import OAI.GroupTheory.UniversalGroup.CellRetractions namespace OAI noncomputable section open Set Metric Topology BigOperators open Set Metric Topology open Set Topology open Set Metric Topology open scoped NNReal open Set Metric Topology open scoped NNReal ENNReal namespace UniversalFInfinity.GeneralPosition lemma lipschitz_insertNth {n : ℕ} (i : Fin (n+1)) (c : ℝ) : LipschitzWith 1 (Fin.insertNth (α := fun _ : Fin (n+1) => ℝ) i c : (Fin n → ℝ) → (Fin (n+1) → ℝ)) := by apply LipschitzWith.of_dist_le_mul intro x y simp only [NNReal.coe_one,one_mul] rw [dist_pi_le_iff dist_nonneg] intro j refine Fin.succAboveCases i ?_ (fun k => ?_) j · simp only [Fin.insertNth_apply_same,dist_self,dist_nonneg] · simp only [Fin.insertNth_apply_succAbove] exact dist_le_pi_dist x y k lemma sphere_subset_faces (n : ℕ) : Metric.sphere (0 : Fin (n+1) → ℝ) 1 ⊆ ⋃ i : Fin (n+1), ⋃ c ∈ ({1,-1}:Set ℝ), Set.range (Fin.insertNth (α := fun _ : Fin (n+1) => ℝ) i c : (Fin n → ℝ) → _) := by intro x hx have hxnorm : ‖x‖ = 1 := by simpa only [Metric.mem_sphere,dist_zero_right] using hx have hi : ∃ i, 1 ≤ ‖x i‖ := by by_contra! hh have := (pi_norm_lt_iff (by norm_num : (0:ℝ)<1)).mpr hh linarith obtain ⟨i,hi⟩ := hi have heq : |x i| = 1 := le_antisymm ((norm_le_pi_norm x i).trans_eq hxnorm) hi have hc : x i ∈ ({1,-1}:Set ℝ) := by rcases abs_eq (by norm_num : (0:ℝ)≤1) |>.mp heq with h | h <;> simp [h] refine Set.mem_iUnion.mpr ⟨i,Set.mem_iUnion.mpr ⟨x i,Set.mem_iUnion.mpr ⟨hc,?_⟩⟩⟩ exact ⟨fun j => x (i.succAbove j),Fin.insertNth_self_removeNth _ _⟩ lemma dimH_cube_boundary_le (n : ℕ) : dimH (Metric.sphere (0 : Fin (n+1) → ℝ) 1) ≤ n := by apply (dimH_mono (sphere_subset_faces n)).trans rw [dimH_iUnion] apply iSup_le intro i rw [dimH_bUnion (Set.toFinite ({1,-1}:Set ℝ)).countable] apply iSup_le intro c apply iSup_le intro _ exact (lipschitz_insertNth i c).dimH_range_le.trans_eq (Real.dimH_univ_pi_fin n) lemma dimH_cube_boundary_subtype_le (n : ℕ) : dimH (Set.univ : Set (Metric.sphere (0 : Fin (n+1) → ℝ) 1)) ≤ n := by rw [← isometry_subtype_coe.dimH_image] simpa only [Subtype.range_coe_subtype,Set.image_univ,Set.ofPred_mem_eq] using dimH_cube_boundary_le n end UniversalFInfinity.GeneralPosition namespace UniversalFInfinity.Attachment section open Set Metric Topology variable {X : Type*} [TopologicalSpace X] {ι : Type*} {n : ℕ} variable (a : ι → C(Sphere n,X)) [T2Space (Space a)] lemma sphere_filling_preserved {m : ℕ} (hm : m < n) (hX : ∀ f : C(Sphere (m+1),X), SphereTopology.Extends f) (f : C(Sphere (m+1),Space a)) : SphereTopology.Extends f := by let := SphereTopology.sphere_nonempty m have hdim : dimH (Set.univ : Set (Sphere (m+1))) < n := (GeneralPosition.dimH_cube_boundary_subtype_le m).trans_lt (by exact_mod_cast hm) obtain ⟨g,H,_⟩ := exists_deformation_into_base a f hdim apply SphereTopology.extends_of_homotopy H obtain ⟨F,hF⟩ := hX g refine ⟨(⟨base a,continuous_base a⟩ : C(X,Space a)).comp F,?_⟩ ext x exact congrArg (base a) (ContinuousMap.congr_fun hF x) lemma dimH_disk_subtype_le (m : ℕ) : dimH (Set.univ : Set (Disk m)) ≤ m := by rw [← isometry_subtype_coe.dimH_image] have hm := dimH_mono (Set.subset_univ (closedBall (0 : Fin m → ℝ) 1)) simpa only [Set.image_univ,Subtype.range_coe_subtype,Set.ofPred_mem_eq,Real.dimH_univ_pi_fin] using hm lemma filling_reflected {m : ℕ} (hm : m < n) (b : C(Sphere m,X)) (hb : SphereTopology.Extends ((⟨base a,continuous_base a⟩ : C(X,Space a)).comp b)) : SphereTopology.Extends b := by obtain ⟨F,hF⟩ := hb have hdim : dimH (Set.univ : Set (Disk m)) < n := (dimH_disk_subtype_le m).trans_lt (by exact_mod_cast hm) obtain ⟨g,H,hstat⟩ := exists_deformation_into_base a F hdim refine ⟨g,?