import OAI.Computability.MeanPayoff.Normalization namespace OAI section end section namespace MeanPayoff.TreeDevice.Zip open BinaryData variable {α β γ : Type} (ea : α → Data) (eb : β → Data) (ec : γ → Data) (a : α) (b : β) def restData := product (listTree ea) (listTree eb) def stateData := StreamFold.stateData Median.unitData ec (restData ea eb) def countData := listTree Median.unitData variable {ea eb ec} {f : α × β → γ} def zip (f : α × β → γ) (b : β) : List α → List β → List γ | [],_ => [] | x::xs,ys => f (x,ys.headD b)::zip f b xs ys.tail def row (f : α × β → γ) (a : α) (b : β) (p : Unit × (List α × List β)) : γ × (List α × List β) := (f (p.2.1.headD a,p.2.2.headD b),(p.2.1.tail,p.2.2.tail)) noncomputable def localDevice : Device (product Median.unitData (restData ea eb)) (restData ea eb) (fun p : Unit × (List α × List β) => p.2) := second Median.unitData (restData ea eb) noncomputable def leftDevice : Device (product Median.unitData (restData ea eb)) (listTree ea) (fun p : Unit × (List α × List β) => p.2.1) := compose localDevice (first (listTree ea) (listTree eb)) noncomputable def rightDevice : Device (product Median.unitData (restData ea eb)) (listTree eb) (fun p : Unit × (List α × List β) => p.2.2) := compose localDevice (second (listTree ea) (listTree eb)) noncomputable def headArgsDevice : Device (product Median.unitData (restData ea eb)) (product ea eb) (fun p : Unit × (List α × List β) => (p.2.1.headD a,p.2.2.headD b)) := fanout (compose leftDevice (Head.device ea a)) (compose rightDevice (Head.device eb b)) noncomputable def tailsDevice : Device (product Median.unitData (restData ea eb)) (restData ea eb) (fun p : Unit × (List α × List β) => (p.2.1.tail,p.2.2.tail)) := fanout (compose leftDevice (Tail.device ea)) (compose rightDevice (Tail.device eb)) variable (F : Device (product ea eb) ec f) noncomputable def headDevice : Device (product Median.unitData (restData ea eb)) ec (fun p : Unit × (List α × List β) => f (p.2.1.headD a,p.2.2.headD b)) := compose (headArgsDevice a b) F noncomputable def rowDevice : Device (product Median.unitData (restData ea eb)) (product ec (restData ea eb)) (row f a b) := fanout (headDevice a b F) tailsDevice noncomputable def stateDevice : Device (restData ea eb) (stateData ea eb ec) (fun p : List α × List β => ((),([],p))) := fanout (constant (restData ea eb) Median.unitData ()) (Lists.nilPrefix (restData ea eb) ec) noncomputable def countDevice : Device (restData ea eb) countData (fun p : List α × List β => p.1.map (fun _ => ())) := compose (first (listTree ea) (listTree eb)) (Map.device (constant ea Median.unitData ())) noncomputable def initDevice : Device (restData ea eb) (product (stateData ea eb ec) countData) (fun p : List α × List β => (((),([],p)),p.1.map (fun _ => ()))) := fanout stateDevice countDevice noncomputable def resultDevice : Device (stateData ea eb ec) (listTree ec) (fun s : StreamFold.State Unit γ (List α × List β) => s.2.1.reverse) := compose (compose (second Median.unitData (product (listTree ec) (restData ea eb))) (first (listTree ec) (restData ea eb))) (Lists.reverseDevice ec) noncomputable def foldedDevice : Device (product (stateData ea eb ec) countData) (listTree ec) (fun z : StreamFold.State Unit γ (List α × List β) × Median.Count => (Fold.fold (StreamFold.step (row f a b)) z.1 z.2).2.1.reverse) := @compose (StreamFold.State Unit γ (List α × List β) × Median.Count) (StreamFold.State Unit γ (List α × List β)) (List γ) (product (stateData