagem em órbita começou em 1998 e terminou oficialmente em 8 de julho de 2011 na missão STS-135, com o ônibus espacial Atlantis. A estação encontra-se em uma órbita baixa de 408 x 418 km, que possibilita ser vista da Terra a olho nu, e viaja a uma velocidade média de 27 700 km/h, completando 15,70 órbitas por dia.
Na continuidade das operações da Mir russa e da Skylab dos Estados Unidos, a Estação Espacial Internacional representa a atual permanência humana no espaço e tem sido mantida com tripulações de número não inferior a três astronautas desde 2 de novembro de 2000. A cada rendição da tripulação, a estação comporta duas equipes (uma em serviço e a próxima), bem como um ou mais visitantes. A EEI envolve-se em diversos programas espaciais, sendo um projeto conjunto da Agência Espacial Canadense (CSA/ASC), Agência Espacial Europeia (ESA), Agência Japonesa de Exploração Aeroespacial (宇宙航空研究 ou JAXA), Agência Espacial Federal Russa (ROSKOSMOS) e Administração Nacional de Aeronáutica e Espaço (NASA) dos Estados Unidos.
A estação espacial encontra-se em órbita da Terra a uma altitude de aproximadamente 400 quilômetros, uma órbita tipicamente designada de órbita terrestre baixa. Devido à baixa altitude, a estação precisa ser constantemente reposicionada na órbita devido ao arrasto aerodinâmico. A estação perde, em média, 100 metros de altitude por dia e orbita a Terra num período de cerca de 92 minutos. Em 27 de junho de 2008 (às 01h01 UTC) completou 55 mil órbitas desde o lançamento do módulo Zarya, o primeiro a ser lançado ao espaço. É comum associar à estação um estado de ""gravidade zero"", criando-se assim alguma confusão, pois tal gravidade zero não ocorre. A gravidade na estação espacial, tendo em conta um raio terrestre de 6 378,1 km, é de 8,3 m/s² a 8,4 m/s², pela igualdade da Lei da Gravitação Universal (LGU) e o peso, o que é considerável. O efeito ""gravidade zero"" ocorre porque a estação está ""a cair eternamente"" devido à curva originada pela ""força centrípeta"" a que está sujeita.
A Estação Espacial Internacional era servida principalmente pelo vaivém espacial (português europeu) ou ônibus espacial (português brasileiro) e pelas espaçonaves Soyuz e Progress. A última missão de um ônibus espacial – o Atlantis - foi realizada em 8 de julho de 2011. A estação é utilizada continuamente para experiências científicas (algumas cuja realização na superfície terrestre seriam de elevada dificuldade, mas de relativa facilidade em órbita). Atualmente a estação está pronta para abrigar tripulações de seis elementos. Até julho de 2006, todos os membros da tripulação permanente integravam os programas espaciais russo ou norte-americano. Atualmente, a EEI recebe tripulantes das agências espaciais europeia, canadiana e japonesa. A Estação também já foi visitada por muitos astronautas de outros países e por turistas espaciais. Em janeiro de 2022, a NASA anunciou uma data planejada em janeiro de 2031 para aposentar a ISS e direcionar quaisquer partes remanescentes para uma área remota do Oceano Pacífico Sul.

",54874,pt,2026-07-31T06:53:38Z,65177,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Estação Espacial Internacional,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Espacial_Internacional,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"Exploração é o ato de pesquisar ou viajar, com o intuito de descobrir e conhecer regiões desconhecidas, com intuito científico, econômico ou militar. O termo também pode ser empregado para descrever as primeiras incursões de povos de uma cultura em um ambiente geográfico e cultural de outros povos (ver invasão, colonização, e imperialismo). Apesar de a exploração existir desde os primórdios da raça humana, o ápice dessa atividade ocorre entre período dos descobrimentos ou das grandes explorações marítimas, nos séculos XV e XVI e o apogeu da era dos grandes impérios coloniais, no século XIX. Em pesquisa científica, a exploração é um dos três objetivos da pesquisa (os outros dois são a descrição e a explicação). A exploração pode ainda ser uma tentativa de desenvolver um entendimento inicial de algum fenômeno.

",499908,pt,2026-07-28T01:37:13Z,25530,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Exploração,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,188956,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:53Z,15486,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Exploração de Marte,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Marte,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,3090554,pt,2026-06-07T18:42:08Z,2786,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Exploração de Vênus,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_V%C3%AAnus,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,48608,pt,2026-08-03T10:30:16Z,66481,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Exploração espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
"[""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé"", ""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé sem indicação de tema"", ""Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Artigo principal com parâmetro vt"", ""Categoria:!Páginas que usam imagem múltipla com imagens com escalas automáticas""]",,43699,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:40Z,15354,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Foguete espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foguete_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,5228450,pt,2026-08-02T05:05:51Z,25810,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Katherine Johnson,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Johnson,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,1855185,pt,2026-07-28T01:37:57Z,29375,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Linha do tempo da exploração espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linha_do_tempo_da_explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,1089851,pt,2026-08-01T05:12:16Z,21849,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Lista de agências espaciais,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_ag%C3%AAncias_espaciais,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,7592530,pt,2026-07-28T01:41:37Z,6293,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,"Medalha ""Por Mérito na Exploração Espacial""",https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalha_%22Por_M%C3%A9rito_na_Explora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Espacial%22,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,7729867,pt,2026-08-02T15:09:06Z,16296,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Microlançador Brasileiro,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlan%C3%A7ador_Brasileiro,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
"[""Categoria:!Artigos bons na Wikipédia em persa"", ""Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)"", ""Categoria:!CS1 neerlandês-fontes em língua (nl)"", ""Categoria:!Nome de usuário do Facebook igual ao Wikidata"", ""Categoria:!Nome de usuário do Instagram igual ao Wikidata"", ""Categoria:!Nome de usuário do Twitter igual ao Wikidata"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Artigo principal com parâmetro vt"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Webarchive archiveis links"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Webarchive wayback links"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Webarchive webcite links"", ""Categoria:!Páginas com mapas"", ""Categoria:!Páginas que utilizam a extensão Kartographer"", ""Categoria:Acrónimos"", ""Categoria:NASA""]",,1357,pt,2026-08-01T05:12:16Z,111854,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,NASA,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
"[""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé desde dezembro de 2012"", ""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé sem indicação de tema"", ""Categoria:!Esboços maiores que 5000 bytes"", ""Categoria:!Esboços sobre exploração espacial"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Artigo principal com parâmetro vt"", ""Categoria:Astronomia"", ""Categoria:Exploração espacial"", ""Categoria:Naves espaciais"", ""Categoria:Palavras que diferem em versões da língua portuguesa"", ""Categoria:Temas da ficção científica""]",,42077,pt,2026-07-29T13:16:47Z,8697,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Nave espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,7841917,pt,2026-07-28T02:54:44Z,8623,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Nova corrida espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_corrida_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,2465392,pt,2026-07-28T01:38:16Z,50186,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Parker Solar Probe,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,48607,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:40Z,42352,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Programa Apollo,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apollo,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
"[""Categoria:!Artigos com excertos"", ""Categoria:!Artigos com ligações inativas"", ""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé desde junho de 2017"", ""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé desde março de 2025"", ""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé sem indicação de tema"", ""Categoria:Programa espacial brasileiro""]",,25138,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:37Z,42882,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Programa espacial brasileiro,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_espacial_brasileiro,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,54309,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:41Z,26370,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Programa espacial dos Estados Unidos,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_espacial_dos_Estados_Unidos,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,53542,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:41Z,49620,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Programa espacial soviético,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_espacial_sovi%C3%A9tico,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,49156,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:40Z,11249,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Saturno V,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_V,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,68849,pt,2026-08-03T14:16:56Z,17326,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Sonda espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonda_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,48625,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:40Z,11235,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Sputnik,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,68361,pt,2026-08-01T15:51:29Z,116138,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Sputnik-1,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik-1,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,914072,pt,2026-08-03T18:01:36Z,4702,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Tecnologia espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,7204118,pt,2026-08-03T20:07:44Z,48135,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Telescópio Espacial Nancy Grace Roman,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_Espacial_Nancy_Grace_Roman,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,64475,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:42Z,69929,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Telescópio espacial Hubble,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_espacial_Hubble,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,1645570,pt,2026-07-28T01:37:47Z,75112,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Traje espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traje_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,2270407,pt,2026-07-28T01:38:10Z,42894,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Transporte espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
"[""Categoria:!Artigos com ligações inativas"", ""Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em africâner"", ""Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em catalão"", ""Categoria:!Artigos destacados na Wikipédia em vietnamita"", ""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé desde abril de 2024"", ""Categoria:!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé sem indicação de tema"", ""Categoria:!CS1 francês-fontes em língua (fr)"", ""Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)"", ""Categoria:!CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Artigo principal com parâmetro vt"", ""Categoria:!Predefinição Webarchive wayback links"", ""Categoria:!Páginas que usam referências com parâmetros obsoletas"", ""Categoria:Urânio""]",,5836,pt,2026-08-01T14:55:30Z,70704,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Urânio,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A2nio,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,50672,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:40Z,98856,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,V-2,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,571165,pt,2026-07-28T01:37:16Z,6609,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Viagem espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viagem_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],,53723,pt,2026-07-28T01:36:41Z,62162,2026-08-03T21:57:35+00:00,Ônibus espacial,https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94nibus_espacial,ashB7bLxLTabZF0sc,NOLN7eeiEDm64oTzJ
[],"A.I. - Intelligenza artificiale (A.I. Artificial Intelligence) è un film del 2001 sceneggiato, diretto e co-prodotto da Steven Spielberg.
La pellicola, basata su un progetto di Stanley Kubrick, è liberamente tratta dal racconto di Brian Aldiss Supertoys che durano tutta l'estate del 1969.",57840,it,2026-07-28T18:53:38Z,25736,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,A.I. - Intelligenza artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._-_Intelligenza_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"Un acceleratore di Intelligenza Artificiale (o anche Artificial Intelligence Accelerator e NPU, Neural Processing Unit) è una classe di microprocessori progettati per fornire accelerazione hardware a reti neurali artificiali, visione artificiale e algoritmi di apprendimento automatico per la robotica, l'Internet delle cose e altre applicazioni basate sull'uso dei dati.
Le possibili applicazioni di tali dispositivi includono le auto a guida autonoma, gli aeromobili a pilotaggio remoto, la diagnostica medica, l'elaborazione del linguaggio naturale e la traduzione automatica.",7536790,it,2026-07-21T18:51:35Z,6610,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Acceleratore di Intelligenza Artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleratore_di_Intelligenza_Artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"L'alfabetizzazione all'intelligenza artificiale (in inglese: AI literacy) è l'abilità di comprendere, utilizzare, monitorare e riflettere criticamente sulle applicazioni di AI. Il termine si riferisce solitamente all'insegnamento di competenze e conoscenze al grande pubblico, in particolare a coloro che non sono esperti di intelligenza artificiale.
Sempre più persone considerano l'alfabetizzazione all'intelligenza artificiale una competenza essenziale per gli studenti, sia a livello scolastico che universitario, tuttavia, alcuni docenti ne vietano l'uso in classe e nei compiti arrivando a punire severamente chi la utilizza, equiparandone l'uso a una forma di imbroglio.  L'intelligenza artificiale è oggi utilizzata in numerosi ambiti, tra cui auto a guida autonoma, gli assistenti virtuali e generazione automatica di testi da parte di modelli AI generativi. Per questo, è fondamentale che gli utenti siano in grado di prendere decisioni consapevoli riguardo all'uso di questi strumenti. L'alfabetizzazione all'intelligenza artificiale pertanto può influenzare significativamente le future prospettive nel mondo del lavoro degli studenti.",10555237,it,2026-07-21T18:55:09Z,23471,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Alfabetizzazione all'intelligenza artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizzazione_all%27intelligenza_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],L'allucinazione (detta anche confabulazione) è una risposta generata da un'intelligenza artificiale generativa che contiene dati falsi o fuorvianti presentati come fatti.,10458851,it,2026-07-21T18:55:02Z,30316,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Allucinazione (intelligenza artificiale),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allucinazione_(intelligenza_artificiale),aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],Anthropic è una benefit corporation statunitense di intelligenza artificiale con sede a San Francisco.,10867861,it,2026-07-29T02:50:14Z,4363,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Anthropic,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
"[""Categoria:Analisi dei dati"", ""Categoria:Apprendimento automatico"", ""Categoria:Elaborazione digitale delle immagini"", ""Categoria:Errori del modulo citazione - citazioni con URL nudi"", ""Categoria:Intelligenza artificiale"", ""Categoria:P1417 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3365 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3847 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P6706 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:Pagine che utilizzano collegamenti magici ISBN"", ""Categoria:Stub sezione - informatica"", ""Categoria:Teoria dell'informazione"", ""Categoria:Visione artificiale"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice BNE"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice BNF"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice GND"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice J9U"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice NDL"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF"", ""Categoria:Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità"", ""Categoria:Wikificare - febbraio 2023"", ""Categoria:Wikificare - informatica""]","L'apprendimento automatico (in inglese machine learning, abbreviato in ML) è una branca dell'intelligenza artificiale che raccoglie metodi sviluppati negli ultimi decenni del XX secolo in varie comunità scientifiche, sotto diversi nomi quali statistica computazionale, riconoscimento di pattern, reti neurali artificiali, filtraggio adattivo, teoria dei sistemi dinamici, elaborazione delle immagini, data mining, algoritmi adattivi, ecc., che utilizza metodi statistici per migliorare le prestazioni di un algoritmo nell'identificare pattern nei dati. Nell'ambito dell'informatica, l'apprendimento automatico è una variante alla programmazione tradizionale nella quale in una macchina si predispone l'abilità di apprendere qualcosa dai dati in maniera autonoma, senza istruzioni esplicite. Gli algoritmi di apprendimento automatico sono utilizzati in un'ampia varietà di branche del sapere, come la medicina, il filtraggio delle e-mail, il riconoscimento vocale e la visione artificiale, dove è difficile o non fattibile sviluppare algoritmi convenzionali per eseguire i compiti richiesti.
Arthur Samuel, che coniò il termine nel 1959, in linea di principio identifica due approcci distinti. Il primo metodo, indicato come rete neurale, sviluppa macchine ad apprendimento automatico per impiego generale il cui comportamento è appreso da una rete di commutazione connessa casualmente, a seguito di una routine di apprendimento basata su ricompensa e punizione (apprendimento per rinforzo). Il secondo metodo, più specifico, consiste nel riprodurre l'equivalente di una rete altamente organizzata progettata per imparare solo attività specifiche. La seconda procedura, che necessita di supervisione e richiede la riprogrammazione per ogni nuova applicazione, è molto più efficiente dal punto di vista computazionale.
L'apprendimento automatico è strettamente legato al riconoscimento di pattern e alla teoria dell'apprendimento computazionale ed esplora lo studio e la costruzione di algoritmi che possano apprendere da un insieme di dati e fare delle predizioni su questi, costruendo in modo induttivo un modello basato su dei campioni. L'apprendimento automatico viene impiegato in quei campi dell'informatica nei quali progettare e programmare algoritmi espliciti è impraticabile; tra le possibili applicazioni citiamo il filtraggio delle email per evitare spam, l'individuazione di intrusioni in una rete o di intrusi che cercano di violare dati, il riconoscimento ottico dei caratteri, i motori di ricerca e la visione artificiale.
L'apprendimento automatico è collegato, e spesso si sovrappone, alla statistica computazionale, che si occupa dell'elaborazione di predizioni tramite l'uso di computer. L'apprendimento automatico è anche fortemente legato all'ottimizzazione matematica, che fornisce metodi, teorie e domini di applicazione a questo campo. Per usi commerciali, è conosciuto come analisi predittiva.",605,it,2026-08-01T09:38:41Z,42842,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Apprendimento automatico,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprendimento_automatico,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"ChatGPT (acronimo di Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, in italiano ""trasformatore generativo pre-addestrato per chat"") è un chat bot basato su intelligenza artificiale e apprendimento automatico, sviluppato dall'organizzazione di ricerca OpenAI.
Specializzato nella conversazione con utenti umani, il software utilizza modelli linguistici di grandi dimensioni (LLM) per comprendere e generare testo, audio e immagini in linguaggio naturale. Lanciato inizialmente nel novembre 2022, ChatGPT ha mostrato capacità notevoli nell'elaborazione di risposte articolate, superando in diverse configurazioni il test di Turing. Nel corso degli anni il servizio si è evoluto passando dai modelli GPT-3.5 e GPT-4 fino ai più recenti GPT-5 e GPT-5.5, integrando funzionalità multimodali avanzate, l'assistente Pulse per la gestione dell'agenda e il browser Atlas per l'esecuzione di azioni web in modalità agente autonomo.",9613125,it,2026-07-25T09:59:17Z,18281,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,ChatGPT,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"Claude è una serie di modelli linguistici di grandi dimensioni sviluppata dall'azienda statunitense Anthropic e rilasciata per la prima volta nel 2023. Prende il nome dal matematico Claude Shannon, pioniere della teoria dell'informazione.
Claude è utilizzato per lo sviluppo di software tramite Claude Code e utilizza la cosiddetta IA costituzionale, una tecnica di addestramento sviluppata da Anthropic per migliorarne la conformità etica e legale.",10877387,it,2026-08-02T20:03:06Z,20825,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Claude (intelligenza artificiale),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(intelligenza_artificiale),aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"Dario Amodei (San Francisco, gennaio 1983) è un imprenditore e ricercatore statunitense di origini italiane.
Dopo essere stato vicepresidente della ricerca di OpenAI, ha fondato insieme alla sorella Daniela Amodei Anthropic, azienda che ha sviluppato la famiglia di LLM Claude e di cui è attualmente CEO.",10080299,it,2026-07-30T23:09:45Z,9363,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Dario Amodei,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Amodei,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"DeepSeek (in cinese: 深度求索S, shēn dù qiú suǒP) è una società cinese di intelligenza artificiale che sviluppa modelli linguistici di grandi dimensioni (LLM) open source. Con sede a Hangzhou, Zhejiang, è di proprietà e finanziata esclusivamente dal fondo speculativo cinese High-Flyer, il cui co-fondatore, Liang Wenfeng, ha fondato la società nel 2023 e ne è l'amministratore delegato. L'azienda recluta giovani ricercatori di intelligenza artificiale dalle migliori università cinesi, e assume al di fuori del campo dell'informatica per diversificare le conoscenze e le capacità dei suoi modelli.
Il modello DeepSeek-R1 esegue attività allo stesso livello di ChatGPT, nonostante sia stato sviluppato a un costo significativamente inferiore (dichiarato in 6 milioni di dollari, rispetto ai 100 milioni di dollari per GPT-4 di OpenAI nel 2023) e richieda un decimo della potenza di calcolo di un LLM comparabile. Il modello di intelligenza artificiale è stato sviluppato da DeepSeek nel mezzo delle sanzioni degli Stati Uniti alla Cina (per i chip Nvidia), che avevano lo scopo di limitare la capacità del paese di sviluppare sistemi di intelligenza artificiale avanzati.",10376184,it,2026-07-29T02:48:19Z,22697,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,DeepSeek,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepSeek,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"Un enterprise resource planning o ERP, conosciuto come pianificazione delle risorse d'impresa, è un software di gestione (o Software gestionale) che integra tutti i processi aziendali e tutte le funzioni aziendali rilevanti, ad esempio vendite, acquisti, gestione magazzino, finanza o contabilità. Integra quindi tutte le attività aziendali in un unico sistema per supportare al meglio il management. Attraverso tale sistema, i dati provenienti da molteplici parti dell'azienda vengono raccolti e gestiti in maniera centralizzata.
Con l'aumento della popolarità dell'ERP e la riduzione dei costi delle tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione, si sono sviluppate applicazioni che aiutano i business manager ad implementare questa metodologia nelle attività di business, quali il controllo di inventari, il tracciamento degli ordini, i servizi per i clienti, la finanza e le risorse umane.",2817969,it,2026-07-28T18:55:13Z,20848,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Enterprise resource planning,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"L'etica dell'intelligenza artificiale è una branca dell'etica che studia le implicazioni economiche, sociali e culturali dello sviluppo dei sistemi di intelligenza artificiale (IA).
La filosofia, in merito alla questione di IA, svolge al giorno d’oggi un ruolo sempre più centrale nel dibattito internazionale il quale non si limita più, come un tempo, alla sola dimensione logico-teoretica del problema, ma si trova piuttosto obbligata ad affrontare in particolar modo le questioni etiche che sorgono da quella che è definita da molti una delle più grandi rivoluzioni industriali della storia, identificata spesso con il nome di industria 4.0. Fondamentali divengono quindi temi e concetti come quello di affidabilità, legalità, etica e responsabilità, ai quali la filosofia deve porre la propria attenzione se vuole che l’esponenziale sviluppo tecnologico possa essere in futuro correttamente regolamentato e controllato.
Sono perciò recentissime le iniziative nazionali, europee ed extraeuropee che per la prima volta si sono poste il problema di poter e dover regolamentare l’industria tecnologica ed, in particolar modo, il sempre più ampio mondo occupato dall'intelligenza artificiale.",8240981,it,2026-07-21T18:52:28Z,23512,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Etica dell'intelligenza artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica_dell%27intelligenza_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"F.E.A.R. - First Encounter Assault Recon è un videogioco sparatutto in prima persona a tema horror sviluppato da Monolith Productions e pubblicato da Vivendi Universal Games nel 2005 per Microsoft Windows. Le versioni per le console Xbox 360 e PlayStation 3 sono state sviluppate da Day 1 Studios e distribuite rispettivamente nel 2006 e nel 2007. 
La storia del gioco segue le vicende di un'unità militare d'élite dell'esercito statunitense nota come F.E.A.R. mentre è chiamata a fronteggiare i violenti fenomeni paranormali che hanno gettato nel caos una struttura dell'ATC, importante multinazionale impegnata nella ricerca medica e aerospaziale ma che in segreto conduce programmi sulla tecnologia nucleare, la criogenia, la clonazione e la telepatia.  
Il 27 ottobre del 2006 è stata rilasciata la prima espansione ufficiale per Windows, F.E.A.R. Extraction Point, sviluppata da TimeGate Studios sempre sotto la produzione di Vivendi Games. A questa ne è seguita un'altra nel novembre del 2007, F.E.A.R. Perseus Mandate. Le due espansioni sono state pubblicate anche su Xbox 360 in un unico pacchetto, chiamato F.E.A.R. Files, mentre non sono mai state rese disponibili per PlayStation 3.   
Il sequel del gioco, F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin, è stato sviluppato da Monolith Productions a partire dal 2006 e pubblicato nel febbraio del 2009 sotto la produzione di Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment.",282412,it,2026-07-31T15:57:04Z,13833,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,F.E.A.R.,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.E.A.R.,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],Figli dell'intelligenza artificiale (The Pod Generation) è un film del 2023 diretto da Sophie Barthes.,11112047,it,2026-08-03T10:56:24Z,4268,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Figli dell'intelligenza artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figli_dell%27intelligenza_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"La filosofia dell'intelligenza artificiale è il ramo della filosofia della mente, della filosofia della tecnologia e della filosofia della scienza che studia i problemi concettuali sollevati dall'intelligenza artificiale (IA): la natura dell'intelligenza, la possibilità di una mente artificiale, il rapporto tra sintassi e significato, la coscienza, l'autonomia, la responsabilità e lo statuto morale degli agenti artificiali.
La disciplina non coincide con la sola etica dell'intelligenza artificiale. Oltre ai problemi normativi, affronta questioni ontologiche, epistemologiche e antropologiche: che cosa significhi attribuire intelligenza a una macchina; se la simulazione di un comportamento intelligente implichi comprensione reale; se stati mentali come intenzionalità, esperienza soggettiva o coscienza possano essere riprodotti artificialmente; e in che modo l'IA modifichi le nozioni di mente, soggetto, decisione e azione.
In questo senso, la filosofia dell'IA si colloca all'incrocio fra riflessione teorica e trasformazione tecnica. Da un lato, eredita problemi classici della filosofia occidentale, come il rapporto fra mente e corpo, tra linguaggio e significato, tra apparenza del comportamento e realtà degli stati interni. Dall'altro, li riformula alla luce di sistemi artificiali capaci di classificare, prevedere, dialogare, produrre testi, immagini e decisioni in modi che in passato erano considerati esclusivamente umani.
La disciplina comprende dunque almeno tre livelli di analisi. Il primo è descrittivo e concettuale: chiarisce che cosa si intenda per intelligenza, apprendimento, ragionamento, comprensione o autonomia. Il secondo è metafisico ed epistemologico: si domanda se una macchina possa possedere veri stati mentali o se l'IA debba essere interpretata soltanto come simulazione funzionale di competenze cognitive. Il terzo è normativo e politico: riguarda la responsabilità, l'affidabilità, il potere sociale delle infrastrutture algoritmiche e la ridefinizione del ruolo umano in un ambiente tecnico sempre più automatizzato.
Benché il dibattito contemporaneo sia stato intensificato dalla diffusione dell'IA generativa e dei grandi modelli linguistici, la filosofia dell'intelligenza artificiale non nasce con le tecnologie del XXI secolo. Essa si sviluppa lungo una storia più ampia, che comprende la logica matematica, la cibernetica, la teoria della computazione, la filosofia del linguaggio, la fenomenologia della coscienza e la discussione sul significato dell'intelligenza umana e non umana.",10957703,it,2026-07-21T18:55:25Z,79543,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Filosofia dell'intelligenza artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_dell%27intelligenza_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"La fisiognomica è una disciplina pseudoscientifica che attraverso la  fisiognomia, fisiognomonia o fisiognomonica pretende di dedurre i caratteri psicologici e morali di una persona dal suo aspetto fisico, soprattutto dai lineamenti e dalle espressioni del volto. Il termine deriva dalle parole greche physis (natura) e gnosis (conoscenza). Fin dal XVI secolo questa disciplina godette di una certa considerazione tanto da essere insegnata nelle università. La parola fisiognomica o fisiognomia venne usata fra gli studiosi per distinguerla dal termine fisionomia (o fisonomia) che ha un significato simile ma più generico.
Tutto il sapere umano si basa infatti sulla fisio-gnomica derivata dalla fisio-nomia estetica della realtà. Ovverosia dal dedurre, attraverso i sensi e l'osservazione morfo-genetica della natura, la sua intrinseca legge del divenire in atto. La cosiddetta ""fisio-gnosia"" in cui rientrava pure l'uomo quale cosciente parte della legge naturale.",238976,it,2026-07-28T18:53:52Z,19279,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Fisiognomica,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiognomica,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"I frame sono strutture dati utilizzate nell'intelligenza artificiale nel contesto della rappresentazione della conoscenza. Il concetto è stato introdotto da Marvin Minsky nel 1974 nell'articolo A Framework for Representing Knowledge. I frame consentono di suddividere la conoscenza in sotto-strutture che rappresentano ""situazioni stereotipate"".
I frame costituiscono la struttura dati primaria dei linguaggi a frame impiegati nell'intelligenza artificiale.",7959046,it,2026-07-21T18:52:09Z,30010,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Frame (intelligenza artificiale),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(intelligenza_artificiale),aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"GPT-4 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4) è un modello linguistico di grandi dimensioni multimodale sviluppato da OpenAI, un laboratorio di ricerca sull'intelligenza artificiale con sede a San Francisco. È il quarto modello della serie GPT e successore di GPT-3.
Distribuito ufficialmente il 14 marzo 2023, GPT-4 rappresenta un significativo salto qualitativo rispetto ai predecessori grazie alla sua capacità di accettare input non solo testuali ma anche visivi (immagini), sebbene l'output rimanga testuale. È accessibile tramite API a pagamento e per gli abbonati al servizio ChatGPT Plus, Team ed Enterprise, oltre ad essere il motore alla base di Microsoft Copilot (precedentemente Bing Chat).
Come altri ""trasformatori"", GPT-4 è stato pre-addestrato a prevedere il prossimo token in una sequenza utilizzando sia dati pubblici che ""dati concessi in licenza da fornitori di terze parti"", ed è stato poi perfezionato tramite l'apprendimento per rinforzo dal feedback umano (RLHF).",9711092,it,2026-07-28T18:58:35Z,15208,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,GPT-4,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"Gemini (successore di Bard) è un chatbot basato sull'intelligenza artificiale generativa e sull'apprendimento automatico sviluppato da Google e creato sul modello linguistico Google Gemini. Era precedentemente basato su PaLM, e inizialmente sulla famiglia di grandi modelli linguistici LaMDA.",9767594,it,2026-07-28T18:58:36Z,27582,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Gemini (chat bot),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(chat_bot),aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],"L'intelligenza è un complesso di facoltà psichiche e mentali che, mediante processi cognitivi, consentono di percepire o capire le cose e i significati attraverso l'elaborazione delle informazioni e di organizzare conseguentemente il proprio comportamento sia attraverso le idee che l'attività pratica per risolvere un problema e/o raggiungere un obiettivo. Presente negli organismi viventi, più o meno complessi, è stata definita in molti modi: capacità di astrazione, logica, comprensione, autoconsapevolezza, apprendimento, conoscenza emotiva, ragionamento, pianificazione, creatività, pensiero critico e risoluzione dei problemi. Più in generale, l'intelligenza può essere descritta come la capacità di percepire o dedurre informazioni e di conservarle come conoscenza da applicare a comportamenti adattivi all'interno di un ambiente o di un contesto.
Benché i ricercatori nel campo non ne abbiano ancora dato una definizione ufficiale (considerabile come universalmente condivisa dalla comunità scientifica), alcuni identificano l'intelligenza (in questo caso l'intelligenza pratica) come la capacità di un agente di affrontare e risolvere con successo situazioni e problemi nuovi o sconosciuti; nel caso degli esseri umani e degli altri animali, l'intelligenza pare inoltre identificabile anche come il complesso di tutte quelle facoltà di tipo cognitivo o emotivo che concorrono o concorrerebbero a tale capacità. Per alcune scuole di pensiero, soprattutto antiche, la sede dell'intelligenza non è il cervello e la si identifica come la qualità, esclusivamente umana, di capire un fenomeno e le sue relazioni con tutti gli aspetti non apparenti che interagiscono con tale fenomeno, la capacità quindi di leggervi dentro.
Tradizionalmente attribuita alle sole specie animali, oggi l'intelligenza viene da alcuni attribuita, in misura minore, anche alle piante e agli organismi unicellulari, mentre il campo di ricerca dell'intelligenza artificiale tenta di creare delle macchine che siano in grado di riprodurre o di simulare l'intelligenza umana.",691836,it,2026-08-03T20:50:15Z,49682,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,2284463,it,2026-08-03T20:50:04Z,139174,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,8871102,it,2026-07-21T18:53:20Z,3858,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza artificiale debole,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale_debole,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,377929,it,2026-07-28T18:53:57Z,23646,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza artificiale forte,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale_forte,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,9743279,it,2026-08-03T17:46:15Z,27700,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza artificiale generativa,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale_generativa,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,11021939,it,2026-07-21T18:55:27Z,67159,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza artificiale nei videogiochi,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale_nei_videogiochi,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,10187255,it,2026-07-21T18:54:44Z,47268,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza artificiale nel settore sanitario,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale_nel_settore_sanitario,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,10452494,it,2026-07-28T18:58:51Z,33842,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza artificiale nella fantascienza,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale_nella_fantascienza,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,8615441,it,2026-06-23T23:09:19Z,3912,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza artificiale simbolica,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale_simbolica,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,11138148,it,2026-08-02T13:20:17Z,8899,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza artificiale spiegabile,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_artificiale_spiegabile,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,214681,it,2026-07-31T10:42:08Z,61987,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Intelligenza collettiva,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenza_collettiva,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,23028,it,2026-07-28T18:53:34Z,8376,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Interfaccia a riga di comando,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaccia_a_riga_di_comando,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,10654411,it,2026-07-30T01:18:05Z,18226,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Italian brainrot,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_brainrot,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,9967292,it,2026-08-03T11:49:07Z,19965,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Legge sull'intelligenza artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_sull%27intelligenza_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
"[""Categoria:Controllare - gennaio 2012"", ""Categoria:Controllare - matematica"", ""Categoria:Informazioni senza fonte"", ""Categoria:Logica nell'informatica"", ""Categoria:Logica non classica"", ""Categoria:P10017 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P10037 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P1417 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P2812 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3123 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3365 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P9621 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:Teoria del controllo"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice BNF"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice J9U"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF"", ""Categoria:Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità""]",,1869,it,2026-07-28T18:53:33Z,31884,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Logica fuzzy,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica_fuzzy,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,9805137,it,2026-07-29T10:08:30Z,10909,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Luigia Carlucci Aiello,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigia_Carlucci_Aiello,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,11009837,it,2026-07-31T02:02:11Z,19017,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Magnifica humanitas,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifica_humanitas,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,10416052,it,2026-07-23T00:13:31Z,10413,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Mistral AI,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,9960261,it,2026-07-28T18:58:40Z,13532,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Modello linguistico di grandi dimensioni,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_linguistico_di_grandi_dimensioni,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,8775131,it,2026-07-21T18:53:12Z,13160,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Musica e intelligenza artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_intelligenza_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,4168516,it,2026-07-29T10:05:49Z,7564,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Nello Cristianini,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nello_Cristianini,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,6511615,it,2026-08-01T03:24:55Z,32036,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,OpenAI,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,11090503,it,2026-08-01T16:44:55Z,29692,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Osservabilità dell'intelligenza artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osservabilit%C3%A0_dell%27intelligenza_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,7749547,it,2026-08-01T15:17:00Z,23265,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Paolo Benanti,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Benanti,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,315769,it,2026-07-21T18:41:46Z,15137,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Personalità giuridica,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalit%C3%A0_giuridica,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,4100372,it,2026-07-29T08:42:19Z,43307,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Rete neurale artificiale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_neurale_artificiale,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,10468280,it,2026-07-30T14:37:59Z,12287,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Retrieval augmented generation,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrieval_augmented_generation,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
"[""Categoria:Accademici dei Lincei"", ""Categoria:Astrofisici britannici"", ""Categoria:BioBot"", ""Categoria:Cosmologi britannici"", ""Categoria:Decorati con l'Ordine dell'Impero Britannico"", ""Categoria:Divulgatori scientifici britannici"", ""Categoria:Filosofi britannici del XXI secolo"", ""Categoria:Filosofi britannici del XX secolo"", ""Categoria:Fisici britannici del XXI secolo""]",,10103,it,2026-07-30T00:41:31Z,20827,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Roger Penrose,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,10480861,it,2026-07-29T09:37:09Z,10119,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Slop (intelligenza artificiale),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slop_(intelligenza_artificiale),aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,331831,it,2026-07-28T18:53:56Z,38937,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Stanza cinese,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza_cinese,aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
[],,3390096,it,2026-07-21T18:46:37Z,15721,2026-08-03T21:57:10+00:00,Watson (intelligenza artificiale),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(intelligenza_artificiale),aSINPsvbBj0b1uhQk,BizxXMQ05JwKATPwb
"[""Categoria:Agenzia Spaziale Europea"", ""Categoria:Organizzazioni europee"", ""Categoria:P1417 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P154 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P2037 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P2397 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3040 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3365 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P571 differente su Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P6917 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P856 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:Pagine con collegamenti non funzionanti"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice BNE"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice BNF"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice GND"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice ISNI"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice J9U"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice VIAF"", ""Categoria:Voci con template Collegamenti esterni e qualificatori sconosciuti"", ""Categoria:Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità""]","L'Agenzia spaziale europea, in sigla ASE (dalla denominazione francese Agence spatiale européenne) o ESA (dalla denominazione inglese European Space Agency), è un'agenzia internazionale fondata nel 1975 incaricata di coordinare i progetti spaziali di 22 Paesi europei. Il suo quartier generale si trova a Parigi in Francia, con uffici a Mosca, Bruxelles, Washington e Houston. Il personale dell'ESA del 2016 ammontava a 2 200 persone (esclusi sub-appaltatori e le agenzie nazionali) e il budget del 2022 è di 7,15 miliardi di euro. Attualmente il direttore generale dell'agenzia è l'austriaco Josef Aschbacher, il quale ha sostituito il tedesco Johann-Dietrich Wörner il primo marzo 2021.
Lo spazioporto dell'ESA è il Centre Spatial Guyanais a Kourou, nella Guyana francese, un sito scelto, come tutte le basi di lancio, per via della sua vicinanza con l'equatore. Durante gli ultimi anni il lanciatore Ariane 5 ha consentito all'ESA di raggiungere una posizione di primo piano nei lanci commerciali e l'ESA è il principale concorrente della NASA nell'esplorazione spaziale.
Le missioni scientifiche dell'ESA hanno le loro basi al Centro europeo per la ricerca e la tecnologia spaziale (ESTEC) di Noordwijk, nei Paesi Bassi. Il Centro europeo per le operazioni spaziali (ESOC), di Darmstadt in Germania, è responsabile del controllo dei satelliti ESA in orbita. Le responsabilità del Centro europeo per l'osservazione della Terra (ESRIN) di Frascati, in Italia, includono la raccolta, l'archiviazione e la distribuzione di dati satellitari ai partner dell'ESA; oltre a ciò, la struttura agisce come centro di informazione tecnologica per l'intera agenzia.
Il Centro europeo per gli astronauti (EAC) è situato a Colonia, in Germania, ed è un centro per la selezione, l'addestramento, il supporto medico degli astronauti, oltre al supporto per le preparazioni al lancio e durante le missioni. Il Centro europeo per l'astronomia spaziale (ESAC), situato a Villanueva de la Cañada, in Spagna, è il centro ESA per la ricerca astronomica. Infine il Centro europeo per le applicazioni spaziali e le telecomunicazioni (ECSAT) nell'Oxfordshire, Regno Unito, si occupa di tecnologia spaziale e telecomunicazioni.
È membro dell'Istituto europeo per le norme di telecomunicazione (ETSI).",9043,it,2026-07-31T19:58:09Z,86904,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Agenzia spaziale europea,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenzia_spaziale_europea,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],Apollo era in origine il nome del dio greco delle arti; venerato successivamente anche nella religione romana.,691865,it,2026-07-21T18:42:19Z,3379,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Apollo (disambigua),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_(disambigua),ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Axiom Space, Inc., conosciuta anche come Axiom, è un'azienda aerospaziale statunitense fondata nel 2016 da Michael Suffredini e Kam Ghaffarian con sede a Houston in Texas. La società ha effettuato il primo volo spaziale nel 2022: Axiom Mission 1, il primo volo spaziale privato con equipaggio commerciale verso la Stazione spaziale internazionale (ISS). La società mira a possedere e gestire la prima stazione spaziale commerciale al mondo nel 2025. La squadra dirigenziale è composta in larga misura da ex impiegati della NASA tra cui l'ex amministratore Charles Bolden, gli astronauti Michael Lopez-Alegria assunto come Capo astronauta, Brent Jett, Rex Walheim come Responsabile della sicurezza e Peggy Whitson come astronauta e direttore del volo spaziale umano. L'azienda pianifica inoltre di svolgere missioni spaziali con equipaggio per astronauti finanziati dal governo e commerciali impegnati nella ricerca scientifica nello spazio, produzione nello spazio e esplorazione spaziale.

",9218638,it,2026-07-28T18:58:24Z,24677,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Axiom Space,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_Space,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Chang'e (嫦娥S, Cháng'éP, Ch'ang-oW), nota originariamente come Heng'e (姮娥S, Héng'éP) è la dea cinese della Luna, moglie di Houyi.",4563383,it,2026-07-28T18:56:15Z,6078,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Chang'e,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"La prima era spaziale (talvolta detta anche corsa allo spazio) è allo stesso tempo un capitolo dell'esplorazione spaziale del Novecento e uno degli aspetti che assunse la guerra fredda tra Stati Uniti e Unione Sovietica. Le due superpotenze si sfidarono nella rincorsa a sempre maggiori successi spaziali nel lancio di missili, satelliti, nella conquista della Luna e di pianeti del sistema solare, nel periodo compreso all'incirca tra il 1957 e il 1975, cercando di prevalere l'uno sull'altro.
Per quanto le radici affondino nelle prime tecnologie missilistiche e nelle tensioni internazionali che seguirono la seconda guerra mondiale, la corsa allo spazio incominciò dopo il lancio del satellite sovietico Sputnik 1 il 4 ottobre 1957. Il termine è analogo alla corsa agli armamenti. Essa divenne una parte importante della rivalità culturale, tecnologica e ideologica tra Stati Uniti e Unione Sovietica durante la guerra fredda. La tecnologia spaziale divenne un'importante arena per questo conflitto a distanza, sia per le potenziali applicazioni militari, in ambito di trasporto di testate nucleari, sia per i benefici derivanti dalla propaganda ideologica.",797462,it,2026-07-21T18:42:29Z,39336,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Corsa allo spazio,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsa_allo_spazio,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Molti paesi asiatici possiedono un programma spaziale e sono in competizione tra loro per ottenere avanzamenti tecnologici e scientifici nello spazio esterno; i media spesso si riferiscono a questa competizione chiamandola ""corsa allo spazio asiatica"", in riferimento alla corsa allo spazio avvenuta tra Stati Uniti d'America e Unione Sovietica. Come accadde tra queste due potenze, anche la corsa asiatica include tra gli obiettivi la sicurezza nazionale, che spinge molte nazioni ad inviare satelliti e astronauti nell'orbita terrestre e anche oltre. Diversi paesi asiatici si contendono il posto come potenza preminente nello spazio.",4582737,it,2026-07-21T18:48:29Z,75784,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Corsa allo spazio asiatica,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsa_allo_spazio_asiatica,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Questa cronologia comprende i voli di rilievo, missioni importanti, pietre miliari e le prime esplorazioni umane effettuate nello spazio, a partire dal primo oggetto costruito dall'uomo a raggiungere lo spazio esterno oltre l'atmosfera terrestre.",2487797,it,2026-07-21T18:45:09Z,35157,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Cronologia dei voli spaziali,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_voli_spaziali,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Questa è la data del primo lancio orbitale di ogni nazione. Mentre un grosso numero di nazioni ha costruito satelliti, solo pochi Paesi, la multinazionale intergovernativa ESA e la compagnia privata Sea Launch hanno mandato oggetti in orbita usando i propri sistemi di lancio (vettori e spazioporti). In tutti i casi in cui una nazione ha condotto lanci umani, questi lanci erano preceduti da satelliti senza equipaggio umano.
La competizione per il lancio del primo satellite è stata disputata strettamente tra Unione Sovietica e Stati Uniti e fu l'inizio della gara per la conquista dello spazio. Il lancio di satelliti, che contribuisce tuttora al prestigio di una nazione, è un'attività economica significativa, con vettori pubblici e privati che competono per il lancio che richiedono sempre meno spese ed offrono maggiore affidabilità.
Questa cronologia è aggiornata al dicembre 2024. A tale data, le nazioni che hanno inviato un satellite in orbita sono in totale 107 (comprese l'Unione Sovietica e la Cecoslovacchia, nazioni non più esistenti), a cui si aggiunge un territorio autonomo (Hong Kong). Tuttavia solo 14 nazioni hanno effettuato il lancio con un proprio razzo vettore; a tali nazioni si aggiunge un ente intergovernativo multinazionale (l'ESA).",1563817,it,2026-07-21T18:43:42Z,35803,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Data del primo lancio orbitale di ogni nazione,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_del_primo_lancio_orbitale_di_ogni_nazione,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Dione (pron. [diˈone]) è un satellite naturale del pianeta Saturno, il quarto per dimensioni, dopo Titano, Rea e Giapeto. Scoperto dall'astronomo italiano Giovanni Domenico Cassini nel 1684, deve il suo nome a Dione, una ninfa sorella di Crono secondo la mitologia greca; è anche designato Saturno IV.

",78948,it,2026-07-24T10:08:51Z,17936,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Dione (astronomia),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dione_(astronomia),ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"La quarta stagione della serie televisiva Star Trek: Strange New Worlds, composta da 10 episodi, è pubblicata sul servizio di streaming on demand Paramount+ dal 23 luglio al 24 settembre 2026.",11113571,it,2026-07-31T15:57:22Z,12406,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Episodi di Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (quarta stagione),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodi_di_Star_Trek:_Strange_New_Worlds_(quarta_stagione),ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"L'era spaziale è un periodo della storia contemporanea che muove i suoi passi dall'esplorazione spaziale e dagli sviluppi culturali e tecnologici che seguirono la corsa allo spazio dopo la metà degli anni cinquanta del Novecento.
La data di inizio convenzionale dell'era spaziale è il 4 ottobre 1957, con il lancio del satellite Sputnik 1 da parte dell'URSS. Il successo sovietico stimolò la nascita di una competizione con gli Stati Uniti d'America nel campo dell'astronautica.
Da allora la partecipazione alle attività spaziali si è allargata a numerose altre nazioni e si è aperta a interessi di tipo commerciale. Nei primi anni del XXI secolo un importante aiuto per stimolare l'esplorazione spaziale a scopi commerciali è stato fornito grazie al cosiddetto Ansari X Prize.",244933,it,2026-07-24T10:08:52Z,55524,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Era spaziale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_spaziale,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Esplorazioni geografiche
Esplorazione spaziale
Esplorazione rettale",4211061,it,2026-07-21T18:47:54Z,118,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Esplorazione (disambigua),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplorazione_(disambigua),ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"L'esplorazione della Luna comprende la ricognizione e lo studio fisico e scientifico del satellite naturale della Terra tramite osservazioni telescopiche, sonde robotiche ed equipaggi umani. Dopo secoli di studi astronomici basati sull'osservazione da terra (inaugurati nel 1609 dal lavoro pionieristico di Galileo Galilei), l'esplorazione spaziale vera e propria ebbe inizio nel 1959 con la sonda Luna 1, lanciata dall'Unione Sovietica nell'ambito dell'omonimo programma. La missione eseguì un sorvolo ravvicinato del satellite ma ""mancò"" la superficie, obiettivo che venne raggiunto il 13 settembre 1959 dalla successiva Luna 2. Nell'ottobre dello stesso anno, la sonda sovietica Luna 3 ottenne la prima immagine della faccia nascosta. Sempre all'Unione Sovietica spetta il primato del primo lander (Luna 9, 1966) e del primo orbiter (Luna 10, 1966).
Gli Stati Uniti risposero con i programmi Pioneer e Ranger e, soprattutto, con il Programma Apollo. Il 20 luglio 1969, con la missione Apollo 11, gli astronauti statunitensi Neil Armstrong e Buzz Aldrin compirono il primo storico atterraggio umano sulla superficie della Luna. Tra il 1969 e il 1972, il Programma Apollo fu l'unico a far sbarcare con successo esseri umani sul satellite, completando sei missioni sul lato visibile e riportando sulla Terra 381,7 kg di campioni rocciosi.
A seguito della conclusione del programma statunitense, l'esplorazione lunare subì una notevole battuta d'arresto per circa due decenni, per poi riprendere slancio a partire dagli anni novanta: prima nel 1990 con la missione giapponese Hiten, seguita nel 1994 dalla statunitense Clementine. Proprio l'individuazione di possibili tracce di ghiaccio d'acqua in prossimità dei poli lunari da parte di quest'ultima ha generato un rinnovato interesse che, negli anni duemila, ha condotto a nuove missioni robotiche internazionali promosse da Stati Uniti, Europa, Giappone, Cina e India. Fondamentali in questa fase recente sono stati i successi del programma cinese Chang'e, che nel 2019 ha realizzato il primo atterraggio morbido sul lato nascosto della Luna (Chang'e 4) e nel 2024 ne ha riportato sulla Terra i primi campioni (Chang'e 6).
Oggi l'obiettivo principale delle agenzie spaziali, tra cui quelle di Cina, Russia e Stati Uniti, è quello di riportare un equipaggio umano sulla superficie lunare e valutare l'opportunità di stabilirvi una base di ricerca permanente. In questo contesto si inserisce il programma Artemis della NASA che, a oltre mezzo secolo di distanza dall'era Apollo, si prepara a far viaggiare di nuovo l'essere umano oltre l'orbita terrestre. Il programma ha già posto le basi per la futura esplorazione spaziale profonda con la missione Artemis 2 (2026), che ha portato un equipaggio di 4 astronauti a superare i precedenti record di distanza dalla Terra, durante uno storico sorvolo intorno al satellite lunare.",1671907,it,2026-07-28T18:54:36Z,27502,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Esplorazione della Luna,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplorazione_della_Luna,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"L'esplorazione di Marte è stata una parte importante delle missioni di esplorazione spaziale dell'Unione Sovietica ed ora della Federazione russa, degli Stati Uniti d'America e dell'Europa; alle organizzazioni di tali paesi si sono aggiunte dagli anni 2010 India e Cina. A partire dagli anni sessanta sono state inviate verso Marte numerose sonde automatiche senza equipaggio, che includevano orbiter, lander e rover, per raccogliere dati e rispondere a domande sul pianeta rosso e sul suo passato, che potrebbero portare a ulteriori scoperte anche per quanto riguarda la vita sulla Terra.",591316,it,2026-07-28T18:54:04Z,55460,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Esplorazione di Marte,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplorazione_di_Marte,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"L'esplorazione di Titano è stata condotta per mezzo di sonde spaziali semiautomatiche, nell'ambito dell'esplorazione di Saturno, di cui Titano è il maggiore satellite.",6648089,it,2026-07-21T18:51:11Z,55674,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Esplorazione di Titano,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplorazione_di_Titano,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"L'esplorazione spaziale è l'esplorazione materiale dello spazio eseguita mediante veicoli spaziali, con o senza equipaggio a bordo. Rientra all'interno dell'astronautica.",687988,it,2026-08-03T10:30:16Z,69413,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Esplorazione spaziale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplorazione_spaziale,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Gli habitat gonfiabili o habitat espandibili sono strutture pressurizzate in grado di sostenere la vita nello spazio il cui volume interno aumenta dopo il lancio. Sono state spesso proposte per l'uso in applicazioni spaziali per fornire un maggior volume di spazio vitale per una data massa. 
La prima progettazione formale e produzione di un habitat spaziale gonfiabile avvenne nel 1961 con un progetto di stazione spaziale prodotto dalla Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (anche se questo progetto non è mai stato lanciato). Una proposta pubblicata nel 1989 dalla divisione Man Systems del Johnson Space Center ha abbozzato una struttura sferica di 16 metri di diametro come habitat lunare, parzialmente interrato nella superficie. 
Per la Stazione Spaziale Internazionale fu proposto un modulo gonfiabile chiamato TransHab (una portmanteau di Trans Habitation), e successivamente l'azienda privata Bigelow Aerospace ne rilanciò il progetto per un certo numero di potenziali applicazioni civili e commerciali.",8029707,it,2026-07-21T18:52:14Z,12028,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Habitat spaziale gonfiabile,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_spaziale_gonfiabile,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"L'Agenzia spaziale per esplorazione giapponese (宇宙航空研究開発機構?, Uchū-Kōkū-Kenkyū-Kaihatsu-Kikō) (in inglese: Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency, in sigla JAXA) è l'agenzia governativa giapponese che si occupa dell'esplorazione spaziale. 
JAXA è responsabile per la ricerca, lo sviluppo tecnologico e il lancio di satelliti in orbita, oltre allo sviluppo di missioni avanzate come l'esplorazione di asteroidi e l'esplorazione umana della Luna. Lo slogan è Explore to Realize.",153256,it,2026-07-28T18:48:26Z,119688,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,JAXA,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAXA,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Ligeia Mare è un mare extraterrestre situato su Titano, il principale satellite di Saturno, a 79,0° di latitudine nord e 248,0° di longitudine ovest. Si tratta del secondo mare conosciuto più grande di Titano dopo il Kraken Mare. Il suo nome deriva da quello di un mostro marino
della mitologia greca.",2762458,it,2026-07-24T10:09:00Z,9634,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Ligeia Mare,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligeia_Mare,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"Elenco delle sonde spaziali per anno di lancio. Questa pagina comprende le sonde dedicate principalmente all'esplorazione del sistema solare, e non gli osservatori spaziali come il telescopio spaziale Hubble e la sonda SOHO, così come non comprende il lancio di minisatelliti come i CubeSat o satelliti per lo studio della Terra.
Sono evidenziate in arancio pallido le missioni mai giunte a destinazione, in verde le missioni ancora in corso a luglio 2023.",695296,it,2026-06-13T22:47:00Z,25961,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Lista delle sonde spaziali,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_delle_sonde_spaziali,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,2664738,it,2026-08-03T10:30:21Z,138910,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Luna,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,2816839,it,2026-07-21T18:45:45Z,50272,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Mercury Seven,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
"[""Categoria:Aggiornare - astronautica"", ""Categoria:Aggiornare subito"", ""Categoria:NASA"", ""Categoria:P10017 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P1037 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P1128 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P112 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P1233 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P1365 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P1417 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P1451 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P154 uguale su Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P1581 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P159 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P2037 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P2397 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P2963 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3040 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3365 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P345 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3762 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P3847 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P571 differente su Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P5905 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P6706 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P856 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:P966 letta da Wikidata"", ""Categoria:Pagine con collegamenti non funzionanti"", ""Categoria:Voci con codice BNE""]",,11228,it,2026-07-28T18:53:33Z,56751,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,NASA,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,8025726,it,2026-07-21T18:52:13Z,9253,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,NewSpace,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewSpace,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,64669,it,2026-07-21T18:40:57Z,8079,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Phoenix (disambigua),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(disambigua),ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,54200,it,2026-08-03T09:01:49Z,138570,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Programma Apollo,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Apollo,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,8270586,it,2026-07-30T12:09:43Z,169541,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Programma Artemis,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Artemis,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,16676,it,2026-07-26T12:51:11Z,11205,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Programma Gemini,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Gemini,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,124303,it,2026-07-21T18:41:06Z,5787,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Programma Mariner,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Mariner,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,57702,it,2026-07-28T18:53:38Z,23791,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Programma Mercury,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Mercury,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,56004,it,2026-07-24T10:08:51Z,46749,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Programma Vostok,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Vostok,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,1104081,it,2026-07-24T10:08:56Z,38863,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Programma spaziale cinese,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_spaziale_cinese,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,153713,it,2026-07-21T18:41:13Z,22066,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Programma spaziale sovietico,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_spaziale_sovietico,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,1740036,it,2026-07-28T18:54:39Z,21579,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Prometeo,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometeo,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,5873859,it,2026-07-28T18:57:00Z,5319,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,RKK Ėnergija,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKK_%C4%96nergija,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,45449,it,2026-07-31T18:04:59Z,37749,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Regolite,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolite,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,689742,it,2026-08-02T08:07:22Z,92277,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Saturno (astronomia),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(astronomia),ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,39350,it,2026-08-03T14:16:56Z,5730,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Sonda spaziale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonda_spaziale,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,8135716,it,2026-07-29T08:42:19Z,14523,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Space economy,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_economy,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,1016092,it,2026-07-21T18:42:48Z,79270,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Spazio (astronomia),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spazio_(astronomia),ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,10286644,it,2026-07-27T07:31:23Z,22733,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Stampa alimentare 3D,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa_alimentare_3D,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,55681,it,2026-07-31T06:53:37Z,176295,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Stazione spaziale internazionale,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_spaziale_internazionale,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,2345634,it,2026-07-28T18:54:59Z,24468,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Stereogramma,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogramma,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,8498613,it,2026-05-10T12:10:25Z,14650,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Test delle figure aggrovigliate,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_delle_figure_aggrovigliate,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,55080,it,2026-08-02T19:58:42Z,49788,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Tritone (astronomia),https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritone_(astronomia),ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,741759,it,2026-07-28T18:54:09Z,13884,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Uomini veri,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uomini_veri,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,210051,it,2026-07-26T19:30:24Z,15274,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Viaggio interstellare,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaggio_interstellare,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,1826748,it,2026-07-21T18:44:06Z,13449,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Vision for Space Exploration,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,310059,it,2026-07-24T10:24:27Z,12481,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Vostok 1,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_1,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],,308491,it,2026-07-24T10:08:52Z,6622,2026-08-03T21:57:19+00:00,Vostok 5,https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_5,ifZo3uaQJ6YpBGO3e,VVuYaC19OsdHUf7Ob
[],"D-Wave Systems, Inc.（ディー・ウェイブ・システムズ）は、カナダブリティッシュコロンビア州バーナビーを拠点とする量子コンピュータ企業である。",2809449,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:17Z,29107,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,D-Wave Systems,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Wave_Systems,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"アーキテクチャ（architecture）は、英語で「建築学」、「建築術」、「構造」を意味する語である。
分野によってはアーキテクチュア、アーキテクチャ、アーキテクチャーともいうが同じ意味であり、英語での発音は/ˈɑrkətɛktʃər/ であり、アーキテクチャーが一番近い。",259553,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:00Z,11834,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,アーキテクチャ,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"イオントラップ型量子コンピュータ（イオントラップがたりょうしコンピュータ）は、量子情報の格納にイオントラップを利用した計算方式であり、大規模量子コンピュータの実現方法の一つ。電磁場を用いて荷電粒子（イオン）を自由空間内に閉じ込めて保持（トラップ）し、量子ビットを粒子の安定な電子的状態として格納する。一つのイオントラップで各量子ビットに対応した複数の荷電粒子をトラップでき、量子情報は各荷電粒子の集団量子化運動（クーロン力による相互作用）を介して相互に転送される。主に量子ゲートを実現する上での理由から、量子ビットの表現にイオン状態（内部スピン状態 0/1）とフォノン状態（外部運動状態 0/1）という二種類の状態表現が用いられ、必要に応じて使い分けられるという特徴がある。これらの量子状態と量子ビットの関連付け（カップリング）や、イオン状態とフォノン状態の関連付けにはレーザーが用いられる。前者は初期化・回転・測定といった単一量子ビットの操作に、後者は制御NOTゲートといった多入力量子ゲートにおける量子もつれの操作に必要である。 
イオントラップ型量子コンピュータは、現在知られているものの中では、量子コンピュータの基本演算を最も高い精度で行うことができる計算方式である。また、これを任意の数の量子ビットへとスケール（拡張）させるために有力視されている仕組みとして、複数のイオントラップ間で量子情報を転送する方法や、量子テレポーテーションを用いた光子接続ネットワークによる大規模な量子もつれ状態の構築、およびこれら二つのアイデアの組み合わせなどが開発されている。 これらの技術は、イオントラップ方式による汎用的な大規模量子コンピュータの実現を非常に現実的なものにしている。2018年4月現在、最大で20個のイオン間の量子もつれがこの方式で制御可能であることが分かっている。",4207094,ja,2026-07-19T14:45:42Z,34300,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,イオントラップ型量子コンピュータ,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E5%9E%8B%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],イグナシオ・シラクことフアン・イグナシオ・シラク・サストゥライン(Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain、1965年10月11日 - )は、スペインの物理学者である。量子コンピュータ及び量子情報理論のパイオニアの1人である。,4392055,ja,2026-07-22T16:12:12Z,8887,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,イグナシオ・シラク,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
"[""Webarchiveテンプレートのウェイバックリンク"", ""コンピュータ"", ""出典を必要とする記事/2014年4月"", ""日本語版記事がリダイレクトの仮リンクを含む記事"", ""機械"", ""計算機科学""]","コンピュータ（英: computer）は、広義には、計算やデータ処理を自動的に行う装置全般のことであるが、今日では特に断らない限り、その中でも電子技術を用いたエレクトロニックコンピュータ（electronic computer、電子計算機）を指す。
表記法や同義語は、技術者が使う用語や特定分野限定で使われる用語・表記法なども含めると、かなり多数ある。#呼称の歴史、同義語・表記",1679,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,74372,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,コンピュータ,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"コンピューティング（英: computing）

（古来の意味）「数えること」と「計算すること」であり、算術ないしは数学の計算を指した。
（現在の意味）上の意味に加えて、広義に、コンピュータを使う活動全般も指す。たとえば20世紀後半などでは主として、コンピュータによる数値計算や、より広くデータ処理 (data processing)や情報処理 (information processing) などを指していたが、さらに近年ではコンピュータを使いAIを実現することなど、コンピュータを使うさまざまな活動を広く指している。
以前は、日本語では漢字を使い「計算」などと訳すことが多かったが、最近では英語のcomputingをそのまま音写して「コンピューティング」と表記することも多い。

",361399,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:03Z,39496,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,コンピューティング,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],スーパーコンピュータ（英: supercomputer）は、科学技術計算用途で大規模・高速な計算能力を有するコンピューターである。一般的な用語としてスーパーコンピュータが用いられ、コンピューター業界での分野名としてHigh Performance Computer / Computing (HPC)が用いられる。本記事と類似している高性能計算の項目についても参照されたい。,4658,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,69013,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,スーパーコンピュータ,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"トンネル効果（トンネルこうか、英: tunnelling effect）は、量子力学において、波動関数がポテンシャル障壁を超えて伝播する現象である。
20世紀初頭に予言され、20世紀半ばには広く認知される物理現象となった。トンネル効果は、ハイゼンベルクの不確定性原理と、物質における粒子と波動の二重性を用いて説明できる。
トンネル効果は、原子核崩壊や核融合など、いくつかの物理現象において欠かせない役割を果たしている。また、トンネルダイオード、量子コンピュータ、走査型トンネル顕微鏡、フラッシュメモリなどの装置において応用されているという意味でも重要である。",7416,ja,2026-07-27T22:41:37Z,43412,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,トンネル効果,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"ハイテク（英：high tech）とは、技術の最先端、利用可能な技術の最高形態。市場に出回っている技術のうち、最も複雑なもの、あるいは最も新しいものとして定義されることもある。
ハイテクの対義語はローテク（英：low technology）で、簡素でしばしば伝統的または機械的な技術を指す。たとえば計算尺はローテクの計算装置である。また、ハイテクも古くなればローテクとなり得る。真空管電子機器がその一例である。さらに、ハイテクはミドテク（mid-tech）という概念にも関わっており、これはローテクとハイテクという両極の特性の均衡を意味する。ミッドテクは、デジタル化・自動化技術の効率性と多用途性に、ローテクが持つ自律性と強靱性・回復力の可能性を組み合わせた中間として理解できる。
ハイテクに取り組む（あるいは新たなハイテクを開発する）スタートアップは、ディープテック（英語版）と呼ばれることがある。この語は、破壊的イノベーションや科学的発見を伴う技術を指す場合にも用いられる。",139196,ja,2026-05-25T13:09:19Z,3800,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,ハイテク,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"パラメトロン（英: parametron）はフェライトコアの非線形特性によるパラメータ励振現象の分周作用を利用した論理素子である。1954年に当時東京大学大学院理学部高橋秀俊研究室の大学院生であった後藤英一が発明した。真空管やトランジスタの使用量を大幅に削減してコンピュータを構成できるとして、当時としては多数のパラメトロン式コンピュータが日本で建造された。比較対象としてリレーよりは速く機械的な接点も無いなどの利点はあったものの、その後すぐに主流となった接合型トランジスタの性能向上が圧倒的で動作周波数でパラメトロンを上回ったこと、トランジスタにはラジオをはじめとする広範囲の応用があったのに対して、パラメトロンは論理素子専用という点でも不利であったことなどにより、1960年代にはほぼトランジスタによって置き換えられ利用されなくなった。
その後、後藤が発明したのと同じ原理のパラメトロンが様々な物理系で実現されるようになり、2010年代以降、パラメトロンを用いた量子コンピュータの開発と言う観点からも再び注目されるようになった。日本でも、2014年にNECや理研などの共同研究グループによって、パラメトロンを超伝導回路で実装した超伝導パラメトロン素子が開発され、これを用いた超伝導パラメトロン方式の量子アニーリングマシン（NEC方式の量子コンピュータ）の開発が進められている。
2025年にIEEEマイルストーンに認定され、11月27日に認定銘板贈呈式が東大本郷キャンパスで開催された。",192165,ja,2026-07-19T14:43:41Z,22498,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,パラメトロン,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],パルス符号変調（パルスふごうへんちょう、PCM、英語: pulse code modulation）とは音声などのアナログ信号を、アナログ-デジタル変換回路により、デジタル信号に変換（デジタイズ）する変調方式の一つである。,5904,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,16699,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,パルス符号変調,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%A4%89%E8%AA%BF,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"ピクセル（英: pixel）、または画素（がそ）とは、コンピュータで画像を扱う際に、色情報 (色調や階調) を持つ最小単位、最小要素のこと。
しばしばピクセルと同一の言葉として使われるドットとは、後者が単なる物理的な点情報（ある色、例えばドットを「黒色」で表示されるものとすれば、1ピクセルのRGBが「全て消えている状態」）であることで区別される。例えばディスプレイにおいて320×240ピクセルの画像を100％表示すれば320×240ドットとなるが、200％表示ならば640×480ドットとなる。
ピクセルは、一般的に「写真の要素」を意味する英語の「picture element」からの造語、または「写真の細胞」を意味する英語の「picture cell」からの造語とされる。picture elementのもう一つの略語pelは、日本語で絵素（えそ）と表現され、その場合に限り「画素」をサブピクセルを意味する用語として使われたが、この用法は歴史的用語となりつつあり、電光掲示板の仕様に時折みられる程度となっている。

コンピュータでは、連続的な値を扱えないため、画像を扱うにも量子化する必要がある。例えば、640×480ピクセルの画像は、横640個、縦480個の点を並べて表現されていることを示す。ディスプレイなどのデバイスにおいては、一般的なラスタディスプレイでは、ピクセルを単位として画像を表示する。",63984,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:56Z,7778,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,ピクセル,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"ペーター・ツォラー（Peter Zoller, 1952年9月16日 - ）はオーストリアの物理学者。インスブルック大学教授。量子光学と固体物理学の学際的な研究に取り組み、特に量子コンピュータや量子情報科学の先駆的研究で有名である。",4021226,ja,2026-07-22T16:12:12Z,3371,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,ペーター・ツォラー,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%84%E3%82%A9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"伊藤 公平（いとう こうへい、1965年〈昭和40年〉8月25日 - ）は、日本の物理学者。慶應義塾長。一般社団法人日本私立大学連盟会長。日本私立大学団体連合会会長。
研究分野は固体物理、量子コンピュータ、電子材料、ナノテクノロジー、半導体同位体工学。好きな言葉は「世界は動けば狭くなる」と「恵まれた者の義務」。",4032224,ja,2026-07-10T18:10:09Z,20220,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,伊藤公平 (物理学者),https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85),SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"低温物理学（ていおんぶつりがく、Low Temperature Physics）は、温度を低下させることで発現する現象を研究する物理学分野の総称である。どの程度の温度を「低温」と呼ぶかは、考える現象によって大きく異なるが、大まかには液体窒素の沸点(77ケルビン)以下、または液体ヘリウムの沸点(4.2ケルビン)以下の温度に、低温物理学の研究対象が存在することが多い。
低温物理学の研究対象は非常に広く、自然界に存在する物質だけでなく、宇宙(過去の宇宙を含む)からデバイスまでを含む。低温物理学は凝縮系物理学(物性物理学)の一部であるが、宇宙・素粒子・原子核物理学などとも密接に関連しており、実際超伝導のBCS理論のように素粒子物理学に多大な影響を与えた例も数多い。また物理現象も超伝導、超流動(ボース・アインシュタイン凝縮現象を含む)、磁性、近藤効果、アンダーソン局在、フェルミ液体・朝永ラッティンジャー流体、トポロジカル現象(量子ホール効果等)など、極めて多岐にわたる。また多くの場合、低温現象は量子力学的効果により生じるか、または密接に関連している。超流動と超伝導は特に粒子集団の量子力学的性質が巨視的スケールで発現する現象であるため、巨視的量子現象(Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena)と呼ばれる。
低温実験では、安定した低温環境を実現して物理量の精密測定をするため、低温を生成し温度を測定する技術と、発熱を極力抑制した精密測定技術が必要である。前者の研究分野を特に低温工学(Cryogenics)と呼ぶ。後述するように、多くの低温生成技術の発展は、低温物理学の研究進展と表裏一体に進んできており、その典型例として3He-4He希釈冷凍機やレーザー冷却技術が挙げられる。低温工学には、GM(Gifford-McMahon)およびパルスチューブ冷凍機に代表される冷凍技術、MRIなどに用いられる超伝導磁石や加速器技術、X線天文学など宇宙空間での低温生成および測定技術等が含まれる。
従来、低温の生成にはあらかじめ何らかの方法で準備された(主として、工業的に製造された)寒剤(Cryogen)を用いることが一般的であった。寒剤は通常沸点や融点等の一定温度に保持され、冷やしたい物質から熱(潜熱)を吸収して蒸発、融解または昇華しながら一定温度を保持する。寒剤の種類は数多く、室温に近いものから氷水、ドライアイス、液体酸素、液体窒素(液体空気)、液体水素、液体ヘリウムが主に用いられている。一方、特に物性実験研究では、1990年代より急速に普及した小型冷凍機(GMおよびパルスチューブ冷凍機)を用いた装置開発が進み、寒剤を必要とせず電力のみで低温を生成することが可能になっている。これまでに稼働している超伝導量子コンピュータには、全てパルスチューブ冷凍機をベースとする無冷媒希釈冷凍機が使用されている。また2024年現在、日本ではヘリウムの供給難から低温物理学研究用の液体ヘリウムは極めて高額になっている(液体1リットルあたり約1万円)。このような事情のため、従来1ケルビン程度の極低温生成に不可欠であった液体ヘリウムは、昔ほど使用されなくなっている。
なお用語として、作業物質等を用いて他の物質(実験試料など)の温度を下げることを冷凍(refrigeration)と呼び、作業物質や物理系自らの温度を下げることを冷却(cooling)と呼んで区別する。例えば前者にはパルスチューブ冷凍(機)(pulse tube refrigerator)、希釈冷凍(機)(dilution refrigerator)、(核)断熱消磁冷凍(装置)(adiabatic (nuclear) magnetic refrigeration, ADR)などがあり、後者にはレーザー冷却(laser cooling)、核冷却(nuclear cooling)、ポメランチュク冷却(Pomeranchuk cooling)などがある。",33346,ja,2026-07-19T14:43:26Z,30439,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,低温物理学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],光子（こうし、（記号: γ）またはフォトン（英語: photon）は、光の粒子である。物理学における素粒子の一つであり、光を含む全ての電磁波の量子かつ電磁力の媒介粒子である。光量子（こうりょうし、（英語: light quantum）とも呼ばれる。,5085,ja,2026-08-02T08:07:40Z,39295,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,光子,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"共通鍵暗号（きょうつうかぎあんごう、英語: common key cryptosystem）は、暗号化と復号に同一の（共通の）鍵を用いる暗号方式である。秘密鍵暗号 (secret key cryptosystem) 、対称鍵暗号 (symmetric key encryption scheme)、慣用暗号 (conventional encryptosystem)、共有鍵暗号 (shared key cryptosystem) ともいう。

また、広い意味で、鍵を共有した者の間での通信の安全性を保障する暗号技術を共通鍵暗号と呼ぶこともある。この場合、メッセージの秘匿を目的とした暗号方式だけでなく、メッセージの改ざん検出を可能とするメッセージ認証符号（秘匿機能は無い）、暗号とメッセージ認証の機能を併せ持つ認証付き暗号も、広い意味での共通鍵暗号である。広い意味での共通鍵暗号技術は、提供する機能は異なっても、共通の技術を用いているものも多い。例えば、秘匿用のブロック暗号を用いたメッセージ認証用の利用モードなどがある。以下では、秘匿を目的とした狭い意味での共通鍵暗号について扱う。",70331,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:56Z,18936,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,共通鍵暗号,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E9%8D%B5%E6%9A%97%E5%8F%B7,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"多世界解釈（たせかいかいしゃく、英: many-worlds interpretation; MWI）とは、量子力学の観測問題における解釈の一つである。この解釈では宇宙の波動関数を実在のものとみなし、波束の収縮が生じない。そのかわり重ね合わせ状態が干渉性を失うことで、異なる世界に分岐していくと考える。
プリンストン大学の大学院生であったヒュー・エヴェレット3世が1957年に提唱した定式を元に、デコヒーレンスなどの概念が追加されて成立した。",202621,ja,2026-07-15T17:24:31Z,19244,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,多世界解釈,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%88,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"情報（じょうほう、英語: information、ラテン語: infomatio）

あるものごとの内容や事情についての知らせのこと
文字・数字などの記号やシンボルの媒体によって伝達され、受け手において、状況に対する知識をもたらしたり、適切な判断を助けたりするもののこと。
生体が働くために用いられている指令や信号のこと。
（情報理論（通信理論）での用法）価値判断を除いて、量的な存在として捉えたそれ

",1598402,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:11Z,43399,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,情報,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
"[""1899年設立の企業"", ""1949年上場の企業"", ""ACジャパン正会員企業・団体"", ""ISBNマジックリンクを使用しているページ"", ""JPX日経インデックス400"", ""NECグループ"", ""Reflistで3列を指定しているページ"", ""TOPIX 100"", ""ケーブルテレビ"", ""コンピュータハードウエア企業"", ""ソリューションサービス業"", ""住友グループ"", ""出典を必要とする節のある記事/2015年7月-8月"", ""出典を必要とする記述のある記事/2017年6月"", ""出典を必要とする記述のある記事/2023年1月"", ""外資系発祥の日本企業"", ""外部リンクがリンク切れになっている記事/2022年4月"", ""放送システム"", ""日本のコンピュータ企業"", ""日本の多国籍企業"", ""日本の情報・通信業"", ""日本の携帯電話メーカー"", ""日本の映像機器メーカー"", ""日本の軍需産業"", ""日本の電気機器メーカー"", ""日本電気"", ""日経平均株価""]","日本電気株式会社（にっぽんでんき、英: NEC Corporation）は、東京都港区芝五丁目に本社を置く住友グループの電機メーカー。略称はNEC（エヌ・イー・シー）、日電（にちでん）。通称としては一般的に「NEC」が使われ、ロゴタイプや関連会社の名前などにも「NEC」が用いられている。
旧社名は住友通信工業株式会社（すみともつうしんこうぎょう）。住友電気工業と兄弟会社で、同社及び住友商事とともに住友新御三家の一角であり、白水会および住友グループ広報委員会参加企業であるが、住友の象徴である井桁マークは使用していない（「住友通信工業」時代のみ井桁マークを使用していた）。
ブランドステートメントは「Orchestrating a brighter world」。
日経平均株価およびTOPIX Large70、JPX日経インデックス400の構成銘柄の一つ。

",2173,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,138118,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,日本電気,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,302600,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:01Z,24498,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,暗号史,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E5%8F%B7%E5%8F%B2,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,4211920,ja,2026-07-18T06:05:29Z,3419,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,核磁気共鳴量子コンピュータ,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E6%B0%97%E5%85%B1%E9%B3%B4%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
"[""すべてのスタブ記事"", ""ナノテクノロジー"", ""出典を必要とする記事/2011年6月"", ""物性物理学"", ""物理学の分野"", ""物理学関連のスタブ項目"", ""物質科学"", ""量子情報科学""]",,1180,ja,2026-07-19T14:43:21Z,9913,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,物性物理学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
"[""出典を必要とする節のある記事/2010年1月-6月"", ""和製漢語"", ""物理学"", ""理学""]",,112,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:52Z,23966,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,物理学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,361257,ja,2026-07-26T15:46:01Z,10590,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,理論計算機科学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,39144,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:55Z,5435,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,観測,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,166522,ja,2026-07-26T15:46:01Z,15552,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,認知科学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,435983,ja,2026-07-19T14:43:57Z,19494,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,超伝導量子干渉計,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BC%9D%E5%B0%8E%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%B9%B2%E6%B8%89%E8%A8%88,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,10670,ja,2026-06-22T15:23:59Z,1448,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,463069,ja,2026-07-27T01:41:09Z,14516,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子もつれ,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%82%82%E3%81%A4%E3%82%8C,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,894134,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:08Z,98569,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子コンピュータ,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,451432,ja,2026-07-20T05:26:57Z,14703,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子テレポーテーション,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,486523,ja,2026-07-18T14:35:55Z,12032,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子デコヒーレンス,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%83%87%E3%82%B3%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,12997,ja,2026-07-19T14:43:23Z,10941,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子ドット,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%83%89%E3%83%83%E3%83%88,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,505562,ja,2026-07-18T06:05:29Z,2358,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子ビット,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%88,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,3363512,ja,2026-07-18T06:05:29Z,16202,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子プログラミング言語,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,954121,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:08Z,12869,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子光学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,1451936,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:11Z,59587,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子力学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
"[""ISBNマジックリンクを使用しているページ"", ""化学の分野"", ""日本語版記事がリダイレクトの仮リンクを含む記事"", ""物理化学"", ""量子化学""]",,1956,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,15884,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子化学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,4203522,ja,2026-07-19T14:45:42Z,19869,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子回路,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%9E%E8%B7%AF,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,1596333,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:11Z,10293,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子情報,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,1875841,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:13Z,9057,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子情報科学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,2632942,ja,2025-09-20T22:56:43Z,5686,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子技術,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,54115,ja,2026-07-18T06:05:29Z,34221,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子暗号,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%9A%97%E5%8F%B7,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,2809921,ja,2026-07-19T14:44:56Z,7728,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子焼きなまし法,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%84%BC%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E6%B3%95,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,945676,ja,2026-06-04T07:51:00Z,1843,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子生物学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,3395590,ja,2026-07-27T02:23:28Z,13239,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子科学技術研究開発機構,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,31448,ja,2026-06-12T12:26:13Z,30836,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子論,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,1518412,ja,2026-07-19T14:44:29Z,5346,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,量子論理,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96%E7%90%86,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],,4069,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,29240,2026-08-03T21:57:07+00:00,電気工学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6,SuULSaS5apl5yvS4m,iZlX8TY5wWLx9D7E1
[],"El Acuario del Río Paraná, formalmente Centro Científico Tecnológico y Educativo Acuario del Río Paraná, es un acuario público que fue construido para ser un establecimiento científico y educativo. Está situado en la ciudad de Rosario, en la provincia argentina de Santa Fe.",6524685,es,2026-04-17T09:42:27Z,11061,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Acuario del Río Paraná,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuario_del_R%C3%ADo_Paran%C3%A1,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"María Alejandra Bravo de la Parra (Ciudad de México, 29 de abril de 1961) es una bioquímica mexicana, que ha sido laureada con el Premio L'Oréal-UNESCO a mujeres científicas de Latinoamérica, por su labor en las toxinas bacterianas que actúan como poderosos insecticidas.​",4864193,es,2026-06-29T14:21:57Z,14745,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Alejandra Bravo,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandra_Bravo,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"La Asociación de Biotecnólogos de Cataluña​ (ASBTEC) -en catalán Associació de Biotecnòlegs de Catalunya- es una entidad sin ánimo de lucro formada por profesionales presentes o futuros dedicados a la Biotecnología. ASBTEC trabaja para ser un punto de encuentro para el intercambio de experiencias y conocimientos que permita a sus asociados complementar su formación personal y profesional.

",7215815,es,2026-05-10T12:29:05Z,11645,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Asociación de Biotecnólogos de Cataluña,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_de_Biotecn%C3%B3logos_de_Catalu%C3%B1a,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"BRENDA —acrónimo de BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase— es una base de datos de información molecular y bioquímica sobre enzimas y rutas metabólicas, considerada como una de las más grandes en su tipo.​​​ 
Fue fundada en 1987 por el Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Alemán (GBF) en Brunswick, hoy Centro Helmholtz de Investigación sobre Infecciones (HZI), luego pasó a ser administrado por el Instituto de Bioquímica de la Universidad de Colonia hasta 2007, mientras que actualmente está en manos del Departamento de Bioquímica y Bioinformática de la Universidad Técnica de Brunswick; sus datos están disponibles en línea desde 1998,​ tras publicarse en libros desde su fundación.​",6317862,es,2026-06-23T20:57:02Z,3990,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,BRENDA,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRENDA,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"La biofarmacología o biotecnología farmacéutica es el campo interdisciplinario entre la farmacología y la biotecnología, considerada una ciencia emergente. Consistente en la obtención de fármacos de origen biológico (biofarmacéutica) en biorreactores.
Una gran ventaja de utilizar esta vía de obtención en lugar de la síntesis química es que se evita la racemización del producto, de manera que se obtiene una elevada cantidad de producto más fácilmente purificable de los productos similares y por tanto el proceso consigue aumentar el rendimiento y bajar los costes.
Otra ventaja consiste en la obtención de compuestos que son prácticamente imposibles de obtener por cualquier otra vía como muchas de las proteínas recombinantes.
Esta ciencia contribuye en el desarrollo y diseño de nuevas terapias, investiga la Terapia génica, y la producción de fármacos a través de procesos biotecnológicos como antibióticos; integrando el conocimiento en el mecanismo de enfermedades.
Se puede tomar como una especialidad para farmacéuticos, biotecnólogos, (bio)químicos y biólogos.",3654360,es,2026-01-24T21:28:04Z,1897,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Biofarmacología,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofarmacolog%C3%ADa,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
"[""Categoría:Biotecnología"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNE"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Control de autoridades con 15 elementos"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de PMID""]","La biotecnología (del griego βίος bíos, ‘vida’, τέχνη téchne, ‘destreza’ y -λογία -loguía, ‘tratado, estudio, ciencia’) es una amplia rama interdisciplinaria de las ciencias biológicas que consiste en toda aplicación tecnológica que utilice sistemas biológicos y organismos vivos o sus derivados para la creación o modificación de productos o procesos para usos específicos. Dichos organismos pueden o no estar modificados genéticamente, por lo que no hay que confundir Biotecnología con Ingeniería Genética. La Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) define la biotecnología como la «aplicación de principios de las matemáticas y la ingeniería para tratamientos de materiales orgánicos e inorgánicos por sistemas biológicos para producir bienes y servicios».​ Sus bases son la biología, ingeniería, física, química, y biomedicina; y el campo de esta ciencia tiene gran repercusión en la farmacología, la medicina, la bromatología, el tratamiento de residuos sólidos, líquidos y gaseosos, la industria, la ganadería y la agricultura.
Así también, la Biotechnology Innovation Organization indica que la biotecnología es tecnología basada en la biología, que utiliza procesos celulares y biomoleculares para crear productos y tecnologías que mejoren tanto nuestra calidad de vida como la salud del planeta. Lo cierto es que, durante más de 6.000 años, hemos producido una variedad de alimentos útiles como pan, queso y entre otros, mediante tales procesos biológicos de microorganismos, además de otros bienes o productos útiles. 
Probablemente el término fue acuñado por el ingeniero húngaro Károly Ereki, en 1919, cuando lo introdujo en su libro Biotecnología en la producción cárnica y láctea de una gran explotación agropecuaria.​​
Según el Convenio sobre Diversidad Biológica de 1992, la biotecnología podría definirse como «toda aplicación tecnológica que utilice sistemas biológicos y organismos vivos o sus derivados para la creación o modificación de productos o procesos para usos específicos».​​
El Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Seguridad de la Biotecnología del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica​ define la biotecnología moderna como la aplicación de:

Técnicas in vitro de ácido nucleico, incluidos el ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) recombinante y la inyección directa de ácido nucleico en células u orgánulos.
La fusión de células más allá de la familia taxonómica, que supere las barreras fisiológicas naturales de la reproducción o de la recombinación y que no sean técnicas utilizadas en la reproducción y selección tradicionales.
La experiencia reciente ha demostrado que se pueden obtener con una baja probabilidad resultados aleatorios no reproducibles en el proceso de modificación génica, por lo que la comunidad científica se está postulando por la clasificación específica de este tipo de productos y la creación de un protocolo que garantice la seguridad de todos los supuestos resultados inesperados probables.",5090,es,2026-08-02T23:00:08Z,42936,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Biotecnología,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnolog%C3%ADa,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"La biotecnología agrícola es un área multidisciplinaria de la ciencia agrícola que emplea herramientas y técnicas biológicas, incluyendo ingeniería genética, marcadores moleculares, diagnóstico molecular, vacunas y cultivo de tejidos, para modificar organismos vivos —plantas, animales y microorganismos— con el fin de mejorar la productividad, la calidad y la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas.​
La biotecnología de cultivos, uno de los aspectos más desarrollados de esta disciplina, ha permitido la transferencia de rasgos deseables entre especies no relacionadas mediante técnicas de ADN recombinante. Los cultivos resultantes, comúnmente denominados transgénicos u organismos genéticamente modificados (OGM), poseen características mejoradas como resistencia a plagas y enfermedades, tolerancia a herbicidas, mayor valor nutricional o adaptación a condiciones ambientales adversas.​

",9691224,es,2026-06-13T01:21:42Z,20764,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Biotecnología agrícola,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_agr%C3%ADcola,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"La biotecnología ambiental se aplica a la biotecnología empleada para estudiar el entorno natural. La biotecnología ambiental también puede implicar tratar de aprovechar un proceso biológico para usos comerciales y de la explotación. La Sociedad Internacional Biotecnología Ambiental define a la biotecnología ambiental como ""el desarrollo, uso y regulación de sistemas biológicos para la remediación de entornos contaminados (tierra, aire, agua) y para procesos amigables con el entorno natural (tecnologías ""verdes"" y desarrollo sustentable)"".
La biotecnología ambiental se refiere a la aplicación de los procesos biológicos modernos para la protección y restauración de la calidad del ambiente.

