import OAI.AlgebraicGeometry.CartierSections.Weights import Mathlib.Analysis.Real.Cardinality import Mathlib.LinearAlgebra.Countable import Mathlib.LinearAlgebra.LinearIndependent.Lemmas import Mathlib.RingTheory.MvPowerSeries.NoZeroDivisors namespace OAI /-! # Initial exponents of algebraic power series The algebraic relation bounds initial exponents uniformly in the weights. Generic positive perturbations extend this bound to least faces of nonnegative weights, as used in the logarithmic jet argument of *Uniform Cartier sections for Fano-type contractions*. -/ open scoped BigOperators namespace CartierSections section Leading variable {ι k : Type*} [Fintype ι] [CommRing k] /-- A nonzero coefficient of least real weight. -/ def IsInitialExponent (w : ι → ℝ) (f : MvPowerSeries ι k) (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : Prop := MvPowerSeries.coeff d f ≠ 0 ∧ ∀ e, MvPowerSeries.coeff e f ≠ 0 → realWeight w d ≤ realWeight w e theorem exists_initial_exponent {w : ι → ℝ} (hw : ∀ i, 0 < w i) {f : MvPowerSeries ι k} (hf : f ≠ 0) : ∃ d, IsInitialExponent w f d := by classical obtain ⟨e, he⟩ : ∃ e, MvPowerSeries.coeff e f ≠ 0 := by by_contra h push Not at h apply hf ext d simpa using h d let S := ((finite_weight_sublevel hw (realWeight w e)).toFinset).filter (fun d => MvPowerSeries.coeff d f ≠ 0) have heS : e ∈ S := by simp [S, he] obtain ⟨d, hd, hmin⟩ := Finset.exists_min_image S (realWeight w) ⟨e, heS⟩ have hd' : realWeight w d ≤ realWeight w e ∧ MvPowerSeries.coeff d f ≠ 0 := by simpa [S] using hd refine ⟨d, hd'.2, ?_⟩ intro a ha by_cases hwa : realWeight w a ≤ realWeight w e · exact hmin a (by simp [S, hwa, ha]) · exact hd'.1.trans (le_of_lt (lt_of_not_ge hwa)) theorem IsInitialExponent.unique {w : ι → ℝ} (hw : Function.Injective (realWeight w)) {f : MvPowerSeries ι k} {d e : ι →₀ ℕ} (hd : IsInitialExponent w f d) (he : IsInitialExponent w f e) : d = e := hw (le_antisymm (hd.2 e he.1) (he.2 d hd.1)) theorem IsInitialExponent.coeff_eq_zero {w : ι → ℝ} {f : MvPowerSeries ι k} {d e : ι →₀ ℕ} (hd : IsInitialExponent w f d) (he : realWeight w e < realWeight w d) : MvPowerSeries.coeff e f = 0 := by by_contra h exact (not_le_of_gt he) (hd.2 e h) /-- Rationally independent weights prevent cancellation of initial terms. -/ theorem coeff_mul_initial {w : ι → ℝ} (hw : Function.Injective (realWeight w)) {f g : MvPowerSeries ι k} {d e : ι →₀ ℕ} (hd : IsInitialExponent w f d) (he : IsInitialExponent w g e) : MvPowerSeries.coeff (d + e) (f * g) = MvPowerSeries.coeff d f * MvPowerSeries.coeff e g := by classical rw [MvPowerSeries.coeff_mul] apply Finset.sum_eq_single_of_mem (d, e) (by simp) rintro ⟨a, b⟩ hab hne have hsum : a + b = d + e := by simpa using hab by_cases ha : MvPowerSeries.coeff a f = 0 · simp [ha] by_cases hb : MvPowerSeries.coeff b g = 0 · simp [hb] have hwa := hd.2 a ha have hwb := he.2 b hb have heq := congrArg (realWeight w) hsum simp only [realWeight_add] at heq have had : a = d := hw (by linarith) have hbe : b = e := hw (by linarith) exact False.elim (hne (by simp [had, hbe])) theorem IsInitialExponent.mul [IsDomain k] {w : ι → ℝ} (hw : Function.Injective (realWeight w)) {f g : MvPowerSeries ι k} {d e : ι →₀ ℕ} (hd : IsInitialExponent w f d) (he : IsInitialExponent w g e) : IsInitialExponent w (f * g) (d + e) := by classical refine ⟨?