ea eb ec) countData) (stateData ea eb ec) (listTree ec) (fun z => Fold.fold (StreamFold.step (row f a b)) z.1 z.2) (fun s => s.2.1.reverse) (Fold.device (StreamFold.stepDevice (rowDevice a b F))) resultDevice noncomputable def rawDevice : Device (restData ea eb) (listTree ec) (fun p : List α × List β => (Fold.fold (StreamFold.step (row f a b)) ((),([],p)) (p.1.map (fun _ => ()))).2.1.reverse) := compose initDevice (foldedDevice a b F) theorem fold_exact (xs : List α) (ys : List β) (acc : List γ) : Fold.fold (StreamFold.step (row f a b)) ((),(acc,(xs,ys))) (List.replicate xs.length ()) = ((),((zip f b xs ys).reverse++acc,([],ys.drop xs.length))) := by induction xs generalizing ys acc with | nil => simp [Fold.fold,zip] | cons x xs ih => simp only [List.length_cons,List.replicate_succ,Fold.fold,List.foldl_cons] change Fold.fold (StreamFold.step (row f a b)) (StreamFold.step (row f a b) (((),(acc,(x::xs,ys))),())) (List.replicate xs.length ())=_ simp only [StreamFold.step,row,List.headD_cons,List.tail_cons] rw [ih] simp [zip,List.reverse_cons,List.append_assoc,List.drop_tail] noncomputable def device : Device (restData ea eb) (listTree ec) (fun p : List α × List β => zip f b p.1 p.2) := (rawDevice a b F).extFun (by rintro ⟨xs,ys⟩ change (Fold.fold (StreamFold.step (row f a b)) ((),([], (xs,ys))) (xs.map (fun _ => ()))).2.1.reverse = _ rw [List.map_const, fold_exact] simp) theorem length (xs : List α) (ys : List β) : (zip f b xs ys).length=xs.length := by induction xs generalizing ys with | nil => rfl | cons x xs ih => simp [zip,ih] theorem ofFn {n : ℕ} (x : Fin n → α) (y : Fin n → β) : zip f b (List.ofFn x) (List.ofFn y) = List.ofFn (fun i => f (x i,y i)) := by induction n with | zero => rfl | succ n ih => simpa only [List.ofFn_succ,zip,List.headD_cons,List.tail_cons] using congrArg (List.cons (f (x 0,y 0))) (ih (fun i => x i.succ) (fun i => y i.succ)) theorem local_linear : LinearCost (localDevice (ea:=ea) (eb:=eb)) := LinearCost.second _ _ theorem left_linear : LinearCost (leftDevice (ea:=ea) (eb:=eb)) := LinearCost.compose local_linear (LinearCost.first _ _) theorem right_linear : LinearCost (rightDevice (ea:=ea) (eb:=eb)) := LinearCost.compose local_linear (LinearCost.second _ _) theorem headArgs_linear : LinearCost (headArgsDevice (ea:=ea) (eb:=eb) a b) := LinearCost.fanout (LinearCost.compose left_linear (LinearCost.head _ _)) (LinearCost.compose right_linear (LinearCost.head _ _)) theorem tails_linear : LinearCost (tailsDevice (ea:=ea) (eb:=eb)) := LinearCost.fanout (LinearCost.compose left_linear (LinearCost.tail _)) (LinearCost.compose right_linear (LinearCost.tail _)) theorem head_polynomial (hF : PolynomialCost F) : PolynomialCost (headDevice a b F) := PolynomialCost.compose (headArgs_linear a b).polynomial hF theorem row_polynomial (hF : PolynomialCost F) : PolynomialCost (rowDevice a b F) := PolynomialCost.fanout (head_polynomial a b F hF) tails_linear.polynomial theorem fold_polynomial (hF : PolynomialCost F) : PolynomialCost (Fold.device (StreamFold.stepDevice (rowDevice a b F))) := by apply StreamFold.polynomial _ (row_polynomial a b F hF) intro u r have hl : treeSize (listTree ea r.1.tail)≤treeSize (listTree ea r.1) := by rcases r with ⟨xs,ys⟩; cases xs <;> simp only [List.tail_nil,List.tail_cons,listTree,treeSize_pair] <;> omega have hr : treeSize (listTree eb r.2.tail)≤treeSize (listTree eb r.2) := by rcases r with ⟨xs,ys⟩; cases ys <;> simp only [List.tail_nil,List.tail_cons,listTree,treeSize_pair] <;> omega