",1407709,es,2026-06-11T11:55:51Z,2474,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Biotecnología ambiental,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_ambiental,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"La biotecnología aplicada aplica los resultados que se producen en la biotecnología para obtener un elemento potenciador con una función clara y definida. Suele estar asociada a un proceso industrial en el que, en ocasiones, se utiliza incluso la ingeniería genética.  
La biotecnología aplicada está presente en muchas más áreas industriales de lo que se podría pensar en principio, ya que su aplicación abarca campos muy amplios. Desde la medicina hasta la agricultura, pasando por procesos industriales puros o incluso utilizándose para mejorar la biodiversidad. Sin duda, un abanico muy amplio que se debe desarrollar en mayor profundidad. 
Existen diferentes tipos de clasificaciones para la biotecnología aplicada. La más extendida las diferencia según su ámbito de aplicación y las clasifica aplicándoles una nomenclatura que sigue un código de color:

Biotecnología roja
Biotecnología blanca
Biotecnología verde
Biotecnología azul
Con el paso del tiempo, y gracias a las mejoras que se han producido tanto en apartados técnicos como de investigación, la biotecnología aplicada ha desarrollado una industria totalmente especializada en productos que se puedan implementar en cualquiera de los ámbitos de aplicación anteriormente descritos.",4645665,es,2026-01-24T21:30:22Z,1421,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Biotecnología aplicada,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_aplicada,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"Biotecnología cosmética es una rama de la biotecnología aplicada a la industria, principalmente al cuidado estético de los seres humanos, manipulando organismos y células mediante análisis biológicos, microbiológicos, inmunológicos, bioquímicos, toxicológicos y químicos.​
Incluye disciplinas y ciencias como biología, química, cosmiatría, genética y farmacéutica.
Sus principales investigaciones se basan en productos naturales para la obtención de vitaminas, y proteínas para poderlas ocupar en el cuerpo humano.",5079460,es,2026-04-20T15:46:22Z,3892,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Biotecnología cosmética,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_cosm%C3%A9tica,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"La biotecnología se ha convertido en un campo de la ciencia de suma importancia para lograr el desarrollo científico y tecnológico de este país. México ha sido partícipe de la «revolución biotecnológica» y actualmente es una nación capaz de adquirir compromisos en este ámbito. Además, con una población de alrededor de 122.3 millones y un previsto crecimiento de 122.9 millones para el 2050,​ México afronta el reto de proveer a su población con servicios y bienes para una vida digna y, para ello, la biotecnología es una de las herramientas más poderosas con las que cuenta para contender contra muchos de estos retos nacionales.​
Se define entonces a la biotecnología moderna como una ciencia integral cuya base es el conocimiento vinculado entre varias disciplinas tales como la biología molecular, la microbiología, la inmunología, la bioquímica, la genética, la bioinformática, la biología de sistemas y la biología sintética la cual permite el estudio, manipulación y utilización de los sistemas biológicos como microbios, plantas y animales para la producción de bienes y servicios.​ A pesar de que México posee un sistema de investigación científica de calidad y relativamente grande (en términos del tamaño de la investigación básica), esta se concentra principalmente en el sector público y pocas veces los investigadores de las universidades tienen relaciones con la industria.​ Sin embargo, de acuerdo con el Dr. Francisco Bolívar Zapata, bioquímico mexicano galardonado por la invención y el diseño de plásmidos sintéticos,​ México cuenta con un gran capital para desarrollar la biotecnología y transformarla en palanca para su crecimiento ya que desde años atrás, este país cuenta con tradiciones milenarias en el uso de productos naturales y de la biotecnología tradicional (como la fermentación), así como con una de las reservas más grandes e importantes para el mundo en términos de biodiversidad natural.​ 
El papel de la biotecnología en México sigue creciendo y cada vez son más los investigadores que se suman a esta rama de la ciencia. Según el Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI) el 50 % de los investigadores mexicanos son parte de investigaciones relacionadas con biotecnología​ y, de acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) en su encuesta sobre Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, en 2011 más de 480 empresas en el sector productivo establecidas en el país estuvieron directamente involucradas con alguna actividad tecnológicamente.​ En México, aun cuando es considerada como un área de estudio relativamente nueva, la biotecnología ya ha adquirido una tradición importante logrando incorporar un número cada vez mayor de investigadores y estudiantes interesados.

Más aún, en los últimos años se han incrementado los desarrollos biotecnológicos que cuentan con registro y comercialización. Una de las grandes tareas de los biotecnólogos mexicanos ha consistido en divulgar sus investigaciones en foros públicos, con la intención de que los conocimientos generados por ellos sean transmitidos de una manera accesible a la población general.",6925229,es,2026-04-20T15:47:46Z,69277,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Biotecnología en México,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_en_M%C3%A9xico,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],La biotecnología en la industria farmacéutica es un área en la que se utilizan algunas de las técnicas más avanzadas de biotecnología tal como el ADN recombinante.,7961630,es,2026-07-21T00:24:38Z,15846,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Biotecnología en la industria farmacéutica,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_en_la_industria_farmac%C3%A9utica,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"La Biotecnología es el conjunto de técnicas que utilizan organismos vivos o partes de ellos para obtener productos o modificarlos, para mejorar plantas o animales, o para desarrollar microorganismos con fines bien determinados, es decir, para la obtención de bienes y servicios. La biotecnología vegetal es la específica de las plantas.
Según el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB) de 1992: es toda aplicación tecnológica que utilice sistemas biológicos y organismos vivos y sus derivados para la creación o modificación de productos o procesos, para usos específicos.
La biotecnología comprende conocimientos de muchas áreas de la ciencia como agricultura, bioquímica, biología celular y molecular, inmunología, virología, industria de alimentos, fisiología vegetal, salud…
Puede que en ciertas regiones de un país se cultive un producto en específico. Las constantes sequías, seguidas por las lluvias y tormentas eléctricas excesivas, tienden a arruinar la productividad de lo que se está cultivando, por lo que los responsables de dicho producto deben encontrar una solución para no perder la cosecha. Se acude a aguas negras, fertilizantes, pesticidas, y un sinfín de sustancias dañinas no solo para el suelo, sino también para el organismo de los consumidores de este producto. Es aquí donde entra la ética, ya que se debe crear una buena producción pero también debe erradicarse todo tipo de sustancia que dañe a los consumidores. Pero ocurre que con tal de producir las cantidades necesarias, y no afectar los ingresos de la industria, se emplean este tipo de químicos que muchas veces no cumplen con los niveles de calidad esperados, y resultan económicos para el responsable, quien, además, también busca no elevar mucho los gastos.
Lo que hace la biotecnología  es buscar algún tipo de fertilizante que sea apto tanto para las plantas como para los consumidores. Esto se logra con un complejo trabajo de investigación, ya que lo que utiliza un ingeniero en biotecnología principalmente son organismos: bacterias, hongos, insectos, en fin, una diversa cantidad de organismos o microorganismos son empleados durante la investigación, hasta que se obtiene el producto deseado: un fertilizante eficiente, que haga que las plantas resistan tanto las fuertes sequías como las abundantes lluvias, y que a su vez no dañe la salud de quienes las consumen.",3906214,es,2026-06-12T18:49:06Z,37079,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Biotecnología vegetal,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_vegetal,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"El Centro Internacional de Física, CIF, es un Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico fundado el 4 de diciembre de 1985, cuya sede se encuentra en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Actualmente (2012), su director es el Doctor Eduardo Posada Florez. El CIF es una entidad sin ánimo de lucro, cuyo objetivo es promover la investigación básica y aplicada, especialmente la física, el desarrollo tecnológico e industrial, en las áreas de su competencia, tanto en Colombia como en los países de la Región Andina y el Caribe.
Además de su labor científica y académica, el CIF ha desempeñado un papel importante en la gestación de políticas de cooperación científica y tecnológica en la región. En el caso colombiano, en particular, el CIF ha desempeñado un papel pionero en temas relacionados con la Legislación de Ciencia y Tecnología, la creación de entidades de investigación y promoción de la ciencia, la relación universidad-industria y la creación de empresas de base tecnológica.",5467040,es,2026-05-10T12:29:03Z,13178,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Centro Internacional de Física,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Internacional_de_F%C3%ADsica,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"El Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB) es un centro estratégico del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) con un objetivo mixto académico y de transferencia de tecnología en el área de la Biotecnología. La misión del centro es encontrar soluciones innovadoras a los grandes retos de la sociedad europea en las áreas de salud, alimentación y medio ambiente.
Aunque su creación por el Gobierno data de 1985, su inauguración se produjo el 9 de julio de 1992.​",1119652,es,2026-07-30T01:32:11Z,8791,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Centro Nacional de Biotecnología,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Nacional_de_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"El Centro Nacional de Investigación de Virología y Biotecnología VECTOR (en ruso: Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии Вектор romanizado como Gosudárstvenny naúchny tsentr virusologii i biotejnologii ""Vektor"" o académicamente transliterado como Gosudarstvennij naučnyj centr virusologii i biotehnologii ""Vektor""), también conocido como Instituto Vector, es uno de los institutos de investigación sobre virología, epidemiología, biología molecular, bacteriología, ingeniería genética, ecología y biotecnología más grandes de Rusia. Fundado en 1974, está ubicado en la ciudad científica (naukogrado) de Koltsovo en el óblast de Novosibirsk a pocos kilómetros de Novosibirsk, en Siberia. Depende del Servicio Federal de Supervisión de la Protección y el Bienestar del Consumidor (Rospotrebnadzor).
Tiene instalaciones y capacidades de investigación para todos los niveles de riesgo biológico, y una de las colecciones de virus más completas del mundo, incluidos los altamente peligrosos virus del Ébola, de Marburg, del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS) o la viruela, este último virus erradicado y uno de los dos únicos depósitos oficiales con muestras existentes autorizados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).​​  Desde sus inicios, sus instalaciones están defendidas por un destacamento militar. El centro tiene una sucursal, el Instituto de Biotecnología Médica, ubicado en Berdsk. 
Durante la Unión Soviética, fue parte del sistema de laboratorios para la guerra biológica conocido como Biopreparat. Vector también participó en proyectos de ingeniería genética como la creación de virus capaces de fabricar toxinas, así como investigaciones sobre biorreguladores y varios péptidos relacionados con el sistema nervioso.
En la época postsoviética, el centro hizo contribuciones en la investigación y desarrollo en muchos proyectos, la investigación de la viruela, una vacuna para la hepatitis A, vacunas contra la influenza, el virus del Ébola, o medicamentos antivirales con análogos de nucleótidos, sistemas para realizar pruebas en el diagnóstico de VIH o de la hepatitis B, entre otros desarrollos.​​ En 2020, durante la pandemia de COVID-19, presentó la vacuna EpiVacCorona.",9801382,es,2026-07-30T01:32:12Z,20263,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Centro Nacional de Investigación de Virología y Biotecnología VECTOR,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Nacional_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_de_Virolog%C3%ADa_y_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_VECTOR,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"El Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología de Cuba (CIGB) es el centro de investigación científica de Cuba que trabaja en los campos de medicina y la biología, y mejorando los campos de la salud humana, el sector agropecuario y el medio ambiente.​ Representa uno de los centros de investigación más importantes de Cuba.",5056996,es,2026-07-30T01:32:12Z,8506,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología de Cuba,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Ingenier%C3%ADa_Gen%C3%A9tica_y_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_de_Cuba,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
"[""Categoría:Ciencias de la vida"", ""Categoría:Páginas que usan imágenes múltiples con imágenes escaladas automáticamente"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con traducciones del alemán""]","Las ciencias de la vida (también, biociencias) comprenden todos los campos de la ciencia que estudian los seres vivos, como las plantas, animales y seres humanos. Aunque el estudio del comportamiento de los organismos, tal como se practica en etología, psicología y biología, incluye también otros campos relacionados como la medicina, la biomedicina y la bioquímica, el espectro metodológico puede abarcar todos los dispositivos y aparatos relacionados e incluir también ciencias humanas y sociales. Ha llevado a una proliferación de especializaciones y campos interdisciplinarios.[cita requerida]
Si bien la biología, la medicina y la química siguen siendo centros de ciencias de la vida, los avances tecnológicos en biología molecular y la biotecnología han dado lugar a un florecimiento de las especialidades y campos nuevos, a menudo interdisciplinarios.[cita requerida]
Las ciencias de la vida son útiles para mejorar la calidad y el nivel de vida. Tienen aplicaciones en la agricultura, la ciencia de los alimentos, las industrias farmacéuticas, la medicina y la salud.​
En el mundo anglosajón, se utiliza a menudo el término life sciences (""ciencias de la vida""). No siempre se utiliza en todos los países con las mismas connotaciones o con el mismo grado de abarcabilidad (contexto).[cita requerida]",778649,es,2026-07-13T10:16:24Z,3853,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Ciencias de la vida,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_de_la_vida,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"Cristina Garmendia Mendizábal (San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, 21 de febrero de 1962) es una bióloga, empresaria y política española. Sin militancia política anterior, fue nombrada en abril de 2008 ministra de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España, cargo que ejerció durante toda la IX legislatura, bajo la presidencia de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.​ Desde 2015 preside la Fundación Cotec para la Innovación.​
Doctora en Biología por la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, antes de su elección como ministra era presidenta de la Fundación Inbiomed y de la Asociación Española de Bioempresas. En 2000 fundó Genetrix, empresa del sector de la biotecnología y en 2008 la sociedad de capital riesgo YSIOS, especializada en salud y biotecnología. Era también miembro de la Junta Directiva de la Confederación Española de Organizaciones Empresariales (CEOE).
Tras su salida del Gobierno, Cristina Garmendia retoma su faceta empresarial como socia de YSIOS y accionista de Genetrix, formando parte además de consejos asesores privados y públicos, entre ellos del Gobierno de Colombia. De mayo de 2024 a marzo de 2026 ostentó el cargo de presidenta de Mediaset España.​​

",1594391,es,2026-07-30T03:45:14Z,20204,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Cristina Garmendia,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Garmendia,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],"La Cámara Argentina de Biotecnología (CAB) se fundó en 2011 con el objetivo de fortalecer la política de colaboración público-privada en biotecnología e impulsar su desarrollo. La CAB tiene una mirada global, que abarca desde la investigación hasta la producción, comercialización y exportación de productos biotecnológicos con valor agregado. 
Para el período 2016-2017, la Cámara es presidida por Hugo Sigman, acompañado por Víctor Trucco como vicepresidente 1º; Alberto Álvarez Saavedra, como vicepresidente 2º; Francisco Molinari, como vicepresidente 3º; y Gustavo Grobocopatel, como secretario.",6477028,es,2026-05-10T12:29:04Z,8867,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Cámara Argentina de Biotecnología,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_Argentina_de_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,8416681,es,2026-07-13T10:08:52Z,15040,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Dolly Montoya Castaño,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Montoya_Casta%C3%B1o,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,5811240,es,2026-03-12T16:26:00Z,3251,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Electronic Journal of Biotechnology,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Journal_of_Biotechnology,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,1986493,es,2026-04-20T15:43:50Z,2061,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Fermentación (biotecnología),https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentaci%C3%B3n_(biotecnolog%C3%ADa),2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
"[""Categoría:Alumnado de la Facultad de Química de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México"", ""Categoría:Bioquímicos de México"", ""Categoría:Doctores honoris causa de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México""]",,923284,es,2026-07-13T10:16:29Z,6869,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Francisco Bolívar Zapata,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Bol%C3%ADvar_Zapata,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
"[""Categoría:Ciencia de 1976"", ""Categoría:Ciencia y tecnología de Estados Unidos del siglo XX"", ""Categoría:Empresas de San Francisco"", ""Categoría:Empresas farmacéuticas"", ""Categoría:Empresas fundadas en 1976"", ""Categoría:Estados Unidos en 1976"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores ISNI"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos sin coordenadas""]",,276700,es,2026-07-13T19:31:31Z,4365,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Genentech,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genentech,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,9692054,es,2026-06-29T14:22:50Z,4520,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Georgina Ponce Romero,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Ponce_Romero,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,8843554,es,2026-06-29T14:22:40Z,6498,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Helen Asemota,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Asemota,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,1232819,es,2026-04-27T11:31:16Z,29662,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Historia de la biotecnología,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_biotecnolog%C3%ADa,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,8479876,es,2026-06-19T19:17:43Z,5558,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,INGEB,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/INGEB,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,10488539,es,2026-07-20T20:28:42Z,12528,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Industria biotecnológica en China,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_biotecnol%C3%B3gica_en_China,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,1243855,es,2026-04-27T11:31:16Z,8824,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Ingeniería biotecnológica,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_biotecnol%C3%B3gica,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,3224951,es,2026-07-24T21:31:18Z,29690,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Ingeniería genética,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_gen%C3%A9tica,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,2748574,es,2026-01-24T21:27:01Z,1398,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Instituto Mediterráneo para el Avance de la Biotecnología y la Investigación Sanitaria,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_para_el_Avance_de_la_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_y_la_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Sanitaria,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,8418627,es,2026-05-10T12:29:06Z,2172,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Agrobiotecnolog%C3%ADa_del_Litoral,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,3167150,es,2026-07-30T01:32:11Z,4458,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Biomedicina_y_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_de_Cantabria,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,9692077,es,2024-11-20T22:15:44Z,371,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Instituto de Biotecnología,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,9543271,es,2026-07-30T01:32:12Z,2468,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Instituto de Biotecnología (CICVyA),https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_(CICVyA),2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,9692403,es,2026-06-19T19:17:43Z,4771,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Instituto de Biotecnología (UNAM),https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_(UNAM),2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,2816364,es,2026-05-10T12:29:02Z,7509,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Instituto de Biotecnología Molecular,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_Molecular,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,7757427,es,2026-07-31T00:24:50Z,8373,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,José Miguel Mulet,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Mulet,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
"[""Categoría:Arquitectura de Estados Unidos de 1965"", ""Categoría:Arquitectura moderna en Pensilvania"", ""Categoría:Biotecnología"", ""Categoría:Ciencia de 1965"", ""Categoría:Ciencia y tecnología de Estados Unidos del siglo XX"", ""Categoría:Edificios y estructuras de Pensilvania"", ""Categoría:Laboratorios"", ""Categoría:Obras de Louis Kahn"", ""Categoría:Universidad de Pensilvania"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con coordenadas en Wikidata"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores NRHP""]",,717079,es,2026-01-24T21:23:26Z,4070,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Laboratorios Richards,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorios_Richards,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,9673989,es,2026-06-29T14:22:50Z,7199,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Leonor Pérez Martínez,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_P%C3%A9rez_Mart%C3%ADnez,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
"[""Categoría:Alumnado de la Universidad Católica de Lovaina"", ""Categoría:Alumnado de la Universidad de Concepción"", ""Categoría:Alumnado del Colegio San Luis de Antofagasta"", ""Categoría:Cirujanos de Chile"", ""Categoría:Hombres"", ""Categoría:Intendentes de la región del Biobío"", ""Categoría:Ministros de Educación de Chile"", ""Categoría:Ministros de Estado de Michelle Bachelet"", ""Categoría:Nacidos en 1947"", ""Categoría:Nacidos en Calama"", ""Categoría:Personas vivas"", ""Categoría:Políticos demócrata-cristianos de Chile"", ""Categoría:Profesores de Medicina de Chile""]",,401108,es,2026-07-10T14:12:00Z,6265,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Martín Zilic,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Zilic,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,1626951,es,2026-07-13T10:16:51Z,11119,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Merck KGaA,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_KGaA,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,2008807,es,2026-04-20T15:43:50Z,5411,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Microbiología industrial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiolog%C3%ADa_industrial,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,11327653,es,2026-08-03T12:19:35Z,1975,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Productores Biotecnología Agroindustrial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa_Agroindustrial,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,1340597,es,2026-07-10T14:12:06Z,6414,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_Profesional_Interdisciplinaria_de_Biotecnolog%C3%ADa,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,9002438,es,2026-06-19T19:17:43Z,12582,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Universidad Estatal de Milagro,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Estatal_de_Milagro,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,2777300,es,2026-06-19T19:17:42Z,6928,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Polit%C3%A9cnica_de_Pachuca,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],,8912026,es,2026-06-19T19:17:43Z,6863,2026-08-03T21:56:42+00:00,Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Polit%C3%A9cnica_de_Tlaxcala,2yfEclnbzSgZZvGik,OtxOL2EBqLKrFdc7o
[],1927年（1927 ねん）は、西暦（グレゴリオ暦）による、土曜日から始まる平年。昭和2年。,2532,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,43919,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,1927年,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E5%B9%B4,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],1990年代（せんきゅうひゃくきゅうじゅうねんだい）は、西暦（グレゴリオ暦）1990年から1999年までの10年間を指す十年紀。この項目では、国際的な視点に基づいた1990年代について記載する。,1484,ja,2026-08-01T18:35:13Z,32884,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,1990年代,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],21世紀（にじゅういっせいき）とは、西暦2001年から西暦2100年までの100年間を指す世紀。3千年紀における最初の世紀である。,1983,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,80249,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,21世紀,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/21%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"Google LLC（グーグル）は、情報技術、検索エンジン、オンライン広告及び人工知能（AI）等の事業を行うアメリカの多国籍企業である。BBCはGoogleを「世界で最も強力な企業」と表現しており、世界で最も価値のあるブランドの1つにも数えられている。Googleの親会社であるAlphabet Inc.はNVIDIA、マイクロソフト、Apple、Amazon、Metaと並びビッグ・テックの一角と見なされている。
世界最大規模の検索エンジン、オンライン広告、クラウドコンピューティング、ソフトウェア、ハードウェア関連の事業を展開する。",870743,ja,2026-08-01T11:28:19Z,147655,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,Google,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"Google DeepMind（グーグル・ディープマインド）は、イギリスにある人工知能を開発しているAlphabetの子会社である。2010年にDeepMind Technologiesとして起業され、2014年にGoogleによって買収された。ロンドンを拠点とし、カナダ、フランス、米国にも研究センターを持つ。2015年、Googleの親会社であるAlphabetの完全子会社となり、2023年4月にはGoogle AIのGoogle Brain部門と統合し、Google DeepMindに名称変更した。 
Google DeepMindは、人間と似たようなやり方でどのようにビデオゲームをプレーするかを学ぶニューラルネットワークを作成している。また、従来的なチューリング機械のように外部記憶装置にアクセスできるニューラルネットワークを作成しており、これによって人間の脳の短期記憶を模倣できるのではないかと期待されている。DeepMindが開発したプログラムAlphaGoは人間のプロ囲碁棋士を初めて破った。",3380347,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:19Z,18074,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,Google DeepMind,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"MIT人工知能研究所（英: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory、AI Lab）は、マサチューセッツ工科大学にかつて存在した学際的研究機関であり、人工知能とロボット工学の分野で世界的な貢献をしたことで知られる。MITでの人工知能研究は1959年に始まった。1963年、人工知能研究グループは新たに結成された Project MAC に編入され、1970年にそこから分離して人工知能研究所を設立。2003年、同研究所は Project MAC の流れを受け継いだMITコンピュータ科学研究所と合併し、CSAILとなった。
創設者には、マービン・ミンスキー、ジョン・マッカーシー（LISP言語発明者）などがいた。1950年代から1970年代にかけて、彼らは自らが開発したタイムシェアリング方式のオペレーティングシステム ITS を載せたコンピュータ（当初はPDP-6、後にPDP-10）を共有して使っていた。
TECO 上で Emacs を開発したリチャード・ストールマンなどの多くの才能あるプログラマ達がこの環境で育った。
人工知能研究所の主な研究テーマは、視覚、機械的動作と操作、言語などで、彼らはそれらがより知的な機械を構築するためのキーになると考えていた。",840883,ja,2026-03-10T13:29:27Z,2597,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,MIT人工知能研究所,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"Prolog（プロログ）は論理プログラミング言語の一つであり、該当分野で最もよく知られている論理型言語の代表格である。主に人工知能研究や計算言語学との関連性を持つ。定理証明、エキスパートシステム、自動計画、自然言語処理とも繋がりが深い。形式論理である一階述語論理を基礎にして、事実群と規則群の表現および関係の観点に立った宣言型パラダイムに準拠しており、その関係に則った質問によって計算が開始されるという性質を持つ。
Prologは、1972年にマルセイユ大学のアラン・カルメラウアーとフィリップ・ラッセルによって開発された。フランス語の「programmation en logique」がその名の由来である。Prologの誕生にはエディンバラ大学のロバート・コワルスキが考案したホーン節が大きく寄与している。カルメラウアーによる元祖版はマルセイユPrologと呼ばれている。その後、コワルスキの門弟のデヴィッド・ワーレンが1977年に改訂開発したエディンバラProlog（DEC-10 Prolog）が標準になってPrologは広く普及した。",1475,ja,2026-08-01T00:13:04Z,73986,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,Prolog,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],『ぱいどん』は、TEZUKA2020プロジェクトによる日本の漫画作品。ディープラーニングを用いた世界初の人工知能を使って制作された漫画である。合理的なデジタル社会となった2030年の東京を舞台に、異能を持つホームレスの青年が事件解決に挑む物語。,4158613,ja,2026-07-19T14:45:40Z,59164,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,ぱいどん,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%B1%E3%81%84%E3%81%A9%E3%82%93,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],アナウンサー（英: announcer）とは、自身の声により不特定多数に対して情報を伝達する職業。,1128880,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:09Z,10117,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,アナウンサー,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"アメリカ人工知能学会（Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence、AAAI）は、人工知能 (AI)技術を主題とする国際的な非営利の学術団体。「思考と知性の根底にある機構を科学的に解明し、機械でそれを実現する」ことを使命とする。アクロニムであるAAAIに決まった読み方はないが、コミュニティでは「トリプルAI」という読まれる場合が多い 。「アメリカ人工知能学会」というのは旧称 American Association for Artificial Intelligence の訳であり、現在の定訳はない。
その活動は、国際学会の開催や論文・書籍の発行など(主に研究者のための活動)にはとどまらず、AI研究コミュニティの広報役として、一般社会への普及活動も行い、例えばAI Topicsのような一般向けのニュースブログを運営する。また、研究募金を集め資金を分配する機能も担っており、若い研究者へのtravel grantの発行や、賞の贈呈なども行う。",745525,ja,2026-08-01T11:28:18Z,8163,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,アメリカ人工知能学会,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"アレン・ニューウェル（Allen Newell, 1927年3月19日 - 1992年7月19日）は、初期の人工知能研究の研究者。計算機科学および認知心理学の研究者であり、ランド研究所やカーネギーメロン大学の計算機科学科、テッパー・スクール・オブ・ビジネスに勤務した。ハーバート・サイモンと共に開発した Information Processing Language (1956) や2つの初期のAIプログラムである Logic Theory Machine (1956) と General Problem Solver (1957) で知られている。1975年、人工知能と認知心理学への基礎的貢献が認められ、ハーバート・サイモンと共にACMチューリング賞を受賞。",13690,ja,2026-06-24T11:08:08Z,13042,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,アレン・ニューウェル,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"コンピュータ（英: computer）は、広義には、計算やデータ処理を自動的に行う装置全般のことであるが、今日では特に断らない限り、その中でも電子技術を用いたエレクトロニックコンピュータ（electronic computer、電子計算機）を指す。
表記法や同義語は、技術者が使う用語や特定分野限定で使われる用語・表記法なども含めると、かなり多数ある。#呼称の歴史、同義語・表記",1679,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,74372,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,コンピュータ,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],コンピュータゲーム（英: computer game）はコンピュータの機能を使って動作するゲームの総称である。あるいは、コンピュータ上で動作し、コンピュータと人間の間で行うゲームのこと。もしくは、コンピュータを利用したゲーム、および、そのプログラム。ビデオゲーム（英: video game）、単にゲーム（英: game）とも。,231,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:52Z,52110,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,コンピュータゲーム,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"コンピュータゲームにおける人工知能（コンピュータゲームにおけるじんこうちのう）は、コンピュータゲームにおいて、ノンプレイヤーキャラクター（NPC）の振る舞いに知能があるかのような錯覚を生み出す技法である。主な技法は人工知能（AI）の既存技術を活用したものである。しかしゲームAIと呼ぶ場合、制御理論・ロボット工学・コンピュータグラフィックス・計算機科学全般の技法を含む様々なアルゴリズムを指して使われることが多い。囲碁や将棋の分野では最善手を探索するプログラムを囲碁AI・将棋AIと呼称している。
ゲームAIはユーザーから見て知性が感じられるか、ゲームプレイが心地よいかに集中しているため、通常のAIとは手法が大きく異なる。ワークアラウンドやチート（ずる）は許容されており、コンピュータと人間の対戦形式の場合、人間側が公平さを感じるよう調整が必要である。例えばファーストパーソン・シューティングゲームの場合、NPCは人間の能力を超えた完璧な射撃もできるが、それでは公平さが感じられなくなる。",2643528,ja,2026-07-19T14:44:52Z,20475,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,コンピュータゲームにおける人工知能,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"コンピュータビジョン（computer vision）はコンピュータがデジタルな画像、または動画をいかによく理解できるか、ということを扱う研究分野である。工学的には、人間の視覚システムが行うことができるタスクを自動化することを追求する分野である。
この分野はコンピュータが実世界の情報を取得する全ての過程を扱うため、画像センシングのためのハードウェアから情報を認識するための人工知能的理論まで幅広く研究されている。また、近年ではコンピュータグラフィックスとコンピュータビジョンの融合が注目を集めている。
研究対象を大別すると、

画像センサ
カメラ
レンジファインダ
2次元画像処理
背景差分法
フレーム間差分法
オプティカルフロー
動きベクトル
3次元画像処理
ステレオ法（コンピュータステレオビジョン）
エピポーラ幾何
Shape from X
因子分解法 (factorization)
認識・識別
機械学習のアルゴリズム(k-nn, k-means, svm等)
深層学習のアルゴリズム(CNN, RNN等)
情報提示
バーチャルリアリティ
複合現実感・拡張現実感
が挙げられる。
これらの技術はロボットビジョン、ウェアラブルコンピュータなどとも深く結びついている。
また、背景知識として信号処理、線型代数などが要求される。人間の目と脳に匹敵するコンピュータビジョンの開発はAI完全な問題とされている。",1358,ja,2026-07-26T15:46:01Z,3194,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,コンピュータビジョン,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"シンボル（象徴、symbol）は、記号 (sign) を分類した1つの種類である。その厳密な定義は1つではないが、記号のうちその対象との関係が非本来的・隠然的であるものがシンボルとされる。「象徴記号」と訳されることもある。""symbol""の語源は古代ギリシャ語の""symbolon""(σύμβολον) に由来し、syn-が「一緒に」、boleが「投げる」や「飛ばす」を意味し、合わせて、「一緒にする」や、二つに割ったものをつき合わせて同一の物と確認する「割符」（古代ギリシアでは割った土器片）や「合言葉」を意味する。",9702,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,8398,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,シンボル,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],ジェフリー・エヴァレスト・ヒントン（英: Geoffrey Everest Hinton、1947年12月6日 - ）は、イギリス生まれのコンピュータ科学および認知心理学の研究者。ニューラルネットワークの研究を行っており、人工知能(AI)研究の第一人者とみなされている。トロント大学名誉教授（2022年時点）。2024年にジョン・ホップフィールドとともにノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。,3124489,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:18Z,28904,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,ジェフリー・ヒントン,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"ジェフリー・アドゲート・ディーン（Jeffrey Adgate ""Jeff"" Dean 、1968年7月23日 - ）は、アメリカ合衆国の計算機科学者およびソフトウェアエンジニアである。彼は現在、GoogleのAI部門の責任者である。ハワイ州出身。",4398008,ja,2026-07-26T15:46:01Z,13623,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,ジェフ・ディーン,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"ジョン・マッカーシー（John McCarthy, 1927年9月4日 - 2011年10月24日）は、アメリカ合衆国の計算機科学者で認知科学者。マービン・ミンスキーとならぶ初期の人工知能研究の第一人者。1955年に提出した提案書で初めて「人工知能」（Artificial Intelligence）という用語を使用した。また、ALGOL言語の設計に触発され、LISPというプログラミング言語を開発し、タイムシェアリングの概念を一般化させた。",2345,ja,2026-07-19T14:43:21Z,25359,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,ジョン・マッカーシー,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"スタンフォード人工知能研究所（スタンフォードAIラボまたは SAIL）は、スタンフォード大学にある人工知能(AI)研究所。
1963年、マサチューセッツ工科大学からスタンフォードに移ってきたジョン・マッカーシーが設立した。1965年から1980年までスタンフォードを見下ろすサンタクルーズ山のふもとの D.C. Power building にあった。この期間、SAIL は AI 研究の主要拠点のひとつであった。",717419,ja,2026-07-26T15:46:01Z,4864,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,スタンフォード人工知能研究所,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,141202,ja,2026-08-01T15:41:21Z,22714,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,スパイダーマン2,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B32,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,11394,ja,2026-08-02T02:30:00Z,63474,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,チャットボット,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%83%88,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,10968,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,55856,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,チューリング・テスト,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,3219531,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:19Z,59806,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,ディープラーニング,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,3422894,ja,2026-08-03T17:21:25Z,250148,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,デジモンユニバース アプリモンスターズ,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9_%E3%82%A2%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,56523,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:56Z,124893,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,ニューラルネットワーク (機械学習),https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF_(%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%BF%92),SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,13526,ja,2026-07-22T16:12:15Z,9507,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,ハーバート・サイモン,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,2516371,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:16Z,48048,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,フィクションにおける人工知能,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,1033,ja,2026-07-26T15:46:01Z,19653,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,マービン・ミンスキー,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,13728,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:54Z,31672,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,ロボット工学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,10969,ja,2026-07-26T15:46:01Z,7552,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,中国語の部屋,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E9%83%A8%E5%B1%8B,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,1771,ja,2026-08-02T17:27:12Z,17520,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,人工生命,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
"[""Div colで3列を指定しているページ"", ""Webarchiveテンプレートのウェイバックリンク"", ""コンピュータのユーザインタフェース"", ""サイバネティックス"", ""ビッグデータ"", ""プログラミング"", ""人工知能"", ""工学"", ""工業"", ""形式科学"", ""心の哲学"", ""情報工学"", ""情報通信業"", ""新技術"", ""日本語版記事がリダイレクトの仮リンクを含む記事"", ""研究の計算分野"", ""研究開発"", ""科学技術の倫理"", ""言葉を濁した記述のある記事/2026年4月"", ""計算機科学"", ""計算機科学の未解決問題""]",,70,ja,2026-08-03T10:23:24Z,185042,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,人工知能,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,2611279,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:16Z,188597,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,人工知能の歴史,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,409964,ja,2026-08-01T11:28:18Z,6435,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,人工知能学会,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,11077,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:53Z,26360,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,人造人間,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,4207967,ja,2026-07-09T08:37:59Z,10066,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,坂本真樹,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%82%E6%9C%AC%E7%9C%9F%E6%A8%B9,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,735534,ja,2026-06-16T08:33:50Z,18518,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,小目,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%9B%AE,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,1053342,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:09Z,27007,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,強いAIと弱いAI,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%84AI%E3%81%A8%E5%BC%B1%E3%81%84AI,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,48092,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:55Z,20531,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,心,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,447254,ja,2026-08-03T10:05:42Z,15412,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,意思決定,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,815001,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:07Z,5105,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,手続き的知識,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E7%B6%9A%E3%81%8D%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,567551,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:05Z,113779,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,技術的特異点,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E7%82%B9,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,185375,ja,2026-08-03T16:54:12Z,82154,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,機械学習,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%BF%92,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,520228,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:04Z,13470,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,盗作,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%97%E4%BD%9C,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,58252,ja,2026-08-01T02:41:56Z,51831,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,知能,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
"[""Columns-list/列幅が指定されていない記事"", ""アルゴリズム"", ""コーパス言語学"", ""ディープラーニング"", ""ニューラルネットワーク"", ""ベクトル空間"", ""人工知能"", ""人工知能の歴史"", ""人工知能アプリケーション"", ""出典を必要とする記事/2012年1月"", ""分類アルゴリズム"", ""品詞"", ""情報の更新が必要とされている項目/2021年1月-6月"", ""感情"", ""機械学習"", ""機械翻訳"", ""研究の計算分野"", ""確率"", ""確率と統計"", ""確率モデル"", ""統計"", ""統計アルゴリズム"", ""統計モデル"", ""翻訳"", ""自然言語処理"", ""英語版ウィキペディアからの翻訳を必要とする記事"", ""言語学"", ""計算言語学"", ""説明が求められている文章がある記事""]",,67,ja,2026-07-19T14:43:21Z,15661,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,自然言語処理,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%87%A6%E7%90%86,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,708211,ja,2026-07-29T08:43:55Z,21888,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,苫米地英人,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%AB%E7%B1%B3%E5%9C%B0%E8%8B%B1%E4%BA%BA,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,166522,ja,2026-07-26T15:46:01Z,15552,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,認知科学,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],,3709615,ja,2026-08-01T02:42:21Z,25552,2026-08-03T21:56:51+00:00,超知能,https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD,SVZqYMJCwkhpdRvy7,Xxl8o6azneD1suLsm
[],"La Administración Espacial Nacional de China o CNSA (siglas del inglés China National Space Administration; chino: 国家航天局; pinyin: Guójiā Hángtiān Jú) es la agencia espacial nacional de China responsable del programa espacial nacional y de la planificación y desarrollo de las actividades espaciales. La CNSA y la Corporación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aeroespacial de China (CASC) asumieron la autoridad sobre los esfuerzos de desarrollo espacial que antes tenía el Ministerio de Industria Aeroespacial. Es una agencia subordinada de la Administración Estatal de Ciencia, Tecnología e Industria para la Defensa Nacional (SASTIND), a su vez una agencia subordinada del Ministerio de Industria y Tecnología de la Información (MIIT). Su sede está en el distrito de Haidian, en Pekín.
A pesar de su corta existencia, la CNSA ha sido pionera en la consecución de varios logros en el espacio para China, como ser la primera agencia espacial en aterrizar en la cara oculta de la Luna con Chang'e 4 y traer material de vuelta de la Luna con Chang'e 5, la segunda en aterrizar y orbitar con éxito un rover en Marte con Tianwen-1 y la creación de la estación espacial Tiangong en 2021.",1416361,es,2026-07-30T01:32:11Z,25375,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Administración Espacial Nacional China,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3n_Espacial_Nacional_China,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La Agencia Espacial Brasileña (en portugués Agência Espacial Brasileira) conocida también por su sigla AEB, es la autoridad civil del Brasil que está a cargo del programa espacial del país. Ésta opera en el Centro de Lanzamiento de Alcántara y el Centro de Lanzamiento de Barrera del Infierno. La agencia ha puesto al Brasil en un lugar de relevancia en cuanto a tecnología espacial en Latinoamérica y lo ha convertido en un socio para la cooperación en la Estación Espacial Internacional que ha culminado con el lanzamiento del primero astronauta brasileño en la Misión Centenario en 2006.​
La agencia espacial brasileña es la sucesora del programa espacial brasileño, el cual se encontraba previamente bajo control militar. La transferencia al control civil se realizó el 10 de febrero de 1994.
Brasil lanzó exitosamente su primer cohete al espacio el 02-Abr-1993 con el vuelo del cohete VS-40 PT-01 desde el Centro de Lanzamiento de Alcántara, lanzado en una misión suborbital con un apogeo de 950km, siguiéndole decenas de lanzamientos exitosos de las familias VSB-30 y VSB-40, fabricados en el país y utilizados también en misiones para la ESA desde Noruega​ y Suecia.​​​​
El 30 de marzo de 2006 el astronauta de la AEB Marcos Pontes se convirtió en el primer brasileño, sudamericano y la primera persona de habla portuguesa en ir al espacio, permaneciendo una semana en la estación espacial internacional. Durante su viaje, Pontes llevó a cabo ocho experimentos seleccionados por la AEB. Marcos Pontes aterrizó en Kazajistán el 8 de abril de 2006 con la tripulación de la Expedición 12 (ISS).​
La agencia espacial brasileña ha buscado llevar a cabo una política de desarrollo compartido con otros programas espaciales más avanzados. Inicialmente dependió altamente de los Estados Unidos, pero al encontrar dificultades con la transferencia tecnológica, Brasil decidió diversificarse y trabajar con otras naciones como Rusia, Ucrania, Israel, y China.",2327074,es,2026-07-30T01:32:11Z,31030,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Agencia Espacial Brasileña,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Brasile%C3%B1a,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La Agencia Espacial Siria (en árabe:  وكالة الفضاء و الطيران السورية‎) es una organización gubernamental supervisada por el ministro sirio de Comunicaciones y Tecnología, Iyad Mohammed al Khatib, y dedicada a la exploración espacial.",9481924,es,2026-07-30T01:32:12Z,2821,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Agencia Espacial Siria,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Siria,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La Agencia Espacial de Luxemburgo (LSA) es la agencia espacial nacional del Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo. Fue fundada el 12 de septiembre de 2018 por el ministro de Economía de Luxemburgo, Étienne Schneider.​​",10145572,es,2026-07-30T01:32:12Z,3352,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Agencia Espacial de Luxemburgo,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_de_Luxemburgo,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
"[""Categoría:Agencias espaciales por país"", ""Categoría:Organizaciones fundadas en 1969"", ""Categoría:Programa espacial de India"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con coordenadas en Wikidata"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores ISNI"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores VIAF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con texto en hindi"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con texto en inglés""]","La Agencia India de Investigación Espacial (en hindi: भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान सङ्गठन, romanizado: Bhāratīya Antarikṣa Anusandhāna Saṅgaṭhana, en inglés: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO);  /ˈɪsroʊ/) es la agencia espacial nacional de la India, con sede en Bangalore. Opera bajo el Departamento de Espacio (DOS, por sus siglas en inglés), que es supervisado directamente por el primer ministro de la India, mientras que el presidente de ISRO actúa también como ejecutivo de DOS. ISRO es la agencia principal de la India para realizar tareas relacionadas con aplicaciones basadas en el espacio, exploración espacial y desarrollo de tecnologías relacionadas.​ Es una de las seis agencias espaciales gubernamentales del mundo que posee capacidades de lanzamiento completas, desarrollo de motores criogénicos, lanzamiento de misiones orbitales y de operar grandes flotas de satélites artificiales.​​​
El Comité Nacional de Investigación Espacial de la India (INCOSPAR) fue establecido por Jawaharlal Nehru bajo el Departamento de Energía Atómica (DEA) en 1962, a instancias del científico Vikram Sarabhai, reconociendo la necesidad de la investigación espacial. INCOSPAR creció y se convirtió en ISRO en 1969, dentro del DEA.​ En 1972, el Gobierno de la India había establecido una Comisión Espacial y el Departamento del Espacio (DOS), lo que llevó a ISRO al DOS. El establecimiento de ISRO institucionalizó así las actividades de investigación espacial en la India.​​ Desde entonces ha sido administrado por el DOS, que gobierna varias otras instituciones en la India en el dominio de la astronomía y la tecnología espacial.​
ISRO construyó el primer satélite de la India, Aryabhata, que fue lanzado por la Unión Soviética el 19 de abril de 1975.​ En 1980, ISRO lanzó el satélite RS-1 a bordo de su propio SLV-3, lo que convirtió a la India en el sexto país capaz de realizar lanzamientos orbitales. SLV-3 fue seguido por ASLV, que posteriormente fue sucedido por el desarrollo de muchos vehículos de lanzamiento de elevación media, motores de cohetes, sistemas de satélites y redes que permiten a la agencia lanzar cientos de satélites nacionales y extranjeros y varias misiones de espacio profundo para la exploración espacial.
ISRO fue la primera agencia espacial del mundo en confirmar la existencia de moléculas de agua en la superficie de la luna.​ Tiene la constelación de satélites de teledetección más grande del mundo y opera dos sistemas de navegación por satélite, GAGAN y NAVIC. Ha enviado dos misiones a la Luna y una a Marte.
Los objetivos en el futuro cercano incluyen expandir la flota de satélites, aterrizar un rover en la Luna, enviar humanos al espacio, desarrollar un motor semi-criogénico, enviar más misiones no tripuladas a la Luna, Marte, Venus y el Sol y el despliegue de más telescopios espaciales en órbita para observar fenómenos cósmicos y al espacio exterior más allá del sistema solar. Los planes a largo plazo incluyen el desarrollo de lanzadores reutilizables, vehículos de lanzamiento pesados y superpesados, el despliegue de una estación espacial, el envío de misiones de exploración a planetas externos como Júpiter, Urano, Neptuno, también a asteroides y misiones tripuladas a la Luna y planetas.
Los programas de ISRO han desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo socioeconómico de la India y han apoyado tanto a los dominios civiles como militares en varios aspectos, incluida la gestión de desastres, la telemedicina y las misiones de navegación y reconocimiento. Las tecnologías derivadas de ISRO también han fundado muchas innovaciones cruciales para las industrias médicas y de ingeniería de la India.",16718,es,2026-07-18T09:24:02Z,57698,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Agencia India de Investigación Espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_India_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La Agencia Japonesa de Exploración Aeroespacial (en inglés: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) (国立研究開発法人宇宙航空研究開発機構, Kokuritsu-kenkyū-kaihatsu-hōjin Uchū Kōkū Kenkyū Kaihatsu Kikō?, literalmente «Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo sobre Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial») es la agencia espacial y aeroespacial nacional japonesa. Mediante la fusión de tres organizaciones previamente independientes, JAXA se formó el 1 de octubre de 2003. JAXA es responsable de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y el lanzamiento de satélites en órbita, y está involucrada en muchas misiones más avanzadas como la exploración de asteroides y la posible exploración humana de la Luna. Su lema es One JAXA y su eslogan corporativo es Explore to Realize (anteriormente Reaching for the skies, exploring space («Alcanzando los cielos, explorando el espacio»)).​",171589,es,2026-07-30T01:32:11Z,53371,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Agencia Japonesa de Exploración Aeroespacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Japonesa_de_Exploraci%C3%B3n_Aeroespacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
"[""Categoría:Astronáutica"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNE"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos demasiado largos"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos que necesitan referencias adicionales"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Copyedit"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Referenciar (aún sin clasificar)"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Wikificar"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Wikificar (aún sin clasificar)""]","La astronáutica es la teoría y práctica de la navegación más allá de la atmósfera terrestre,​ es decir en el espacio exterior, por parte de objetos artificiales, ya sean tripulados o no. Se fundamenta en el estudio de las trayectorias, navegación, exploración y supervivencia humana en el espacio exterior. Abarca el diseño y construcción de los vehículos espaciales y los lanzadores que habrán de ponerlos en órbita, o llevarlos hasta otros planetas, satélites naturales, asteroides, cometas u otros lugares del cosmos.
Se trata de una rama amplia y de gran complejidad, debido a las condiciones difíciles bajo las que deben funcionar los aparatos que se diseñen. En la astronáutica colaboran diversas especialidades científicas y tecnológicas, como la astronomía, matemáticas, física, cohetería, robótica, electrónica, computación, bioingeniería, medicina o ciencia de materiales. La astronáutica, en combinación con la astronomía y la astrofísica, ha originado e impulsado nuevas disciplinas científicas como la astrodinámica, la astrogeofísica o la astroquímica.​",15216,es,2026-07-10T10:30:20Z,57863,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Astronáutica,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%A1utica,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La carrera espacial fue una pugna entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética por la conquista del espacio que duró del 4 de octubre de 1957 al 17 de julio de 1975. Supuso el esfuerzo paralelo de ambos países de explorar el espacio exterior con satélites artificiales y de enviar humanos al espacio y a la superficie lunar.
Aunque el conflicto se remonta a las primeras tecnologías de cohetes y a las tensiones internacionales tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el inicio de la carrera espacial se hizo efectivo con el lanzamiento soviético del Sputnik 1 el 4 de octubre de 1957. El término se acuñó de forma análoga al de la carrera armamentística. La carrera espacial constituyó uno de los ejes principales de rivalidad cultural y tecnológica entre la URSS y los Estados Unidos durante la Guerra Fría. La tecnología espacial se convirtió en una arena particularmente importante en este conflicto, tanto por sus potenciales aplicaciones militares como por sus efectos sobre la opinión pública de uno y otro país.​
La carrera espacial acabó el 17 de julio de 1975, día en que se acoplaron las naves Apolo CSM-111 (Estados Unidos) y Soyuz 19 (Unión Soviética), marcando el fin de la competencia espacial entre ambas naciones.​",45110,es,2026-07-17T05:02:03Z,86801,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Carrera espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrera_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
"[""Categoría:Centros Espaciales"", ""Categoría:Ciencia y tecnología de Estados Unidos""]","El Centro Espacial Johnson (oficialmente en inglés Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center o JSC;​ en español: Centro Espacial Lyndon B. Johnson) es una instalación de la NASA para actividades tripuladas espaciales, situado en Houston suroriental, Texas, Estados Unidos. Fue construido en un terreno donado por la Universidad de Rice.
El JSC alberga el centro de control de misión (MCC-H), y el centro de control de la NASA el cual coordina y supervisa todos los vuelos tripulados de Estados Unidos. El MCC-H dirigió todas las misiones y actividades de la lanzadera, y actualmente supervisa la estación espacial internacional. Está también a cargo del White Sands Missile Range, en Nuevo México, el cual sirvió como lugar de aterrizaje de emergencia para la lanzadera espacial, así como instalación de coordinación para el vehículo que le habría de sustituir a partir de 2010, llamado programa Constelación.
Las prácticas de los astronautas de la NASA se llevan a cabo en el JSC, en la zona de entrenamiento Sonny Carter, que incluye el laboratorio de flotabilidad neutral, una piscina de grandes proporciones que tiene casi 23,4 millones de litros de agua donde los astronautas entrenan para hacer tareas adicionales, como el manejo de vehículos en condiciones simuladas de ingravidez.
El JSC emplea a alrededor de 3000 empleados, incluyendo 110 astronautas. La mano de obra está formada por, aproximadamente, 15 000 trabajadores y contratistas. De las 15 empresas que trabajan en el JSC la más grande es la United Space Alliance, que comprende cerca del 40 por ciento de los empleados del JSC. Desde mayo de 2018  a mayor de 2021 el director del centro fue Mark S. Geyer, quien se retiró tras haber sido diagnosticado de cáncer, asumiendo el cargo interinamente la hasta entonces subdirectora, Vanessa E. Wyche.​​​ Geyer fue el duodécimo director del JSC, el primero fue Robert Gilruth. 
Uno de los artefactos espaciales exhibidos en el Centro Espacial Johnson es el cohete Saturno V, completamente entero, a excepción del anillo entre las etapas de S-IC y de S-II, y del capotaje entre las etapas de S-II y de S-IVB. Este Saturno  está construido a partir de restos reales. También se exhibe un vehículo Apolo verdadero, el cual se suponía volaría en la cancelada misión Apolo 19.",34150,es,2026-07-13T10:17:12Z,14245,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Centro Espacial Johnson,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Espacial_Johnson,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"El Centro Espacial Tanegáshima  (種子島宇宙センター, tanegashima uchū sentā?), conocido también por sus siglas en inglés TNSC, Tanegashima Space Center, es una de las instalaciones de desarrollo e investigación espacial de Japón. Está localizado en Tanegáshima, una isla que se ubica 115 km al sur de Kyūshū. Fue creado en 1969, cuando se formó la Agencia Nacional de Desarrollo Espacial de Japón, la que posteriormente se transformaría en la actual JAXA.
Entre las actividades que toman lugar en el TNSC destacan el ensamblaje, el testeo y el lanzamiento de satélites artificiales, junto con los cohetes que permiten estos lanzamientos. Es el centro espacial más grande de Japón.",2275211,es,2026-02-28T11:26:14Z,4576,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Centro Espacial de Tanegashima,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Espacial_de_Tanegashima,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"El Centro Europeo de Astronomía Espacial o ESAC (en inglés European Space Astronomy Centre), localizado en Villanueva de la Cañada (a unos 30 km de Madrid, España), es el centro de la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA) especializado en Astronomía Espacial. ESAC alberga los Centros de Operaciones Científicas (SOC) de las misiones de Astronomía y del sistema solar de la ESA así como sus archivos científicos.​
Las encinas de hoja perenne y las ruinas de un castillo cercano del siglo XV (el Castillo de Aulencia) crean un espectacular telón de fondo para la vista de la alta tecnología de las grandes antenas y modernos edificios de la ESA.",431752,es,2026-06-02T07:47:50Z,12044,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Centro Europeo de Astronomía Espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Europeo_de_Astronom%C3%ADa_Espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La ciencia espacial, o ciencias espaciales, son campos de la ciencia que se centran en el estudio del espacio exterior.
Los siguientes campos están entre los más importantes de la ciencia espacial:

Astronomía
Campos de la astronomía definidos por enfoque.
Astronomía observacional - Observatorios, tanto terrestres como espaciales.
Astrometría - Posición y movimiento de los cuerpos celestes.
Astronomía Teórica - Modelado matemático de objetos celestes y fenómenos espaciales.
Campos de la astronomía definidos por alcance.
Astrofísica - Estudio de la física del universo y los astros.
La física de plasma
Mecánica Orbital - O astrodinámica, de la nave espacial.
Astrobiología - Estudio de la existencia, origen, presencia e influencia de la vida en el conjunto del Universo.
Exobiología - Estudio de las posibilidades de vida extraterrestre en el Universo.
Astronomía Estelar - Estudio de las estrellas.
Astronomía solar - Estudio del Sol.
Ciencias Planetarias (que se considera un subcampo de la astronomía y de la Geofísica)
Astrogeología
Astronomía galáctica - Estudio de la Vía Láctea
Astronomía extragaláctica - Estudio de los objetos que no pertenecen a la Vía Láctea.
Cosmología - Estudio del Universo en su conjunto.
Ingeniería Aeroespacial
Astronáutica
Cohete
Nave espacial de propulsión
Tecnología cohete lanzador
Viaje interplanetario
Viajes interestelares
Astrodinámica
Exploración espacial
Misiones espaciales no tripuladas
Misiones espaciales tripuladas
Colonización del Espacio
Además, la ciencia espacial también se refiere a otros campos, de la biología de organismos en ambientes espaciales a la geología de otros cuerpos celestes o planetas (Astrogeología), así como la física nuclear en el espacio interestelar y en el interior de las estrellas.

...",4235263,es,2026-04-05T15:25:21Z,2860,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Ciencia espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"El clima espacial o meteorología del espacio son las condiciones físicas del Sol, el medio interplanetario, el campo geomagnético, la atmósfera terrestre y de la superficie terrestre que se encuentran influidas por la interacción entre el Sol y la Tierra. Las variaciones en el clima espacial pueden provocar serias afectaciones en la tecnología.​ El clima espacial tiene dos enfoques: su investigación científica y sus aplicaciones. Este término no comenzó a utilizarse dentro de los círculos científicos hasta la década de 1990. Con anterioridad, las actividades científicas estaban consideradas como una parte de la física espacial, de la aeronomía o de la exploración espacial.

",3196757,es,2026-07-19T01:52:27Z,6229,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Clima espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales, más conocida como CONAE, es la agencia espacial del Gobierno de Argentina responsable del Plan Nacional Espacial.
El 28 de mayo de 1991 comenzó a funcionar la agencia, remplazando a la Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales (CNIE) cuya historia se remonta al año 1960, esta última logró grandes hitos en las décadas de 1960 y 1970. Actualmente es el organismo competente para entender, diseñar, ejecutar, controlar, gestionar y administrar proyectos, actividades y emprendimientos en materia espacial en todo el ámbito de la República Argentina.
Para cumplir con la ejecución del Plan Nacional Espacial de Argentina la CONAE cuenta con información espacial generada por satélites construidos y diseñados en la Argentina de los cuales se destaca la serie Satélites de Aplicaciones Científicas (SAC). En conjunto con la empresa INVAP de Bariloche (Sociedad del Estado) y asociándose principalmente con la agencia de los Estados Unidos, (NASA), provee la plataforma satelital y la mayoría de los instrumentos de dichos satélites. Estos son controlados desde la Estación Terrena Córdoba situada en la provincia de Córdoba. Más de 80 universidades, entes, organismos y empresas nacionales participan en los proyectos y actividades de este Plan Espacial.",4789389,es,2026-07-30T01:32:12Z,22085,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Actividades_Espaciales,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"El complejo de lanzamiento 39 (en inglés: Launch Complex 39) es un conjunto de grandes instalaciones dentro del centro espacial John F. Kennedy en Merritt Island, Florida, Estados Unidos. Fue construido para los lanzamientos del programa Apolo y más adelante modificado para los lanzamientos del transbordador espacial. Actualmente es utilizado para lanzar misiones tripuladas y no tripuladas a cargo de la empresa SpaceX.​​",244328,es,2026-06-22T22:58:41Z,5372,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Complejo de lanzamiento 39 del centro espacial Kennedy,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complejo_de_lanzamiento_39_del_centro_espacial_Kennedy,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"Se conoce como era espacial al período que comprende las actividades relacionadas con la carrera espacial, la exploración espacial, la tecnología espacial y los desarrollos culturales influidos por estos acontecimientos.  

La carrera espacial fue una pugna entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética por la conquista del espacio que duró aproximadamente de 1955 a 1975. Supuso el esfuerzo paralelo de ambos países de explorar el espacio exterior con satélites artificiales y de enviar astronautas al espacio y a la superficie lunar.",598169,es,2026-04-20T15:42:55Z,8308,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Era espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La Expedición 48 fue la 48.ª estancia de larga duración en la Estación Espacial Internacional.  
Jeffrey Williams, Aleksey Ovchinin y Oleg Skripochka fueron transferidos de la Expedición 47. La Expedición 48 empezó con el desacoplamiento de la Soyuz TMA-19M el 7 de julio de 2016 y finalizó con el desacoplamiento de la Soyuz TMA-20M el 6 de septiembre de 2016. La tripulación de la Soyuz MS-01 fue transferida a la Expedición 49.​​​​",7120294,es,2026-04-27T11:31:39Z,3775,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Expedición 48,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_48,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La Expedición 49 es la 49.ª estancia de larga duración en la Estación Espacial Internacional.  Anatoli Ivanishin, Kathleen Rubins y Takuya Onishi serán transferidos de la Expedición 48. La Expedición 49 empezó con el regreso de la Soyuz MS-01 el 6 de septiembre de 2016 y finalizó con el regreso de la Soyuz MS-01 en noviembre de 2016. La tripulación de la Soyuz MS-02 fue transferida entonces a la Expedición 50.​​​",7121361,es,2026-04-27T11:31:39Z,3486,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Expedición 49,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_49,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"La Expedición 50 es la 50.ª estancia de larga duración en la Estación Espacial Internacional. Andrei Borisenko, Robert S. Kimbrough y Sergey Ryzhikov fueron transferidos de la Expedición 49. La Expedición 50 empezó con el regreso de la Soyuz MS-02. La tripulación de la Soyuz MS-03 fue transferida entonces a la Expedición 51.",7790446,es,2026-04-27T11:31:41Z,4558,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Expedición 50,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_50,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],"Exploración puede referirse a:

Exploración geográfica.
Exploración de hidrocarburos
Exploración espacial.
Exploración militar.
Exploración urbana.
Exploración médica, un acto médico en el que el médico explora el cuerpo del paciente (de forma más general, se habla de reconocimiento médico).
Exploración física.
Exploración complementaria.
Búsqueda de información.
La navegación por Internet (véase también Internet Explorer).
La iniciación en la sexualidad.
La investigación científica, o su primer paso (el intento inicial de develar un conocimiento genérico sobre algún fenómeno). Los dos siguientes son la descripción y la explicación). Véase también método científico.",4149470,es,2026-07-05T14:56:59Z,913,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración (desambiguación),https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_(desambiguaci%C3%B3n),FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,2108529,es,2026-07-10T10:11:21Z,29316,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración de Júpiter,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_de_J%C3%BApiter,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,35353,es,2026-07-10T13:37:43Z,38659,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración de Marte,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_de_Marte,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,7412133,es,2026-07-10T19:09:41Z,26541,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración de Plutón,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_de_Plut%C3%B3n,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,273158,es,2026-07-10T16:07:26Z,37665,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración de Venus,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_de_Venus,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
"[""Categoría:Exploración de la Luna"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN""]",,19012,es,2026-07-10T14:27:56Z,27674,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración de la Luna,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_de_la_Luna,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,6506779,es,2026-07-10T16:51:15Z,7807,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración del espacio profundo,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_del_espacio_profundo,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
"[""Categoría:Exploración espacial"", ""Categoría:Sistema solar"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos que necesitan referencias"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Referenciar astronomía""]",,34080,es,2026-04-20T15:42:23Z,7025,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración del sistema solar,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_del_sistema_solar,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,185209,es,2026-08-03T10:30:15Z,62879,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,4093517,es,2026-01-24T21:28:24Z,1820,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Exploración espacial soviética en los sellos postales,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3n_espacial_sovi%C3%A9tica_en_los_sellos_postales,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,6915675,es,2026-07-10T15:23:23Z,25638,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Historia de los vuelos espaciales,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_los_vuelos_espaciales,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,5454979,es,2026-04-20T15:46:34Z,35117,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Hábitat espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1bitat_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,10392372,es,2026-07-10T15:18:31Z,3206,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Instituto de Investigación Espacial de la Academia de Ciencias de Rusia,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Espacial_de_la_Academia_de_Ciencias_de_Rusia,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,9955841,es,2026-06-12T23:23:31Z,18417,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Investigación espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigaci%C3%B3n_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
"[""Categoría:Cohetes espaciales"", ""Categoría:Exploración espacial"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores AAT"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos que necesitan referencias"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Referenciar (aún sin clasificar)""]",,6973,es,2026-07-13T10:17:08Z,35132,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Lanzadera espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzadera_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,8106447,es,2026-04-20T15:49:00Z,9176,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Medalla por los Méritos en la Exploración del Espacio,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalla_por_los_M%C3%A9ritos_en_la_Exploraci%C3%B3n_del_Espacio,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,6244534,es,2026-04-20T15:47:12Z,2327,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Meteorología espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorolog%C3%ADa_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,37478,es,2026-07-29T13:16:46Z,29794,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Nave espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,2607876,es,2026-07-24T07:52:00Z,27615,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Nave espacial robótica,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_espacial_rob%C3%B3tica,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,7977703,es,2026-04-20T15:48:55Z,1441,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Space_Technologies_for_Exploration_Partnerships,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,11491210,es,2026-07-28T02:54:44Z,13078,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Nueva Carrera Espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Carrera_Espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,1894610,es,2026-04-27T11:31:17Z,16143,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Plan Nacional Espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Nacional_Espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,8080878,es,2026-07-10T11:28:09Z,20318,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Programa espacial chino,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_espacial_chino,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
"[""Categoría:Programa espacial de la Unión Soviética"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con texto en ruso""]",,15509,es,2026-07-10T13:58:51Z,33275,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Programa espacial de la Unión Soviética,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_espacial_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,711727,es,2026-07-10T16:08:12Z,2440,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Sector espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,1799742,es,2026-08-03T18:01:36Z,3291,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Tecnología espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolog%C3%ADa_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
"[""Categoría:Estados Unidos en 1984"", ""Categoría:Naves y artefactos espaciales lanzados en 1984"", ""Categoría:Transbordadores espaciales de la NASA"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en portugués"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores SNAC"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos que necesitan referencias adicionales"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Referenciar (aún sin clasificar)""]",,13607,es,2026-07-13T10:17:10Z,20496,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Transbordador espacial Discovery,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbordador_espacial_Discovery,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,7977769,es,2026-04-20T15:48:55Z,2443,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Vehículo de exploración espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculo_de_exploraci%C3%B3n_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,3280101,es,2026-04-20T15:44:36Z,52939,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Viaje espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaje_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,426259,es,2026-07-31T20:25:53Z,37892,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Vuelo espacial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_espacial,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
[],,411255,es,2026-07-18T15:45:05Z,10429,2026-08-03T21:56:27+00:00,Vuelo espacial tripulado,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_espacial_tripulado,FKbfmBdASgiu2PKj3,VbFXLH0AhI1DIpaPD
"[""Categoría:Inteligencia artificial en la ficción"", ""Categoría:Películas basadas en Pinocho"", ""Categoría:Películas con música de John Williams"", ""Categoría:Películas de 2001"", ""Categoría:Películas de Amblin Entertainment"", ""Categoría:Películas de DreamWorks Pictures"", ""Categoría:Películas de Estados Unidos"", ""Categoría:Películas de Warner Bros."", ""Categoría:Películas de ciencia ficción"", ""Categoría:Películas de ciencia ficción de Estados Unidos"", ""Categoría:Películas de padres"", ""Categoría:Películas dirigidas por Steven Spielberg"", ""Categoría:Películas dramáticas"", ""Categoría:Películas en inglés"", ""Categoría:Películas postapocalípticas"", ""Categoría:Películas rodadas en Oregón"", ""Categoría:Películas sobre cambio climático"", ""Categoría:Películas sobre infancia"", ""Categoría:Películas sobre inteligencia artificial"", ""Categoría:Películas sobre robots"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en inglés"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en ruso"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BIBSYS"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNE"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores VIAF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con texto en inglés"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Control de autoridades con 18 elementos""]","A. I. Inteligencia Artificial (título original en inglés: A.I. Artificial Intelligence) es una película estadounidense de 2001 escrita y dirigida por Steven Spielberg. La película está basada en el relato de ciencia ficción Los superjuguetes duran todo el verano de Brian Aldiss, e incorpora elementos de la obra italiana Las aventuras de Pinocho.
El proceso de I.A. partió originalmente con el director Stanley Kubrick a principios de los 70. Kubrick contrató una serie de escritores hasta mediados de los 90 entre los que están Brian Aldiss, Bob Shaw, Ian Watson, y Sara Maitland. La película se estancó durante años en fase de desarrollo, en parte porque Kubrick consideraba que la imagen generada por computadora no estaba lo suficientemente avanzada para crear el personaje de David, que él creía que ningún actor infantil podía interpretar con suficiente credibilidad. En 1995, Kubrick le otorga I.A. a Spielberg, pero la película no encuentra momento hasta el fallecimiento de Kubrick en 1999. Spielberg mantiene el guion próximo al tratamiento cinematográfico de Watson. El filme fue recibido en general con críticas favorables y recaudó aproximadamente 235 millones de dólares. Tras los títulos de créditos finales aparece un pequeño crédito que dice ""Para Stanley Kubrick.""",26306,es,2026-07-23T09:35:59Z,46153,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,A. I. inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._I._inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La Agencia Española de Supervisión de la Inteligencia Artificial (AESIA) es un organismo público español responsable de garantizar el uso ético y seguro de la inteligencia artificial. Lo hace mediante la supervisión, la inspección, el asesoramiento, la concienciación y la formación, dirigidas a entidades públicas y privadas, con el objetivo de asegurar el cumplimiento de la normativa vigente y la protección de los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos.​
La AESIA tiene su sede en el palacete de La Terraza, en La Coruña (Galicia). Mientras esta se reforma, actualmente se ubica provisionalmente en la Casa de Veeduría de la misma ciudad.​

",10406280,es,2026-07-30T01:32:13Z,20741,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Agencia Española de Supervisión de la Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Supervisi%C3%B3n_de_la_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"Un agente inteligente es una entidad capaz de percibir su entorno, procesar tales percepciones y responder o actuar en dicho entorno de manera racional, es decir, logrando objetivos, tendiendo a maximizar un resultado esperado y adquiriendo conocimiento con su desempeño. Es capaz de percibir su medio ambiente con la ayuda de sensores y actuar en ese medio utilizando actuadores (elementos que reaccionan a un estímulo realizando una acción).

Si bien el término agente racional se refiere a agentes artificiales en el campo de la inteligencia artificial, también puede considerarse agentes racionales a los animales, incluido el hombre. Un agente inteligente puede ser una entidad física o virtual, compleja o simple; por ejemplo, un termostato o un sistema de control cualquiera es considerado un agente inteligente.​
Un agente tiene una «función objetivo» que encapsula todos los objetivos de la inteligencia artificial. Este agente está diseñado para crear y ejecutar cualquier plan que, al completarse, maximice el valor esperado de la función objetivo.​ Por ejemplo, un agente de aprendizaje por refuerzo tiene una «función de recompensa» que permite a los programadores dar forma al comportamiento deseado de la inteligencia artificial, y el comportamiento de un algoritmo evolutivo se moldea mediante una «función de aptitud».​
Los agentes inteligentes suelen describirse esquemáticamente como un sistema funcional abstracto similar a un programa de computadora.​ Las descripciones abstractas de los agentes inteligentes se llaman agentes inteligentes abstractos (AIA) para distinguirlos de sus implementaciones del mundo real. Un agente inteligente autónomo está diseñado para funcionar en ausencia de intervención humana. Los agentes inteligentes también están estrechamente relacionados con los agentes de software (un programa de computadora autónomo que realiza tareas en nombre de los usuarios).​

",1692493,es,2026-07-20T19:06:12Z,15093,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Agente inteligente (inteligencia artificial),https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agente_inteligente_(inteligencia_artificial),khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La alfabetización en inteligencia artificial (en inglés: AI literacy) es la capacidad de comprender, utilizar, monitorear y reflexionar críticamente sobre las aplicaciones de la IA.​ El término se refiere por lo general a la enseñanza de competencias y conocimientos al público en general, en particular a quienes no son expertos en inteligencia artificial.​
Cada vez más personas consideran la alfabetización en inteligencia artificial una competencia esencial para los estudiantes, tanto en el nivel escolar como en el universitario,​​ sin embargo, algunos docentes prohíben su uso en clase y en las tareas escolares​ e incluso sancionan severamente a quienes la utilizan, equiparando su uso con una forma de fraude académico.​ La inteligencia artificial se utiliza hoy en numerosos ámbitos, entre ellos los vehículos autónomos, los asistentes virtuales y la generación automática de textos por parte de modelos de IA generativa. Por ello, es fundamental que los usuarios sean capaces de tomar decisiones informadas respecto al uso de estas herramientas. La alfabetización en inteligencia artificial, por tanto, puede influir significativamente en las perspectivas futuras de los estudiantes en el mundo laboral.​

",11451622,es,2026-06-14T01:14:44Z,24635,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Alfabetización en Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n_en_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"En el campo de la inteligencia artificial, la investigación sobre la alineación o el alineamiento (en inglés, AI alignment) se ocupa de buscar formas de dirigir el desarrollo de los sistemas de inteligencia artificial en conformidad con los objetivos e intereses de sus diseñadores.​Si un sistema es competente, pero persigue objetivos que no han sido previstos por los investigadores, se dice que no está alineado.​ 
La alineación de los sistemas de inteligencia artificial incluye los siguientes problemas: la dificultad de especificar completamente todos los comportamientos deseados y no deseados; el uso de objetivos intermedios fáciles de especificar que omiten restricciones deseables; trampas para obtener recompensas, por medio de las cuales los sistemas encuentran lagunas en dichos objetivos intermedios, creando efectos colaterales;​ objetivos instrumentales, como la búsqueda de poder, que ayudan al sistema a lograr sus objetivos finales;​​​​ y objetivos emergentes que sólo se hacen patentes cuando el sistema se implementa en nuevas situaciones y distribuciones de datos.​​ Estos problemas afectan a sistemas comerciales como robots,​ modelos de lenguaje,​​ vehículos autónomos,​ y sistemas de recomendación de redes sociales.​​​ Se cree que los problemas son tanto más probables cuanto más capaz es el sistema, ya que en parte resultan de una alta capacidad.​​
La comunidad de investigadores de la inteligencia artificial y las Naciones Unidas han exigido tanto soluciones basadas en la investigación técnica como soluciones políticas para garantizar que los sistemas estén alineados con los valores humanos.​
La alineación de sistemas es parte de un campo de estudio más amplio llamado seguridad de la inteligencia artificial (en inglés, AI safety), es decir, el estudio de cómo construir sistemas de inteligencia artificial que sean seguros.​​ Las vías para la investigación de la alineación incluyen el aprendizaje de los valores y las preferencias humanas, el desarrollo de inteligencia artificial honesta, la supervisión extensible, el examen e interpretación de modelos de inteligencia artificial, y la prevención de comportamientos emergentes, como la búsqueda de poder.​​ La investigación de la alineación tiene conexiones con la investigación de la interpretabilidad,​ la solidez,​​ la detección de anomalías, la incertidumbre calibrada,​ la verificación formal,​ el aprendizaje por preferencias,​​​ la ingeniería de seguridad,​ la teoría de juegos,​​ la equidad algorítmica,​​ y las ciencias sociales,​ entre otros. Por ejemplo, una de las propuestas en el ámbito educativo,se ha concretado en el análisis de la alineación pedagógica, evaluando hasta qué punto los modelos de lenguaje generan respuestas coherentes con teorías del aprendizaje como el aprendizaje activo, el conductismo o el aprendizaje social.​

",10355780,es,2026-07-14T13:26:17Z,85553,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Alineación de la inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alineaci%C3%B3n_de_la_inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
"[""Categoría:Organizaciones de inteligencia artificial"", ""Categoría:Organizaciones fundadas en 1979""]","AAAI son las siglas de Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, entidad que inicialmente se llamó American Association for Artificial Intelligence. Es una organización estadounidense dedicada al estudio de la inteligencia artificial.
La organización, fundada en 1979, cuenta en la actualidad con cerca de 6000 socios repartidos por todo el mundo. A lo largo de su historia, la organización ha estado presidida por importantes personalidades de la informática, como Allen Newell, Edward Feigenbaum, Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy y Alan Mackworth, siendo este último el presidente actual. En 2016 fue nombra presidenta la científica informática española Yolanda Gil.​
La AAAI patrocina y participa en mucha de las conferencias y simposios más importantes sobre IA, que se celebran a lo largo del año en distintos puntos de Estados Unidos y de Europa. También es responsable de la prestigiosa publicación AI Magazine, y de varios libros relacionados con la IA.
AAAI organiza la Conferencia de AAAI sobre la Inteligencia Artificial,​ que se considera una de las principales conferencias en el campo de la inteligencia artificial.​​",416239,es,2026-07-29T17:33:16Z,2751,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,American Association for Artificial Intelligence,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_Artificial_Intelligence,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La inteligencia artificial se está aplicando en un amplio número de campos: diagnóstico médico, comercio de acciones, control robótico, leyes, percepción remota, descubrimientos científicos y juguetes. Sin embargo, muchas aplicaciones de la IA no se perciben como tal: «Gran cantidad de inteligencia artificial (IA) se ha filtrado en aplicaciones generales, comúnmente sin recibir el nombre de IA, porque una vez que algo de la IA se vuelve suficientemente útil y común deja de ser considerado como tal», según explica Nick Bostrom.​ «Miles de aplicaciones de la IA están profundamente embebidas en la infraestructura de cada industria».​ Al final de los 90 y principios del siglo XXI, las tecnologías de IA empezaron a usarse ampliamente como elementos de sistemas mayores,​​ pero al campo rara vez se le atribuyen estos logros.",6514981,es,2026-08-02T01:15:55Z,24303,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicaciones_de_la_inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"El arte de inteligencia artificial, también referido como Arte de IA (IA art), se refiere a cualquier imagen de referente artístico generada mediante el uso de inteligencia artificial.",10374420,es,2026-07-17T23:50:03Z,20891,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Arte de inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_de_inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La Asociación Europea para la Inteligencia Artificial (EurAI), anteriormente Comité Coordinador Europeo para la Inteligencia Artificial (ECCAI), es una organización europea que agrupa a sociedades nacionales de inteligencia artificial y comunidades de investigación. Su objetivo es promover el estudio, la investigación y la aplicación de la inteligencia artificial en Europa.​​",10849479,es,2026-05-10T12:29:09Z,3598,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Asociación Europea de Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Europea_de_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"50 años de Inteligencia Artificial-Campus Multidisciplinar en Percepción e Inteligencia, CMPI 2006 o CM-π fue la única celebración internacional en español del 50 aniversario de la inteligencia artificial, de la Conferencia de Dartmouth.
El evento reunió por primera vez en español a cientos de expertos mundiales de todas las disciplinas relacionadas con la inteligencia artificial. Tuvo lugar en Albacete (España), en el campus principal de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha del 10 al 14 de julio de 2006 y fue el evento internacional más importante en lengua castellana que conmemoró los 50 años del nacimiento de la investigación sobre inteligencia artificial, los 50 años de la Conferencia de Dartmouth.​

",2357824,es,2026-04-20T15:44:00Z,6979,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Campus Multidisciplinar en Percepción e Inteligencia 2006,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Multidisciplinar_en_Percepci%C3%B3n_e_Inteligencia_2006,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La carrera armamentista de inteligencia artificial es una competencia entre dos o más estados para dotar a sus fuerzas militares de la mejor ""inteligencia artificial"" (IA).  Desde mediados de la década de 2010, muchos analistas han argumentado que ya ha comenzado una carrera armamentista mundial de este tipo para mejorar la inteligencia artificial.