_, ?_⟩ · rw [coeff_mul_initial hw hd he] exact mul_ne_zero hd.1 he.1 · intro a ha rw [MvPowerSeries.coeff_mul] at ha obtain ⟨⟨b, c⟩, hbc, hcoef⟩ := Finset.exists_ne_zero_of_sum_ne_zero ha have hsum : b + c = a := by simpa using hbc have hb : MvPowerSeries.coeff b f ≠ 0 := left_ne_zero_of_mul hcoef have hc : MvPowerSeries.coeff c g ≠ 0 := right_ne_zero_of_mul hcoef rw [← hsum, realWeight_add, realWeight_add] exact add_le_add (hd.2 b hb) (he.2 c hc) theorem initial_one [Nontrivial k] {w : ι → ℝ} : IsInitialExponent w (1 : MvPowerSeries ι k) 0 := by classical refine ⟨by simp, ?_⟩ intro e he have : e = 0 := by simpa [MvPowerSeries.coeff_one] using he subst e exact le_rfl theorem IsInitialExponent.pow [IsDomain k] {w : ι → ℝ} (hw : Function.Injective (realWeight w)) {f : MvPowerSeries ι k} {d : ι →₀ ℕ} (hd : IsInitialExponent w f d) (n : ℕ) : IsInitialExponent w (f ^ n) (n • d) := by induction n with | zero => simpa using (initial_one (k := k) (w := w)) | succ n ih => simpa [pow_succ, add_nsmul] using ih.mul hw hd end Leading section AlgebraicDegree variable {ι k J : Type*} [Fintype ι] [CommRing k] /-- A vanishing finite sum with a nonzero term has two terms with the same minimal exponent, for injective real weights. This follows by cancellation at the least-weight coefficient. -/ theorem initial_tie_of_sum_eq_zero (w : ι → ℝ) (hw : Function.Injective (realWeight w)) (s : Finset J) (F : J → MvPowerSeries ι k) (d : J → (ι →₀ ℕ)) (hlead : ∀ j ∈ s, F j ≠ 0 → IsInitialExponent w (F j) (d j)) (hnonzero : ∃ j ∈ s, F j ≠ 0) (hsum : ∑ j ∈ s, F j = 0) : ∃ j ∈ s, ∃ l ∈ s, j ≠ l ∧ F j ≠ 0 ∧ F l ≠ 0 ∧ d j = d l := by classical let t := s.filter (fun j => F j ≠ 0) have ht : t.Nonempty := by obtain ⟨j, hj, hFj⟩ := hnonzero exact ⟨j, by simp [t, hj, hFj]⟩ obtain ⟨j, hj, hmin⟩ := Finset.exists_min_image t (fun j => realWeight w (d j)) ht have hj' : j ∈ s ∧ F j ≠ 0 := by simpa [t] using hj have hcoef := (hlead j hj'.1 hj'.2).1 have hs : ∑ l ∈ s, MvPowerSeries.coeff (d j) (F l) = 0 := by simpa only [map_sum, map_zero] using congrArg (MvPowerSeries.coeff (d j)) hsum obtain ⟨l, hl, hlj, hlcoef⟩ : ∃ l ∈ s, l ≠ j ∧ MvPowerSeries.coeff (d j) (F l) ≠ 0 := by by_contra h push Not at h have heq : ∑ l ∈ s, MvPowerSeries.coeff (d j) (F l) = MvPowerSeries.coeff (d j) (F j) := Finset.sum_eq_single_of_mem j hj'.1 (fun l hl hlj => h l hl hlj) exact hcoef (heq.symm.trans hs) have hlzero : F l ≠ 0 := by intro hz; simp [hz] at hlcoef have hljw := (hlead