simp only [row,restData,product,treeSize_pair] omega theorem state_linear : LinearCost (stateDevice (ea:=ea) (eb:=eb) (ec:=ec)) := LinearCost.fanout (LinearCost.constant _ _ _) (LinearCost.nilPrefix _ _) theorem count_polynomial : PolynomialCost (countDevice (ea:=ea) (eb:=eb)) := PolynomialCost.compose (LinearCost.first _ _).polynomial (PolynomialCost.map (LinearCost.constant _ _ _).polynomial) theorem init_polynomial : PolynomialCost (initDevice (ea:=ea) (eb:=eb) (ec:=ec)) := PolynomialCost.fanout state_linear.polynomial count_polynomial theorem result_polynomial : PolynomialCost (resultDevice (ea:=ea) (eb:=eb) (ec:=ec)) := PolynomialCost.compose (LinearCost.compose (LinearCost.second _ _) (LinearCost.first _ _)).polynomial (PolynomialCost.reverse _) theorem folded_polynomial (hF : PolynomialCost F) : PolynomialCost (foldedDevice a b F) := PolynomialCost.compose (fold_polynomial a b F hF) result_polynomial theorem raw_polynomial (hF : PolynomialCost F) : PolynomialCost (rawDevice a b F) := PolynomialCost.compose init_polynomial (folded_polynomial a b F hF) theorem polynomial (hF : PolynomialCost F) : PolynomialCost (device a b F) := raw_polynomial a b F hF end MeanPayoff.TreeDevice.Zip namespace MeanPayoff.TreeDevice.Certified open BinaryData class Encoding (α : Type) where encode : α → Data export Encoding (encode) instance : Encoding Unit := ⟨Median.unitData⟩ instance : Encoding Bool := ⟨Compare.bitTree⟩ instance : Encoding SignedBits.Word := ⟨wordData⟩ instance {α β : Type} [Encoding α] [Encoding β] : Encoding (α × β) := ⟨product encode encode⟩ instance {α : Type} [Encoding α] : Encoding (List α) := ⟨listTree encode⟩ structure Code (α β : Type) [Encoding α] [Encoding β] where eval : α → β device : Device encode encode eval polynomial : PolynomialCost device namespace Code variable {α β γ δ : Type} [Encoding α] [Encoding β] [Encoding γ] [Encoding δ] instance : CoeFun (Code α β) (fun _ => α → β) := ⟨Code.eval⟩ noncomputable def id : Code α α := ⟨_root_.id, identity encode, (LinearCost.identity _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def const (b : β) : Code α β := ⟨fun _ => b, constant encode encode b, (LinearCost.constant _ _ _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def comp (f : Code α β) (g : Code β γ) : Code α γ := ⟨g.eval ∘ f.eval, compose f.device g.device, PolynomialCost.compose f.polynomial g.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def pair (f : Code α β) (g : Code α γ) : Code α (β × γ) := ⟨fun x => (f x,g x), fanout f.device g.device, PolynomialCost.fanout f.polynomial g.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def fst : Code (α × β) α := ⟨Prod.fst, first encode encode, (LinearCost.first _ _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def snd : Code (α × β) β := ⟨Prod.snd, second encode encode, (LinearCost.second _ _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def branch (p : Code α Bool) (f g : Code α β) : Code α β := ⟨fun x => if p x then f x else g x, TreeDevice.branch p.device f.device g.device, PolynomialCost.branch p.polynomial f.polynomial g.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def map (f : Code α β) : Code (List α) (List β) := ⟨List.map f.eval, Map.device f.device, PolynomialCost.map f.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def envMap (f : Code (α × β) γ) : Code (α × List β) (List γ) := ⟨fun z => z.2.map (fun x => f (z.1,x)), EnvMap.device f.device, EnvMap.polynomial f.