",8809184,es,2026-07-09T07:24:55Z,25913,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Carrera armamentista de inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrera_armamentista_de_inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La Conferencia Europea bienal sobre Inteligencia Artificial (ECAI) es la conferencia líder en el campo de la Inteligencia Artificial en Europa y comúnmente figura junto con IJCAI y AAAI como una de las tres principales conferencias generales de IA en todo el mundo. ​ La serie de conferencias se ha celebrado ininterrumpidamente desde 1974, originalmente bajo el nombre de AISB. ​
Las conferencias se llevan a cabo bajo los auspicios del Comité Coordinador Europeo para la Inteligencia Artificial (ECCAI) y están organizadas por una de las sociedades miembros. La revista AI Communications, patrocinada por la misma sociedad, publica periódicamente números especiales en los que los asistentes informan sobre la conferencia. ​
Algunas revistas consideran que la publicación de un artículo en ECAI es de archivo: el artículo debe considerarse equivalente a una publicación de revista y el contenido de los artículos de ECAI no puede reformularse como envíos de revistas separados a menos que se agregue una cantidad significativa de material nuevo. ​",10849485,es,2026-07-13T10:08:45Z,3101,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Conferencia Europea sobre Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferencia_Europea_sobre_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],El Consejo Asesor de Inteligencia Artificial es un órgano colegiado de la Administración General del Estado creado en julio de 2020 responsable de asesorar al Ministerio de Transformación Digital en el diseño de la propuesta de las políticas del Gobierno de España en materia de inteligencia artificial.​,9698779,es,2026-05-17T18:57:39Z,7629,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Consejo Asesor de Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Asesor_de_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La creatividad artificial es una rama de la inteligencia artificial, la cual está centrada en la habilidad de distintos programas informáticos para crear imágenes u otro contenido creativo audiovisual, como música, cómics e incluso textos, a partir de una búsqueda de diferentes palabras clave por parte del usuario.",10397004,es,2026-06-12T02:50:48Z,14207,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Creatividad artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatividad_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La Dirección General de Digitalización e Inteligencia Artificial (DGDIA) fue un órgano directivo del Gobierno de España, integrado en el Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública, a través de la Secretaría de Estado de Digitalización e Inteligencia Artificial, que gestionó las políticas gubernamentales relacionadas con la inteligencia artificial y otras tecnologías, la transformación digital de la economía y la sociedad, así como asuntos de ciberseguridad.",9826661,es,2026-07-30T01:32:12Z,8158,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Dirección General de Digitalización e Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Digitalizaci%C3%B3n_e_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La Dirección General de Inteligencia Artificial (DGIA) es el órgano directivo del Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública, adscrito a la Secretaría de Estado de Digitalización e Inteligencia Artificial, al que le corresponde el impulso del despliegue de la inteligencia artificial y otras tecnologías habilitadoras digitales. Asimismo, gestiona la política de Nueva Economía de la Lengua.",11055098,es,2026-07-30T01:32:13Z,4406,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Dirección General de Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"El 1.er Encuentro Global sobre seguridad en la Inteligencia Artificial 2023 es un encuentro multinacional sobre la seguridad y regulación de la inteligencia artificial. Se llevó a cabo en Bletchley Park, Milton Keynes, Reino Unido, del 1 al 2 de noviembre del 2023.​ Fue la primera cumbre mundial sobre inteligencia artificial.",10704360,es,2026-06-22T22:52:35Z,11450,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Encuentro Global sobre Inteligencia Artificial de 2023,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encuentro_Global_sobre_Inteligencia_Artificial_de_2023,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
"[""Categoría:Historia de la inteligencia artificial"", ""Categoría:Historia temática"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias""]","La historia de la inteligencia artificial (IA) comenzó en la antigüedad, con mitos, historias y rumores sobre seres artificiales dotados de inteligencia o conciencia por parte de maestros artesanos. Las semillas de la IA moderna fueron plantadas por filósofos que intentaron describir el proceso del pensamiento humano como la manipulación mecánica de símbolos. Este trabajo culminó con la invención de la computadora digital programable en la década de 1940, una máquina basada en la esencia abstracta del razonamiento matemático. Este dispositivo y las ideas detrás de él inspiraron a un puñado de científicos a comenzar a discutir seriamente la posibilidad de construir un cerebro electrónico.
El campo de la investigación de la IA se fundó en una conferencia celebrada en el campus del Dartmouth College, en Estados Unidos, durante el verano de 1956.​Aquellos que asistieron se convertirían en los líderes de la investigación en IA durante décadas. Muchos de ellos predijeron que una máquina tan inteligente como un ser humano existiría en no más de una generación, y recibieron millones de dólares para hacer realidad esta visión.​
Al final, resultó evidente que los investigadores habían subestimado enormemente la dificultad del proyecto. En 1974, en respuesta a las críticas de James Lighthill y a la presión constante del Congreso de Estados Unidos, los gobiernos de Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña dejaron de financiar investigaciones no dirigidas sobre inteligencia artificial. Siete años más tarde, una iniciativa visionaria del gobierno japonés inspiró a los gobiernos y a la industria a proporcionar a la IA miles de millones de dólares, pero a finales de la década de 1980 los inversores se desilusionaron y volvieron a retirar la financiación. Los años difíciles que siguieron se conocerían más tarde como el «invierno de la IA» (AI Winter en inglés). La IA fue criticada en la prensa y evitada por la industria hasta mediados de la década de 2000, pero la investigación y la financiación continuaron creciendo bajo otros nombres.
En los años 1990 y principios de 2000, el aprendizaje automático se aplicó a muchos problemas en la academia y la industria. El éxito se debió a la disponibilidad de hardware informático potente, la recopilación de conjuntos de datos inmensos y la aplicación de sólidos métodos matemáticos. En 2012, el aprendizaje profundo demostró ser una tecnología revolucionaria, eclipsando todos los demás métodos. La arquitectura del transformador debutó en 2017 y se utilizó para producir aplicaciones de IA generativa. La inversión en IA se disparó en la década de 2020.",1428,es,2026-08-01T21:47:41Z,114257,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Historia de la inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"El Instituto de Investigación de la Inteligencia de las Máquinas (de la sigla en inglés MIRI), anteriormente el Instituto de la Singularidad para la Inteligencia Artificial (SIAI), es una organización sin fines de lucro fundada en 2000​ para investigar asuntos de seguridad relacionados con el desarrollo de IA Fuerte. Nate Soares es el director ejecutivo, habiendo tomado el control de Luke Muehlhauser en mayo de 2015.​
La agenda técnica de MIRI establece que se necesitan nuevas herramientas formales para asegurar la operación segura de las futuras generaciones de software de IA (inteligencia artificial amigable).​ 
La organización organiza talleres de investigación regulares para desarrollar bases matemáticas para este proyecto,​ y ha sido citado como uno de varios grupos académicos y sin fines de lucro que estudian los resultados de la IA a largo plazo.​​​
El peligro potencial de las máquinas inteligentes para con los seres humanos, es una preocupación creciente de científicos y especialistas en robótica. 
Según una investigación publicada por el Instituto MIRI, la solución de Google en el caso que la IA amenace la existencia de los seres humanos, consiste en un ""botón rojo de emergencia"", que sería capaz de ""apagar"" toda la inteligencia artificial.​",7872734,es,2026-07-27T11:50:25Z,5076,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Instituto de Investigación de la Inteligencia de las Máquinas,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Inteligencia_de_las_M%C3%A1quinas,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"El Instituto de Investigación en Inteligencia Artificial (IIIA-CSIC) es un centro de investigación del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), radicado en el Campus de Bellaterra de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB) y centrado en el ámbito de la inteligencia artificial (IA), siendo centro de referencia en España en este campo.​
Fue creado en 1994 a partir del grupo de investigación en inteligencia artificial del Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes del CSIC, fundado a su vez en 1985.​ Entre sus líneas de trabajo se encuentran la modelización y automatización del razonamiento complejo, el aprendizaje automático, los mercados electrónicos, la robótica, y la IA aplicada a la música.​
Está dirigido por Carles Sierra​ quien sucedió en el cargo a Ramón López de Mántaras.​",9471164,es,2026-05-22T17:21:27Z,2131,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Instituto de Investigación en Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_en_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,11081434,es,2026-04-24T20:37:17Z,9630,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Integración de sistemas de inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraci%C3%B3n_de_sistemas_de_inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,7975682,es,2026-04-20T15:48:55Z,4754,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia Artificial: Un Enfoque Moderno,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_Artificial:_Un_Enfoque_Moderno,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
"[""Categoría:Campos de estudio computacionales"", ""Categoría:Cibernética"", ""Categoría:Ciencias formales"", ""Categoría:Inteligencia artificial"", ""Categoría:Neurociencia computacional"", ""Categoría:Problemas no resueltos de las ciencias de la computación"", ""Categoría:Tecnologías emergentes"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores AAT"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNE"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con texto en inglés"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Control de autoridades con 14 elementos"", ""Categoría:Áreas de interés del altruismo eficaz""]",,1503,es,2026-08-03T10:23:23Z,129065,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,6964866,es,2026-04-20T15:47:49Z,1811,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial (single),https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_(single),khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,5246670,es,2026-06-18T01:37:00Z,29802,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial (videojuegos),https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_(videojuegos),khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,7010737,es,2026-08-03T10:31:14Z,17268,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial amigable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_amigable,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,10070929,es,2026-04-20T15:51:29Z,17406,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial cuántica,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_cu%C3%A1ntica,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,6593762,es,2026-01-24T21:35:06Z,5920,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial débil,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_d%C3%A9bil,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,11285237,es,2026-04-20T15:53:56Z,8122,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial en Colombia,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_en_Colombia,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,11549636,es,2026-07-16T12:29:46Z,46822,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial en el campo de la justicia,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_en_el_campo_de_la_justicia,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,8764699,es,2026-04-20T15:49:31Z,38260,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial en el campo de la salud,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_en_el_campo_de_la_salud,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,11541476,es,2026-07-09T03:14:07Z,21242,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial en el campo del derecho,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_en_el_campo_del_derecho,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,11143735,es,2026-06-14T01:14:44Z,51244,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial en la educación,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_en_la_educaci%C3%B3n,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,1694256,es,2026-01-24T21:25:33Z,2118,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial en la ficción,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_en_la_ficci%C3%B3n,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,11059531,es,2026-05-20T17:06:18Z,16159,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial en los proyectos de Wikimedia,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_en_los_proyectos_de_Wikimedia,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,11463519,es,2026-04-20T15:54:14Z,2255,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial en salud,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_en_salud,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,9430476,es,2026-08-01T16:46:14Z,35821,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial explicable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_explicable,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,3445898,es,2026-07-14T09:58:52Z,31130,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial general,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_general,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,10545139,es,2026-08-03T17:46:14Z,29364,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial generativa,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_generativa,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,6819334,es,2026-04-24T07:12:03Z,3257,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia artificial simbólica,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_artificial_simb%C3%B3lica,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,2633743,es,2026-04-20T15:44:13Z,9007,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia computacional,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_computacional,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,6852319,es,2026-07-14T09:55:22Z,7735,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Inteligencia sintética,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligencia_sint%C3%A9tica,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,11048732,es,2026-04-20T15:53:32Z,8860,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,La inteligencia artificial y la mejora de la moral,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_inteligencia_artificial_y_la_mejora_de_la_moral,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,4777195,es,2026-06-19T19:17:42Z,3896,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial del Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorio_de_Ciencias_de_la_Computaci%C3%B3n_e_Inteligencia_Artificial_del_Instituto_de_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_de_Massachusetts,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,10451530,es,2026-06-14T01:14:44Z,49125,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Ley de Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,10600007,es,2026-06-20T11:43:19Z,66110,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Progreso en la inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progreso_en_la_inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,10586887,es,2026-07-05T13:32:59Z,93634,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Regulación de la inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulaci%C3%B3n_de_la_inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,9309899,es,2026-07-30T01:32:12Z,19425,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Secretaría de Estado de Digitalización e Inteligencia Artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Estado_de_Digitalizaci%C3%B3n_e_Inteligencia_Artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,10598261,es,2026-07-14T08:17:52Z,72675,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Seguridad de la inteligencia artificial,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguridad_de_la_inteligencia_artificial,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],,10375498,es,2026-04-20T15:52:08Z,9550,2026-08-03T21:56:17+00:00,Ámbitos regulatorios para la Inteligencia Artificial.,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81mbitos_regulatorios_para_la_Inteligencia_Artificial.,khWP5hi3yEbPFubRs,94NW6FSrIvPvjgRVT
[],"La Agencia Internacional de las Energías Renovables (IRENA, en inglés) es una organización intergubernamental con sede en la ciudad de Masdar (Abu Dabi)​ cuyo mandato es facilitar la cooperación, promover el conocimiento, la adopción y el uso sostenible de las energías renovables. Su objetivo es proporcionar asesoramiento sobre políticas concretas y facilitar la capacidad y la transferencia de tecnología. 
Es la primera organización internacional que se centra exclusivamente en las energías renovables,​ abordando las necesidades de los países industrializados y en desarrollo. Se formó el 26 de enero de 2009 con el acuerdo de 75 países, mediante la firma de la Carta de IRENA.​ Su estatuto entró en vigor el 8 de julio de 2010, fecha desde la cual está plenamente operativa.​ Su presupuesto anual inicial en 2011 fue de 25 millones dólares estadounidenses.​​​
A 2020, IRENA tiene 162 miembros.​ Actualmente el director general de IRENA es el italiano Francesco La Camera.​ IRENA es un observador oficial de las Naciones Unidas.​",4041940,es,2026-07-15T18:56:01Z,21851,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Agencia Internacional de las Energías Renovables,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Internacional_de_las_Energ%C3%ADas_Renovables,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"La Alianza Internacional para la Energía Renovable (Alianza REN) es una asociación formal constituida el 4 de junio de 2004 por 5 organizaciones internacionales de energía renovable sin ánimo de lucro:​

Asociación Hidroeléctrica Internacional (IHA),
Sociedad Internacional de Energía Solar (ISES),
Asociación Geotérmica internacional (IGA),
Asociación Mundial de Energía Eólica (WWEA) y
Asociación Mundial de Bioenergía (WBA), esta última desde junio de 2009.
Representan a los sectores energéticos hidroeléctrico, geotérmicos, solares, eólica y bioenergía. La alianza proporciona una voz multisectorial unificada sobre energía renovable en los foros y medios de comunicación regionales e internacionales.
Las preocupaciones por el cambio climático, combinadas con los altos precios del petróleo, el pico petrolero y el creciente apoyo estatal, están impulsando la legislación sobre energía renovable, sus incentivos y su comercialización.​ En 2011, 119 países tenían algún objetivo nacional en su política de energía renovable nacional, o bien de apoyo a esta energía. Los objetivos nacionales existen en al menos 98 países. También se da una amplia gama de políticas en los niveles provinciales y locales.​",8535578,es,2026-06-17T21:30:39Z,2999,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Alianza Internacional para la Energía Renovable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Internacional_para_la_Energ%C3%ADa_Renovable,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"La Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Ambiente (ASADES) fue fundada en 1974. Su sede se encuentra en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. En la actualidad, tiene aproximadamente 300 miembros que representan a las principales instituciones, universidades, laboratorios, ONG ambientales y empresas de la Argentina. Es la organización más antigua e importante del país en la promoción, uso e implementación de energías renovables.",736439,es,2026-01-24T21:23:29Z,4616,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Ambiente,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Argentina_de_Energ%C3%ADas_Renovables_y_Ambiente,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"Una casa energía plus es una casa que produce más energía generada por fuentes renovables, en el curso de un año promedio, respecto de la energía importada de la red. Para esto se requiere una combinación de tecnología de microgeneración y un edificio de baja energía mediante la implementación de técnicas de diseño edilicio solar pasivo, aislamiento térmico junto a una cuidadosa elección del sitio y el emplazamiento. 
Puede implicar un cierto minimalismo posmoderno que utilice un mínimo de equipamientos modernos, que requieren poca energía para funcionar. No obstante muchas casas energía plus son indistinguibles de un hogar tradicional, en cuanto a imagen formal, puesto que utilizan simplemente las soluciones de mayor eficiencia energética (por ejemplo: electrodomésticos; iluminación bajo consumo; puertas y ventanas; intercambiadores de calor en el sistema de calefacción y ventilación; aislamiento en paredes, techos e instalaciones, etc); a través de toda la casa o edificio.
Un edificio de estas características se caracteriza entonces por gastar muy poca energía y que la energía generada sea en un año mayor que la consumida.
Esto no asegura que la vivienda sea confortable desde un punto de vista higrotérmico, ya que podrá ser calurosa en verano o enfriarse muy rápidamente en invierno o hasta sobrecalentarse si no existe un balance térmico optimizado. Y es mucho más recomendable ajustar el diseño mediante simulaciones numéricas con programas específicos tales como Energy Plus, Simedif y Codyba, entre otros. Los dos primeros son gratuitos y el último pago y ninguno es GNU.",741292,es,2026-01-24T21:23:30Z,4192,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Casa energía plus,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_energ%C3%ADa_plus,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"El Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables (CENER) desarrolla investigación aplicada en energías renovables y presta soporte tecnológico a empresas e instituciones energéticas en seis áreas: eólica, solar térmica y solar fotovoltaica, biomasa, eficiencia y generación energética en edificios y urbanismo, e integración en red de la energía. Es un centro tecnológico con un reconocido prestigio y actividad, tanto en España como en otros países.
El Patronato de CENER está compuesto por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Ciemat, el Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Gobierno de Navarra.
CENER desarrolla su actividad en seis áreas:

Energía Eólica
Energía Solar Térmica
Energía Solar Fotovoltaica
Biomasa
Energética Edificatoria
Integración en Red, Almacenamiento Eléctrico e Hidrógeno
Su sede está ubicada en la Ciudad de la Innovación (Sarriguren-Navarra), aunque cuenta también con oficinas en Sevilla y en México. Dispone de modernos laboratorios e instalaciones acreditados a nivel internacional, como es el caso del Laboratorio de Ensayo de Aerogeneradores, un parque eólico experimental, un laboratorio de biomasa, un laboratorio de ensayo y validación de paneles solares térmicos y módulos fotovoltaicos, así como un laboratorio de materiales y procesos de células fotovoltaicas, y una Microrred con aplicaciones industriales. Más información sobre los laboratorios mencionados. 
Además, CENER dispone de un Centro de Biorrefinería y Bioenergía (BIO2G). Es una instalación de ensayos a escala piloto semi-industrial, capaz de desarrollar procesos de producción de bioproductos, biocombustibles sólidos, biocombustibles líquidos y gaseosos avanzados, así como conceptos de biorrefinería integrando diferentes rutas de valorización, como etapa intermedia entre el laboratorio y el escalado industrial de estas tecnologías. El BIO2C es una plataforma integral de ensayo y demostración, diseñada para desarrollar procesos, equipos o componentes específicos, nuevos bio-productos o biocombustibles y conceptos de biorrefinería.
CENER orienta su trabajo en tres direcciones:

Desarrollo de proyectos de I+D+i para aplicación industrial.
Prestación de servicios de ensayos de alta cualificación y certificación de componentes.
Asistencia técnica y realización de informes en tecnologías renovables.
La actividad de CENER abarca todo el proceso de generación de energía por los recursos renovables:

Determinación del Recurso Renovable.
Desarrollo de Herramientas de Simulación y Diseño.
Desarrollo de la Tecnología de Generación Energética.
Definición y realización de Ensayos de componentes y sistemas completos.
Evaluación de los Riesgos Tecnológicos.
Estudio de la Viabilidad Económica de los proyectos.
Desarrollo y aplicación de Normativa.
Como parte de la estrategia de internacionalización destaca su participación en la Alianza Europea de Investigación en temas de Energía (European Energy Research Alliance-EERA). CENER participa en distintos programas conjuntos de investigación sobre energías renovables junto con los principales centros europeos I+D+i. Por otra parte CENER forma parte de las principales Plataformas Tecnológicas europeas lideradas por la industria. Esta destacada presencia internacional, en los foros donde se contribuye a definir la estrategia europea en energía, permite a CENER participar en la definición de los temas y prioridades de investigación sobre energías renovables tanto en el entorno nacional como europeo. Asimismo participa, y en muchos casos lidera, proyectos de I+D+i que están financiados por la Comisión Europea a través de sus diferentes convocatorias.",673116,es,2026-03-21T14:30:57Z,5383,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Nacional_de_Energ%C3%ADas_Renovables,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"Los Certificados de Energía Renovable (REC por sus siglas en inglés), también conocidos como Etiquetas Verdes, Créditos de Energía Renovable, Certificados de Electricidad Renovable o Certificados Renovables Renunciables (TRC por sus siglas en inglés), son productos de energía no tangibles en los Estados Unidos que representan una prueba de que 1 megavatio-hora (MWh) de electricidad se generó a partir de un recurso de energía renovable elegible (electricidad renovable) y se incorporó al sistema compartido de líneas eléctricas que transportan energía. Los certificados de energía renovable solar (SREC, por sus siglas en inglés) son REC que son generados específicamente por energía solar.​ Los certificados de energía renovable proporcionan un mecanismo para la compra de energía renovable que se agrega y extrae de la red eléctrica. La Guía de alcance 2 del Protocolo de gases de efecto invernadero actualizada​ garantiza las garantías de origen, REC e I-REC como instrumentos principales para documentar y rastrear la electricidad consumida de fuentes renovables. 
Estos certificados se pueden vender, intercambiar o canjear, y el propietario del REC puede afirmar que ha comprado energía renovable. Según la Red de Energía Verde del Departamento de Energía de EE.UU.,​ REC representan los atributos ambientales de la energía producida a partir de proyectos de energía renovable y se venden por separado de la electricidad básica. Si bien los programas convencionales de comercio de emisiones de carbono utilizan sanciones e incentivos para alcanzar los objetivos de emisiones establecidos, los REC simplemente incentivan la energía renovable sin emisiones de carbono al proporcionar un subsidio a la producción de electricidad a partir de fuentes renovables. 
A un proveedor de energía verde (como un parque eólico) se le acredita un REC por cada 1.000 kWh o 1 MWh de electricidad que produce (para referencia, un cliente residencial promedio consume aproximadamente 800 kWh en un mes​). Una agencia certificadora le da a cada REC un número de identificación único para asegurarse de que no se doble la cuenta. La energía verde se alimenta luego a la red eléctrica (por mandato), y la REC que se acompaña se puede vender en el mercado abierto. ""La jubilación se produce cuando el propietario de la REC utiliza un certificado de energía renovable (REC). El uso del REC puede incluir, entre otros, (1) el uso del REC por parte de un cliente, comercializador, generador o servicio público de uso final para cumplir con un requisito legal o reglamentario, (2) un reclamo público asociado con una compra de REC por parte de un cliente de uso final, o (3) la venta de cualquier atributo componente de un REC para cualquier propósito. Una vez que se retira un REC, no se puede vender, donar ni transferir a ninguna otra parte. Ninguna otra parte que no sea el propietario puede hacer reclamos asociados con los REC retirados "".​ 
La energía de cualquier fuente vinculada a la red se compra y vende con contratos que especifican el generador y el comprador. En el comercio de energía renovable, los REC especifican que se generó una unidad de energía renovable. Debido a que una vez que la electricidad se coloca en la red eléctrica, se mezcla con la electricidad de múltiples fuentes y se vuelve indistinguible, los REC se utilizan para rastrear la propiedad de los beneficios sociales y ambientales de la energía renovable. La mayoría de los REC se venden por separado de la electricidad en sí. En estos casos, la electricidad se vende como energía ""nula"" sin sus beneficios ambientales y sociales, como si fuera generada por recursos no renovables como el carbón o el gas natural. Cuando los REC se compran en combinación con electricidad no renovable, esto constituye la compra legal de energía renovable. Así es como se intercambian las energías renovables conectadas a la red eléctrica en los EE. UU. Las empresas de servicios eléctricos utilizan la energía renovable conectada a la red para cumplir con sus requisitos reglamentarios y las personas y empresas que desean reducir su impacto ambiental. Los REC permiten que los compradores apoyen la generación de energía renovable y permiten que las fuerzas económicas de la oferta y la demanda estimulen un mayor desarrollo de la generación de energía renovable.​",8894397,es,2026-04-27T11:31:42Z,23372,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Certificado de Energías Renovables (Estados Unidos),https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificado_de_Energ%C3%ADas_Renovables_(Estados_Unidos),7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"La comercialización de energía renovable implica la utilización de tres generaciones de tecnologías de energía renovable que se remontan a más de 100 años. Las tecnologías de primera generación, que ya son competitivas económicamente, incluyen la energía de biomasa, la hidroeléctrica, la central geotérmica y la térmica. Las tecnologías de segunda generación están listas para el mercado y se utilizan actualmente. Incluyen la energía solar, la fotovoltaica, la energía eólica, la energía térmica solar y formas actuales de bioenergía. Las tecnologías de tercera generación requieren continuos esfuerzos en I+D para poder hacer mayores contribuciones a escala global, estas incluyen la gasificación de biomasa avanzada, la energía geotérmica de roca seca, y la energía oceánica. En el año 2012, la energía renovable representó la mitad de la capacidad nominal eléctrica instalada y los costes continúan descendiendo.
Las políticas públicas y el liderazgo político ayudan a equilibrar esta situación y promueven una mayor aceptación de las tecnologías de energía verde, gracias en parte a las subvenciones para el uso de recursos renovables que están otorgando instituciones públicas. Países como Alemania, Dinamarca y España han abierto el camino en la aplicación de políticas innovadoras, las cuales han impulsado la mayor parte del crecimiento en la última década. Desde el año 2014, Alemania tiene un compromiso con la «Energiewende» o transición energética hacia una economía de energía sostenible. Dinamarca ha adquirido el compromiso de utilizar energía renovable al 100% en el año 2050. Ahora ya son 144 los países que tienen objetivos de política de energía renovable.
La energía renovable continuó su rápido crecimiento en el año 2015, proporcionando múltiples beneficios.  Se estableció un nuevo récord en la energía eólica instalada y en la capacidad fotovoltaica (64GW y 57GW). Además, los nuevos niveles se elevaron a 329 mil millones de dólares para la inversión global de energías renovables. Este crecimiento en las inversiones aporta un beneficio clave en el crecimiento de puestos de trabajo. Los países que más han invertido en los últimos años son China, Alemania, España, los Estados Unidos, Italia y Brasil. Algunas empresas de energía renovable son EDP Energía, Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Trina Solar, Vestas y Yingli.
La preocupación por el calentamiento global también favorece el impulso de crecimiento en las industrias de energía renovable. Según una proyección del año 2011 por la Agencia Internacional de Energía (AIE), dentro de 50 años, los generadores de energía solar podrían producir la mayor parte de la electricidad mundial, reduciendo las emisiones de gases nocivos de efecto invernadero.
En Estados Unidos, las energías renovables han sido más eficaces que el carbón o el petróleo en la creación de puestos de trabajo.",7962762,es,2026-07-28T13:37:32Z,80161,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Comercialización de energías renovables,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercializaci%C3%B3n_de_energ%C3%ADas_renovables,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"El Consejo Europeo de Energía Renovable (EREC por sus siglas en inglés) fue fundado en 2000 por asociaciones de la industria europea de energía renovable, de comercio y de investigación. La sede del EREC se hallaba en la Casa de la energía renovable en Bruselas, un edificio monumental protegido que para calefacción y refrigeración se suministra al 100 % con energía renovable.
El EREC actuó como representante en Bruselas de la industria europea de energía renovable y de su comunidad investigadora. También hizo de foro para el intercambio de información y los debates  relacionados con las renovables. Proporcionaba información y asesoría sobre estas energías a quienes toman decisiones políticas a escala local, regional, nacional e internacional.
En mayo de 2014 la asamblea General del EREC decidió voluntariamente disolverse, lo que llevó a su liquidación.​ Sigue en activo una asociación de propósito similar, la Federación Europea de Energías Renovables.",8866918,es,2026-07-10T13:23:17Z,5660,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Consejo Europeo de Energía Renovable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Europeo_de_Energ%C3%ADa_Renovable,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"Las cooperativas de energías renovables o cooperativas energéticas son cooperativas que generan, distribuyen y/o comercializan energías de origen renovable. El modelo contrasta con las corporaciones tradicionales energéticas, que suelen ser de gran tamaño y favoreciendo la producción de energía de forma centralizada, proponiendo en cambio la producción descentralizada y gestionada por las personas socias de la cooperativa.​ El surgimiento del movimiento cooperativo de energías renovables es un fenómeno mundial, pero que se está desarrollando especialmente en el oeste y norte de Europa.​ Entre las motivaciones principales de los ciudadanos para impulsar estas organizaciones figuran la necesidad de promover la transición a las energías renovables a la vista de problemas ambientales como el cambio climático y de escasez de recursos no renovables como el pico de petróleo, así como la aspiración de retomar el control social de las fuentes de energía.​​​​",7726892,es,2026-06-26T13:58:51Z,17047,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Cooperativa de energías renovables,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa_de_energ%C3%ADas_renovables,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"Energía alternativa, o fuentes de energía alternativa, son aquellas fuentes de energía planteadas como alternativa a las tradicionales. No obstante, no existe consenso respecto a qué tecnologías que están englobadas en este concepto, y la definición de ""energía alternativa"" difiere según los distintos autores: en las definiciones más restrictivas, energía alternativa sería equivalente al concepto de energía renovable o energía verde, mientras que las definiciones más amplias consideran energías alternativas a todas las fuentes de energía que no implican la quema de combustibles fósiles (carbón, gas y petróleo); en estas definiciones, además de las renovables, están incluidas la energía nuclear o incluso la energía hidroeléctrica.​​
Los combustibles fósiles han sido la fuente de energía empleada durante la revolución industrial, pero en la actualidad, sus utilizaciones presentan fundamentalmente dos problemas: por un lado son recursos finitos, y se prevé el agotamiento de las reservas (especialmente de petróleo) en plazos más o menos cercanos, en función de los distintos estudios publicados. Por otra parte, la quema de estos combustibles libera a la atmósfera grandes cantidades de CO2, que ha sido acusado de ser la causa principal del calentamiento global. Por estos motivos, se estudian distintas opciones para sustituir la quema de combustibles fósiles por otras fuentes de energía carentes de estos problemas.​​

Las energías alternativas se dividen en dos grandes grupos:

Fuentes de energía renovables (eólica, solar, biomasa, mareomotriz, etc.)
Energía nuclear

No todos coinciden en clasificar la energía nuclear dentro de las energías alternativas, pues al igual que los combustibles fósiles, se trata de un recurso finito, y además presenta problemas medioambientales importantes,​ como la gestión de los residuos radiactivos o la posibilidad de un accidente nuclear. Sin embargo, la reducida emisión de CO2 de esta tecnología, y la todavía insuficiente capacidad de las energías renovables para sustituir completamente a los combustibles fósiles, hacen de la energía nuclear una alternativa sujeta a fuerte polémica.",2981688,es,2026-07-12T10:07:37Z,8872,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía alternativa,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_alternativa,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"El sector de la energía en España supone aproximadamente un 2,5 % del PIB del país,​ pero su importancia va más allá de su participación en la producción total, puesto que es un sector estratégico del que necesitan todas las ramas de la actividad económica, y esta es necesaria para cualquier clase de producción de bienes y servicios. Precisamente uno de los elementos que ha limitado el desarrollo económico de España ha sido la pobreza de recursos energéticos,​ en concreto la carencia de hidrocarburos líquidos y gaseosos y la mala calidad y carestía del carbón existente. La escasez de recursos ha condenado tradicionalmente al sistema energético nacional a una situación de déficit y dependencia exterior.​ El grado de autoabastecimiento se sitúa en las dos últimas décadas entre el 21 y el 29 %, siendo en 2019 del 25 %.​​
La energía primaria consumida es principalmente de origen fósil: petróleo (44,5%), gas natural (24,5%), renovables (14%) y nuclear (12,10%), datos de 2019.​ En cuanto a la energía producida en el país la principal fuente de energía útil son las renovables, que superan el 12 % de la energía útil consumida total. La diferencia entre la energía primaria y la energía útil es que la útil es la energía aprovechable, sin las pérdidas ocasionadas en los diferentes procesos de transformación, producción y transporte. En la comparación entre la energía nuclear y la renovable, hay que tener en cuenta que mientras la nuclear solo produce electricidad (aunque en mucha mayor cantidad,tiene 2/3 de pérdidas), la categoría renovables incluye también las energías no eléctricas, como la biomasa, biocombustibles, etc.",1352026,es,2026-06-15T19:55:45Z,29736,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía en España,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_en_Espa%C3%B1a,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"La energía en Islandia se basa casi por completo en las energías renovables. En 2008 el país produjo 65 444 GWh de energía primaria, de los cuales más del 85 % provenía de fuentes locales de energía renovable. La energía geotérmica proporcionó el 66,3 % de la energía primaria, la hidroeléctrica el 19,1 % y los combustibles fósiles el 14,6 % (12,9 % el petróleo y 1,7 % el carbón).​
En 2013 la electricidad producida alcanzó los 18 116 GWh, que fueron generados prácticamente al 100 % por energías renovables —superaron el 99 % en 1982 y han sido casi exclusivas desde entonces—. El 71 % provenía de la energía hidroeléctrica y el 29 % restante de la geotérmica.​
Los principales usos de la energía geotérmica son la calefacción de los edificios, con un 45,4 % del consumo geotérmico total, y la producción de electricidad, con un 38,8 %. Alrededor del 85 % de las casas del país se calientan con esta energía.​
La mayor parte de las plantas de energía de Islandia son propiedad de Landsvirkjun, la compañía nacional de electricidad y el principal proveedor de electricidad del país.
Islandia es el primer país del mundo en consumo de energía per cápita, con 16,7 tep (194,2 MWh, casi 7 veces más que España),​ y en consumo de electricidad per cápita, con 53,2 MWh (casi 10 veces más que España).​ Esto se debe en gran medida a la abundancia de los recursos energéticos disponibles de forma natural.",5410643,es,2026-04-20T15:46:33Z,23940,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía en Islandia,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_en_Islandia,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
"[""Categoría:Energía eólica"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores AAT"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos que necesitan referencias adicionales"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con referencias con et al. implícito en los autores"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Referenciar (aún sin clasificar)"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Wikificar"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Wikificar (aún sin clasificar)""]","La energía eólica es una forma de energía renovable que se obtiene a partir del viento, mediante el aprovechamiento de la energía cinética generada por el movimiento de masas de aire.​ Históricamente, la energía eólica fue utilizada para moler granos o extraer agua, pero actualmente su uso principal es la generación de energía eléctrica. La transformación de la energía eólica a energía eléctrica se realiza a través de aerogeneradores.

Dentro del conjunto de energías limpias, es una de las fuentes más utilizadas. En la actualidad, la energía eólica se utiliza principalmente para producir electricidad, lo que se consigue mediante aerogeneradores conectados a las grandes redes de distribución de energía eléctrica, entre otras. Los parques eólicos construidos en tierra representan una fuente de energía cada vez más barata y competitiva. Es incluso más barata en muchas regiones que otras fuentes de energía convencionales.​​ Además, se puede proporcionar electricidad en regiones aisladas que no tienen acceso a la red eléctrica mediante instalaciones eólicas de reducido tamaño, o también con energía solar fotovoltaica. Las compañías eléctricas distribuidoras adquieren cada vez en mayor medida el excedente de electricidad producido por pequeñas instalaciones eólicas domésticas.​ El auge de la energía eólica ha provocado también la planificación y construcción de parques eólicos marinos relativamente cerca de las costas. La energía del viento es más estable y fuerte en el mar que en tierra, y los parques marinos tienen un impacto visual menor, aunque los costes de construcción y mantenimiento son considerablemente mayores.A finales de 2023, la capacidad mundial instalada de energía eólica ascendía a 906 GW, generando alrededor del 7,3 % de la producción de electricidad mundial.​ En 2022, Dinamarca generó el 55,03 % de su electricidad mediante energía eólica,​ y más de 80 países en todo el mundo la utilizan de forma creciente para proporcionar energía eléctrica en sus redes de distribución, aumentando su capacidad anualmente con tasas por encima del 20 %. En España la energía eólica superó el 23 % de cobertura del consumo eléctrico de la península en 2022, convirtiéndose en la segunda tecnología con mayor contribución a la cobertura de la demanda.​
La energía eólica es un recurso abundante, renovable y limpio que ayuda a disminuir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero al reemplazar fuentes de energía a base de combustibles fósiles. El impacto ambiental de este tipo de energía es, además, generalmente, menos problemático que el de otras fuentes de energía.
La energía del viento es bastante estable y predecible a escala anual, aunque presenta variaciones significativas a escalas de tiempo menores. Al incrementarse la proporción de energía eólica producida en una determinada región o país, se hace imprescindible establecer una serie de mejoras en la red eléctrica local.​​ Diversas técnicas de control energético, como una mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de energía, una distribución geográfica amplia de los aerogeneradores, la disponibilidad de fuentes de energía de respaldo, la posibilidad de exportar o importar energía a regiones vecinas o la reducción de la demanda cuando la producción eólica es menor, pueden ayudar a mitigar en gran medida estos problemas.​ Además, son de extrema importancia las previsiones de producción eólica que permiten a los gestores de la red eléctrica estar preparados y anticiparse frente a las previsibles variaciones en la producción eólica que puedan tener lugar a corto plazo.​​",3359,es,2026-08-02T02:19:34Z,87380,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía eólica,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_e%C3%B3lica,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"La energía geotérmica​ es una energía renovable​​ que se obtiene mediante el aprovechamiento del calor del interior de la Tierra​que se transmite a través de los cuerpos de roca o piedras calientes o conducción y convección, donde se suscitan procesos de interacción de agua subterránea y rocas, dando origen a los sistemas geotérmicos. El calor del interior de la Tierra se debe a varios factores, entre los que destacan el gradiente geotérmico y el calor radiogénico. 
La energía geotérmica se utiliza como fuente de calor y energía eléctrica desde hace milenios. En la actualidad, la energía geotérmica se obtiene a partir de plantas geotérmicas, fundamentalmente para la generación de energía eléctrica, y se la considera una energía renovable, porque las tasas de extracción de calor son insignificantes en comparación con el balance térmico interno de la Tierra.​ A diferencia de la energía eólica y solar, las centrales geotérmicas producen energía a un ritmo constante, sin tener en cuenta las condiciones meteorológicas.​ En teoría, los recursos geotérmicos son más que suficientes para abastecer las necesidades energéticas de la humanidad. Sin embargo, sólo una pequeña parte de los recursos geotérmicos del planeta es actualmente accesible con la tecnología y la viabilidad económica existentes.​
El coste de la generación de energía geotérmica disminuyó un 25 % durante las décadas de 1980 y 1990. Los avances tecnológicos continuaron reduciendo los costes y ampliando así la cantidad de recursos viables. En 2021, el Departamento de Energía de los Estados Unidos estimó que la energía de una planta «construida hoy» cuesta alrededor de 0,05 $/kWh. La generación de electricidad a partir de la energía geotérmica ha alcazando una capacidad total instalada de aproximadamente 16.873 MW en 2024. Para calefacción y refrigeración, el despliegue geotérmico creció a un ritmo medio de alrededor del 9 % anual entre 2015 y 2020 para alcanzar los 107 gigavatios térmicos (GWth) en 2020.​
El término «geotérmico» viene del griego geo («Tierra»), y thermos («calor»); literalmente «calor de la Tierra».

",469568,es,2026-07-13T10:17:40Z,24867,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía geotérmica,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_geot%C3%A9rmica,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
"[""Categoría:Energía hidráulica"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN""]","Energía hidráulica, energía hídrica o hidroenergía es aquella que se obtiene a partir del aprovechamiento de las energías cinéticas y potenciales de las corrientes del agua, saltos de agua o mareas.
Se puede transformar a diferentes escalas. Existen, desde hace siglos, pequeñas explotaciones en las que la corriente de un río, con una pequeña represa, mueve una rueda de palas o astas y genera un movimiento aplicado generalmente a molinos o batanes.
Generalmente se consideraba como un tipo de energía renovable puesto que no emite productos contaminantes. Otros consideran que produce un gran impacto ambiental debido a la construcción de las presas, que inundan grandes superficies de terreno y modifican el caudal del río y la calidad del agua.​​

",17120,es,2026-07-27T22:04:03Z,31381,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía hidráulica,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_hidr%C3%A1ulica,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
"[""Categoría:Energía marina"", ""Categoría:Mareas"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos que necesitan referencias adicionales"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Referenciar (aún sin clasificar)""]","La energía mareomotriz, también conocida como energía mareal, es la energía que se obtiene aprovechando las mareas: mediante el uso de un alternador se puede utilizar el sistema para la generación de electricidad, transformando así la energía mareomotriz en energía eléctrica, una forma energética más segura y aprovechable. Es un tipo de energía renovable, en tanto que la fuente de energía primaria no se agota por su explotación, y es limpia ya que en la transformación energética no se producen subproductos contaminantes gaseosos, líquidos o sólidos. Sin embargo, la relación entre la cantidad de energía que se puede obtener con los medios actuales y el coste económico y ambiental de instalar los dispositivos para su proceso han impedido una implementación notable de este tipo de energía.
Otras formas de extraer energía del mar son: las olas (energía undimotriz), de la diferencia de temperatura entre la superficie y las aguas profundas del océano, el gradiente térmico oceánico; de la salinidad, de las corrientes marinas o la energía eólica marina.
En España, el Gobierno de Cantabria y el Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro Energético (IDAE) quieren crear un centro de i+d+i en la costa de Santoña. La planta podría atender al consumo doméstico anual de unos 2500 hogares.​

",17118,es,2026-07-22T21:43:01Z,8776,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía mareomotriz,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_mareomotriz,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"La energía marina o energía de los mares (también denominada a veces energía de los océanos o energía oceánica)​ se refiere a la energía renovable transportada por las olas del mar, las mareas, la salinidad y las diferencias de temperatura del océano. El movimiento del agua en los océanos del mundo crea un vasto almacén de energía cinética o energía en movimiento. Esta energía se puede aprovechar para generar electricidad que alimente las casas, el transporte y la industria.
El término energía marina abarca tanto la energía de las olas —la energía de las olas de superficie y la energía mareomotriz— obtenida a partir de la energía cinética de grandes cuerpos de agua en movimiento. La energía eólica suele confundirse como una forma de energía marina, pero en realidad es derivada de la del viento, aunque los aerogeneradores se coloquen sobre el agua.
Los océanos tienen una enorme cantidad de energía y están muy cerca de la mayoría de las concentraciones de población. Bastantes investigaciones muestran que la energía oceánica tiene el potencial de proporcionar una cantidad sustancial de nuevas energías renovables en todo el mundo.​ 
Una de las principales ventajas de la energía marina respecto a otras energías renovables es que es predecible y está presente las 24 horas del día los 365 días del año. Es decir, no depende del día o la noche, como es el caso de la energía solar o de la existencia de viento como la energía eólica.
Las mareas dependen principalmente de la rotación de la Tierra y el movimiento del Sol y la Luna. Es por ello que las corrientes de marea están presentes todo el tiempo y son muy predecibles. Asimismo, el oleaje también se encuentra mayormente presente en todas las costas del mundo y su ubicuidad es una de las grandes ventajas de la energía de olas: donde hay una costa, existe la posibilidad de obtener energía eléctrica o agua presurizada aprovechando la energía del oleaje.",4592520,es,2026-04-20T15:45:46Z,6507,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía marina,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_marina,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"Las energías no renovables o energías convencionales son aquellas fuentes de energía que  se encuentran en la naturaleza en cantidades limitadas, las cuales, una vez consumidas en su totalidad, no pueden sustituirse,​ ya que no existe sistema de producción o de extracción económicamente viable. De este tipo de energías existen dos clases:[cita requerida]

Combustibles fósiles.
Combustibles nucleares

",186507,es,2026-06-11T14:55:15Z,4119,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía no renovable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_no_renovable,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"La energía nuclear en Alemania representa el 13,3% de la energía eléctrica nacional en el año 2021, comparado con el 22,4% del año 2010.​ La energía nuclear en Alemania comenzó con reactores de investigación en la década de 1950 y 1960, con la primera central comercial iniciando sus operaciones en 1969. Este tema ha tenido alta prioridad en la agenda política en las recientes décadas, con continuos debates acerca de cuándo la tecnología debería ser eliminada. El tema recibió renovada atención al comienzo del año 2007 debido al impacto político de la disputa energética entre Rusia y Bielorrusia y en el año 2011 después del accidente nuclear de Fukushima I.​
El 30 de mayo de 2011, Alemania formalmente anunció planes para abandonar completamente la energía nuclear dentro de 11 años. El plan incluía el cierre inmediato permanente de seis centrales nucleares que habían sido cerradas temporalmente para la realización de pruebas en marzo de 2011, y de dos más que habían estado apagadas unos pocos años debido a problemas técnicos. Las nueve centrales restantes serían cerradas desde entonces hasta el año 2022. El anuncio fue hecho por primera vez por Norbert Röttgen, jefe del Ministerio Federal para el Ambiente, Conservación de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear, después de conversaciones de última hora.​​
La Canciller Angela Merkel dijo que el cierre de las centrales, previamente programado para terminar el año 2036, le daría a Alemania una ventaja competitiva en el área de la energía renovable, diciendo, ""Como la primera gran nación industrializada, podemos alcanzar tal transformación hacia las energías eficientes y renovables, con todas las oportunidades que eso trae para las exportaciones, el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y de trabajos"". Merkel también destacó la impotencia de Japón —a pesar de ser una nación industrializada y tecnológicamente avanzada— al enfrentar su desastre nuclear.​",5491620,es,2026-07-23T10:33:51Z,25869,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía nuclear en Alemania,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_nuclear_en_Alemania,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
"[""Categoría:Energías renovables"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con extractos"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con referencias con et al. implícito en los autores"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas que usan Chart""]","Se denomina energía renovable a la energía que se obtiene a partir de fuentes naturales virtualmente inagotables, ya sea por la inmensa cantidad de energía que contienen, o porque son capaces de regenerarse por medios naturales.​
Entre las energías renovables se encuentran la energía eólica, la geotérmica, la hidroeléctrica, la mareomotriz, la solar, la biomasa y los biocombustibles. Las energías renovables desempeñan un papel fundamental en la transición hacia un sistema energético sostenible y son esenciales para mitigar el cambio climático. El empleo de las fuentes de energía no renovables actuales tales como el petróleo, el gas natural o el carbón acarrea consigo problemas como la progresiva contaminación, o el aumento de las emisiones de los gases invernadero, como consecuencia de la obtención de energía procedente de su combustión.
De 2011 a 2021, las energías renovables aumentaron su participación en el suministro mundial de electricidad pasando de un 20 % a un 28 % mientras que el uso de energía proveniente de los combustibles fósiles se redujo del 68 % al 62 %, y la nuclear, del 12 % al 10 %. El uso de energía hidroeléctrica disminuyó del 16 % al 15 %, mientras que la energía solar y eólica aumentó del 2 % al 10 %. La biomasa y la energía geotérmica crecieron del 2 % al 3 %.​ En 2025, las energías renovables representaron el 34 % de la generación mundial de electricidad, frente al 21 % de 1985.​
En muchos países del mundo, las energías renovables aportan más del 20 % de su suministro energético total. Algunos países generan más de la mitad de su electricidad a partir de energías renovables.​ Unos pocos países generan toda su electricidad a partir de energías renovables.​ Se prevé que los mercados nacionales de energías renovables sigan creciendo con fuerza en la década de 2020 y en años posteriores.​
El despliegue de las energías renovables se ve obstaculizado por las subvenciones masivas a los combustibles fósiles.​ En 2022, la Agencia Internacional de la Energía (AIE) pidió a todos los países que redujeran sus obstáculos políticos, normativos, de permisos y de financiación para desarrollar energías renovables.​ Esto aumentaría las posibilidades de que el mundo alcance la neutralidad de carbono en 2050.​ Según la AIE, para alcanzar las emisiones netas cero en 2050, el 90 % de la generación mundial de electricidad deberá producirse a partir de fuentes renovables.​​",15716,es,2026-07-23T10:35:35Z,66175,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,6960176,es,2026-04-20T15:47:49Z,9547,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable 100%,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable_100%25,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,8886180,es,2026-04-27T11:31:42Z,6618,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable en Albania,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable_en_Albania,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,6567189,es,2026-04-20T15:47:33Z,115079,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable en Escocia,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable_en_Escocia,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,1310119,es,2026-07-26T05:25:25Z,52504,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable en España,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable_en_Espa%C3%B1a,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,8499262,es,2026-04-20T15:49:18Z,17110,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable en Noruega,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable_en_Noruega,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,10051783,es,2026-04-20T15:51:25Z,3677,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable en Oceanía,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable_en_Ocean%C3%ADa,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,10568037,es,2026-04-20T15:52:28Z,17489,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable en Portugal,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable_en_Portugal,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,8893988,es,2026-04-20T15:49:39Z,24265,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable en Tuvalu,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable_en_Tuvalu,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,5072440,es,2026-04-20T15:46:22Z,5658,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía renovable en los Estados Unidos,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_renovable_en_los_Estados_Unidos,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
"[""Categoría:Energía solar"", ""Categoría:Energías alternativas"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con enlaces externos rotos"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con referencias con parámetros obsoletos"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con referencias web sin URL""]",,7322,es,2026-07-20T22:51:22Z,73135,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía solar,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_solar,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,8841322,es,2026-07-20T22:52:28Z,46408,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía sostenible,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_sostenible,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,2982382,es,2026-07-05T17:31:43Z,27244,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energía undimotriz,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_undimotriz,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
"[""Categoría:Energías renovables en Alemania"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias""]",,48812,es,2026-04-27T11:31:14Z,22035,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energías renovables en Alemania,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADas_renovables_en_Alemania,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,5978317,es,2026-07-05T13:32:58Z,20282,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energías renovables en América Latina,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADas_renovables_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,3283692,es,2026-07-06T17:02:02Z,18888,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energías renovables en Colombia,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADas_renovables_en_Colombia,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,8898328,es,2026-07-19T14:40:00Z,44164,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energías renovables en Filipinas,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADas_renovables_en_Filipinas,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,6851071,es,2026-06-27T00:53:33Z,21135,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energías renovables en México,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADas_renovables_en_M%C3%A9xico,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,70291,es,2026-07-26T05:25:25Z,30506,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Energías renovables en la Unión Europea,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADas_renovables_en_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,587172,es,2026-01-24T21:23:09Z,848,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Federación Europea de Energías Renovables,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Europea_de_Energ%C3%ADas_Renovables,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
"[""Categoría:Energía"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN""]",,8093,es,2026-07-13T10:17:08Z,35609,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Fuente de energía,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuente_de_energ%C3%ADa,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,10666458,es,2026-04-20T15:52:40Z,12419,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Hibridación de energías renovables,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibridaci%C3%B3n_de_energ%C3%ADas_renovables,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,4364251,es,2026-07-13T10:18:03Z,2750,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Industria de la energía,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_de_la_energ%C3%ADa,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,2010640,es,2026-04-20T15:43:50Z,6107,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables de Tenerife,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_y_de_Energ%C3%ADas_Renovables_de_Tenerife,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,975589,es,2026-07-30T01:32:11Z,8605,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Ministerio de Energía y Minas (Ecuador),https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerio_de_Energ%C3%ADa_y_Minas_(Ecuador),7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,1255630,es,2026-07-13T10:16:40Z,8390,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Oficina de Eficiencia Energética y Energía Renovable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficina_de_Eficiencia_Energ%C3%A9tica_y_Energ%C3%ADa_Renovable,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,3115017,es,2026-07-10T14:12:22Z,28900,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Recurso no renovable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurso_no_renovable,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,2255682,es,2026-07-14T17:41:56Z,17034,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Recurso renovable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurso_renovable,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,3788312,es,2024-11-19T22:35:30Z,492,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Renovable,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renovable,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
"[""Categoría:Asociaciones de Alemania"", ""Categoría:Energía solar"", ""Categoría:Friburgo de Brisgovia"", ""Categoría:Organizaciones ecologistas internacionales"", ""Categoría:Organizaciones fundadas en 1954"", ""Categoría:Organizaciones internacionales de energías renovables"", ""Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con coordenadas en Wikidata""]",,60039,es,2026-05-10T12:29:00Z,2788,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Sociedad Internacional de Energía Solar,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_Internacional_de_Energ%C3%ADa_Solar,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],,5453541,es,2026-07-13T10:18:18Z,111338,2026-08-03T21:56:37+00:00,Transición energética,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transici%C3%B3n_energ%C3%A9tica,7vOHiY2na4rEcYhRb,vwcaw2AS4nBgU4Yel
[],"L'Agence de la transition écologique, nommée Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (ADEME) jusqu'en avril 2020, est un établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial français dont la vocation est de susciter, animer, coordonner, faciliter ou réaliser des opérations de protection de l'environnement et surtout de maîtrise de l'énergie.
Elle est créée en 1991 pour remplacer l'Agence française pour la maîtrise de l'énergie (AFME), elle-même créée en réaction à la crise de l'énergie induite par le premier choc pétrolier de 1973.
L'agence est placée sous la tutelle des ministères de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation et de la Transition écologique et solidaire.
Elle dispose en 2019 d'un budget de 605 millions €, pour un effectif salarié de 963 équivalents temps-plein. Son budget augmente les années suivantes, pour atteindre 4,2 milliards € en 2024.",1401502,fr,2026-08-03T15:53:59Z,44557,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_de_l%27environnement_et_de_la_ma%C3%AEtrise_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"L'Agence internationale pour les énergies renouvelables (IRENA, de l'anglais International Renewable Energy Agency) est une organisation intergouvernementale fondée en 2009, dont la mission est la promotion des énergies renouvelables à l'échelle mondiale. Son siège se situe à Abou Dabi et son directeur général est l'italien Mr. Francesco La Camera. Le centre d'innovation et technologie de l'IRENA se situe à Bonn.",3951518,fr,2026-07-23T15:34:34Z,15786,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Agence internationale pour les énergies renouvelables,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_internationale_pour_les_%C3%A9nergies_renouvelables,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Le Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) est un organisme divers d'administration centrale de recherche scientifique français dans les domaines de l’énergie, de la défense, des technologies de l'information et de la communication, des sciences de la matière, des sciences de la vie et de la santé, implanté sur dix sites en France. Historiquement dénommé Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), il a changé de nom en 2010 en élargissant son champ aux énergies alternatives tout en conservant son sigle.
Les principaux centres de recherche du CEA sont le centre de recherche CEA Paris-Saclay (Essonne), le centre de Fontenay-aux-Roses (Hauts-de-Seine), le site de Marcoule (Gard), le centre de Cadarache (Bouches-du-Rhône), le centre de Grenoble (dans l'Isère), le centre Le Ripault (à Monts, près de Tours). Le centre de Saclay se trouve au cœur du pôle de compétitivité technologique Paris-Saclay. Le centre de Grenoble se trouve au cœur du polygone scientifique.
Le CEA est un organisme de recherche classé en établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial (EPIC). Il a pour mission principale de développer les applications de l'énergie nucléaire dans les domaines scientifique, industriel, et de la défense nationale (DAM). Fin 2022, il emploie plus de 21 000 salariés, pour un budget annuel de 5,8 milliards d'euros.",61122,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:45Z,86407,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique_et_aux_%C3%A9nergies_alternatives,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"EDF Power Solutions est une holding regroupant des entreprises de production d'énergies renouvelables, filiale à 100 % du groupe EDF. Le groupe portait le nom EDF Renouvelables jusqu'au 17 juin 2025.
L'énergie éolienne est la filière principale du groupe.
Fin juin 2026, EDF annonce la vente de ses activités d'énergie renouvelable aux États-Unis et au Canada au fonds d'investissement américain KKR.",2310084,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:15Z,63447,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,EDF Power Solutions,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDF_Power_Solutions,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Enel Green Power S.p.A. est la société du Groupe Enel qui s'occupe du développement et de la gestion des activités de génération d'énergie à partir de sources renouvelables telles que le solaire, la géothermie, l'éolien, l'hydroélectricité. Le groupe est sis à Rome et opère avec des actifs en exploitation ou en construction dans 19 pays. Avec une capacité gérée 67,7 GW (3,4 GW Storage), développée par plus de 1400 installations, Enel Green Power est le leader mondial dans le secteur des énergies propres. La production annuelle est de 128,1 TWh.",9629641,fr,2026-07-29T22:32:10Z,22056,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Enel Green Power,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enel_Green_Power,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Jean-Marc Jancovici, né le 13 février 1962 à Paris, est un ingénieur, enseignant et conférencier français, spécialisé dans les questions d'énergie et de climat.
Diplômé de l'École polytechnique, ingénieur de l'École nationale supérieure des télécommunications, il est le créateur du bilan carbone, qu'il a développé pour l'Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie. Il cofonde en 2007 avec Alain Grandjean Carbone 4, un cabinet de conseil qui vend des bilans carbone aux entreprises, ainsi que le think tank The Shift Project en 2010. Depuis 2008, il est enseignant vacataire à l'École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris. Dans les années 2010, il se fait surtout connaître par ses conférences de sensibilisation et de vulgarisation sur les thèmes du réchauffement climatique et de la production d'énergie. En 2018, il devient membre du Haut Conseil pour le climat auprès du Premier ministre. Publiée en 2021, sa bande dessinée Le Monde sans fin, coécrite et dessinée par Christophe Blain, s'écoule à plus d’un million d’exemplaires en France.
Engagé en faveur de la lutte contre le dérèglement climatique, en particulier dans la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, il milite notamment pour la sobriété énergétique. Selon lui, le modèle actuel des sociétés occidentales est voué à la décroissance, car il repose sur des combustibles fossiles qu’aucune alternative ne permettrait de remplacer à l’identique en termes de quantité ou de disponibilité. Afin de conserver un certain niveau de développement, il propose notamment de miser sur l'énergie nucléaire en plus du développement des énergies renouvelables (même s'il défend l'idée d'un moratoire sur ces dernières), ce qui lui attire différentes critiques.",695764,fr,2026-08-03T19:18:25Z,82035,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Jean-Marc Jancovici,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Jancovici,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"La loi no 2023-175 du 10 mars 2023 relative à l'accélération de la production d'énergies renouvelables, surnommée loi APER, est une loi française promulguée le 10 mars 2023.
Elle a pour objectif de faciliter l'accélération de la production d'énergies renouvelables sur le territoire français. Pour cela, elle met notamment les collectivités territoriales au centre de la planification territoriale des énergies renouvelables en leur donnant de nouveaux leviers d'action. À travers ses 7 titres et 116 articles, elle met en place des dispositions portant sur chaque source d'énergie renouvelable — avec un focus sur les énergies solaire et en mer — et sur leur financement.
L'adoption de la loi APER s'inscrit dans un contexte favorable à la relocalisation de la production d'énergie et le développement des énergies renouvelables, avec la crise énergétique mondiale de 2021-2023, la sortie du sixième rapport d'évaluation du GIEC et le retard de la France en matière de développement des énergies renouvelables.
Bien que la volonté de déployer massivement les énergies renouvelables soit généralement saluée, de nombreux acteurs critiquent le contenu de la loi qui l'accusent de ne pas être ambitieuse et de freiner le développement de ces énergies au lieu de les accélérer. D'autres acteurs, à l'instar des maires, mettent en exergue la complexité de mettre en place certaines mesures dans un délai aussi restreint.",15877422,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:15Z,40428,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Loi relative à l'accélération de la production d'énergies renouvelables,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_relative_%C3%A0_l%27acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9ration_de_la_production_d%27%C3%A9nergies_renouvelables,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],Le ministère de l'Énergie et des Énergies renouvelables du Niger est le ministère chargé des ressources énergétiques au Niger.,15056309,fr,2026-07-30T09:00:20Z,2328,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Ministère de l'Énergie et des Énergies renouvelables,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%27%C3%89nergie_et_des_%C3%89nergies_renouvelables,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Mourad Adjal, (arabe : مراد عجال), né en 1967 à Bordj Bou Arreridj, est un haut fonctionnaire et un homme politique algérien. Il intègre le groupe Sonelgaz en 1991 où il assure de nombreux postes de cadre avant de devenir PDG du groupe en 2021. Il est nommé ministre de l'Énergie et des Énergies renouvelables, à partir du 15 septembre 2025.",17040755,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:28Z,11803,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Mourad Adjal,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourad_Adjal,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Producteur français d’énergies exclusivement renouvelables fondé en 2008, Neoen développe, finance, construit et exploite des centrales solaires, des parcs éoliens terrestres et des installations de stockage d'énergie. La société disposait d'une capacité totale de 8,2 GW à fin août 2025, dont 49 % de solaire, 27 % d’éolien et 24 % de stockage en batterie. Neoen a l'ambition de déployer 10 GW additionnels d'ici 2030.
Neoen est notamment propriétaire exploitant de la centrale photovoltaïque de Cestas (Gironde, France), plus grande centrale solaire en Europe (300 MWc) à sa mise en service en 2014 ; du parc éolien de Mutkalampi (404 MW), plus grand parc éolien de Finlande ; de la Collie Battery (560 MW / 2240 MWh), l’une des plus grandes batteries au monde, ainsi que de la plus grande centrale solaire d’Amérique Centrale, Providencia Solar (101 MWc) en 2017, et de l’une des plus puissantes d’Australie, Western Downs Solar Farm.",11109539,fr,2026-07-23T15:35:13Z,50694,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Neoen,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoen,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Norbert Cossi Awanou, né en 1950 à Dassa-Zoumé et mort le 14 mai 2026, est un physicien et universitaire béninois, spécialiste de la thermodynamique et des énergies renouvelables. Professeur à l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), il dirige cette université de 2006 à 2011.",17539434,fr,2026-07-28T12:32:31Z,8303,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Norbert Cossi Awanou,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Cossi_Awanou,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Les offres d’électricité renouvelable — souvent appelées, de façon inappropriée, « offres d’électricité verte » — sont des contrats de fourniture d'électricité conçus de façon à valoriser le développement d’une électricité produite à partir de sources renouvelables (hydraulique, solaire, éolien…). Elles connaissent un succès certain et font l'objet de rapports d'évaluation de l'Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (Ademe) et de la Commission de régulation de l'énergie (CRE).
L’encadrement légal de ces offres est déterminé par la directive de l'Union européenne 2018/2001, pour laquelle le caractère « renouvelable » de chaque mégawatt-heure produit est attesté par un certificat dit de « garantie d’origine » dont le prix est faible et qui peut être vendu indépendamment de l'électricité elle-même. Pour prouver que son offre est renouvelable, un fournisseur doit ainsi acquérir autant de garantie d'origine qu'il vend de mégawatts-heures ; le consommateur est alors assuré que sa consommation d’électricité correspond à une production renouvelable injectée sur le réseau électrique européen.
L’Ademe et la CRE indiquent que le développement récent de ces énergies est surtout dû aux dispositifs de soutiens publics et plaident, dans le but de stimuler les fournisseurs, pour que le consommateur sache, à travers sa facture, s’il finance réellement les énergies renouvelables. Dans cette perspective, l’Ademe créé le label « Vervolt », qui distingue les offres suivant deux niveaux : « choix engagé » et « choix très engagé ».",4612548,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:34Z,39023,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Offre d'électricité renouvelable (France),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offre_d%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9_renouvelable_(France),YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Ohm Énergie est un fournisseur et producteur privé français d'énergie pour les particuliers et petites entreprises, créé en 2018.
L'entreprise s'engage à fournir une énergie entièrement renouvelable, en soutenant des producteurs indépendants locaux et en participant au développement des énergies renouvelables en France. Elle propose également un assistant énergétique nommé Ohmy, disponible via une application, qui analyse la consommation des clients et offre des conseils personnalisés pour réaliser des économies d'énergie.",16382478,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:21Z,5036,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Ohm Énergie,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_%C3%89nergie,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"La recherche et le développement (R&D) dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables a été sévèrement entravée dans beaucoup de nations par l'attribution d'une fraction minuscule des budgets sur l'énergie, avec les sources d'énergie conventionnelles qui continuent à se tailler la part du lion.
D'après l'Agence internationale de l'énergie, seulement 7,7 % des aides publiques de R&D sont allées aux énergies renouvelables de 1987 à 2002. En Europe en 2001, 5,3 milliards d'euros ont bénéficié aux énergies renouvelables.",663136,fr,2026-07-14T12:47:08Z,13115,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Politique des énergies renouvelables,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_des_%C3%A9nergies_renouvelables,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Les réserves mondiales prouvées d'énergie fossile pouvaient être estimées en 2022, selon l'Agence fédérale allemande pour les sciences de la Terre et les matières premières, à 41 662 EJ (exajoules), dont 55 % de charbon, 25 % de pétrole et 19 % de gaz naturel. Ces réserves assurent 81 ans de production au rythme de 2024 ; cette durée est très variable selon le type d'énergie : 53 ans pour le pétrole, 54 ans pour le gaz naturel, 140 ans pour le charbon. Pour l'uranium, avec les techniques actuelles, elle serait de 85 à 130 ans selon les estimations, et sa durée d'utilisation pourrait se compter en siècles en ayant recours à la surgénération. À plus long terme, la fusion nucléaire pourrait apporter des ressources encore plus élevées. Le potentiel de l'énergie solaire est également quasi illimité.
La production mondiale d'énergie commercialisée était en 2025, selon l'Energy Institute, de 600 EJ, en progression de 14,6 % par rapport à 2015. Elle se répartissait en 33,5 % de pétrole, 27,7 % de charbon, 25,1 % de gaz naturel, 5,2 % de nucléaire et 8,6 % d'énergies renouvelables (EnR) (dont hydroélectricité : 2,7 % ; éolien, solaire, biomasse, géothermie, biocarburants : 5,9 %). Dans la production électrique mondiale, le charbon reste largement dominant.
Depuis la révolution industrielle, la consommation d'énergie ne cesse d'augmenter. La consommation finale énergétique mondiale progresse de 66 % entre 1990 et 2023 ; elle s'élève en 2023, selon l'Agence internationale de l'énergie (AIE), à 429 EJ, dont 21,2 % sous forme d'électricité ; depuis 1990, elle progresse un peu plus vite que la population, mais sa répartition par source d'énergie n'a guère évolué : la part des énergies fossiles recule de 1,9 points, mais leur domination reste massive : 81,6 % ; la part des EnR passe de 14,2 % en 1990 à 16,4 % en 2023, car le recul de la part de la biomasse compense en partie la progression des autres EnR. Quatre pays concentrent 51 % de cette consommation : la Chine 23,6 %, les États-Unis 15,2 %, l'Inde 7,1 % et la Russie 5,1 %. La répartition par secteur de cette consommation est : industrie 30,1 %, transports 28,6 %, résidentiel 19,6 %, tertiaire 8 %, agriculture et pêche 2,3 %, usages non énergétiques (chimie, etc.) 9,8 %. La part de l'électricité dans la consommation finale d'énergie progresse rapidement : de 13,5 % en 1990 à 21,2 % en 2023 ; cette progression est la plus rapide dans les pays émergents. La consommation par habitant est en moyenne mondiale de 78,6 GJ/hab ; celle de l'Éthiopie ne représente que 3 % de cette moyenne alors que celle des États-Unis est 3,6 fois supérieure à la moyenne.
Au niveau mondial, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dues à l'énergie en 2024 sont estimées par l'AIE à 40,16 Gt, en progression de 137,4 % depuis 1971, dont 36,38 Gt dues à la combustion, elles-mêmes réparties en 43,8 % produites par le charbon, 32,4 % par le pétrole et 21,5 % par le gaz naturel ; par secteur en 2024, 37,2 % sont issues de l'industrie, 24,8 % du transport, 16,3 % du secteur résidentiel et 9,2 % du secteur tertiaire. Les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) par habitant en 2024 sont estimées à 4,36 t dans le monde, en progression de 17,2 % par rapport à 1971, 13,04 t aux États-Unis, 8,08 t en Chine, 6,27 t en Allemagne, 3,73 t en France, 1,99 t en Inde et 0,86 t en Afrique. Selon l'Energy Institute, les émissions mondiales de CO2 liées à l'énergie ont progressé de 5,3 % de 2019 à 2025.
Dans le cadre de la convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques, tous les pays se sont engagés à maintenir la hausse des températures en deçà de +2 °C par rapport à l'ère préindustrielle. Pour aboutir à ce résultat, il faut globalement s'abstenir d'extraire un tiers des réserves de pétrole, la moitié des réserves de gaz et plus de 80 % du charbon disponibles dans le sous-sol mondial, d'ici à 2050. Selon l'AIE, les engagements individuels des pays à la conférence de Paris de 2015 sur les changements climatiques (COP21) sont largement insuffisants : ils ne feraient que ralentir la progression des émissions de CO2 et mèneraient à une hausse des températures de +2,7 °C en 2100.",82903,fr,2026-08-03T14:29:42Z,100487,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Ressources et consommation énergétiques mondiales,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ressources_et_consommation_%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tiques_mondiales,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Une source d'énergie est un phénomène physique ou un phénomène chimique dont il est possible d'exploiter l'énergie à des fins industrielles ou biophysiques. Une source d'énergie est dite « primaire » si elle est issue d'un phénomène naturel et n'a pas été transformée ; elle est dite « secondaire » si elle est le résultat d'une transformation volontaire. Elle peut être « renouvelable » si ses réserves ne s'épuisent pas de façon significative dans l'échelle de temps de son exploitation, ou « durable » dans le contexte écologique.

",148823,fr,2026-07-14T12:46:01Z,9332,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Source d'énergie,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_d%27%C3%A9nergie,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Le stockage d'énergie par air comprimé, également désigné par le sigle CAES pour l'anglais « compressed air energy storage », est une méthode de stockage de l'énergie permettant d'utiliser de l'énergie en excès à certaines périodes de la journée pour comprimer de l'air, soit dans des cavités naturelles soit dans des réservoirs conçus à cet effet, et de réinjecter cette énergie à des périodes de forte demande que la production ne permet pas de satisfaire. Cette méthode est une alternative au pompage-turbinage qui nécessite un relief adapté et permet en particulier de lisser la production des énergies intermittentes, comme les énergies renouvelables.",17228293,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:30Z,15058,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Stockage d'énergie par air comprimé,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockage_d%27%C3%A9nergie_par_air_comprim%C3%A9,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Certaines énergies renouvelables sont rentables et se sont développées spontanément : énergie hydroélectrique (réserve d'eau et d'énergie potentielle), certaines énergies issues de la biomasse (bois, résidus agricoles, déchets urbains) ; d'autres, dont le coût de production dépasse leur valeur économique ou dont le retour sur investissement est long, n'ont pu démarrer que grâce à des aides ou subventions les rendant rentables pour les investisseurs.
Les systèmes de subventions en cours varient selon le pays et le contexte local, pouvant parfois se superposer, en particulier lorsque plusieurs niveaux de pouvoir politique interviennent :",17221900,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:30Z,26562,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Subventions aux énergies renouvelables,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subventions_aux_%C3%A9nergies_renouvelables,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"Le Syndicat des énergies renouvelables (SER) est un organisme français créé en 1993 (il se nommait alors SIPROFER - Syndicat des industriels et professionnels français des énergies renouvelables) pour promouvoir les intérêts des industriels et des professionnels français des énergies renouvelables (EnR) et défendre les intérêts français au niveau des principaux programmes européens de soutien au secteur.
L'actuel président du SER est Jules Nyssen.",529586,fr,2026-07-14T12:46:53Z,5535,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Syndicat des énergies renouvelables,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_des_%C3%A9nergies_renouvelables,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
"[""Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais"", ""Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en néerlandais"", ""Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité"", ""Catégorie:Article manquant de références/Liste complète"", ""Catégorie:Article manquant de références depuis mai 2024"", ""Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox"", ""Catégorie:Article à mettre à jour"", ""Catégorie:Article à référence insuffisante"", ""Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire"", ""Catégorie:Article à référence souhaitée"", ""Catégorie:Biocarburant en France"", ""Catégorie:Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata"", ""Catégorie:Entreprise ayant son siège à Courbevoie"", ""Catégorie:Entreprise de l'Euronext 100"", ""Catégorie:Entreprise du CAC 40"", ""Catégorie:Entreprise du secteur de la chimie ayant son siège en France"", ""Catégorie:Entreprise fondée en 1924"", ""Catégorie:Entreprise pétrolière"", ""Catégorie:Fabricant de polymères"", ""Catégorie:Groupe TotalEnergies"", ""Catégorie:Page géolocalisable sans coordonnées paramétrées"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases externes"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives aux organisations"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à l'audiovisuel"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la recherche"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la vie publique"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à plusieurs domaines"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P10780"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P112"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1296"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1417"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1616"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P2137"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P2139"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P2226"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P2295"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P2403"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P2657"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3153"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3222"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3365"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3608"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P4342"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P6413"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P6706"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P856"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P9346"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant l'extension Phonos"", ""Catégorie:Pau au XXIe siècle""]","TotalEnergies SE , ancienne Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP) , puis Total , est une multinationale française de production et de fourniture d’hydrocarbures et d’autres sources d’énergies : pétrole et biocarburants, gaz naturel et gaz verts, énergies renouvelables et électricité.
Ses activités couvrent l'ensemble de la chaîne de production, de l'extraction du pétrole brut et du gaz naturel, aux activités de raffinage, de pétrochimie, de distribution commerciale, de production d'électricité, jusqu'au transport et stockage de dioxyde de carbone.
Fondée en 1924 sous la présidence d'Ernest Mercier sous le nom de « Compagnie française des pétroles », son premier directeur fut Louis Tronchère. Son siège social se situe depuis les années 1980 dans le quartier d'affaires de La Défense.
TotalEnergies est fréquemment mise en cause pour les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de ses activités pétrolières et gazières, responsables du changement climatique. L'entreprise débourse plusieurs dizaines de millions d'euros chaque année, d'une part en lobbying pour contrer les politiques climatique, d'autre part en communication en faveur de ses investissements dans les énergies renouvelables.",50281,fr,2026-08-01T10:36:09Z,249462,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,TotalEnergies,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TotalEnergies,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,12015414,fr,2026-07-23T15:35:23Z,8964,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,TotalEnergies renouvelables,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TotalEnergies_renouvelables,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,5790926,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:43Z,141339,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie durable,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_durable,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,7969355,fr,2026-07-30T03:56:00Z,111361,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie en Australie,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_en_Australie,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,6261253,fr,2026-08-03T19:37:37Z,149000,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie en Chine,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_en_Chine,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,719974,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:46Z,266819,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie en France,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_en_France,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,81846,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:36Z,52918,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie hydroélectrique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_hydro%C3%A9lectrique,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,852492,fr,2026-08-01T21:06:37Z,7719,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie non renouvelable,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_non_renouvelable,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,1118715,fr,2026-07-23T15:34:17Z,12992,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie osmotique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_osmotique,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,2760720,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:48Z,214794,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15771205,fr,2026-07-23T15:35:55Z,15149,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable au Bhoutan,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_au_Bhoutan,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15771313,fr,2026-07-14T13:02:23Z,14500,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable au Brunei,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_au_Brunei,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15792348,fr,2026-07-23T15:35:55Z,22811,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable au Brésil,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_au_Br%C3%A9sil,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15790367,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:14Z,11003,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable au Chili,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_au_Chili,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15597663,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:12Z,33114,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable au Kenya,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_au_Kenya,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15765138,fr,2026-07-14T13:02:22Z,2210,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable au Luxembourg,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_au_Luxembourg,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,14157197,fr,2026-07-30T03:56:53Z,19415,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable au Maroc,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_au_Maroc,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15766422,fr,2026-07-25T16:31:36Z,2696,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable aux Seychelles,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_aux_Seychelles,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,13330842,fr,2026-07-31T18:53:02Z,36772,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable en Afrique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_en_Afrique,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15764933,fr,2026-07-14T13:02:22Z,3698,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable en Albanie,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_en_Albanie,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15774452,fr,2026-07-14T13:02:23Z,6015,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable en Colombie,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_en_Colombie,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,10718267,fr,2026-07-26T05:25:25Z,44990,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable en Espagne,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_en_Espagne,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,17222455,fr,2026-07-14T13:03:55Z,6701,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable en France,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_en_France,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,16129981,fr,2026-07-14T13:02:47Z,7349,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable en Lituanie,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_en_Lituanie,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15771938,fr,2026-07-14T13:02:23Z,6694,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable en Nouvelle-Zélande,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_en_Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,15765182,fr,2026-07-23T15:35:55Z,6507,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable en Polynésie française,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_en_Polyn%C3%A9sie_fran%C3%A7aise,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,7869082,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:59Z,36665,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie renouvelable intermittente,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_renouvelable_intermittente,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,2760787,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:48Z,89039,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie solaire,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_solaire,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,943963,fr,2026-08-01T21:43:30Z,170741,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie solaire photovoltaïque,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_solaire_photovolta%C3%AFque,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,2760733,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:48Z,234504,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergie éolienne,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_%C3%A9olienne,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],,9709024,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:57Z,11575,2026-08-03T21:55:49+00:00,Énergies renouvelables en Écosse,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergies_renouvelables_en_%C3%89cosse,YPtsUSz0malngzJ8g,Gd7wcKGlwQDTmUZuF
[],"L'action est une grandeur scalaire qui caractérise l'évolution d'un système physique (matière ou champ), et dont l'éventail des variations possibles détermine cette évolution (selon le principe de moindre action). Elle a la dimension d'une énergie multipliée par un temps, ou d'une quantité de mouvement multipliée par une longueur (le moment cinétique a la même dimension qu'une action, mais il s'agit d'une grandeur pseudovectorielle qui implique un produit vectoriel). On la note habituellement 
  
    
      
        
          
            S
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}}
  
 ou S, plus rarement 
  
    
      
        
          
            A
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}
  
 ou A pour éviter de la confondre avec l'entropie.
Définie par Leibniz en 1690, l'action prend de l'importance en physique avec la mise en évidence du principe de moindre action par Maupertuis en 1744, puis avec l'introduction du  « quantum élémentaire d'action » par Planck en 1900 (h, constante de Planck). Elle devient une grandeur fondamentale en physique théorique avec l'avènement de la relativité générale et de la théorie quantique des champs.
Caractérisant globalement l'état d'un système et son évolution, c'est une grandeur fonctionnelle qui, dans sa version réduite, prend en argument la trajectoire du système dans son espace de configuration et la décrit globalement par un scalaire. L'évolution du système obéit au principe de moindre action, ce qui permet de déterminer en chaque point de la trajectoire l'équation du mouvement gouvernant le futur de ce système.",127792,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:38Z,23910,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Action (physique),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(physique),YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"Alain Aspect, né le 15 juin 1947 à Agen, est un physicien et universitaire français.
Il est connu pour avoir mené les premiers tests concluants sur le paradoxe Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen, un paradoxe fondamental de la mécanique quantique.
En 2022, il est colauréat du prix Nobel de physique aux côtés de John Clauser et Anton Zeilinger « pour les expériences avec des photons intriqués, établissant les violations des inégalités de Bell et ouvrant une voie pionnière vers l’informatique quantique ».
Il est élu à l'Académie française au fauteuil 22, le 26 juin 2025.",306023,fr,2026-08-03T16:31:43Z,37125,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Alain Aspect,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Aspect,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"Le Chaos (en grec ancien Χάος / Kháos) est le premier dieu élément primordial et un concept extrait de la mythologie grecque : il s'agit de l'espace préexistant à toutes choses, et notamment à la lumière. Plus précisément, il est défini comme un principe faisant référence au « commencement confus de toutes choses, l'image de ce qui existait avant les dieux, avant les mortels, et d'où tout est issu. Puis de sa masse enchevêtrée surgirent le Héméra et l'Éther, avec le premier jaillissement  de la lumière indispensable à l'éclosion de la vie ». 
En théologie et en philosophie, il s'agit d'un état qui précède l'intervention de Dieu (ou des dieux).

",72045,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:36Z,6591,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Chaos (cosmogonie),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogonie),YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"Le chat de Schrödinger est une expérience de pensée imaginée en 1935 par le physicien Erwin Schrödinger afin de mettre en évidence des lacunes supposées de l'interprétation de Copenhague de la physique quantique, et particulièrement mettre en évidence le problème de la mesure.
La mécanique quantique est relativement difficile à concevoir car sa description du monde repose sur des amplitudes de probabilité (fonctions d'onde). Ces fonctions d'ondes peuvent se trouver en combinaison linéaire, donnant lieu à des « états superposés ». Cependant, lors d'une opération dite de « mesure » l'objet quantique sera trouvé dans un état déterminé ; la fonction d'onde donne les probabilités de trouver l'objet dans tel ou tel état.
Selon l'interprétation de Copenhague, c'est la mesure qui perturbe le système et le fait bifurquer d'un état quantique superposé (atome à la fois intact et désintégré par exemple… mais avec une probabilité de désintégration dans un intervalle de temps donné qui, elle, est parfaitement déterminée) vers un état mesuré. Cet état ne préexiste pas à la mesure : c'est la mesure qui le fait advenir.
Toutefois, la notion de mesure ou de bifurcation n'apparaît pas explicitement ni même indirectement dans le formalisme quantique, et les tentatives d'en faire surgir cette notion se heurtent à d'extrêmes difficultés. En conséquence, certains physiciens n'accordent aucune réalité physique au concept de mesure ou d'observation. Pour eux, les états superposés ne s'effondrent ou ne « bifurquent » pas et l'état mesuré n'existe pas réellement (voir par exemple : Hugh Everett).
C'est pour faire apparaître le caractère paradoxal de cette position et pour poser de manière frappante le problème que Schrödinger a imaginé cette expérience de pensée, également connue sous le nom de « paradoxe de Schrödinger ».",65386,fr,2026-08-02T05:03:02Z,55427,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Chat de Schrödinger,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_de_Schr%C3%B6dinger,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"La chromodynamique quantique (en abrégé CDQ ou QCD, ce dernier de l'anglais Quantum ChromoDynamics) est une théorie physique qui décrit l’interaction forte, l’une des quatre forces fondamentales, qui permet de comprendre les interactions entre les quarks et les gluons et, au passage, la cohésion du noyau atomique. Elle fut proposée en 1973 par H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek et David Gross pour comprendre la structure des hadrons (c'est-à-dire d'une part les baryons comme les protons, neutrons et particules similaires, et d'autre part les mésons). Ils reçurent le prix Nobel de physique en 2004 pour ces travaux. Cette théorie utilise la théorie quantique des champs pour rendre compte de l’interaction entre quarks et gluons.",137331,fr,2026-07-14T12:45:59Z,7819,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Chromodynamique quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromodynamique_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"L'échange quantique de clé (ou distribution quantique de clé, ou négociation quantique de clé), souvent abrégé QKD (pour l'anglais : quantum key distribution) est un échange de clé, c'est-à-dire un protocole cryptographique visant à établir un secret partagé entre deux participants qui communiquent sur un canal non sécurisé. Ce secret sert généralement à générer une clé cryptographique commune (c'est pourquoi il s'agit d'échange de clé, au singulier), permettant ensuite aux participants de chiffrer leurs communications au moyen d'un algorithme de chiffrement symétrique. L'échange quantique de clé se caractérise en ce qu'il fonde sa sécurité non pas sur la difficulté calculatoire supposée de certains problèmes, comme c'est le cas pour les protocoles cryptographiques utilisés aujourd'hui, mais sur l'impossibilité supposée de violer les principes de la physique quantique : c'est un cas particulier de cryptographie quantique. 
Parmi les propriétés fondamentales sur lesquelles s'appuie l'échange quantique de clé, il y a notamment le théorème de non clonage, qui garantit qu'il est impossible pour un adversaire de créer une réplique exacte d'une particule dans un état inconnu. Ainsi il est possible sous certaines conditions de détecter une tentative d'interception des communications.",10225806,fr,2026-07-23T15:35:07Z,14899,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Distribution quantique de clé,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_quantique_de_cl%C3%A9,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"La physique est une discipline scientifique qui cherche à comprendre et à expliquer les phénomènes de l'univers observable ; elle construit des modèles théoriques qui sont testés par des expériences dans un champ qui va de l'infiniment petit à l'infiniment grand. 

Les théories physiques varient dans leur portée et peuvent être organisées en plusieurs domaines distincts, qui sont décrits dans cet article.