l hl hlzero).2 (d j) hlcoef have hjlw := hmin l (by simp [t, hl, hlzero]) exact ⟨j, hj'.1, l, hl, Ne.symm hlj, hj'.2, hlzero, hw (le_antisymm hjlw hljw)⟩ noncomputable def exponentDegree (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : ℕ := ∑ i, d i @[simp] theorem exponentDegree_add (d e : ι →₀ ℕ) : exponentDegree (d + e) = exponentDegree d + exponentDegree e := by simp [exponentDegree, Finset.sum_add_distrib] @[simp] theorem exponentDegree_nsmul (n : ℕ) (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : exponentDegree (n • d) = n * exponentDegree d := by simp [exponentDegree, Finset.mul_sum] theorem initial_polynomial_degree_le {w : ι → ℝ} {p : MvPolynomial ι k} {d : ι →₀ ℕ} (hd : IsInitialExponent w (p : MvPowerSeries ι k) d) : exponentDegree d ≤ p.totalDegree := by have hc : p.coeff d ≠ 0 := by simpa using hd.1 simpa [exponentDegree, Finsupp.sum_fintype] using (MvPolynomial.le_totalDegree (MvPolynomial.mem_support_iff.mpr hc)) /-- Every initial exponent of a nonzero algebraic power series has degree bounded by the degrees of the polynomial coefficients of its algebraic relation. The bound is independent of the choice of positive rationally independent weights. This algebraic degree estimate bounds the jets in the logarithmic jet argument. -/ theorem algebraic_initial_degree_le [IsDomain k] {w : ι → ℝ} (hwpos : ∀ i, 0 < w i) (hw : LinearIndependent ℚ w) {f : MvPowerSeries ι k} {γ : ι →₀ ℕ} (hγ : IsInitialExponent w f γ) (s : Finset ℕ) (p : ℕ → MvPolynomial ι k) (N : ℕ) (hdeg : ∀ j ∈ s, (p j).totalDegree ≤ N) (hnonzero : ∃ j ∈ s, p j ≠ 0) (hrelation : ∑ j ∈ s, (p j : MvPowerSeries ι k) * f ^ j = 0) : exponentDegree γ ≤ N := by classical have hwI := realWeight_injective hw have hf : f ≠ 0 := by intro h; simpa [h] using hγ.1 have hp : ∀ j, p j ≠ 0 → (p j : MvPowerSeries ι k) ≠ 0 := by intro j hj h apply hj ext d simpa using congrArg (MvPowerSeries.coeff d) h let δ : ℕ → (ι →₀ ℕ) := fun j => if h : p j ≠ 0 then (exists_initial_exponent hwpos (hp j h)).choose else 0 have hδ : ∀ j, p j ≠ 0 → IsInitialExponent w (p j : MvPowerSeries ι k) (δ j) := by intro j hj dsimp [δ] simp only [dite_eq_left hj] exact (exists_initial_exponent hwpos (hp j hj)).choose_spec let F : ℕ → MvPowerSeries ι k := fun j => (p j : MvPowerSeries ι k) * f ^ j have hFzero : ∀ j, F j ≠ 0 ↔ p j ≠ 0 := by intro j constructor · intro h hj apply h simp [F, hj] · intro h exact mul_ne_zero (hp j h) (pow_ne_zero _ hf) have hlead : ∀ j ∈ s, F j ≠ 0 → IsInitialExponent w (F j) (δ j + j • γ) := by intro j _ hj exact (hδ j ((hFzero j).mp hj)).mul hwI (hγ.pow hwI j) have hFnz : ∃ j ∈ s, F j ≠ 0 := by obtain ⟨j, hj, hpj⟩ := hnonzero exact ⟨j, hj, (hFzero j).mpr hpj⟩ obtain ⟨j, hj, l, hl, hjl, hFj, hFl, heq⟩ := initial_tie_of_sum_eq_zero w hwI s F (fun j => δ j + j • γ) hlead hFnz hrelation have hδj := (initial_polynomial_degree_le (hδ j ((hFzero j).mp hFj))).trans (hdeg j hj) have hδl := (initial_polynomial_degree_le (hδ l ((hFzero l).mp hFl))).trans (hdeg l hl) have heq' := congrArg exponentDegree heq simp only [exponentDegree_add, exponentDegree_nsmul] at heq' rcases lt_or_gt_of_ne hjl with hlt | hgt · have hmult := Nat.mul_le_mul_right (exponentDegree γ) (Nat.succ_le_of_lt hlt) nlinarith · have hmult := Nat.mul_le_mul_right (exponentDegree γ) (Nat.succ_le_of_lt hgt) nlinarith end AlgebraicDegree section GenericWeights /-- Any finite family of nonempty real intervals contains a rationally independent tuple. The proof uses countability of a finite rational span. -/ theorem exists_independent_fin_box (n : ℕ) (l u : Fin n → ℝ) (hlu : ∀ i, l i < u i) : ∃ w : Fin n → ℝ, LinearIndependent ℚ w ∧ ∀ i, l i < w i ∧ w i < u i := by induction n with | zero => exact ⟨fun i => Fin.elim0 i, linearIndependent_empty_type, fun i => Fin.elim0 i⟩ | succ n ih => obtain ⟨v, hv, hvbox⟩ := ih (fun i => l i.succ) (fun i => u i.succ) (fun i => hlu i.succ) have hcount : (↑(Submodule.span ℚ (Set.range v)) : Set ℝ).Countable := Set.countable_coe_iff.mp (inferInstance : Countable (Submodule.span ℚ (Set.range v))) obtain ⟨x, hxl, hxu, hx⟩ : ∃ x, l 0 < x ∧ x < u 0 ∧ x ∉ Submodule.span ℚ (Set.range v) := by by_contra h push Not at h have hc : (Set.Ioo (l 0) (u 0)).Countable := hcount.mono (fun x hx => h x hx.1 hx.2) exact (not_le_of_gt (hlu 0)) (Cardinal.Real.Ioo_countable_iff.mp hc) refine ⟨Fin.cons x v, hv.finCons hx, ?_⟩ intro i refine Fin.cases ?_ (fun j => ?_) i · simpa using And.intro hxl hxu · simpa using hvbox j theorem exists_independent_box {ι : Type*} [Fintype ι] (l u : ι → ℝ) (hlu : ∀ i, l i < u i) : ∃ w : ι → ℝ, LinearIndependent ℚ w ∧ ∀ i, l i < w i ∧ w i < u i := by classical let e := Fintype.equivFin ι obtain ⟨v, hv, hvbox⟩ := exists_independent_fin_box (Fintype.card ι) (fun j => l (e.symm j)) (fun j => u (e.symm j)) (fun j => hlu (e.symm j)) refine ⟨fun i => v (e i), hv.comp _ e.injective, ?_⟩ intro i simpa using hvbox (e i) end GenericWeights section FaceDegree variable {ι k : Type*} [Fintype ι] [CommRing k] [IsDomain k] @[simp] theorem realWeight_one_eq_degree (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : realWeight (fun _ => 1) d = exponentDegree d := by simp [realWeight, exponentDegree, Nat.cast_sum] theorem realWeight_mono {w v : ι → ℝ} (hwv : ∀ i, w i ≤ v i) (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : realWeight w d ≤ realWeight v d := by exact Finset.sum_le_sum fun i _ => mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_right (hwv i) (Nat.cast_nonneg _) theorem realWeight_add_const (w : ι → ℝ) (t : ℝ) (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : realWeight (fun i => w i + t) d = realWeight w d + t * exponentDegree d := by simp [realWeight, exponentDegree, Nat.cast_sum, add_mul, Finset.sum_add_distrib, Finset.mul_sum] /-- A useful exact small-perturbation bound. -/ theorem degree_perturbation_bound {ε : ℝ} (hε : 0 < ε) (N : ℕ) : 0 < ε / (N + 1 : ℝ) ∧ ε / (N + 1 : ℝ) * N < ε := by have hN : (0 : ℝ) < N + 1 := by positivity constructor · exact div_pos hε hN · have heq : ε / (N + 1 : ℝ) * (N + 1) = ε := div_mul_cancel₀ _ hN.ne' have hpos := div_pos hε hN nlinarith /-- An algebraic power series has a coefficient of bounded total degree on its least face for **every** nonnegative weight, including faces with zero weights. This includes least faces with zero-weight transverse coordinates. -/ theorem exists_bounded_initial_exponent {f : MvPowerSeries ι k} (hf : f ≠ 0) (s : Finset ℕ) (p : ℕ → MvPolynomial ι k) (N : ℕ) (hdeg : ∀ j ∈ s, (p j).totalDegree ≤ N) (hnonzero : ∃ j ∈ s, p j ≠ 0) (hrelation : ∑ j ∈ s, (p j : MvPowerSeries ι k) * f ^ j = 0) (w : ι → ℝ) (hw : ∀ i, 0 ≤ w i) : ∃ d, IsInitialExponent w f d ∧ exponentDegree d ≤ N := by classical have hfinite : {d : ι →₀ ℕ | exponentDegree d ≤ N}.Finite := by convert finite_weight_sublevel (w := fun _ : ι => (1 : ℝ)) (fun _ => zero_lt_one) (N : ℝ) using 1 ext d simp only [Set.mem_ofPred_eq, realWeight_one_eq_degree, Nat.cast_le] let S := hfinite.toFinset.filter (fun d => MvPowerSeries.coeff d f ≠ 0) have memS (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : d ∈ S ↔ exponentDegree d ≤ N ∧ MvPowerSeries.coeff d f ≠ 0 := by simp [S] have hlead : ∀ v : ι → ℝ, (∀ i, 0 < v i) → LinearIndependent ℚ v → ∃ d, IsInitialExponent v f d ∧ exponentDegree d ≤ N := by intro v hvpos hv obtain ⟨d, hd⟩ := exists_initial_exponent hvpos hf exact ⟨d, hd, algebraic_initial_degree_le hvpos hv hd s p N hdeg hnonzero hrelation⟩ have hS : S.Nonempty := by obtain ⟨v, hv, hvbox⟩ := exists_independent_box (fun _ : ι => (0 : ℝ)) (fun _ => (1 : ℝ)) (fun _ => zero_lt_one) obtain ⟨d, hd, hdegree⟩ := hlead v (fun i => (hvbox i).1) hv exact ⟨d, (memS d).mpr ⟨hdegree, hd.1⟩⟩ obtain ⟨d, hd, hmin⟩ := Finset.exists_min_image S (realWeight w) hS have hd' := (memS d).mp hd refine ⟨d, ⟨hd'.2, ?_⟩, hd'.1⟩ intro e he by_contra h have hgap : 0 < realWeight w d - realWeight w e := sub_pos.mpr (lt_of_not_ge h) let t := (realWeight w d - realWeight w e) / (exponentDegree e + 1 : ℝ) have ht : 0 < t ∧ t * exponentDegree e < realWeight w d - realWeight w e := degree_perturbation_bound hgap _ obtain ⟨v, hv, hvbox⟩ := exists_independent_box w (fun i => w i + t) (fun _ => lt_add_of_pos_right _ ht.1) obtain ⟨a, ha, hadegree⟩ := hlead v (fun i => (hw i).trans_lt (hvbox i).1) hv have hda := hmin a ((memS a).mpr ⟨hadegree, ha.1⟩) have hwa : realWeight w a ≤ realWeight v a := realWeight_mono (fun i => (hvbox i).1.le) a have hvle := ha.2 e he have hve : realWeight v e ≤ realWeight w e + t * exponentDegree e := by simpa only [realWeight_add_const] using realWeight_mono (fun i => (hvbox i).2.le) e linarith noncomputable def partialDegree (B : Finset ι) (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : ℕ := ∑ i ∈ B, d i theorem partialDegree_le (B : Finset ι) (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : partialDegree B d ≤ exponentDegree d := by classical exact Finset.sum_le_sum_of_subset (Finset.subset_univ _) theorem realWeight_sub_on [DecidableEq ι] (w : ι → ℝ) (B : Finset ι) (ε : ℝ) (d : ι →₀ ℕ) : realWeight (fun i => w i - if i ∈ B then ε else 0) d = realWeight w d - ε * partialDegree B d := by classical simp [realWeight, partialDegree, sub_mul, Finset.sum_sub_distrib, Nat.cast_sum, Finset.mul_sum, ite_mul] /-- All exponents on a least face have bounded degree in the coordinates whose weights are positive. A small generic perturbation gives the bound for every exponent on the face. -/ theorem algebraic_initial_partial_degree_le {f : MvPowerSeries ι k} (hf : f ≠ 0) (s : Finset ℕ) (p : ℕ → MvPolynomial ι k) (N : ℕ) (hdeg : ∀ j ∈ s, (p j).totalDegree ≤ N) (hnonzero : ∃ j ∈ s, p j ≠ 0) (hrelation : ∑ j ∈ s, (p j : MvPowerSeries ι k) * f ^ j = 0) (w : ι → ℝ) (hw : ∀ i, 0 ≤ w i) (B : Finset ι) (hB : ∀ i ∈ B, 0 < w i) {d : ι →₀ ℕ} (hd : IsInitialExponent w f d) : partialDegree B d ≤ N := by classical by_cases hBempty : B = ∅ · simp [partialDegree, hBempty] obtain ⟨i₀, hi₀, hmin⟩ := Finset.exists_min_image B w (Finset.nonempty_iff_ne_empty.mpr hBempty) let ε := w i₀ / 2 have hε : 0 < ε := by dsimp [ε]; linarith [hB i₀ hi₀] have hεw : ∀ i ∈ B, ε < w i := by intro i hi have hh := hmin i hi dsimp [ε] linarith [hB i₀ hi₀] let l : ι → ℝ := fun i => w i - if i ∈ B then ε else 0 have hl : ∀ i, 0 ≤ l i := by intro i by_cases hi : i ∈ B · simp only [l, hi, ↓reduceIte] exact sub_nonneg.mpr (hεw i hi).le · simpa [l, hi] using hw i let t := ε / (exponentDegree d + 1 : ℝ) have ht : 0 < t ∧ t * exponentDegree d < ε := degree_perturbation_bound hε _ obtain ⟨v, hv, hvbox⟩ := exists_independent_box l (fun i => l i + t) (fun _ => lt_add_of_pos_right _ ht.1) have hvpos : ∀ i, 0 < v i := fun i => (hl i).trans_lt (hvbox i).1 obtain ⟨a, ha⟩ := exists_initial_exponent hvpos hf have hadegree := algebraic_initial_degree_le hvpos hv ha s p N hdeg hnonzero hrelation have hapart : partialDegree B a ≤ N := (partialDegree_le B a).trans hadegree have hbase := hd.2 a ha.1 have hva := ha.2 d hd.1 have hlower : realWeight w a - ε * partialDegree B a ≤ realWeight v a := by simpa only [l, realWeight_sub_on] using realWeight_mono (fun i => (hvbox i).1.le) a have hupper : realWeight v d ≤ realWeight w d - ε * partialDegree B d + t * exponentDegree d := by simpa only [realWeight_add_const, l, realWeight_sub_on] using realWeight_mono (fun i => (hvbox i).2.le) d by_contra hN have hgap : (partialDegree B a : ℝ) + 1 ≤ partialDegree B d := by exact_mod_cast (show partialDegree B a + 1 ≤ partialDegree B d by omega) have hgapmul := mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_left hgap hε.le nlinarith [ht.2] end FaceDegree end CartierSections end OAI