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def head (a : α) : Code (List α) α := ⟨fun xs => xs.headD a, Head.device encode a, (LinearCost.head _ _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def tail : Code (List α) (List α) := ⟨List.tail, Tail.device encode, (LinearCost.tail _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def cons : Code (α × List α) (List α) := ⟨fun z => z.1::z.2, Lists.consDevice encode, (LinearCost.cons _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def reverse : Code (List α) (List α) := ⟨List.reverse, Lists.reverseDevice encode, PolynomialCost.reverse _⟩ noncomputable def zip (a : α) (b : β) (f : Code (α × β) γ) : Code (List α × List β) (List γ) := ⟨fun z => Zip.zip f.eval b z.1 z.2, Zip.device a b f.device, Zip.polynomial a b f.device f.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def fold (f : Code (α × β) α) (hg : ∀ a b, treeSize (encode (f (a,b))) ≤ treeSize (encode a)+treeSize (encode b)+1) : Code (α × List β) α := ⟨fun z => Fold.fold f.eval z.1 z.2, Fold.device f.device, Fold.polynomial f.polynomial hg⟩ noncomputable def recode (f : Code α β) (i : γ → α) (g : γ → δ) (hi : ∀ x, encode (i x)=encode x) (ho : ∀ x, encode (f (i x))=encode (g x)) : Code γ δ := by refine ⟨g,f.device.recode encode encode i g hi ho,?_⟩ obtain ⟨K,d,h⟩ := f.polynomial refine ⟨K,d,fun x => ?_⟩ change f.device.limit (i x) ≤ _ simpa only [hi x] using h (i x) noncomputable def foldPrefix (f : Code (α × β) α) (B e : ℕ) (hb : ∀ (a : α) (xs : List β) (k : ℕ), k≤xs.length → treeSize (encode (Fold.fold f.eval a (xs.take k))) ≤ B*(treeSize (encode (a,xs))+1)^e) : Code (α × List β) α := ⟨fun z => Fold.fold f.eval z.1 z.2,Fold.device f.device,Fold.polynomial_of_prefix f.polynomial B e hb⟩ def ext (f : Code α β) (g : α → β) (h : ∀ x, f x = g x) : Code α β := ⟨g,f.device.extFun h,f.polynomial⟩ @[simp] theorem id_eval (x : α) : (id : Code α α) x=x := rfl @[simp] theorem const_eval (b : β) (x : α) : (const b : Code α β) x=b := rfl @[simp] theorem comp_eval (f : Code α β) (g : Code β γ) (x : α) : comp f g x=g (f x) := rfl @[simp] theorem pair_eval (f : Code α β) (g : Code α γ) (x : α) : pair f g x=(f x,g x) := rfl @[simp] theorem fst_eval (x : α × β) : (fst : Code (α × β) α) x=x.1 := rfl @[simp] theorem snd_eval (x : α × β) : (snd : Code (α × β) β) x=x.2 := rfl @[simp] theorem branch_eval (p : Code α Bool) (f g : Code α β) (x : α) : branch p f g x=(if p x then f x else g x) := rfl @[simp] theorem map_eval (f : Code α β) (xs : List α) : map f xs=xs.map f.eval := rfl @[simp] theorem envMap_eval (f : Code (α × β) γ) (z : α × List β) : envMap f z=z.2.map (fun x => f (z.1,x)) := rfl @[simp] theorem head_eval (a : α) (xs : List α) : head a xs=xs.headD a := rfl @[simp] theorem tail_eval (xs : List α) : tail xs=xs.tail := rfl @[simp] theorem cons_eval (z : α × List α) : cons z=z.1::z.2 := rfl @[simp] theorem reverse_eval (xs : List α) : reverse xs=xs.reverse := rfl @[simp] theorem zip_eval (a : α) (b : β) (f : Code (α × β) γ) (z : List α × List β) : zip a b f z=Zip.zip f.eval b z.1 z.2 := rfl @[simp] theorem ext_eval (f : Code α β) (g : α → β) (h : ∀ x, f x=g x) (x : α) : ext f g h x=g x := rfl end Code end MeanPayoff.TreeDevice.Certified namespace MeanPayoff.TreeDevice.Certified open BinaryData open Code local infixl:80 " ≫ₚ " => Code.comp local infixr:70 " ⋏ₚ " => Code.pair abbrev W := SignedBits.Word abbrev Count := List Unit namespace Code variable {α β : Type} [Encoding α] [Encoding β] noncomputable def swap : Code (α × β) (β × α) := snd ⋏ₚ fst noncomputable def count : Code (List α) Count := map (const ()) noncomputable def not : Code Bool Bool := ⟨Bool.not,Bits.notDevice,LinearCost.not.