",15582452,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:11Z,27081,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Domaines de la physique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaines_de_la_physique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"En physique, la dualité onde-corpuscule  aussi appelée dualité onde-particule est un principe selon lequel tous les objets physiques peuvent présenter parfois des propriétés d'ondes et parfois des propriétés de corpuscules et de particules. La manifestation de ces propriétés ne dépend pas seulement de l'objet étudié isolément, mais aussi de tout l'appareillage de mesure utilisé. Ce concept fait partie des fondements de la mécanique quantique. Le cas d'école est celui de la lumière, qui présente deux aspects complémentaires selon les conditions d'expérience : elle apparaît soit ondulatoire, d’où le concept de longueur d'onde, soit corpusculaire, d'où le concept de photons.
Cette dualité démontre en réalité l'inadéquation — ou plus exactement l'incomplétude — de chacune des conceptions classiques de « corpuscules » ou d'« ondes » pour décrire le comportement des objets quantiques. L'idée de la dualité prend ses racines dans un débat remontant aussi loin que le XVIIe siècle, quand s'affrontaient les théories concurrentes de Christian Huygens, qui considérait que la lumière était composée d'ondes, et celle d'Isaac Newton, qui considérait la lumière comme un flot de corpuscules. La dualité onde-corpuscule est introduite en 1909 par Albert Einstein pour la lumière. À la suite des travaux d'Einstein, de Louis de Broglie et de bien d'autres, les théories scientifiques modernes accordent à tous les objets une double nature d'onde et de corpuscule, bien que ce phénomène ne soit perceptible qu'à l'échelle des systèmes quantiques.
L'électrodynamique quantique donne à la lumière un aspect corpusculaire, et montre par des propriétés probabilistes que les photons peuvent avoir un comportement ondulatoire.",61358,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:35Z,29730,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Dualité onde-corpuscule,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualit%C3%A9_onde-corpuscule,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"La décohérence quantique est une théorie susceptible d'expliquer la transition entre les règles physiques quantiques et les règles physiques classiques telles que nous les connaissons, à un niveau macroscopique. Plus spécifiquement, cette théorie apporte une réponse, considérée comme étant la plus complète à ce jour, au paradoxe du chat de Schrödinger et au problème de la mesure quantique.
La théorie de la décohérence a été introduite par H. Dieter Zeh en 1970. Elle a reçu ses premières confirmations expérimentales en 1996.",539579,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:51Z,25322,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Décohérence quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9coh%C3%A9rence_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"En physique quantique, la dégénérescence est le fait pour plusieurs états quantiques distincts de se retrouver au même niveau d'énergie. Un niveau d'énergie est dit dégénéré s'il correspond à plusieurs états distincts d'un atome, molécule ou autre système quantique. Le nombre d'états différents qui correspond à un niveau donné est dit son degré de dégénérescence.
Mathématiquement, la dégénérescence est décrite par un opérateur hamiltonien ayant plusieurs fonctions propres avec la même valeur propre.
Le phénomène est dû la plupart du temps à une symétrie entre les états. La brisure extérieure ou spontanée de la symétrie lève la dégénérescence. L'effet Zeeman ou la structure fine du spectre atomique sont des exemples de levée de dégénérescence.
La dégénérescence joue aussi un rôle dans la physique statistique. Au cas d'un système de N particules en trois dimensions, un niveau d'énergie peut correspondre à plusieurs fonctions d'onde ou états physiques. Ces états dégénérés possèdent tous la même probabilité d'être remplis.",1229779,fr,2026-07-17T14:25:46Z,23001,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Dégénérescence (physique quantique),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rescence_(physique_quantique),YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"L’esprit quantique ou conscience quantique, est une théorie selon laquelle des phénomènes quantiques, tels l'intrication et la superposition d'états, sont impliqués dans le fonctionnement du cerveau et en particulier, dans l'émergence de la conscience. Cette théorie considère ainsi que que la physique classique ne peut expliquer la conscience. 
Cette hypothèse a fait l'objet de discussions sérieuses dans le champ philosophique et neuroscientifique puisqu'elle a eu le soutien de philosophe et de scientifiques reconnus tels que Roger Penrose, Stuart Hameroff, Karl H. Pribram et Henry Stapp. Ses fondements théoriques ont été posés dans les années 1960,  mais depuis ses partisans ne sont pas parvenus à la démontrer et les hypothèses de l'esprit quantique restent des spéculations éloignées du consensus scientifique.
Par ailleurs, cette hypothèse est aussi souvent mentionnée dans des théories pseudoscientifiques et se retrouve notamment mobilisée dans le mysticisme quantique, un mouvement pseudo-scientifique qui assigne des caractéristiques surnaturelles à divers phénomènes quantiques comme la non-localité et l'influence de l'observateur.",3728097,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:26Z,27762,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Esprit quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"Les fentes de Young (ou interférences de Young) désignent en physique une expérience qui consiste à faire interférer deux faisceaux de lumière issus d'une même source, en les faisant passer par deux petits trous percés dans un plan opaque. Cette expérience fut réalisée pour la première fois par Thomas Young en 1801 et permit de comprendre le comportement et la nature de la lumière. Sur un écran disposé en face des fentes de Young, on observe un motif de diffraction qui est une zone où s'alternent des franges sombres et illuminées.
Cette expérience permet alors de mettre en évidence la nature ondulatoire de la lumière. Elle a été également réalisée avec de la matière, comme les électrons, neutrons, atomes, molécules, avec lesquels on observe aussi des interférences. Cela illustre la dualité onde-particule : les interférences montrent que la matière présente un comportement ondulatoire, mais la façon dont elles sont détectées (impact sur un écran) montre leur comportement particulaire.",61871,fr,2026-07-25T16:26:42Z,21960,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Fentes de Young,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentes_de_Young,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"En physique quantique, une fluctuation quantique, ou fluctuation quantique du vide, est le changement temporaire du niveau d'énergie à un certain point de l'espace, expliqué par le principe d'indétermination de Heisenberg qui permet la création spontanée d'une paire virtuelle constituée d'une particule et d'une antiparticule.
Pour comprendre ce phénomène, il faut comprendre la nature du vide spatial conformément à la théorie des champs quantiques. Le vide est rempli d’ondes électromagnétiques fluctuantes. Le vide serait comme un océan où les fluctuations seraient représentées par des vaguelettes à sa surface. L'ensemble apparaît à première vue plat, mais de plus près nous voyons des petites fluctuations. Les ondes produites ont toutes les longueurs d'onde possibles. Le vide contient donc une certaine quantité d’énergie due à des photons à une échelle atomique appelée « énergie du point zéro ». Selon la mécanique quantique, l'énergie n'est pas toujours exactement définie, mais elle fluctue autour de sa valeur moyenne.
Dans l'analogie avec la vague, la création spontanée d'une paire virtuelle constituée d'une particule et d'une antiparticule serait un peu comme la création d'une vague d'onde sur une étendue d'eau calme et plate. Celle-ci présentant une vague supérieure au-dessus du niveau de l'eau et une partie inférieure au-dessous du niveau de l'eau représentant l'exact opposé de la vague supérieure par rapport au niveau de l'eau.  
Les fluctuations quantiques ont pu être à l'origine de la structure même de l'Univers. En effet, selon le modèle de l'inflation cosmique, les fluctuations qui existaient juste après le Big Bang ont été amplifiées et ont été la source des structures observées actuellement. Cette énergie du vide pourrait être la cause de l'accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers et expliquerait la constante cosmologique.
Selon une des formulations du principe, l'énergie et le temps peuvent être liés par :

  
    
      
        Δ
        E
        
        ⋅
        
        Δ
        t
        ≥
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \Delta E\,\cdot \,\Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}
  

Cette relation montre que de l'énergie peut être créée durant un temps très court, sans pour autant violer le principe de conservation de l'énergie, car leur existence est temporaire et leur énergie totale est nulle en raison de l'annihilation ultérieure. D'un point de vue ondulatoire, l'énergie d'un champ peut varier sur une durée brève : on dit que la valeur de l'énergie fluctue. 
D'autres grandeurs sont liées à des indéterminations de leur valeur, et peuvent donc fluctuer, généralement autour d'une valeur moyenne.
Les fluctuations quantiques du vide jouent un rôle essentiel dans de nombreux phénomènes physiques, notamment dans les processus de physique des particules, la physique nucléaire, la cosmologie et la gravité quantique. Par exemple, elles ont des implications dans la force de Casimir, où les fluctuations du vide entre deux plaques métalliques peuvent entraîner une force attractive entre ces plaques. La fluctuation quantique du vide est également responsable du rayonnement de Hawking.",4821077,fr,2026-07-15T21:28:45Z,3751,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Fluctuation quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"La gravitation quantique à boucles (loop quantum gravity en anglais) est une tentative de formuler une théorie de la gravitation quantique, et donc d'unifier la théorie de la relativité générale et les concepts de la physique quantique. Elle est fondée sur la quantification canonique directe de la relativité générale dans une formulation hamiltonienne (l'équation de Wheeler-DeWitt), les trois autres interactions fondamentales n'étant pas considérées dans un premier temps. Une difficulté de l'approche est qu'il n'y a ni espace ni temps de référence et que la covariance générale des équations n'est plus manifeste.
L'un des résultats fondamentaux de cette théorie est que l'espace-temps présente une structure discrète (par opposition au continuum espace-temps de la relativité générale) : les aires et les volumes d'espace sont quantifiés ainsi que le temps. La notion d'espace est en quelque sorte remplacée par la notion de grains primitifs, sortes d'« atomes » d'espace ou, plus exactement, de quanta du champ gravitationnel, reliés entre eux par des liens caractérisés par un spin (spin de lien) d'où le nom de réseau de spin (spin network).
Cette théorie est partiellement en concurrence avec la théorie des supercordes.",245994,fr,2026-07-31T04:05:42Z,21513,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Gravitation quantique à boucles,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_quantique_%C3%A0_boucles,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"La gravité quantique est une branche de la physique théorique tentant d'unifier la mécanique quantique et la relativité générale.
Une telle théorie permettrait notamment de comprendre les phénomènes impliquant de grandes quantités de matière ou d'énergie sur de petites dimensions spatiales, tels que les trous noirs ou l'origine de l'Univers.
L'approche générale utilisée pour obtenir une théorie de la gravité quantique est, présumant que la théorie sous-jacente doit être simple et élégante, d'examiner les symétries et indices permettant de combiner la mécanique quantique et la relativité générale en une théorie globale unifiée.",64279,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:35Z,18692,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Gravité quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravit%C3%A9_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"L'histoire de la mécanique quantique commence traditionnellement avec le problème de la catastrophe ultraviolette et sa résolution en 1900 par l'hypothèse de Max Planck stipulant que tout système atomique irradiant de l'énergie peut être divisé en « éléments d'énergie » discrets liés à la constante h qui, depuis, porte son nom (constante de Planck).
Après la découverte des quanta d'énergie lumineuse par Einstein en 1905, la théorie des quanta vit le jour et commença par remporter nombre de succès expérimentaux, notamment en physique atomique. Cette théorie était cependant restée ""semi-classique"" en ce qu'elle supposait encore l'existence d'ondes classiques et de corpuscules matériels ayant chacun des trajectoires bien définies. C'était aussi le cas de la mécanique ondulatoire après la découverte des ondes de matière de Louis de Broglie. Nombre de problèmes de physique atomique continuaient à leur résister.
C'est à partir des années 1920 que deux autres théories, rompant avec les concepts classiques d'ondes, de corpuscules, de trajectoires, de localité et de déterminisme et utilisant un formalisme mathématique abstrait (état quantique, fonction d'onde) furent mises au point, notamment par Werner Heisenberg et Max Born d'une part (École de Copenhague, mécanique matricielle) et Erwin Schrödinger de l'autre. L'expression « mécanique quantique » fut utilisée pour la première fois en 1924 par Max Born dans son article Zur Quantenmechanik.
John von Neumann démontra en 1932 que ces deux approches (matrices et fonctions d'onde) étaient mathématiquement équivalentes. On les utilise toujours toutes les deux, en fonction des situations, et on appelle « mécanique quantique » la théorie commune qu'elles traduisent de deux manières différentes.
Par la suite, la mécanique quantique fut complétée pour donner naissance à des théories encore plus générales (électrodynamique quantique, théorie quantique des champs, chromodynamique quantique…) sans que les fondations parfois résumées sous le nom de postulats de la mécanique quantique ne soient, jusqu'à présent, remis en question.",2300041,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:15Z,26919,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Histoire de la mécanique quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_m%C3%A9canique_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"L'informatique quantique est le sous-domaine de l'informatique qui traite des calculateurs quantiques et des modèles de calcul associés. L'informatique quantique utilise des phénomènes décrits par la mécanique quantique, comme l'intrication quantique ou la superposition quantique, tandis que l'informatique dite « classique » n'exploite que des phénomènes décrits par la physique classique, tels que l'électricité (ex. : transistor) ou la mécanique classique (ex. : machine analytique). Les opérations n'y reposent plus sur la manipulation de bits dans un état 1 ou 0, mais de qubits en superposition d'états 1 et 0.
Comme toutes les sciences dites « quantiques », l'informatique quantique utilise des phénomènes se produisant dans l'infiniment petit, qui permettent de produire des unités de calculs nanométriques, qu'on appelle des Qbits (ou Qtrits, ou Qdits, selon ce que l'on veut faire). Des progrès de miniaturisation ont accéléré les cadences de calcul et laissent envisager de nouveaux outils (éventuellement en architectures hybrides quantique‑classique). Leurs performances pourraient permettre des simulations physiques jusqu'alors impossibles et d'ouvrir la voie à de nouveaux matériaux, médicaments ou modèles scientifiques. Les algorithmes quantiques vraiment utiles pour une intelligence artificielle quantique n'existent pas encore ou sont théoriques, mais des annonces faites au milieu des années 2020 par Google, Microsoft, Amazon et IBM montrent un intérêt qui se traduit par un tendanciel d’investissement massif et accéléré vers ce que certains nomment la suprématie quantique.
Bien qu'il soient encore très limités (peu de qubits, beaucoup de bruit, pas de capacité à exécuter des algorithmes complexes de manière fiable), à grande échelle, les ordinateurs quantiques présentent aussi des risques majeurs, notamment liés à leurs capacité avérées et potentielles de briser les systèmes actuels de cryptographie à clé publique, de bouleverser la sécurité des communications numériques et de modifier l'équilibre stratégique entre États en rendant obsolètes de nombreux protocoles de protection des données.",415865,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:48Z,55741,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Informatique quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatique_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"L'intelligence artificielle quantique (IA quantique) est un domaine de recherche émergent et interdisciplinaire qui vise à exploiter les propriétés uniques de la physique quantique (dont la superposition quantique et l'intrication quantique) pour résoudre des problèmes complexes inaccessibles aux IA classiques, via des ordinateurs quantiques exécutant de nouveaux types d'algorithmes.",16894953,fr,2026-08-01T18:53:26Z,23142,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Intelligence artificielle quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"En mécanique quantique, l'intrication quantique, ou enchevêtrement quantique, est un phénomène dans lequel deux particules (ou groupes de particules) forment un système lié et présentent des états quantiques dépendant l'un de l'autre quelle que soit la distance qui les sépare. Un tel état est dit « intriqué » ou « enchevêtré », parce qu'il existe des corrélations entre les propriétés physiques observées de ces particules distinctes. En effet, le théorème de Bell démontre que l'intrication donne lieu à des actions non locales. Ainsi, deux objets intriqués O1 et O2 ne sont pas indépendants même séparés par une grande distance, et il faut considérer {O1+O2} comme un système unique.
Cette observation est au cœur des discussions philosophiques sur l'interprétation de la mécanique quantique. En effet, elle semble remettre en cause le principe de localité défendu par Albert Einstein mais sans le contredire tout à fait car des échanges d'informations à une vitesse  supraluminique restent impossibles et la causalité est respectée.
L'intrication quantique a des applications potentielles dans les domaines de l'information quantique, tels que la cryptographie quantique, la téléportation quantique ou l'ordinateur quantique.",1383539,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:07Z,30053,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Intrication quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrication_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"Les inégalités de Bell, énoncées en 1964 par John Stewart Bell, sont la démonstration de l’impossibilité de reproduire toutes les prédictions de la mécanique quantique par une théorie locale à paramètres supplémentaires.
Les postulats de la mécanique quantique imposent de ne pouvoir calculer qu’une probabilité de résultat. Albert Einstein  pensait que la physique quantique était incomplète et que cet aspect probabilistique devait être rendu déterministe en complétant  la physique quantique par des paramètres supplémentaires, appelés variables cachées.
Les inégalités de Bell, généralisées en 1969 par les travaux de Clauser, Horne, Shimony et Holt  (CHSH) ont permis, pour la première fois, d’envisager des expériences en laboratoire , permettant de trancher le débat de la complétude de la physique quantique, conduisant à la deuxième révolution quantique : L’informatique quantique.
L’hypothèse d’Einstein, appelée réalisme local  a été invalidée par de nombreuses expériences liées aux inégalités de Bell obligeant à renoncer à une ou plusieurs des trois hypothèses suivantes:

le principe de localité : deux objets distants ne peuvent avoir une influence instantanée l'un sur l'autre, qu’aucune information ne peut se propager entre les deux objets à une vitesse supérieure à la vitesse de la lumière dans le vide ;
la causalité : l'état des particules est déterminé uniquement par leur expérience, c'est-à-dire leur état initial et l'ensemble des influences reçues dans le passé ;
le réalisme qui, dans l'esprit de l'article original de Bell, signifie que les particules individuelles sont des entités qui possèdent des propriétés propres, véhiculées avec elles.",460565,fr,2026-07-28T06:48:43Z,36656,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Inégalités de Bell,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%A9galit%C3%A9s_de_Bell,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,11190046,fr,2026-08-01T23:30:05Z,12887,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Jean-Paul Auffray,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Auffray,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,6446987,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:48Z,6888,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,La Formule de Dieu,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Formule_de_Dieu,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,46529,fr,2026-07-23T15:33:50Z,39717,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Loi de Planck,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_de_Planck,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,2003620,fr,2026-07-14T12:49:00Z,5260,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Longueur d'onde thermique de de Broglie,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longueur_d%27onde_thermique_de_de_Broglie,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,12588137,fr,2026-07-30T03:35:50Z,24962,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Michel Devoret,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Devoret,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,2927,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:32Z,33606,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Modèle standard de la physique des particules,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_standard_de_la_physique_des_particules,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
"[""Catégorie:Article avec section à recycler"", ""Catégorie:Article avec une section vide ou incomplète"", ""Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais"", ""Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité"", ""Catégorie:Article de qualité en ukrainien"", ""Catégorie:Article utilisant l'infobox Discipline"", ""Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox"", ""Catégorie:Bon article en anglais"", ""Catégorie:Bon article en arabe"", ""Catégorie:Bon article en chinois"", ""Catégorie:Bon article en russe"", ""Catégorie:Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata"", ""Catégorie:Mécanique quantique"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases externes"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la recherche"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la santé"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1296"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1417"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1748"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P2184"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P279"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3095"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3123"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3222"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3365"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P4223"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P4342"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P486"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P5019"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P7666"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P8313"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Physique/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Sciences/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Sciences quantiques/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Théorie scientifique""]",,1913,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:32Z,105907,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Mécanique quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9canique_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,3967158,fr,2026-08-03T19:45:33Z,19610,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Médecine quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decine_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,152398,fr,2026-07-14T12:46:01Z,13682,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Nombre quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,26468,fr,2026-07-31T20:03:01Z,122385,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Ordinateur quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinateur_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,109781,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:45Z,19558,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Paradoxe EPR,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_EPR,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
"[""Catégorie:Article avec une section vide ou incomplète"", ""Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais"", ""Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité"", ""Catégorie:Article de qualité en albanais"", ""Catégorie:Article de qualité en cantonais"", ""Catégorie:Article de qualité en mongol"", ""Catégorie:Article de qualité en portugais"", ""Catégorie:Article de qualité en vietnamien"", ""Catégorie:Article utilisant l'infobox Discipline"", ""Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox"", ""Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire"", ""Catégorie:Article à référence souhaitée"", ""Catégorie:Bon article en arabe"", ""Catégorie:Bon article en espagnol""]",,2306,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:32Z,88034,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Physique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,15754,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:33Z,36248,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Physique quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physique_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,1311598,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:06Z,33566,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Principe d'incertitude,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_d%27incertitude,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,2772442,fr,2026-07-21T02:26:55Z,7911,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Principe de localité (physique),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_de_localit%C3%A9_(physique),YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,58837,fr,2026-07-25T16:26:42Z,5836,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Principe de superposition quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_de_superposition_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,938887,fr,2026-07-23T15:34:15Z,40154,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Problème de la mesure quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_de_la_mesure_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,16566243,fr,2026-07-14T13:03:14Z,25064,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Programme gateway,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_gateway,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,107022,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:37Z,9588,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Quantum,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,2726312,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:17Z,4082,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Saut quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,6410,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:32Z,33598,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Spin,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,2924,fr,2026-07-23T15:33:47Z,82953,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Théorie quantique des champs,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_quantique_des_champs,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,371413,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:47Z,36312,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Téléportation quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9portation_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,1191096,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:04Z,39327,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Vide (physique),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide_(physique),YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,385523,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:47Z,7052,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Vide quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,18603,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:33Z,42988,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Werner Heisenberg,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,130139,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:38Z,12972,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Zéro absolu,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9ro_absolu,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,50471,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:35Z,17618,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,École de Copenhague (physique),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Copenhague_(physique),YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,63179,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:35Z,21402,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,État quantique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_quantique,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],,1102594,fr,2026-08-01T22:33:49Z,47506,2026-08-03T21:55:59+00:00,Étienne Klein,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Klein,YQ2j4GOWapk7GvExy,U9yj8ma8H6yuDr20V
[],"1komma5grad (Eigenschreibweise: 1KOMMA5°) ist ein Energieversorger aus dem Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien, der Energiesysteme wie Stromspeicher, Photovoltaikanlagen, Wärmepumpen und Wallboxen anbietet. Der Unternehmensname ist an das 1,5-Grad-Ziel des Pariser Klimaabkommens angelehnt. 1komma5grad stand in der Vergangenheit mehrfach wegen irreführender Werbeaussagen vor Gericht.",13510922,de,2026-06-24T14:42:22Z,9332,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,1komma5grad,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1komma5grad,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Der Aktienindex für erneuerbare Energien, engl. Renewable Energy Industrial Index (RENIXX) wurde vom Internationalen Wirtschaftsforum Regenerative Energien (IWR) im Jahr 2005/2006 entwickelt und ist der erste weltweite Branchen-Aktienindex, der die Performance von Unternehmen im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien darstellen soll. Die Berechnung erfolgt nach den Prinzipien eines Performanceindex und findet mit einer Zeitverzögerung von etwa 15 Minuten aus den aktuellen Kursdaten statt, so dass eine Intraday-Anzeige möglich ist.",1526179,de,2026-06-24T14:31:14Z,9246,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Aktienindex für erneuerbare Energien,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktienindex_f%C3%BCr_erneuerbare_Energien,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],Die Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat) ist ein unabhängiges deutsches Fachgremium zur Erstellung umfassender aktueller Statistiken zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien.,8163964,de,2025-05-07T06:42:11Z,4927,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitsgruppe_Erneuerbare_Energien-Statistik,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Die BKW Energie AG (BKW, ehemals Bernische Kraftwerke AG, und FMB, Forces Motrices Bernoises SA) ist ein international tätiges Energie- und Infrastrukturunternehmen mit Sitz in Bern in der Schweiz. Ihre Aktien sind an der SIX Swiss Exchange und an der Berne eXchange kotiert. Die BKW beliefert in rund 400 Gemeinden eine Million Menschen mit Strom. Im Jahr 2010 versorgte sie Privatkunden und Vertriebspartner mit über 8'153 Gigawattstunden (GWh) Energie. Das Unternehmen gilt als systemrelevant.",1204635,de,2026-07-29T23:16:12Z,25302,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,BKW Energie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKW_Energie,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
"[""Kategorie:Bayern"", ""Kategorie:Bundesland (Deutschland)"", ""Kategorie:Land der Weimarer Republik"", ""Kategorie:MediaWiki:Gadget/annotationPair"", ""Kategorie:Region in Europa"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2026-08"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Seite mit Audioeinbettung"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Veraltet in vier bis fünf Jahren"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Veraltet in zwei bis drei Jahren""]","Bayern ([ˈbaɪ̯ɐn] ; Ländercode BY; amtlich Freistaat Bayern) ist eines der 16 Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und liegt in deren Südosten. Es ist das flächengrößte Land Deutschlands und mit rund 13,2 Millionen Einwohnern das zweitbevölkerungsreichste. Die Landeshauptstadt und bevölkerungsreichste Stadt ist München mit über 1,5 Millionen Einwohnern.
Der Freistaat hat im Süden Anteil am Hochgebirge der Ostalpen und an dem bis zur Donau reichenden flachen Alpenvorland. Nördlich der Donau bestimmen Mittelgebirge wie der Bayerische Wald oder das Fichtelgebirge das Landschaftsbild.
Seine staatsrechtliche Ordnung beruht auf der Verfassung des Freistaates Bayern. Die Bezeichnung Freistaat trägt Bayern seit 1918 mit der Ausrufung als Republik und dem damit verbundenen Ende des Königreichs Bayern.
Bereits im Jahre 555 n. Chr. und damit rund 500 Jahre vor der Verwendung des Begriffs deutsch im heutigen Sinn ist das ältere bayerische Stammesherzogtum nachgewiesen, das Teil des fränkischen Herrschaftsbereichs wurde. Unter den Karolingern entstand erstmals ein baierisches Königtum. Nach dem Ende der Herrschaft der Karolinger erstarkte die baierische Eigenständigkeit im jüngeren bayerischen Stammesherzogtum. Mit Beginn der Herrschaft der Wittelsbacher 1180 folgte der Übergang zum Territorialstaat. Sie regierten Bayern über 700 Jahre bis 1918. Baiern war Kurfürstentum des Heiligen Römischen Reiches und ab 1806 Königreich. Durch die Verfassungen von 1808 und 1818 wurde Bayern konstitutionelle Monarchie. Bayern konnte auf dem Wiener Kongress 1814 als eine der Siegermächte einen großen Teil der Gebietsgewinne behalten; unter anderem kamen Teile Frankens, Schwabens und die neugeschaffene linksrheinische Pfalz zu Bayern. 1918 brach die Wittelsbachermonarchie in der Novemberrevolution zusammen. In der Weimarer Republik verlor Bayern seine Reservatrechte weitgehend zugunsten des Reichs. Nach der NS-Machtergreifung erfolgte schrittweise die Aushebelung sämtlicher politischen Möglichkeiten Bayerns, so des Bayerischen Landtags, aber auch der bayerischen Staatsbürgerschaft. Die US-amerikanische Besatzungsmacht stellte Bayern 1945 offiziell wieder als unabhängigen Staat her. Die Pfalz wurde 1946 von Bayern abgetrennt und ist heute Teil von Rheinland-Pfalz. 1949 gründete der Freistaat unter Vorbehalten die Bundesrepublik mit.
Traditionell gliedert es sich in die drei Landesteile und „Stämme“ Altbayern (Bezirk und Regierungsbezirk Oberpfalz, Ober- und Niederbayern), Franken (Ober-, Mittel- und Unterfranken) und Schwaben. Die Heimatvertriebenen aus den ehemaligen deutschen Ostgebieten werden als vierter Stamm bezeichnet.

",475,de,2026-08-03T20:01:53Z,217387,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Bayern,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Der Bundesverband Erneuerbare Energie e. V. (BEE) ist der Dach- und Lobbyverband der Erneuerbare-Energien-Branche in Deutschland. Er wurde 1991 gegründet und vereint Fachverbände und Landesorganisationen, Unternehmen und Vereine aller Sparten und Anwendungsbereiche der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland. Sein langfristiges Ziel ist es, die Vollversorgung mit erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland zu erreichen. Die Geschäftsstelle befindet sich seit Januar 2021 in Berlin-Schöneberg auf dem EUREF-Campus.
Bei seiner inhaltlichen Arbeit deckt der BEE Themen rund um die Energieerzeugung, die Übertragung über Netz-Infrastrukturen, den Energieverbrauch sowie das Strommarktdesign ab.",5048491,de,2026-07-29T23:17:43Z,3317,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Bundesverband Erneuerbare Energie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Erneuerbare_Energie,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Bürgerenergiegenossenschaften (oft auch einfach als Energiegenossenschaften bezeichnet) sind Akteure der Energiewirtschaft in der Rechtsform einer eingetragenen Genossenschaft (e.G.), die zumeist das Ziel einer dezentralen, konzernunabhängigen und ökologischen Energiegewinnung verfolgen. Sie sind eine Form der Bürgerbeteiligung, vorwiegend auf kommunaler oder regionaler Ebene, und bieten die Möglichkeit, an der Energiewende aktiv mitzuwirken. Sie bieten darüber hinaus auch Anlage- und Investitionsmöglichkeiten in lokale und regionale Energieprojekte.
Das deutsche Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) 2016/2017 verwendet den allgemeineren Begriff Bürgerenergiegesellschaft. Im EU-Recht werden die Begriffe Bürgerenergiegemeinschaft und Erneuerbare-Energie-Gemeinschaft verwendet.",6222509,de,2026-06-24T14:34:34Z,49626,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Bürgerenergiegenossenschaft,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerenergiegenossenschaft,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Eine Bürgerenergiegesellschaft (englisch renewable energy community oder citizen energy community  ‚Bürgerenergiegemeinschaft‘) ist ein energiewirtschaftliches Unternehmen, in dem die Bürgerbeteiligung einen hohen Wert hat und Bürger zum Beispiel (Mit-)Eigentümer von Anlagen insbesondere zur Gewinnung erneuerbarer Energie sind. Charakteristika sind weiterhin eine regionale oder lokale Wertschöpfung, Bedeutung auch nicht-finanzieller, beispielsweise sozialer oder umweltpolitischer Ziele, und Offenheit bzw. Repräsentativität für die Bürgerinnen und Bürger der Region, in der die Energieanlage betrieben wird. Je nach Rechtsform und Eigentümer sind die Charakteristika unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Die Bürgerenergiegenossenschaft ist eine besonders bürgernahe Rechtsform, weil offen für die Beteiligung einer großen Zahl an Mitgliedern. Bürgerenergie im umfassenderen Sinne betont die Bürgerbeteiligung mit dem Slogan „Energie in Bürgerhand“.",9521125,de,2026-06-24T14:37:37Z,46455,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Bürgerenergiegesellschaft,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerenergiegesellschaft,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Direktvermarktung erneuerbarer Energien ist eine in Deutschland seit 2012 geförderte Form der Vermarktung erneuerbarer Energien. Die Energieerzeuger vermarkten den erzeugten Strom selbst im Stromhandel, statt ihn gegen eine feste Einspeisevergütung an den lokalen Netzbetreiber zu liefern. Eine positive Differenz zwischen dem in einer Ausschreibung ermittelten anzulegenden Wert und erzielbaren Markterlösen wird über eine Marktprämie ausgeglichen.
Im Wesentlichen verdient der Betreiber somit in jedem Monat das Maximum von erzielbaren Markterlösen und dem über die Ausschreibung ermittelten, garantierten anzulegenden Wert. Kleinere Risiken aus der Vermarktung verbleiben jedoch beim Betreiber.
Die Marktprämie wird dem Betreiber ausgezahlt. Die Kosten für diese Subvention wurden ursprünglich über die EEG-Umlage auf den Endverbraucher umgelegt. Seit dem 1. Juli 2022 belasten diese Kosten den Staatshaushalt. Eine Prognose ihrer Höhe für das Folgejahr wird jährlich auf Netztransparenz.de veröffentlicht. Die prognostizierte Höhe für das Jahr 2025 beträgt ca. 17 Mrd. €.",6222076,de,2026-08-01T12:55:42Z,37042,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Direktvermarktung erneuerbarer Energien,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direktvermarktung_erneuerbarer_Energien,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],Die E.ON Energie Deutschland GmbH (EDG) mit Sitz in München ist eine 100-prozentige Tochter der E.ON SE (Essen). E.ON Energie Deutschland ist die Dachgesellschaft des E.ON Vertriebs in Deutschland.,475138,de,2026-07-29T23:15:46Z,5530,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,E.ON Energie Deutschland,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.ON_Energie_Deutschland,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Eine Einspeisesteckdose ist ein netztechnisches Konzept zur schnellen, vereinfachten und gebündelten Integration erneuerbarer Energien in das öffentliche Stromnetz. Sie stellt keine physische Steckdose im eigentlichen Sinne dar, sondern ist als Konzeptbegriff im politischen Kontext zu verstehen. Damit wird ein Netzeinspeisepunkt umschrieben, der sich beispielsweise im Mittelspannung- oder Hochspannungsnetz befindet. Die Einspeisesteckdose zielt darauf ab, planbare Standorte für Erneuerbare-Energien-Anlagen zu schaffen, die Netzanschlussprozesse zu vereinfachen und zu beschleunigen sowie die gezielte Ansiedlung von Erneuerbare-Energien-Anlagen im Umfeld der Steckdose zu fördern. Dies soll einen kostengünstigeren und vorausschauenden Stromnetzausbau ermöglichen und den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien an den freien Kapazitäten im Stromnetz ausrichten.
Beim Netzanschluss-Gipfel des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz am 16. April 2024 wurde die Fokus-Agenda zur Beschleunigung von Netzanschlüssen beschlossen, wobei die Einspeisesteckdose als innovatives Konzept zum Netzanschluss Bestandteil dieser Agenda ist.",13119803,de,2026-06-24T14:41:53Z,10466,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Einspeisesteckdose,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einspeisesteckdose,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Eine Einspeisevergütung (auch Einspeisungsvergütung) ist in der Energiewirtschaft eine staatlich festgelegte Vergütung für die Einspeisung von Strom, die dazu dient, bestimmte Arten der Stromerzeugung zu fördern. Einspeisevergütungen kommen in zahlreichen Staaten zum Einsatz. In der Regel handelt es sich dabei um erneuerbare Energien, d. h. Windkraft-, Solar-, Wasserkraft-, Geothermie- und Biomasseanlagen. In Deutschland ist unter den Voraussetzungen des § 21 Abs. 1 EEG eine Einspeisevergütung durch den Netzbetreiber zu entrichten.",6782790,de,2026-07-18T23:27:42Z,16493,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Einspeisevergütung,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einspeiseverg%C3%BCtung,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Die EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG ist ein börsennotiertes Energieversorgungsunternehmen mit Sitz in Karlsruhe.
Das Unternehmen ist, gemessen am Umsatz, nach Uniper und E.ON das drittgrößte Energieunternehmen in Deutschland. Darüber hinaus ist die EnBW über das Tochterunternehmen EnBW Telekommunikation GmbH auch bundesweit mit Schwerpunkt Netcom BW in Baden-Württemberg als Telekommunikationsanbieter in der Breitbandbranche tätig.",260089,de,2026-07-29T23:15:34Z,71267,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnBW_Energie_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Energiewende, auch Energietransition, bezeichnet im Deutschen den Übergang von einer fossilen Energieversorgung zu einem nachhaltigen Energiesystem auf Basis erneuerbarer Energien. In einigen Ländern – etwa Deutschland – umfasst dieser Prozess auch den Ausstieg aus der Kernenergie. International ist überwiegend der englische Begriff energy transition gebräuchlich, während Energiewende im engeren Sinne meist die deutsche Ausprägung dieses Transformationsprozesses bezeichnet.
Der Begriff wurde nach dem 1980 erschienenen Buch Energiewende – Wachstum und Wohlstand ohne Erdöl und Uran des Öko-Instituts kulturell rezipiert und teilweise als Lehnwort in andere Sprachen übernommen (beispielsweise „The German Energiewende“ oder „A Energiewende alemã“).
Ziel der Energiewende ist, die von der konventionellen Energiewirtschaft verursachten ökologischen, gesellschaftlichen und gesundheitlichen Probleme zu minimieren und die dabei anfallenden, bisher im Energiemarkt kaum eingepreisten, externen Kosten vollständig zu internalisieren. Angesichts der maßgeblich vom Menschen verursachten Globalen Erwärmung ist heutzutage besonders die Dekarbonisierung der Energiewirtschaft durch Beendigung der Nutzung von fossilen Energieträgern wie Erdöl, Kohle und Erdgas von Bedeutung. Ebenso stellen die Endlichkeit fossiler Energieträger sowie die Gefahren der Kernenergie wichtige Gründe für die Energiewende dar. Die Lösung des globalen Energieproblems gilt als zentrale Herausforderung des 21. Jahrhunderts.
Die Energiewende umfasst die drei Sektoren Strom, Wärme und Verkehr, ferner auch die perspektivische Abkehr von fossilen Rohstoffen etwa zur Herstellung von Kunststoff oder zur Stickstoffdünger-Synthese (Haber-Bosch-Verfahren). Ein mit der Energiewende verbundener Kohle- und Ölausstieg bedeutet auch, dass wesentliche Mengen dieser vorhandenen Energieträger nicht gefördert werden dürfen. Wesentliche Elemente der Wende sind der Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien, verbunden mit dem Aufbau von Energiespeichern, die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz sowie Energieeinsparung. Zu den erneuerbaren Energien zählen Bioenergie, Erdwärme, Wasserkraft, Meeresenergie, Sonnenenergie (Solarthermie, Photovoltaik) und Windenergie. Konzeptionell kommt nach Ansicht von Experten der Sektorenkopplung eine wichtige Rolle zu, insbesondere der Elektrifizierung des Wärmesektors mittels Wärmepumpen und des Verkehrswesens durch Elektromobilität.
Der Übergang von konventionellen Brennstoffen zu erneuerbaren Energien ist in vielen Staaten der Welt im Gang (Energiewende nach Ländern). Mehrere Länder setzen in ihren Versionen der Energiewende zusätzlich auf Kernkraft. Dazu gehören unter anderem China, die USA, Indien, Russland, Kanada, das Vereinigte Königreich, Japan, Frankreich, Südkorea, Finnland, Polen, Tschechien und die Ukraine. Die Internationale Energieagentur (IEA) betonte Anfang 2024 die Rolle, welche die grundlastfähige Kernenergie bei der Verringerung der Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen spielen könne.
Aus technischer Sicht wurde bereits 2011 eine vollständige weltweite Energiewende bis 2030 für realisierbar gehalten. Politische und praktische Probleme lassen jedoch erst eine Umsetzung bis 2050 möglich erscheinen, wobei das Fehlen politischen Willens als größte Hürde erachtet wird. Sowohl auf globaler Ebene als auch für Deutschland kamen Studien zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Energiekosten in einem regenerativen Energiesystem auf gleichem Niveau wie in einem konventionellen fossil-nuklearen Energiesystem lägen oder günstiger sein würden. Weltweit werden hierbei gesamtwirtschaftliche Gewinne durch einen schnellstmöglichen Wechsel zu erneuerbaren Energien selbst ohne Einbeziehung erwartbarer Schäden durch Klimafolgen auf 12 Billionen US-Dollar geschätzt.
Als Pionier der Energiewende gilt Dänemark, das im Jahr 2012 bereits 30 % seines Strombedarfs mittels Windenergie deckte. Bis 2050 strebt Dänemark eine vollständig regenerative Energieversorgung in allen drei Sektoren an. Internationale Aufmerksamkeit und Zustimmung, aber auch Skepsis und Kritik zog die Ankündigung Deutschlands auf sich, sowohl aus fossilen als auch aus nuklearen Energieträgern auszusteigen. Obwohl sie zu Unrecht häufig mit dem zweiten Atomausstieg 2011 verbunden wird, begann die Energiewende in Deutschland bereits in den 1980er Jahren mit dem Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien und der Suche nach Alternativen zu Kernkraftwerken. Während über die grundsätzliche Notwendigkeit des Ausbaus der erneuerbaren Energien, der Steigerung der Energieeffizienz und der Einsparung von Energie in der Wissenschaft Einigkeit herrscht, sind die konkreten Maßnahmen oft politisch umstritten. Die öffentliche Diskussion reduziert den Begriff der Energiewende häufig auf den Stromsektor, welcher in Deutschland nur rund 20 % des Energieverbrauchs umfasst. Ebenso wird in der politischen und öffentlichen Debatte oft nicht beachtet, dass zum Gelingen der Energiewende neben dem Ausbau von erneuerbaren Energien und der Steigerung der Energieeffizienz auch Verhaltensänderungen im Sinne von Energiesuffizienz erforderlich sind, d. h. Energieeinsparung durch eine Veränderung der Konsumgewohnheiten.",2807141,de,2026-08-03T18:07:11Z,294106,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Energiewende,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiewende,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Die Energiewende in Deutschland beschreibt die Bemühungen des Landes zur Transformation des bestehenden fossil-nuklearen Energiesystems hin zu einem nachhaltigen auf Basis erneuerbarer Energien. Die nationale Herangehensweise unterscheidet sich insofern von der Energiewende in vielen anderen Staaten, als dass sie ihre Ursprünge in den 1970er und -80er Jahren im Widerstand gegen die Nutzung der Kernenergie hatte, und Klimaschutz erst in den 1990er Jahren als zentrales Motiv dazu kam. Entsprechend wurde hier nicht nur die fossile Stromerzeugung reduziert, sondern der massive Zubau von erneuerbaren Energien seit etwa 2000 auch dafür genutzt, Kernkraftwerke abzuschalten.",11615550,de,2026-07-04T09:42:24Z,156533,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Energiewende in Deutschland,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiewende_in_Deutschland,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der konkreten Umsetzung der Energiewende in einzelnen Ländern. Die Energiewende etabliert sich seit einigen Jahren in vielen Industriestaaten und Schwellenländern, wobei sich die jeweilige Herangehensweise je nach politischen (Klimapolitik), ökonomischen und geographischen Gegebenheiten teilweise deutlich unterscheidet.",8576019,de,2026-08-03T18:07:11Z,469283,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Energiewende nach Ländern,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiewende_nach_L%C3%A4ndern,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Energy Sharing (Energieteilung) ist ein lokales und partizipatives Konzept zum Teilen von Energie. Energy Sharing 
ist die gemeinsame Nutzung elektrischer Energie aus Anlagen zur Erzeugung und Speicherung von Elektrizität aus erneuerbaren Energien unter Nutzung des öffentlichen Netzes.
In Deutschland ist ab Juni 2026 ein Teilversorgungsmodell durch § 42c EnWG erstmals rechtlich verankert. Dieses ermöglicht das Teilen zeitgleich erzeugten oder zwischengespeicherten Stroms zwischen bestimmten Betreiber- und Verbrauchergruppen, auf Basis von Verträgen und einer 15-Minuten-Bilanzierung. Die Anwendung startet ab Juni 2026 innerhalb eines Bilanzierungsgebiets eines Verteilnetzbetreibers und wird ab Juni 2028 auf direkt angrenzende Bilanzierungsgebiete ausgeweitet.
Man unterscheidet zwischen gemeinschaftlichem Eigenverbrauch (Mieterstrommodelle), Erneuerbaren-Energie-Gemeinschaften (EEGs), Bürger-Energie-Gemeinschaften (BEGs) und Peer-to-Peer Stromtausch. Abhängig von der Art des Energy Sharings kann entweder nur Strom (Bürger-Energie-Gemeinschaft) oder auch andere erneuerbaren Energien (Erneuerbare-Energie-Gemeinschaft) getauscht werden. Energy Sharing kann von mindestens zwei Teilnehmern bis zu einigen tausend Teilnehmern praktiziert werden. Mit Energy Sharing wird ein neuer Marktrahmen geschaffen, mit dem Teilnehmer ihre gemeinschaftlich erzeugte Energie unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen über das öffentliche Netz vergünstigt nutzen können. Für das Konzept des Energy Sharing existiert eine EU-Richtlinie aus dem Jahr 2018.",12171086,de,2026-07-20T20:45:03Z,68589,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Energy Sharing,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Sharing,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
"[""Kategorie:Bundesgesetz (Deutschland)"", ""Kategorie:Energierecht (Deutschland)"", ""Kategorie:Erneuerbare Energien (Deutschland)"", ""Kategorie:MediaWiki:Gadget/annotationPair"", ""Kategorie:Rechtsquelle (20. Jahrhundert)"", ""Kategorie:Stromhandel"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Belege fehlen"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2022-10"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2023-04"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2023-12"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2024-12"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Botmarkierungen 2018-04"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Botmarkierungen 2023-12"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Veraltet seit 2022"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Weblink offline"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Weblink offline IABot""]","Das deutsche Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG 2023) regelt die bevorzugte Einspeisung von Strom aus erneuerbaren Quellen ins Stromnetz und garantiert deren Erzeugern feste Einspeisevergütungen. Seit 2000 erweiterte es schrittweise das vorangehende Stromeinspeisungsgesetz. Während das EEG in Bezug auf den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien von der Bundesregierung als erfolgreich eingestuft wurde, werden dessen ökonomische und ökologische Effizienz sowie Teilaspekte wie Ausnahmeregelungen für die Industrie kontrovers diskutiert.",12067,de,2026-07-29T23:15:18Z,290901,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Als Erneuerbare-Energien-Richtlinie (englisch Renewable Energy Directive, kurz RED) werden mehrere Richtlinien der Europäischen Union bezeichnet. Sie sind seit 2019 das Fundament für die europäische Erneuerbare-Energie-Politik. Die Richtlinien dienen als wirkungsvoller Ausgleich für die über Jahrzehnte erfolgten finanziellen und strukturellen Förderungen und Vorteile für herkömmliche Energien. 2009 wurde die erste Version als Richtlinie 2009/28/EG (RED I), 2018 die zweite Version als Richtlinie (EU) 2018/2001 (RED II) und 2023 die dritte Version als Richtlinie (EU) 2023/2413 (RED III) veröffentlicht.",4881279,de,2026-07-29T21:43:04Z,38379,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Erneuerbare-Energien-Richtlinie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erneuerbare-Energien-Richtlinie,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz (EEWärmeG) war ein deutsches Bundesgesetz, das neben dem die Stromerzeugung betreffenden Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) und dem die Verwendung von erneuerbaren Energien im Bereich der Kraftstoffe regelnden Biokraftstoffquotengesetz den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien im Wärme- und Kältesektor bei der energetischen Gebäudeversorgung vorantreiben sollte. Es trat am 1. Januar 2009 in Kraft. Das Gesetz war Teil des von der Bundesregierung am 5. Dezember 2007 beschlossenen Integrierten Energie- und Klimaprogramms (IEKP) und führte erstmals bundesweit eine Pflicht zur Verwendung von erneuerbaren Energien beim Neubau von Gebäuden ein (so genannte Nutzungspflicht gem. § 3 Abs. 1 EEWärmeG). Am 1. November 2020 wurde es durch das Gebäudeenergiegesetz abgelöst.",3111324,de,2026-06-26T13:17:36Z,27757,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erneuerbare-Energien-W%C3%A4rmegesetz,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,462657,de,2026-08-01T15:14:32Z,178502,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Erneuerbare Energien,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erneuerbare_Energien,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,10394211,de,2026-06-24T14:38:40Z,27223,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Erneuerbare Energien in China,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_China,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,11607232,de,2026-08-01T15:14:33Z,96132,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Deutschland,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,11604567,de,2026-06-24T14:40:08Z,15796,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Erneuerbare Energien in den Vereinigten Staaten,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,11605824,de,2026-07-26T05:25:25Z,26018,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Erneuerbare Energien in der Europäischen Union,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_der_Europ%C3%A4ischen_Union,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,11607230,de,2026-07-29T23:20:39Z,14292,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Erneuerbare Energien in Österreich,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_%C3%96sterreich,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,5890915,de,2026-07-27T15:11:02Z,2718,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Forschungsverbund Erneuerbare Energien,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forschungsverbund_Erneuerbare_Energien,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,2144249,de,2026-07-29T23:16:35Z,38269,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Fritz Vahrenholt,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Vahrenholt,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,10692718,de,2026-08-02T11:05:49Z,93685,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Gebäudeenergiegesetz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb%C3%A4udeenergiegesetz,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,142515,de,2026-07-29T23:15:27Z,37010,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,"Hermann Scheer (Politiker, 1944)","https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Scheer_(Politiker,_1944)",gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,1651495,de,2026-07-29T23:16:24Z,37880,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Iberdrola,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberdrola,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
"[""Kategorie:Bergstadt (Thüringen)"", ""Kategorie:Deutsche Universitätsstadt"", ""Kategorie:Ehemalige Kreisstadt in Thüringen"", ""Kategorie:Ehemaliger Kurort in Thüringen"", ""Kategorie:Ersterwähnung 1273"", ""Kategorie:Gemeinde in Thüringen"", ""Kategorie:Ilmenau"", ""Kategorie:Kreisangehörige Stadt mit Sonderstatus in Thüringen"", ""Kategorie:MediaWiki:Gadget/annotationPair"", ""Kategorie:Ort an der Ilm (Saale)"", ""Kategorie:Ort im Ilm-Kreis"", ""Kategorie:Ort im Naturpark Thüringer Wald"", ""Kategorie:Stadt in Thüringen"", ""Kategorie:Stadtrechtsverleihung 1341"", ""Kategorie:Thüringer Porzellanstraße"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Lesenswert""]",,26819,de,2026-08-03T20:01:54Z,122287,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Ilmenau,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenau,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,418217,de,2026-07-29T23:15:43Z,30975,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Internationale Energieagentur,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Energieagentur,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,3701681,de,2026-07-29T23:17:15Z,19018,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Internationale Organisation für erneuerbare Energien,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Organisation_f%C3%BCr_erneuerbare_Energien,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,106310,de,2026-07-29T23:15:25Z,34814,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft-W%C3%A4rme-Kopplung,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,8119212,de,2026-07-09T09:01:53Z,6173,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Landesverband Erneuerbare Energien NRW,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesverband_Erneuerbare_Energien_NRW,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,13764854,de,2026-07-27T19:08:11Z,22525,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Lindhorst-Gruppe,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindhorst-Gruppe,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,11970372,de,2026-08-03T17:38:48Z,12828,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Liste der Länder nach Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_L%C3%A4nder_nach_Stromerzeugung_aus_erneuerbaren_Energien,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,2818520,de,2026-07-21T16:59:16Z,37377,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Merit-Order,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit-Order,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,172073,de,2026-07-29T23:15:29Z,37644,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Peter Altmaier,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Altmaier,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,678155,de,2026-07-29T23:15:54Z,63860,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Philipp Rösler,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%B6sler,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
"[""Kategorie:MediaWiki:Gadget/annotationPair"", ""Kategorie:Photovoltaik"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Weblink offline""]",,4100,de,2026-08-03T18:07:11Z,133727,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Photovoltaik,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaik,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,7492704,de,2026-06-24T14:35:39Z,45752,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Photovoltaik in Deutschland,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaik_in_Deutschland,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,518851,de,2026-07-29T23:15:47Z,24885,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Rheinenergie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinenergie,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
"[""Kategorie:Autonome Verwaltungseinheit"", ""Kategorie:Landesteil des Vereinigten Königreiches"", ""Kategorie:MediaWiki:Gadget/annotationPair"", ""Kategorie:Schottland"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2024-05"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Seite mit Audioeinbettung""]",,8198,de,2026-07-29T23:15:18Z,96459,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Schottland,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottland,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,57653,de,2026-07-29T23:15:22Z,36706,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Stromerzeugung,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromerzeugung,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,12946070,de,2026-07-02T14:55:09Z,56683,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Stromerzeugung in Deutschland,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromerzeugung_in_Deutschland,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,1678238,de,2026-08-03T18:07:11Z,52439,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Stromgestehungskosten,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromgestehungskosten,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,977879,de,2026-08-03T11:08:10Z,38252,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,TotalEnergies,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TotalEnergies,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],,3989555,de,2026-07-17T19:53:38Z,14789,2026-08-03T21:54:09+00:00,Trianel,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianel,gggIiJ8WdBaDTKC4o,yP7epsmfdzy3HIEcI
[],"L'Agence d'exploration aérospatiale japonaise (en japonais : 宇宙航空研究開発機構, uchū kōkū kenkyū kaihatsu kikō, « agence de recherche et développement aérospatiale »), souvent dénommée par sa traduction anglaise Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, abrégée en JAXA, est l'agence spatiale nationale du Japon. Elle est créée le 1er octobre 2003 par la fusion des trois organisations japonaises intervenant dans le domaine spatial : l'ISAS, la NASDA et la NAL. La JAXA est l'organisation chargée du développement programme spatial japonais. Son domaine d'intervention inclut le développement, le lancement et la mise en œuvre de lanceurs, des satellites d'application civils, des satellites scientifiques (télescopes spatiaux, sondes spatiales) et des satellites militaires.",162378,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:40Z,13574,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Agence d'exploration aérospatiale japonaise,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_d%27exploration_a%C3%A9rospatiale_japonaise,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
"[""Catégorie:Agence spatiale européenne"", ""Catégorie:Article contenant un lien mort"", ""Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité"", ""Catégorie:Article géolocalisé en France"", ""Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox"", ""Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire"", ""Catégorie:Catégorie Commons avec lien local différent sur Wikidata"", ""Catégorie:Organisation internationale où siège la France"", ""Catégorie:Page avec des cartes"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases externes"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives aux organisations"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à l'audiovisuel"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la musique"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la recherche"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à plusieurs domaines"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P10780"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1296"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1417"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1616"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1953"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P2740"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3040"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3153"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3219"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3365"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P434"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P4342"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P7305"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P8313"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P856"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P9346"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant l'extension Phonos""]","L'Agence spatiale européenne  (ASE ; en anglais : European Space Agency  ; en allemand : Europäische Weltraumorganisation ), le plus souvent désignée par son sigle anglais ESA, est une agence spatiale intergouvernementale fondée en 1975 qui coordonne les projets spatiaux menés en commun par 23 pays européens. L'agence spatiale, dont le budget est de 8,26 milliards d'euros en 2026, est la troisième dans le monde après la NASA et l'Administration spatiale nationale chinoise.
Ses activités couvrent l'ensemble du domaine spatial civil : les sciences (particulièrement l'astrophysique, l'exploration du Système solaire, l'étude du Soleil et la physique fondamentale) ; l'étude et l'observation de la Terre par des satellites spécialisés ; le développement de lanceurs ; les vols habités à travers sa participation à la Station spatiale internationale et à Orion ; la navigation par satellite par le programme Galileo ; les télécommunications spatiales pour lesquelles l'agence finance la mise au point de nouveaux concepts ; et la recherche dans le domaine des technologies spatiales.
La stratégie est définie par un conseil dans lequel chaque pays membre dispose d'un représentant. Les programmes initiés par l'agence, qui représentent 75 % du budget, sont financés directement par les pays membres. Ceux-ci versent une contribution proportionnelle à leur PIB pour le financement de 20 % du budget (programme scientifique et frais généraux) et participent dans des proportions de leur choix aux programmes facultatifs. Le quart du budget est fourni par l'Union européenne et EUMETSAT pour le développement du segment spatial de ces programmes gérés par ces institutions (programme Galileo, satellites météorologiques, GMES/Copernicus). Certains des pays membres conservent, à côté de leur participation aux programmes européens, des programmes spatiaux purement nationaux.
L'Agence spatiale européenne, dont le siège est à Paris, confie, après sélection et sur appel d'offres, les travaux de recherche et le développement des engins spatiaux aux universités, instituts et industriels des pays membres en appliquant le principe du « retour géographique » : les dépenses de l'agence dans chaque pays sont au prorata de la contribution. L'agence dispose de plusieurs établissements spécialisés. Son centre principal est le Centre européen de recherche et de technologie spatiales (ESTEC), aux Pays-Bas, qui est voué à la conception et aux tests des engins spatiaux. Les autres centres importants sont le Centre européen des opérations spatiales (ESOC) en Allemagne (suivi et contrôle des missions en cours) et l'ESTRACK (réseau mondial d'antennes paraboliques, pour assurer la liaison avec les engins spatiaux). L'ESA utilise aussi les installations du centre de lancement de Kourou, établissement du CNES, pour le lancement de ses fusées.",6766,fr,2026-08-02T17:17:47Z,184209,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Agence spatiale européenne,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"La ville américaine d’Alamogordo est le siège du comté d’Otero, dans l’État du Nouveau-Mexique. Elle est située à l'est du désert de gypse de White Sands, à mi-chemin entre Albuquerque et El Paso, et au nord du parc d'État d'Oliver Lee Memorial. En 2000, la population de la ville s’élevait à 35 582 habitants.",326208,fr,2026-08-01T23:29:44Z,4494,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Alamogordo,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamogordo,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"Aldébaran, ou Alpha Tauri (α Tauri / α Tau) dans la désignation de Bayer, est l'étoile la plus brillante de la constellation zodiacale du Taureau. Il s'agit d'une géante rouge, une étoile plus froide mais beaucoup plus grande et lumineuse que le Soleil, qui est située à environ 66 années-lumière du Soleil. Avec une magnitude apparente moyenne de +0,87, elle est la 13e étoile la plus brillante du ciel nocturne. Sa magnitude absolue est de −0,65.
Visuellement, Aldébaran semble le membre le plus brillant d'un groupe d'étoiles assez étalé : les Hyades, amas d'étoiles le plus proche de la Terre. Mais elle se situe, en fait, à mi-chemin entre notre planète et les Hyades. Elle en est donc indépendante.
Aldébaran est l'étoile principale de BU 550, une étoile binaire dont la composante secondaire est Alpha Tauri B (α Tauri B / α Tau B). D'autre part, Aldébaran possède une planète extrasolaire (exoplanète) confirmée Aldébaran b avec laquelle elle forme, donc, un système planétaire.

",137318,fr,2026-07-25T23:39:47Z,23474,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Aldébaran,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ald%C3%A9baran,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"En archéologie, l'archéologie de l'exploration spatiale est l'étude scientifique des artefacts humains trouvés dans l'espace, leur interprétation comme traces de l'aventure spatiale humaine  et leur préservation en tant que patrimoine culturel.
Elle englobe les bases de lancement terrestres, les débris orbitaux, les satellites, ainsi que les artefacts humains présents sur d'autres corps célestes comme la Lune et Mars. Elle comprend également la gestion du patrimoine culturel spatial, qui évalue l'importance des sites et objets spatiaux au regard des législations nationales et internationales en matière de préservation.",17471553,fr,2026-07-23T15:36:17Z,19584,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Archéologie de l'exploration spatiale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologie_de_l%27exploration_spatiale,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"Le syntagme archéologie spatiale peut désigner plusieurs domaines distincts de l'archéologie :

la télédétection en archéologie, comme méthode auxiliaire de prospection ;
l'analyse spatiale en archéologie, comme méthode d'analyse des fouilles ;
l'archéologie de l'exploration spatiale, comme interprétation de la conquête spatiale par l'humain ;
l'archéoastronomie ou paléoastronomie, qui relève à la fois de l'archéologie et de l'astronomie.",17469736,fr,2026-07-25T20:38:13Z,516,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Archéologie spatiale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologie_spatiale,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"Artemis II (anciennement Exploration Mission 2 ou EM-2) est une mission spatiale habitée du programme Artemis de l'agence spatiale américaine, la NASA, dont l'objectif est d'essayer le véhicule Orion avec un équipage de quatre astronautes, d'abord en orbite terrestre puis selon une trajectoire de retour libre l'emmenant survoler la Lune. Première mission spatiale habitée au-delà de l'orbite terrestre basse depuis Apollo 17 en décembre 1972, elle prépare les futures missions vers la surface de la Lune.",9284516,fr,2026-07-30T03:56:07Z,183686,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Artemis II,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_II,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"L'astronautique ou cosmonautique est constituée par l'ensemble des sciences et des techniques visant à envoyer dans l'espace extraterrestre un véhicule habité ou non, à naviguer à l'extérieur de l'atmosphère terrestre, et à exploiter des engins spatiaux.

",14716,fr,2026-07-31T09:15:13Z,11548,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Astronautique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautique,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"Bourane, ou Buran selon la transcription anglaise (« Бура́н » signifie « tempête de neige » en russe), est un programme de vaisseau spatial réutilisable soviétique, lancé en 1976 en réponse au programme américain de navettes spatiales.
Les dirigeants soviétiques, qui étaient persuadés que ce programme américain serait utilisé à des fins militaires, ont voulu disposer d'un engin équivalent afin de maintenir l’équilibre des puissances durant la guerre froide. 
Ce projet a été le plus important et le plus coûteux de l’histoire de l’exploration spatiale soviétique.",8670,fr,2026-07-25T16:26:39Z,13234,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Bourane,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourane,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"Le camp de concentration de Dora, en Allemagne, également appelé Nordhausen-Dora, est un camp de concentration nazi créé en août 1943 comme dépendance du camp de Buchenwald et destiné à la fabrication de missiles V2. Il devient un camp de concentration autonome en octobre 1944 sous le nom de Dora-Mittelbau.
Environ 60 000 prisonniers de vingt-et-un pays y sont passés et on estime que plus de 20 000 y sont morts.
Plusieurs des scientifiques ayant travaillé dans ce camp ont par la suite travaillé au service des Américains, des Soviétiques et des Français dans le cadre des recherches en balistique et pour l'exploration spatiale.",948539,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:00Z,39663,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Camp de concentration de Dora,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_concentration_de_Dora,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
"[""Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais"", ""Catégorie:Exploration du système solaire"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Astronautique/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Exploration/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Histoire/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Technologies/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Transports/Articles liés""]","Cet article retrace les grandes dates et jalons de l'histoire de l'exploration spatiale.

L'histoire de l'exploration spatiale débute grâce aux avancées allemandes lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, notamment dans le domaine des fusées. Elle est marquée, à ses débuts, par une forte concurrence entre les États-Unis et l'URSS, pour des motifs de prestige national liés à la guerre froide. Cette période est la « course à l'espace ».
Quatre évènements majeurs marquent la course à l'espace : le premier vol spatial orbital de l'Histoire, le 4 octobre 1957, par le satellite soviétique Spoutnik 1 ; le premier vol dans l'espace par un être humain, le 12 avril 1961 par Youri Gagarine ; le premier vol extravéhiculé par un être humain le 18 mars 1965 au cours du vol orbital du Soviétique Alexeï Leonov ; et le premier pas sur la Lune le 21 juillet 1969 par l'astronaute Neil Armstrong.
Les technologies spatiales se sont ensuite développées pour l'exploration scientifique des planètes ainsi que pour l'usage commercial de l'espace grâce, par exemple, aux satellites de télécommunications.
De nombreuses sondes sont envoyées, comme Galileo, partie en 1989 à destination de Jupiter, ou Cassini-Huygens, lancée en 1997 pour Saturne. Le plus lointain corps céleste visité à ce jour est le cubewano (486958) Arrokoth, à proximité duquel passe la sonde New Horizons le 1er janvier 2019. Cependant, de nombreux objets transneptuniens et autres astéroïdes restent à explorer, et les sondes Voyager, les objets les plus lointains envoyés par l'humanité à ce jour, ont tout juste franchi l'héliopause au cours des années 2000.
Aujourd'hui, l'exploration spatiale est avant tout commerciale et scientifique, et le tourisme spatial intéresse également les entreprises, à travers le partenariat avec des agences spatiales et par le développement de leur propre flotte de véhicules spatiaux.",827,fr,2026-07-22T22:35:17Z,68298,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Chronologie de l'exploration spatiale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_l%27exploration_spatiale,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"La chronologie du futur lointain est une série d'évènements géologiques et astrophysiques susceptibles de survenir dans un futur très lointain, tels que la science peut les prévoir avec un certain degré de certitude, étant donné l'état actuel des connaissances.",6839377,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:52Z,79939,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Chronologie du futur lointain,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_du_futur_lointain,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"Une combinaison spatiale (ou terme plus rarement utilisé scaphandre spatial) est un équipement utilisé pour assurer la survie d'une personne dans le milieu spatial. L'environnement spatial est caractérisé principalement par un vide presque total et de grandes variations de température. La combinaison spatiale est portée par les astronautes lors des sorties dans l'espace ou à la surface d'autres corps célestes (Lune) mais également à l'intérieur de véhicules spatiaux pour faire face à une dépressurisation accidentelle. Pour permettre la survie, une combinaison spatiale doit fournir de l'oxygène, évacuer le dioxyde de carbone et la vapeur d'eau expirés, et assurer une protection thermique tout en autorisant une mobilité maximale. Généralement à ces fonctions s'ajoutent un système de communications, une protection au moins partielle contre les rayons cosmiques et les micrométéorites et la possibilité pour son occupant d'absorber des liquides.
Les premières combinaisons spatiales dérivent des tenues portées par les pilotes d'avion ou de ballons volant à des altitudes très élevées qui sont mises au point à compter des années 1930. La première combinaison spatiale SK-1 est portée par Youri Gagarine premier homme à voler dans l'espace. Mais il s'agit d'une combinaison intravéhiculaire conçue uniquement pour faire face à une dépressurisation. : les combinaisons spatiales modernes comme l'EMU de la NASA ou la combinaison russe Orlan permettent à leurs occupants de travailler à l'assemblage de la Station spatiale internationale dans le cadre de sorties dépassant 8 heures. Au cours du programme Apollo les astronautes américains ont réalisé des excursions sur le sol lunaire d'une durée équivalente avec leur combinaison spatiale A7L. Les combinaisons spatiales modernes combinent des parties rigides (torse, casque) avec des parties souples. Ces dernières sont constituées de plusieurs couches ayant chacun un rôle dédié : support d'un circuit refroidissement à eau, enceinte étanche, isolation thermique. Les recherches sur les combinaisons spatiales se poursuivent pour améliorer la mobilité du porteur limitée par la combinaison pressurisée malgré la présence de soufflets, réduire l'encombrement et relever le défi des futures missions d'exploration des planètes.",704579,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:55Z,77600,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Combinaison spatiale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinaison_spatiale,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"La critique du programme de la navette spatiale rassemble les affirmations selon lesquelles le programme de la navette spatiale américaine n'a pas atteint ses objectifs initiaux, que ce soit en terme de coût, d'utilité, de fiabilité, ou de sécurité, voire a causé des dommages au programme spatial des États-Unis dans son ensemble ou à l'exploration spatiale en général. Malgré son statut d'icône culturelle et sa conception exceptionnelle, la navette spatiale américaine est sujette à de nombreuses critiques tout au long de son histoire et rétrospectivement considérée comme un échec, une impasse, voire une parenthèse dans l'histoire du vol spatial.
La navette spatiale est conçue afin de réduire les coûts de lancement en devenant le premier lanceur réutilisable de l'histoire : les équipements les plus coûteux dont les moteurs-fusées et les ordinateurs sont installés sur l'orbiteur (en), les propulseurs d'appoint amerrissent sous parachutes et sont réutilisés, tandis que seul le réservoir externe est à usage unique. Cependant la réutilisation n'est rentable qu'avec une cadence de lancements élevée, un objectif difficile à atteindre quand le véhicule qui résulte de cette architecture est d'une extrême complexité, une contradiction majeure qui n'est pas identifiée lors de la conception de la navette. En conséquence le marché commercial international échappe durablement aux États-Unis en faveur des fusées Ariane européennes.
La navette spatiale est imaginée pour opérer comme un avion de ligne : après quatre vols de test équipés de sièges éjectables, elle est considérée opérationnelle et sa fiabilité comme très élevée et inhérente à sa conception. Mais dans les faits elle connaît de nombreux incidents techniques qui résultent de sa complexité, et son taux d'échec est du même ordre de grandeur que les lanceurs classiques. De plus la navette est le seul lanceur de l'histoire à ne pouvoir fonctionner qu'avec un équipage à bord : les accidents de Challenger (1986) et Columbia (2003) causent la mort de 14 astronautes, soit plus qu'aucun autre véhicule spatial, pour lesquels l'architecture de la capsule avec système d'éjection est par la suite presque systématiquement préféré à l'avion spatial.
À l'origine la polyvalence de la navette spatiale est l'un des principaux arguments en faveur de son développement, mais la plupart des capacités uniques dont elle dispose s'avèrent superflu : il est plus simple et moins cher de lancer un satellite neuf plutôt que de le récupérer ou de le réparer, et elle n'est indispensable ni à la construction ni au ravitaillement d'une station spatiale pour lesquelles elle ne peut servir de véhicule de sauvetage. Enfin la navette est critiquée pour avoir marqué un coup d'arrêt dans l'exploration du système solaire par la NASA après le programme Apollo en limitant le vol spatial habité à l'orbite basse terrestre.",16273129,fr,2026-07-30T22:20:18Z,46006,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Critique du programme de la navette spatiale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_du_programme_de_la_navette_spatiale,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"Dragonfly (en français : « Libellule ») est une mission d'exploration du système solaire de l'agence spatiale américaine, la NASA, dont l'objectif est d'étudier Titan, le plus gros satellite naturel de Saturne. Les caractéristiques de cette lune — atmosphère épaisse, lacs de méthane et d'éthane liquides, substances organiques complexes, cryovolcanisme, pluie de méthane — en font un monde d'un très grand intérêt sur le plan scientifique.
La mission spatiale exploite la présence d'une atmosphère dense (1,5 fois la pression à la surface de la Terre) et d'une gravité inférieure à celle de la Lune : elle met en œuvre un aérobot de type aérogire d'une masse de 875 kg, qui effectuera de multiples vols de courte durée pour étudier la basse atmosphère et la surface de Titan. Pour disposer de suffisamment d'énergie pour fonctionner et survivre à une température moyenne de −180 °C, l'engin spatial dispose d'un générateur thermoélectrique à radioisotope.
Dragonfly est un des deux finalistes retenus en décembre 2017 pour la quatrième mission du programme New Frontiers, qui regroupe des sondes spatiales chargées d'explorer le système solaire avec un coût plafonné à un milliard de dollars. La NASA sélectionne cette mission en juin 2019. Celle-ci doit décoller en 2028 et se poser sur Titan en décembre 2034.",11357595,fr,2026-07-30T03:56:23Z,62455,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Dragonfly (sonde spatiale),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_(sonde_spatiale),roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"Europa Clipper est une mission spatiale de la NASA lancée le 14 octobre 2024, dont l'objectif est l'étude d'Europe, une des lunes de la planète géante Jupiter. Europe constitue un objectif scientifique de premier plan depuis que les données fournies par la sonde Galileo à la fin des années 1990 ont permis de déterminer qu'il existait sans doute un océan d'eau liquide sous sa surface glacée, qui pourrait abriter des formes de vie. La mission développée par le Jet Propulsion Laboratory avec une participation importante du laboratoire APL a été lancé par un lanceur Falcon Heavy.
L'exploration d'Europe est complexe et donc couteuse. L'éloignement du Soleil pénalise la production d'énergie et le débit des télécommunications et impose une vitesse de lancement élevée. Par ailleurs la lune se trouve dans une région de l'espace fortement irradiée par sa proximité avec Jupiter. Aussi les trois premiers projets d'exploration élaborés à la suite de la découverte de l'océan subglaciaire d'Europe ne sont pas menés à terme car leur cout est à chaque fois jugé prohibitif. La mission Europa Clipper élaborée au milieu de la décennie 2010 aboutit car elle reçoit, contrairement à ses prédécesseurs, l'appui du Congrès américain. Les études préliminaires sont lancées en 2015 et la NASA prend la décision d'initier son développement en février 2017.
Europa Clipper est une sonde spatiale lourde (six tonnes ce qui en fait un des engins d'exploration du système solaire les plus gros jamais envoyés) dont la masse est constituée pour près de la moitié d'ergols. Malgré l'éloignement du Soleil, la NASA a choisi de recourir pour la fourniture de l'énergie à des panneaux solaires qui portent son envergure à plus de 30 mètres. Pour survivre dans la ceinture de radiations entourant l'orbite d'Europe, les éléments les plus sensibles de la sonde spatiale sont regroupés dans un caisson blindé. L'engin spatial emporte une suite très complète d'instruments scientifiques, qui représentent une masse totale de 350 kg. Ils ont été choisis pour permettre l'analyse de l'environnement de la lune (plasma, champ magnétique, poussières, exosphère), la cartographie de sa surface et l'analyse de la composition de celle-ci ainsi que la détermination de sa structure interne.
Pour parvenir à sa destination la sonde spatiale effectue un transit d'environ 5,5 ans entre la Terre et Jupiter au cours duquel elle a recours à l'assistance gravitationnelle de Mars et de la Terre pour que sa vitesse lui permette d'atteindre sa destination. Elle doit s'insérer en orbite autour de Jupiter en avril 2030. Après avoir ajusté son orbite débute la phase scientifique d'une durée de trois ans et demi. Durant celle-ci la sonde spatiale doit recueillir des données en effectuant environ 50 survols d'Europe entre 2031 et 2034. L'objectif principal de la mission est de déterminer si le satellite de Jupiter réunit les conditions nécessaires à l'apparition de la vie. Pour y parvenir Europa Clipper doit collecter des données dans le but de préciser les caractéristiques de l'océan subglaciaire et les processus associés, d'identifier les composants chimiques de la lune et de comprendre les formations récentes découvertes en surface. Le coût du projet est évalué en 2024 à 5 milliards de dollars dont 1 272 millions de dollars pour la phase opérationnelle.",8770071,fr,2026-07-30T03:56:04Z,147339,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Europa Clipper,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"L'exploration est le fait de chercher avec l'intention de découvrir, d'étudier quelque chose, un lieu pour agrandir son périmètre habituel et parfois aussi d'agrandir son territoire.
Dans l'histoire de l'humanité, la période la plus marquante est sans nul doute le temps des Grandes découvertes, lorsque les explorateurs européens ont entrepris de naviguer et de cartographier le monde pour des raisons scientifiques et commerciales.
L'exploration est une démarche empirique permettant l'acquisition de nouvelles connaissances par une identité individuelle ou collective. L'exploration n'est d'ailleurs pas le fait unique de l'homme, des espèces animales sont susceptibles de développer un certain sens de la curiosité.
L'exploration se distingue de la découverte au sens où la production de connaissance est dépendante du point de vue de l'explorateur. Le terme d'exploration peut aussi être utilisé métaphoriquement , par exemple, une personne peut parler d'explorer Internet.
Toutefois, l'acception la plus répandue est celle du sens géographique, où le terme exploration est lié à la découverte d'une terre, d'une mer ou d'un peuple inconnus. Ainsi Christophe Colomb, Magellan, Livingstone sont des explorateurs.",209193,fr,2026-07-23T15:33:56Z,32969,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Exploration,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"L'exploration de la Lune par des engins spatiaux constitue un objectif important au début de l'ère spatiale, dans les années 1950, notamment car cet astre, le plus proche de la Terre, est une cible relativement facile à atteindre et constitue un symbole fort. Les programmes soviétique Luna et américain Ranger inaugurent une série de missions d'exploration au moyen de sondes spatiales dont l'objectif principal est de cartographier et d'identifier les principales caractéristiques de l'environnement lunaire. Cette phase culmine avec le premier pas de l'homme sur la Lune par l'Américain Neil Armstrong le 21 juillet 1969, dans le cadre de la mission Apollo 11. Les données recueillies confirment l'image qui s'était progressivement dessinée au XXe siècle d'un monde froid et mort.
Dans le contexte de la guerre froide, l'exploration de la Lune est davantage motivée par la lutte entre les deux superpuissances de l'époque — les États-Unis et l'Union soviétique — que par la recherche scientifique, même si le programme Apollo permet de ramener près de 380 kilogrammes de roches lunaires sur Terre. Celles-ci, ainsi que les données recueillies par les instruments sur place, permettent de répondre à de nombreuses questions concernant la Lune tout en en soulevant de nouvelles. À la même époque, le programme lunaire habité soviétique est abandonné après les échecs rencontrés par le lanceur spatial lourd N-1. Cet échec est en partie compensé par l'envoi réussi des deux astromobiles Lunokhod (1970). Avec la fin du programme Apollo, l'exploration spatiale se détourne de la Lune pour se porter vers les planètes, plus lointaines mais relevant d'enjeux scientifiques jugés plus importants.
Le retour des hommes sur le sol lunaire est depuis les années 2000 un thème récurrent aux États-Unis, motivé par des considérations politiques plus que scientifiques. Le projet Constellation de la NASA, qui débute en 2004, a pour objectif l'envoi de missions habitées vers la Lune dans les années 2020. Il relance l'exploration scientifique de la Lune à travers les missions du programme Lunar Precursor Robotic (depuis 2009) et certaines missions américaines du programme Discovery. Celles-ci ont pour objectif de compléter les travaux entamés 50 ans auparavant, en particulier dans la région des pôles où la présence d'eau est détectée. Début 2010, le président Barack Obama annule le projet Constellation pour des raisons budgétaires. En 2017, la NASA décide de développer une station spatiale autour de la Lune, la Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway, qui doit servir de relais pour des missions plus ambitieuses, d'abord vers la surface de la Lune puis vers Mars. À la demande du président américain Donald Trump, le programme Artemis est mis sur pied début 2019 pour envoyer des hommes à la surface de la Lune dès 2024. Cette échéance peu réaliste est repoussée mais le programme qui doit comprendre à terme une base permanente au pôle sud occupée périodiquement se poursuit activement en 2026.
Parallèlement, de nouvelles nations spatiales — le Japon dès 1990, la Chine depuis 2007 et l'Inde depuis 2008 — lancent des sondes spatiales vers la Lune car sa proximité permet d'acquérir plus facilement la maîtrise de ce type de mission complexe. La Chine poursuit sa montée en puissance dans le domaine spatial en déposant sur le sol lunaire le 14 décembre 2013 le rover Yutu dans le cadre de la mission Chang'e 3. Il s'agit de la première mission sur la surface de la Lune depuis 1976. Début 2019, la Chine effectue le premier atterrissage en douceur sur la face cachée de la Lune avec le rover de la mission Chang'e 4. L'Inde devait également faire atterrir Chandrayaan-2 en 2019 à la surface de la Lune tandis que la Chine lance à la fin de la même année la mission de retour d'échantillons Chang'e 5. Enfin la Chine développe les éléments (lanceur, atterrisseur) qui devrait lui permettre des hommes sur la Lune au début de la décennie 2030.",1799344,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:11Z,99332,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Exploration de la Lune,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_de_la_Lune,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"L’exploration du système martien, qui comprend la planète Mars et ses deux satellites, tient une place particulièrement importante dans les programmes scientifiques d'exploration du Système solaire des principales puissances spatiales. En 2016, plus de quarante sondes, orbiteurs et atterrisseurs ont été envoyés vers la planète depuis le début des années 1960. Cet intérêt répond à plusieurs motivations. Mars constitue d'abord une destination proche, ce qui permet d'y envoyer relativement facilement des engins spatiaux. Par ailleurs, contrairement aux autres planètes du Système solaire, Mars a sans aucun doute connu par le passé des conditions assez proches de celles régnant sur Terre qui ont pu permettre l'apparition de la vie — ce qui reste à confirmer. Depuis l'invention du télescope, cette planète tellurique intrigue les scientifiques comme le grand public. Le premier survol de Mars par la sonde américaine Mariner 4 (1964) dévoile une planète beaucoup moins accueillante qu'imaginé, dotée d'une atmosphère très ténue, sans champ magnétique pour la protéger des rayonnements stérilisants du Soleil et comportant une surface d'apparence lunaire très ancienne. Toutefois, les observations plus poussées menées par l'orbiteur Mariner 9 (1971) montrent que Mars présente en fait une géologie plus complexe, dont témoignent des traces de volcanisme et des formes peut-être façonnées par des eaux de surface.
Mars a été l'un des enjeux de la course à l'espace, affrontement pacifique entre les États-Unis et l'Union soviétique à l'époque de la guerre froide. L'URSS parvient la première à poser sur le sol de la planète l'atterrisseur Mars 3 (1971), mais celui-ci ne survit que vingt secondes. Les deux atterrisseurs américains du programme Viking accompagnés par des orbiteurs, qui arrivent sur Mars en 1976, se caractérisent par leur longévité et fournissent une moisson d'informations sur la planète : composition de l'atmosphère, météorologie martienne, premières analyses du sol martien in situ. Une tentative de détection d'une vie microbienne au moyen d'un mini laboratoire embarqué ne fournit pas de résultat déterminant. Durant les vingt ans qui suivent, plus aucune mission n'est lancée vers Mars. Dès cette époque, des projets de missions spatiales habitées sont élaborés. Mais le défi technique et financier soulevé par une telle mission reste dans les années 2010 hors de portée des capacités des agences spatiales les mieux dotées.
Les années 1990 voient la reprise des missions d'exploration de Mars, donnant des résultats contrastés. Pas moins de sept sondes spatiales sont perdues : les deux sondes spatiales du programme soviétique Phobos (1988) lancées vers le satellite naturel Phobos, la sonde de la NASA Mars Observer (1992), la sonde soviétique Mars 96 (1996) développée avec une forte participation européenne, les sondes américaines Mars Climate Orbiter (1998) et Mars Polar Lander (1998) et enfin la sonde japonaise Nozomi (1998). La NASA connaît toutefois deux succès, l'un essentiellement technologique grâce au petit astromobile Sojourner déposé sur le sol martien par Mars Pathfinder (1996) et l'autre, scientifique, à travers l'orbiteur Mars Global Surveyor (1996), qui collecte des données détaillées sur la planète durant neuf ans. Ce dernier détecte la présence de minéraux qui prouvent que Mars n'a pas toujours été la planète aride que l'on connaît aujourd'hui.
Les années 2000 sont beaucoup plus fructueuses. Au début de cette décennie, la NASA développe plusieurs missions à budget modéré dont l'objectif principal est la recherche de la présence passée et présente d'eau. Ce sont les orbiteurs 2001 Mars Odyssey et Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2005), les deux rovers MER (2003) et l'atterrisseur Phoenix (2007), qui se posent sur la calotte polaire. L'ensemble des informations recueillies complétées par celles de l'orbiteur européen Mars Express (2003) permettent d'esquisser une histoire géologique et climatique de Mars et de préparer la mission particulièrement ambitieuse et coûteuse du rover Mars Science Laboratory lancé en 2011. Celui-ci, doté d'une instrumentation scientifique sophistiquée, doit réaliser une étude géologique et minéralogique très poussée qui pourrait permettre de détecter indirectement la présence passée d'une vie sur Mars. Mais cette période est également marquée par l'abandon du projet de retour d'échantillon martien, stoppé pour des raisons techniques et financières, et de celui du réseau de stations météorologiques MetNet. Malgré la récession économique qui limite les budgets de l'exploration spatiale à partir de 2011, Mars reste une destination très visitée, notamment par les orbiteurs MAVEN (étude des mécanismes qui entraînent la disparition de l'atmosphère martienne) et Mars Orbiter Mission lancés en 2013, l'orbiteur ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter qui remplit une mission analogue à MAVEN en 2016, l'atterrisseur InSight chargé d'étudier la structure interne de la planète, ainsi que les rovers européen ExoMars en 2018 et Mars 2020 en 2020, ce dernier étant chargé de préparer une future mission de retour d'échantillons sur Terre.",56019,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:35Z,157237,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Exploration du système martien,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_du_syst%C3%A8me_martien,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],"L'exploration spatiale est l'ensemble des activités qui sont réalisées dans l'espace. Elles reposent sur des techniques spécifiques relevant de l'astronautique qui permettent la réalisation de lanceurs, de satellites, de sondes spatiales, d'équipements et d'instruments spécifiques. L'exploration de l'espace remplit des objectifs scientifiques, économiques, ou militaires. L'exploration scientifique comprend l'étude du système Terre (climat, atmosphère, magnétosphère, géodésie, océanographie…), l'étude in situ des corps célestes du Système solaire (Lune, Mars…), l'astronomie par l'utilisation de télescopes spatiaux étudiant les exoplanètes, les galaxies et le cosmos, ainsi que la réalisation d'expériences en apesanteur. L'aspect économique de l'espace prend une importance croissante et désormais prépondérante grâce notamment à des applications dans le domaine des télécommunications, de la navigation, de l'imagerie, de l'observation de la Terre, de la gestion des désastres, de la météorologie. Enfin, bien que les activités militaires en soient bannies, l'espace joue un rôle croissant au sein des forces militaires : reconnaissance optique ou radar, alerte avancée, écoute électronique et télécommunications. L'envoi d'humains dans l'espace, qui répond essentiellement à des finalités de prestige, est sauf exception (programmes Apollo et Artemis à destination de la Lune) cantonné à l'orbite terrestre basse. Cette activité comprend principalement l'occupation de stations spatiales par des équipages sur des durées pouvant atteindre un an, dans le but de réaliser des expériences scientifiques en apesanteur. D'un point de vue budgétaire, elle constitue un volet important des programmes spatiaux des principales puissances spatiales.
L'exploration spatiale débute grâce au développement à compter des années 1930 de fusées capables de lancer une charge utile avec une vitesse suffisante pour la placer en orbite terrestre. La réalisation de ce type de fusée requiert la mise au point de moteurs-fusées capables de s'affranchir de l'atmosphère en fournissant une forte poussée, de systèmes de contrôle d'attitude et d'automates prenant en charge le guidage et le pilotage. Le premier précurseur des lanceurs, le missile balistique missile V2 de l'armée allemande, dépasse pour la première fois le 20 juin 1944 l'altitude de cent kilomètres qui marque de manière symbolique la frontière entre l'atmosphère terrestre et l'espace. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les deux principales puissances militaires, les États-Unis et l'Union soviétique (URSS) s'appuient sur les réalisations allemandes pour développer d'abord des missiles balistiques intercontinentaux puis les premiers lanceurs. Le satellite Spoutnik 1, développé par l'URSS, est le premier engin spatial placé en orbite (4 octobre 1957).
La réalisation des premières missions spatiales est motivée par le prestige dans le contexte de la guerre froide, qui oppose l'URSS et les États-Unis. Mais très rapidement les premières applications scientifiques, commerciales et militaires se développent. Des progrès dans le domaine de la propulsion spatiale permettent de faire passer la masse de la charge utile lancée en orbite à une vingtaine de tonnes à la fin des années 1960 (de manière éphémère, 130 tonnes pour le lanceur géant Saturn V). Le premier survol de la planète Mars est réalisé en 1964, celui de Vénus en 1962 et celui des planètes externes (Jupiter et suivantes) dans les années 1970. Les observations effectuées débouchent sur des découvertes majeures concernant les caractéristiques et l'histoire du Système solaire. L'exploration spatiale est marquée à ses débuts par la première mission d'exploration humaine à la surface de la Lune (Apollo 11 en 1969), les missions Viking à la surface de Mars, le programme Venera d'étude de Vénus ainsi que le survol des planètes externes par les sondes Voyager.
Les États-Unis, à travers leur agence spatiale civile, la NASA, jouent toujours au xxie siècle un rôle majeur dans le domaine de l'exploration spatiale, mais sont rejoints par des acteurs plus tardifs comme l'Agence spatiale européenne et celle du Japon, par des acteurs nouveaux comme celles de la Chine et de l'Inde, et par des acteurs privés de plus en plus nombreux. Les avancées technologiques portent désormais sur la miniaturisation, permise par les progrès de l'électronique et l'abaissement des coûts de lancement. Les projets d'exploration humaine du Système solaire marquent le pas face au développement des missions robotiques dont les capacités progressent rapidement : astromobiles (Mars Exploration Rover), mission de retour d'échantillons, drones…",31351,fr,2026-08-03T10:30:16Z,229332,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Exploration spatiale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_spatiale,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,861435,fr,2026-07-23T15:34:14Z,52811,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Giotto (sonde spatiale),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sonde_spatiale),roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,86650,fr,2026-07-14T12:45:53Z,33273,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Générateur thermoélectrique à radioisotope,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rateur_thermo%C3%A9lectrique_%C3%A0_radioisotope,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,3740055,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:26Z,185454,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Histoire du vol spatial,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_vol_spatial,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,16065001,fr,2026-07-30T03:36:32Z,7721,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Hélène Huby,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Huby,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,9976065,fr,2026-07-07T16:02:49Z,9306,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Liste des missions d'exploration spatiale en cours,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_missions_d%27exploration_spatiale_en_cours,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
"[""Catégorie:Homonymie"", ""Catégorie:Homonymie d'hydronyme"", ""Catégorie:Homonymie de communes et d'anciennes communes en France"", ""Catégorie:Homonymie de localités aux États-Unis"", ""Catégorie:Homonymie de nom de famille"", ""Catégorie:Homonymie de pseudonyme"", ""Catégorie:Homonymie de titre"", ""Catégorie:Homonymie de toponyme"", ""Catégorie:Patronyme anglais"", ""Catégorie:Patronyme français""]",,1962,fr,2026-08-01T12:57:52Z,12060,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Mars,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,44273,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:35Z,154746,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Mars Exploration Rover,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,10191255,fr,2026-07-30T03:56:14Z,69928,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Martian Moons Exploration,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Moons_Exploration,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,26767,fr,2026-07-25T16:26:40Z,11621,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Mer de Barents,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_de_Barents,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,4087132,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:50Z,158774,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Mission habitée vers Mars,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_habit%C3%A9e_vers_Mars,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,12305482,fr,2026-07-14T12:58:55Z,770,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Médaille Pour le mérite dans l'exploration spatiale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_Pour_le_m%C3%A9rite_dans_l%27exploration_spatiale,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,14134,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:33Z,148779,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,National Aeronautics and Space Administration,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,1597221,fr,2026-08-03T20:28:33Z,20653,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Neil deGrasse Tyson,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,8838563,fr,2026-07-30T03:56:04Z,85052,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Outer Wilds,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Wilds,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,4867293,fr,2026-05-10T13:49:21Z,2961,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Pathfinder,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,783182,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:57Z,31180,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Programme Constellation,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Constellation,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,458894,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:49Z,18436,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Programme chinois d'exploration lunaire,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_chinois_d%27exploration_lunaire,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,73559,fr,2026-08-03T14:16:55Z,138775,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Sonde spatiale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonde_spatiale,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,3530920,fr,2026-08-02T22:13:30Z,94527,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,SpaceX,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,22190,fr,2026-07-22T14:35:03Z,28097,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Space opera,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,1368492,fr,2026-07-23T15:34:20Z,10514,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Syndrome de Kessler,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_de_Kessler,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,1769188,fr,2026-07-30T22:18:47Z,264271,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Système solaire,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_solaire,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,1470328,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:08Z,57046,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Thales Alenia Space,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,15803588,fr,2026-08-03T09:43:29Z,38387,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,The Exploration Company,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exploration_Company,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,1600475,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:09Z,16269,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Thèmes de la science-fiction,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8mes_de_la_science-fiction,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,12421155,fr,2026-07-30T18:55:41Z,49038,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Tianwen 2,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen_2,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,316947,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:45Z,49621,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Tourisme spatial,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourisme_spatial,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,7154001,fr,2026-07-23T15:34:52Z,17021,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Usage des robots,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_des_robots,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,316913,fr,2026-07-25T16:26:54Z,46305,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Venus Express,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Express,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
[],,25038,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:33Z,60346,2026-08-03T21:55:22+00:00,Voyager 1,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1,roh3A79aGUEjDTWT1,LDnsTRrag0fUWNgFG
"[""Kategorie:Beobachtungsmethode der Astronomie"", ""Kategorie:Spezielle Relativitätstheorie"", ""Kategorie:Sphärische Astronomie""]","Die Aberration des Lichts (von lat. aberratio „Ablenkung“) bezeichnet in der Astronomie eine kleine scheinbare Ortsveränderung aller Gestirne bei seitlicher Bewegung des Beobachters, verursacht durch die Endlichkeit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Darüber hinaus war die theoretische Erklärung dieses Effekts von großer Bedeutung in der Geschichte der speziellen Relativitätstheorie.",46183,de,2026-06-24T14:29:36Z,19007,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Aberration (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Die Anomalie ist in der Astronomie und Himmelsmechanik der momentane Winkel eines Himmelskörpers zur Periapsis.

als im Schwerpunkt des Systems (dem Brennpunkt der Ellipse) gemessene Anomalien:
Die wahre Anomalie gibt die ungleichförmige Bewegung auf einer Ellipsenbahn an.
Die mittlere Anomalie gibt die gleichförmige Bewegung eines fiktiven Himmelskörpers an und repräsentiert den gleichmäßigen Zeitverlauf.
Die exzentrische Anomalie geht als Hilfsgröße in die Kepler-Gleichung ein und gibt den Winkel im die Ellipse umschreibenden Kreis an.
Weil die Anomalie die wahre Bahnperiode (relativ, im Zweikörpersystem) darstellt, nennt man die von Periapsis zu Periapsis gemessene Umlaufzeit „anomalistisch“. Diese sind insbesondere:

das anomalistische Jahr (zwischen zwei Perihel-Durchgängen der Erde): 365,26 Tage;
der anomalistische Monat (zwischen zwei Perigäum-Durchgängen des Mondes): 27,55 Tage.",1690623,de,2026-07-29T23:16:25Z,1476,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Anomalie (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalie_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Himmelsmechanik"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Weblink offline""]","Apsis oder Apside (Plural Apsiden) bezeichnet in der Astronomie einen der zwei Hauptscheitel der elliptischen Umlaufbahn eines Himmelskörpers um einen anderen als Zentralkörper.
Die Apoapsis ist derjenige Scheitel mit der größten Entfernung zum Zentralkörper und die Periapsis der mit der geringsten; beide gemeinsam werden Apsiden genannt, ihre Verbindungsgerade heißt Apsidenlinie.
Bei einer Umlaufbahn – beispielsweise von Planeten – um die Sonne bezeichnet Perihel (von altgriechisch περί perí ‚herum‘ und ἥλιος hḗlios ‚Sonne‘) den sonnennächsten und Aphel (IPA: [ˈap.heːl]) den sonnenfernsten Bahnpunkt.
Bei einer Umlaufbahn – beispielsweise des Mondes – um die Erde bezeichnet Perigäum den erdnächsten und Apogäum den erdfernsten Bahnpunkt.",79325,de,2026-06-26T13:17:28Z,34438,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Apsis (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astronomie"", ""Kategorie:Astronomisches Thema als Namensgeber für einen Asteroiden"", ""Kategorie:Studienfach"", ""Kategorie:Wissenschaftliches Fachgebiet""]","Die Astronomie (altgriechisch ἀστρονομία astronomía; von ἄστρον ástron ‚Stern‘ und νόμος nómos ‚Gesetz‘) oder Sternkunde ist die Wissenschaft der Gestirne. Sie erforscht mit naturwissenschaftlichen Mitteln die Positionen, Bewegungen und Eigenschaften der Objekte im Universum, also der Himmelskörper (Planeten, Monde, Asteroiden, Sterne einschließlich der Sonne, Sternhaufen, Galaxien und Galaxienhaufen), der interstellaren Materie und der im Weltall auftretenden Strahlung. Darüber hinaus strebt sie nach einem Verständnis des Universums als Ganzes, seiner Entstehung und seines Aufbaus.
Obwohl die Astronomie nur an wenigen Schulen ein Unterrichtsfach ist, finden ihre Forschungsergebnisse in der Öffentlichkeit viel Interesse; als Amateurastronomie ist sie ein verbreitetes Hobby. Dies hängt einerseits mit dem „erhebenden“ Eindruck zusammen, den der Sternhimmel auch bei freisichtiger Beobachtung macht, andererseits mit ihrer thematischen Vielfalt, der Berührung philosophischer Fragen und der Verbindung zur Raumfahrt.
Im Gegensatz zu früheren Zeiten wird die Astronomie als Naturwissenschaft heute streng abgegrenzt von der Astrologie, die aus Stellung und Lauf der Gestirne auf irdische Geschehnisse schließen will. Die Abgrenzung erfolgt auch, da die Astrologie eine Pseudowissenschaft ist – während die Astronomie auf empirischer Basis die Beschaffenheit, Bewegungen und Beziehungen von Himmelskörpern untersucht. Dennoch werden, wohl wegen der Ähnlichkeit beider Bezeichnungen, Astrologie und Astronomie von Laien nicht selten verwechselt.
An den Universitäten wurde die Astronomie um etwa 1800 zu einer eigenen Studienrichtung, wird heute aber oft dem Physikstudium zugeordnet. In der deutschen Hochschulpolitik wird sie seit 2018 gemeinsam mit der Astrophysik nicht mehr als Kleines Fach, sondern als mittelgroßes Fach eingestuft.",135,de,2026-08-02T16:57:10Z,18672,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Die Zeitschrift Astronomie + Raumfahrt im Unterricht ist eine seit 1964 erscheinende Fachzeitschrift für das Unterrichtsfach Astronomie und für die Vermittlung astronomischer Themen in anderen Unterrichtsfächern sowie in der Erwachsenenbildung.
Sie wurde 1964 unter dem Titel „Astronomie in der Schule“ von Helmut Bernhard gegründet und erschien bis 1990 im Volk und Wissen Verlag. 1991 übernahm der Friedrich Verlag die Zeitschrift. Seit 1996 erscheint sie unter dem Titel Astronomie + Raumfahrt im Unterricht.",5678680,de,2026-07-03T15:58:46Z,4465,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Astronomie + Raumfahrt im Unterricht,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie_%2B_Raumfahrt_im_Unterricht,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Die im antiken Griechenland entwickelte Astronomie ist einerseits die Basis der heutigen Himmelskunde, andererseits stellt sie den Beginn der Naturwissenschaft überhaupt dar.
Sie fußte zwar auf den Vorstellungen und Daten der mesopotamischen Astronomie, ging aber durch eine echte wissenschaftliche Deutung der Himmelsphänomene und die Entwicklung spezieller Messinstrumente weit über sie hinaus.
Es gibt nur wenige direkte Quellen antiker Astronomen, doch werden viele Arbeiten in den Schriften griechischer Naturphilosophen zitiert oder blieben als arabische Übersetzungen erhalten, wo sie einen Ausgangspunkt der arabischen Astronomie bildeten.",8233644,de,2026-07-30T04:53:46Z,11289,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Astronomie der Antike,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie_der_Antike,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astronomisches Fachgebiet"", ""Kategorie:Astrophysik"", ""Kategorie:Physikalisches Fachgebiet""]","Die Astrophysik befasst sich mit den physikalischen Grundlagen der Erforschung von Himmelserscheinungen und ist ein Teilgebiet der Astronomie. Als Erweiterung der klassischen Astronomie (vor allem aus Astrometrie und Himmelsmechanik bestehend) macht sie heute große Bereiche der astronomischen Forschung aus.