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def and : Code (Bool × Bool) Bool := branch fst snd (const false) noncomputable def or : Code (Bool × Bool) Bool := branch fst (const true) snd noncomputable def empty : Code (List α) Bool := count ≫ₚ (⟨List.isEmpty,CountTest.emptyDevice,CountTest.empty_polynomial⟩ : Code Count Bool) noncomputable def drop : Code (List α × Count) (List α) := ⟨fun z => z.1.drop z.2.length,Median.dropDevice encode,Median.drop_polynomial _⟩ noncomputable def nth (a : α) : Code (List α × Count) α := drop ≫ₚ head a theorem list_size_append (xs ys : List α) : treeSize (encode (xs++ys))+1=treeSize (encode xs)+treeSize (encode ys) := by change treeSize (listTree encode (xs++ys))+1=treeSize (listTree encode xs)+treeSize (listTree encode ys) simp only [listTree_size,List.length_append,List.map_append,List.sum_append] omega noncomputable def consAcc : Code (List α × α) (List α) := swap ≫ₚ cons noncomputable def revAppend : Code (List α × List α) (List α) := fold consAcc (by intro xs x change treeSize (listTree encode (x::xs)) ≤ treeSize (listTree encode xs)+treeSize (encode x)+1 rw [listTree,treeSize_pair] omega) noncomputable def append : Code (List α × List α) (List α) := (snd ⋏ₚ (fst ≫ₚ reverse)) ≫ₚ revAppend theorem revAppend_eval (z : List α × List α) : revAppend z=z.2.reverse++z.1 := by change z.2.foldl (fun xs x => x::xs) z.1 = _ exact List.foldl_flip_cons_eq_append' @[simp] theorem append_eval (z : List α × List α) : append z=z.1++z.2 := by simp only [append,comp_eval,pair_eval,snd_eval,fst_eval,reverse_eval,revAppend_eval,List.reverse_reverse] noncomputable def flatten : Code (List (List α)) (List α) := (const [] ⋏ₚ Code.id) ≫ₚ fold append (by intro xs ys have h := list_size_append xs ys rw [append_eval] dsimp only at * omega) @[simp] theorem flatten_eval (xss : List (List α)) : flatten xss=xss.flatten := by change xss.foldl (fun xs ys => append (xs,ys)) [] = _ simp only [append_eval] simpa using (List.foldl_append_eq_append (l:=xss) (f:=_root_.id) (l':=[])) noncomputable def filter (p : Code α Bool) : Code (List α) (List α) := by let q : Code (Unit × α) Bool := snd ≫ₚ p let f : Code (Unit × List α) (List α) := ⟨fun z => z.2.filter (fun x => q (z.1,x)),EnvFilter.device q.device,EnvFilter.polynomial q.polynomial⟩ exact (const () ⋏ₚ Code.id) ≫ₚ f @[simp] theorem filter_eval (p : Code α Bool) (xs : List α) : filter p xs=xs.filter p.eval := rfl noncomputable def any (p : Code α Bool) : Code (List α) Bool := filter p ≫ₚ empty ≫ₚ not @[simp] theorem empty_eval (xs : List α) : empty xs=xs.isEmpty := by cases xs <;> rfl @[simp] theorem count_eval (xs : List α) : count xs=xs.map (fun _ => ()) := rfl @[simp] theorem not_eval (b : Bool) : not b= !b := rfl @[simp] theorem nth_eval (a : α) (z : List α × Count) : nth a z=z.1.getD z.2.length a := by change (z.1.drop z.2.length).headD a=z.1.getD z.2.length a rw [List.headD_eq_head?_getD, List.head?_drop, List.getD_eq_getElem?_getD] end Code structure Digits where bits : List Bool instance : Encoding Digits := ⟨fun d => listTree boolData d.bits⟩ namespace Word noncomputable def add : Code (W × W) W := ⟨Add.sumPair,Add.device,LinearCost.add.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def neg : Code W W := ⟨Negate.negate,Negate.device,Negate.