",170,de,2026-07-29T23:15:17Z,14914,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Astrophysik,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysik,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Atmosphäre""]","Die Atmosphäre [atmoˈsfɛːrə] (von altgriechisch ἀτμός atmós, deutsch ‚Dampf‘, ‚Dunst‘, ‚Hauch‘ und σφαῖρα sphaira, deutsch ‚Kugel‘) ist die gas­förmige Hülle um größere Himmelskörper – insbesondere um Sterne und Planeten. Sie besteht meistens aus einem Gemisch von Gasen, die vom Schwerefeld des Himmelskörpers festgehalten werden können. Die Atmosphäre ist an der Oberfläche am dichtesten und geht in großen Höhen fließend in den interplanetaren Raum über. Sie bestimmt im Falle ihrer Existenz wesentlich das Erscheinungsbild eines Himmelskörpers.
Die heißen Atmosphären von Sternen reichen tief in den Raum hinein. Bei Gasplaneten sind sie wesentlich kühler und von tieferen Schichten des Himmelskörpers nicht scharf getrennt. Bei großen Gesteinsplaneten und beim Saturnmond Titan ist die Atmosphäre eine (nach der Erde benannte) Erdsphäre und liegt über der Pedosphäre (betretbarer Boden) und der darunter befindlichen Lithosphäre.",152,de,2026-07-29T23:15:17Z,18853,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Atmosphäre (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A4re_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"In der beobachtenden Astronomie ist Backfokus die Länge, um die die Brennebene hinter dem gänzlich eingefahrenen Okularauszug liegt. Das Auflagemaß einer Kamera etwa muss kleiner sein als der Backfokus des Instruments, um scharfstellen zu können. Bei Newton-Teleskopen ist der Backfokus oftmals relativ gering, um den in der Apertur liegenden Fangspiegel klein halten zu können. Bei Cassegrain-Teleskopen hingegen verlängert der Sekundärspiegel die Brennweite, so dass wie bei Refraktoren genügend Backfokus zur Verfügung steht.",4227331,de,2026-06-24T14:33:08Z,1133,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Backfokus (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backfokus_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Als Bahngeschwindigkeit bezeichnet man in der Himmelsmechanik die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich ein astronomisches Objekt im Weltraum fortbewegt. Bei Umlaufbahnen spricht man auch von Orbitalgeschwindigkeit oder Umlaufgeschwindigkeit.
Die Bewegung wird in einem geeigneten Koordinaten- oder Bezugsystem angegeben, im Regelfall im Schwerpunktsystem der beteiligten Himmelskörper:

Baryzentrum des Sonnensystems bei Planeten, Asteroiden und Kometen
Baryzentrum des Erde-Mond-Systems oder des betreffenden Planeten
Galaktisches Zentrum für Bewegungen innerhalb der Milchstraße
oder einem genäherten Inertialsystem für spezielle Untersuchungen.",104910,de,2026-06-24T14:29:41Z,19744,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Bahngeschwindigkeit (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahngeschwindigkeit_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Die beobachtende Astronomie ist jener Teilbereich der Astronomie, der die Himmelskörper anhand ihrer zur Erde kommenden Strahlungen und Teilchen untersucht. Ähnlich der sogenannten Fernerkundung, ist der Schwerpunkt der Messmethodik die elektromagnetische Strahlung weit entfernter Objekte im gesamten Bereich des Spektrums, von Radiowellen über Infrarot, sichtbares Licht und Ultraviolettstrahlung bis hin zu Röntgen- und Gammastrahlung. Die Einfallsrichtung und physikalische Eigenschaften der Strahlung erlauben Rückschlüsse auf Eigenschaften der aussendenden oder Licht absorbierenden Himmelsobjekte.
So liefern genaue Messungen der Richtung Informationen über Position und Entfernung, Bewegung und Struktur der betreffenden Himmelsobjekte, während Untersuchungen des Spektrums auf die chemische Zusammensetzung, Sterntemperatur, Magnetfelder und Entfernungsänderungen zum Beobachter hinweisen. Durch Fotometer kann die Leuchtkraft von Sternen bestimmt werden, aus deren zeitlicher Veränderung ihr Gleichgewichts-Status. Zusätzlich zur elektromagnetischen Strahlung liefern die auf der Erde nachweisbaren kosmischen Teilchen weitere Informationen. Für die Zukunft verspricht der Nachweis von Gravitationswellen neuartige Beobachtungen an Himmelsobjekten wie Neutronensternen oder Schwarzen Löchern.
Ein zentrales Anliegen der beobachtenden Astronomie ist die Entwicklung geeigneter Instrumente und Detektoren. Die elektromagnetische Strahlung wird mit Hilfe von Teleskopen aufgefangen und fotografisch oder elektronisch aufgezeichnet. Fotometrie und digitale Astrofotografie ermöglichen die Messung der Helligkeit, Spektroskope durch Auswertung von Planeten-, Nebel- und Sternspektren wichtige Parameter der Astrophysik. Speziell an die Eigenschaften von Röntgen- oder Radiostrahlung angepasste Teleskopkonstruktionen erlauben die Untersuchung dieser Abschnitte des elektromagnetischen Spektrums. Der Nachweis und die nähere Untersuchung von Teilchen und von Gravitationswellen erfordern spezielle Detektoren.",1400377,de,2026-08-03T16:51:18Z,86968,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Beobachtende Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beobachtende_Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astronomisches Koordinatensystem"", ""Kategorie:Sphärische Astronomie"", ""Kategorie:Sternkoordinaten""]","Die Deklination δ eines Himmelskörpers ist ein Maß für seinen Winkelabstand vom Himmelsäquator bzw. Himmelsnordpol (der näherungsweise durch den Polarstern markiert ist). In Richtung Norden wird die Deklination positiv gezählt, in Richtung Süd negativ. Dabei hat der Himmelsnordpol selbst die Deklination +90°, der Himmelsäquator die Deklination 0° und der Himmelssüdpol die Deklination −90°.
Zusammen mit der in der Ebene des Äquators gemessenen Rektaszension ist die Deklination eine der zwei Koordinaten des rotierenden Äquatorialen Koordinatensystems.",21761,de,2026-06-24T14:29:33Z,1356,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Deklination (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklination_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Depression in der Astronomie bezeichnet die negative Höhe eines Gestirns, das unter dem Horizont steht, also die unter den Horizont fortgesetzte Verlängerung seines Höhenkreises. So hat z. B. ein Stern, der 20° unter dem Horizont steht, demnach eine Depression von 20°.",6765712,de,2024-11-09T23:17:11Z,755,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Depression (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Die Einflusssphäre (kurz SOI; engl. sphere of influence) ist eine u. a. in der Astrodynamik und Raumfahrt gebräuchliche Größe. Sie gibt an, in welchem Bereich die Gravitation eines Himmelskörpers im Sonnensystem (etwa eines Planeten oder Mondes) Auswirkungen auf andere Himmelskörper hat, die in Rechnungen unbedingt mit einbezogen werden müssen. Außerhalb der SOI wird der Einfluss des Himmelskörpers gegenüber dem der Sonne als vernachlässigbar angesehen.",4261490,de,2026-04-11T08:02:07Z,3143,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Einflusssphäre (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einflusssph%C3%A4re_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Ein Eisriese ist ein Riesenplanet, der hauptsächlich aus flüchtigen chemischen Verbindungen wie Wasser (H2O), Ammoniak (NH3) oder Methan (CH4) besteht und eine mächtige Atmosphäre aus leichten Elementen besitzt. Im Sonnensystem gibt es zwei Eisriesen, Uranus und Neptun. Bei der Suche nach dem hypothetischen Planeten Neun geht man auch von einem Eisriesen aus.
Außerhalb des Sonnensystems wurde der erste Eisriese 2014 gefunden. Er erhielt die Bezeichnung OGLE-2008-BLG-092L Ab. Es gibt auch Exoplaneten, die Eisriesen ähnlich sind, aber sich in wesentlichen Eigenschaften unterscheiden: Die Hot Neptunes stellen eine Unterklasse der Eisriesen dar, die Mini-Neptune hingegen gelten als eigene Klasse.
Der Begriff „Eisriese“ kann leicht missverstanden werden: Der Großteil des Materials in Eisriesen ist nicht kalt und liegt nicht in gefrorener Form vor, sondern in Form eines heißen überkritischen Fluids. Dies ist ein Aggregatzustand, der unter hohem Druck und hoher Temperatur Eigenschaften von Gasen und Flüssigkeiten vereint.",11158377,de,2026-06-24T14:39:36Z,22925,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Eisriese (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisriese_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Als Elongation 
  
    
      
        ψ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \psi }
  
 wird in der Astronomie der von einem Beobachter aus gesehene Winkelabstand zweier Himmelsobjekte bezeichnet. Im Allgemeinen steht der Beobachter auf der Erde, und die Elongation beschreibt den beobachteten (scheinbaren) Abstand eines Planeten von der Sonne.
Die Elongation wird westlich bzw. östlich der Sonne jeweils von 0° bis 180° gemessen. Westliche Elongation bedeutet, das Objekt geht vor der Sonne auf und kann am Morgenhimmel gesehen werden; bei östlicher Elongation geht es nach der Sonne unter und kann am Abendhimmel beobachtet werden.",1071989,de,2026-06-24T14:30:51Z,17448,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Elongation (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongation_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astronomischer Zeitbegriff"", ""Kategorie:Astronomisches Koordinatensystem"", ""Kategorie:Zeitpunkt"", ""Kategorie:Zeitrechnung""]","Als Epoche wird in der Astronomie ein Zeitpunkt bezeichnet, auf den sich die Angaben von Himmelskoordinaten, Bahnelementen oder Ephemeriden beziehen.
Der Begriff kommt von altgriechisch ἐποχή epochḗ „Anhalten“, „Haltpunkt [in der Zeitrechnung]“; in der Astronomie speziell „fester Zeitpunkt, auf den bezogen Positionen definiert und ihre Änderungen berechnet werden“, siehe „Konstellation“.",91864,de,2026-06-24T14:29:40Z,11486,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Epoche (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoche_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Die extragalaktische Astronomie („außergalaktisch“) als Teilgebiet der Astronomie beschäftigt sich mit Himmelsobjekten, die sich außerhalb der Milchstraße befinden. Der Begriff wird auch für die von ihnen einfallende Strahlung und für zugehörige Methoden verwandt.
Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts – wie zum Beispiel in der Shapley-Curtis-Debatte – war unsicher, ob es überhaupt beobachtbare Objekte außerhalb der Milchstraße gibt. Erst in den 1920er-Jahren wurde, hauptsächlich durch die Entdeckung von Cepheiden in 'Spiralnebeln' (Galaxien) durch Edwin Hubble, klar, dass Galaxien weit entfernte Objekte ähnlich der Milchstraße sind. Bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg war die Untersuchung von Galaxien auf das sichtbare Licht beschränkt. Der technische Fortschritt ermöglichte dann die Beobachtung extragalaktischer Objekte über zunehmend weitere Bereiche des elektromagnetischen Spektrums, beginnend im Radiobereich und später auch in Röntgenstrahlung, Gammastrahlung und im Ultraviolett- und Infrarotbereich. Durch diese Aufweitung des Beobachtungsbereichs und die Empfindlichkeitssteigerung moderner Teleskope und Instrumente traten neben den Sternen und Gasnebeln der Galaxien zunehmend neue Phänomene wie aktive galaktische Kerne, Gas und Staub im interstellaren Medium der Galaxien und schließlich die kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung ins Interesse der Astronomen. Ab 2023 soll das am 1. Juli 2023 gestartete Weltraumteleskop Euclid weitere Erkenntnisse bringen. 

Die übliche extragalaktische Maßeinheit für Entfernungen ist das Megaparsec, abgekürzt Mpc, das einer Entfernung von 1 Million Parsec oder 3,262 Millionen Lichtjahren entspricht. Die nächsten Galaxien, die Magellanschen Wolken, liegen in einer Entfernung von etwa 0,05 Mpc, die entferntesten bisher beobachteten Galaxien sind Tausende Mpc entfernt.
Die in der Allgemeinheit bekanntesten extragalaktischen Objekte sind der Andromedanebel und einige andere nahe Galaxien sowie die Quasare. Eine Systematik der extragalaktischen Objekte umfasst aber mehr:",983117,de,2025-08-06T02:38:32Z,4223,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Extragalaktische Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extragalaktische_Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],"Die Exzentrizität ist in der Astronomie eine charakteristische Größe für die Bahn eines Himmelskörpers; sie ist eines seiner Bahnelemente. Sie wird in der Regel als eine auf ein anderes Bahnelement bezogene Größe, also als numerische Exzentrizität gebraucht. Zum Beispiel bei einer elliptischen Bahn ist sie auf deren große Halbachse bezogen.
Man spricht deshalb in der Astronomie in der Regel nicht von „numerischer Exzentrizität“, sondern nur von „Exzentrizität“ und verwendet dafür das Formelzeichen 
  
    
      
        e
      
    
    {\displaystyle e}
  
. Da letzteres in der Mathematik für die lineare Exzentrizität gebraucht wird (für die numerische Exzentrizität dort 
  
    
      
        ε
      
    
    {\displaystyle \varepsilon }
  
), besteht Verwechslungsgefahr.",146399,de,2026-07-22T20:51:31Z,6810,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Exzentrizität (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exzentrizit%C3%A4t_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Geschichte der Astronomie""]","Die Geschichte der Astronomie umfasst die Entwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit Gestirnen von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. Die Astronomie (Sternkunde) entstand schon in der Steinzeit aus der Einheit von Sonnen- und Gestirnsbeobachtung und kultischer Verehrung der Gestirne. Aus freiäugigen Beobachtungen des Sternenhimmels und seiner Zyklen entwickelte sich die klassisch-geometrische Astronomie, deren älteste Teilgebiete die Positionsastronomie und Ephemeridenrechnung sind. Die Erfindung des Fernrohrs (1609) und spezieller Messgeräte führte zur Weiterentwicklung der Himmelsmechanik und die moderne Astrophysik verdankt dem Einsatz von Radioteleskopen und Weltraumteleskopen starke Impulse.
Die Sternkunde bestimmt das Selbstbild des Menschen und seine Auffassung von seiner Stellung im Universum mit, heutzutage vor allem durch die Diskussionen über die Entstehung des Universums und die Suche nach bewohnbaren Exoplaneten und außerirdischem Leben.",30745,de,2026-07-16T07:23:41Z,111997,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Geschichte der Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,12273474,de,2026-06-11T13:42:10Z,278,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Gesellschaft für Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Galaxie""]",,76910,de,2026-07-29T23:15:23Z,4557,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Halo (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,7029167,de,2026-07-29T23:18:35Z,6370,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Haus der Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_der_Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,10247353,de,2026-07-31T20:43:01Z,8263,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Indische Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indische_Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,12276150,de,2026-06-11T13:42:11Z,312,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Institut für Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,175042,de,2026-07-29T23:15:29Z,8925,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Jet (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,1730186,de,2026-06-24T14:31:24Z,5693,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Kleinkörper (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleink%C3%B6rper_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,149680,de,2026-07-29T23:15:28Z,6603,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Knoten (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoten_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,11095910,de,2026-07-10T05:00:42Z,1758,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Kompaktes Objekt (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktes_Objekt_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astrometrie"", ""Kategorie:Astronomisches Ereignis"", ""Kategorie:Himmelsmechanik""]",,10099,de,2026-07-29T23:15:18Z,16030,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Konjunktion (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjunktion_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,694659,de,2026-06-24T14:30:25Z,8951,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Kulmination (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulmination_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astronomische Maßeinheit"", ""Kategorie:Längeneinheit"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Artikel mit Video"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2026-03""]",,2941,de,2026-07-03T20:52:47Z,6201,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Lichtjahr,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtjahr,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astronomisches Instrument"", ""Kategorie:Astronomisches Koordinatensystem""]",,99865,de,2026-06-24T14:29:41Z,4817,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Meridian (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,2498321,de,2026-05-03T21:39:50Z,16000,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Migration (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Nebel (Astronomie)""]",,97801,de,2026-06-24T14:29:40Z,8329,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Nebel (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebel_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,8478001,de,2026-06-24T14:36:34Z,37416,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Nomenklatur (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatur_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astronomisches Ereignis"", ""Kategorie:Himmelsmechanik""]",,10101,de,2026-07-29T23:15:18Z,2549,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Opposition (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,166208,de,2026-07-29T23:15:29Z,21383,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Quadrant (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,852968,de,2026-05-26T18:46:36Z,1929,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Radiant (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,1763050,de,2026-02-23T12:02:43Z,13167,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Scheinbar (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinbar_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astronomische Messgröße"", ""Kategorie:Beobachtende Astronomie"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Artikel mit Video""]",,15213,de,2026-07-31T10:54:32Z,32182,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Scheinbare Helligkeit,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinbare_Helligkeit,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,1548899,de,2026-06-09T11:53:49Z,16282,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Sichtbarkeit (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichtbarkeit_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,144566,de,2026-07-29T23:15:27Z,10334,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Singularität (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularit%C3%A4t_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astrometrie"", ""Kategorie:Astronomisches Fachgebiet"", ""Kategorie:Beobachtungsmethode der Astronomie"", ""Kategorie:Sphärische Astronomie""]",,98060,de,2026-07-29T23:15:25Z,5758,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Sphärische Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sph%C3%A4rische_Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Asterismus"", ""Kategorie:Himmelsbeobachtung"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Lesenswert""]",,8967,de,2026-07-29T23:15:18Z,46149,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Sternbild,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternbild,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,197826,de,2026-07-29T23:15:31Z,2726,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Syzygie (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygie_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,3318276,de,2026-06-26T13:17:37Z,9718,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Szintillation (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintillation_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
[],,12015961,de,2026-06-17T17:07:33Z,8508,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Theoretische Astronomie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretische_Astronomie,J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Asterismus"", ""Kategorie:Orion (Sternbild)"", ""Kategorie:Vierfachstern""]",,61552,de,2026-06-24T14:29:37Z,10668,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Trapez (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapez_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Astronomisches Koordinatensystem"", ""Kategorie:Himmelsbeobachtung"", ""Kategorie:Sphärische Astronomie""]",,93844,de,2026-07-23T17:52:14Z,5224,2026-08-03T21:53:45+00:00,Zirkumpolar (Astronomie),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkumpolar_(Astronomie),J3dqa9T2rNu5xVNwL,3i28xmaplAO9Fx7cX
"[""Kategorie:Abenteuerfilm"", ""Kategorie:Arthur-C.-Clarke-Verfilmung"", ""Kategorie:Außerirdische im Film"", ""Kategorie:Britischer Film"", ""Kategorie:Filmdrama"", ""Kategorie:Filmtitel 1968"", ""Kategorie:György Ligeti"", ""Kategorie:Jupiter im Film"", ""Kategorie:Künstliche Intelligenz im Film"", ""Kategorie:Monumentalfilm"", ""Kategorie:Raumfahrt im Film"", ""Kategorie:Science-Fiction-Film"", ""Kategorie:Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame"", ""Kategorie:Stanley Kubrick"", ""Kategorie:US-amerikanischer Film"", ""Kategorie:Weltraum im Film"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Lesenswert""]","2001: Odyssee im Weltraum (englischer Originaltitel: 2001: A Space Odyssey) ist ein im Breitwandformat Super Panavision 70 produzierter monumentaler Science-Fiction-Film, der am 2. April 1968 uraufgeführt wurde. Produzent und Regisseur von 2001 war Stanley Kubrick. Zudem verfasste Kubrick in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Science-Fiction-Schriftsteller und Physiker Arthur C. Clarke das Drehbuch. Als Grundidee für die Drehbuchentwicklung diente Clarkes Kurzgeschichte Der Wächter.
In Kubricks Weltraumepos wird über einen Zeitraum von 4 Millionen Jahren eine mystisch-mythologische Geschichte der menschlichen Evolution erzählt. Die im Jahr 2001 angelegte Haupthandlung des Films zeigt, wie der Astronaut Bowman eine Odyssee im Weltraum erlebt, an deren metaphysisch-transzendentem Abschluss Bowman unmittelbar nach seinem Tod als astrales „Sternenkind“ wiedergeboren wird.
Der als Meisterwerk geltende Film bietet Spielraum für verschiedene allegorische und philosophische Interpretationsansätze. Noch vor der ersten bemannten Mondlandung und Jahrzehnte vor der Entwicklung digitaler Bildanimationen lieferte Kubrick mittels innovativ eingesetzter Kamera- und optischer Effekttechniken als realistisch wahrzunehmende Bilder des Weltalls. 2001: Odyssee im Weltraum wurde für die visuellen Spezialeffekte, die Kameraarbeit, das Szenenbild und den Filmton ausgezeichnet.
Bei Herstellungskosten in Höhe von etwa 10,5 Millionen US-Dollar (inflationsbereinigt 2026: ca. 95 Millionen US-Dollar) spielte der zwischen 1965 und 1968 produzierte Film an den Kinokassen in den USA und Kanada bis einschließlich Juni 1974 rund 58,5 Millionen US-Dollar (inflationsbereinigt 2026: ca. 527 Millionen US-Dollar) ein und war damit rückblickend der kommerziell erfolgreichste Kinofilm des Jahres 1968 auf dem nordamerikanischen Kinomarkt. Das American Film Institute wählte 2001: Odyssee im Weltraum als „besten Science-Fiction-Film aller Zeiten“ aus. Im Jahr 2022 wurde Kubricks Film von anderen Regisseuren im vom British Film Institute herausgegebenen Fachmagazin Sight & Sound zum „besten Film aller Zeiten“ gekürt.",5987,de,2026-07-29T23:15:18Z,207076,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,2001: Odyssee im Weltraum,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_Odyssee_im_Weltraum,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
"[""Kategorie:Dystopie im Film"", ""Kategorie:Filmdrama"", ""Kategorie:Filmtitel 2001"", ""Kategorie:Klimawandel im Film"", ""Kategorie:Künstliche Intelligenz im Film"", ""Kategorie:Science-Fiction-Film"", ""Kategorie:Steven Spielberg"", ""Kategorie:US-amerikanischer Film""]","A.I. – Künstliche Intelligenz ist ein Science-Fiction-Film von Steven Spielberg nach der Kurzgeschichte Supertoys Last All Summer Long von Brian Aldiss. Ursprünglich war dies ein Filmprojekt von Stanley Kubrick, das er aber vor seinem Tod an Steven Spielberg übergeben hatte. Der Film ist zugleich eine moderne Adaption des Pinocchio-Themas. Der Film startete am 13. September 2001 in den deutschen Kinos.
Die Erstausstrahlung im deutschen Free-TV erfolgte am 7. November 2004 auf ProSieben. In der Zielgruppe der 14- bis 49-Jährigen verfolgten 3,39 Millionen bei einem Marktanteil von 23,1 Prozent den Film.

",56131,de,2026-07-30T19:13:17Z,20382,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,A.I. – Künstliche Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._%E2%80%93_K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Die Aleph Alpha GmbH (kurz: AA) ist ein deutsches Unternehmen im Bereich der künstlichen Intelligenz mit Sitz in Heidelberg. Es wurde 2019 gegründet und wird von bedeutenden deutschen Unternehmen finanziert, um Unabhängigkeit von US-amerikanischen Firmen zu erlangen und europäische Datenschutzbestimmungen einzuhalten.",12877903,de,2026-08-01T19:02:39Z,20351,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Aleph Alpha,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_Alpha,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Künstliche allgemeine Intelligenz (englisch Artificial general intelligence – AGI) ist die Intelligenz eines hypothetischen Computerprogramms, das die Fähigkeit besitzt, jede intellektuelle Aufgabe zu verstehen oder zu lernen, die ein Mensch ausführen kann.

",11643713,de,2026-07-30T03:30:15Z,72885,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Allgemeine künstliche Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_k%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Die Anwendung der künstlichen Intelligenz erstreckt sich über verschiedene Gebiete der Wissenschaft, der Wirtschaft und des Militärs.",12775176,de,2026-07-29T23:21:09Z,60251,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Anwendungen künstlicher Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwendungen_k%C3%BCnstlicher_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"ChatGPT (Aussprache [tʃætdʒiːpiːˈtiː]; von englisch to chat  ‚plaudern‘, ‚sich unterhalten‘, auch ‚sich Kurznachrichten schreiben‘ und generative pre-trained transformer, „generativer vortrainierter Transformer“) ist ein im November 2022 vorgestellter Chatbot des US-amerikanischen Software­unternehmens OpenAI, mit dem Nutzer über textbasierte Nachrichten und Bilder ähnlich wie mit einem Menschen kommunizieren können. Die Grundlage von ChatGPT ist ein Large Language Model. Dabei handelt es sich um ein sehr leistungsfähiges Sprachmodell, das mit einer Vielzahl von Textdokumenten trainiert wurde.",12471075,de,2026-08-02T18:39:46Z,100111,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,ChatGPT,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Deepfakes (englisch Kofferwort aus den Begriffen „Deep Learning“ und „Fake“) sind realistisch wirkende Medieninhalte (Text, Foto, Audio, Video), die durch Techniken der künstlichen Intelligenz (KI bzw. AI, artificial intelligence) erzeugt (→ Prompt) bzw. verändert worden sind.

Medienmanipulation ist kein neues Phänomen, allerdings nutzen Deepfakes maschinelles Lernen, genauer künstliche neuronale Netzwerke, um Fälschungen weitgehend autonom und damit in größter Detailtreue zu erzeugen.
Im Laufe der Zeit veränderte sich der Begriff Deepfake. Während er 2017 und 2018 nur für genau die Bildwerke benutzt wurde, die explizit durch die Deepfake-KI erschaffen wurden, wurde er ab dem Jahr 2022 benutzt, um Bilder und Filme zu beschreiben, die offensichtlich oder mutmaßlich durch irgendeine KI verfälscht wurden. So behaupteten Elon Musks Anwälte 2022 in einem Gerichtsprozess in den USA, dass ein Musk belastendes Video wahrscheinlich nicht dessen Aussagen wiedergebe, sondern eine Deepfake-Produktion sei.
Die Verordnung über künstliche Intelligenz (KI-Verodnung) definiert Deepfakes als „einen durch KI erzeugten oder manipulierten Bild-, Ton- oder Videoinhalt, der wirklichen Personen, Gegenständen, Orten, Einrichtungen oder Ereignissen ähnelt und einer Person fälschlicherweise als echt oder wahrheitsgemäß erscheinen würde“. Sie sieht seit 2. August 2026 eine Kennzeichnungspflicht für bestimmte Deepfakes vor.",10221860,de,2026-08-03T17:00:19Z,38898,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Deepfake,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepfake,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
"[""Kategorie:Bildung in Bremen"", ""Kategorie:Bildung und Forschung in Kaiserslautern"", ""Kategorie:Bildung und Forschung in Saarbrücken"", ""Kategorie:Deutsche Organisation (Informatik)"", ""Kategorie:Forschungseinrichtung (Informatik)""]","Das Deutsche Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI) ist auf dem Gebiet innovativer Softwaretechnologien auf der Basis von Methoden der Künstlichen Intelligenz die führende wirtschaftsnahe Forschungseinrichtung Deutschlands. Es unterhält Standorte in Bremen, Darmstadt, Kaiserslautern, Oldenburg, Osnabrück und Saarbrücken, Labore in Berlin und Lübeck sowie eine Außenstelle in Trier.
In 29 Forschungsbereichen, zehn Kompetenzzentren und acht Living Labs werden ausgehend von anwendungsorientierter Grundlagenforschung Produktfunktionen, Prototypen und patentfähige Lösungen im Bereich der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie entwickelt. Die Finanzierung erfolgt über Zuwendungen öffentlicher Fördermittelgeber wie beispielsweise der Europäischen Union, des Bundesministeriums für Bildung, Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt (BMFTR), des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWE), der Bundesländer und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) sowie durch Entwicklungsaufträge aus der Industrie. Der Fortschritt öffentlich geförderter Projekte wird zweimal jährlich durch ein internationales Expertengremium (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat) überprüft.
Neben dem Bundesministerium für Bildung, Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt und den Bundesländern Bremen, Hessen,  Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz und Saarland sind im DFKI-Aufsichtsrat zahlreiche namhafte deutsche und internationale Hochtechnologie-Unternehmen aus einem breiten Branchenspektrum vertreten. Das erfolgreiche DFKI-Modell einer gemeinnützigen Public-Private Partnership (PPP) gilt national und international als zukunftsweisende Struktur im Bereich der Spitzenforschung.
Das DFKI engagiert sich in zahlreichen Gremien für den Wissenschafts- und Technologiestandort Deutschland und genießt weit über Deutschland hinaus hohes Ansehen in der Ausbildung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses. Derzeit arbeiten etwa 930 hochqualifizierte Angestellte aus Wissenschaft und Verwaltung und rund 630 studentische Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter aus über 70 Nationen an über 560 Forschungsprojekten. Das DFKI dient jungen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern als Karrieresprungbrett in Führungspositionen in der Industrie oder in die Selbstständigkeit durch Ausgründung von Unternehmen. Mehr als 160 Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter wurden im Laufe der Jahre als Professorinnen und Professoren auf Lehrstühle an Universitäten und Hochschulen im In- und Ausland berufen.",100124,de,2026-07-29T23:15:25Z,13715,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Forschungszentrum_f%C3%BCr_K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],Eliezer Shlomo Yudkowsky (* 11. September 1979) ist ein US-amerikanischer KI-Forscher und Autor. Er beschäftigt sich mit Entscheidungstheorie und den Folgen der Entwicklung von künstlicher Intelligenz.,6611980,de,2026-07-29T23:18:19Z,10070,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Eliezer Yudkowsky,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Elon Reeve Musk [ˈiːlɒn ˈɹiːv ˈmʌsk] (* 28. Juni 1971 in Pretoria, Südafrika) ist ein südafrikanisch-kanadisch-US-amerikanischer Unternehmer. Er wurde als Gründer und technischer Leiter des PayPal-Vorgängers X.com und des Raumfahrtunternehmens SpaceX sowie als Leiter und Mitinhaber des Elektroautoherstellers Tesla bekannt. Darüber hinaus gründete er weitere Unternehmen und hält seit 2022 eine Mehrheitsbeteiligung an dem Mikrobloggingdienst X (vormals Twitter).
Mit einem geschätzten Vermögen von  mehr als 700 Milliarden US-Dollar ist Musk der reichste Mensch der Welt. Mit seiner finanziellen und medialen Macht beeinflusst er in erheblichem Ausmaß den öffentlichen politischen Diskurs weltweit. Er vertritt libertäre Ansichten und (seit 2022) vorwiegend politisch rechte Standpunkte. Neben seinen Aktivitäten in den Vereinigten Staaten unterstützt er rechtspopulistische und rechtsextreme Parteien in Europa und Südamerika. Durch seine Beiträge auf X wurde er auch für das Verbreiten von Verschwörungstheorien und für provokante Äußerungen bekannt, die unter anderem als wissenschaftlich unhaltbar, Panikmache, antisemitisch und transphob sowie als „Trollen“ kritisiert wurden.",2401384,de,2026-08-02T18:33:19Z,277369,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Elon Musk,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Die Ethik der künstlichen Intelligenz ist ein Teilbereich der angewandten Ethik, der sich mit den ethischen Fragen von KI-Systemen befasst; Themenbereiche sind:

die Rolle von KI-Systemen in der Gesellschaft und ethische Werte, die ihrem Einsatz zugrunde liegen.
ethische Normen für Menschen, die künstlich intelligente Systeme entwerfen, herstellen, testen, zertifizieren und benutzen.
ethisches Verhalten von KI-Systemen (Maschinenethik).
Konsequenzen einer sog. Singularität aufgrund einer superintelligenten KI.
Die KI-Ethik hat Berührungspunkte und Überlappungen mit anderen Teilbereichen der angewandten Ethik: Digitale Ethik, Informationsethik, Medienethik, Virtuelle Ethik, Technikethik und Roboterethik.
Die wachsende Bedeutung der KI-Ethik ergibt sich aus der Tatsache, dass „Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) und Robotik … in naher Zukunft erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung der Menschheit haben werden. Sie haben grundlegende Fragen darüber aufgeworfen, was wir mit diesen Systemen tun sollten, was die Systeme selbst tun sollten, welche Risiken sie bergen und wie wir diese kontrollieren können.“ Dabei sind nicht die Auswirkungen der KI-Anwendung an sich Gegenstand der KI-Ethik, sondern die Frage, wann und unter welchen Bedingungen bestimmte Auswirkungen zulässig sind.
Die Debatte über ethische Fragen der KI begann bereits 1960 mit einer Arbeit von Norbert Wiener und der Erwiderung von Arthur L. Samuel.",12807621,de,2026-06-24T14:41:31Z,59991,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Ethik der künstlichen Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethik_der_k%C3%BCnstlichen_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Existenzielles Risiko durch künstliche Intelligenz bezeichnet die Hypothese, dass wesentliche Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung von Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) zum Aussterben der Menschheit oder zu einer anderen unumkehrbaren globalen Katastrophe führen könnten.
Ein Argument stellt sich wie folgt dar: Der Mensch ist anderen Arten überlegen, weil das menschliche Gehirn über besondere Fähigkeiten verfügt, die anderen Tieren fehlen. Sollte die KI also eine übermenschliche Allgemeine Intelligenz oder Superintelligenz entwickeln, könnte es schwierig oder unmöglich werden, sie zu kontrollieren. So wie das Schicksal des Berggorillas vom Wohlwollen der Menschen abhängt, könnte auch das Schicksal der Menschheit von den Handlungen einer zukünftigen maschinellen Superintelligenz abhängen.
Wie plausibel eine existenzielle Katastrophe durch Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) ist, wird breit diskutiert und hängt zum Teil davon ab, ob AGI oder Superintelligenz erreichbar sind, wie schnell sich gefährliche Fähigkeiten und Verhaltensweisen entwickeln und ob es konkrete Szenarien für eine Machtübernahme durch KI gibt. Besorgnis über Superintelligenz wurde von führenden Informatikern und Firmenchefs wie Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio, Alan Turing, Elon Musk, und dem CEO von OpenAI Sam Altman geäußert. In einer Umfrage unter KI-Forschern aus dem Jahr 2022 mit einer Antwortrate von 17 % gab die Mehrheit der Befragten an, dass die Unfähigkeit, KI zu kontrollieren, mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 10 % oder mehr zu einer existenziellen Katastrophe führen wird. 2023 unterzeichneten Hunderte von KI-Experten und anderen namhaften Persönlichkeiten eine Erklärung, in der es heißt: „Die Minderung des Risikos des Aussterbens durch KI sollte neben anderen Risiken von gesamtgesellschaftlichem Ausmaß wie Pandemien und Atomkrieg eine globale Priorität sein.“ Infolge der zunehmenden Besorgnis über KI-Risiken forderten führende Regierungsvertreter wie der ehemalige britische Premierminister Rishi Sunak und der Generalsekretär der Vereinten Nationen António Guterres eine stärkeren Fokus auf die globale KI-Regulierung.
Zwei Quellen der Besorgnis ergeben sich aus den Problemen der KI-Kontrolle und -Ausrichtung: Es könnte schwierig sein, eine superintelligente Maschine zu kontrollieren oder ihr menschliche Werte zu vermitteln. Viele Forscher glauben, dass sich eine superintelligente Maschine gegen Versuche, sie zu deaktivieren oder ihre Ziele zu ändern, wehren würde, da sie dies von der Verfolgung ihrer derzeitigen Ziele abhielte. Es wäre äußerst schwierig, eine Superintelligenz mit der gesamten Bandbreite bedeutsamer menschlicher Werte und Grenzen in Einklang zu bringen. Im Gegensatz dazu argumentieren Skeptiker wie der Informatiker Yann LeCun, dass superintelligente Maschinen keinen Wunsch nach Selbsterhaltung hegen werden.
Eine dritte Quelle der Sorge ist, dass eine plötzliche „Intelligenzexplosion“ die unvorbereitete Menschheit überraschen könnte. Derlei Szenarien ziehen die Möglichkeit in Betracht, dass eine KI, die intelligenter ist als ihre Schöpfer, in der Lage sein könnte, sich selbst mit exponentiell steigender Geschwindigkeit rekursiv zu verbessern, und zwar so schnell, dass sie von ihren Betreibern und der Gesellschaft als Ganzes nicht länger kontrolliert werden kann. Empirische Beispiele wie das Programm AlphaZero, das sich selbst das Gospielen beibrachte, zeigen, dass sich bereichsspezifische KI-Systeme manchmal sehr schnell von dem Menschen Unterlegenen zu Akteuren mit übermenschlichen Fähigkeiten entwickeln können, obwohl solche Systeme keiner Änderung ihrer grundlegenden Architektur bedürfen.",12888474,de,2026-07-18T20:24:36Z,130718,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Existenzielles Risiko durch künstliche Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existenzielles_Risiko_durch_k%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Fine-Tuning (deutsch: Feinabstimmung) ist in der künstlichen Intelligenz, insbesondere bei Deep Learning, ein Begriff, unter dem man eine Methode des Lerntransfers eines vortrainierten künstlichen neuronalen Netzwerks versteht. Ein Beispiel ist die Entwicklung von GPT-3 durch OpenAI. Foundation Models (Basismodelle) sind maschinelle Lernmodelle, welche auf einer großen Menge von Daten vortrainiert werden. Sie ermöglichen es, durch Feinabstimmung solche Modelle auf spezifische Aufgaben oder Anwendungsfälle anzupassen und zu optimieren.
Häufig dienen Large Language Models (LLM) als textbasierte Basismodelle, welche insbesondere für die Sprach- und Bildverarbeitung multimodal weiterentwickelt wurden. Auch können Unternehmen eine Lizenz für ein geeignetes Modell erwerben und durch Feinabstimmung mittels firmeneigener Daten für spezifische Aufgaben optimierte Lösungen erarbeiten. Dabei wird zu einer bestimmten Anfrage (Prompt) die gewünschte Antwort vorgegeben und mit dem Ergebnis des Modells verglichen. Abweichungen werden ins Modell zur Korrektur eingespeist.",13116734,de,2026-06-24T14:41:53Z,7541,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Fine-Tuning (Künstliche Intelligenz),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-Tuning_(K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz),NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Der Begriff generativ bedeutet bei künstlicher Intelligenz (KI), dass KI-Systeme aus Eingaben mittels generativer KI-Modelle (englisch GenAI) und gespeicherter Lerndaten neue Ergebnisse/Ausgaben wie Texte, Sprachaussagen, Vertonungen, Bilder oder Videos erzeugen. Generative KI-Modelle erlernen Muster und Strukturen vorgängig eingegebener Trainingsdaten und generieren daraus neue Daten mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften.
In der statistischen Klassifikation von KI gibt es zwei Hauptansätze, die als der generative Ansatz und der diskriminative Ansatz bezeichnet werden. Beide Ansätze berechnen Klassifikatoren durch unterschiedliche Methoden und unterscheiden sich im Grad der statistischen Modellierung.

",13282336,de,2026-06-27T09:28:55Z,18026,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Generatives KI-Modell,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatives_KI-Modell,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Als Gründungsveranstaltung der künstlichen Intelligenz als akademischem Fachgebiet gilt die Dartmouth Conference im Sommer 1956 am Dartmouth College in Hanover (New Hampshire), ein sechswöchiger Workshop mit dem Titel Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, organisiert von John McCarthy im Rahmen eines von der Rockefeller-Stiftung geförderten Forschungsprojekts. Im Antrag dazu erschien erstmals der Begriff „artificial intelligence“. Neben McCarthy selbst nahmen daran unter anderen Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester und Claude Elwood Shannon teil.",9831218,de,2026-07-02T10:04:33Z,40725,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Geschichte der künstlichen Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_k%C3%BCnstlichen_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Google LLC ist ein US-amerikanisches Technologieunternehmen, tätig in den Bereichen Hard- und Softwareentwicklung, mit der Rechtsform Limited Liability Company und mit Hauptsitz im kalifornischen Mountain View. Google LLC ist ein Tochterunternehmen der Holding-Gesellschaft XXVI Holdings Inc., die wiederum dem Unternehmen Alphabet Inc. gehört.
Google LLC wurde vor allem durch die gleichnamige Suchmaschine Google bekannt. Das Unternehmen wurde am 4. September 1998 von Larry Page und Sergey Brin gegründet. Noch am selben Tag brachten sie eine Testversion des Programms auf den Markt, und im selben Jahr ging die Suchmaschine ans Netz. Die Suchmaschine des Unternehmens erhält weltweit etwa 80 % aller Desktop-Suchanfragen des Internets (Stand: Januar 2022).
Die Marke Google gehört seit Jahren zu den wertvollsten Marken der Welt.
Es gibt vielfältige Kritik an der Google LLC unter anderem wegen ihrer starken Datensammlung sowie regelwidriger Wettbewerbspraktiken. Im Juli 2026 bspw. bestätigte der Europäische Gerichtshof eine 2018 von der EU-Kommission verhängte Rekordstrafe von 4,1 Mrd. Euro gegen Google, weil das Unternehmen lange Smartphone-Hersteller dazu zwang, Google-Apps auf Android-Handys vorzuinstallieren. Mit den dazu gehörenden, nicht löschbaren Google-Play-Diensten kann Google seine Nutzer durchgehend überwachen. Über diese hat Google Zugriff auf Kamera und Mikrofon; weiterhin senden die Google-Play-Dienste permanent den Standort sowie personenbezogene Daten an Google.

",480394,de,2026-07-29T23:15:46Z,91760,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Google LLC,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_LLC,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Eine KI-Halluzination ist im Bereich der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) eine Halluzination (alternativ auch Konfabulation genannt) in Form eines überzeugend formulierten Resultats, das nicht durch Trainingsdaten gerechtfertigt zu sein scheint und objektiv falsch sein kann.
Solche Phänomene werden in Analogie zum Phänomen der Halluzination in der menschlichen Psychologie als von Chatbots erzeugte KI-Halluzinationen bezeichnet. Ein wichtiger Unterschied ist, dass menschliche Halluzinationen meist auf falschen Wahrnehmungen der menschlichen Sinne beruhen, während eine KI-Halluzination ungerechtfertigte Resultate als Text oder Bild erzeugt. Prabhakar Raghavan, Leiter von Google Search, beschrieb Halluzinationen von Chatbots als überzeugend formulierte, aber weitgehend erfundene Resultate. Der spezifische Begriff KI-Halluzination kann Computer unangemessen vermenschlichen.
Es gibt jedoch auch KI-Halluzinationen, welche Forscher zur Entdeckung bisher unbekannter Varianten erwiesenermaßen vorhandener Realitäten gezielt nutzen. So wird beispielsweise generative KI in der Arzneimittelforschung verwendet, um spezifisch trainierte KI-Modelle zur Vorhersage möglicher neuer, therapeutisch vielversprechender Moleküle auf Grundlage existierender, wirksamer Moleküle einzusetzen. Diese Vorhersagen werden anschließend im Labor bezüglich realer Wirksamkeit getestet und sowohl positive als auch negative Resultate wiederum ins KI-Modell eingespeist. Diese wissenschaftlichen Anwendungen von KI beruhen nicht auf willkürlichen Sprachkonstruktionen von Chatbots und/oder Internetdaten, sondern auf wissenschaftlich erhärteten Erkenntnissen.",12826425,de,2026-07-14T13:04:16Z,24493,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Halluzination (Künstliche Intelligenz),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halluzination_(K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz),NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Der Innovationspark Künstliche Intelligenz (kurz IPAI, englisch Innovation Park Artificial Intelligence) ist ein im Aufbau befindlicher Forschungs- und Entwicklungscampus in Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg. Ziel des Projekts ist es, Akteure aus Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Bereich der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) zusammenzubringen. Getragen wird das Vorhaben insbesondere von der Dieter Schwarz Stiftung, der Schwarz Gruppe und der Stadt Heilbronn.",13516594,de,2026-07-30T14:56:31Z,15950,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Innovationspark Künstliche Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovationspark_K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Intelligenz (von lateinisch intellegere „erkennen“, „einsehen“; „verstehen“; wörtlich „wählen zwischen …“ von lateinisch inter „zwischen“ und legere „lesen, wählen“) ist die kognitive bzw. geistige Leistungsfähigkeit bei Menschen und zum Teil auch Tieren speziell im Problemlösen. Der Begriff umfasst die Gesamtheit unterschiedlich ausgeprägter kognitiver Fähigkeiten zur Lösung eines logischen, sprachlichen, mathematischen oder sinnbezogenen Problems. Da einzelne kognitive Fähigkeiten unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt sein können und keine Einigkeit darüber besteht, wie diese zu bestimmen und zu unterscheiden sind, gibt es neben der bereits erwähnten Definition keine weiterführende, allgemeingültige Definition der Intelligenz. Vielmehr schlagen die verschiedenen Intelligenztheorien unterschiedliche Operationalisierungen des alltagssprachlichen Begriffs vor.
Mit Intelligenz und Intelligenztests befassen sich speziell die Allgemeine Psychologie, die Differentielle Psychologie und die Neuropsychologie. Die Erforschung der Intelligenz auf dem Gebiet der Allgemeinen Psychologie unter dem Aspekt der problemlösenden Informationsverarbeitung bezeichnet man heute oft als Kognitive Psychologie. Diese wiederum greift auf Methoden und Erkenntnisse der Hirnforschung, der Entwicklungspsychologie und zunehmend auch der Programmierung von künstlicher Intelligenz zurück, wobei diese von der hier beschriebenen Intelligenz zu unterscheiden ist.",2546779,de,2026-07-29T23:16:43Z,106803,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"Unter dem Jevons-Paradoxon versteht man in der Ökonomie eine Beobachtung von William Stanley Jevons, der zufolge technischer Fortschritt, der die effizientere Nutzung eines Rohstoffes erlaubt, letztlich zu einer erhöhten Nutzung dieses Rohstoffes führt, anstatt sie zu senken. In einem erweiterten Sinn wird heute von einem Rebound-Effekt gesprochen.

",1385732,de,2026-07-05T16:13:27Z,5569,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Jevons-Paradoxon,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons-Paradoxon,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,292923,de,2026-07-29T23:15:36Z,7124,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,John McCarthy,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,386627,de,2026-07-29T23:15:41Z,17245,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Jude Law,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_Law,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
"[""Kategorie:Industrie 5.0"", ""Kategorie:Kybernetik"", ""Kategorie:Künstliche Intelligenz"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Belege fehlen"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Seite mit ref-Parameter details"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Weblink offline"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Überarbeiten""]",,2653,de,2026-08-03T09:59:10Z,125526,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Künstliche Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,13369182,de,2026-06-24T14:42:12Z,7414,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Künstliche Intelligenz in China,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz_in_China,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,10480376,de,2026-07-17T17:59:56Z,58356,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Künstliche Intelligenz in der Medizin,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz_in_der_Medizin,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,13563931,de,2026-07-30T03:28:56Z,12351,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Künstliche Superintelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstliche_Superintelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
"[""Kategorie:Klassifikationsverfahren"", ""Kategorie:Künstliche Intelligenz"", ""Kategorie:Künstliche Neuronale Netze"", ""Kategorie:Maschinelles Lernen"", ""Kategorie:Neuroinformatik"", ""Kategorie:Regressionsanalyse"", ""Kategorie:Technisches Fachgebiet"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Seite mit ref-Parameter details""]",,26775,de,2026-07-29T23:15:19Z,51397,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Künstliches neuronales Netz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstliches_neuronales_Netz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,8454474,de,2026-07-31T02:01:56Z,117549,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Leo XIV.,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XIV.,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,13751080,de,2026-08-03T08:04:49Z,11824,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Leopold Aschenbrenner,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Aschenbrenner,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,12413178,de,2026-07-22T05:15:33Z,38192,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,M3GAN,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3GAN,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,13871163,de,2026-08-02T15:08:36Z,13792,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Magnifica humanitas,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifica_humanitas,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,134244,de,2026-07-29T23:15:27Z,51202,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Maschinelles Lernen,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschinelles_Lernen,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,13551910,de,2026-07-29T23:21:28Z,20172,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Moonshot AI,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshot_AI,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,9450952,de,2026-08-01T14:00:40Z,81907,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,OpenAI,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,12935921,de,2026-07-19T21:20:07Z,6486,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Parameter (Künstliche Intelligenz),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz),NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,12482389,de,2026-07-29T23:21:01Z,23362,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Rainer Mühlhoff,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_M%C3%BChlhoff,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,12907530,de,2026-08-02T09:03:56Z,98688,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Regulierung von künstlicher Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulierung_von_k%C3%BCnstlicher_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,1857104,de,2026-07-30T06:13:56Z,85404,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Richard David Precht,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_David_Precht,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,12622895,de,2026-07-15T18:45:33Z,7161,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Rokos Basilisk,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokos_Basilisk,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,13566575,de,2026-07-31T15:54:25Z,32899,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Schwarz Digits,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_Digits,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,2663445,de,2026-06-24T14:31:58Z,2807,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Seed AI,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_AI,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,13348379,de,2026-07-28T09:26:28Z,11537,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Slop,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slop,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,13050549,de,2026-07-18T13:50:14Z,8434,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Sora (künstliche Intelligenz),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_(k%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz),NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,12727709,de,2026-07-29T06:47:03Z,24235,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Sprachmodell,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachmodell,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,303337,de,2026-07-25T06:32:48Z,27451,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Technologische Singularität,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologische_Singularit%C3%A4t,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,13796731,de,2026-03-09T06:59:31Z,4940,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Temperatur (Künstliche Intelligenz),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur_(K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz),NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
"[""Kategorie:Alan Turing als Namensgeber"", ""Kategorie:Kognitionswissenschaft"", ""Kategorie:Künstliche Intelligenz"", ""Kategorie:Philosophie des Geistes"", ""Kategorie:Wissenschaftspraxis""]",,40625,de,2026-07-29T23:15:21Z,28192,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Turing-Test,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing-Test,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,10396191,de,2026-07-04T00:45:08Z,8076,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Verkörperte künstliche Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verk%C3%B6rperte_k%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,12539131,de,2026-08-03T16:54:43Z,45968,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Verordnung über künstliche Intelligenz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verordnung_%C3%BCber_k%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz,NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],,5534216,de,2026-06-24T14:34:03Z,26161,2026-08-03T21:53:37+00:00,Watson (künstliche Intelligenz),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(k%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz),NfJAhxKAJfrabwg83,XVaPRGjzHYRJjSw1i
[],"A.I. Intelligence artificielle (Artificial Intelligence: A.I. ou simplement A.I.) est un film de science-fiction américano-britannique écrit et réalisé par Steven Spielberg, sorti en 2001. Il est adapté de la nouvelle Les Supertoys durent tout l'été (Supertoys Last All Summer Long) de Brian Aldiss, projet initialement développé par Stanley Kubrick.
Le développement du film a commencé après que le producteur et réalisateur Stanley Kubrick a acquis les droits de l'histoire d'Aldiss au début des années 1970. Kubrick a embauché une série d'écrivains, dont Aldiss, Watson, Bob Shaw et Sara Maitland, jusqu'au milieu des années 1990. Le film a langui dans l'enfer du développement pendant des années, en partie parce que Kubrick a estimé que l'imagerie générée par ordinateur n'était pas assez avancée pour créer le personnage de David, qu'il croyait qu'aucun enfant acteur ne dépeintrait de manière convaincante. En 1995, Kubrick a confié l'A.I. à Steven Spielberg tandis que la société de production de Kubrick est restée attachée, mais le film n'a pas pris d'ampleur jusqu'à la mort de Kubrick en 1999. Spielberg est resté proche du traitement de Watson pour le scénario et a dédié le film à Kubrick.
Le film reçoit à sa sortie des critiques globalement élogieuses et réalise de bonnes performances au box-office. Il obtient deux nominations aux Oscars 2002 : meilleurs effets visuels et meilleure musique. Dans un sondage réalisé par la BBC en 2016 auprès de 177 critiques du monde entier, A.I. Intelligence artificielle est classé 83e meilleur film sorti depuis 2000. Il est souvent décrit par la presse comme l'un des meilleurs longs métrages réalisés par Steven Spielberg.",127938,fr,2026-07-30T03:54:38Z,47306,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,A.I. Intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._Intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Advanced Machine Intelligence Labs, ou AMI Labs, est un laboratoire de recherche français en intelligence artificielle travaillant sur les modèles du monde. 
Il est fondé à Paris le 15 décembre 2025 par Yann Le Cun, Alexandre Lebrun, Laurent Solly, Pascale Fung, Saining Xie et Michael Rabbat et dispose de bureaux à Paris, New York, Montréal et Singapour.",17376347,fr,2026-07-30T11:44:01Z,5775,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Advanced Machine Intelligence Labs,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Machine_Intelligence_Labs,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"L'alignement des intelligences artificielles (ou alignement de l'IA) est un champ de recherche visant à concevoir des intelligences artificielles (IA) dont les résultats s'orientent vers les objectifs, éthiques ou autres, de leurs concepteurs. On dit ainsi qu'une IA est alignée avec un opérateur si elle essaie de faire ce que l'opérateur veut qu'elle fasse.
Il est souvent trop complexe pour les concepteurs d'IA de spécifier tous les comportements souhaitables ou indésirables, ce qui les conduit à utiliser des objectifs proches mais plus faciles à formaliser, comme le fait d'optimiser l'approbation humaine dans le cas de l'algorithme de réglage fin RLHF utilisé pour les grands modèles de langage. Mais ces objectifs simplifiés peuvent omettre des contraintes importantes, par exemple l'IA peut être incitée à simplement paraître alignée. Les systèmes d'IA sont parfois capables de suroptimiser ces objectifs simplifiés de façon inattendue voire dangereuse. Ils peuvent également adopter des comportements instrumentaux indésirables, comme le fait de chercher à s'auto-préserver ou à accroître leur influence afin de maximiser leurs chances d'atteindre leurs objectifs. De plus, ils peuvent développer des objectifs émergents qui peuvent être difficiles à détecter avant le déploiement du système, face à de nouvelles situations et distributions de données. Des recherches empiriques ont notamment montré en 2024 que les grands modèles de langage les plus avancés peuvent occasionnellement adopter des comportements manipulateurs afin d'atteindre ou de protéger leurs objectifs.
Ces problèmes affectent les systèmes commerciaux existants tels que les grands modèles de langage, les robots, les véhicules autonomes, et les moteurs de recommandation des médias sociaux. Cependant, ces problèmes résultant en partie d'une intelligence élevée, les systèmes futurs pourraient être plus à risque.
De nombreux chercheurs en IA comme Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio et Stuart Russell soutiennent que l'IA approche des capacités cognitives humaines (IA générale) voire surhumaines (superintelligence), et pourrait mettre en danger la civilisation si elle n'est pas alignée. Ces risques font encore l'objet de débats.
L'alignement fait partie du domaine de la sûreté des intelligences artificielles, qui inclut aussi la robustesse, la surveillance ou encore le contrôle des capacités. L'alignement a pour défis de recherche l'apprentissage par l'IA de valeurs morales complexes, la sincérité des modèles d'IA, la surveillance automatisée, l'audit et l'interprétation des modèles d'IA, ainsi que la prévention des comportements émergents de l'IA comme la recherche de pouvoir. La recherche sur l'alignement bénéficie entre autres des avancées en interprétabilité des modèles d'IA, robustesse, détection d'anomalies, calibration des incertitudes, vérification formelle, apprentissage des préférences, sûreté des systèmes critiques, théorie des jeux, équité algorithmique, et sciences sociales.",15489366,fr,2026-08-02T20:59:00Z,105961,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Alignement des intelligences artificielles,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alignement_des_intelligences_artificielles,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Anthropic est une entreprise américaine d'intelligence artificielle (IA) basée à San Francisco. Fondée en 2021 par d'anciens membres d'OpenAI, l'entreprise a pour PDG Dario Amodei et pour présidente Daniela Amodei.
Anthropic développe Claude, une famille de grands modèles de langage, ainsi que des services d'IA agentique comme Claude Code, Claude Design ou Cowork. Elle est aussi connue pour ses recherches en éthique de l'IA et en sécurité de l'IA, particulièrement en interprétabilité.
En février 2026, le Département de la Défense des États-Unis exige de modifier un contrat pour ne plus interdire l'utilisation de Claude pour des armes complètement autonomes ou la surveillance de masse des Américains, ce qu'Anthropic refuse, menant l'administration Trump à bannir son utilisation au sein des agences fédérales des États-Unis.
En 2023, Amazon et Google investissent plusieurs milliards de dollars dans Anthropic et mettent à disposition leurs clouds. En mai 2026, l'entreprise est valorisée à 965 milliards de dollars.",15663132,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:12Z,70799,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Anthropic,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Apple Intelligence est un système d'intelligence artificielle générative développé par Apple. Elle s'appuie sur une combinaison de traitement hybride, c'est-à-dire que sa puissance de calcul est tirée de l'appareil sur laquelle elle est exécutée en plus de celle de serveurs distants.",16334319,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:21Z,27671,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Apple Intelligence,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Intelligence,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Les applications de l'intelligence artificielle sont les nombreuses utilisations de l'intelligence présentée par les machines, actuelles et potentielles, dans la société et le monde du travail. Depuis 2022, l'IA générative et l'IA dite « faible » (la forme d'IA avec laquelle les programmes sont développés pour effectuer des tâches spécifiques) sont de plus en plus utilisées pour un large éventail d'activités (dont le diagnostic médical, le commerce électronique, le contrôle des robots et la télédétection, la finance, l'éducation, le transport, et plus encore...). Ce brusque développement pose des questions nouvelles.

",11870751,fr,2026-07-31T18:53:00Z,99659,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Applications de l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"L'art créé par intelligence artificielle (en anglais : artificial intelligence art ou AI art) est toute œuvre d'art créée par une intelligence artificielle d'après la demande d'une personne.

",15203713,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:06Z,46344,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Art créé par intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_cr%C3%A9%C3%A9_par_intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Arthur Mensch, né le 17 juillet 1992 à Sèvres, est un chercheur en intelligence artificielle et entrepreneur français. Cofondateur et directeur général de l’entreprise Mistral AI, il est considéré comme l’une des figures majeures de l’intelligence artificielle générative en Europe.
En 2024, Challenges le classe parmi les 10 dirigeants de start-up français les plus riches. La même année, il est le seul Français retenu dans la liste Time 100 des innovateurs mondiaux les plus prometteurs.",16025887,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:17Z,12431,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Arthur Mensch,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Mensch,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],La bulle de l'intelligence artificielle est une bulle boursière théorisée dans le contexte actuel du boom de l'IA. Elle provient en grande partie des craintes que les principales entreprises technologiques du secteur de l'IA soient impliquées dans un flux circulaire d'investissements qui gonfle artificiellement la valeur de leurs actions.,17157892,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:29Z,23006,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Bulle de l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulle_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"ChatGPT est un agent conversationnel (chatbot) d'intelligence artificielle développé par OpenAI. ChatGPT utilise des transformeurs génératifs préentraînés, tels que GPT-5, afin de générer du texte, des images ou des réponses vocales.
ChatGPT est capable de répondre à des questions, de tenir des conversations, de générer du code informatique, de faire des recherches sur Internet, d'écrire, de traduire ou encore de synthétiser des textes. Il peut le faire en tenant compte du contexte et de contraintes telles que le style d'écriture. Il peut aussi servir d'assistant vocal ou générer des images. Les abonnements payants (ChatGPT « Plus », « Team » et « Enterprise ») offrent un seuil d'utilisation plus élevé, ainsi que des fonctionnalités supplémentaires.
En raison de ses multiples capacités, ChatGPT suscite des inquiétudes quant aux risques de détournement à des fins malveillantes, de plagiat dans le monde universitaire et de suppressions d'emplois dans certains secteurs, en plus de soulever des préoccupations en matière de sécurité et de désinformation, car le modèle peut être utilisé pour créer des textes faux et des informations trompeuses.
ChatGPT est lancé en novembre 2022 dans une version gratuite où il n'a pas accès à Internet comme source d'informations. Il bénéficie aussitôt d’une large exposition médiatique et reçoit un accueil globalement positif, bien que son exactitude factuelle soit critiquée. En juillet 2026, ChatGPT compte plus d'un milliard de comptes enregistrés, dont 2 millions d'entreprises, et la société OpenAI est valorisée à 852 milliards de dollars américains.",15336720,fr,2026-08-02T23:31:52Z,141649,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,ChatGPT,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],Cette chronologie de l'intelligence artificielle (IA)  offre une perspective savante sur son évolution à travers les décennies.,16815463,fr,2026-07-25T16:32:06Z,9747,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Chronologie de l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Dario Amodei, né en 1983 à San Francisco (Californie), est un chercheur et entrepreneur américain en intelligence artificielle (IA). Il est le cofondateur et PDG d'Anthropic, la société à l'origine de Claude, une famille de grands modèles de langage. Sa sœur Daniela Amodei est la présidente de l'entreprise. Il était auparavant vice-président de la recherche d'OpenAI. Dario Amodei promeut la recherche en interprétabilité et en alignement de l'IA afin d'améliorer la sécurité des intelligences artificielles.",16179213,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:19Z,18014,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Dario Amodei,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Amodei,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Haley Joel Osment est un acteur américain, né le 10 avril 1988 à Los Angeles. Célèbre pour ses rôles dans les films Forrest Gump (1994), Sixième Sens (1999) et A.I. Intelligence artificielle (2001), le deuxième lui vaut une nomination à l'Oscar du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle à l'âge de onze ans. Il est le frère aîné de l'actrice Emily Osment.",336047,fr,2026-07-25T16:26:55Z,24407,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Haley Joel Osment,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haley_Joel_Osment,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Dans le domaine de l'intelligence artificielle générative (IA), une hallucination ou une confabulation est une réponse fausse ou trompeuse qui est présentée comme un fait certain ; par exemple, un chatbot qui génère un chiffre d'affaires pour une entreprise sans avoir de données à ce sujet.
Ce phénomène est appelé « hallucination » par analogie avec le phénomène de l'hallucination en psychologie humaine. Une différence clé est que l'hallucination humaine est généralement associée à de fausses perceptions, alors qu'une hallucination d'IA est associée à des réponses ou des croyances injustifiées. Le terme hallucination en intelligence artificielle a pris de l'importance vers 2022 parallèlement au déploiement des modèles de langage basés sur l'apprentissage profond tels que ChatGPT.
Dès 2023, les analystes considèrent les hallucinations comme un problème majeur de ces technologies, un dirigeant de Google identifiant la réduction des hallucinations comme une tâche « fondamentale » pour le concurrent de ChatGPT, Google Gemini. Ces systèmes d’IA étant « conçus pour être persuasifs, pas véridiques », les résultats peuvent sembler très réalistes mais inclure des affirmations qui ne sont pas vraies.

",15633579,fr,2026-07-31T20:20:11Z,20286,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Hallucination (intelligence artificielle),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination_(intelligence_artificielle),rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"L'histoire de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) trouve ses origines intellectuelles jusqu’à l’Antiquité. En ces temps, il ne s’agissait évidemment pas d’une intelligence artificielle au sens technologique moderne, mais plutôt d’un ensemble de réflexions philosophiques, mythologiques et techniques qui témoignent d’une interrogation ancienne sur la possibilité de créer des entités artificielles dotées de comportements semblables à ceux attribués aux humains. Ainsi, si l’Antiquité ne connaît pas l’intelligence artificielle en tant que discipline scientifique, elle en préfigure certains aspects fondamentaux comme le rêve de créer des êtres artificiels ou la formalisation du raisonnement (tel le syllogisme d'Aristote). Ces éléments constituent un héritage intellectuel qui, bien des siècles plus tard, nourrit le développement de l’intelligence artificielle moderne.
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale et l'invention des ordinateurs programmables, l'IA prend son essor. L'intelligence artificielle, nommée ainsi par John McCarthy, est établie en tant que discipline scientifique lors de la conférence de Dartmouth en 1956. Elle connaît des périodes d'enthousiasme, notamment dans les années 1980 autour des systèmes experts, mais aussi deux périodes de désillusion et de gel des financements appelées « hivers de l'IA » (de 1974 à 1980, et de 1987 à 1993).
À partir des années 2010, l'IA connaît des progrès spectaculaires à travers l'avènement de l'apprentissage profond, permis par l'augmentation des données disponibles et l'utilisation de processeurs graphiques qui décuplent les capacités de calcul, puis l'introduction de l'architecture transformeur.

",6665052,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:53Z,154355,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Histoire de l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Hugging Face est une entreprise (licorne) américaine du domaine de l'intelligence artificielle créée en 2016 en France et qui développe des outils pour utiliser l'apprentissage automatique. Elle propose notamment une bibliothèque, open source, de transformeurs conçue pour les applications de traitement automatique des langues, et une plate-forme permettant le partage des modèles et des ensembles de données nécessaires à l'apprentissage automatique, permettant notamment l'entraînement de nouveaux modèles, y compris de grands modèles. Hugging Face, en 2023, emploie 80 salariés en France. En 2024, la plateforme collaborative Hub de l'entreprise stocke 1,3 million de modèles d'intelligence artificielle, 450 000 jeux de données, 680 000 espaces, avec environ 1 milliard de requêtes par jour.",15747894,fr,2026-07-31T16:16:00Z,17165,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Hugging Face,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugging_Face,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Les impacts environnementaux de l’intelligence artificielle peuvent varier considérablement. Les méthodes d'Intelligence artificielle générative ont une empreinte carbone et une consommation d’eau importantes. Néanmoins, certains scientifiques estiment que l'intelligence artificielle (IA) pourrait permettre de résoudre certains problèmes environnementaux.",16711055,fr,2026-08-03T09:32:28Z,41154,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Impacts environnementaux de l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacts_environnementaux_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Un ingénieur en intelligence artificielle est un professionnel spécialisé dans la conception, le développement et la mise en œuvre de programmes basés sur l'intelligence artificielle (IA). Ces programmes informatiques sont capables de raisonner de manière similaire à l'homme afin de répondre à des tâches complexes.",16548796,fr,2026-07-13T14:16:11Z,6694,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Ingénieur en intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nieur_en_intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"L'intelligence est l'ensemble des processus trouvés dans des systèmes, plus ou moins complexes, vivants ou non, qui permettent d'apprendre, de comprendre  ou de s'adapter à des situations nouvelles. La définition de l'intelligence ainsi que la question d'une faculté d'intelligence générale ont fait l'objet de nombreuses discussions philosophiques et scientifiques. L'intelligence a été décrite comme une faculté d'adaptation (apprentissage pour s'adapter à l'environnement) ou au contraire, faculté de modifier l'environnement pour l'adapter à ses propres besoins. Dans ce sens général, les animaux, les plantes (intelligence primaire faite d’instinct et de réflexes conditionnés) ou encore certains outils informatiques (apprentissage automatique, intelligence artificielle) font preuve d'intelligence. L'acquisition de la  parole articulée et de l'écriture, qui aident au développement du raisonnement, font de l'intelligence humaine la référence.
L'intelligence peut être également perçue comme la capacité à traiter l'information pour atteindre des objectifs.
L'intelligence est étudiée, entre autres, par la psychologie cognitive, la psychologie du développement, l'anthropologie (évolution), l'éthologie cognitive (intelligence animale), les neurosciences (biologie) ou encore la génétique.
Chez les animaux, ce sont principalement les systèmes de communication endocriniens et neuronaux qui produisent l’intelligence.

",57902,fr,2026-07-30T14:39:45Z,42496,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
"[""Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais"", ""Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en espagnol"", ""Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité"", ""Catégorie:Article de qualité en cantonais"", ""Catégorie:Article de qualité en serbe"", ""Catégorie:Article de qualité en tatar"", ""Catégorie:Article manquant de références/Liste complète"", ""Catégorie:Article manquant de références depuis mars 2024"", ""Catégorie:Article utilisant l'infobox Discipline"", ""Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox"", ""Catégorie:Article à mettre à jour"", ""Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire"", ""Catégorie:Article à référence souhaitée"", ""Catégorie:Concept de la science-fiction"", ""Catégorie:Intelligence artificielle"", ""Catégorie:Ouvrages à trier"", ""Catégorie:Page comportant une illustration générée par une IA"", ""Catégorie:Page en semi-protection longue"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases externes"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à l'audiovisuel"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la recherche"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la santé"", ""Catégorie:Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P1417"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P2184"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P279"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3095"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3123"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3222"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P3365"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P4342"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P486"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P5019"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P5088"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P527"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P6058"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P6706"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P7305"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P7666"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P8313"", ""Catégorie:Page utilisant P9346"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Génie mécanique/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Informatique/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Intelligence artificielle/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Jeu vidéo/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Philosophie/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Robotique/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Science-fiction/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Sciences humaines et sociales/Articles liés"", ""Catégorie:Portail:Société/Articles liés""]","L'intelligence artificielle (IA) est l'ensemble des systèmes informatiques capables d'effectuer des tâches typiquement associées à l'intelligence, telles que l'apprentissage, le raisonnement, la résolution de problèmes, la perception ou la prise de décision. L'intelligence artificielle est également le champ de recherche visant à développer de tels systèmes.
L'IA est un domaine de l'informatique qui s'appuie sur des fondements mathématiques (statistiques, algèbre linéaire, probabilités) et des concepts issus des sciences cognitives. Elle vise à résoudre des problèmes à forte complexité logique ou algorithmique. Par extension, dans le langage courant, l'IA inclut les dispositifs imitant, simulant ou remplaçant l'homme dans certaines mises en œuvre de ses fonctions cognitives.
Les applications de l'IA couvrent de nombreux domaines, notamment les moteurs de recherche, les systèmes de recommandation, l'aide au diagnostic médical, la compréhension du langage naturel, les voitures autonomes, les chatbots, les outils de génération d'images, les outils de prise de décision automatisée, les programmes compétitifs dans des jeux de stratégie et certains personnages non-joueurs de jeu vidéo.
Le champ de recherche, établi en 1956, a connu des périodes d'optimisme et de déception au cours du XXe siècle. Dès 2012, l'utilisation de processeurs graphiques a permis de largement accélérer les réseaux de neurones artificiels, favorisant l'adoption de l'apprentissage automatique au détriment d’approches reposant sur des règles explicitement programmées. Cette tendance s'est renforcée en 2017 avec l'apparition de l'architecture transformeur et des grands modèles de langage, qui sont entraînés sur de grandes quantités de texte issu d'internet. En 2022, l'IA générative a été largement popularisée avec la sortie de ChatGPT. Des modèles de génération de musique, d'images ou de vidéos ont également vu le jour.
L'IA suscite des inquiétudes concernant l'emploi, la désinformation, son impact environnemental et la protection des données personnelles. Certains estiment que les progrès en intelligence artificielle pourraient représenter un risque existentiel.",1548,fr,2026-08-03T10:23:23Z,262913,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,17325460,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:31Z,97427,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle agentique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_agentique,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,10513899,fr,2026-08-03T10:31:15Z,12226,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle amicale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_amicale,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,11678728,fr,2026-08-02T18:56:12Z,117935,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle dans la santé,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_dans_la_sant%C3%A9,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,16030757,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:17Z,9270,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle de remédiation,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_de_rem%C3%A9diation,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,16931171,fr,2026-07-30T11:44:01Z,6381,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle des objets,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_des_objets,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,15635225,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:12Z,23737,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle digne de confiance,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_digne_de_confiance,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,1159963,fr,2026-07-25T16:27:30Z,10098,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle distribuée,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_distribu%C3%A9e,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,16481241,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:22Z,31138,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle frugale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_frugale,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,15605293,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:12Z,52264,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle générale,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,15651780,fr,2026-08-03T17:46:14Z,90094,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle générative,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rative,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,15964650,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:16Z,8632,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence artificielle symbolique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle_symbolique,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,15669492,fr,2026-07-17T13:31:45Z,1771,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Intelligence synthétique,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_synth%C3%A9tique,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,16715605,fr,2026-07-07T16:07:25Z,1835,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Liste des entreprises d'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_entreprises_d%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,16999366,fr,2026-07-24T10:16:45Z,31787,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Maroc Digital 2030,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc_Digital_2030,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,16025953,fr,2026-07-26T20:12:36Z,41216,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Mistral AI,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,17343488,fr,2026-08-02T20:23:49Z,78623,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Modèle du monde (intelligence artificielle),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_du_monde_(intelligence_artificielle),rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,17409902,fr,2026-07-31T17:07:28Z,72441,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Modèle frontière (intelligence artificielle),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_fronti%C3%A8re_(intelligence_artificielle),rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,17229705,fr,2026-07-23T15:36:14Z,27303,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Opposition à l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_%C3%A0_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,10132976,fr,2026-07-31T18:52:57Z,44550,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Philosophie de l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,15587514,fr,2026-08-02T19:25:02Z,137710,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Risque existentiel posé par l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risque_existentiel_pos%C3%A9_par_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,15406503,fr,2026-08-02T21:01:36Z,29866,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Règlement sur l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8glement_sur_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,15936931,fr,2026-07-30T03:57:16Z,108351,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Réglementation de l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9glementation_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,7015,fr,2026-07-30T18:21:56Z,51391,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Réseau de neurones artificiels,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_de_neurones_artificiels,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,11594162,fr,2026-08-01T09:14:57Z,40868,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Sam Altman,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Altman,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,4187110,fr,2026-07-25T16:28:18Z,12272,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Skynet (Terminator),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet_(Terminator),rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,16580361,fr,2026-07-30T18:38:49Z,43624,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Slop (intelligence artificielle),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slop_(intelligence_artificielle),rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,12014,fr,2026-08-03T09:02:59Z,149318,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Steven Spielberg,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,5162790,fr,2026-07-30T03:55:38Z,14648,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Watson (intelligence artificielle),https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(intelligence_artificielle),rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,12085498,fr,2026-08-01T11:24:57Z,37790,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Yann Le Cun,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Le_Cun,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],,10401129,fr,2026-08-03T07:57:05Z,74525,2026-08-03T21:54:53+00:00,Éthique de l'intelligence artificielle,https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thique_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle,rBbIm6axuPyP9WLI6,kv7cCedVHKraav2Qe
[],"Albert Einstein (* 14. März 1879 in Ulm; † 18. April 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey) war ein theoretischer Physiker. Er gilt als einer der bedeutendsten Physiker der Wissenschaftsgeschichte und weltweit als einer der bekanntesten Wissenschaftler der Neuzeit. Seine Forschungen zur Struktur von Materie, Raum und Zeit sowie zum Wesen der Gravitation veränderten maßgeblich das zuvor geltende newtonsche Weltbild. 1999 wurde Albert Einstein in einer durch die Fachzeitschrift Physics World durchgeführten Umfrage unter führenden Physikern vor Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell, Niels Bohr und Werner Heisenberg zum bedeutendsten Physiker aller Zeiten gewählt.
Einsteins Hauptwerk, die Relativitätstheorie, machte ihn weltweit bekannt. Im Jahr 1905 erschien seine Arbeit mit dem Titel Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper, deren Inhalt heute als Spezielle Relativitätstheorie bezeichnet wird. 1915 publizierte er die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie. Auch zur Quantenphysik leistete er wesentliche Beiträge. „Für seine Verdienste um die Theoretische Physik, besonders für seine Entdeckung des Gesetzes des photoelektrischen Effekts“, erhielt er den Nobelpreis des Jahres 1921, der ihm 1922 überreicht wurde. Seine theoretischen Arbeiten spielten – im Gegensatz zur weit verbreiteten Meinung – beim Bau der Atombombe und der Entwicklung der Kernenergie nur eine indirekte Rolle.
Einstein gilt als Inbegriff des Forschers und Genies. Er nutzte seine außerordentliche Bekanntheit auch außerhalb der naturwissenschaftlichen Fachwelt bei seinem Einsatz für Völkerverständigung, Frieden und Sozialismus.",1278360,de,2026-08-03T19:18:39Z,180943,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Albert Einstein,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (; kurz ART) beschreibt die Wechselwirkung zwischen Materie (einschließlich Feldern), Raum und Zeit. Sie deutet Gravitation als geometrische Eigenschaft der gekrümmten vierdimensionalen Raumzeit. Die Grundlagen der Theorie wurden maßgeblich von Albert Einstein entwickelt, der den Kern der Theorie am 25. November 1915 der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften vortrug. Zur Beschreibung der gekrümmten Raumzeit bediente er sich der Differentialgeometrie.
Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie erweitert die spezielle Relativitätstheorie und das Newtonsche Gravitationsgesetz und geht bei hinreichend kleinen Raumzeitgebieten bzw. Massedichten und Geschwindigkeiten in diese über. In zahlreichen Tests der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie wurde sie experimentell bestätigt und gilt in der von Einstein formulierten Form als einzige allgemein anerkannte Gravitationstheorie.
Ungeklärt ist ihre Beziehung zur Quantenphysik, dem zweiten Grundpfeiler der modernen Physik des 20. Jahrhunderts. Daher gibt es noch keine vereinheitlichte Theorie der Quantengravitation.",862680,de,2026-07-29T23:16:01Z,76918,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Am Anfang war das Licht ist ein umstrittener Dokumentarfilm des österreichischen Regisseurs Peter-Arthur Straubinger zum Thema Lichtnahrung. Straubinger besucht mehrere Personen, die angeben, sich nur von Licht zu ernähren, und sucht nach möglichen Erklärungen, ob und wie Lichtnahrung funktionieren könnte.
Im Film vertreten Protagonisten die Behauptung, dass es möglich sei, sich von „feinstofflicher Energie“ zu ernähren. Wissenschaftlich nicht anerkannte Hypothesen werden vorgestellt, die das angebliche Phänomen „Lichtnahrung“ erklären sollen. Weiters deutet der Film Themen wie Quantenphysik und Bewusstsein um und hinterfragt das, von Esoterikern so genannte, klassisch materialistische Weltbild.
Mit über 101.000 Kinobesuchen war der Film die erfolgreichste Dokumentation des Jahres 2010 in Österreich und die international erfolgreichste österreichische Kinoproduktion 2010.

",5682361,de,2026-06-24T14:34:10Z,28931,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Am Anfang war das Licht,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_Anfang_war_das_Licht,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Amit Goswami (* 4. November 1936 in Indien) ist ein indisch-amerikanischer Physiker. Er war Professor am Institut of Theoretical Science der University of Oregon. Er hat sich in zahlreichen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten mit der Verbindung von Quantenphysik und Bewusstsein befasst und bemüht sich um eine Synthese der „Neuen Physik“ mit der Spiritualität und den Traditionen der indischen Philosophie. Er ist Verfasser zweier Standardwerke über die Geschichte der Physik (The Physicists’ View of Nature), davon eines über die Quantenmechanik. Zu seinen bekanntesten Werken gehört Das bewusste Universum (engl. The Self-Aware Universe, erschienen 1993), in dem er die Hypothese vertritt, dass sich die Paradoxien der modernen Wissenschaften lösen lassen, wenn man davon ausgeht, dass das Universum nicht aus Materie, sondern aus Bewusstsein besteht. Goswami trat unter anderem auch im Film What the Bleep do we (k)now!? auf. In Zusammenarbeit mit seiner Frau Maggie Goswami entstand das Buch The Cosmic Dancers: Exploring the Physics of Science Fiction. Sie leben gemeinsam in Eugene, Oregon (USA).",5950621,de,2026-07-29T23:18:04Z,12395,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Amit Goswami,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Goswami,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Anton Zeilinger (* 20. Mai 1945 in Ried im Innkreis) ist ein österreichischer Quantenphysiker und Hochschullehrer an der Universität Wien. Im Jahr 2022 wurde ihm gemeinsam mit Alain Aspect und John Clauser der Nobelpreis für Physik zuerkannt. Zeilinger erhielt den Nobelpreis für Experimente mit verschränkten Photonen und allgemein verschränkten Quantenzuständen, wobei er unter anderem Quantenteleportation nachwies. Er gilt als ein Pionier der Quanteninformationswissenschaft.

",225451,de,2026-07-29T23:15:32Z,37374,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Anton Zeilinger,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Das Atominstitut, früher Atominstitut der österreichischen Universitäten, ist ein Institut der Fakultät für Physik der Technischen Universität Wien.
Mit seinem 1962 in Betrieb genommenen Forschungsreaktor TRIGA Mark II ist es heute die einzige in Österreich verbliebene Einrichtung, die über einen laufenden Kernspaltungsreaktor verfügt (siehe auch Liste der Kernreaktoren in Österreich). Aktuell wird das Institut von Marcus Huber als Institutsvorstand geführt. Das Institut befindet sich in Wien 2., Stadionallee 2, unmittelbar neben der Stadionbrücke über den Donaukanal. Der Haupteingang für Fußgänger trägt die Adresse Schüttelstraße 115.",4630367,de,2026-07-26T22:54:54Z,7248,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Atominstitut,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atominstitut,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Ein Atomorbital (zu englisch atomic orbital) ist in den quantenmechanischen Modellen der Atome die räumliche Wellenfunktion eines einzelnen Elektrons in einem quantenmechanischen Zustand, meist in einem stationären Zustand. Sein Formelzeichen ist meist 
  
    
      
        φ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \varphi }
  
 (kleines Phi) oder 
  
    
      
        ψ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \psi }
  
 (kleines Psi). Das Betragsquadrat 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        
          
            
              r
              →
            
          
        
        )
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi ({\vec {r}})|^{2}}
  
 als Dichtefunktion wird interpretiert als die räumliche Verteilung der Aufenthaltswahrscheinlichkeit, mit der das Elektron am Ort 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              r
              →
            
          
        
        =
        (
        x
        ,
        y
        ,
        z
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}=(x,y,z)}
  
 gefunden werden kann (Bornsche Wahrscheinlichkeitsinterpretation der Quantenmechanik). Zusammen mit der Angabe, ob der Spin zu einer festen Achse oder zum Bahndrehimpuls des Elektrons parallel oder antiparallel ausgerichtet ist, beschreibt ein Orbital den Elektronenzustand vollständig.
In den älteren Atommodellen nach Niels Bohr (Bohrsches Atommodell, 1913) und Arnold Sommerfeld (Bohr-Sommerfeldsches Atommodell, 1916) beschreibt ein Orbital eine genaue, durch die Quantisierungsregeln ausgewählte Elektronenbahn. Diese Vorstellung wurde in der Quantenmechanik zugunsten einer diffusen Verteilung der Aufenthaltswahrscheinlichkeit des Elektrons aufgegeben. Das quantenmechanische Atomorbital erstreckt sich für gebundene Elektronen vom Atomkern im Zentrum nach außen bis ins Unendliche, wobei die Aufenthaltswahrscheinlichkeit außerhalb weniger 0,1 nm typischerweise sehr klein ist und für größere Abstände asymptotisch weiter gegen null geht. Der wahrscheinlichste Abstand vom Atomkern ist für das innerste Orbital gleich dem Radius der 1. Bohrschen Kreisbahn.
Anschaulich stellt man ein Orbital gewöhnlich durch die Oberfläche des kleinstmöglichen Volumens dar, in dessen Inneren sich das Elektron mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit aufhält. Man erhält damit Körper, die ungefähr der Größe und Form der Atome entsprechen, wie sie sich in chemischen Molekülen, kondensierter Materie und der kinetischen Gastheorie bemerkbar machen.
Die gebräuchlichsten Atomorbitale sind die, die sich für das einzige Elektron des Wasserstoffatoms als Lösungen der Schrödingergleichung des Wasserstoffproblems ergeben und 1926 erstmals veröffentlicht wurden. Sie haben verschiedene Formen, die mit 
  
    
      
        
          ψ
          
            n
            l
            
              m
              
                l
              
            
          
        
        (
        
          
            
              r
              →
            
          
        
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \psi _{nlm_{l}}({\vec {r}})}
  
 bezeichnet werden, wobei der untere Index aus der Hauptquantenzahl 
  
    
      
        n
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle n,}
  
 der Bahndrehimpulsquantenzahl 
  
    
      
        l
      
    
    {\displaystyle l}
  
 und der magnetischen Quantenzahl 
  
    
      
        
          m
          
            l
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle m_{l}}
  
 besteht.
Im Orbitalmodell für Atome mit mehreren Elektronen nimmt man an, dass die Elektronen sich unter Berücksichtigung des Pauli-Prinzips auf die Orbitale verteilen. Ein solcher Zustand heißt Elektronenkonfiguration und stellt oft eine brauchbare Näherung für die Struktur der Atomhülle dar, obwohl diese durch zusätzliche Elektronenkorrelationen noch komplizierter ist.
Zur Beschreibung von Elektronen in Molekülen werden Molekülorbitale als Linearkombination von Atomorbitalen gebildet. Elektronen in Festkörpern werden durch Orbitale beschrieben, die die Form von Blochwellenfunktionen haben.
In diesem Artikel wird nur auf gebundene Elektronen in Atomen eingegangen. Eine Vereinfachung des Orbitalmodells ist das Schalenmodell.",42455,de,2026-07-29T23:15:21Z,34532,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Atomorbital,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomorbital,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Die Boltzmann-Konstante (Formelzeichen 
  
    
      
        k
      
    
    {\displaystyle k}
  
 oder 
  
    
      
        
          k
          
            
              B
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }}
  
) ist ein Umrechnungsfaktor von thermodynamischer („absoluter“) Temperatur in Energie.
Die Bedeutung der Boltzmann-Konstante liegt darin, dass die Größe 
  
    
      
        
          k
          
            
              B
            
          
        
        T
      
    
    {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }T}
  
 ein charakteristisches Maß für den Mittelwert der verschiedenen Energien ist, die in regelloser Weise zwischen den einzelnen Teilchen oder ganzen Teilsystemen eines makroskopischen physikalischen Systems bei der Temperatur 
  
    
      
        T
      
    
    {\displaystyle T}
  
 im Zustand des thermischen Gleichgewichts übertragen werden. Diese Größe 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            
              t
              h
              e
              r
              m
            
          
        
        =
        
          k
          
            
              B
            
          
        
        T
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {therm} }=k_{\mathrm {B} }T}
  
 ist universell, d. h. unabhängig von sämtlichen Eigenschaften der einzelnen Teilchen des Systems oder seiner kleineren oder größeren Teilsysteme; sie wird auch als thermische Energie bezeichnet. Nach der genauen Definition ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit 
  
    
      
        p
      
    
    {\displaystyle p}
  
, mit der ein bestimmtes Teilchen oder Teilsystem aufgrund des ständigen Energieaustauschs mit den übrigen Teilen des Systems einen bestimmten Zustand der Energie 
  
    
      
        E
      
    
    {\displaystyle E}
  
 einnimmt, im thermischen Gleichgewicht bis auf einen Normierungsfaktor gleich dem Boltzmann-Faktor 
  
    
      
        
          
            e
          
          
            −
            E
            
              /
            
            
              k
              
                
                  B
                
              
            
            T
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{-E/k_{\mathrm {B} }T}}
  
. Dies gilt sowohl in der klassischen Physik als auch in der Quantenphysik.
Im Bereich der klassischen Physik, wo die Energie kontinuierlich variieren kann, gibt 
  
    
      
        
          k
          
            
              B
            
          
        
        T
      
    
    {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }T}
  
 (direkt oder mit einem einfachen konstanten Faktor) auch den Durchschnittswert der Energie der einzelnen Teilchen oder Teilsysteme an. Zum Beispiel ist 
  
    
      
        
          k
          
            
              B
            
          
        
        T
      
    
    {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }T}
  
 gleich der durchschnittlichen potentiellen Energie der Luftmoleküle, Aerosole und Staubkörnchen in der Atmosphäre, während ihre mittlere kinetische Energie gleich 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              3
              2
            
          
        
        
          k
          
            
              B
            
          
        
        T
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{2}}k_{\mathrm {B} }T}
  
 ist. Die Wärmekapazität einer Gasmenge ist daher in der klassischen Physik direkt proportional zur Teilchenzahl und zur Boltzmann-Konstante sowie unabhängig von der Temperatur. In der Quantenphysik, wo es zu einem bestimmten Energiewert 
  
    
      
        E
      
    
    {\displaystyle E}
  
 gegebenenfalls gar keinen Zustand oder jedenfalls nicht die der klassischen Physik entsprechende Anzahl von Zuständen gibt, kann der zusätzliche Faktor temperaturabhängig sein. Das macht sich vorrangig bei tieferen Temperaturen bemerkbar, wenn die typische thermische Energie 
  
    
      
        
          k
          
            
              B
            
          
        
        T
      
    
    {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }T}
  
 im Bereich solcher Energielücken liegt.",18314,de,2026-06-24T14:29:32Z,14062,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Boltzmann-Konstante,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann-Konstante,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Sir Christopher Edward Nolan CBE (* 30. Juli 1970 in London) ist ein britisch-US-amerikanischer Filmregisseur, Drehbuchautor und Filmproduzent. Nach seinem Spielfilmdebüt 1998 mit Following erhielt er 2002 für Memento erstmals eine Oscarnominierung als bester Drehbuchautor. Internationale Bekanntheit erlangte Nolan durch seine Neuinterpretation der Comicfigur Batman in der The-Dark-Knight-Trilogie. Durch diese Erfolge war es ihm möglich, für spätere Filme wie Inception, Interstellar oder Tenet mit hohen Filmbudgets zu arbeiten. Für das Drama Dunkirk wurde Nolan 2018 erstmals als bester Regisseur für den Oscar nominiert und im Jahr 2024 für Oppenheimer mit dem Oscar, Golden Globe und dem BAFTA jeweils für die beste Regie wie auch für den besten Film ausgezeichnet.
Christopher Nolan zählt zu den wenigen Autorenfilmern in Hollywood. Insbesondere in der frühen Phase seiner Karriere arbeitete er häufig gemeinsam mit seinem jüngeren Bruder Jonathan an den Drehbüchern, während er seine Filme bis heute in enger Zusammenarbeit mit seiner Frau Emma Thomas produziert. In seinen Werken nimmt das Thema der Zeit einen dominierenden Platz ein und wird in verschiedenen Variationen dargestellt. Nolans Arbeit wird von einigen Kritikern in der Tradition eines innovativen Filmemachers wie Stanley Kubrick gesehen.
Seit 2025 bekleidet Nolan das Amt des Präsidenten der Directors Guild of America.",207188,de,2026-08-03T21:04:59Z,92574,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Christopher Nolan,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Nolan,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Das elegante Universum (veröffentlicht unter dem Titel Was Einstein noch nicht wusste) ist ein 2003 erschienener US-amerikanischer Kino- und Dokumentarfilm basierend auf dem veröffentlichten Buch des Physikers Brian Greene The Elegant Universe. Der Film besteht aus drei Teilen, die sich allesamt mit der umstrittenen Stringtheorie und deren Versuch, die Quantenphysik und Einsteins allgemeine Relativitätstheorie zu vereinen, beschäftigen.",4541300,de,2026-06-24T14:33:22Z,4695,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Das elegante Universum,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_elegante_Universum,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Die Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) ist ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung des quantenmechanischen Grundzustandes eines Vielelektronensystems, das auf der ortsabhängigen Elektronendichte beruht. Die Dichtefunktionaltheorie wird zur Berechnung grundlegender Eigenschaften von Molekülen und Festkörpern, wie beispielsweise von Bindungslängen und -energien, verwendet.
Die große Bedeutung dieser Theorie liegt darin, dass sie keine Lösung der vollständigen Schrödingergleichung für das Vielelektronensystem erfordert. Sie benötigt erheblich weniger Rechenleistung und macht Berechnungen von Systemen mit deutlich mehr als zehn Elektronen überhaupt erst möglich.
Für die Entwicklung der Dichtefunktionaltheorie wurde 1998 der Nobelpreis für Chemie zur Hälfte an Walter Kohn vergeben.",1269268,de,2026-07-21T10:07:32Z,32270,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Dichtefunktionaltheorie (Quantenphysik),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichtefunktionaltheorie_(Quantenphysik),wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Beim Doppelspaltexperiment treten kohärente Wellen, zum Beispiel Licht- oder Materiewellen, durch zwei schmale, parallele Spalte und werden auf einem Beobachtungsschirm aufgefangen, dessen Distanz zum Doppelspalt sehr viel größer ist als der Abstand der beiden Spalte. Durch Beugung der Wellenausbreitung am Doppelspalt entsteht ein Interferenzmuster. Bei Wellen mit einheitlicher Wellenlänge, z. B. beim monochromatischen Licht eines Lasers, besteht das Muster auf dem Schirm aus abwechselnd hellen und dunklen Streifen (Maxima bzw. Minima), wenn der Abstand der beiden Spalte  nicht kleiner ist als die Wellenlänge.
Das Experiment gehört zu den Schlüsselexperimenten der Physik. Thomas Young führte es als erster mit Licht durch und publizierte seine Ergebnisse 1803. Es führte zur Anerkennung der Wellentheorie des Lichts gegenüber der damals noch vorherrschenden Korpuskeltheorie. In der Quantenphysik dient das Doppelspaltexperiment häufig dazu, den Welle-Teilchen-Dualismus zu demonstrieren. Es wurde nicht nur mit Licht, sondern auch mit Elementarteilchen, Atomen  und Molekülen durchgeführt. Die auch dabei auftretenden Interferenzmuster belegen, dass materielle Körper ebenfalls Welleneigenschaften haben. Die Wellenlänge dieser Materiewellen ist die De-Broglie-Wellenlänge.",93881,de,2026-06-24T14:29:40Z,26176,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Doppelspaltexperiment,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelspaltexperiment,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"GHZ steht für:

die Geothermische Heizzentrale Neubrandenburg
GHZ-Experiment, einen Begriff aus der Quantenphysik
GHz steht für:

Gigahertz, eine Milliarde Schwingungen/Vorgänge pro Sekunde
Ghz steht für:

Großherzog",241485,de,2026-06-11T13:30:06Z,334,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,GHZ,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHZ,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],Hannes Pichler (* 1986 in Brixen) ist ein italienisch-österreichischer Physiker. Seit 2020 ist er Professor für Theoretische Physik an der Universität Innsbruck.,12382484,de,2026-07-29T23:20:59Z,7215,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Hannes Pichler (Physiker),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Pichler_(Physiker),wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Die Heisenbergsche Unschärferelation (auch Unbestimmtheitsrelation, seltener Unschärfeprinzip oder Unbestimmtheitsprinzip) ist eine Aussage der Quantenphysik, nach der zwei komplementäre Eigenschaften eines Quantensystems nicht gleichzeitig scharf definierte Werte haben können. Das bekannteste Beispiel für ein Paar solcher Eigenschaften sind Ort und Impuls desselben Teilchens oder Körpers. Genauer sagt die Unschärferelation aus, dass es für das Produkt der Unschärfen beider Größen eine universelle untere Grenze gibt, die durch die Planck-Konstante gegeben ist.
Die Unschärferelation ist nicht die Folge technisch behebbarer Unzulänglichkeiten der entsprechenden Messinstrumente, sondern prinzipieller Natur. Für kein Quantensystem lässt sich im Formalismus der Quantenmechanik ein Zustand angeben, in dem zwei komplementäre Größen scharf definierte Werte haben.
Die Unschärferelation kann als Ausdruck des Wellencharakters der Materie betrachtet werden. Sie wurde 1927 von Werner Heisenberg entdeckt und gilt als eine der Grundlagen der Kopenhagener Deutung der Quantenmechanik.
Auch für Messungen von Energie und Zeit fand Heisenberg 1927 eine Unschärferelation in ähnlicher Form, aber anderer Bedeutung, weil die Zeit in der Quantenmechanik als Parameter auftritt und keine messbare Eigenschaft eines Zustands ist. Daher wird die Energie-Zeit-Unschärferelation in einem eigenen Artikel gesondert dargestellt.",11573,de,2026-08-02T16:57:10Z,41974,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Heisenbergsche Unschärferelation,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenbergsche_Unsch%C3%A4rferelation,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Interpretationen der Quantenmechanik beschreiben die physikalische und metaphysische Bedeutung der Postulate und Begriffe, aus welchen die Quantenmechanik aufgebaut ist. Besonderes Gewicht hat dabei die Interpretation derjenigen Konzepte, die nicht nur einen Bruch mit etablierten Vorstellungen der klassischen Physik bedeuten, sondern auch deren Anschauung oftmals zuwiderzulaufen scheinen, wie z. B. das des Welle-Teilchen-Dualismus.
Neben der Kopenhagener Interpretation wurden seit Entwicklung der Quantenmechanik in den 1920er Jahren eine Vielzahl alternativer Interpretationen entwickelt: Diese Interpretationen unterscheiden sich in ihren Aussagen über den Determinismus, die Kausalität, die Frage der Vollständigkeit der Theorie, die Rolle von Beobachtern und über eine Reihe weiterer metaphysischer Aspekte. Auch 100 Jahre nach der Entwicklung der Quantenmechanik sind sich Physiker uneinig über die Interpretation der Quantenmechanik.",3603670,de,2026-07-30T13:13:09Z,81664,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Interpretationen der Quantenmechanik,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretationen_der_Quantenmechanik,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Interstellar ist ein US-amerikanisch-britischer Science-Fiction-Film unter der Regie von Christopher Nolan aus dem Jahr 2014. Der Film spielt in einer dystopischen Zukunft, in der die Menschheit die Erde verlassen muss und ein neues Zuhause auf einem anderen Planeten sucht.
Nolan überarbeitete das Drehbuch seines Bruders Jonathan, das dieser 2007 für die Produzentin Lynda Obst und Paramount Pictures verfasst hatte, und produzierte Interstellar mit Obst und Emma Thomas. Die Finanzierung und Vermarktung übernahmen Paramount Pictures und Warner Bros. gemeinsam. Der spätere Physiknobelpreisträger Kip Thorne wirkte als wissenschaftlicher Berater sowie Executive Producer mit.
Der Film feierte seine Premiere am 26. Oktober 2014 in Los Angeles. Er startete am 5. November 2014 in den Vereinigten Staaten in ausgewählten Kinos und einen Tag darauf in den deutschsprachigen Ländern. Von der Filmkritik wurde Interstellar unterschiedlich aufgenommen, insbesondere wurde die visuelle Umsetzung von wissenschaftlichen Theorien hervorgehoben. Für seine visuellen Effekte wurde Interstellar mit dem Oscar und dem British Academy Film Award ausgezeichnet. An den Kinokassen war der Film mit einem weltweiten Einspielergebnis von 758 Millionen US-Dollar ein Erfolg.",8396990,de,2026-07-29T23:19:17Z,73532,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Interstellar,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Joe Dispenza (* 1962) ist ein Referent, Chiropraktiker und Autor aus den Vereinigten Staaten.",13403249,de,2026-07-29T23:21:25Z,8438,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Joe Dispenza,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dispenza,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Komplementarität ist ein Begriff der Erkenntnistheorie für zwei (scheinbar) widersprüchliche, einander ausschließende, nicht aufeinander reduzierbare Beschreibungsweisen oder Versuchsanordnungen, die aber in ihrer wechselseitigen Ergänzung zum Verständnis eines Phänomens oder Sachverhaltes im Ganzen notwendig sind. Diesen Begriff hatte der Physiker Niels Bohr als Komplementaritätsprinzip in die Quantenphysik eingeführt und anschließend auf viele Gebiete übertragen. Deshalb wurde der Begriff vieldeutig und bezeichnet häufig nur noch ein grundsätzliches „Sowohl-als-auch“.
Zwei komplementäre Eigenschaften gehören zusammen, sofern sie dieselbe Referenz haben, also dasselbe „Objekt“ betreffen, jedoch kausal nicht voneinander abhängig sind. Die zwei verwendeten Methoden unterscheiden sich grundsätzlich im Verfahren und können in der Regel nicht gleichzeitig, sondern nur nacheinander eingesetzt werden.",170151,de,2026-06-24T14:29:47Z,10643,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Komplementarität,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplementarit%C3%A4t,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],"Komplementär (von französisch complémentaire „ergänzend“) steht für:

gegensätzliche, aber sich ergänzende Eigenschaften eines Objekts oder Sachverhalts, siehe Komplementarität
das von Niels Bohr in der Quantenphysik geprägte und dann für die Erkenntnistheorie verallgemeinerte Komplementaritätsprinzip
einander ergänzende Messgrößen (komplementäre Observablen)
Komplementär (Gesellschaftsrecht), der unbeschränkt haftende Gesellschafter in einer Kommanditgesellschaft
Komplementation, die funktionelle Ergänzung zweier Gene
der den betrachteten Einzelstrang einer Nukleinsäure-Doppelhelix ergänzende gegenüberliegende Strang umgekehrter Polarität

Siehe auch:

Komplement (Begriffsklärung)
Liste aller Wikipedia-Artikel, deren Titel mit Komplementär beginnt
Liste aller Wikipedia-Artikel, deren Titel Komplementär enthält",1341808,de,2026-06-11T13:31:47Z,955,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Komplementär,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplement%C3%A4r,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,91836,de,2026-06-24T14:29:40Z,14245,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Kopenhagener Deutung der Quantenmechanik,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopenhagener_Deutung_der_Quantenmechanik,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,17746,de,2026-02-23T12:02:11Z,13141,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Korrespondenzprinzip,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrespondenzprinzip,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,234879,de,2026-07-29T23:15:33Z,11043,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Lamb-Verschiebung,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb-Verschiebung,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,40364,de,2026-06-27T01:24:09Z,8835,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Laplacescher Dämon,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacescher_D%C3%A4mon,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,11347419,de,2026-07-29T23:20:32Z,7901,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Laurent Simons,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Simons,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,295338,de,2026-06-24T14:29:58Z,7947,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Lebensdauer (Quantenphysik),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensdauer_(Quantenphysik),wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,1102322,de,2026-07-29T23:16:09Z,11620,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Luise Kinseher,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Kinseher,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
"[""Kategorie:Auswärtiges Mitglied der Royal Society"", ""Kategorie:DVP-Mitglied"", ""Kategorie:Deutscher"", ""Kategorie:Ehrenbürger von Kiel"", ""Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main"", ""Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der Nationalen und Kapodistrias-Universität Athen"", ""Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der Technischen Universität Berlin"", ""Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der Technischen Universität München"", ""Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der University of Cambridge"", ""Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der University of Glasgow"", ""Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der Universität Rostock"", ""Kategorie:Ehrenmitglied der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina"", ""Kategorie:Ehrenmitglied der Deutschen Bunsen-Gesellschaft"", ""Kategorie:Ehrenmitglied der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", ""Kategorie:Ehrenmitglied des Physikalischen Vereins"", ""Kategorie:Geboren 1858"", ""Kategorie:Geheimrat"", ""Kategorie:Gestorben 1947"", ""Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel)"", ""Kategorie:Korporierter im SV"", ""Kategorie:Mann"", ""Kategorie:Max Planck"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Accademia dei Lincei"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Accademia delle Scienze di Torino"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Familie Planck"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Königlich Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Leopoldina (20. Jahrhundert)"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Niedersächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Päpstlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Royal Society of Edinburgh"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", ""Kategorie:Mitglied der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", ""Kategorie:Nobelpreisträger für Physik"", ""Kategorie:Person als Namensgeber für einen Asteroiden"", ""Kategorie:Person als Namensgeber für einen Mondkrater"", ""Kategorie:Person um Albert Einstein"", ""Kategorie:Physiker (19. Jahrhundert)"", ""Kategorie:Physiker (20. Jahrhundert)"", ""Kategorie:Rektor (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)"", ""Kategorie:Träger der Copley-Medaille"", ""Kategorie:Träger der Max-Planck-Medaille"", ""Kategorie:Träger des Bayerischen Maximiliansordens für Wissenschaft und Kunst"", ""Kategorie:Träger des Pour le Mérite (Friedensklasse)"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Gesprochener Artikel"", ""Kategorie:Wikipedia:Lesenswert""]",,3359,de,2026-07-29T23:15:17Z,90822,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Max Planck,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,688338,de,2026-06-24T14:30:24Z,6486,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Metastabilität,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastabilit%C3%A4t,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,11952225,de,2026-07-29T23:20:48Z,130998,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Oppenheimer (2023),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer_(2023),wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,67180,de,2026-08-02T16:57:10Z,38140,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Parallelwelt,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelwelt,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,3862,de,2026-07-29T23:15:17Z,48701,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Physik,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,1671218,de,2026-08-01T11:35:09Z,47552,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,127729,de,2026-07-29T23:15:27Z,24894,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Plancksches Strahlungsgesetz,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plancksches_Strahlungsgesetz,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,30924,de,2026-05-01T00:10:33Z,2647,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Quant,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quant,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,8251909,de,2026-06-24T14:36:20Z,6383,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Quantenheilung,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenheilung,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,4180,de,2026-07-29T23:15:17Z,107748,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Quantenmechanik,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenmechanik,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,202429,de,2026-08-03T19:34:19Z,24964,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Quantenoptik,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenoptik,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,8819,de,2026-07-29T23:15:18Z,29151,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Quantenphysik,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenphysik,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,197258,de,2026-06-26T13:22:53Z,43789,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Quantenverschränkung,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenverschr%C3%A4nkung,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,4254,de,2026-08-03T13:05:54Z,53148,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Richard Feynman,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,13176,de,2026-06-24T14:29:32Z,50967,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Schrödingers Katze,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingers_Katze,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,5274,de,2026-07-29T23:15:18Z,42163,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Temperatur,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,9843811,de,2026-06-11T13:39:33Z,291,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Term (Begriffsklärung),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_(Begriffskl%C3%A4rung),wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,2267257,de,2026-08-02T16:57:10Z,30772,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Universum,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,658185,de,2026-07-29T23:15:53Z,14371,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Vera F. Birkenbihl,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_F._Birkenbihl,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,35344,de,2026-06-24T14:29:34Z,27139,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Welle-Teilchen-Dualismus,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welle-Teilchen-Dualismus,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,1031307,de,2026-06-24T14:30:49Z,10908,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,What the Bleep do we (k)now!?,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_the_Bleep_do_we_(k)now!%3F,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,6666924,de,2026-06-24T14:34:55Z,5901,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Zustand (Physik),https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zustand_(Physik),wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
[],,8767388,de,2026-07-29T23:19:24Z,2980,2026-08-03T21:54:30+00:00,Časlav Brukner,https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caslav_Brukner,wmDgTN0REnHUWNWQz,bi5OSsaurtRTqkKEI
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""All pages needing factual verification"", ""Ancient Egypt"", ""Ancient peoples"", ""Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023"", ""Bronze Age civilizations"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 French-language sources (fr)"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 errors: ISBN date"", ""Cradle of civilization"", ""Former monarchies of Africa"", ""Former monarchies of Asia"", ""Harv and Sfn no-target errors"", ""History of Egypt by period"", ""History of the Mediterranean"", ""Pages using Sister project links with default search"", ""Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata"", ""Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch"", ""Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images"", ""Pages using the EasyTimeline extension"", ""Pages using the WikiHiero extension"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from September 2024"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference"", ""Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2026"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages""]","Ancient Egypt was a cradle of civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the eastern part of North Africa. It emerged from prehistoric Egypt around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology), when Upper and Lower Egypt were united by Menes, who is believed by the majority of Egyptologists to have been the same person as Narmer. The history of ancient Egypt unfolded as a series of stable kingdoms interspersed by the ""Intermediate Periods"" of relative instability. These stable kingdoms existed in one of three periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age; the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age; or the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.
The pinnacle of ancient Egyptian power was achieved during the New Kingdom, which extended its rule to much of Nubia and a considerable portion of the Levant. After this period, Egypt entered an era of slow decline. Over the course of its history, it was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign civilizations, including the Hyksos, the Kushites, the Assyrians, the Persians, and the Greeks and then the Romans. The end of ancient Egypt is variously defined as occurring with the end of the Late Period during the Wars of Alexander the Great in 332 BC or with the end of the Greek-ruled Ptolemaic Kingdom during the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. In AD 642, the Arab conquest of Egypt brought an end to the region's millennium-long Greco-Roman period.
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the Nile's conditions for agriculture. The predictable flooding of the Nile and controlled irrigation of its fertile valley produced surplus crops which supported a more dense population and thereby substantial social and cultural development. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored the mineral exploitation of the valley and its surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with other civilizations, and a military to assert Egyptian dominance throughout the Near East. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of the reigning pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.
Among the many achievements of ancient Egypt are: the quarrying, surveying, and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics; a practical and effective system of medicine; irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques; the first known planked boats; Egyptian faience and glass technology; new forms of literature; and the earliest known peace treaty, which was ratified with the Anatolia-based Hittite Empire. Its art and architecture were widely copied and its antiquities were carried off to be studied, admired, or coveted in the far corners of the world. Likewise, its monumental ruins inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for millennia. A newfound European and Egyptian respect for antiquities and excavations that began in earnest in the early modern period has led to much scientific investigation of ancient Egypt and its society, as well as a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy.",874,en,2026-08-01T20:08:37Z,176952,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"The culture of ancient Egypt has fascinated outsiders from its own day well into the modern day, long after that culture was subsumed first by Greco-Roman, then Christian, then Muslim currents. And while the concept of the ""Western world"" owes its origin to Christian writers of early medieval Europe and Asia Minor, those same writers were keen to imagine themselves as part of—or heirs to—a cultural continuum that began with classical antiquity and evolved to include the Biblical history of the Jews.
In Western cultures' collective imaginings, the idea of ""ancient Egypt"" has developed and changed over millennia no less than those cultures themselves changed. From classical and late antiquity through the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and into the modern era, this imagined ""Egypt"" has served as a powerful symbol, variously representing profound antiquity, esoteric wisdom, evil, the exotic, or timeless grandeur.
An essential factor in ancient Egypt's enduring mystery and remoteness was that scribes no longer studied to acquire literacy in Egyptian hieroglyphs, resulting in the script being totally inscrutable from roughly the 5th century CE until their decipherment in the early 19th century, during which Egypt's own recorded history was rendered inaccessible. The continuing engagement of nations and societies that constitute ""the West"" with Egypt has shaped their art, literature, architecture, philosophy, and popular culture. This influence in turn reflects those societies' contemporary intellectual currents, colonial ambitions, and religious and spiritual ideas in addition to—or instead of—an understanding grounded in historical fact.",1831105,en,2026-07-30T02:39:45Z,37455,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs were centered around a variety of complex rituals that were influenced by many aspects of Egyptian culture. Religion was a major contributor, since it was an important social practice that bound all Egyptians together. For instance, many of the Egyptian gods played roles in guiding the souls of the dead through the afterlife. With the evolution of writing, religious ideals were recorded and quickly spread throughout the Egyptian community. The solidification and commencement of these doctrines were formed in the creation of afterlife texts which illustrated and explained what the dead would need to know in order to complete the journey safely.
Egyptian religious doctrines included three afterlife ideologies: belief in an underworld, eternal life, and rebirth of the soul. The underworld, also known as the Duat, had only one entrance that could be reached by traveling through the tomb of the deceased. The initial image a soul would be presented with upon entering this realm was a corridor lined with an array of fascinating statues, including a variation of the hawk-headed god, Horus. The path taken to the underworld may have varied between kings and common people. After entry, spirits were presented to another prominent god, Osiris. Osiris would determine the virtue of the deceased's soul and grant those deemed deserving a peaceful afterlife. The Egyptian concept of 'eternal life' was often seen as being reborn indefinitely. Therefore, the souls who had lived their life elegantly were guided to Osiris to be born again.
In order to achieve the ideal afterlife, many practices had to be performed during one's life. This may have included acting justly and following the beliefs of the Egyptian creed. Additionally, the Egyptians stressed the rituals completed after an individual's life has ended. In other words, it was the responsibility of the living to carry out the final traditions required so the dead could promptly meet their final fate. Ultimately, maintaining high religious morals by both the living and the dead, as well as complying to a variety of traditions, guaranteed the deceased a smoother transition into the underworld.
Egyptians hoped to perform their jobs and partake in their hobbies in the afterlife. Rivers and natural locales with fertile soil for farmers were thought to exist in the afterlife, and drawings on tomb walls of objects such as boats were thought to make them appear in the afterlife for previous users or owners.",56695079,en,2026-07-26T18:34:09Z,34126,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"The civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding. Thus, relying on the Nile River for its periodic flooding. The river's predictability and fertile soil allowed the indigenous Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of the first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. This was possible because of the ingenuity of the Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation. Their farming practices allowed them to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat and barley, and industrial crops, such as flax and papyrus.",33364993,en,2026-07-30T02:48:11Z,21484,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian agriculture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"Spanning over three thousand years, ancient Egypt was not one stable civilization but subject to change and periods of great upheaval, commonly split into periods by historians. Likewise, ancient Egyptian architecture is not one style, but a set of styles differing over time but with some commonalities.  Nonetheless, religious and funerary architecture, which is the great majority of what survives, was generally conservative in taste. 
The best known example of ancient Egyptian architecture are the Egyptian pyramids and the Sphinx, while excavated temples, palaces, tombs, and fortresses have also been studied. Most buildings were built of locally available mud brick and limestone by paid laborers and craftsmen. Monumental buildings were built using the post and lintel method of construction. Many buildings were aligned astronomically. Columns were typically adorned with capitals decorated to resemble plants important to Egyptian civilization, such as the papyrus plant.
Ancient Egyptian architectural motifs have influenced architecture elsewhere, reaching the wider world first during the Greek Orientalizing period and again during the nineteenth-century Egyptomania.",2672171,en,2026-07-30T02:40:00Z,61138,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"The ancient Egyptians believed that a soul (kꜣ and bꜣ; Egypt. pron. ka/ba) was made up of many parts. In addition to these components of the soul, there was the human body (called the ḥꜥ, occasionally a plural ḥꜥw, meaning approximately ""sum of bodily parts"").
According to ancient Egyptian creation myths, the god Atum created the world out of chaos, utilizing his own magic (ḥkꜣ). Because the earth was created with magic, Egyptians believed that the world was imbued with magic and so was every living thing upon it. When humans were created, that magic took the form of the soul, an eternal force which resided in and with every human. The concept of the soul and the parts which encompass it has varied from the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom, at times changing from one dynasty to another, from five parts to more. Most ancient Egyptian funerary texts reference numerous parts of the soul:

Collectively, these spirits of a dead person were called the Akh after that person had successfully completed its transition to the afterlife. Rosalie David an Egyptologist  at the University of Manchester, explains the many facets of the soul as follows:

The Egyptians believed that the human personality had many facets—a concept that was probably developed early in the Old Kingdom. In life, the person was a complete entity, but if he had led a virtuous life, he could also have access to a multiplicity of forms that could be used in the next world. In some instances, these forms could be employed to help those whom the deceased wished to support or, alternately, to take revenge on his enemies.",98176,en,2026-07-30T02:38:59Z,30882,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"The cuisine of ancient Egypt encompasses the food and drink consumed by the ancient Egyptians throughout a span of over three thousand years, which retained many consistent traits until well into Greco-Roman times. The staples of the ancient Egyptian diet were bread and beer, which were supplemented with vegetables, legumes, fruits, meat, and seasonings prepared in a multitude of ways.",11298796,en,2026-07-31T07:58:28Z,18759,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian cuisine,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt. The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion, which emerged sometime in prehistory. Deities represented natural forces and phenomena, and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat, or divine order. After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC, the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh, who claimed to be the gods' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out.
The gods' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities: family ties, loose groups and hierarchies, and combinations of separate gods into one. Deities' diverse appearances in art—as animals, humans, objects, and combinations of different forms—also alluded, through symbolism, to their essential features.
In different eras, various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society, including the solar deity Ra, the mysterious god Amun, and the mother goddess Isis. The highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life-giving power of the sun. Some scholars have argued, based in part on Egyptian writings, that the Egyptians came to recognize a single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities. Yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world, except possibly during the era of Atenism in the 14th century BC, when official religion focused exclusively on an abstract solar deity, the Aten.
Gods were assumed to be present throughout the world, capable of influencing natural events and the course of human lives. People interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines, for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites. Egyptians prayed for divine help, used rituals to compel deities to act, and called upon them for advice. Humans' relations with their gods were a fundamental part of Egyptian society.",9500294,en,2026-07-30T02:41:12Z,101273,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian deities,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"The ancient Egyptians had an elaborate set of funerary practices that they believed were necessary to ensure their immortality after death. These rituals included mummifying the body, casting magic spells, and burials with specific grave goods thought to be needed in the afterlife.
The ancient burial process evolved over time as old customs were discarded and new ones adopted, but several important elements of the process persisted. Although specific details changed over time, the preparation of the body, the magic rituals, and grave goods were all essential parts of a proper Egyptian funeral.",1681916,en,2026-07-30T02:39:43Z,77483,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian funerary practices,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"Ancient Egyptian literature was written with the Egyptian language from ancient Egypt's pharaonic period until the end of Roman domination. It represents the oldest corpus of Egyptian literature. Along with Sumerian literature, it is considered the world's earliest literature.
Writing in ancient Egypt—both hieroglyphic and hieratic—first appeared in the late 4th millennium BC during the late phase of predynastic Egypt. By the Old Kingdom (26th century BC to 22nd century BC), literary works included funerary texts, epistles and letters, hymns and poems, and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials. It was not until the early Middle Kingdom (21st century BC to 17th century BC) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created. This was a ""media revolution"" which, according to Richard B. Parkinson, was the result of the rise of an intellectual class of scribes, new cultural sensibilities about individuality, unprecedented levels of literacy, and mainstream access to written materials. The creation of literature was thus an elite exercise, monopolized by a scribal class attached to government offices and the royal court of the ruling pharaoh. However, there is no full consensus among modern scholars concerning the dependence of ancient Egyptian literature on the sociopolitical order of the royal courts.
Middle Egyptian, the spoken language of the Middle Kingdom, became a classical language during the New Kingdom (16th century BC to 11th century BC), when the vernacular language known as Late Egyptian first appeared in writing. Scribes of the New Kingdom canonized and copied many literary texts written in Middle Egyptian, which remained the language used for oral readings of sacred hieroglyphic texts. Some genres of Middle Kingdom literature, such as ""teachings"" and fictional tales, remained popular in the New Kingdom, although the genre of prophetic texts was not revived until the Ptolemaic period (4th century BC to 1st century BC). Popular tales included the Story of Sinuhe and The Eloquent Peasant, while important teaching texts include the Instructions of Amenemhat and The Loyalist Teaching. By the New Kingdom period, the writing of commemorative graffiti on sacred temple and tomb walls flourished as a unique genre of literature, yet it employed formulaic phrases similar to other genres. The acknowledgment of rightful authorship remained important only in a few genres, while texts of the ""teaching"" genre were pseudonymous and falsely attributed to prominent historical figures.
Ancient Egyptian literature has been preserved on a wide variety of media. This includes papyrus scrolls and packets, limestone or ceramic ostraca, wooden writing boards, monumental stone edifices and coffins. Texts preserved and unearthed by modern archaeologists represent a small fraction of ancient Egyptian literary material. The area of the floodplain of the Nile is under-represented because the moist environment is unsuitable for the preservation of papyri and ink inscriptions. On the other hand, hidden caches of literature, buried for thousands of years, have been discovered in settlements on the dry desert margins of Egyptian civilization.",13473216,en,2026-08-02T04:06:47Z,89575,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian literature,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"The medicine of the ancient Egyptians is some of the oldest documented. From the beginnings of the civilization in the late fourth millennium BC until the Persian invasion of 525 BC, Egyptian medical practice went largely unchanged and included simple non-invasive surgery, setting of bones, dentistry, and an extensive set of pharmacopoeia. Egyptian medical thought influenced later traditions, including the Greeks.",2584146,en,2026-07-31T13:48:10Z,61051,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian medicine,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"In mathematics, ancient Egyptian multiplication (also known as Egyptian multiplication, Ethiopian multiplication, Russian multiplication, or peasant multiplication), one of two multiplication methods used by scribes, is a systematic method for multiplying two numbers that does not require the multiplication table, only the ability to multiply and divide by 2, and to add. It decomposes one of the multiplicands (preferably the smaller) into a set of numbers of powers of two and then creates a table of doublings of the second multiplicand by every value of the set which is summed up to give result of multiplication.
This method may be called mediation and duplation, where mediation means halving one number and duplation means doubling the other number. It is still used in some areas.
The second Egyptian multiplication and division technique was known from the hieratic Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri written in the seventeenth century B.C. by the scribe Ahmes.
Although in ancient Egypt the concept of base 2 did not exist, the algorithm is essentially the same algorithm as long multiplication after the multiplier and multiplicand are converted to binary. The method as interpreted by conversion to binary is therefore still in wide use today as implemented by binary multiplier circuits in modern computer processors.",3975814,en,2026-07-15T16:57:14Z,13221,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian multiplication,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_multiplication,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],Ancient Egyptian philosophy refers to the philosophical works and beliefs of Ancient Egypt. There is some debate regarding its true scope and nature.,33898106,en,2026-07-30T02:48:17Z,9446,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian philosophy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"The question of the race of the people of ancient Egypt was raised historically as a product of the early racial concepts of the 18th and 19th centuries, and was linked to models of racial hierarchy primarily based on craniometry and anthropometry. A variety of views circulated about the racial identity of the Egyptians and the source of their culture.
Some scholars argued that ancient Egyptian culture was influenced by other Afroasiatic-speaking populations in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, or West Asia, while others pointed to influences from various Nubian groups or populations in Europe. In more recent times, some writers continued to challenge the mainstream view, some focusing on questioning the race of specific notable individuals, such as the pharaoh represented in the Great Sphinx of Giza, the native Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun, the Egyptian queen Tiye, and the Greek Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra VII.
Mainstream Western scholars reject the notion that Egypt was a ""white"" or ""black"" civilization; they maintain that applying modern notions of black or white races to ancient Egypt is anachronistic. In addition, scholars reject the notion—implicit in a black or white Egypt hypothesis—that ancient Egypt was racially homogeneous; instead, skin colour varied between the peoples of Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, and Nubia, who rose to power in various eras of ancient Egypt. Within Egyptian history, despite multiple foreign invasions, the demographics were not shifted substantially by large migrations. Other scholars have suggested there may have been a gradual period of demographic change from Syria via the eastern Delta region.
International scholarship reflected in the General History of Africa, a multi-volume historical project of UNESCO, have expressed a comparable position. A majority of the scholars that contributed to the Volume II edition (1981) considered Egypt an indigenous African civilisation with a mixed population that originated largely in the Sahara and featured a variety of skin colours from north and south of the Saharan region. In the view of Egyptian scholar and featured editor Gamal Mokhtar, Upper Egypt and Nubia held ""similar ethnic composition"" with comparable material cultures. An updated Volume IX publication launched in 2025 maintained that Egypt had both African and Eurasian populations. The review section which focused on the 1974 ""Peopling of Egypt"" symposium stated that accumulated research over three decades had confirmed the migration from Southernly African along with Saharan populations into the early Nile Valley. Upper Egypt was now positioned as a origin point of pharaonic unification, with supporting archaeological, anthropological, genetic, and linguistic sources of evidence having identified close affinities between Upper Egypt and other sub-Saharan African populations.

",18880184,en,2026-08-03T04:53:57Z,243450,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian race controversy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
"[""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Ancient Egyptian religion"", ""Articles with dead external links from August 2023"", ""Articles with dead external links from July 2026"", ""Articles with permanently dead external links"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023"", ""CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)"", ""CS1 French-language sources (fr)"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 maint: location missing publisher"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages""]","Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals that formed an integral part of ancient Egyptian culture. It centered on the Egyptians' interactions with many deities believed to be present and in control of the world. About 1,500 deities are known. Rituals such as prayer and offerings were provided to the gods to gain their favor. Formal religious practice centered on the pharaohs, the rulers of Egypt, believed to possess divine powers by virtue of their positions. They acted as intermediaries between their people and the gods, and were obligated to sustain the gods through rituals and offerings so that they could maintain Ma'at, the order of the cosmos, and repel Isfet, which was chaos. The state dedicated enormous resources to religious rituals and to the construction of temples.
Individuals could interact with the gods for their own purposes, appealing for help through prayer or compelling the gods to act through magic. These practices were distinct from, but closely linked with, the formal rituals and institutions. The popular religious tradition grew more prominent over the course of Egyptian history as the status of the pharaoh declined. Egyptian belief in the afterlife and the importance of funerary practices is evident in the great efforts made to ensure the survival of their souls after death – via the provision of tombs, grave goods and offerings to preserve the bodies and spirits of the deceased.
The religion had its roots in Egypt's prehistory and lasted for 3,500 years. The details of religious belief changed over time as the importance of particular gods rose and declined, and their intricate relationships shifted. At various times, certain gods became preeminent over the others, including the sun god Ra, the creator god Amun, and the mother goddess Isis. For a brief period, in the theology promulgated by the pharaoh Akhenaten, a single god, the Aten, replaced the traditional pantheon. Ancient Egyptian religion and mythology left behind many writings and monuments, along with significant influences on ancient and modern cultures. The religion decentralized following the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC and was suppressed during the Christian period. Practices such as mummification halted, and the ancient Egyptian religion was considered to have fully died in the 530s. Following the Arab conquest of Egypt under Amr ibn al-As, Egyptians started to convert to Islam.",10331,en,2026-08-02T09:51:23Z,90388,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ancient Egyptian religion,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"The archaeology of ancient Egypt is the study of the archaeology of Egypt, stretching from prehistory through three millennia of documented history. Egyptian archaeology is one of the branches of Egyptology.
Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 led to the Western passion for Egyptian antiquities. In the modern era, the Ministry of State for Antiquities controls excavation permits for Egyptologists. The field can now use geophysical methods and other applications of modern sensing techniques. John Romer, Zahi Hawass, Sarah Parcak, Toby Wilkinson are some of the prominent Egyptologists making excavations in Egypt today.",66889361,en,2026-07-15T17:34:50Z,115394,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Archaeology of ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"Ancient Egyptian art refers to art produced in ancient Egypt between the 6th millennium BC and the 4th century AD, spanning from Prehistoric Egypt until the Christianization of Roman Egypt. It includes paintings, sculptures, drawings on papyrus, faience, jewelry, ivories, architecture, and other art media. It was a conservative tradition whose style changed very little over time. Much of the surviving examples comes from tombs and monuments, giving insight into the ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs like the Egyptian mummies.
The ancient Egyptian language had no word for ""art"". Artworks served an essentially functional purpose that was bound with religion and ideology. To render a subject in art was to grant it permanence; thus, ancient Egyptian art portrayed an idealized and unrealistic version of the world. There was no significant tradition of individual artistic expression since art served a wider and cosmic purpose of maintaining order (Ma'at).",1709766,en,2026-07-30T02:39:43Z,164880,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Art of ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"In ancient Egypt, cats were represented in social and religious scenes dating as early as 1980 BC. Several ancient Egyptian deities were depicted and sculptured with cat-like heads such as Mafdet, Bastet and Sekhmet, representing justice, fertility, and power, respectively. The deity Mut was also depicted as a cat and in the company of a cat.
Cats were praised for killing venomous snakes, rodents and birds that damaged crops, and protecting the Pharaoh since at least the First Dynasty of Egypt. Skeletal remains of cats were found among funerary goods dating to the 12th Dynasty. The protective function of cats is indicated in the Book of the Dead, where a cat represents Ra and the benefits of the sun for life on Earth. Cat-shaped decorations used during the New Kingdom of Egypt indicate that the domesticated cat became more popular in daily life. Cats were depicted in association with the name of Bastet.
Cat cemeteries at the archaeological sites Speos Artemidos, Bubastis, and Saqqara were used for several centuries. They contained vast numbers of cat mummies and cat statues that are exhibited in museum collections worldwide. Among the mummified animals excavated in Giza, the African wildcat (Felis lybica) is the most common cat followed by the jungle cat (Felis chaus). In view of the huge number of cat mummies found in Egypt, the cat was certainly important for the country's economy; it is speculated that cats were bred for the purpose of sacrifice and mummification, requiring a trading network for the supply of food, oils and resins for embalming them.",1846593,en,2026-08-03T17:59:28Z,33540,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Cats in ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_in_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"Ancient Egyptian clothing comprises the garments, jewelry, footwear, and wigs worn by individuals in Egypt from the end of the Neolithic period (prior to 3100 BC) to the collapse of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in 30 BC. Fashions in ancient Egypt changed slowly over time and were influenced by foreign styles. Recognizable aspects of ancient Egyptian clothing include white linen kilts, sheath dresses, bag-tunics, and mantles; usekh collars; sandals; and wigs.",31473425,en,2026-07-30T02:47:36Z,15558,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Clothing in ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"Dancing played an important role in the lives of the ancient Egyptians. However, men and women are never depicted dancing together. The trf was a dance performed by a pair of men during the Old Kingdom. Dance groups were accessible to perform at dinner parties, banquets, lodging houses, and even religious temples. Some women from wealthy harems were trained in music and dance. They danced for royalty accompanied by male musicians playing on guitars, lyres, and harps. Yet, no well-bred Egyptian would dance in public, because that was the privilege of the lower classes. Wealthy Egyptians kept slaves to entertain at their banquets and present pleasant diversion to their owners.",23631359,en,2026-07-30T02:43:46Z,24097,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Dance in ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,6184367,en,2026-07-30T02:40:42Z,68959,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decipherment_of_ancient_Egyptian_scripts,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,56129147,en,2026-07-20T16:57:39Z,27619,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Decline of ancient Egyptian religion,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_ancient_Egyptian_religion,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,384047,en,2026-08-02T01:48:26Z,30133,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Dynasties of ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,8087628,en,2026-08-02T05:52:52Z,284772,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,2662428,en,2026-07-30T02:40:00Z,27876,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Egyptian chronology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_chronology,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,50953,en,2026-08-03T03:35:43Z,53261,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Egyptian hieroglyphs,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
"[""Afroasiatic languages"", ""Ancient Egyptian language"", ""Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text""]",,46918,en,2026-07-30T02:38:56Z,83609,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Egyptian language,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,864667,en,2026-07-30T02:39:24Z,38140,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Egyptian pyramids,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,31912046,en,2026-08-03T05:50:15Z,219431,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Egyptians,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,320084,en,2026-08-02T00:43:22Z,24056,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,First Dynasty of Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,38420298,en,2026-07-30T02:49:45Z,110541,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Genetic history of Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,97052,en,2026-08-02T13:44:03Z,19693,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Heliopolis (ancient Egypt),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt),azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,377363,en,2026-07-31T16:59:36Z,72514,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,History of ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,17413630,en,2026-07-30T02:42:29Z,13732,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Homosexuality in ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,80203474,en,2026-06-22T18:51:03Z,16069,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Incest in ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_in_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,2002484,en,2026-07-30T02:39:49Z,15756,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Late Period of Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Period_of_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,30422961,en,2026-07-28T00:48:19Z,82435,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,List of Egyptian deities,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,49492880,en,2026-07-30T02:54:20Z,22760,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,1114299,en,2026-08-01T16:39:28Z,364493,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,List of pharaohs,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,7813222,en,2026-07-30T02:40:59Z,36101,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Military of ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,585058,en,2026-07-30T02:39:18Z,32514,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,New Kingdom of Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,47223717,en,2026-06-14T16:39:04Z,5874,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Nomen (ancient Egypt),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt),azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,101600,en,2026-08-02T13:56:23Z,37071,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Obelisk,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,62666145,en,2026-07-30T23:29:08Z,6506,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Periodization of ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,47177167,en,2026-07-07T22:50:04Z,17724,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Prenomen (Ancient Egypt),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt),azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,7606081,en,2026-08-03T19:20:12Z,116511,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Ptolemaic Kingdom,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,46767667,en,2026-08-03T15:38:35Z,33154,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Slavery in ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,1427608,en,2026-07-30T02:39:37Z,45288,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,11490565,en,2026-07-30T02:41:30Z,32982,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Vizier (Ancient Egypt),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt),azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],,33046098,en,2026-08-03T21:25:29Z,48450,2026-08-03T21:53:25+00:00,Women in ancient Egypt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Egypt,azaQhq4H94fTk9N4N,kyY3AFGLHxm5VEaHL
[],"Adaptable Robotics refers to a field of robotics with a focus on creating robotic systems capable of adjusting their hardware and software components to perform a wide range of tasks while adapting to varying environments. The 1960s introduced robotics into the industrial field. Since then, the need to make robots with new forms of actuation, adaptability, sensing and perception, and even the ability to learn stemmed the field of adaptable robotics. Significant developments such as the PUMA robot, manipulation research, soft robotics, swarm robotics, AI, cobots, bio-inspired approaches, and more ongoing research have advanced the adaptable robotics field tremendously. Adaptable robots are usually associated with their development kit, typically used to create autonomous mobile robots. In some cases, an adaptable kit will still be functional even when certain components break.
Adaptable robotics systems successfully adapt to their environment using techniques such as modular design, machine learning, and sensor feedback. Using this, they have revolutionized various industries and can address many real-world challenges in the medical, industrial, extraterrestrial, and experimental fields. There are still many challenges to overcome in adaptable robotics, which presents opportunities for growth in the field.",10474989,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,18193,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Adaptable robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptable_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Aerial robotics or aerial robot may also refer to:

Aerobot, an aerial robot for space exploration
Unmanned aerial vehicle, an aerial robot for transportation
Jetliner, an aerial robot with human pilot",61905769,en,2026-07-07T12:51:12Z,306,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Aerial robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Agility Robotics, Inc. is a privately held American humanoid robotics and engineering company. The company was founded in 2015 as a spin-off from Oregon State University and currently provides automation solutions, based around its humanoid robot Digit.",76587687,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,9260,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Agility Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agility_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Amazon Robotics LLC, formerly Kiva Systems, is a Massachusetts-based company that manufactures mobile robotic fulfillment systems. It is a subsidiary of Amazon.com. Its automated storage and retrieval systems have been used in the past by companies including Gap, Walgreens, Staples, Gilt Groupe, Office Depot, Crate & Barrel, Amazon and Saks Fifth Avenue.",22469488,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,11446,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Amazon Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Robots of the United States include simple household robots such as Roomba to sophisticated autonomous aircraft such as the MQ-9 Reaper that cost 18 million dollars per unit. The first industrial robot, robot company, and exoskeletons as well as the first dynamically balancing, organic, and nanoscale robots originate from the United States.",20072860,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,9274,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,American robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
"[""All articles to be expanded"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""Android (robot)"", ""Articles to be expanded from October 2018"", ""Articles with dead external links from June 2024"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Human–machine interaction"", ""Japanese inventions"", ""Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch"", ""Robots"", ""Science fiction themes"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""South Korean inventions"", ""University of Osaka research"", ""Use dmy dates from July 2020""]","An android is a humanoid robot or other artificial being, often made from a flesh-like material. Historically, androids existed only in the domain of science fiction and were frequently seen in film and television, but advances in robot technology have allowed the creation of similar robots in real life.",713,en,2026-08-03T09:49:51Z,34186,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Android (robot),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot),e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Arbe Robotics Ltd. is an Israeli technology company that develops 4D imaging radar chipsets and perception solutions for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles. Headquartered in Tel Aviv, it is listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ARBE. 

",81708013,en,2026-07-15T01:33:46Z,12785,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Arbe Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbe_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Autel Robotics is a Chinese consumer and commercial aerial drone manufacturer. Founded in 2014, the company is headquartered in Shenzhen, China. It was formerly a subsidiary of Autel Intelligent Technology (AIT), until it was spun off when AIT went public in 2020.",74845055,en,2026-07-26T23:06:21Z,11091,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Autel Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autel_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
"[""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles to be expanded"", ""All articles with dead external links""]","An autonomous robot is a robot that acts without recourse to human control. Historic examples include space probes. Modern examples include self-driving vacuums and cars.
Industrial robot arms that work on assembly lines inside factories may also be considered autonomous robots, though their autonomy is restricted due to a highly structured environment and their inability to locomote.

",48049,en,2026-07-15T16:49:47Z,48321,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Autonomous robot,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Clearpath Robotics, Inc. (also known as Clearpath) was founded in 2009 by a group of four University of Waterloo graduates, and remains headquartered in Waterloo Region, Canada. The original goal of Clearpath was to streamline field robotics research for universities and private corporations, but the company has since expanded and is now also manufacturing and selling the OTTO line of self-driving vehicles for industrial environments.",54881119,en,2026-07-15T01:13:48Z,15076,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Clearpath Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearpath_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Cloud robotics is a field of robotics that attempts to invoke cloud technologies such as cloud computing, cloud storage, and other Internet technologies centered on the benefits of converged infrastructure and shared services for robotics. When connected to the cloud, robots can benefit from the powerful computation, storage, and communication resources of a modern data center in the cloud, which can process and share information from various robots or agents (other machines, smart objects, humans, etc.). Humans can also delegate tasks to robots remotely through networks.
Cloud computing technologies enable robot systems to be gain capability whilst reducing costs through cloud technologies. Thus, it is possible to build lightweight, low-cost, smarter robots with an intelligent ""brain"" in the cloud. The ""brain"" consists of data center, knowledge base, task planners, deep learning, information processing, environment models, communication support, etc.",44628427,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,32639,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Cloud robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Developmental robotics (DevRob), sometimes called epigenetic robotics, is a scientific field which aims at studying the developmental mechanisms, architectures and constraints that allow lifelong and open-ended learning of new skills and new knowledge in embodied machines. As in human children, learning is expected to be cumulative and of progressively increasing complexity, and to result from self-exploration of the world in combination with social interaction. The typical methodological approach consists in starting from theories of human and animal development elaborated in fields such as developmental psychology, neuroscience, developmental and evolutionary biology, and linguistics, then to formalize and implement them in robots, sometimes exploring extensions or variants of them. The experimentation of those models in robots allows researchers to confront them with reality, and as a consequence, developmental robotics also provides feedback and novel hypotheses on theories of human and animal development.
Developmental robotics is related to but differs from evolutionary robotics (ER).  ER uses populations of robots that evolve over time, whereas DevRob is interested in how the organization of a single robot's control system develops through experience, over time.
DevRob is also related to work done in the domains of robotics and artificial life.

",1422176,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,21698,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Developmental robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"A domestic robot or homebot is a type of service robot, an autonomous robot that is primarily used for household chores, but may also be used for education, entertainment or therapy. While most domestic robots are simplistic, some are connected to Wi-Fi home networks or smart environments and are autonomous to a high degree. There was an estimated 37.9 million service robots in 2025, which is expected to rise to about 50 million in 2027.",30873381,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,18290,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Domestic robot,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Ecovacs Robotics (Chinese: 科沃斯; pinyin: Kēwòsī) is a Chinese technology company. It is best known for developing in-home robotic appliances. The company was founded in 1998 by Qian Dongqi and is headquartered in Suzhou, China. According to Global Asia, Ecovacs Robotics had more than 60% of the Chinese market for robots by 2013. In 2023, Nikkei Asia had reported that the market capitalisation of Ecovacs Robotics has grown to near $6.38 billion, which is ""roughly 5 times"" that of the market capitalisation of rivalling US based iRobot, who manufactures the Roomba.",52511856,en,2026-07-30T02:55:13Z,12041,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Ecovacs Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecovacs_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Educational robotics teaches the design, analysis, application and operation of robots. Robots include articulated robots, mobile robots or autonomous vehicles. Educational robotics can be taught from elementary school to graduate programs. Robotics may also be used to motivate and facilitate the instruction other, often foundational, topics such as computer programming, artificial intelligence or engineering design.",37120802,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,15382,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Educational robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Evolutionary robotics is an embodied approach to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in which robots are automatically designed using Darwinian principles of natural selection. The design of a robot, or a subsystem of a robot such as a neural controller, is optimized against a behavioral goal (e.g. run as fast as possible). Usually, designs are evaluated in simulations as fabricating thousands or millions of designs and testing them in the real world is prohibitively expensive in terms of time, money, and safety.
An evolutionary robotics experiment starts with a population of randomly generated robot designs. The worst performing designs are discarded and replaced with mutations and/or combinations of the better designs. This evolutionary algorithm continues until a prespecified amount of time elapses or some target performance metric is surpassed.
Evolutionary robotics methods are particularly useful for engineering machines that must operate in environments in which humans have limited intuition (nanoscale, space, etc.). Evolved simulated robots can also be used as scientific tools to generate new hypotheses in biology and cognitive science, and to test old hypothesis that require experiments that have proven difficult or impossible to carry out in reality.",1050195,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,4920,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Evolutionary robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"The FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) is an international high school robotics competition operated by FIRST. Each year, the organization designs a game around various tasks, and teams of high school students, coaches, and mentors build robots to play it. Tasks have included shooting balls into goals, hanging on bars, placing objects in predetermined locations, and balancing robots on field elements. Teams are given a set of parts during the annual Kickoff; they are encouraged to purchase or fabricate specialized components. 
FIRST Robotics Competition is one of five robotics competition programs organized by FIRST, along with FIRST LEGO League Discover, FIRST LEGO League Explore, FIRST LEGO League Challenge, and FIRST Tech Challenge.
The program aims to inspire students to be science and technology leaders. It urges participants to demonstrate two values: ""Gracious Professionalism"", or help, empathy, and respect for other teams; and ""Coopertition"", the idea that teams can cooperate and compete at the same time. 
In 2024, the 33rd year of the competition, robots were built by 3,468 teams in 28 countries, comprising more than 86,700 students and 27,700 mentors. Events included 62 Regional Competitions, 98 District Qualifying Competitions, and 11 District Championships. More than 600 teams received invitations to attend the FIRST Championship tournament. In addition to on-field competition, teams and team members competed for awards recognizing entrepreneurship, creativity, engineering, industrial design, safety, controls, media, quality, and exemplifying the core values of the program. The COVID-19 pandemic dampened participation during the 2021 season.",3337942,en,2026-07-30T02:40:09Z,49587,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,FIRST Robotics Competition,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Fog robotics can be defined as an architecture which consists of storage, networking functions, control with fog computing closer to robots.",57704716,en,2026-07-24T14:24:43Z,9065,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Fog robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Gemini Robotics is an advanced vision–language–action model developed by Google DeepMind in partnership with Apptronik. It is based on the Gemini 2.0 large language model. It is tailored for robotics applications and can understand new situations. There is a related version called Gemini Robotics–ER, which stands for embodied reasoning. The two models were launched on March 12, 2025.
On June 24, 2025, Google DeepMind released Gemini Robotics On-Device, a variant designed and optimized to run locally on robotic devices.
On July 30, 2026, Google DeepMind announced Gemini Robotics ER 2, an upgrade to its embodied reasoning model featuring real-time video understanding, task progress tracking, lower-latency orchestration via the Gemini Live API, tool integration, and multi-robot collaboration. With this release, the model was made publicly available to developers via the Gemini API and Google AI Studio.
Access to earlier Gemini Robotics models was initially restricted to trusted testers, including Agile Robots, Agility Robotics, Boston Dynamics, and Enchanted Tools.

",79443826,en,2026-08-03T05:30:53Z,3796,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Gemini Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Robotics is related to the sciences of electronics, engineering, mechanics, and software.",31109288,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,1290,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Geography of robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,56093000,en,2026-07-30T02:56:23Z,21278,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Hanson Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,24036780,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,11603,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Honeybee Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeybee_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,77297971,en,2026-07-30T03:01:41Z,26236,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Horizon Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,48180,en,2026-08-03T20:53:35Z,83544,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Humanoid robot,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,564947,en,2026-08-02T00:28:08Z,33582,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,"I, Robot (film)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)",e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,147918,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,46999,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Industrial robot,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,4347444,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,16362,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Japanese robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,41061998,en,2026-07-29T18:01:55Z,18676,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,John C. Miller,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Miller,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,1196927,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,13496,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Laws of robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,78542440,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,5215,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,List of robotics companies,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_robotics_companies,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,17248078,en,2026-07-28T23:24:40Z,26046,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Nao (robot),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nao_(robot),e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,79655738,en,2026-08-03T06:57:55Z,20046,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Neura Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neura_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,68520142,en,2026-07-30T02:59:26Z,22233,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Optimus (robot),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot),e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,43019664,en,2026-07-28T23:24:40Z,18057,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Pepper (robot),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_(robot),e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,28450260,en,2026-07-18T08:34:47Z,14199,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Rehabilitation robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,49311999,en,2026-07-29T02:27:17Z,10610,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Rethink Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethink_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
"[""1920s neologisms"", ""All Wikipedia articles in need of updating"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles lacking reliable references"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing Church Slavonic-language text"", ""Articles containing Czech-language text"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles containing Hungarian-language text"", ""Articles containing Latin-language text"", ""Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2014"", ""Articles containing undetermined-language text"", ""Articles lacking reliable references from November 2019"", ""Articles needing additional references from July 2009"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from December 2025"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 French-language sources (fr)"", ""Czech words and phrases"", ""Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch"", ""Robots"", ""Science in popular culture"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from May 2021"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2021"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages""]",,25781,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,151149,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Robot,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,19768790,en,2026-07-31T07:58:29Z,62064,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Robot Operating System,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Operating_System,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,10474719,en,2026-08-03T05:07:06Z,29767,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Robotic arm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_arm,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,20903754,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,101445,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,30237226,en,2026-07-30T02:46:48Z,43671,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Robotics;Notes,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics;Notes,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,82299411,en,2026-07-27T13:20:00Z,11032,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Serve Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,81864863,en,2026-07-29T22:09:45Z,5991,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Shenzhen Picea Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Picea_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,50647426,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,44760,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Soft robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,1046760,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,22671,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Swarm robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,60136,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,74425,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Three Laws of Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,65305029,en,2026-07-30T02:58:55Z,6617,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,UBtech Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBtech_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,197365,en,2026-07-15T00:45:45Z,13173,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,USRobotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USRobotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,77169882,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,17108,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,Unitree Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitree_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],,52180279,en,2026-07-29T21:21:15Z,66738,2026-08-03T21:52:56+00:00,VEX Robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEX_Robotics,e3Mwlww9URMjbWvmW,OmSPYecSKA2Iq6OBA
[],"This article documents notable events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2026.",82061433,en,2026-08-03T05:43:55Z,84305,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,2026 in climate change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_climate_change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"The 2027 United Nations Climate Change Conference or Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, more commonly known as COP32, is the upcoming 32nd session of the United Nations Climate Change Conference, to be held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.",81661925,en,2026-08-02T13:50:56Z,2758,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,2027 United Nations Climate Change Conference,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance. The transition rate is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing, though it may include sudden forcing events such as meteorite impacts. Abrupt climate change therefore is a variation beyond the variability of a climate. Past events include the end of the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse, Younger Dryas, Dansgaard–Oeschger events, Heinrich events and possibly also the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. The term is also used within the context of climate change to describe sudden climate change that is detectable over the time-scale of a human lifetime. Such a sudden climate change can be the result of feedback loops within the climate system or tipping points in the climate system.
Scientists may use different timescales when speaking of abrupt events. For example, the duration of the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum may have been anywhere between a few decades and several thousand years. In comparison, climate models predict that under ongoing greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth's near surface temperature could depart from the usual range of variability in the last 150 years as early as 2047.",2240837,en,2026-07-30T02:39:53Z,36603,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Abrupt climate change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Antarctica ( ) is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).
Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and has the highest average elevation. It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. About 70% of the world's freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global sea levels by almost 60 metres (200 ft). Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10 °C (50 °F) in the summer. Native species of animals include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Where vegetation occurs, it is mostly in the form of lichen or moss.
The ice shelves of Antarctica were probably first seen in 1820, during a Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev. The decades that followed saw further exploration by French, American, and British expeditions. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent. British explorers Douglas Mawson, Edgeworth David, and Alistair Mackay were the first to reach the magnetic South Pole in 1909, and the geographic South Pole was first reached in 1911 by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen.
Antarctica is governed by about 30 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining, nuclear explosions, and nuclear waste disposal are all prohibited in Antarctica. Tourism, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. During the summer months, about 5,000 people reside at research stations, a figure that drops to around 1,000 in the winter. Despite the continent's remoteness, human activity has a significant effect on it via pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change. The melting of the potentially unstable West Antarctic ice sheet causes the most uncertainty in century-scale projections of sea level rise, and the same melting also affects the Southern Ocean overturning circulation, which can eventually lead to significant impacts on the Southern Hemisphere climate and Southern Ocean productivity.",18959138,en,2026-08-03T15:56:26Z,139835,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Antarctica,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""All articles with vague or ambiguous time"", ""Andean Community"", ""Articles containing Aymara-language text"", ""Articles containing Guarani-language text"", ""Articles containing Quechua-language text"", ""Articles containing Spanish-language text"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012"", ""Articles needing additional references from August 2025"", ""Articles needing additional references from May 2025"", ""Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025"", ""Bolivia"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)"", ""CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)"", ""CS1 errors: periodical ignored"", ""CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"", ""CS1 maint: location missing publisher"", ""CS1 maint: publisher location"", ""Coordinates on Wikidata""]","Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in central South America. Its geography primarily consists of an Andean region to the west and tropical lowlands to the east and north. The country has a diverse environment, including the vast Amazonian plain, the Gran Chaco, temperate valleys, the high-altitude Altiplano plateau, snow-capped peaks, and mountains, encompassing a wide range of climates and biomes across its regions and cities. It includes part of the Pantanal, the largest tropical wetland in the world, along its eastern border. Bolivia is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west. The seat of government is La Paz, which contains the executive, legislative, and electoral branches of government, while the constitutional capital is Sucre, the seat of the judiciary. While most population and urban centers lie in the Andean region, the largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located in the eastern tropical lowlands.
The sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state divided into nine departments. Bolivia's geographic Andean-lowland divide is matched by economic and cultural differences such as those associated with the camba and colla demonyms. One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range. With an area of 1,098,581 square kilometers (424,164 sq mi), Bolivia is the fifth-largest country in South America after Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Colombia, and, alongside Paraguay, is one of two landlocked countries in the Americas. It is the largest landlocked country in the Southern Hemisphere, and has inland ports accessing the Atlantic Ocean through two river systems: Acre-Purus-Amazon and Paraguay-Paraná. Bolivia had a population of 11.4 million as of the latest census in 2024. It is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, and the descendants of Europeans and Africans. Spanish is the official and predominant language, although 36 indigenous languages also have official status, of which the most commonly spoken are Guaraní, Aymara, and Quechua.
Centuries prior to Spanish colonization, much of what would become Bolivia formed part of the Tiwanaku polity, which collapsed around 1000 AD. The Colla–Inca War of the 1440s marked the beginning of Inca rule in western Bolivia. The eastern and northern lowlands of Bolivia were inhabited by independent non-Andean Amazonian and Guaraní tribes. Spanish conquistadores, arriving from Cusco, Peru and Asunción, Paraguay, forcibly took control of the region in the 16th century.
During the subsequent Spanish colonial period, Bolivia was administered by the Real Audiencia of Charcas. Spain built its empire in large part upon the silver that was extracted from Cerro Rico in Potosí. Following an unsuccessful rebellion in Sucre on May 25, 1809, sixteen years of fighting would follow before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Bolivia lost control of several peripheral territories to neighboring countries, such as the Acre territory after Brazil's 1899–1903 takeover, and the country's Pacific coastal region which Chile seized in 1879.
Bolivia was ruled by an oligarchy composed of land-owning and mining interests until the Bolivian National Revolution of 1952 established universal suffrage, nationalized lucrative tin mining and made a limited land reform. 20th century Bolivia experienced a succession of military and civilian governments with the last non-elected military ruler leaving office in 1982.
Modern Bolivia is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of American States (OAS), Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO), Bank of the South, the Union of South American Nations (USAN), and Southern Common Market (Mercosur). Bolivia remains a developing country, and the second-poorest in South America, though it has slashed poverty rates. Its main economic resources include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and goods such as textiles and clothing, refined metals, and refined petroleum. Bolivia is very geologically rich, with mines producing tin, silver, lithium, and copper. The country is also known for its production of coca plants and refined cocaine. In 2021, estimated coca cultivation and cocaine production was reported to be 39,700 hectares and 317 metric tons, respectively.",3462,en,2026-08-03T01:19:55Z,209628,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Bolivia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
"[""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with incomplete citations"", ""Articles with dead external links from March 2024"", ""Articles with incomplete citations from November 2012"", ""Articles with permanently dead external links"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)"", ""CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2025"", ""CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"", ""CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list"", ""CS1 maint: url-status"", ""Climate change"", ""Climate change assessment and attribution"", ""Climatology"", ""Environmental impact of the energy industry"", ""Global environmental issues"", ""History of climate variability and change"", ""Human impact on the environment"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from December 2019"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages""]","The scientific community has been investigating the causes of current climate change for decades. After thousands of studies, the scientific consensus is that it is ""unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land since pre-industrial times."" This consensus is supported by around 200 scientific organizations worldwide. The scientific principle underlying current climate change is the greenhouse effect, which provides that greenhouse gases pass sunlight that heats the earth, but trap some of the resulting heat that radiates from the planet's surface. Large amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane have been released into the atmosphere through burning of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution. Indirect emissions from land use change, emissions of other greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide, and increased concentrations of water vapor in the atmosphere, also contribute to climate change.

The warming from the greenhouse effect has a logarithmic relationship with the concentration of greenhouse gases. This means that every additional fraction of CO2 and the other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has a slightly smaller warming effect than the fractions before it as the total concentration increases. However, only around half of CO2 emissions continually reside in the atmosphere in the first place, as the other half is quickly absorbed by carbon sinks in the land and oceans. Further, the warming per unit of greenhouse gases is also affected by feedbacks, such as the changes in water vapor concentrations or Earth's albedo (reflectivity).
As the warming from CO2 increases, carbon sinks absorb a smaller fraction of total emissions, while the ""fast"" climate change feedbacks amplify greenhouse gas warming. Thus, the effects counteract one another, and the warming from each unit of CO2 emitted by humans increases temperature in linear proportion to the total amount of emissions. Further, some fraction of the greenhouse warming has been ""masked"" by the human-caused emissions of sulfur dioxide, which forms aerosols that have a cooling effect. However, this masking has been receding in the recent years, due to measures to combat acid rain and air pollution caused by sulfates.

",3201,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,106769,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Causes of climate change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate is the long-term weather pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere and the interactions between them. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, longitude, terrain, altitude, land use and nearby water bodies and their currents.
Climates can be classified according to the average and typical variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most widely used classification scheme is the Köppen climate classification. The Thornthwaite system, in use since 1948, incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it. The major classifications in Thornthwaite's climate classification are microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal. Finally, the Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region.
Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates. Paleoclimatologists seek to explain climate variations for all parts of the Earth during any given geologic period, beginning with the time of the Earth's formation. Since very few direct observations of climate were available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables. They include non-biotic evidence—such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores—and biotic evidence—such as tree rings and coral. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present, and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales due to various factors. Recent warming is discussed in terms of global warming, which results in redistributions of biota. For example, as climate scientist Lesley Ann Hughes has written: ""a 3 °C [5 °F] change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km [190–250 mi] in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m [1,600 ft] in elevation. Therefore, species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to shifting climate zones.""",5999,en,2026-08-02T05:02:05Z,41514,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate Change is the tenth studio album by Cuban-American rapper Pitbull. It was released on March 17, 2017, through RCA Records, Polo Grounds Music and Mr. 305 Inc. The production on the album was handled by multiple producers including Dr. Luke, Ricky Reed, Ian Kirkpatrick, Cirkut and The Monsters & Strangerz among others. The album also features guest appearances by Kiesza, Robin Thicke, Travis Barker, Flo Rida, Enrique Iglesias, Stephen Marley, Ty Dolla Sign, Jennifer Lopez, Jason Derulo, Austin Mahone and R. Kelly among others.
Climate Change was supported by four singles: ""Messin' Around"", ""Greenlight"", ""Options"" and ""Better On Me"". The album received generally positive reviews from music critics but despite that received small commercial success. The album debuted at number 29 on the US Billboard 200 chart, earning 14,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.",50239090,en,2026-07-28T10:52:51Z,24647,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate Change (album),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Change_(album),7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate Change Bill may refer to:

American Clean Energy and Security Act
The Bill for the Climate Change Act 2008
Climate Change Bill (Thailand)",10031058,en,2026-07-08T12:11:57Z,202,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate Change Bill,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Change_Bill,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) is a scoring system designed by the German environmental and development organisation Germanwatch e.V. to enhance transparency in international climate politics. On the basis of standardised criteria, the index evaluates and compares the climate protection performance of 63 countries and the European Union (EU) (status CCPI 2022), which are together responsible for more than 90% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The CCPI was first published in 2005 and an updated version is presented at the UN Climate Change Conference annually. Germanwatch publishes the index in cooperation with the NewClimate Institute and Climate Action Network International and with financial support from Barthel Foundation. The most important results are available in German, English, French and Spanish.",37514747,en,2026-07-30T02:49:46Z,33089,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate Change Performance Index,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system. In a broader sense, climate change also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The modern-day rise in global temperatures is driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel (coal, oil and natural gas) burning since the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices release greenhouse gases. These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere now has roughly 50% more carbon dioxide, the main gas driving global warming, than it did at the end of the pre-industrial era, reaching levels not seen for millions of years.
Climate change has an increasingly large impact on the environment. Heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Amplified warming in the Arctic has contributed to thawing permafrost, retreat of glaciers and sea ice decline. Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Even if efforts to minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.
Climate change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat, increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. Human migration and conflict can also be a result. The World Health Organization calls climate change one of the biggest threats to global health in the 21st century. Societies and ecosystems will experience more severe risks without action to limit warming. Adapting to climate change through efforts like flood control measures or drought-resistant crops partially reduces climate change risks, although some limits to adaptation have already been reached. Poorer communities are responsible for a small share of global emissions, yet have the least ability to adapt and are most vulnerable to climate change.

Many climate change impacts have been observed in the first decades of the 21st century, with 2024 the warmest on record at +1.60 °C (2.88 °F) since regular tracking began in 1850. Additional warming will increase these impacts and can trigger tipping points, such as melting all of the Greenland ice sheet. Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations collectively agreed to keep warming ""well under 2 °C"". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.8 °C (5.0 °F) by the end of the century. 
There is widespread support for climate action worldwide, and most countries aim to stop emitting carbon dioxide. Fossil fuels can be phased out by ending their subsidies, conserving energy and switching to energy sources that do not produce significant carbon pollution. These energy sources include wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear power. Cleanly generated electricity can replace fossil fuels for powering transportation, heating buildings, and running industrial processes. Carbon can also be removed from the atmosphere, for instance by increasing forest cover and farming with methods that store carbon in soil.",5042951,en,2026-07-30T02:40:29Z,330716,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns.
Climate change may also refer to:

Climate variability and change, changes in Earth's climate system resulting in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time
Climate Change (album), a 2017 album by Pitbull
Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions, a 2009 conference in Copenhagen
Climate Change – The Facts, a 2019 British documentary presented by David Attenborough
Climate Change TV, an online broadcaster
Climate Change: What Everyone Needs to Know, a 2015 book by Joe Romm
Climate Change (Ladybird Expert book), a 2017 book for adults co-authored by Charles III
Climate Change (children's book), a 2023 book co-authored by Charles III",59989053,en,2026-07-08T12:11:57Z,1204,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change (disambiguation),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_(disambiguation),7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate change adaptation is the process of adjusting to the effects of climate change, both current and anticipated. Adaptation aims to moderate or avoid harm for people, and is usually done alongside climate change mitigation. It also aims to exploit opportunities. Adaptation can involve interventions to help natural systems cope with changes.
Adaptation can help manage impacts and risks to people and nature. The four types of adaptation actions are infrastructural, institutional, behavioural and nature-based options. Some examples are building seawalls or inland flood defenses, providing new insurance schemes, changing crop planting times or varieties, and installing green roofs or green spaces. Adaptation can be reactive (responding to climate impacts as they happen) or proactive (taking steps in anticipation of future climate change).
The need for adaptation varies from place to place. Adaptation measures vary by region and community, depending on specific climate impacts and vulnerabilities. Worldwide, people living in rural areas are more exposed to food insecurity owing to limited access to food and financial resources. For instance, coastal regions might prioritize sea-level rise defenses and mangrove restoration. Arid areas could focus on water scarcity solutions, land restoration and heat management. The needs for adaptation will also depend on how much the climate changes or is expected to change. Adaptation is particularly important in developing countries because they are most vulnerable to climate change. Adaptation needs are high for food, water and other sectors important for economic output, jobs and incomes. One of the challenges is to prioritize the needs of communities, including the poorest, to help ensure they are not disproportionately affected by climate change. 
Adaptation plans, policies or strategies are in place in more than 70% of countries. 
Recent research indicates that while global awareness and planning for climate change adaptation have increased, the actual implementation of adaptation measures remains limited and uneven across regions. Agreements like the Paris Agreement encourage countries to develop adaptation plans. Other levels of government like cities and provinces also use adaptation planning. So do economic sectors. Donor countries can give money to developing countries to help develop national adaptation plans. Effective adaptation is not always autonomous; it requires substantial planning, coordination, and foresight. Studies have identified key barriers such as knowledge gaps, behavioral resistance, and market failures that slow down adaptation progress and require strategic policy intervention. Addressing these issues is crucial to prevent long-term vulnerabilities, especially in urban planning and infrastructure investments that determine resilience to climate impacts. Furthermore, adaptation is deeply connected to economic development, with decisions in industrial strategy and urban infrastructure shaping future climate vulnerability.",4607152,en,2026-07-31T09:14:12Z,147853,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change adaptation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate change and agriculture may refer to:

Effects of climate change on agriculture
Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture",61910,en,2026-07-08T09:19:19Z,170,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change and agriculture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate change denial (also global warming denial) is a form of science denial characterized by rejecting, refusing to acknowledge, disputing, or fighting the extensive evidence for anthropogenic global warming that has led to a scientific consensus on climate change. Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where none exists. Climate change denial includes raising unreasonable doubts about the extent to which climate change is caused by humans, its effects on nature and human society, and understating the costs of climate change adaptation while overstating the costs of mitigating it. To a lesser extent, climate change denial can also be implicit when people accept the science but fail to reconcile it with their belief or action. Several studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism, pseudoscience, or propaganda.
Many issues that are settled in the scientific community, such as human responsibility for climate change, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon academics and scientists call climate change denial. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject publicly. The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on climate change.
Industrial, political and ideological interests organize activity to undermine public trust in climate science. Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby, the Koch brothers, industry advocates, ultraconservative think tanks, and ultraconservative alternative media, often in the U.S. More than 90% of papers that are skeptical of climate change originate from right-wing think tanks. Climate change denial is undermining efforts to act on or adapt to climate change, and exerts a powerful influence on the politics of climate change.
In the 1970s, oil companies published research that broadly concurred with the scientific community's view on climate change. Since then, for several decades, oil companies have been organizing a widespread and systematic climate change denial campaign to seed public disinformation, a strategy that has been compared to the tobacco industry's organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking. Some of the campaigns are carried out by the same people who previously spread the tobacco industry's denialist propaganda.",12474403,en,2026-08-02T18:12:46Z,262029,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change denial,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate change feedbacks are natural processes that impact how much global temperatures will increase for a given amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Positive feedbacks amplify global warming while negative feedbacks diminish it. Feedbacks influence both the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the amount of temperature change that happens in response. While emissions are the forcing that causes climate change, feedbacks combine to control climate sensitivity to that forcing.
While the overall sum of feedbacks is negative, it is becoming less negative as greenhouse gas emissions continue. This means that warming is slower than it would be in the absence of feedbacks, but that warming will accelerate if emissions continue at current levels. Net feedbacks will stay negative largely because of increased thermal radiation as the planet warms, which is an effect that is several times larger than any other singular feedback. Accordingly, anthropogenic climate change alone cannot cause a runaway greenhouse effect.
Feedbacks can be divided into physical feedbacks and partially biological feedbacks. Physical feedbacks include decreased surface reflectivity (from diminished snow and ice cover) and increased water vapor in the atmosphere. Water vapor is not only a powerful greenhouse gas, it also influences feedbacks in the distribution of clouds and temperatures in the atmosphere. Biological feedbacks are mostly associated with changes to the rate at which plant matter accumulates CO2 as part of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle absorbs more than half of CO2 emissions every year into plants and into the ocean. Over the long term the percentage will be reduced as carbon sinks become saturated and higher temperatures lead to effects like drought and wildfires.
Feedback strengths and relationships are estimated through global climate models, with their estimates calibrated against observational data whenever possible. Some feedbacks rapidly impact climate sensitivity, while the feedback response from ice sheets is drawn out over several centuries. Feedbacks can also result in localized differences, such as polar amplification resulting from feedbacks that include reduced snow and ice cover. While basic relationships are well understood, feedback uncertainty exists in certain areas, particularly regarding cloud feedbacks. Carbon cycle uncertainty is driven by the large rates at which CO2 is both absorbed into plants and released when biomass burns or decays. For instance, permafrost thaw produces both CO2 and methane emissions in ways that are difficult to model. Climate change scenarios use models to estimate how Earth will respond to greenhouse gas emissions over time, including how feedbacks will change as the planet warms.",26198824,en,2026-07-30T02:44:22Z,78884,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change feedbacks,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate change is a critical issue in Bangladesh. The country is one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In the 2020 edition of Germanwatch's Climate Risk Index, it ranked seventh in the list of countries most affected by climate calamities during the period 1999–2018. Bangladesh's vulnerability to the effects of climate change is due to a combination of geographical factors, such as its flat, low-lying, and delta-exposed topography and socio-economic factors, including its high population density, levels of poverty, and dependence on agriculture. The impacts and potential threats include sea level rise, temperature rise, food crisis, droughts, floods, and cyclones. Bangladesh has established a set of actions for climate mitigation and adaptation that includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, supporting renewable energy projects, increasing forest cover, and planning response to disaster risks (p. 9).  
Natural hazards that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as the climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, human health, and shelter.
Sea levels in Bangladesh are predicted to rise by up to 0.30 metres by 2050, resulting in the displacement of 0.9 million people, and by up to 0.74 metres by 2100, resulting in the displacement of 2.1 million people.
To address the sea level rise threat in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 was launched in 2018. The Government of Bangladesh is working on a range of specific climate change adaptation strategies, which play a crucial role in fostering the country's development. As of 2020, it was seen falling short of most of its initial targets, still leaving 80 million people at risk of flooding where it should have been reduced to 60 million people. The progress is being monitored.",34151275,en,2026-07-30T02:48:20Z,51975,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change in Bangladesh,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Climate change is leading to long-term effects on agriculture in Germany, more intense heatwaves and Cold waves, flash and coastal flooding, and reduced water availability. Debates over how to address these long-term challenges caused by climate change have also sparked changes in the energy sector and in mitigation strategies. Germany's energiewende (""energy transition"") has been a significant political issue in German politics that has made coalition talks difficult for Angela Merkel's CDU.
Despite massive investments in renewable energy, Germany has struggled to reduce coal usage. The country remains Europe's largest importer of coal and produces the second most coal in the European Union behind Poland, about 1% of the global total. Germany phased out nuclear power in 2023, and plans to retire existing coal power plants by 2030. In 2024, Germany's greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 3% compared to the previous year, totaling 656 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent.
Climate change could cost Germany up to €900 billion by 2050 due to issues like extreme heat, drought, and floods. These events have already caused significant economic losses, with at least €145 billion in damages between 2000 and 2021.
German climate change policies started to be developed in around 1987 and have historically included consistent goal setting for emissions reductions (mitigation), promotion of renewable energy, energy efficiency standards, market based approaches to climate change, and voluntary agreements with industry. In 2021, the Federal Constitutional Court issued a landmark climate change ruling, which ordered the government to set clearer targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.",52276979,en,2026-07-31T20:39:24Z,42933,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change in Germany,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Germany,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"India was ranked seventh among the list of countries most affected by climate change in 2019. India emits about 3 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year; about two and a half tonnes per person, which is more than twice the greenhouse gasses relative to GDP than the world average. The country emits 7% of global emissions, despite having 17% of the world population. The climate change performance index of India ranks eighth among 63 countries which account for 92% of all GHG emissions in the year 2021.
Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat, threatening the flow rate of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yamuna and other major rivers. A 2007 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) report states that the Indus River may run dry for the same reason. Severe landslides and floods are projected to become increasingly common in such states as Assam. Heat waves' frequency and intensity are increasing in India because of climate change. Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F) between 1901 and 2018.
According to some current projections, the number and severity of droughts in India will have markedly increased by the end of the present century.
Climate change disproportionately affects India's lower caste and indigenous Adivasi populations. Due to flooding and coastal erosion caused by sea level rise, citizens living along the coast are particularly vulnerable to displacement, while the urban poor are most likely to suffer from extreme heat-related diseases.