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def sub : Code (W × W) W := (fst ⋏ₚ (snd ≫ₚ neg)) ≫ₚ add noncomputable def lt : Code (W × W) Bool := ⟨Compare.testPair,Compare.device,LinearCost.compare.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def le : Code (W × W) Bool := Code.swap ≫ₚ lt ≫ₚ Code.not noncomputable def min : Code (W × W) W := ⟨Order.low,Order.minDevice,LinearCost.min.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def max : Code (W × W) W := ⟨Order.high,Order.maxDevice,LinearCost.max.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def half : Code W W := by let P := pairMap (identity boolData) (Tail.device boolData) let hP := LinearCost.pairMap (LinearCost.identity boolData) (LinearCost.tail boolData) let hin : ∀ w : W, product boolData (listTree boolData) (w.sign,w.digits)=wordData w := by intro w simp only [product,wordData,listData,Halve.listTree_boolData] let F := P.recode wordData wordData (fun w : W => (w.sign,w.digits)) Halve.halve hin (by intro w simp only [product,wordData,listData,Halve.halve,Halve.listTree_boolData] rfl) exact ⟨Halve.halve,F,(LinearCost.recode hP _ _ _ _ _ _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def double : Code W W := ⟨Multiply.double,Multiply.doubleDevice,Multiply.double_linear.polynomial⟩ noncomputable def average : Code (W × W) W := add ≫ₚ half noncomputable def signDevice : Device wordData Compare.bitTree SignedBits.Word.sign := (compose (Head.device boolData false) Multiply.rawTest).recode wordData Compare.bitTree (fun w => w.sign::w.digits) SignedBits.Word.sign (by intro w; exact Halve.listTree_boolData _) (by intro w; rfl) noncomputable def sign : Code W Bool := ⟨SignedBits.Word.sign, signDevice, (LinearCost.recode (LinearCost.compose (LinearCost.head _ _) Multiply.rawTest_linear) _ _ _ _ _ _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def digitsDevice : Device wordData encode (fun w : W => Digits.mk w.digits) := (Tail.device boolData).recode wordData encode (fun w => w.sign::w.digits) (fun w => Digits.mk w.digits) (by intro w; exact Halve.listTree_boolData _) (by intro w; rfl) noncomputable def digits : Code W Digits := ⟨fun w => ⟨w.digits⟩,digitsDevice,(LinearCost.recode (LinearCost.tail _) _ _ _ _ _ _).polynomial⟩ noncomputable def mulDigitsDevice : Device encode wordData (fun z : W × Digits => Multiply.multiply (z.1,z.2.bits)) := Multiply.device.recode encode wordData (fun z : W × Digits => (z.1,z.2.bits)) (fun z : W × Digits => Multiply.multiply (z.1,z.2.bits)) (by intro z; rfl) (by intro z; rfl) noncomputable def mulDigits : Code (W × Digits) W := by refine ⟨fun z => Multiply.multiply (z.1,z.2.bits),mulDigitsDevice,?_⟩ obtain ⟨K,d,h⟩ := Multiply.polynomial exact ⟨K,d,fun z => h (z.1,z.2.bits)⟩ noncomputable def unsignedMul : Code (W × W) W := (fst ⋏ₚ (snd ≫ₚ digits)) ≫ₚ mulDigits noncomputable def mul : Code (W × W) W := Code.branch (snd ≫ₚ sign) (((fst ⋏ₚ (snd ≫ₚ neg)) ≫ₚ unsignedMul) ≫ₚ neg) unsignedMul @[simp] theorem add_val (x y : W) : (add (x,y)).val=x.val+y.val := Add.sumPair_val _ @[simp] theorem neg_val (x : W) : (neg x).val= -x.val := Negate.exact x @[simp] theorem sub_val (x y : W) : (sub (x,y)).val=x.val-y.val := by simp [sub,sub_eq_add_neg] @[simp] theorem lt_eval (x y : W) : lt (x,y)=decide (x.val simp_all simp only [neg_val,unsignedMul_val _ _ hn] ring · rw [ite_eq_right h] have hy : y.sign=false := Bool.eq_false_iff.mpr h exact unsignedMul_val x y hy end Word end MeanPayoff.TreeDevice.Certified end end OAI