",61880639,en,2026-07-30T02:58:10Z,88715,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change in India,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_India,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"Singapore adopts a proactive long-term effort in addressing rising sea-levels, temperature increases due to global warming, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.   

As of 2022, compared to other ASEAN countries, Singapore has the second highest per capita CO2 emissions at 8.9 tonnes, and ranks sixth in total annual CO2 emissions at 53.25 million tonnes.",77761268,en,2026-07-30T03:01:45Z,16473,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change in Singapore,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Singapore,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,51861985,en,2026-07-30T02:54:59Z,266552,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change in Turkey,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,25378518,en,2026-08-01T19:42:39Z,77070,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change in Tuvalu,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tuvalu,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,13294262,en,2026-08-03T03:54:11Z,94700,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change in the Arctic,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,25369297,en,2026-08-03T12:28:06Z,103751,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change in the United Kingdom,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,18246585,en,2026-08-03T18:01:22Z,229734,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change in the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,2119179,en,2026-08-02T00:44:12Z,250579,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change mitigation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,25447994,en,2026-08-02T18:12:46Z,176659,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate change policy of the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,67455472,en,2026-07-30T02:59:16Z,98317,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate migration,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_migration,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,47512,en,2026-07-30T02:38:56Z,110348,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Climate variability and change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,78449,en,2026-08-01T01:54:14Z,131712,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Developing country,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,2119174,en,2026-07-31T15:18:49Z,201981,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Effects of climate change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,888264,en,2026-07-31T20:17:41Z,30745,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Glossary of climate change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,15030,en,2026-07-31T21:20:48Z,91088,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,16674,en,2026-08-01T10:18:39Z,151118,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Kiribati,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,17951,en,2026-08-03T07:57:39Z,53829,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Lake Superior,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,19006,en,2026-08-02T16:53:39Z,181795,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Mediterranean Sea,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,73361588,en,2026-07-30T03:00:38Z,64063,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Net-zero emissions,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net-zero_emissions,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,30242372,en,2026-07-31T20:08:18Z,119708,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Paris Agreement,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,157774,en,2026-07-30T02:39:01Z,119572,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Permafrost,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,198843,en,2026-07-15T16:50:34Z,44249,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Savanna,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,326324,en,2026-07-30T02:39:08Z,74347,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Scientific consensus on climate change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,162415,en,2026-08-03T03:12:20Z,39248,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Secretary-General of the United Nations,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,72970227,en,2026-08-03T03:12:24Z,19726,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,29639,en,2026-08-03T07:43:42Z,98062,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Siberia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,50051,en,2026-07-27T16:10:41Z,20628,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Temperate climate,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,16817594,en,2026-07-30T02:42:24Z,131200,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Tipping points in the climate system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,38755144,en,2026-08-02T13:48:14Z,97152,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,United Nations Climate Change Conference,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,31898,en,2026-07-31T05:00:15Z,99667,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,242424,en,2026-08-03T05:26:29Z,38843,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Volcanic winter of 536,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_winter_of_536,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],,102024,en,2026-07-30T02:38:59Z,106174,2026-08-03T21:53:07+00:00,Wetland,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland,7uTSLNkHMMLxPYTuJ,qKB4sfJZuGSmuUIHb
[],"100% renewable energy is the goal of using fully renewable resources for all electric energy consumption. 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating, cooling and transport is motivated by greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels.
Research into this topic is fairly new, with few studies published before 2009, but has gained increasing attention in recent years. A cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption ""that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors"" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry.",18160509,en,2026-07-31T09:14:50Z,142389,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,100% renewable energy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"Brookfield Renewable Partners L.P. is a publicly traded limited partnership that owns and operates renewable power assets, with corporate headquarters in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Approximately 45% owned by Brookfield Asset Management. 
Brookfield Asset Management claims to have ""more than 100 years of experience as an owner, operator and developer of hydroelectric power facilities."" It was founded in the 1890s in Brazil, where the company installed the first electrical lights and tramways in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.",28560454,en,2026-07-21T17:50:17Z,14267,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Brookfield Renewable Partners,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Renewable_Partners,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export. Energy policy of Australia describes the politics of Australia as it relates to energy.
In 2021, Australia was a net energy exporter and one of the largest exporters in the world of liquefied natural gas (LNG), coal, and minerals.
Energy consumption is dominated by oil and other fossil fuels, however, recently, due to the increasing effects of global warming and human-induced climate change on the global environment, there has been a shift towards renewable energy such as solar power and wind power both in Australia and abroad. In 2022, renewable energy accounted for 39.4% of the total amount of electricity generated in Australia.",24262898,en,2026-08-02T19:39:04Z,105857,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Energy in Australia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Australia,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"An energy transition (or energy system transformation) is a major structural change to energy supply and consumption in an energy system. Currently, a transition to sustainable energy is underway to limit climate change. Most of the sustainable energy is renewable energy. Therefore, another term for energy transition is renewable energy transition. The current transition aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy quickly and sustainably, mostly by phasing-down fossil fuels and changing as many processes as possible to operate on low carbon electricity. A previous energy transition perhaps took place during the Industrial Revolution from 1760 onwards, from wood and other biomass to coal, followed by oil and later natural gas.
Over three-quarters of the world's energy needs are met by burning fossil fuels, but this usage emits greenhouse gases. Energy production and consumption are responsible for most human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. To meet the goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, emissions must be reduced as soon as possible and reach net-zero by mid-century. Since the late 2010s, the renewable energy transition has also been driven by the rapidly falling cost of both solar and wind power. After 2024, clean energy is cheaper than ever. Global solar module prices fell 35 percent to less than 9 cents/kWh. EV batteries saw their best price decline in seven years. Another benefit of the energy transition is its potential to reduce the health and environmental impacts of the energy industry.
Heating of buildings is being electrified, with heat pumps being the most efficient technology by far. To improve the flexibility of electrical grids, the installation of energy storage and super grids are vital to enable the use of variable, weather-dependent technologies. However fossil-fuel subsidies are slowing the energy transition.
Energy transitions have varied environmental and social effects, as they can create both burdens and benefits for different communities.  Concepts such as energy justice and energy democracy emphasise the importance of equitable distribution of energy costs and benefits, inclusive decision-making processes, and the recognition of historically marginalised groups in energy transitions.",39208945,en,2026-07-31T09:15:55Z,125895,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Energy transition,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transition,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"GE Renewable Energy was a manufacturing and services division of the American company General Electric. It was headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris, France, and focused on the production of energy systems that use renewable sources. Its products included wind (onshore and offshore), hydroelectric and solar (concentrated and photovoltaic) power generating facilities.
In 2024, GE Renewable Energy and GE Power merged to create GE Vernova, a company completely independent of General Electric, which ceased to exist as a conglomerate (refocusing on aerospace as GE Aerospace).",57513512,en,2026-07-30T02:56:40Z,11243,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,GE Renewable Energy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Renewable_Energy,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"Innergex Renewable Energy Inc. is a developer, owner and operator of run-of-river hydroelectric facilities, wind energy, and solar farms in North America, France and South America. While many of the firm's operational assets are located in its home province of Québec, it has expanded into Ontario, British Columbia, and Idaho, as well as Chile and France.",29858916,en,2026-07-31T09:15:21Z,11715,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Innergex Renewable Energy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innergex_Renewable_Energy,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organization mandated to facilitate cooperation, advance knowledge, and promote the adoption and sustainable use of renewable energy. It is the first international organization to focus exclusively on renewable energy, addressing needs in both industrialized and developing countries. It was founded in 2009, and its statute entered into force on 8 July 2010. The agency is headquartered in Masdar City, Abu Dhabi. The Director-General of IRENA is Francesco La Camera, a national of Italy. IRENA is an official United Nations observer.",43316912,en,2026-07-31T09:16:07Z,33105,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,International Renewable Energy Agency,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"This is a list of countries and dependencies by electricity generation from renewable sources.
Renewables accounted for 32% of electric generation in 2024. Renewables consist of hydro (44%), wind (25%), solar (22%), biomass (6%) and other renewables (1%). In 2025 China produced 32% of global renewable electricity, followed by the United States (11%), Brazil (7.0%), Canada (4.7%) and India (4.3%).

Renewable investment reached almost $500 billion globally in 2022, amounting to 83% of new electric capacity that year. The renewable energy industry employs almost 14 million people.",17068576,en,2026-08-01T01:54:15Z,49758,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,List of countries by renewable electricity production,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_renewable_electricity_production,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],This is a list of notable renewable energy organizations:,12083298,en,2026-07-31T09:14:30Z,3163,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,List of renewable energy organizations,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_organizations,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"This is a list of renewable energy topics by country and territory.  These links can be used to compare developments in renewable energy in different countries and territories and to help and encourage new writers to participate in writing about developments in their own countries or countries of interest.
The list refers to renewable energy in general, as well as solar power, wind power, geothermal energy, biofuel, and hydropower. As of 2013, China, Germany, and Japan, and India, four of the world's largest economies generate more electricity from renewables than from nuclear power.
Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables supplied 19% of humans' global energy consumption. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass.
China is the world's largest producer of hydroelectricity, followed by Canada, Brazil, India, U.S and Russia. Wind power capacity is growing at the rate of 26% annually, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States. Wind power accounts for approximately 30% of electricity use in Denmark, 20% in Portugal, and 18% in Spain.
While historically characterized in climate policy discussions by its significant population and rapid economic growth, India has recently met several of its primary emissions targets ahead of schedule. As of 2024, the country has seen a substantial increase in its renewable energy capacity, making it one of the world's fastest-growing markets for clean energy adoption.",11347578,en,2026-07-31T09:14:28Z,50708,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,List of renewable energy topics by country,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"Luma Energy is a private power company that is responsible for power distribution and power transmission in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is also in charge of maintaining and modernizing the power infrastructure. Previously, these duties belonged exclusively (according to the law) to the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA, Spanish Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, AEE), but as of July 20, 2018, permission was granted for PREPA assets and service duties to be sold to private companies, and on June 22, 2020, a 15-year contract with Luma was signed, making Luma the new operator. The takeover occurred on June 1, 2021.",67914654,en,2026-07-29T18:42:27Z,62974,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Luma Energy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luma_Energy,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra or MAHAURJA is a ministry of Government of Maharashtra. The Ministry is currently headed by Devendra Fadnavis, a Chief Minister of Maharashtra and Cabinet Minister.
The Ministry is mainly responsible for research and development, intellectual property protection, and international cooperation, promotion, and coordination in renewable energy sources such as wind power, small hydro, biogas, and solar power. The broad aim of the Ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy for supplementing the energy requirements of India.
The Ministry is headquartered in Mantralaya, Mumbai, Mumbai. According to the Central New and Renewable Energy Ministry's 2012–2013 annual report, India has made significant advances in several renewable energy sectors which include, Solar energy, Wind power, and Hydroelectricity.",48066081,en,2026-08-03T06:44:59Z,18129,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,"Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy,_New_and_Renewable_Energy_Maharashtra",tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is a ministry of the Government of India, headed by current Union Cabinet Minister Pralhad Joshi, that is mainly responsible for research and development, intellectual property protection, and international cooperation, promotion, and coordination in renewable energy sources such as wind power, small hydro, biogas, battery energy storage and solar power.
The broad aim of the ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy for supplementing the energy requirements of India. 
The ministry is headquartered in Lodi Road, New Delhi. According to the Ministry's 2016-17 annual report, India has made significant advances in several renewable energy sectors which include, solar energy, wind power, battery energy storage system (BESS) and hydroelectricity.",10929036,en,2026-08-02T13:45:32Z,34052,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_New_and_Renewable_Energy,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace quick enough to keep up with consumption. An example is carbon-based fossil fuels. The original organic matter, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual elements are always conserved (except in nuclear reactions, nuclear decay or atmospheric escape).
Conversely, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) and wind (used to power energy conversion systems) are considered renewable resources, largely because their localized replenishment can also occur within our lifespans.",208999,en,2026-07-31T09:14:04Z,26233,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Non-renewable resource,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resource,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
"[""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with failed verification"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2024"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2025"", ""Articles containing video clips"", ""Articles with dead external links from August 2023"", ""Articles with failed verification from September 2025"", ""Articles with permanently dead external links"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from August 2025"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"", ""Energy conversion"", ""Global issues"", ""Good articles"", ""Nuclear power"", ""Nuclear power stations"", ""Nuclear technology"", ""Pages using gadget owidslider"", ""Power station technology"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages""]","Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants. Nuclear decay processes are used in niche applications such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators in some space probes such as Voyager 2. Reactors producing controlled fusion power have been operated since 1958 but have yet to generate net power and are not expected to be commercially available in the near future.
The first nuclear power plant was built in the 1950s. The global installed nuclear capacity grew to 100 GW in the late 1970s, and then expanded during the 1980s, reaching 300 GW by 1990. The 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States and the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union resulted in increased regulation and public opposition to nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plants supplied 2,602 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity in 2023, equivalent to about 9% of global electricity generation, and were the second largest low-carbon power source after hydroelectricity. As of November 2025, there are 416 civilian fission reactors in the world, with overall capacity of 376 GW, 63 under construction and 87 planned, with a combined capacity of 66 GW and 84 GW, respectively. The United States has the largest fleet of nuclear reactors, generating almost 800 TWh per year with an average capacity factor of 92%. The average global capacity factor is 89%. Most new reactors under construction are generation III reactors in Asia.
Nuclear power is a safe and sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions. Nuclear power generation results in one of the lowest levels of fatalities per unit of energy generated compared to other energy sources. One study estimated that each nuclear plant built could have saved 800,000 life years due to averted air pollution from fossil fueled power plants. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity have each caused more fatalities per unit of energy due to air pollution and accidents. Nuclear power plants also emit no greenhouse gases and result in less life-cycle carbon emissions than common sources of renewable energy. The radiological hazards associated with nuclear power are the primary motivations of the anti-nuclear movement, which contends that nuclear power poses threats to people and the environment, citing the potential for accidents like the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan on March 11, 2011, and is too expensive to deploy when compared to alternative sustainable energy sources.",22153,en,2026-08-03T15:56:26Z,207764,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Nuclear power,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"The Renewable Energy Act, 2011 (Act 832) is a law enacted by the Parliament of Ghana to provide a legal framework for the development, management, utilization, and sustainability of renewable energy sources in the country. It was assented to by the late former President His excellency John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills on 31 December 2011 and commenced on the same date. The Act aims to promote the use of renewable energy to generate heat and power in an efficient and environmentally sustainable manner.",81116710,en,2026-07-21T02:37:50Z,4914,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,"Renewable Energy Act, 2011","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Act,_2011",tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],The Renewable Energy Directive 2018 (2018/2001) is a Directive in EU law that requires 42.5 percent of the energy consumed within the European Union to be renewable by 2030. This target is pooled among the member states.,24655120,en,2026-07-30T02:44:00Z,13189,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable Energy Directive 2018,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Directive_2018,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],The Renewable Energy Programme (REP) is Nigeria's contribution to the African strategy on voluntary emission reduction in response to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) The Federal Ministry of Environment's Renewable Energy Programme is targeted at stimulating the energy sector by attracting capital as well as promoting the development of initiatives and technologies in Nigeria.,43193879,en,2026-07-15T01:06:57Z,4520,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable Energy Programme,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Programme,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],"The RES Group (Renewable Energy Systems) is the world's largest independent renewable energy company, having been in the sector for more than 40 years. As of 2023, the company had established more than 23 gigawatts of renewable energy projects worldwide and supported more than 12 gigawatts operations. Employing more than 2500 people in 14 countries, it operates onshore and offshore in wind and solar energy, in energy storage and in transmission and distribution.",18346267,en,2026-07-30T02:42:39Z,3398,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable Energy Systems,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Systems,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
"[""All Wikipedia articles in need of updating"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""All self-contradictory articles"", ""Articles with dead external links from July 2018"", ""Articles with excerpts"", ""Articles with permanently dead external links"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Bright green environmentalism"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 errors: periodical ignored"", ""CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2025"", ""Low-carbon economy"", ""Open Government Licence attribution"", ""Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata"", ""Pages using gadget owidslider"", ""Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images"", ""Renewable energy"", ""Renewable energy technology"", ""Self-contradictory articles from May 2024"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Technological change"", ""Use dmy dates from September 2021""]","Renewable energy (also called green energy) is energy made from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are solar energy, wind power, and hydropower. Bioenergy and geothermal power are also significant in some countries. Renewable energy installations can be large or small and are suited for both urban and rural areas. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further electrification. This has several benefits: electricity can move heat and vehicles efficiently and is clean at the point of consumption. Variable renewable energy sources are those that have a fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power. In contrast, controllable renewable energy sources include dammed hydroelectricity, bioenergy, or geothermal power.
Renewable energy systems have rapidly become more efficient and cheaper over the past 40 years. A large majority of newly installed worldwide electricity capacity is now renewable. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, have seen significant cost reductions over the past decade, making them more competitive with traditional fossil fuels. In some geographic localities, photovoltaic solar or onshore wind is the cheapest new-build electricity. From 2011 to 2021, renewable energy grew from 20% to 28% of the global electricity supply. Power from the sun and wind accounted for most of this increase, growing from a combined 2% to 10%. Use of fossil energy shrank from 68% to 62%. In 2025, renewables accounted for than 30% of global electricity generation and are projected to reach over 45% by 2030. Many countries already have renewables contributing more than 20% of their total energy supply, with some generating over half or even all their electricity from renewable sources.
The main motivation to use renewable energy instead of fossil fuels is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which cause climate change. In general, renewable energy sources pollute much less than fossil fuels. Renewables also cause much less air pollution than fossil fuels, improving public health, and are less noisy. The International Energy Agency estimates that to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, 90% of global electricity will need to be generated by renewables. The current pace of renewable expansion remains far from this required rate globally, including in major economies with high financial capacities such as the G7 and the EU.
The deployment of renewable energy still faces obstacles, especially fossil fuel subsidies, lobbying by incumbent power providers, and local opposition to the use of land for renewable installations. Like all mining, the extraction of minerals required for many renewable energy technologies also results in environmental damage.
Some also consider nuclear power a renewable power source, although this is controversial, as nuclear energy requires mining uranium, a nonrenewable resource.",25784,en,2026-08-01T21:24:55Z,209406,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,10418624,en,2026-08-02T00:17:40Z,153188,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy commercialization,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,27248938,en,2026-08-01T21:25:06Z,111235,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy debate,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_debate,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,11492908,en,2026-08-02T21:27:12Z,49956,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Africa,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,41445636,en,2026-08-03T05:32:14Z,9475,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Albania,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,11291216,en,2026-07-31T09:14:28Z,49831,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Asia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,10337796,en,2026-07-31T09:14:25Z,115143,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Australia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,10826830,en,2026-07-31T09:14:27Z,26368,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Brazil,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,13556279,en,2026-07-31T09:14:33Z,85989,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in China,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,38549505,en,2026-07-31T09:15:52Z,37725,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in France,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,9347277,en,2026-08-03T09:49:55Z,53156,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Germany,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,42090531,en,2026-07-31T09:16:03Z,11457,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Greece,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,23127931,en,2026-07-31T09:15:01Z,98536,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in India,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,17887324,en,2026-07-14T03:06:40Z,6566,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Israel,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Israel,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,32847002,en,2026-07-31T09:15:32Z,63976,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Italy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,36158282,en,2026-07-31T09:15:42Z,9510,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Lithuania,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,30602690,en,2026-07-31T09:15:28Z,38251,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Russia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,9558617,en,2026-07-31T09:14:23Z,119136,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Scotland,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,52924051,en,2026-07-31T09:16:46Z,31321,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in South Africa,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,13566548,en,2026-07-31T09:14:33Z,57143,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Spain,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,41445461,en,2026-07-31T09:16:01Z,22741,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Taiwan,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,43661661,en,2026-07-30T02:51:30Z,23891,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Thailand,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,44255459,en,2026-07-30T02:51:37Z,43268,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Turkey,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,23692201,en,2026-08-01T19:42:39Z,23202,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in Tuvalu,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,17618723,en,2026-07-31T09:14:49Z,35145,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in developing countries,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_developing_countries,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,4159463,en,2026-07-31T12:57:55Z,95474,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in the European Union,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,49713081,en,2026-07-30T02:54:22Z,55518,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in the Philippines,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,12593441,en,2026-07-31T09:14:31Z,63880,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in the United Kingdom,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,11456251,en,2026-07-31T09:14:28Z,134548,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy in the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,16017389,en,2026-08-02T19:13:17Z,37450,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Renewable energy industry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_industry,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],,34578727,en,2026-07-31T07:40:19Z,75129,2026-08-03T21:52:33+00:00,Variable renewable energy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy,tRrcE0He8WSzjLEHP,eMHURDyYr0rR9j7nY
[],19 (nineteen) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20. It is a prime number.,208292,en,2026-08-03T01:26:26Z,10355,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,19 (number),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_(number),V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"3I/ATLAS, also known as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and previously as A11pl3Z, is an interstellar comet discovered on 1 July 2025 by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) station. The comet follows an unbound, hyperbolic trajectory past the Sun, and passed by Earth at 1.8 AU, posing no threat. The prefix ""3I"" designates it as the third confirmed interstellar object passing through the Solar System, after 1I/ʻOumuamua and 2I/Borisov.
3I/ATLAS is an active comet consisting of a solid icy nucleus and a coma, which is a cloud of gas and icy dust escaping from the nucleus. The Sun is responsible for the comet's activity because it heats up the comet's nucleus to sublimate its ice into gas, which outgasses and lifts up dust from the comet's surface to form its coma. Images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope and various interplanetary spacecraft suggest that the diameter of 3I/ATLAS's nucleus is less than 1 km (0.62 mi). Observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have shown that 3I/ATLAS is unusually rich in carbon dioxide, and contains a small amount of water ice, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbonyl sulfide, and methane. Observations by the Very Large Telescope have also shown that 3I/ATLAS is emitting cyanide gas and atomic nickel vapor, at concentrations similar to those seen in Solar System comets.
The comet came to solar conjunction on 21 October 2025, and it came closest to the Sun on 29 October 2025, at a distance of 1.36 AU (203 million km; 126 million mi) from the Sun, which is between the orbits of Earth and Mars. The comet appears to have originated from either the Milky Way's thin disk, or thick disk; if 3I/ATLAS originated from the thick disk, the comet could be at least 7 billion years old—older than the Solar System.

",80340464,en,2026-08-03T14:25:51Z,132335,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,3I/ATLAS,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3I/ATLAS,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"The administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the highest-ranking official of NASA, the national space agency of the United States. The administrator is NASA's chief decision maker, responsible for providing clarity to the agency's vision and serving as a source of internal leadership within NASA. The office holder also has an important place within United States space policy, and is assisted by a deputy administrator.
The administrator is appointed by the president of the United States, with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, and thereafter serves at the president's pleasure. Jared Isaacman has served as the administrator since December 18, 2025.",4525293,en,2026-08-03T03:12:21Z,25736,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Administrator of NASA,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"Alliant Techsystems Inc. (ATK) was an American aerospace and arms manufacturer headquartered in Arlington County, Virginia. The company operated across 22 states, Puerto Rico, and internationally. ATK revenue in fiscal year 2014 was about US$4.8 billion.
On April 29, 2014, ATK announced that it would spin off its Sporting Group and merge its Aerospace and Defense Groups with Orbital Sciences Corporation.
The spinoff of the Sporting Group to create Vista Outdoor and the merger leading to the creation of Orbital ATK were completed on February 9, 2015. The companies began operations as separate entities on February 20, 2015. Orbital ATK was bought by Northrop Grumman in 2018.",453345,en,2026-07-15T16:51:19Z,41017,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Alliant Techsystems,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"Alpha Centauri Ab (also known as Rigil Kentaurus b, or originally as Candidate 1) is a candidate exoplanet that was first directly imaged around Alpha Centauri A in 2019 and reported in February 2021. If confirmed as an exoplanet, it would be the nearest, coldest, shortest-period and oldest directly imaged exoplanet around a solar-type star, and Alpha Centauri would be the brightest planet-hosting star (see list of brightest stars). The planet is expected to be a gas giant based on physical properties. Additional observations are needed to confirm its existence.",66733440,en,2026-08-01T23:44:19Z,8869,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Alpha Centauri Ab,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_Ab,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"Aperture masking interferometry (or Sparse aperture masking) is a form of speckle interferometry, that allows diffraction limited imaging from ground-based telescopes (like the Keck Telescope and the Very Large Telescope), and is a high contrast imaging mode on the James Webb Space Telescope. This technique allows ground-based telescopes to reach the maximum possible resolution, allowing ground-based telescopes with large diameters to produce far greater resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope. A mask is placed over the telescope which only allows light through a small number of holes. This array of holes acts as a miniature astronomical interferometer. The principal limitation of the technique is that it is applicable only to relatively bright astronomical objects, since the mask discards most of the light received from the astronomical source. The method was developed by John E. Baldwin and collaborators in the Cavendish Astrophysics Group at the University of Cambridge in the late 1980s.",1532134,en,2026-07-15T00:47:46Z,5949,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Aperture masking interferometry,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_masking_interferometry,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"Ariane flight VA256 was an Ariane 5 rocket flight that launched the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) into space on 25 December 2021. It was 2021's final Ariane flight, its most valuable payload to date, and the 256th Ariane mission. The launch was described by NASA as ""flawless"" and ""perfect"".",68684874,en,2026-07-30T02:59:27Z,14914,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Ariane flight VA256,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_flight_VA256,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"The atmosphere of Triton is the layer of gases surrounding Triton. Like the atmospheres of Titan and Pluto, Triton's atmosphere is composed more than 95% of nitrogen, with smaller amounts of methane and carbon monoxide. It hosts a layer of organic haze extending up to 30 kilometers above its surface and a deck of thin bright clouds at about 4 kilometers in altitude. Due to Triton's low gravity, its atmosphere is loosely bound, extending over 800 kilometers from its surface.
Triton, along with Saturn's moon Titan, is one of only two moons in the Solar System known to have significant, global atmospheres. The surface pressure is only 14 microbars (1.4 Pa or 0.0105mmHg), 1⁄70000 of the surface pressure on Earth. Similar to the atmosphere of Pluto, Triton's atmosphere is sensitive to seasonal changes; observations obtained in 1998 showed an increase in temperature, increasing the atmosphere's density.",14973433,en,2026-07-18T08:42:59Z,45015,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Atmosphere of Triton,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Triton,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"The Carina Nebula or Eta Carinae Nebula (catalogued as NGC 3372; also known as the Great Carina Nebula) is a large, complex area of bright and dark nebulosity in the constellation Carina, located in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way galaxy. The nebula is approximately 8,500 light-years (2,600 pc) from Earth.
The nebula has within its boundaries the large Carina OB1 association and several related open clusters, including numerous O-type stars and several Wolf–Rayet stars. Carina OB1 encompasses the star clusters Trumpler 14 and Trumpler 16. Trumpler 14 is one of the youngest known star clusters at half a million years old and contains stars like the O2 supergiant HD 93129A. Trumpler 16 is the home of many extremely luminous stars, such as WR 25 and the Eta Carinae star system. Trumpler 15, Collinder 228, Collinder 232, NGC 3324, and NGC 3293 are also considered members of the association. NGC 3293 is the oldest and furthest from Trumpler 14, indicating sequential and ongoing star formation.
The nebula is one of the largest diffuse nebulae in Earth's sky. Although it is four times as large as and even brighter than the famous Orion Nebula, the Carina Nebula is much less well known due to its location in the southern sky. It was discovered by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in 1752 from the Cape of Good Hope.
The Carina Nebula was selected as one of five cosmic objects observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, as part of the release of its first official science images. A detailed image was made of an early star-forming region of NGC 3324 known as the Cosmic Cliffs.",939579,en,2026-08-03T05:10:37Z,38037,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Carina Nebula,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_Nebula,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],Chopping is a technique used with infrared telescopes to minimize interference from external or internal heat. The chopper is the mechanism that rocks a mirror (typically a secondary mirror) inside a telescope back and forth in rapid succession because background radiation would change too quickly to measure otherwise.,77380372,en,2026-07-18T22:44:49Z,5470,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Chopping (astronomy),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopping_(astronomy),V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"Deep Sky is a 2023 American documentary film directed by Nathaniel Kahn. Originally released on October 20, 2023 for IMAX,  Deep Sky is narrated by Michelle Williams telling the story about the production of the James Webb Space Telescope and its impact on the technological improvements it made upon the Hubble Space Telescope.
Although it was filmed in 2023, the documentary did not receive a wide release until April 19, 2024 in commemoration with Earth Day.",25011525,en,2026-07-30T02:44:06Z,4634,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Deep Sky,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Sky,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"GN-z11 is a high-redshift galaxy discovered by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in the constellation Ursa Major. It is among the farthest galaxies from Earth ever found. The 2015 discovery was published in a 2016 paper headed by Pascal Oesch and Gabriel Brammer (Cosmic Dawn Center). Up until the discovery of JADES-GS-z13-0 in 2022 by the James Webb Space Telescope, GN-z11 was the oldest and most distant galaxy yet identified in the observable universe, having a spectroscopic redshift of z = 10.957, which corresponds to a proper distance of approximately 32 billion light-years (9.8 billion parsecs). Data published in 2024 established that the galaxy contains the most distant, and therefore earliest, black hole known in the universe, estimated at around 1.6 million solar masses.
The object's name is derived from its location in the GOODS-North field of galaxies and its high cosmological redshift number (GN + z11). It is observed as it existed 13.4 billion years ago, just 400 million years after the Big Bang; as a result, its distance is sometimes inappropriately reported without qualification as 13.4 billion light-years, its light-travel distance measurement.
In early 2023, the James Webb Space Telescope observed the galaxy and reported a definitive redshift of z = 10.6034 ± 0.0013.
The galaxy has such a high redshift that its angular diameter distance is actually less than that of some galaxies with lower redshift. This means that the ratio of its angular size (how big it appears in the sky) to its size in light-years is greater.",49634369,en,2026-07-30T02:54:21Z,17369,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,GN-z11,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GN-z11,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses (M☉). Clusters consist of galaxies, heated gas, and dark matter. They are the biggest known gravitationally bound structures in the universe. They were believed to be the largest known structures in the universe until the 1980s, when superclusters were discovered. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as galaxy groups rather than clusters of galaxies. Together, galaxy groups and clusters form superclusters.",58950,en,2026-08-03T18:48:32Z,23980,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Galaxy cluster,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_cluster,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) is a ground-based, extremely large telescope currently under construction at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile's Atacama Desert. With a primary mirror diameter of 25.4 meters, it is expected to be the largest Gregorian telescope ever built, observing in optical and mid-infrared wavelengths (320–25,000 nm). Commissioning of the telescope is anticipated in the early 2030s.
The GMT will feature seven of the world's largest mirrors, collectively providing a light-collecting area of 368 square meters. It is expected to have a resolving power approximately 10 times greater than the Hubble Space Telescope and four times greater than the James Webb Space Telescope. However, it will not be able to observe in the same infrared frequencies as space-based telescopes. The GMT will be used to explore a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, including the search for signs of life on exoplanets and the study of the cosmic origins of chemical elements.
The casting of the GMT's primary mirrors began in 2005, and construction at the site started in 2015. By 2023, all seven primary mirrors had been cast, the first of seven adaptive secondary mirrors was under construction, and the telescope mount was in the manufacturing stage. Other subsystems of the telescope were in the final stages of design.
The project, with an estimated cost of USD $2 billion, is being developed by the GMTO Corporation, a consortium of research institutions from seven countries: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Israel, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States.",1350158,en,2026-08-02T13:44:30Z,42084,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Giant Magellan Telescope,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Magellan_Telescope,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"Gliese 341 b, also known as TOI-741 b or GJ 341 b, is a confirmed exoplanet orbiting Gliese 341, a red dwarf star located 33.9 light-years from Earth in the constellation Carina, visually close to the False Cross asterism. Having a radius of 0.92 R🜨 and an estimated mass of 0.72 M🜨, it is classified as a sub-Earth. It was discovered in 2024 via transit observations and analyzed by James Webb Space Telescope in the search for an atmosphere.",79043400,en,2026-08-03T05:10:37Z,8875,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Gliese 341 b,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_341_b,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],Gregory L. Robinson is an American engineer and the former director of the James Webb Space Telescope Program at NASA.,71275634,en,2026-07-24T03:30:00Z,10125,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Gregory L. Robinson,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_L._Robinson,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"HIP 65426 b, formally named Najsakopajk, is a super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the star HIP 65426. It was discovered on 6 July 2017 by the SPHERE consortium using the Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet Research (SPHERE) instrument belonging to the European Southern Observatory (ESO), being the first confirmed planet discovered by the SPHERE instrument. It is 385 light-years from Earth in the Centaurus constellation.",61428301,en,2026-08-01T23:44:18Z,12715,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,HIP 65426 b,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIP_65426_b,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"The Herschel Space Observatory was a space observatory built and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). It was active from 2009 to 2013, and was the largest infrared telescope ever launched until the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope in 2021. Herschel carried a 3.5-metre (11.5 ft) mirror and instruments sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre wavebands (55–672 μm). Herschel was the fourth and final cornerstone mission in the Horizon 2000 programme, following SOHO, Cluster II, XMM-Newton and Rosetta.
The observatory was carried into orbit by an Ariane 5 in May 2009, reaching the second Lagrangian point (L2) of the Earth–Sun system, 1,500,000 kilometres (930,000 mi) from Earth, about two months later. Herschel is named after Sir William Herschel, the discoverer of the infrared spectrum and planet Uranus, and his sister and collaborator Caroline Herschel.
The observatory was capable of seeing the coldest and dustiest objects in space; for example, cool cocoons where stars form and dusty galaxies just starting to bulk up with new stars. The observatory sifted through star-forming clouds—the ""slow cookers"" of star ingredients—to trace the path by which potentially life-forming molecules, such as water, form.
The telescope's lifespan was governed by the amount of coolant available for its instruments; when that coolant ran out, the instruments would stop functioning correctly. At the time of its launch, operations were estimated to last 3.5 years (to around the end of 2012). It continued to operate until 29 April 2013 15:20 UTC, when Herschel ran out of coolant.
NASA was a partner in the Herschel mission, with US participants contributing to the mission; providing mission-enabling instrument technology and sponsoring the NASA Herschel Science Center (NHSC) at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center and the Herschel Data Search at the Infrared Science Archive.",1172577,en,2026-08-03T21:50:50Z,41360,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Herschel Space Observatory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2026"", ""Articles containing video clips"", ""Articles with hAudio microformats"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1: unfit URL"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Edwin Hubble"", ""European Space Agency satellites"", ""Featured articles"", ""Great Observatories program"", ""Hubble Space Telescope"", ""Infrared telescopes"", ""Lockheed Martin spacecraft"", ""NASA space telescopes"", ""Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia""]","The Hubble Space Telescope (HST or Hubble) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. It was not the first space telescope, but it is one of the largest and most versatile, renowned as a vital research tool and as a public relations boon for astronomy. The Hubble Space Telescope is named after astronomer Edwin Hubble and is one of NASA's Great Observatories. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) selects Hubble's targets and processes the resulting data, while the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) controls the spacecraft.
Hubble features a 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) mirror, and its five main instruments observe in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Hubble's orbit outside the distortion of Earth's atmosphere allows it to capture extremely high-resolution images with substantially lower background light than ground-based telescopes. It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space. Many Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics, such as determining the rate of expansion of the universe.
The Hubble Space Telescope was funded and built in the 1970s by NASA with contributions from the European Space Agency. Its intended launch was in 1983, but the project was beset by technical delays, budget problems, and the 1986 Challenger disaster. Hubble was launched on STS-31 in 1990, but its main mirror had been ground incorrectly, resulting in spherical aberration that compromised the telescope's capabilities. The optics were corrected to their intended quality by a servicing mission, STS-61, in 1993.
Hubble is the only telescope designed to be maintained in space by astronauts. Five Space Shuttle missions repaired, upgraded, and replaced systems on the telescope, including all five of the main instruments. The fifth mission was initially canceled on safety grounds following the Columbia disaster (2003), but after NASA administrator Michael D. Griffin approved it, the servicing mission was completed in 2009. Hubble completed 30 years of operation in April 2020 and is predicted to last until 2030 to 2040.
Hubble is the visible light telescope in NASA's Great Observatories program; other parts of the spectrum are covered by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the Spitzer Space Telescope (which covers the infrared bands).
The mid-IR-to-visible band successor to the Hubble telescope is the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which was launched on December 25, 2021, with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope due to follow in 2026.",40203,en,2026-08-03T21:50:50Z,228679,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Hubble Space Telescope,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"The Infinity Galaxy (∞ Galaxy), also known as the Cosmic Owl, is an interacting galaxy pair approximately 8 billion light-years away observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) as part of the COSMOS-Web Survey. The galaxy is named due to its distinctive shape, which resembles the infinity symbol (∞). The 2025 discovery is credited to astronomers Pieter van Dokkum of Yale University and Gabriel Brammer of the University of Copenhagen. The galaxy is likely one of the first observed examples of the direct collapse mechanism of black-hole formation.",80546564,en,2026-07-30T03:02:29Z,10092,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Infinity Galaxy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Galaxy,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,56437,en,2026-07-30T02:38:57Z,23413,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Infrared astronomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_astronomy,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,525237,en,2026-08-02T14:11:18Z,38386,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,James E. Webb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Webb,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,4327534,en,2026-06-21T11:05:03Z,3265,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,James Webb,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,434221,en,2026-08-03T21:50:50Z,225010,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,James Webb Space Telescope,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,52495051,en,2026-08-03T13:35:38Z,26475,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,James Webb Space Telescope sunshield,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_sunshield,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,69575385,en,2026-07-24T03:29:55Z,18440,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Jane Rigby,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Rigby,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,73391672,en,2026-08-03T13:50:51Z,55210,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,K2-18b,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,884879,en,2026-07-30T02:39:25Z,15745,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Kapton,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapton,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 French-language sources (fr)"", ""Celestial mechanics"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Gravity"", ""Lagrangian mechanics"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Trojans (astronomy)"", ""Use American English from January 2026"", ""Use dmy dates from January 2026"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]",,18285,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,54558,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Lagrange point,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_point,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,71399656,en,2026-08-03T21:50:49Z,61140,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Launch and commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_and_commissioning_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,18765609,en,2026-08-03T18:25:25Z,15776,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,List of deep fields,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deep_fields,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,18426568,en,2026-08-02T13:46:21Z,243939,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,NASA,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,10490149,en,2026-07-30T03:55:08Z,12488,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,NGC 6334,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6334,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,28371067,en,2026-08-03T20:07:44Z,67282,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,216886,en,2026-07-31T23:21:27Z,89071,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Northrop Grumman,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,52444975,en,2026-07-30T02:55:12Z,29355,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Optical Telescope Element,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Telescope_Element,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,81884747,en,2026-07-30T03:03:12Z,7755,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,PSR J2322−2650 b,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_J2322%E2%88%922650_b,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,8855209,en,2026-07-30T02:41:06Z,17277,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Pillars of Creation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,23922614,en,2026-07-30T02:43:51Z,61404,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Primordial black hole,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,164598,en,2026-07-15T00:45:42Z,25656,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Radiative cooling,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_cooling,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,71276158,en,2026-07-30T03:00:05Z,10085,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,SMACS 0723,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMACS_0723,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,75082701,en,2026-08-02T13:50:41Z,120024,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Space Park,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Park,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,177098,en,2026-08-01T20:35:30Z,29230,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Space Telescope Science Institute,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
"[""American inventions"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Astronomical observatories"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Space telescopes"", ""Telescope types"", ""Uncrewed spacecraft""]",,29006,en,2026-07-30T02:38:55Z,10282,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Space telescope,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_telescope,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,52566668,en,2026-07-30T02:55:14Z,28527,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Spacecraft bus (James Webb Space Telescope),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_bus_(James_Webb_Space_Telescope),V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,79983897,en,2026-07-26T18:39:15Z,2927,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Steam world,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_world,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,447864,en,2026-07-30T02:39:13Z,11446,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Stephan's Quintet,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan%27s_Quintet,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,52380879,en,2026-07-30T02:55:11Z,24247,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
"[""Articles with short description"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Distant minor planets"", ""Neptune"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Solar System"", ""Trans-Neptunian objects"", ""Use dmy dates from August 2024""]",,30549,en,2026-08-03T08:37:29Z,56052,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Trans-Neptunian object,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],,71275203,en,2026-07-30T03:00:05Z,21392,2026-08-03T21:52:19+00:00,Webb's First Deep Field,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb%27s_First_Deep_Field,V3KXWFMrFWIuPz5GI,5uk8giGAT4hznUq4d
[],"Acuitas Therapeutics Inc. is a Canadian biotechnology company based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The company was established in February 2009 to specialize in the development of delivery systems for nucleic acid therapeutics based on lipid nanoparticle (LNP) technology, a key component of the mRNA vaccines deployed for COVID-19.",71884733,en,2026-07-06T15:45:39Z,29009,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Acuitas Therapeutics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuitas_Therapeutics,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Anti-CRISPR (Anti-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or Acr) is a group of proteins found in phages, that inhibit the normal activity of CRISPR-Cas, the immune system of certain bacteria. CRISPR consists of genomic sequences that can be found in prokaryotic organisms, that come from bacteriophages that infected the bacteria beforehand, and are used to defend the cell from further viral attacks. Anti-CRISPR results from an evolutionary process occurred in phages in order to avoid having their genomes destroyed by the prokaryotic cells that they will infect.
Before the discovery of this type of family proteins, the acquisition of mutations was the only way known that phages could use to avoid CRISPR-Cas mediated shattering, by reducing the binding affinity of the phage and CRISPR. Nonetheless, bacteria have mechanisms to retarget the mutant bacteriophage, a process that it is called ""priming adaptation"". So, as far as researchers currently know, anti-CRISPR is the most effective way to ensure the survival of phages throughout the infection process of bacteria.",62006882,en,2026-07-19T16:31:23Z,34825,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Anti-CRISPR,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-CRISPR,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"CRISPR (; acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. Each sequence within an individual prokaryotic CRISPR is derived from a DNA fragment of a bacteriophage that had previously infected the prokaryote or one of its ancestors. These sequences are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of heritable, acquired immunity. CRISPR is found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.
Cas9 (or ""CRISPR-associated protein 9"") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and open up specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within living organisms. This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnological products, and treatment of diseases. The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.",2146034,en,2026-08-03T09:31:55Z,116569,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,CRISPR,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"CRISPR-Display (CRISP-Disp) is a modification of the CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) system for genome editing. The CRISPR/Cas9 system uses a short guide RNA (sgRNA) sequence to direct a Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nuclease, acting as a programmable DNA binding protein, to cleave DNA at a site of interest.
CRISPR-Display, in contrast, uses a nuclease deficient Cas9 (dCas9) and an engineered sgRNA with aptameric accessory RNA domains, ranging from 100bp to 5kb, outside of the normal complementary targeting sequence. The accessory RNA domains can be functional domains, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), protein-binding motifs, or epitope tags for immunochemistry. This allows for investigation of the functionality of certain lncRNAs, and targeting of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes to genomic loci.
CRISPR-Display was first published in Nature Methods in July 2015, and developed by David M. Shechner, Ezgi Hacisuleyman, Scott T. Younger and John Rinn at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA.",53354629,en,2026-07-31T13:48:52Z,16452,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,CRISPR-Display,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR-Display,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],CRISPR-Cas design tools are computer software platforms and bioinformatics tools used to facilitate the design of guide RNAs (gRNAs) for use with the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system.,45313845,en,2026-08-02T14:58:50Z,16029,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,CRISPR/Cas tools,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR/Cas_tools,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"CRISPR Therapeutics AG is a Swiss–American biotechnology company headquartered in Zug, Switzerland. The company does business as CRISPR Therapeutics, Inc. in the United States. It was one of the first companies formed to utilize the CRISPR gene editing platform to develop medicines for the treatment of various rare and common diseases. The company has approximately 500 employees and has offices in Zug, Switzerland; Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; and London, United Kingdom. Its manufacturing facility in Framingham, Massachusetts, won the Facilities of the Year Award (FOYA) award in 2022. The company’s lead program, exagamglogene autotemcel, or exa-cel (formerly CTX001), was granted regulatory approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2023.",66323247,en,2026-07-09T19:52:14Z,11958,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,CRISPR Therapeutics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_Therapeutics,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) is a gene regulation technique that utilizes an engineered form of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to enhance the expression of specific genes without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Unlike traditional CRISPR-Cas9, which introduces double-strand breaks to edit genes, CRISPRa employs a modified, catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused with transcriptional activators to target promoter or enhancer regions, thereby boosting gene transcription. This method allows for precise control of gene expression, making it a valuable tool for studying gene function, creating gene regulatory networks, and developing potential therapeutic interventions for a variety of diseases.
Like for CRISPR interference, the CRISPR effector is guided to the target by a complementary guide RNA. However, CRISPR activation systems are fused to transcriptional activators to increase expression of genes of interest. Such systems are usable for many purposes including but not limited to, genetic screens and overexpression of proteins of interest.
The most commonly used effectors are based on Cas9 (from Type II systems), but effectors based on other CRISPR-associated proteins, such as Cas12a (Type V), have been engineered as well.",55410471,en,2026-07-31T06:27:57Z,21932,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,CRISPR activation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_activation,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"CRISPR gene editing (; pronounced like ""crisper""; an abbreviation for ""clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats"") is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified. It is based on a simplified version of the bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral defense system. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed or new ones added in vivo (""within the living"").
The technique is considered highly significant in biotechnology and medicine as it enables in vivo genome editing and is considered exceptionally precise, cost-effective, and efficient. It can be used in the creation of new medicines, agricultural products, and genetically modified organisms, or as a means of controlling pathogens and pests. It also offers potential in the treatment of inherited genetic diseases as well as diseases arising from somatic mutations, such as cancer. However, its use in human germline genetic modification is highly controversial. The development of this technique earned Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020. The third researcher group that shared the Kavli Prize for the same discovery, led by Virginijus Šikšnys, was not awarded the Nobel Prize.
Working like genetic scissors, the Cas9 nuclease opens both strands of the targeted DNA sequence to introduce the modification by one of two methods. Knock-in mutations, facilitated via homology-directed repair (HDR), are the traditional pathway of targeted genomic editing approaches. This allows for the introduction of targeted DNA damage and repair. HDR employs the use of similar DNA sequences to drive the repair of the break via the incorporation of exogenous DNA to function as the repair template. This method relies on the periodic and isolated occurrence of DNA damage at the target site in order for the repair to commence. Knock-out mutations caused by CRISPR-Cas9 result from the repair of the double-stranded break by means of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or POLQ/polymerase theta-mediated end-joining (TMEJ). These end-joining pathways can often result in random deletions or insertions at the repair site, which may disrupt or alter gene functionality. Therefore, genomic engineering with CRISPR-Cas9 enables researchers to generate targeted random gene disruption.
While genome editing in eukaryotic cells has been possible using various methods since the 1980s, the methods employed have proven to be inefficient and impractical for large-scale implementation. With the discovery of CRISPR and specifically the Cas9 nuclease molecule, efficient and highly selective editing became possible. Cas9, derived from the bacterial species Streptococcus pyogenes, has facilitated targeted genomic modification in eukaryotic cells by enabling a reliable method of creating a targeted break at a specific location as designated by the crRNA and tracrRNA guide strands. Researchers can insert Cas9 and template RNA with ease in order to silence or cause point mutations at specific loci. This has proven invaluable for quick and efficient mapping of genomic models and biological processes associated with various genes in a variety of eukaryotes. Newly engineered variants of the Cas9 nuclease that significantly reduce off-target activity have been developed.
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing techniques have many potential applications. The use of the CRISPR-Cas9-gRNA complex for genome editing was the AAAS's choice for Breakthrough of the Year in 2015. Since 2015, CRISPR has been experimentally investigated on non-viable human embryos. In 2019, the first humans were born from genome-edited embryos using the CRISPR technique, as a result of the controversial He Jiankui affair. Several bioethical concerns have been raised about the prospect of using CRISPR for germline editing, especially the potential enabling of human eugenics. In 2023, the first drug making use of CRISPR gene editing, Exagamglogene autotemcel, sold under the brand name ""Casgevy"", was officially approved for use in the United Kingdom, to cure sickle-cell disease and beta thalassemia. On 2 December 2023, the Kingdom of Bahrain became the second country in the world to approve the use of Casgevy to treat sickle-cell anemia and beta thalassemia. On December 8, 2023, Casgevy received approval for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration.",59990826,en,2026-08-02T01:09:00Z,187295,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,CRISPR gene editing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) is a genetic perturbation technique that allows for sequence-specific repression of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It was first developed by Stanley Qi and colleagues in the laboratories of Wendell Lim, Adam Arkin, Jonathan Weissman, and Jennifer Doudna. Sequence-specific activation of gene expression refers to CRISPR activation (CRISPRa).
Based on the bacterial genetic immune system - CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) pathway, 
the technique provides a complementary approach to RNA interference. The difference between CRISPRi and RNAi, though, is that CRISPRi regulates gene expression primarily on the transcriptional level, while RNAi controls genes on the mRNA level.",41992525,en,2026-07-29T18:18:30Z,24574,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,CRISPR interference,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_interference,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Cas12a (CRISPR-associated protein 12a, previously Cpf1) is a Class II Type V CRISPR-associated endonuclease-exonuclease. In bacteria such as F. novicida, its natural context, Cas12a targets and destroys the genetic material of viruses and other foreign mobile genetic elements. In a target organism, crRNA contains a constant region that Cas12a recognizes and a ""spacer"" region that is complementary to a piece of foreign nucleic acid (e.g., a portion of a phage genome) that previously infected the cell.
Cas12a is distinct from Cas9: it generates staggered cuts in double-stranded DNA, in contrast to the blunt ends; it relies on a 'T-rich' protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) (typically 5'-TTTV-3', where V is A, C, or G), offering alternative sites compared to the 'G-rich' PAMs (typically 5'-NGG-3') favored by Cas9; and it requires only a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) for effective targeting, whereas Cas9 necessitates both a crRNA and a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA).
The programmable DNA-targeting activity of Cas12a makes it a useful tool for biotechnology and biological research applications. By modifying the spacer sequence in the crRNA, researchers can target Cas12a to a specific DNA sequence, allowing for targeted DNA modifications. Cas12a is distinguished from other Cas proteins by its single RuvC active site, its 5' protospacer adjacent motif preference, and its formation of sticky rather than blunt ends at the cut site; these and other differences make it more suitable for certain applications. Beyond basic research, the CRISPR-Cas12a system could have applications in genetic diseases and gene drives.",48343282,en,2026-07-31T06:28:13Z,21986,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Cas12a,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas12a,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a DNA cutting endonuclease that is part of the CRISPR immune system in bacteria and archaea. It has been adapted for use as a CRISPR genome editing tool. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is widely used in genetic engineering, medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.   
The Cas9 endonuclease introduces site-specific double-stranded breaks in DNA, enabling gene inactivation, removal, or insertion through cellular repair mechanisms such as non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination.   
Cas9 was discovered in S. pyogenes and later in S. thermophilus. It functions with two small RNAs—crRNA and tracrRNA—to form a four-component complex. In 2012, Doudna and Charpentier fused the RNAs into a single-guide RNA, enabling Cas9 to cut specific DNA sequences. These developments spurred genome modification efforts, including groups led by Zhang and Church who showed genome editing in human cells.  
Variants of Cas9, including Cas9 nickase (Cas9n), that create single-strand breaks, and versions recognizing different PAM sequences, address specific Cas9 limitations.  
CRISPR-Cas9 technology has raised ethical and regulatory concerns, particularly regarding human germline editing and genetic enhancement.",38570862,en,2026-08-03T09:32:06Z,71129,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Cas9,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas9,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Cure Rare Disease is a non-profit biotechnology company based in Woodbridge, Connecticut that is working to create novel therapeutics using gene therapy, gene editing (CRISPR technology) and antisense oligonucleotides to treat people impacted by rare and ultra-rare genetic neuromuscular conditions.

",65355102,en,2026-07-15T15:57:11Z,7876,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Cure Rare Disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Rare_Disease,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of free cystine, the oxidized dimer of the amino acid cysteine in lysosomes, eventually leading to intracellular crystal formation throughout the body, e.g. in kidneys.
It is genetically inheritable in the autosomal recessive fashion via CTNS (AR) gene. It is characterized by systemic accumulation of the amino acid cystine within lysosomes, proximal tubulopathy, and by progressive chronic kidney disease. If untreated, it leads to progressive cellular dysfunction and multiorgan involvement. The disease most commonly presents in infancy with renal Fanconi syndrome and, without treatment, progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in childhood. Extra-renal manifestations affecting the eyes, thyroid, muscle, pancreas, and central nervous system may develop later in life. Early diagnosis and lifelong cystine-depleting therapy improve growth, delay progression to ESKD, and reduce many systemic complications.  Nevertheless, despite treatment, the mean age at death for individuals born between 1985 and 1999 has been 29 years.
Cystinosis is the most common cause of Fanconi syndrome in the pediatric age group. Fanconi syndrome occurs when the function of cells in renal tubules is impaired, leading to abnormal amounts of carbohydrates and amino acids in the urine, excessive urination, and low blood levels of potassium and phosphates.
Cystinosis was the first documented genetic disease belonging to the group of lysosomal storage disease disorders. Cystinosis is caused by mutations in the CTNS gene that codes for cystinosin, the lysosomal membrane-specific transporter for cystine. Intracellular metabolism of cystine, as it happens with all amino acids, requires its transport across the cell membrane. After degradation of endocytosed protein to cystine within lysosomes, it is normally transported to the cytosol. But if there is a defect in the carrier protein, cystine is accumulated in lysosomes. As cystine is highly insoluble, when its concentration in tissue lysosomes increases, its solubility is immediately exceeded and crystalline precipitates are formed in almost all organs and tissues.
However, the progression of the disease is not related to the presence of crystals in target tissues. Although tissue damage might depend on cystine accumulation, the mechanisms of tissue damage are not fully understood. Increased intracellular cystine profoundly disturbs cellular oxidative metabolism and glutathione status, leading to altered mitochondrial energy metabolism, autophagy, and apoptosis.
Cystinosis is usually treated with cysteamine, which is prescribed to decrease intralysosomal cystine accumulation. However, the discovery of new pathogenic mechanisms and the development of an animal model of the disease may open possibilities for the development of new treatment modalities to improve long-term prognosis.",1899336,en,2026-07-15T16:53:47Z,41634,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Cystinosis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystinosis,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Deng Hongkui (Chinese: 邓宏魁) is a Chinese immunologist and stem cell researcher. He is a Changjiang Professor, the Boya Chair Professor, and Director of the Institute of Stem Cell Research at Peking University. He was awarded US$1.9 million by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for his research on vaccines for HIV and hepatitis C. In 2017, he and Chen Hu engineered resistance to HIV in mice using CRISPR gene editing, and for the first time used the technique on an AIDS patient.",61861701,en,2026-07-29T11:32:15Z,7362,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Deng Hongkui,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Hongkui,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"A designer baby is an embryo or fetus whose genetic makeup has been intentionally selected or altered, often to exclude a particular gene or to remove genes associated with disease, to achieve desired traits. This process usually involves preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which analyzes multiple human embryos to identify genes associated with specific diseases and characteristics, then selecting embryos that have the desired genetic makeup. While screening for single genes is commonly practiced, advancements in polygenic screening are becoming more prominent, though only a few companies currently offer it. This technique uses an algorithm to aggregate the estimated effects of numerous genetic variants tied to an individual's risk for a particular condition or trait. Other methods of altering a baby's genetic information involve directly editing the genome before birth, using technologies such as CRISPR. A controversial example of this can be seen in the 2018 case involving Chinese twins Lulu and Nana, which had their genomes edited to resist HIV infection, sparking widespread criticism and legal debates.
This highlights the implications of germline engineering, which involves introducing the desired genetic material into the embryo or parental germ cells. This process is typically prohibited by law, however, regulations vary globally. Editing embryos in this manner can result in genetic changes that are passed down to future generations, raising significant controversy and ethical concerns. While some scientists advocate for its use in treating genetic diseases, others warn that it could lead to misuse for non-medical purposes, such as cosmetic enhancements and modification of human traits.",1708182,en,2026-07-20T16:56:43Z,79715,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Designer baby,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_baby,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Editas Medicine, Inc., (formerly Gengine, Inc.), is a clinical-stage biotechnology company which is developing therapies for rare diseases based on CRISPR gene editing technology. Editas headquarters is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts and has facilities in Boulder, Colorado.",49392319,en,2026-07-15T17:25:22Z,17283,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Editas Medicine,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editas_Medicine,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Epigenome editing or epigenome engineering is a type of genetic engineering in which the epigenome is modified at specific sites using engineered molecules targeted to those sites (as opposed to whole-genome modifications). Whereas gene editing involves changing the actual DNA sequence itself, epigenetic editing involves modifying and presenting DNA sequences to proteins and other DNA binding factors that influence DNA function. By ""editing"" epigenomic features in this manner, researchers can determine the exact biological role of an epigenetic modification at the site in question.
The engineered proteins used for epigenome editing are composed of a DNA binding domain that targets specific sequences and an effector domain that modifies epigenomic features. Currently, three major groups of DNA binding proteins have been predominantly used for epigenome editing: Zinc finger proteins, Transcription Activator-Like Effectors (TALEs) and nuclease deficient Cas9 fusions (CRISPR).",42299134,en,2026-07-20T16:57:29Z,31248,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Epigenome editing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome_editing,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Excision BioTherapeutics was a biopharmaceutical company based in San Francisco focused on developing gene therapies against HIV infection.
The company had a single, CRISPR–Cas9 based therapy, EBT-101, that was under investigation. Initial investigation into the therapy was conducted by the lab of Kamel Khalili, a professor at Temple University. In July 2023 the US Food and Drug Administration granted EBT-101 fast-track status. In October 2023 an early-stage study on 3 people reported that the treatment appeared to be safe with no major side effects. In March 2024 it was revealed that EBT-101 did not maintain HIV viral suppression when used alone at the initial dose tested, although it might have delayed viral rebound in one trial participant. One possible explanation for the viral rebound is that EBT-101 did not reach all of the cells that harboured latent HIV.
A long-term follow-up study of HIV-1 infected adults who received EBT-101 was also started.",75329707,en,2026-07-15T01:22:31Z,4332,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Excision BioTherapeutics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excision_BioTherapeutics,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"Francisco Juan Martínez Mojica (born 5 October 1963) is a Spanish molecular biologist and microbiologist at the University of Alicante in Spain. He is known for his discovery of repetitive, functional DNA sequences in bacteria which he named CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). These were later developed into the first widespread genome editing tool, CRISPR-Cas9.",54066341,en,2026-07-24T03:29:05Z,21846,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Francisco Mojica,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Mojica,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],"A gene drive is a natural process (see meiotic drive) and technology of genetic engineering that propagates a particular suite of genes throughout a population by altering the probability that a specific allele will be transmitted to offspring (instead of the Mendelian 50% probability). Gene drives can arise through a variety of mechanisms. They have been proposed to provide an effective means of genetically modifying specific populations and entire species.
The technique can employ adding, deleting, disrupting, or modifying genes.
Proposed applications include exterminating insects that carry pathogens (notably mosquitoes that transmit malaria, dengue, and zika pathogens), controlling invasive species, or eliminating herbicide or pesticide resistance.
As with any potentially powerful technique, gene drives can be misused in a variety of ways or induce unintended consequences. For example, a gene drive intended to affect only a local population might spread across an entire species. Gene drives that eradicate populations of invasive species in their non-native habitats may have consequences for the population of the species as a whole, even in its native habitat. Any accidental return of individuals of the species to its original habitats, through natural migration, environmental disruption (storms, floods, etc.), accidental human transportation, or purposeful relocation, could unintentionally drive the species to extinction if the relocated individuals carried harmful gene drives.
Gene drives can be built from many naturally occurring selfish genetic elements that use a variety of molecular mechanisms. These naturally occurring mechanisms induce similar segregation distortion in the wild, arising when alleles evolve molecular mechanisms that give them a transmission chance greater than the normal 50%.
Most gene drives have been developed in insects, notably mosquitoes, as a way to control insect-borne pathogens. Recent developments designed gene drives directly in viruses, notably herpesviruses. These viral gene drives can propagate a modification into the population of viruses, and aim to reduce the infectivity of the virus.",43335980,en,2026-07-31T13:32:35Z,49164,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Gene drive,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_drive,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,3926163,en,2026-07-08T13:59:30Z,1964,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Gene editing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_editing,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,89242,en,2026-07-31T02:46:18Z,22891,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Gene knockout,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockout,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
"[""1989 in biotechnology"", ""1989 introductions"", ""1996 introductions"", ""All Wikipedia articles in need of updating"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles lacking reliable references"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""All articles with vague or ambiguous time"", ""Applied genetics"", ""Approved gene therapies"", ""Articles containing overly long summaries"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021"", ""Articles lacking reliable references from May 2025"", ""Articles needing additional references from April 2021"", ""Articles needing additional references from May 2025"", ""Articles with dead external links from May 2025"", ""Articles with dead external links from May 2026"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2025"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020"", ""Bioethics"", ""Biotechnology"", ""CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup""]",,12891,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,191963,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Gene therapy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
"[""1950s neologisms"", ""1972 introductions"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""Articles with dead external links from May 2026"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Biological engineering"", ""Biotechnology"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025"", ""Commons category link from Wikidata"", ""Commons category link is locally defined"", ""Engineering disciplines"", ""Genetic engineering"", ""Good articles"", ""Molecular biology"", ""Molecular genetics"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from February 2020"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages"", ""Wikipedia pending changes protected pages""]",,12383,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,139779,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Genetic engineering,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,63202233,en,2026-07-25T20:44:33Z,57720,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide_CRISPR-Cas9_knockout_screens,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,34930586,en,2026-07-28T17:06:56Z,85620,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Genome editing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_editing,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,59179433,en,2026-08-03T16:22:55Z,89423,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,He Jiankui,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Jiankui,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,59162859,en,2026-07-30T22:18:44Z,123609,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,He Jiankui affair,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Jiankui_affair,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,887836,en,2026-07-30T02:39:25Z,96305,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Human genetic enhancement,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,53827714,en,2026-07-30T22:18:57Z,44117,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Human germline engineering,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_germline_engineering,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,75669540,en,2026-08-01T20:35:31Z,39318,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Innovative Genomics Institute,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovative_Genomics_Institute,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,14677231,en,2026-07-22T23:59:43Z,11400,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Insert (molecular biology),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insert_(molecular_biology),oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,55924239,en,2026-07-15T17:28:01Z,19094,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Intellia Therapeutics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellia_Therapeutics,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,36836014,en,2026-07-31T00:42:35Z,72928,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Jennifer Doudna,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,81927984,en,2026-07-27T06:55:59Z,16865,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,KJ Muldoon,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJ_Muldoon,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,140271,en,2026-08-03T18:43:34Z,147307,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Kardashev scale,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,66540225,en,2026-07-24T03:29:46Z,16154,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Kiran Musunuru,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Musunuru,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,65074394,en,2026-07-31T07:58:31Z,7205,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,LEAPER gene editing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEAPER_gene_editing,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,58980354,en,2026-07-24T03:29:18Z,9687,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Lei Stanley Qi,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Stanley_Qi,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,67781079,en,2026-07-15T01:20:33Z,7467,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Mammoth Biosciences,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Biosciences,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,56710049,en,2026-07-30T17:48:33Z,56259,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Off-target genome editing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-target_genome_editing,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,79373242,en,2026-07-24T03:30:23Z,16517,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Patrick Hsu,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hsu,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,62129266,en,2026-08-01T05:38:58Z,63733,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Prime editing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_editing,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,80022060,en,2026-08-01T18:23:32Z,4608,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,TIGR-Tas,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIGR-Tas,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,29816,en,2026-08-03T18:43:34Z,107843,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Technology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,285729,en,2026-07-31T05:22:28Z,76697,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Thalassemia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassemia,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,67136789,en,2026-07-15T17:34:56Z,4587,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,The Code Breaker,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Code_Breaker,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,8381628,en,2026-08-01T02:03:52Z,288351,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Timeline of biotechnology,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_biotechnology,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,75487839,en,2026-07-13T05:22:02Z,6328,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Verve PCSK9-inhibitor gene therapy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_PCSK9-inhibitor_gene_therapy,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],,47976712,en,2026-07-24T03:28:46Z,6337,2026-08-03T21:52:42+00:00,Yoshizumi Ishino,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshizumi_Ishino,oDuNkSOoNLqMqLQ4w,EUyN2FjpbhfNKdgeh
[],The Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture (ANFA) is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to promote and advance knowledge that links neuroscience research to a growing understanding of human responses to the built environment.,31493339,en,2026-07-16T03:01:23Z,12292,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Neuroscience_for_Architecture,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Affective neuroscience is the study of how the brain processes emotions. This field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. The basis of emotions and what emotions are remains an issue of debate within the field of affective neuroscience.
The term ""affective neuroscience"" was coined by neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp in the early 1990s, at a time when cognitive neuroscience focused on parts of psychology that did not include emotion, such as attention or memory.",2640086,en,2026-08-02T03:13:55Z,83624,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Affective neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Andrew David Huberman (born September 26, 1975) is an American neuroscientist and podcaster. He is an associate professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at the Stanford University School of Medicine. He has been the host of the popular health and science focused podcast Huberman Lab since 2021, and has a Google H-index of 45 with over 14,742 citations. Huberman has drawn criticism from scientists for promoting dietary supplements and for making poorly evidenced health claims.
Huberman is the son of Argentine physicist Bernardo Huberman. He earned a B.A. in psychology from UC Santa Barbara in 1998, an M.A. in psychology from UC Berkeley in 2000, and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from UC Davis in 2004. Huberman conducted postdoctoral research at Stanford under Ben Barres, focusing on the visual system, and held faculty positions at UC San Diego and later Stanford, where his lab studies vision regeneration, stress mitigation, and non-pharmacological interventions for anxiety.

",51277767,en,2026-08-03T06:14:30Z,22661,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Andrew Huberman,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Huberman,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger's syndrome or Asperger's, is a formerly used diagnostic category for a condition characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. It ceased to be a distinct diagnosis when it was merged into autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the DSM-5 (2013) and ICD-11 (2022). Previously, it had been classified as a pervasive developmental disorder.
AS was considered milder than other diagnoses. This change reflected a shift toward a unified understanding of autism-related conditions rather than a judgment about individuals previously diagnosed with AS. Despite its removal from contemporary medical classification systems, many people continued to identify with the term Asperger's because of its long-standing use, personal relevance, and the way it shaped their diagnostic history and community identity. However, self-identification using the Asperger label became much rarer (going from 51 percent in 2018 to 19 percent in 2022, according to one set of polls) following the publication of the 2018 Edith Sheffer book Asperger's Children. The book revealed that the label's namesake was complicit in the Nazis' murder of disabled children.
The syndrome was named in 1976 by English psychiatrist Lorna Wing after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger, who in 1944 described children in his care who struggled to form friendships, did not understand others' gestures or feelings, engaged in one-sided conversations about their favorite interests, and were clumsy. In 1990 (coming into effect in 1993), the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome was included in the tenth edition (ICD-10) of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, and in 1994 it was also included in the fourth edition (DSM-4) of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. With the publication of DSM-5 in 2013, the syndrome was removed, and the symptoms regarded as an autism spectrum disorder along with classic autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). It was similarly merged into autism spectrum disorder in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) in 2018 (published, came into effect in 2022).
The cause of autism, including what was formerly called Asperger syndrome, is not well understood. While it has high heritability, the underlying genetics have not been determined conclusively. Environmental factors are also believed to play a role. Brain imaging has not identified a common underlying condition. There is no single treatment, and the UK's National Health Service (NHS) guidelines suggest that ""treatment"" of any form of autism should not be a goal, since autism is not ""a disease that can be removed or cured"". According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists, while co-occurring conditions might require treatment, ""management of autism itself is chiefly about the provision of the education, training, and social support/care required to improve the person's ability to function in the everyday world"". The effectiveness of particular interventions for autism is supported by only limited data. Interventions may include social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, parent training, and medications for associated problems, such as mood or anxiety. Autistic characteristics tend to become less obvious in adulthood, but social and communication difficulties usually persist.
In 2015, Asperger syndrome was estimated to affect 37.2 million people globally, or about 0.5% of the population. The exact percentage of people affected has still not been firmly established. Autism spectrum disorder is diagnosed in males more often than females, and females are typically diagnosed at a later age. The modern conception of Asperger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popularization. It became a standardized diagnosis in the 1990s, and was merged into ASD in 2013. Many questions about the condition remain.",37556,en,2026-07-31T01:48:40Z,122959,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Asperger syndrome,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],The Australasian Journal of Neuroscience is a peer-reviewed neuroscience journal established in 1988. It is the official journal of the Australasian Neuroscience Nurses Association and is published by Exeley twice a year.,79643966,en,2026-07-15T01:23:11Z,1228,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Australasian Journal of Neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Journal_of_Neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Awareness refers to the knowledge or perception of something, a concept widely discussed in psychology and philosophy. As such, it is the ability to consciously perceive, understand, and respond both generally to one's surroundings and specifically to individual stimuli. The concept is often synonymous with consciousness; however, one can be aware of something without being explicitly conscious of it (e.g., blindsight). Essentially, awareness is the state of being attuned to, or mindful of something, whether it is a physical sensation or an idea. The states of awareness are also associated with the states of experience, so that the structure represented in awareness is mirrored in the structure of experience.",491696,en,2026-08-03T02:50:07Z,23896,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Awareness,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology, is part of the broad, interdisciplinary field of neuroscience, with its primary focus being on the biological and neural substrates underlying human experiences and behaviors, as in our psychology. Derived from an earlier field known as physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience applies the principles of biology to study the physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals.
Behavioral neuroscientists examine the biological bases of behavior through research that involves neuroanatomical substrates, environmental and genetic factors, effects of lesions and electrical stimulation, developmental processes, recording electrical activity, neurotransmitters, hormonal influences, chemical components, and the effects of drugs. Important topics of consideration for neuroscientific research in behavior include learning and memory, sensory processes, motivation and emotion, as well as genetic and molecular substrates concerning the biological bases of behavior. Subdivisions of behavioral neuroscience include the field of cognitive neuroscience, which emphasizes the biological processes underlying human cognition. Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience are both concerned with the neuronal and biological bases of psychology, with a particular emphasis on either cognition or behavior depending on the field.",605477,en,2026-08-03T09:49:52Z,57273,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Behavioral neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Cellular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience concerned with the study of neurons at a cellular level. This includes morphology and physiological properties of single neurons. Several techniques such as intracellular recording, patch-clamp, and voltage-clamp technique, pharmacology, confocal imaging, molecular biology, two photon laser scanning microscopy and Ca2+ imaging have been used to study activity at the cellular level. Cellular neuroscience examines the various types of neurons, the functions of different neurons, the influence of neurons upon each other, and how neurons work together.",20848680,en,2026-08-01T17:20:50Z,12528,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Cellular neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Clinical neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that focuses on the scientific study of fundamental mechanisms that underlie diseases and disorders of the brain and central nervous system. It seeks to develop new ways of conceptualizing and diagnosing such disorders and ultimately of developing novel treatments.
A  clinical neuroscientist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field. Not all clinicians are clinical neuroscientists. Clinicians and scientists -including psychiatrists, neurologists, clinical psychologists, neuroscientists, and other specialists—use basic research findings from neuroscience in general and clinical neuroscience in particular to develop diagnostic methods and ways to prevent and treat neurobiological disorders. Such disorders include addiction, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, bipolar disorder, brain tumors, depression, Down syndrome, dyslexia, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, neurological AIDS, neurological trauma, pain, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, stroke and Tourette syndrome.
While neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry are the main medical specialties that use neuroscientific information, other specialties such as cognitive neuroscience, neuroradiology, neuropathology, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, anesthesiology and rehabilitation medicine can contribute to the discipline. Integration of the neuroscience perspective alongside other traditions like psychotherapy, social psychiatry or social psychology will become increasingly important.",31926330,en,2026-07-30T02:47:42Z,10786,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Clinical neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain that are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions of how cognitive activities are affected or controlled by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology, physiological psychology, and affective neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neurobiology, and computational modeling.
Parts of the brain play an important role in this field. Neurons play the most vital role, since the main point is to establish an understanding of cognition from a neural perspective, along with the different lobes of the cerebral cortex.
Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental procedures from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and behavioral genetics.
Studies of patients with cognitive deficits due to brain lesions constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. The damage in lesioned brains provide a comparable starting point with regard to healthy and fully functioning brains. These damages change the neural circuits in the brain and cause it to malfunction during basic cognitive processes, such as memory or learning. These disabilities and such damage can be compared with how the healthy neural circuits are functioning, and possibly draw conclusions about the basis of the affected cognitive processes. Some examples involve damage to Wernicke's area, the left side of the temporal lobe, and Broca's area close to the frontal lobe.
Also, cognitive abilities based on brain development are studied and examined under the subfield of developmental cognitive neuroscience. This shows brain development over time, analyzing differences and proposing possible reasons for those differences.
Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology.",50326,en,2026-08-02T04:33:41Z,55085,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Cognitive neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Computational and Systems Neuroscience (COSYNE ) is an annual scientific conference for the exchange of experimental and theoretical/computational approaches to problems in systems neuroscience. It is an important meeting for computational neuroscientists where many levels of approaches are discussed. It is a single track-meeting with oral and poster sessions and attracts over 1500 participants from a variety of disciplines, including neuroscience, computer science and machine learning. Until 2018, the 3-day long main meeting was held in Salt Lake City, followed by two days of workshops at Snowbird, Utah. In 2018, COSYNE moved to Colorado, and since 2019 has been alternating between a European site (Lisbon, Portugal) and a North American site (Montreal, Canada).",8278917,en,2026-07-15T00:51:47Z,6027,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Computational and Systems Neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_and_Systems_Neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Computational neuroscience (also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematics, computer science, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.
Computational neuroscience employs computational simulations to validate and solve mathematical models, and so can be seen as a sub-field of theoretical neuroscience; however, the two fields are often synonymous. The term mathematical neuroscience is also used sometimes, to stress the quantitative nature of the field.
Computational neuroscience focuses on the description of biologically plausible neurons (and neural systems) and their physiology and dynamics. It is therefore not directly concerned with biologically unrealistic models used in connectionism, control theory, cybernetics, quantitative psychology, machine learning, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence and computational learning theory; although mutual inspiration exists and sometimes there is no strict limit between fields, with model abstraction in computational neuroscience depending on research scope and the granularity at which biological entities are analyzed.
Models in theoretical neuroscience are aimed at capturing the essential features of the biological system at multiple spatial-temporal scales, from membrane currents, and chemical coupling via network oscillations, columnar and topographic architecture, nuclei, all the way up to psychological faculties like memory, learning and behavior. These computational models frame hypotheses that can be directly tested by biological or psychological experiments.",271430,en,2026-07-30T02:39:07Z,45595,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Computational neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,44135823,en,2026-07-30T02:51:35Z,6897,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Contemplative neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemplative_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Educational neuroscience (or neuroeducation, a component of Mind Brain and Education) is a controversial field that brings together researchers in cognitive neuroscience, developmental cognitive neuroscience, educational psychology, educational technology, education theory and other related disciplines to explore the interactions between biological processes and education. Researchers in this area may link basic findings in cognitive neuroscience with educational technology to help in curriculum implementation for mathematics education and reading education.
Researchers in educational neuroscience investigate the neural mechanisms of reading, numerical cognition, attention and their attendant difficulties including dyslexia, dyscalculia and ADHD as they relate to education.
The aim of educational neuroscience is to generate basic and applied research that will provide a new transdisciplinary account of learning and teaching, which is capable of informing education. A major goal of educational neuroscience is to bridge the gap between the two fields through a direct dialogue between researchers and educators, avoiding the ""middlemen of the brain-based learning industry"". These middlemen have a vested commercial interest in the selling of ""neuromyths"" and their supposed remedies.",25935238,en,2026-07-30T02:44:19Z,100477,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Educational neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All accuracy disputes"", ""All articles lacking in-text citations"", ""All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""All articles with vague or ambiguous time"", ""Articles containing Danish-language text"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles containing Japanese-language text"", ""Articles containing Portuguese-language text"", ""Articles containing Welsh-language text"", ""Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2026"", ""Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links"", ""Articles with disputed statements from July 2026"", ""Articles with disputed statements from October 2025"", ""Articles with excerpts"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2017"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from April 2025"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from October 2025"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 errors: ISBN date"", ""CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026"", ""CS1 maint: location missing publisher"", ""CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"", ""Deprecated archive template links"", ""Emotion"", ""Human behavior"", ""Limbic system"", ""Mental states"", ""Pages using Sister project links with default search"", ""Pages using multiple image with zero images"", ""Pages with missing ISBNs"", ""Psychological concepts"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Subjective experience"", ""Use American English from July 2023"", ""Use dmy dates from October 2021"", ""Vague or ambiguous time from July 2026"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2026"", ""Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021"", ""Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2023"", ""Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2023"", ""Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2022""]","Emotions are physical and mental states brought on by neurophysiological and neuropsychological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure. There is no scientific consensus on a definition. Emotions are often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, or creativity.
Research on emotion has increased over the past two decades, with many fields contributing, including psychology, medicine, history, sociology of emotions, computer science and philosophy. The numerous attempts to explain the origin, function, and other aspects of emotions have fostered intense research on this topic. Theorizing about the evolutionary origin and possible purpose of emotion dates back to Charles Darwin. Current areas of research include the neuroscience of emotion, using tools like positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans to study the affective picture processes in the brain.
From a mechanistic perspective, emotions can be defined as ""a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity"". Emotions are complex, involving multiple different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion has been said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multi-componential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (anger, surprise, etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts. Cognitive processes, like reasoning and decision-making, are often regarded as separate from emotional processes, making a division between ""thinking"" and ""feeling"". However, not all theories of emotion regard this separation as valid.
Nowadays, most research into emotions in the clinical and well-being context focuses on emotion dynamics in daily life, predominantly the intensity of specific emotions and their variability, instability, inertia, and differentiation, as well as whether and how emotions augment or blunt each other over time and differences in these dynamics between people and along the lifespan.",10406,en,2026-08-03T19:50:49Z,120093,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Emotion,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Frisson (UK:  FREE-son, US:  free-SOHN French: [fʁisɔ̃]; French for ""shiver""), also known as aesthetic chills or psychogenic shivers, is a psychophysiological response to rewarding stimuli (including music, films, stories, people, photos, and rituals) that often induces a pleasurable or otherwise positively-valenced affective state and transient paresthesia (skin tingling or chills), sometimes along with piloerection (goose bumps) and mydriasis (pupil dilation). The sensation can occur as a mildly to moderately pleasurable emotional response to music with skin tingling.
The psychological component (i.e., the pleasurable feeling) and physiological components (i.e., paresthesia, piloerection, and pupil dilation) of the response are mediated by the reward system and sympathetic nervous system, respectively. The stimuli that produce this response are specific to each individual. Frisson is of short duration, lasting only a few seconds. Typical stimuli include loud passages of music and passages—such as appoggiaturas and sudden modulation—that violate some level of musical expectation. While frisson is usually known for being evoked by experiences with music, the phenomenon can additionally be triggered with poetry, videos, beauty in nature or art, eloquent speeches, the practice of science (mainly physics and mathematics), and can also be triggered on command by some people without any external stimuli. During a frisson, a sensation of chills or tingling is felt on the skin of the lower back, shoulders, neck, and/or arms. The sensation of chills is sometimes experienced as a series of 'waves' moving up the back in rapid succession and commonly described as ""shivers up the spine."" Hair follicles may also undergo piloerection.
Frisson may be enhanced by the amplitude of the music and the temperature of the environment. Cool listening rooms and cinemas may enhance the experience.
Experiencing musical frisson is associated with increased connectivity between the sections of the brain responsible for processing auditory information (specifically the anterior insula) and for reward processing: in other words, the greater the volume of white matter connectivity between those areas of the brain, the more likely an individual is to experience chills. Experiencing musical frisson is also associated with openness to experience.",14595218,en,2026-07-25T16:51:16Z,23337,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Frisson,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisson,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"This is a glossary of terms, concepts, and structures relevant to the study of the nervous system.",80167515,en,2026-07-21T09:29:41Z,95385,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Glossary of neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"From the ancient Egyptian mummifications to 18th-century scientific research on ""globules"" and neurons, there is evidence of neuroscience practice throughout the early periods of history. The early civilizations lacked adequate means to obtain knowledge about the human brain. Their assumptions about the inner workings of the mind, therefore, were not accurate. Early views on the function of the brain regarded it to be a form of ""cranial stuffing"" of sorts. In ancient Egypt, from the late Middle Kingdom onwards, in preparation for mummification, the brain was regularly removed, for it was the heart that was assumed to be the seat of intelligence. According to Herodotus, during the first step of mummification: ""The most perfect practice is to extract as much of the brain as possible with an iron hook, and what the hook cannot reach is mixed with drugs."" Over the next five thousand years, this view came to be reversed; the brain is now known to be the seat of intelligence, although colloquial variations of the former remain as in ""memorizing something by heart"".",4794482,en,2026-07-30T02:40:26Z,43359,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,History of neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Integrative neuroscience is the study of neuroscience that works to unify functional organization data to better understand complex structures and behaviors. The relationship between structure and function, and how the regions and functions connect to each other. Different parts of the brain carrying out different tasks, interconnecting to come together allowing complex behavior. Integrative neuroscience works to fill gaps in knowledge that can largely be accomplished with data sharing, to create understanding of systems, currently being applied to simulation neuroscience: Computer Modeling of the brain that integrates functional groups together.

",17935654,en,2026-07-30T02:42:34Z,16493,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Integrative neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"The theories of Carl Jung are grounded in his evolutionary conception of human brain evolution. This had led to a resurgence of research into his work, beginning in the early 2000s, from the perspective of contemporary neuroscience. Much of this work looks at Jung's theories of a genetically inherited 'collective unconscious' common to all of humankind. This hypothesis was postulated by Jung in his efforts to account for similar patterns of behaviour and symbolic expression in myth, dream imagery and religion in various cultures around the world. Jung believed that the 'collective unconscious' was structured by archetypes – that is species typical patterns of behaviour and cognition common to all humans. Contemporary researchers have postulated such recurrent archetypes reside in 'environmentally closed' subcortical brain systems that evolved in the human lineage prior to the emergence of self-consciousness and the uniquely human self-reflective ego.",70995486,en,2026-07-29T19:15:08Z,7045,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Jungian neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,25829369,en,2026-07-30T02:44:18Z,35552,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,List of neuroscience databases,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neuroscience_databases,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,31217535,en,2026-07-31T03:01:25Z,144166,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Memory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
"[""Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"", ""Articles containing German-language text"", ""Articles containing Gothic-language text"", ""Articles containing Latin-language text"", ""Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text""]",,19378,en,2026-08-03T18:49:16Z,183843,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Mind,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,1822196,en,2026-07-30T02:39:45Z,26813,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Molecular neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,43254,en,2026-08-03T03:44:44Z,95978,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Morality,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,63336797,en,2026-07-24T07:34:41Z,117862,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Network neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,21245,en,2026-08-01T15:08:54Z,104169,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,26278688,en,2026-08-03T01:42:21Z,2449,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_%26_Biobehavioral_Reviews,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,26081918,en,2026-08-03T09:49:59Z,6462,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience (journal),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_(journal),dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,27642139,en,2026-08-02T13:47:23Z,18719,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience Research Australia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_Research_Australia,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,1305044,en,2026-07-30T02:39:35Z,46332,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience and intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_and_intelligence,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,20515023,en,2026-07-30T02:42:59Z,19373,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience and sexual orientation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,60082231,en,2026-07-17T08:45:43Z,5634,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience nursing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_nursing,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,26565579,en,2026-07-31T13:48:35Z,104933,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience of free will,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_will,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,25181073,en,2026-07-27T02:43:09Z,69783,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience of multilingualism,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_multilingualism,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,25049383,en,2026-07-23T21:19:39Z,80772,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience of music,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_music,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,542377,en,2026-07-30T02:39:16Z,32224,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience of religion,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,36563803,en,2026-07-31T07:40:20Z,127476,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Neuroscience of sleep,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,27024757,en,2026-07-30T02:44:40Z,133716,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Nutritional neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,277956,en,2026-07-15T16:50:50Z,9919,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Outline of neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,75377115,en,2026-06-23T04:19:57Z,60381,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Personality neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,24518815,en,2026-07-15T19:10:02Z,5888,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Positive neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,75483999,en,2026-06-25T11:35:24Z,17303,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Precision Neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,47403822,en,2026-08-03T01:22:33Z,7521,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Princeton Neuroscience Institute,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Neuroscience_Institute,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,67805882,en,2026-07-24T03:29:49Z,14891,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Sabine Kastner,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Kastner,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,1937595,en,2026-08-03T09:49:53Z,10061,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Society for Neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,762064,en,2026-07-30T02:39:22Z,8950,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Systems neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,12101207,en,2026-08-02T17:23:13Z,3479,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,The Journal of Neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,42003951,en,2026-07-03T13:11:07Z,14016,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Translational neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],,5212945,en,2026-07-06T22:03:46Z,7990,2026-08-03T21:52:36+00:00,Visual neuroscience,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_neuroscience,dCGiqxjzlXf3RK9oO,svIbEpzmXhZxcPNVE
[],"Alice and Bob are fictional characters commonly used as placeholders in discussions about cryptographic systems and protocols, and in other science and engineering literature where there are several participants in a thought experiment. The Alice and Bob characters were created by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman in their 1978 paper ""A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-key Cryptosystems"". Subsequently, they have become common archetypes in many scientific and engineering fields, such as quantum cryptography, game theory and physics. As the use of Alice and Bob became more widespread, additional characters were added, sometimes with particular meanings. These characters do not have to refer to people; they refer to generic agents which might be different computers or even different programs running on a single computer.",679079,en,2026-07-26T15:50:23Z,25372,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Alice and Bob,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_and_Bob,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"An authenticator is a means used to confirm a user's identity, that is, to perform digital authentication. A person authenticates to a computer system or application by demonstrating that he or she has possession and control of an authenticator. In the simplest case, the authenticator is a common password.
Using the terminology of the NIST Digital Identity Guidelines, the party to be authenticated is called the claimant while the party verifying the identity of the claimant is called the verifier. When the claimant successfully demonstrates possession and control of one or more authenticators to the verifier through an established authentication protocol, the verifier is able to infer the claimant's identity.",40745,en,2026-07-06T22:03:14Z,30999,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Authenticator,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticator,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"Cryptographic primitives are well-established, low-level cryptographic algorithms that are frequently used to build cryptographic protocols for computer security systems. These routines include, but are not limited to, one-way hash functions and encryption functions.",4928985,en,2026-07-30T02:40:28Z,6903,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Cryptographic primitive,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_primitive,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"A cryptographic protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences of cryptographic primitives. A protocol describes how the algorithms should be used and includes details about data structures and representations, at which point it can be used to implement multiple, interoperable versions of a program.
Cryptographic protocols are widely used for secure application-level data transport. A cryptographic protocol usually incorporates at least some of these aspects:

Key agreement or establishment
Entity authentication, perhaps using an authentication protocol
Symmetric encryption and message authentication key material construction
Secured application-level data transport
Non-repudiation methods
Secret sharing methods
Secure multi-party computation
For example, Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol that is used to secure web (HTTPS) connections. It has an entity authentication mechanism, based on the X.509 system; a key setup phase, where a symmetric encryption key is formed by employing public-key cryptography; and an application-level data transport function. These three aspects have important interconnections. Standard TLS does not have non-repudiation support.
There are other types of cryptographic protocols as well, and even the term itself has various readings; Cryptographic application protocols often use one or more underlying key agreement methods, which are also sometimes themselves referred to as ""cryptographic protocols"". For instance, TLS employs what is known as the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, which although it is only a part of TLS per se, Diffie–Hellman may be seen as a complete cryptographic protocol in itself for other applications.",591994,en,2026-07-30T02:39:18Z,9769,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Cryptographic protocol,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_protocol,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also referred to as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG).,182249,en,2026-07-30T02:39:02Z,37771,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security (data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication and non-repudiation) are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords and military communications.
Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption, converting readable information (plaintext) to unintelligible nonsense text (ciphertext), which can only be read by reversing the process (decryption). The sender of an encrypted (coded) message shares the decryption (decoding) technique only with the intended recipients to preclude access from adversaries. The cryptography literature often uses the names ""Alice"" (or ""A"") for the sender, ""Bob"" (or ""B"") for the intended recipient, and ""Eve"" (or ""E"") for the eavesdropping adversary. Since the development of rotor cipher machines in World War I and the advent of computers in World War II, cryptography methods have become increasingly complex and their applications more varied.
Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions, making such algorithms hard to break in actual practice by any adversary. While it is theoretically possible to break into a well-designed system, it is infeasible in actual practice to do so. Such schemes, if well designed, are therefore termed ""computationally secure"". Theoretical advances (e.g., improvements in integer factorization algorithms) and faster computing technology require these designs to be continually reevaluated and, if necessary, adapted. Information-theoretically secure schemes that provably cannot be broken even with unlimited computing power, such as the one-time pad, are much more difficult to use in practice than the best theoretically breakable but computationally secure schemes.
The growth of cryptographic technology has raised a number of legal issues in the Information Age. Cryptography's potential for use as a tool for espionage and sedition has led many governments to classify it as a weapon and to limit or even prohibit its use and export. In some jurisdictions where the use of cryptography is legal, laws permit investigators to compel the disclosure of encryption keys for documents relevant to an investigation. Cryptography also plays a major role in digital rights management and copyright infringement disputes with regard to digital media.

",18934432,en,2026-07-31T07:58:29Z,104305,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from May 2026"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015"", ""CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"", ""Key-agreement protocols"", ""Public-key cryptography"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Wikipedia pending changes protected pages""]","Diffie–Hellman (DH) key exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel and was one of the first protocols as conceived by Ralph Merkle and named after Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman. DH is one of the earliest practical examples of public key exchange implemented within the field of cryptography. Published in 1976 by Diffie and Hellman, this is the earliest publicly known work that proposed the idea of a private key and a corresponding public key.
Traditionally, secure encrypted communication between two parties required that they first exchange keys by some secure physical means, such as paper key lists transported by a trusted courier. The Diffie–Hellman key exchange method allows two parties that have no prior knowledge of each other to jointly establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel. This key can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric-key cipher.
Diffie–Hellman is used to secure a variety of Internet services. However, research published in October 2015 suggests that the parameters in use for many DH Internet applications at that time were not strong enough to prevent compromise by very well-funded attackers, such as the security services of some countries.
The scheme was published by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976, but in 1997 it was revealed that James H. Ellis, Clifford Cocks, and Malcolm J. Williamson of GCHQ, the British signals intelligence agency, had previously shown in 1969 how public-key cryptography could be achieved.
Although Diffie–Hellman key exchange itself is a non-authenticated key-agreement protocol, it provides the basis for a variety of authenticated protocols, and is used to provide forward secrecy in Transport Layer Security's ephemeral modes (referred to as EDH or DHE depending on the cipher suite).  Forward secrecy results from the use of ephemeral keys: the private keys are discarded once key agreement is complete, making them safe from later compromise.   Ephemeral keys are practical because it is computationally cheap to create public-private key pairs suitable for use with Diffie-Hellman exchange.
The method was followed shortly after by the RSA cryptosystem, an implementation of public-key cryptography using asymmetric algorithms.
Expired US patent 4200770 from 1977 describes the now public-domain algorithm. It credits Hellman, Diffie, and Merkle as inventors.",7903,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,47017,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Diffie–Hellman key exchange,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital messages or documents. A valid digital signature on a message gives a recipient confidence that the message came from a sender known to the recipient.
Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution,
financial transactions, contract management software, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering.
A digital signature on a message or document is similar to a handwritten signature on paper, but it is not restricted to a physical medium like paper—any bitstring can be digitally signed—and while a handwritten signature on paper could be copied onto other paper in a forgery, a digital signature on a message is mathematically bound to the content of the message so that it is infeasible for anyone to forge a valid digital signature on any other message.
Digital signatures are often used to implement electronic signatures, which include any electronic data that carries the intent of a signature, but not all electronic signatures use digital signatures.",59644,en,2026-07-30T02:38:57Z,43261,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Digital signature,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"In cryptography, the Double Ratchet Algorithm (previously referred to as the Axolotl Ratchet) is a key management algorithm that was developed by Trevor Perrin and Moxie Marlinspike in 2013. It can be used as part of a cryptographic protocol to provide end-to-end encryption for instant messaging. After an initial key exchange it manages the ongoing renewal and maintenance of short-lived session keys. It combines a cryptographic so-called ""ratchet"" based on the Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DH) and a ratchet based on a key derivation function (KDF), such as a hash function, and is therefore called a double ratchet.
The algorithm provides forward secrecy for messages, and implicit renegotiation of forward keys; properties for which the protocol is named.
This has been extended as of October 2025 to the Sparse Post Quantum Ratchet (SPQR) with a CRYSTALS-Kyber quantum ratchet to provide post-quantum Forward Secrecy and Post-Compromise Security guarantees in what the Signal authors call a Triple Ratchet.",49111333,en,2026-08-01T20:51:10Z,17627,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Double Ratchet Algorithm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) is a key agreement protocol that allows two parties, each having an elliptic-curve public–private key pair, to establish a shared secret over an insecure channel. This shared secret may be directly used as a key, or to derive another key.  The key, or the derived key, can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric-key cipher. It is a variant of the Diffie–Hellman protocol using elliptic-curve cryptography.",3357958,en,2026-07-30T02:40:09Z,14567,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic-curve_Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
"[""All articles to be expanded"", ""Articles to be expanded from March 2026"", ""Articles with short description"", ""CS1 maint: archived copy as title"", ""Commons link is locally defined"", ""Elliptic curve cryptography"", ""Finite fields"", ""Public-key cryptography"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2011""]","Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC allows smaller keys to provide equivalent security, compared to cryptosystems based on modular exponentiation in finite fields, such as the RSA cryptosystem and  ElGamal cryptosystem.
Elliptic curves are applicable for key agreement, digital signatures, pseudo-random generators and other tasks. Indirectly, they can be used for encryption by combining the key agreement with a symmetric encryption scheme. They are also used in several integer factorization algorithms that have applications in cryptography, such as Lenstra elliptic-curve factorization.",9966,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,42548,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Elliptic-curve cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic-curve_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve cryptography.",450525,en,2026-08-03T12:09:30Z,22534,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"In cryptography, forward secrecy (FS), also known as perfect forward secrecy (PFS), is a feature of specific key-agreement protocols that gives assurances that session keys will not be compromised even if long-term secrets used in the session key exchange are compromised, limiting damage. For TLS, the long-term secret is typically the private key of the server. Forward secrecy protects past sessions against future compromises of keys or passwords. By generating a unique session key for every session a user initiates, the compromise of a single session key will not affect any data other than that exchanged in the specific session protected by that particular key. This by itself is not sufficient for forward secrecy, which additionally requires that a long-term secret compromise does not affect the security of past session keys.
Forward secrecy protects data on the transport layer of a network that uses common transport layer security protocols, including OpenSSL, when its long-term secret keys are compromised, as with the Heartbleed security bug. If forward secrecy is used, encrypted communications and sessions recorded in the past cannot be retrieved and decrypted should long-term secret keys or passwords be compromised in the future, even if the adversary actively interfered, for example via a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack.
The value of forward secrecy is that it protects past communication. This reduces the motivation for attackers to compromise keys. For instance, if an attacker learns a long-term key, but the compromise is detected and the long-term key is revoked and updated, relatively little information is leaked in a forward secure system.
The value of forward secrecy depends on the assumed capabilities of an adversary. Forward secrecy has value if an adversary is assumed to be able to obtain secret keys from a device (read access) but is either detected or unable to modify the way session keys are generated in the device (full compromise). In some cases an adversary who can read long-term keys from a device may also be able to modify the functioning of the session key generator, as in the backdoored Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator. If an adversary can make the random number generator predictable, then past traffic will be protected but all future traffic will be compromised.
The value of forward secrecy is limited not only by the assumption that an adversary will attack a server by only stealing keys and not modifying the random number generator used by the server but it is also limited by the assumption that the adversary will only passively collect traffic on the communications link and not be active using a man-in-the-middle attack.  Forward secrecy typically uses an ephemeral Diffie–Hellman key exchange to prevent reading past traffic. The ephemeral Diffie–Hellman key exchange is often signed by the server using a static signing key.  If an adversary can steal (or obtain through a court order) this static (long term) signing key, the adversary can masquerade as the server to the client and as the client to the server and implement a classic man-in-the-middle attack.",2191130,en,2026-07-15T16:54:18Z,26842,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Forward secrecy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"This glossary lists types of keys as the term is used in cryptography, as opposed to door locks. Terms that are primarily used by the U.S. National Security Agency are marked (NSA). For classification of keys according to their usage see cryptographic key types.

40-bit key - key with a length of 40 bits, once the upper limit of what could be exported from the U.S. and other countries without a license. Considered very insecure. See  key size for a discussion of this and other lengths.
Authentication key - Key used in a keyed-hash message authentication code, or HMAC.
Benign key - (NSA) a key that has been protected by encryption or other means so that it can be distributed without fear of its being stolen. Also called BLACK key.
Content-encryption key (CEK) a key that may be further encrypted using a KEK, where the content may be a message, audio, image, video, executable code, etc.
Crypto ignition key An NSA key storage device (KSD-64) shaped to look like an ordinary physical key.
Cryptovariable - NSA calls the output of a stream cipher a key or key stream. It often uses the term cryptovariable for the bits that control the stream cipher, what the public cryptographic community calls a key.
Data encryption key (DEK) used to encrypt the underlying data.
Derived key - keys computed by applying a predetermined hash algorithm or key derivation function to a password or, better, a passphrase.
DRM key - A key used in digital rights management to protect media
Electronic key - (NSA) key that is distributed in electronic (as opposed to paper) form. See EKMS.
Ephemeral key - A key that only exists within the lifetime of a communication session.
Expired key - Key that was issued for a use in a limited time frame (cryptoperiod in NSA parlance) which has passed and, hence, the key is no longer valid.
FIREFLY key - (NSA) keys used in an NSA system based on public key cryptography.
Key derivation function (KDF) - function used to derive a key from a secret value, e.g.  to derive KEK from Diffie-Hellman key exchange.
Key encryption key (KEK) - key used to protect MEK keys (or DEK/TEK if MEK is not used).
Key production key (KPK) -Key used to initialize a keystream generator for the production of other electronically generated keys.
Key fill - (NSA) loading keys into a cryptographic device. See fill device.
Master key - key from which all other keys (or a large group of keys) can be derived. Analogous to a physical key that can open all the doors in a building.
Master encryption key (MEK) -  Used to encrypt the DEK/TEK key.
Master key encryption key (MKEK) -  Used to encrypt multiple KEK keys. For example, an HSM can generate several KEK and wrap them with an MKEK before export to an external DB - such as OpenStack Barbican.

One time pad (OTP or OTPad) - keying material that should be as long as the plaintext and should only be used once. If truly random and not reused it's the most secure encryption method. See one-time pad article.
One time password (OTP) - One time password based on a prebuilt single use code list or based on a mathematical formula with a secret seed known to both parties, uses event or time to modify output (see TOTP/HOTP).
Paper key - (NSA) keys that are distributed in paper form, such as printed lists of settings for rotor machines, or keys in punched card or paper tape formats. Paper keys are easily copied. See Walker spy ring, RED key.
Poem key - Keys used by OSS agents in World War II in the form of a poem that was easy to remember. See Leo Marks.
Public/private key - in public key cryptography, separate keys are used to encrypt and decrypt a message. The encryption key (public key) need not be kept secret and can be published. The decryption or private key must be kept secret to maintain confidentiality. Public keys are often distributed in a signed public key certificate.
Public key infrastructure - (PKI) a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption.
Pre-placed key - (NSA) large numbers of keys (perhaps a year's supply) that are loaded into an encryption device allowing frequent key change without refill.
RED key - (NSA) symmetric key in a format that can be easily copied, e.g. paper key or unencrypted electronic key. Opposite of BLACK or benign key.
Revoked key - a public key that should no longer be used, typically because its owner is no longer in the role for which it was issued or because it may have been compromised. Such keys are placed on a certificate revocation list or CRL.
Session key - key used for one message or an entire communications session. See traffic encryption key.
Symmetric key - a key that is used both to encrypt and decrypt a message. Symmetric keys are typically used with a cipher and must be kept secret to maintain confidentiality.
Traffic encryption key (TEK)/data encryption key (DEK) - a symmetric key that is used to encrypt messages. TEKs are typically changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message. See session key. DEK is used to specify any data form type (in communication payloads or anywhere else).
Transmission security key (TSK) - (NSA) seed for a pseudorandom number generator that is used to control a radio in frequency hopping or direct-sequence spread spectrum modes. See HAVE QUICK, SINCGARS, electronic warfare.
Seed key - (NSA) a key used to initialize a cryptographic device so it can accept operational keys using benign transfer techniques. Also a key used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator to generate other keys.
Signature key - public key cryptography can also be used to electronically sign messages. The private key is used to create the electronic signature, the public key is used to verify the signature. Separate public/private key pairs must be used for signing and encryption. The former is called signature keys.
Stream key - the output of a stream cipher as opposed to the key (or cryptovariable in NSA parlance) that controls the cipher
Training key - (NSA) unclassified key used for instruction and practice exercises.
Type 1 key - (NSA) keys used to protect classified information. See Type 1 product.
Type 2 key - (NSA) keys used to protect sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information. See Type 2 product.
Vernam key - Type of key invented by Gilbert Vernam  in 1918. See stream key.
Zeroized key - key that has been erased (see zeroisation.)",1070569,en,2026-07-25T17:47:07Z,9213,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Glossary of cryptographic keys,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cryptographic_keys,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"In the history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet (of paper or cardboard or similar). The earliest known description is due to Jacopo Silvestri in 1526. His proposal was for a rectangular stencil allowing single letters, syllables, or words to be written, then later read, through its various apertures. The written fragments of the plaintext could be further disguised by filling the gaps between the fragments with anodyne words or letters. This variant is also an example of steganography, as are many of the grille ciphers.",5318870,en,2026-07-30T02:40:32Z,17455,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Grille (cryptography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille_(cryptography),vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"Hash-based cryptography is the generic term for constructions of cryptographic primitives based on the security of hash functions. It is of interest as a type of post-quantum cryptography.
So far, hash-based cryptography is used to construct digital signatures schemes such as the Merkle signature scheme, zero knowledge and computationally integrity proofs, such as the zk-STARK proof system and range proofs over issued credentials via the HashWires protocol. Hash-based signature schemes combine a one-time signature scheme, such as a Lamport signature, with a Merkle tree structure. Since a one-time signature scheme key can only sign a single message securely, it is practical to combine many such keys within a single, larger structure. A Merkle tree structure is used to this end. In this hierarchical data structure, a hash function and concatenation are used repeatedly to compute tree nodes.
One consideration with hash-based signature schemes is that they can only sign a limited number of messages securely, because of their use of one-time signature schemes. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), specified that algorithms in its post-quantum cryptography competition support a minimum of 264 signatures safely.
NIST standardized stateful hash-based cryptography based on the eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS) and Leighton–Micali Signatures (LMS), which are applicable in different circumstances, in 2020, but noted that the requirement to maintain state when using them makes them more difficult to implement in a way that avoids misuse.
In 2022, NIST announced SPHINCS+ as one of three algorithms to be standardized for digital signatures. and in 2024 NIST announced the Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard (SLH-DSA) based on SPHINCS+.",53957696,en,2026-07-30T02:55:33Z,21257,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Hash-based cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical cryptography — that is, of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids. In the early 20th century, the invention of complex mechanical and electromechanical machines, such as the Enigma rotor machine, provided more sophisticated and efficient means of encryption; and the subsequent introduction of electronics and computing has allowed elaborate schemes of still greater complexity, most of which are entirely unsuited to pen and paper.
The development of cryptography has been paralleled by the development of cryptanalysis —  the ""breaking"" of codes and ciphers. The discovery and application, early on, of frequency analysis to the reading of encrypted communications has, on occasion, altered the course of history.  Thus the Zimmermann Telegram triggered the United States' entry into World War I; and Allies reading of Nazi Germany's ciphers shortened World War II, in some evaluations by as much as two years.
Until the 1960s, secure cryptography was largely the preserve of governments. Two events have since brought it squarely into the public domain: the creation of a public encryption standard (DES), and the invention of public-key cryptography.

",520066,en,2026-07-30T02:39:15Z,53913,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,History of cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],"Identity-based cryptography is a type of public-key cryptography in which a publicly known string representing an individual or organization is used as a public key. The public string could include an email address, domain name, or a physical IP address.

The first implementation of identity-based signatures and an email-address based public-key infrastructure (PKI) was developed by Adi Shamir in 1984, which allowed users to verify digital signatures using only public information such as the user's identifier. Under Shamir's scheme, a trusted third party would deliver the private key to the user after verification of the user's identity, with verification essentially the same as that required for issuing a certificate in a typical PKI.
Shamir similarly proposed identity-based encryption, which appeared particularly attractive since there was no need to acquire an identity's public key prior to encryption. However, he was unable to come up with a concrete solution, and identity-based encryption remained an open problem for many years. The first practical implementations were finally devised by Sakai in 2000, and Boneh and Franklin in 2001. These solutions were based on bilinear pairings. Also in 2001, a solution was developed independently by Clifford Cocks.
Closely related to various identity-based encryption schemes are identity based key agreement schemes.  One of the first identity based key agreement algorithms was published in 1986, just two years after Shamir's identity based signature.  The author was E. Okamoto. Identity based key agreement schemes also allow for ""escrow free"" identity based cryptography.  A notable example of such an escrow free identity based key agreement is the McCullagh-Barreto's ""Authenticated Key Agreement without Escrow"" found in section 4 of their 2004 paper, ""A New Two-Party Identity-Based Authenticated Key Agreement"".   A variant of this escrow free key exchange is standardized as the identity based key agreement in the Chinese identity based standard SM9.",24158304,en,2026-07-30T02:43:53Z,7530,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Identity-based cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity-based_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],The International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) is a non-profit scientific organization that furthers research in cryptology and related fields. The IACR was organized at the initiative of David Chaum at the CRYPTO '82 conference.,87043,en,2026-08-03T19:48:01Z,16559,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,International Association for Cryptologic Research,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Cryptologic_Research,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
"[""All articles lacking in-text citations"", ""All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases"", ""Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2025"", ""Articles prone to spam from May 2019"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2023"", ""Authentication protocols"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list"", ""Cerberus"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Computer-related introductions in 1988"", ""Computer access control protocols"", ""Computer network security"", ""Key transport protocols"", ""Massachusetts Institute of Technology software"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Symmetric-key algorithms""]","Kerberos () is a computer-network authentication protocol that works on the basis of tickets to allow nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. Its designers aimed it primarily at a client–server model, and it provides mutual authentication—both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks.
Kerberos builds on symmetric-key cryptography and requires a trusted third party, and optionally may use public-key cryptography during certain phases of authentication. Kerberos uses UDP port 88 by default.
The protocol was named after the character Cerberus, also spelled Kerberos, from Greek mythology, the ferocious three-headed guard dog of Hades.",16947,en,2026-07-30T02:38:53Z,28167,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Kerberos (protocol),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberos_(protocol),vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,53039,en,2026-07-30T02:38:57Z,13093,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Key (cryptography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography),vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,578092,en,2026-08-01T19:07:02Z,12194,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Key exchange,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_exchange,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,616119,en,2026-06-22T18:41:40Z,12452,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Key server (cryptographic),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_server_(cryptographic),vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,1595662,en,2026-07-15T00:48:49Z,1065,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Key signature (cryptography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_signature_(cryptography),vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
"[""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2007"", ""Articles needing additional references from August 2012"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013"", ""CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"", ""Key management"", ""Short description matches Wikidata"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]",,5749,en,2026-08-03T11:53:24Z,29790,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Key size,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_size,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,18657553,en,2026-07-30T02:42:43Z,24511,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Lattice-based cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice-based_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,735452,en,2026-07-30T02:39:22Z,15938,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,McEliece cryptosystem,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McEliece_cryptosystem,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,16256805,en,2026-07-30T02:42:18Z,9316,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Multivariate cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,56162225,en,2026-08-02T11:26:26Z,44652,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,240358,en,2026-07-30T02:39:05Z,14555,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,NSAKEY,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAKEY,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,1075500,en,2026-07-31T07:58:27Z,9527,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,NSA cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,1568244,en,2026-07-31T07:58:27Z,12954,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,PBKDF2,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,616418,en,2026-07-30T02:39:19Z,13801,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,PKCS,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,16706008,en,2026-07-30T02:42:22Z,12679,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,PKCS 1,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_1,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,7620041,en,2026-07-30T02:40:57Z,7916,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,PKCS 11,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_11,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,64431194,en,2026-07-30T02:58:44Z,4442,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,PKCS 7,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_7,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,592505,en,2026-07-30T02:39:18Z,23860,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Padding (cryptography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padding_(cryptography),vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,26605226,en,2026-07-31T16:48:22Z,78940,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Post-quantum cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,24222,en,2026-08-01T15:12:00Z,42755,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Public-key cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,223796,en,2026-08-01T20:50:26Z,49782,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Public key certificate,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,7943312,en,2026-07-30T02:41:00Z,9332,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Public key fingerprint,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_fingerprint,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,194112,en,2026-08-01T20:50:26Z,39189,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Public key infrastructure,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,51910,en,2026-07-30T02:38:56Z,125673,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Quantum key distribution,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,25385,en,2026-07-30T02:38:54Z,70843,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,RSA cryptosystem,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_cryptosystem,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,29554494,en,2026-07-20T12:11:10Z,21077,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Resource Public Key Infrastructure,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Public_Key_Infrastructure,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,701756,en,2026-07-30T02:39:21Z,13091,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Salt (cryptography),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography),vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,2223940,en,2026-08-01T20:51:10Z,22592,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Strong cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,53042,en,2026-07-31T09:05:48Z,15416,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Symmetric-key algorithm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,13773771,en,2026-07-30T02:41:51Z,8428,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Transient-key cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient-key_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
[],,441935,en,2026-07-30T02:39:13Z,11840,2026-08-03T21:52:51+00:00,Visual cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cryptography,vKMNpXGN3qeDOuGSV,S4D3E1F5aCcxVpuwg
"[""2000s dystopian films"", ""2000s science fiction drama films"", ""2001 American films"", ""2001 British films"", ""2001 English-language films"", ""2001 drama films"", ""2001 films"", ""2001 science fiction films"", ""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All articles with failed verification"", ""Amblin Entertainment films""]","A.I. Artificial Intelligence (or simply A.I.) is a 2001 American science fiction drama film  written and directed by Steven Spielberg. The screenplay by Spielberg is based on a screen story by Ian Watson adapting the 1969 short story ""Supertoys Last All Summer Long"" by Brian Aldiss. Set in a futuristic society, the film stars Haley Joel Osment as David, a childlike android uniquely programmed with the ability to love. Jude Law, Frances O'Connor, Brendan Gleeson and William Hurt star in supporting roles.
Development of A.I. originally began after producer and director Stanley Kubrick acquired the rights to Aldiss's story in the early 1970s. Kubrick hired a series of writers, including Aldiss, Watson, Bob Shaw, and Sara Maitland, until the mid-1990s. The film languished in development hell for years, partly because Kubrick felt that computer-generated imagery was not advanced enough to create the David character, which he believed no child actor would convincingly portray. In 1995, Kubrick handed A.I. to Spielberg while the former's production company remained attached, but the film did not gain momentum until Kubrick died in 1999. Spielberg remained close to Watson's treatment for the screenplay and dedicated the film to Kubrick.
A.I. Artificial Intelligence was released on June 29, 2001, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $235.9 million against a budget of $90–100 million. It was also nominated for Best Visual Effects and Best Original Score (for John Williams) at the 74th Academy Awards. In a 2016 BBC poll of 177 critics around the world, A.I. Artificial Intelligence was voted the eighty-third greatest film since 2000.",142224,en,2026-07-23T12:04:46Z,72084,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,A.I. Artificial Intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Artificial intelligence visual art, or AI art, is visual artwork generated or enhanced through the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) programs, most commonly using text-to-image models. The process of automated art-making has existed since antiquity. The field of artificial intelligence was founded in the 1950s, and artists began to create art with artificial intelligence shortly after the discipline's founding. A select number of these creations have been showcased in museums and have been recognized with awards. Throughout its history, AI has raised many philosophical questions related to the human mind, artificial beings, and the nature of art in human–AI collaboration. 
During the AI boom of the 2020s, text-to-image models such as Midjourney, DALL-E and Stable Diffusion became widely available to the public, allowing users to quickly generate imagery with little effort. Commentary about AI art in the 2020s has often focused on issues related to copyright, deception, defamation, and its impact on more traditional artists, including technological unemployment.
In August 2023, the US Supreme Court ruled that AI art is ineligible for copyright due to failure to meet human authorship. In March 2026, it declined to hear a case over whether AI-generated art can be subject to copyright.

",60639760,en,2026-08-03T09:50:12Z,90620,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,AI art,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_art,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"An AI boom is a period of rapid growth in the field of artificial intelligence. The most recent boom happened in the 2020s before seeing increased acceleration and media coverage. Examples of this include generative AI technologies such as large language models (LLM) and AI image generators developed by companies like OpenAI, Google, and Anthropic, as well as scientific advances such as protein folding prediction led by Google DeepMind and Google AI. This period is sometimes referred to as an AI spring, a term used to differentiate it from previous AI winters. As of 2025, ChatGPT has emerged as the 4th-most-visited website globally, surpassed only by Google, YouTube, and Facebook.",73291899,en,2026-08-01T01:06:41Z,68543,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,AI boom,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_boom,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"In artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning, ablation is the removal of a component of an AI system. An ablation study aims to determine the contribution of a component to an AI system by removing the component, and then analyzing the resultant performance of the system. 
The term is an analogy with biology (removal of components of an organism), and is particularly used in the analysis of artificial neural networks by analogy with ablative brain surgery. Other analogies include other neurological systems such as that of Drosophila, and the vertebrate brain. 
Ablation studies require that a system exhibit graceful degradation: the system must continue to function even when certain components are missing or degraded. According to some researchers, ablation studies have been deemed a convenient technique in investigating artificial intelligence and its durability to structural damages. 
Ablation studies damage or remove certain components in a controlled setting to investigate all possible outcomes of system failure; this characterizes how each action impacts overall system performance and capability. The ablation process can be used to test systems that perform tasks such as speech recognition, object detection, and robot control.",65434605,en,2026-07-20T16:57:52Z,4824,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Ablation (artificial intelligence),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation_(artificial_intelligence),wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Artificial intelligence (AI) and its subfields have been used in applications throughout industry and academia. Machine learning has been used for various scientific and commercial purposes, including language translation, image recognition, decision-making, credit scoring, and e-commerce. Since the 2020s, massive advancements have been made in the field of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), which generates text, images, music, videos, and other forms of data.",15893057,en,2026-08-03T20:41:25Z,183865,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Applications of artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"The Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) is a European Union regulation concerning artificial intelligence (AI). It establishes a common regulatory and legal framework for AI within the European Union (EU). The regulation entered into force on 1 August 2024, with provisions that shall come into operation gradually over the following 6 to 36 months.
It covers most AI systems across a wide range of sectors, with exemptions for AI used only for military, national security, research purposes, or for non-professional use. As a form of product regulation, it does not create individual rights; instead, it places duties on AI providers and on organisations that use AI in a professional context.
The Act classifies non-exempt AI applications by their risk of causing harm. There are four levels – unacceptable, high, limited, minimal – plus an additional category for general-purpose AI. 

Applications with unacceptable risks are banned.
High-risk applications must comply with security, transparency and quality obligations, and undergo conformity assessments.
Limited-risk applications only have transparency obligations.
Minimal-risk applications are not regulated.
For general-purpose AI, transparency requirements are imposed, with reduced requirements for open source models, and additional evaluations for high-capability models.
The Act also creates a European Artificial Intelligence Board to promote national cooperation and ensure compliance with the regulation. Like the EU's General Data Protection Regulation, the Act can apply extraterritorially to providers from outside the EU if they have users within the EU.
Proposed by the European Commission on 21 April 2021, it passed the European Parliament on 13 March 2024, and was unanimously approved by the EU Council on 21 May 2024. The draft Act was revised to address the rise in popularity of generative artificial intelligence systems, such as ChatGPT, whose general-purpose capabilities did not fit the main framework.

",68665578,en,2026-08-01T22:17:13Z,50885,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial Intelligence Act,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a hypothetical type of artificial intelligence that matches or surpasses human capabilities across virtually all cognitive tasks.
Beyond AGI, artificial superintelligence (ASI) would outperform the best human abilities across every domain by a wide margin. Unlike artificial narrow intelligence (ANI), whose competence is confined to well‑defined tasks, an AGI system can generalise knowledge, transfer skills between domains, and solve novel problems without task‑specific reprogramming.
Creating AGI is a stated goal of technology companies such as OpenAI, Google, xAI, and Meta. A 2020 survey identified 72 active AGI research and development projects across 37 countries.
AGI is a common topic in science fiction and futures studies.
Contention exists over whether AGI represents an existential risk. Some AI experts and industry figures have stated that mitigating the risk of human extinction posed by AGI should be a global priority. Others find the development of AGI to be in too remote a stage to present such a risk.",586357,en,2026-08-03T14:47:56Z,114301,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial general intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
"[""Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links"", ""Articles with excerpts"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Artificial intelligence"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 German-language sources (de)"", ""CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)"", ""CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)"", ""Computational fields of study"", ""Computational neuroscience"", ""Cybernetics"", ""Data science"", ""Formal sciences"", ""Intelligence by type"", ""Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link"", ""Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from October 2025"", ""Webarchive template wayback links"", ""Wikipedia further reading cleanup"", ""Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages""]","Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in engineering, mathematics, and computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals.
High-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines, chatbots, virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go), and content generation (e.g. images, audio, and videos).
The traditional goals of AI research include learning, reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, natural language processing, and perception, as well as support for robotics. To reach these goals, AI researchers use techniques including state space search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, operations research, and economics. AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, and other fields. Some companies, such as OpenAI, Google DeepMind, and Meta, aim to create artificial general intelligence (AGI)—AI that can complete nearly any cognitive task at least as well as a human.
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956. The field went through multiple cycles of optimism throughout its history, followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as AI winters. Funding and interest increased substantially after 2012, when graphics processing units (GPUs) started being used to accelerate neural networks, and deep learning outperformed previous AI techniques. This growth accelerated further after 2017 with the transformer architecture. In the 2020s, an AI boom coincided with advances in generative AI, which became widespread and allowed for the creation and modification of media. In addition to AI safety and unintended consequences and harms from the use of AI, ethical concerns, AI's long-term effects, environmental effects, and potential existential risks have prompted discussions of AI regulation.",1164,en,2026-08-03T14:35:13Z,277149,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"A military artificial intelligence arms race is a technological, economic, and military competition between two or more states to develop and deploy advanced AI technologies and lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS). The goal is to gain a strategic or tactical advantage over rivals, similar to previous arms races involving nuclear or conventional military technologies. Since the mid-2010s, many analysts have noted the emergence of such an arms race between superpowers for better AI technology and military AI, driven by increasing geopolitical and military tensions.
An AI arms race is sometimes placed in the context of an AI Cold War between the United States and China. Several influential figures and publications have emphasized that whoever develops artificial general intelligence (AGI) first could dominate global affairs in the 21st century. Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that the leader in AI will ""rule the world."" Researchers and experts, such as Leopold Aschenbrenner and Adrian Pecotic respectively, warn that the AGI race between major powers like the U.S. and China could reshape geopolitical power. This includes AI for surveillance, autonomous weapons, decision-making systems, cyber operations, and more.

",56127293,en,2026-08-03T13:17:17Z,147522,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence arms race,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"The controversies surrounding artificial intelligence encompass a broad range of public, academic, and political debates regarding the societal effects of artificial intelligence (AI). These debates intensified particularly in the late 2010s and 2020s, coinciding with an accelerated period of development known as the AI boom. While advocates emphasize the technology's potential to solve complex problems and enhance human quality of life, detractors highlight a wide array of dangers and challenges. These include concerns over ethics, plagiarism and theft, fraud, safety and alignment, environmental impacts, technological unemployment, and the spread of misinformation. It also covers severe future or theoretical challenges, such as the emergence of artificial superintelligence and existential risks. 
Social movements have arisen in response to both AI as a problematic information source, and the impact AI data centers have on a community's natural resources, both physical and intellectual. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, parental efforts to nurture the emotional and environmental intelligence of their children have led to mandates to limit screen time and to discourage the use of AI in classrooms.",81298343,en,2026-08-02T17:42:27Z,72351,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence controversies,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_controversies,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"The artificial intelligence (AI) market in India is projected to reach $8 billion by 2025, growing at 40% CAGR from 2020 to 2025. This growth is part of the broader AI boom, a global period of rapid technological advancements with India being pioneer starting in the early 2010s with NLP based Chatbots from Haptik, Corover.ai, Niki.ai and then gaining prominence in the early 2020s based on reinforcement learning, marked by breakthroughs such as generative AI models from Krutrim, Sarvam, CoRover, OpenAI and Alphafold by Google DeepMind. In India, the development of AI has been similarly transformative, with applications in healthcare, finance, and education, bolstered by government initiatives like NITI Aayog's 2018 National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence. Institutions such as the Indian Statistical Institute and the Indian Institute of Science published breakthrough AI research papers and patents. 
India's transformation to AI is primarily being driven by startups and government initiatives & policies like Digital India. By fostering technological trust through digital public infrastructure, India is tackling socioeconomic issues by taking a bottom-up approach to AI. NASSCOM and Boston Consulting Group estimate that by 2027, India's AI services might be valued at $17 billion. According to 2025 Technology and Innovation Report, by UN Trade and Development, India ranks 10th globally for private sector investments in AI. According to Mary Meeker, India has emerged as a key market for AI platforms, accounting for the largest share of ChatGPT's mobile app users and having the third-largest user base for DeepSeek in 2025.
While AI presents significant opportunities for economic growth and social development in India, challenges such as data privacy concerns, skill shortages, and ethical considerations need to be addressed for responsible AI deployment. The growth of AI in India has also led to an increase in the number of cyberattacks that use AI to target organizations.",60669244,en,2026-07-21T22:39:28Z,200147,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence in India,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_India,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Artificial intelligence in architecture is the use of artificial intelligence in automation, design, and planning in the architectural process or in assisting human skills in the field of architecture.
AI has been used by some architects for design, and has been proposed as a way to automate planning and routine tasks in the field.",76023812,en,2026-07-21T04:33:23Z,16141,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence in architecture,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Artificial intelligence in education (often abbreviated as AIEd) is a subfield of educational technology that studies how to use artificial intelligence to create learning environments.
Considerations in the field include data-driven decision-making, AI ethics, data privacy and AI literacy. Concerns include the potential for cheating, over-reliance, equity of access, reduced critical thinking, and the perpetuation of misinformation and bias.",77668073,en,2026-07-31T17:49:44Z,51370,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence in education,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_education,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Artificial intelligence in healthcare refers to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to medical and healthcare data in areas including disease diagnosis, treatment planning,, patient monitoring, drug development, and clinical decision support systems.
The use of AI in healthcare has also raised ethical, technical, and regulatory concerns, including related to issues such as data privacy, automation of jobs, and amplifying already existing algorithmic bias. Studies have also examined concerns among patients, health professionals, and the public about trust and empathy in care involving AI.",52588198,en,2026-07-31T13:48:52Z,128783,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence in healthcare,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Artificial intelligence marketing (AI marketing) is a form of marketing that uses artificial intelligence concepts and models such as machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision to achieve marketing goals. The main difference between AI marketing and traditional forms of marketing reside in the reasoning, which is performed through a computer algorithm rather than a human.
Each form of marketing has a different technique to the core of the marketing theory. Traditional marketing directly focuses on the needs of consumers; meanwhile some believe the shift AI may cause will lead marketing agencies to manage consumer needs instead. AI is used in various digital marketing spaces, such as content marketing, email marketing, online advertisement (in combination with machine learning), social media marketing, affiliate marketing, and beyond.",35591037,en,2026-07-30T18:18:42Z,47869,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence in marketing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_marketing,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Music software utilizes artificial intelligence to generate, classify, or recommend music. Similar to its applications in other fields, AI in music simulates complex human cognitive processes.
A prominent feature is the capability of an AI algorithm to learn from historical data, such as in computer accompaniment technology, where the AI listens to a human performer and accompanies them in real-time. Artificial intelligence also drives interactive composition technologies that respond dynamically to live performances. Modern applications expand across the entire industry lifecycle, transforming music composition, production, and performance, as well as how music is marketed and consumed. Furthermore, conversational agents leverage voice recognition and natural language processing to enable voice-controlled music playback, bridging current research in music theory with advanced digital sound processing.",21659435,en,2026-08-02T18:28:54Z,65838,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence in music,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_music,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Some users of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, especially chatbots, may develop beliefs that AI has or can attain supernatural or spiritual powers. AI models such as ChatGPT are believed by some users to be capable of and or facilitate the action of fortune telling, mysticism and remote viewing. Recent and sudden advances in large language models have led to folk myths about their origin or capabilities, as well as their deification or worship by some users. Tucker Carlson has made similar claims, including directly to Sam Altman. Pope Leo XIV advised priests against using large language models when it came to the creation of sermons. He has also expressed concerns regarding AI in the encyclical Magnifica humanitas.",80281828,en,2026-08-03T14:50:40Z,4009,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence in spirituality,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_spirituality,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Artificial intelligence (AI) in video games refers to the computational systems that control non-player characters (NPCs), generate dynamic game behavior, or simulate strategic decision-making. In practice, the term covers a broad range of techniques drawn from computer science, control theory, and robotics rather than ""true"" artificial intelligence. Moreover, academic AI—aimed at developing autonomous reasoning or learning—is distinct from game AI, whose goal is to deliver engaging, believable, and efficient behavior for players. The term CPU in video games refer to the AI that control a NPC that could be a playable character in some other situations. 
In general, game AI does not, as might be thought and sometimes is depicted to be the case, mean a realization of an artificial person corresponding to an NPC in the manner of the Turing test or an artificial general intelligence.",1654769,en,2026-08-03T20:41:39Z,64406,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Artificial intelligence in video games,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is an international scientific society devoted to promote research in, and responsible use of, artificial intelligence (AI). AAAI also aims to increase public understanding of AI, improve the teaching and training of AI practitioners, and provide guidance for research planners and funders concerning the importance and potential of current AI developments and future directions.

",534794,en,2026-07-15T16:51:30Z,10150,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],"Competition in artificial intelligence refers to the rivalry among companies, research institutions, and governments to develop and deploy the most capable artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The competition spans multiple domains, including large language models (LLMs), autonomous vehicles, robotics, computer vision systems, natural language processing (NLP), and AI-optimized hardware.

",80688793,en,2026-07-30T18:18:42Z,13304,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Competition in artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_in_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,237629,en,2026-08-03T20:29:25Z,14942,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Distributed artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,13659583,en,2026-08-03T09:49:56Z,167032,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Ethics of artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,46583121,en,2026-08-03T13:17:10Z,128058,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Existential risk from artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,54575571,en,2026-08-01T16:46:14Z,74949,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Explainable artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explainable_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,9924067,en,2026-07-15T17:02:04Z,32868,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Frame (artificial intelligence),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(artificial_intelligence),wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,351887,en,2026-08-03T10:31:15Z,24736,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Friendly artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,73291755,en,2026-08-03T17:46:56Z,141363,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Generative AI,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_AI,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,83195959,en,2026-08-03T00:25:47Z,2477,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Generative artificial intelligence dependency,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence_dependency,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,81202652,en,2026-07-31T21:39:08Z,7113,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Generative engine optimization,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_engine_optimization,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,50336055,en,2026-08-01T18:55:18Z,286674,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Glossary of artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,72607666,en,2026-07-30T18:18:42Z,87768,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Hallucination (artificial intelligence),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence),wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,2894560,en,2026-08-03T08:14:28Z,173571,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,History of artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,73248112,en,2026-08-03T13:57:25Z,143482,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Large language model,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,70787130,en,2026-06-28T09:16:05Z,5658,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,List of artificial intelligence artists,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_artists,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,78474528,en,2026-08-02T17:42:27Z,5871,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,List of artificial intelligence companies,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,46721819,en,2026-07-14T16:34:15Z,25050,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,List of artificial intelligence films,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_films,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,83062878,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,10559,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,List of artificial intelligence institutions,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_institutions,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,82655093,en,2026-07-15T09:31:17Z,541,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Lists of artificial intelligence topics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_artificial_intelligence_topics,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,69834550,en,2026-07-30T18:18:42Z,23913,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Military applications of artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_applications_of_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,83574187,en,2026-08-03T03:12:25Z,4504,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Minister for Artificial Intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Artificial_Intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,6585513,en,2026-08-02T21:38:22Z,47200,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Outline of artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,2958015,en,2026-07-30T19:31:59Z,71079,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Philosophy of artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,83795998,en,2026-08-02T02:51:09Z,8983,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Physical artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,16598232,en,2026-07-24T06:55:33Z,67781,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Progress in artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,63451675,en,2026-07-30T18:18:42Z,177509,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Regulation of artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,76522432,en,2026-07-31T20:04:00Z,58206,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Regulation of artificial intelligence in the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence_in_the_United_States,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
"[""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with dead external links from November 2025"", ""Articles with hAudio microformats"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from June 2026"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"", ""Existential risk from artificial intelligence"", ""Harv and Sfn no-target errors"", ""Philosophy of artificial intelligence"", ""Science fiction themes"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Singularitarianism"", ""Spoken articles"", ""Use dmy dates from March 2023"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]",,54245,en,2026-08-03T00:10:10Z,115911,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Technological singularity,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,12413470,en,2026-07-31T17:23:40Z,137991,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Timeline of artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,1648132,en,2026-08-03T20:15:33Z,10601,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,Weak artificial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_artificial_intelligence,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],,83706977,en,2026-08-03T09:50:51Z,10345,2026-08-03T21:52:04+00:00,World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Artificial_Intelligence_Cooperation_Organization,wAWOuk83beoQc2u64,NkLrQopy4MWrWaO1f
[],Adiabatic quantum computation (AQC) is a form of quantum computing which relies on the adiabatic theorem to perform calculations and is closely related to quantum annealing.,14436313,en,2026-07-30T02:42:00Z,14495,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Adiabatic quantum computation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_quantum_computation,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"Atom Computing Inc. is a quantum computing company headquartered in Berkeley, California with a commercial operations facility in Boulder, Colorado. The company develops quantum computers based on neutral atom technology.

",79724092,en,2026-06-25T11:35:26Z,11661,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Atom Computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_Computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"Cloud-based quantum computing refers to the remote access of quantum computing resources—such as quantum emulators, simulators, or processors—via the internet. Cloud access enables users to develop, test, and execute quantum algorithms without the need for direct interaction with specialized hardware, facilitating broader participation in quantum software development and experimentation.
In 2016, IBM launched the IBM Quantum Experience, one of the first publicly accessible quantum processors connected to the cloud. In early 2017, researchers at Rigetti Computing demonstrated programmable quantum cloud access through their software platform Forest, which included the pyQuil Python library.
Since the early-2020s, cloud-based quantum computing has grown significantly, with multiple providers offering access to a variety of quantum hardware modalities, including superconducting qubits, trapped ions, neutral atoms, and photonic systems. Major platforms such as  Amazon Braket, Azure Quantum, and qBraid aggregate quantum devices from hardware developers like IonQ, Rigetti Computing, QuEra, Pasqal, Oxford Quantum Circuits, and IBM Quantum. These platforms provide unified interfaces for users to write and execute quantum algorithms across diverse backends, often supporting open-source SDKs such as Qiskit, Cirq, and PennyLane. The proliferation of cloud-based access has played a key role in accelerating quantum education, algorithm research, and early-stage application development by lowering the barrier to experimentation with real quantum hardware.
Cloud-based quantum computing has expanded access to quantum hardware and tools beyond traditional research laboratories. These platforms support educational initiatives, algorithm development, and early-stage commercial applications.

",53865181,en,2026-07-31T07:58:30Z,13708,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Cloud-based quantum computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud-based_quantum_computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022"", ""CS1: long volume value"", ""CS1 errors: ISBN date"", ""Computing"", ""Pages containing links to subscription-only content"", ""Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Use dmy dates from February 2024"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]","Computing is any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or creates computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both hardware and software. Computing encompasses scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering.
The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers.",5213,en,2026-07-30T02:38:52Z,53280,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"Elham Kashefi (Persian: الهام کاشفی) is a Professor of Computer Science and Personal Chair in quantum computing at the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh, and a Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) researcher at the Sorbonne University. She is known as one of the inventors of blind quantum computing.
Her work has included contributions to quantum cryptography, verification of quantum computing, and cloud quantum computing.",61652841,en,2026-07-24T03:29:26Z,10864,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Elham Kashefi,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elham_Kashefi,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"In quantum information, fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is a regime of quantum processors that are both large-scale and that effectively incorporate quantum error correction to achieve arbitrarily low error rates (i.e. their logical error rate is much lower than their physical error rate).
Full-FTQC processors are theoretically possible, but have not yet been realized experimentally. They are often seen as the primary end goal of quantum processor development, and are used to contrast with existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) quantum processors, which are subject to noise and decoherence preventing scalable error correction.
One way FTQC devices can be realized is by grouping together multiple physical qubits to create a single logical qubit, and using error correction methods such as the surface code so that the combined system is fault-tolerant. Proposed FTQC devices generally include hundreds of logical (error-corrected) qubits, which would mean thousands of physical qubits at minimum.
The transition from NISQ-era devices to the FTQC regime is an open research topic in quantum information. It is likely that advances at both the hardware and algorithm level are necessary for the transition to occur.",82052520,en,2026-07-23T05:33:35Z,17013,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Fault tolerant quantum computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_tolerant_quantum_computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"Gil Kalai (Hebrew: גיל קלעי; born 1955) is an Israeli mathematician and computer scientist. He is the Henry and Manya Noskwith Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, professor of computer science at the Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, and adjunct professor of mathematics and of computer science at Yale University, United States.",19709056,en,2026-07-24T03:27:39Z,10667,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Gil Kalai,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Kalai,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"This glossary of quantum computing is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in quantum computing, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

Bacon–Shor code
is a Subsystem error correcting code. In a Subsystem code, information is encoded in a subsystem of a Hilbert space. Subsystem codes lend to simplified error correcting procedures unlike codes which encode information in the subspace of a Hilbert space.  This simplicity led to the first demonstration of fault tolerant circuits on a quantum computer. 

BQP
In computational complexity theory, bounded-error quantum polynomial time (BQP) is the class of decision problems solvable by a quantum computer in polynomial time, with an error probability of at most 1/3 for all instances. It is the quantum analogue to the complexity class BPP.  A decision problem is a member of  BQP if there exists a quantum algorithm (an algorithm that runs on a quantum computer) that solves the decision problem with high probability and is guaranteed to run in polynomial time. A run of the algorithm will correctly solve the decision problem with  a probability of at least 2/3.

Classical shadow
is a protocol for predicting functions of a quantum state using only a logarithmic number of measurements. Given an unknown state 
  
    
      
        ρ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho }
  
, a tomographically complete set of gates 
  
    
      
        U
      
    
    {\displaystyle U}
  
 (e.g Clifford gates), a set of 
  
    
      
        M
      
    
    {\displaystyle M}
  
 observables 
  
    
      
        {
        
          O
          
            i
          
        
        }
      
    
    {\displaystyle \{O_{i}\}}
  
 and a quantum channel 
  
    
      
        M
      
    
    {\displaystyle M}
  
 (defined by randomly sampling from 
  
    
      
        U
      
    
    {\displaystyle U}
  
, applying it to 
  
    
      
        ρ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho }
  
 and measuring the resulting state); predict the expectation values 
  
    
      
        tr
        ⁡
        (
        
          O
          
            i
          
        
        ρ
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \operatorname {tr} (O_{i}\rho )}
  
. A list of classical shadows 
  
    
      
        S
      
    
    {\displaystyle S}
  
 is created using 
  
    
      
        ρ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho }
  
, 
  
    
      
        U
      
    
    {\displaystyle U}
  
 and 
  
    
      
        M
      
    
    {\displaystyle M}
  
 by running a Shadow generation algorithm. When predicting the properties of 
  
    
      
        ρ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho }
  
, a Median-of-means estimation algorithm is used to deal with the outliers in 
  
    
      
        S
      
    
    {\displaystyle S}
  
. Classical shadow is useful for direct fidelity estimation, entanglement verification, estimating correlation functions, and predicting entanglement entropy.

Cloud-based quantum computing
is the invocation of quantum emulators, simulators or processors through the cloud. Increasingly, cloud services are being looked on as the method for providing access to quantum processing. Quantum computers achieve their massive computing power by initiating quantum physics into processing power and when users are allowed access to these quantum-powered computers through the internet it is known as quantum computing within the cloud.

Cross-entropy benchmarking
(also referred to as XEB), is quantum benchmarking protocol which can be used to demonstrate quantum supremacy. In XEB, a random quantum circuit is executed on a quantum computer multiple times in order to collect a set of 
  
    
      
        k
      
    
    {\displaystyle k}
  
 samples in the form of bitstrings 
  
    
      
        {
        
          x
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        …
        ,
        
          x
          
            k
          
        
        }
      
    
    {\displaystyle \{x_{1},\dots ,x_{k}\}}
  
. The bitstrings are then used to calculate the cross-entropy benchmark fidelity (
  
    
      
        
          F
          
            
              X
              E
              B
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle F_{\rm {XEB}}}
  
) via a classical computer, given by 

  
    
      
        
          F
          
            
              X
              E
              B
            
          
        
        =
        
          2
          
            n
          
        
        ⟨
        P
        (
        
          x
          
            i
          
        
        )
        
          ⟩
          
            k
          
        
        −
        1
        =
        
          
            
              2
              
                n
              
            
            k
          
        
        
          (
          
            
              ∑
              
                i
                =
                1
              
              
                k
              
            
            
              |
            
            ⟨
            
              0
              
                n
              
            
            
              |
            
            C
            
              |
            
            
              x
              
                i
              
            
            ⟩
            
              
                |
              
              
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        −
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle F_{\rm {XEB}}=2^{n}\langle P(x_{i})\rangle _{k}-1={\frac {2^{n}}{k}}\left(\sum _{i=1}^{k}|\langle 0^{n}|C|x_{i}\rangle |^{2}\right)-1}
  
,
where 
  
    
      
        n
      
    
    {\displaystyle n}
  
 is the number of qubits in the circuit and 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        
          x
          
            i
          
        
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(x_{i})}
  
 is the probability of a bitstring 
  
    
      
        
          
            x
            
              i
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {x_{i}}}
  
 for an ideal quantum circuit 
  
    
      
        C
      
    
    {\displaystyle C}
  
.  If 
  
    
      
        
          F
          
            X
            E
            B
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle F_{XEB}=1}
  
, the samples were collected from a noiseless quantum computer. If 
  
    
      
        
          F
          
            
              X
              E
              B
            
          
        
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle F_{\rm {XEB}}=0}
  
, then the samples could have been obtained via random guessing. This means that if a quantum computer did generate those samples, then the quantum computer is too noisy and thus has no chance of performing beyond-classical computations. Since it takes an exponential amount of resources to classically simulate a quantum circuit, there comes a point when the biggest supercomputer that runs the best classical algorithm for simulating quantum circuits can't compute the XEB. Crossing this point is known as achieving quantum supremacy; and after entering the quantum supremacy regime, XEB can only be estimated.

Eastin–Knill theorem

is a no-go theorem that states: ""No quantum error correcting code can have a continuous symmetry which acts transversely on physical qubits"". In other words, no quantum error correcting code can transversely implement a universal gate set. Since quantum computers are inherently noisy, quantum error correcting codes are used to correct errors that affect information due to decoherence.  Decoding error corrected data in order to perform gates on the qubits makes it prone to errors.  Fault tolerant quantum computation avoids this by performing gates on encoded data. Transversal gates, which perform a gate between two ""logical"" qubits each of which is encoded in N ""physical qubits"" by pairing up the physical qubits of each encoded qubit (""code block""), and performing independent gates on each pair, can be used to perform fault tolerant but not universal quantum computation because they guarantee that errors don't spread uncontrollably through the computation.  This is because transversal gates ensure that each qubit in a code block is acted on by at most a single physical gate and each code block is corrected independently when an error occurs. Due to the Eastin–Knill theorem, a universal set like {H, S, CNOT, T } gates can't be implemented transversally. For example, the T gate can't be implemented transversely in the Steane code. This calls for ways of circumventing Eastin–Knill in order to perform fault tolerant quantum computation. In addition to investigating fault tolerant quantum computation, the Eastin–Knill theorem is also useful for studying quantum gravity via the AdS/CFT correspondence and in condensed matter physics via quantum reference frame or many-body theory.

Five-qubit error correcting code
is the smallest quantum error correcting code that can protect a logical qubit from any arbitrary single qubit error. In this code, 5 physical qubits are used to encode the logical qubit. With 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 and 
  
    
      
        Z
      
    
    {\displaystyle Z}
  
 being Pauli matrices and 
  
    
      
        I
      
    
    {\displaystyle I}
  
 the Identity matrix, this code's generators are 
  
    
      
        ⟨
        X
        Z
        Z
        X
        I
        ,
        I
        X
        Z
        Z
        X
        ,
        X
        I
        X
        Z
        Z
        ,
        Z
        X
        I
        X
        Z
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle \langle XZZXI,IXZZX,XIXZZ,ZXIXZ\rangle }
  
. Its logical operators are 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              X
              ¯
            
          
        
        =
        X
        X
        X
        X
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\bar {X}}=XXXXX}
  
 and  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              Z
              ¯
            
          
        
        =
        Z
        Z
        Z
        Z
        Z
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\bar {Z}}=ZZZZZ}
  
.  Once the logical qubit is encoded, errors on the physical qubits can be detected via stabilizer measurements. A lookup table that maps the results of the stabilizer measurements to the types and locations of the errors gives the control system of the quantum computer enough information to correct errors.

Hadamard test (quantum computation)

 is a method used to create a random variable whose expected value is the expected real part 
  
    
      
        
          R
          e
        
        ⟨
        ψ
        
          |
        
        U
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} \langle \psi |U|\psi \rangle }
  
, where 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
  
 is a quantum state and 
  
    
      
        U
      
    
    {\displaystyle U}
  
 is a unitary gate acting on the space of 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
  
. The Hadamard test produces a random variable whose image is in 
  
    
      
        {
        ±
        1
        }
      
    
    {\displaystyle \{\pm 1\}}
  
 and whose expected value is exactly 
  
    
      
        
          R
          e
        
        ⟨
        ψ
        
          |
        
        U
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} \langle \psi |U|\psi \rangle }
  
. It is possible to modify the circuit to produce a random variable whose expected value is 
  
    
      
        
          I
          m
        
        ⟨
        ψ
        
          |
        
        U
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathrm {Im} \langle \psi |U|\psi \rangle }
  
.

Magic state distillation

is a process that takes in multiple noisy quantum states and outputs a smaller number of more reliable quantum states. It is considered by many experts to be one of the leading proposals for achieving fault tolerant quantum computation. Magic state distillation has also been used to argue   that quantum contextuality may be the ""magic ingredient"" responsible for the power of quantum computers.  

Mølmer–Sørensen gate

(or MS gate), is a two qubit gate used in trapped ion quantum computing. It was proposed by Klaus Mølmer and Anders Sørensen.  Their proposal also extends to gates on more than two qubits.

Quantum algorithm
is an algorithm which runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum circuit model of computation. A classical (or non-quantum) algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, or a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, where each step or instruction can be performed on a classical computer. Similarly, a quantum algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, where each of the steps can be performed on a quantum computer. Although all classical algorithms can also be performed on a quantum computer,  the term quantum algorithm is usually used for those algorithms which seem inherently quantum, or use some essential feature of quantum computation such as quantum superposition or quantum entanglement.

Quantum computing
is a type of computation whose operations can harness the phenomena of quantum mechanics, such as superposition, interference, and entanglement. Devices that perform quantum computations are known as quantum computers. Though current quantum computers are too small to outperform usual (classical) computers for practical applications, larger realizations are believed to be capable of solving certain computational problems, such as integer factorization (which underlies RSA encryption), substantially faster than classical computers. The study of quantum computing is a subfield of quantum information science.

Quantum volume
is a metric that measures the capabilities and error rates of a quantum computer. It expresses the maximum size of square quantum circuits that can be implemented successfully by the computer. The form of the circuits is independent from the quantum computer architecture, but compiler can transform and optimize it to take advantage of the computer's features. Thus, quantum volumes for different architectures can be compared.

Quantum error correction
(QEC), is used in quantum computing to protect quantum information from errors due to decoherence and other quantum noise. Quantum error correction is theorised as essential to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation that can reduce the effects of noise on stored quantum information, faulty quantum gates, faulty quantum preparation, and faulty measurements.

Quantum image processing
(QIMP), is using quantum computing or quantum information processing to create and work with quantum images.

Due to some of the properties inherent to quantum computation, notably entanglement and parallelism, it is hoped that QIMP technologies will offer capabilities and performances that surpass their traditional equivalents, in terms of computing speed, security, and minimum storage requirements.

Quantum programming
is the process of assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum programs, that are capable of running on a quantum computer. Quantum programming languages help express quantum algorithms using high-level constructs. The field is deeply rooted in the open-source philosophy and as a result most of the quantum software discussed in this article is freely available as open-source software.

Quantum simulator
 Quantum simulators permit the study of quantum system in a programmable fashion. In this instance, simulators are special purpose devices designed to provide insight about specific physics problems. Quantum simulators may be contrasted with generally programmable ""digital"" quantum computers, which would be capable of solving a wider class of quantum problems.

Quantum state discrimination
In quantum information science, quantum state discrimination refers to the task of inferring the quantum state that produced the observed measurement probabilities.

More precisely, in its standard formulation, the problem involves performing some POVM 
  
    
      
        (
        
          E
          
            i
          
        
        
          )
          
            i
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle (E_{i})_{i}}
  
 on a given unknown state 
  
    
      
        ρ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho }
  
, under the promise that the state received is an element of a collection of states 
  
    
      
        {
        
          σ
          
            i
          
        
        
          }
          
            i
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \{\sigma _{i}\}_{i}}
  
, with 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            i
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}}
  
 occurring with probability 
  
    
      
        
          p
          
            i
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle p_{i}}
  
, that is, 
  
    
      
        ρ
        =
        
          ∑
          
            i
          
        
        
          p
          
            i
          
        
        
          σ
          
            i
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho =\sum _{i}p_{i}\sigma _{i}}
  
. The task is then to find the probability of the POVM 
  
    
      
        (
        
          E
          
            i
          
        
        
          )
          
            i
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle (E_{i})_{i}}
  
 correctly guessing which state was received. Since the probability of the POVM returning the 
  
    
      
        i
      
    
    {\displaystyle i}
  
-th outcome when the given state was 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            j
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{j}}
  
 has the form 
  
    
      
        
          Prob
        
        (
        i
        
          |
        
        j
        )
        =
        tr
        ⁡
        (
        
          E
          
            i
          
        
        
          σ
          
            j
          
        
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\text{Prob}}(i|j)=\operatorname {tr} (E_{i}\sigma _{j})}
  
, it follows that the probability of successfully determining the correct state is 
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            
              s
              u
              c
              c
              e
              s
              s
            
          
        
        =
        
          ∑
          
            i
          
        
        
          p
          
            i
          
        
        tr
        ⁡
        (
        
          σ
          
            i
          
        
        
          E
          
            i
          
        
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{\rm {success}}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\operatorname {tr} (\sigma _{i}E_{i})}
  
.

 
Quantum supremacy
or quantum advantage, is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum device can solve a problem that no classical computer can solve in any feasible amount of time (irrespective of the usefulness of the problem). Conceptually, quantum supremacy involves both the engineering task of building a powerful quantum computer and the computational-complexity-theoretic task of finding a problem that can be solved by that quantum computer and has a superpolynomial speedup over the best known or possible classical algorithm for that task. The term was coined by John Preskill in 2012, but the concept of a quantum computational advantage, specifically for simulating quantum systems, dates back to Yuri Manin's (1980) and Richard Feynman's (1981) proposals of quantum computing. Examples of proposals to demonstrate quantum supremacy include the boson sampling proposal of Aaronson and Arkhipov, D-Wave's specialized frustrated cluster loop problems, and sampling the output of random quantum circuits.

Quantum Turing machine
(QTM), or universal quantum computer, is an abstract machine used to model the effects of a quantum computer.  It provides a simple model that captures all of the power of quantum computation—that is, any quantum algorithm can be expressed formally as a particular quantum Turing machine. However, the computationally equivalent quantum circuit is a more common model.

Qubit
A qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics.  Examples include the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two states can be taken to be the vertical polarization and the horizontal polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superposition of both states simultaneously, a property that is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing.

Quil (instruction set architecture)
 is a quantum instruction set architecture that first introduced a shared quantum/classical memory model. It was introduced by Robert Smith, Michael Curtis, and William Zeng in A Practical Quantum Instruction Set Architecture.  Many quantum algorithms (including quantum teleportation, quantum error correction, simulation, and optimization algorithms) require a shared memory architecture. Quil is being developed for the superconducting quantum processors developed by Rigetti Computing through the Forest quantum programming API.  A Python library called pyQuil was introduced to develop Quil programs with higher level constructs. A Quil backend is also supported by other quantum programming environments.

Qutrit
(or quantum trit), is a unit of quantum information that is realized by a 3-level quantum system, that may be in a superposition of three mutually orthogonal quantum states.

The qutrit is analogous to the classical radix-3 trit, just as the qubit, a quantum system described by a superposition of two orthogonal states, is analogous to the classical radix-2 bit.

There is ongoing work to develop quantum computers using qutrits and qubits with multiple states.

Solovay–Kitaev theorem
In quantum information and computation, the Solovay–Kitaev theorem says, roughly, that if a set of single-qubit quantum gates generates a dense subset of SU(2) then that set is guaranteed to fill SU(2) quickly, which means any desired gate can be approximated by a fairly short sequence of gates from the generating set. Robert M. Solovay initially announced the result on an email list in 1995, and Alexei Kitaev independently gave an outline of its proof in 1997. Solovay also gave a talk on his result at MSRI in 2000 but it was interrupted by a fire alarm. Christopher M. Dawson and Michael Nielsen call the theorem one of the most important fundamental results in the field of quantum computation.

",71628105,en,2026-07-30T03:00:13Z,48052,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Glossary of quantum computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_quantum_computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"IQM Quantum Computers is a Finnish quantum computing hardware and software company headquartered in Espoo, Finland. The company develops and commercializes quantum computers based on superconducting technology. Their goal is to become the leading European company in quantum computing hardware.",80382567,en,2026-08-01T18:25:13Z,6477,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,IQM Quantum Computers,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQM_Quantum_Computers,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"The Illinois Quantum and Microelectronics Park (IQMP) is a planned 128-acre technology campus on the site of the former U.S. Steel South Works in South Chicago. It will focus on quantum computing and is not an AI data center.
Plans for the IQMP are part of the larger “Quantum Shore Chicago” redevelopment of the former U.S. Steel South Works site, a long-vacant industrial area in Chicago’s South Shore neighborhood. The broader project is expected to include advanced manufacturing facilities, research centers, housing, and a replacement hospital, with an initial phase estimated at about $9 billion in investment.
The overall park is expected to cost $9 billion to construct. Work is expected to begin in 2026 and be complete in 2028.

",81383149,en,2026-08-01T16:15:43Z,6660,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Illinois Quantum and Microelectronics Park,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Quantum_and_Microelectronics_Park,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"India's quantum computer is the proposed and planned quantum computer to be developed in India by 2026. A quantum computer is a computer based on quantum phenomena and governed by the principles of quantum mechanics in physics.  The development in the field of quantum computing in the world is also intricately linked to India. The legacy of quantum computing in India can be traced back from the period of Indian theoretical physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. His last four publication on quantum statistics and condensed matter physics led to the foundation of quantum mechanics. It was published in the year 1924. 

The first quantum computer India launch was of 7 qubits developed at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. In April 2025, An Indian startup named QpiAi unveiled a 25 qubit Quantum Computer named Indus, this quantum computer launched, is the first full-stack quantum computing system in the country selected under National Quantum Mission India (NQM), Government of India scheme. In the next five years, it is expected that India will invest around one billion dollars in the programs related to the development of the quantum computer.  The Government of India has launched an initiative called as National Quantum Mission to achieve the goal of the development of the India's quantum computer. India is one of the seven countries having dedicated National Quantum Mission to the development of quantum technologies in the country. The union defence minister Rajnath Singh emphasized on the development of quantum computing during the ceremony of 16th foundation day of Indian Institute Technology, Mandi. 

""The time to come is of quantum computing.""The Indian startup company QpiAI launched a 25 qubits quantum computer known as QpiAI-Indus on 14 April 2025. The QpiAI-Indus quantum computer is an India's one of the most powerful quantum computer. It is a superconducting quantum computer. The launch of the QpiAI-Indus quantum computer was announced on the occasion of the World Quantum Day. The QpiAI-Indus quantum computer is India's first full-stack quantum computing system that combines advanced quantum hardware, scalable control, and optimized software for transformative hybrid computing. In this quantum computer, advanced quantum processors, next-generation Quantum-HPC software platforms, and AI-enhanced quantum solutions have been integrated.",79220052,en,2026-07-13T08:53:54Z,29898,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,India's quantum computer,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%27s_quantum_computer,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"The Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) is an affiliate scientific research institute of the University of Waterloo located in Waterloo, Ontario with a multidisciplinary approach to the field of quantum information processing. IQC was founded in 2002 primarily through a donation made by Mike Lazaridis and his wife Ophelia whose substantial donations have continued over the years.  The institute is now located in the Mike & Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum-Nano Centre and the Research Advancement Centre at the University of Waterloo.
Its executive director is physics professor Norbert Lütkenhaus and hosts researchers based in 7 departments across 3 faculties at the University of Waterloo. In addition to theoretical and experimental research on quantum computing, IQC also hosts academic conferences and workshops, short courses for undergraduate and high school students, and scientific outreach events including open houses and tours for the public.",7952833,en,2026-08-03T01:22:28Z,9747,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Institute for Quantum Computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Quantum_Computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"IonQ, Inc. is an American quantum computing hardware and software company headquartered in College Park, Maryland. The company develops general-purpose trapped ion quantum computers and accompanying software to generate, optimize, and execute quantum circuits.",57077997,en,2026-07-01T13:12:20Z,23688,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,IonQ,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IonQ,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],Jay Michael Gambetta is a scientist and Director of Research at IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center working to build a quantum computer.,56953285,en,2026-07-24T03:29:13Z,5580,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Jay Gambetta,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Gambetta,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"Linear optical quantum computing or linear optics quantum computation (LOQC), also photonic quantum computing (PQC), is a paradigm of quantum computation, allowing (under certain conditions, described below) universal quantum computation. LOQC uses photons as information carriers, mainly uses linear optical elements, or optical instruments (including reciprocal mirrors and waveplates) to process quantum information, and uses photon detectors and quantum memories to detect and store quantum information.",41312173,en,2026-07-30T02:50:57Z,31341,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Linear optical quantum computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_optical_quantum_computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"This article lists the companies worldwide engaged in the development of quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum sensing. Quantum computing and communication are two sub-fields of quantum information science, which describes and theorizes information science in terms of quantum physics. While the fundamental unit of classical information is the bit, the basic unit of quantum information is the qubit. Quantum sensing is the third main sub-field of quantum technologies and it focus consists in taking advantage of the quantum states sensitivity to the surrounding environment to perform atomic scale measurements.

",51647821,en,2026-07-15T01:11:08Z,52046,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,"List of companies involved in quantum computing, communication or sensing","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_quantum_computing,_communication_or_sensing",GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"This is a list of quantum computing journals which is a collection of peer-reviewed scientific journals that publish research in the field of quantum computing, including topics such as quantum algorithms, quantum information theory, quantum cryptography, and quantum hardware.

",80437336,en,2026-07-24T14:36:45Z,1778,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,List of quantum computing journals,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quantum_computing_journals,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"This list contains quantum processors, also known as quantum processing units (QPUs). Some devices listed below have only been announced at press conferences so far, with no actual demonstrations or scientific publications characterizing the performance.
Quantum processors are difficult to compare due to the different architectures and approaches. Due to this, published physical qubit numbers do not reflect the performance levels of the processor. This is instead achieved through the number of logical qubits or benchmarking metrics such as quantum volume, randomized benchmarking or circuit layer operations per second (CLOPS).",55569888,en,2026-07-30T02:56:18Z,44435,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,List of quantum processors,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quantum_processors,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"Mike Lazaridis, OC, FRS (born March 14, 1961) is a Canadian businessman who co-founded Research In Motion (now BlackBerry Limited), the company that created and manufactured the BlackBerry wireless handheld device. He has gone on to become a major supporter of Canadian academic physics and an investor in quantum computing technologies.
While still a student at the University of Waterloo (UW), Lazaridis responded to a 1984 call for proposals from General Motors, and after winning a GM contract, he left university, and with those and other funds, he, Mike Barnstijn, and Douglas Fregin launched Research in Motion (RIM). RIM first developed an award-winning barcode technology for use in the film industry; using those profits it researched wireless data transmission, leading to introduction of BlackBerry wireless mobile devices (1999–2002). Lazaridis would serve in various positions for RIM and BlackBerry, including co-CEO and co-chair of its board (1984–2012).
After a period of charitable and leadership roles, founding science research organizations (see following), Lazaridis joined Fregin in co-founding Quantum Valley Investments in March 2013, to ""provide financial and intellectual capital for the further development and commercialization of breakthroughs in Quantum Information Science"".
Among many other charitable contributions of Lazaridis and his wife, Ophelia, Mike Lazaridis and Douglas Fregin also facilitated a private fund of CA$100M in 1999 to establish the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (he, thereafter, formed its Board and recruited its first Director), and his providing vision and funding to found the UW's Institute for Quantum Computing, including funding the advanced science building that hosts the institute.
Lazaridis has repeatedly been recognized for technical and societal contribution, including via an Emmy and an Oscar for the high-speed barcode reader used in film editing (1994 and 1999, respectively), honorary doctoral degrees from Waterloo and McMaster University (2000 and 2005, respectively), a 2002 Ernest C. Manning Awards Foundation Innovation Award (with RIM's Gary Mousseau), investiture as an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC, 2006), and, in acknowledgment of his roles in founding RIM, the Perimeter, and the IQC, his 2014 election as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).",618820,en,2026-08-02T14:11:19Z,25942,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Mike Lazaridis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lazaridis,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],"Multiverse Computing is a quantum AI software company headquartered in San Sebastián, Spain, with offices in Madrid, Barcelona, Zaragoza, Paris, Munich, London, Milan, Toronto and San Francisco. The company develops compressed AI models and quantum software. 
The AI model compression platform, CompactifAI, delivers compressed AI models by applying tensor network techniques. With its AI model compression technology, the company offers compressed and optimized versions of leading AI models from providers such as OpenAI, Meta, Microsoft, Qwen, DeepSeek or Mistral. 
It also offers proprietary open-source AI models such as HyperNova 60B available on HuggingFace.",73468121,en,2026-07-15T01:28:13Z,20195,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Multiverse Computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse_Computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,81291492,en,2026-07-28T06:10:01Z,898,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,National Quantum Computing Centre,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Quantum_Computing_Centre,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,68076992,en,2026-07-30T02:59:22Z,31813,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,14240296,en,2026-07-30T02:41:59Z,44787,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,One-way quantum computer,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_quantum_computer,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,26605226,en,2026-07-31T16:48:22Z,78940,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Post-quantum cryptography,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,74194049,en,2026-07-23T09:30:12Z,9743,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,PsiQuantum,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsiQuantum,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,74385862,en,2026-06-26T23:33:14Z,36971,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,QuEra,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuEra,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,60817159,en,2026-07-05T23:46:08Z,31303,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantinuum,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantinuum,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,55193623,en,2026-07-28T23:25:04Z,6606,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum Computing Since Democritus,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Computing_Since_Democritus,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,632489,en,2026-07-30T02:39:19Z,42012,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum algorithm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithm,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
"[""All Wikipedia articles written in American English"", ""All articles containing potentially dated statements"", ""All articles needing additional references"", ""All articles with dead external links"", ""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023"", ""Articles needing additional references from July 2026"", ""Articles with dead external links from November 2025"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Articles with unsourced statements from July 2026"", ""CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)"", ""CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown"", ""CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"", ""Classes of computers"", ""Commons link is locally defined"", ""Computational complexity theory"", ""Computer-related introductions in 1980"", ""Information theory"", ""Models of computation"", ""Open problems"", ""Quantum computing"", ""Quantum cryptography"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Supercomputers"", ""Theoretical computer science"", ""Use American English from February 2023"", ""Use dmy dates from February 2021"", ""Webarchive template wayback links""]",,25220,en,2026-08-02T06:42:49Z,127943,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,71518185,en,2026-07-30T03:00:12Z,11361,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum computing scaling laws,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing_scaling_laws,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,185732,en,2026-07-30T02:39:03Z,78116,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum decoherence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,892803,en,2026-07-30T02:39:25Z,59674,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum error correction,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_error_correction,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,659094,en,2026-07-30T02:39:20Z,13254,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum information science,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_science,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,888587,en,2026-08-01T21:14:29Z,79727,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum logic gate,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,60448457,en,2026-07-31T20:17:43Z,23770,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum memory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_memory,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,2325953,en,2026-07-30T02:39:55Z,58750,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum network,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_network,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,54452801,en,2026-07-30T02:55:39Z,56825,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Quantum supremacy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_supremacy,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
"[""Articles with imported Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 text"", ""Articles with short description"", ""Australian inventions"", ""Commons category link is on Wikidata"", ""Quantum computing"", ""Quantum states"", ""Short description is different from Wikidata"", ""Teleportation"", ""Units of information""]",,25284,en,2026-07-30T02:38:54Z,41635,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Qubit,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,10667750,en,2026-08-01T18:54:10Z,26280,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Reservoir computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,54613107,en,2026-07-12T07:12:53Z,11933,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Rigetti Computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigetti_Computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,78178198,en,2026-07-24T03:30:20Z,22640,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Román Orús,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Or%C3%BAs,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
"[""All articles with unsourced statements"", ""Articles with short description""]",,42674,en,2026-07-30T02:38:56Z,38460,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Shor's algorithm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,80171020,en,2026-07-06T04:37:20Z,11664,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Silicon Quantum Computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Quantum_Computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,1730328,en,2026-07-30T02:39:44Z,98883,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Superconducting quantum computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_quantum_computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,18409940,en,2026-07-30T02:42:40Z,9029,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Threshold theorem,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_theorem,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,191911,en,2026-08-03T05:18:41Z,245699,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Timeline of quantum computing and communication,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,4496518,en,2026-07-30T02:40:22Z,24704,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Topological quantum computer,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_quantum_computer,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,2095183,en,2026-07-30T02:39:50Z,31611,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Trapped-ion quantum computer,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped-ion_quantum_computer,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK
[],,3925795,en,2026-07-11T12:48:47Z,44224,2026-08-03T21:52:13+00:00,Unconventional computing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_computing,GlVu9fe0wqGOexjhK,YfIhU9F6TL5A2UPVK