_⟩ ext x apply (base_closedEmbedding a).injective have hb' : F (SphereTopology.boundary m x) = base a (b x) := ContinuousMap.congr_fun hF x have hh := hstat 1 (SphereTopology.boundary m x) ⟨b x,hb'.symm⟩ simpa only [ContinuousMap.Homotopy.apply_one,ContinuousMap.comp_apply,ContinuousMap.coe_mk,hb'] using hh end open Set Metric Topology variable {X : Type*} [TopologicalSpace X] [PathConnectedSpace X] variable {ι : Type*} {n : ℕ} (a : ι → C(Sphere n,X)) [Nonempty (Sphere n)] lemma pathConnectedSpace : PathConnectedSpace (Space a) := by let x₀ : X := Classical.choice inferInstance let s₀ : Sphere n := Classical.choice inferInstance have hj : ∀ z : Space a, Joined (base a x₀) z := by intro z cases z with | inl x => exact (PathConnectedSpace.joined x₀ x).map (continuous_base a) | inr p => have h : Joined (boundary n s₀) (interior n p.2) := PathConnectedSpace.joined _ _ have hh := h.map (cell a p.1).continuous rw [cell_interior,cell_boundary] at hh exact ((PathConnectedSpace.joined x₀ (a p.1 s₀)).map (continuous_base a)).trans hh exact ⟨⟨base a x₀⟩,fun x y => (hj x).symm.trans (hj y)⟩ end UniversalFInfinity.Attachment namespace UniversalFInfinity.Cayley open Set Metric Topology Attachment universe u variable {G : Type u} [Group G] [TopologicalSpace G] [DiscreteTopology G] variable {S : Type u} (s : S → G) (rels : Set (FreeGroup S)) variable (hrel : ∀ r ∈ rels, FreeGroup.lift s r = 1) variable (hs : Function.Surjective (FreeGroup.lift s)) variable (hker : (FreeGroup.lift s).ker = Subgroup.normalClosure rels) instance presentationCoverT2 : T2Space (PresentationCover s rels hrel) := t2Space _ (realSeparated _ (realSeparated_of_tychonoff (Y := G))) instance presentationCoverCW : CWComplex (Set.univ : Set (PresentationCover s rels hrel)) := layerCW _ (graph_dimension s) include hs in lemma presentationCover_pathConnected : PathConnectedSpace (PresentationCover s rels hrel) := by have hgen : Subgroup.closure (Set.range s) = ⊤ := by rw [←FreeGroup.range_lift_eq_closure,MonoidHom.range_eq_top] exact hs let := graph_pathConnected s hgen let := SphereTopology.sphere_nonempty 1 exact Attachment.pathConnectedSpace _ include hs hker in lemma presentationCover_sphereFill (b : C(Sphere 2,PresentationCover s rels hrel)) : SphereTopology.Extends b := by let := SphereTopology.sphere_nonempty 1 have hdim : dimH (Set.univ : Set (Sphere 2)) < 2 := (GeneralPosition.dimH_cube_boundary_subtype_le 1).trans_lt (by norm_num) obtain ⟨g,H,_⟩ := exists_deformation_into_base _ b hdim apply SphereTopology.extends_of_homotopy H exact SphereTopology.extends_of_nullhomotopic (((presentationGraphNullhomotopy s rels hrel hs hker).compContinuousMap g).symm) include hs hker in lemma presentationCover_simplyConnected : SimplyConnectedSpace (PresentationCover s rels hrel) := by apply simply_connected_iff_loops_nullhomotopic.mpr refine ⟨presentationCover_pathConnected s rels hrel hs,?_⟩ intro x p obtain ⟨F,hF⟩ := presentationCover_sphereFill s rels hrel hs hker (LoopSphere.map p) apply LoopSphere.homotopic_of_fill p F intro z exact ContinuousMap.congr_fun hF z end UniversalFInfinity.Cayley namespace UniversalFInfinity universe u v variable {G : Type u} [Group G] {A : Type v} [MulAction G A] abbrev Orbits := Quotient (MulAction.orbitRel G A) lemma orbit_mk_smul (g : G) (a : A) : (Quotient.mk'' (g • a) : Orbits (G := G) (A := A)) = Quotient.mk'' a := by apply Quotient.sound exact ⟨g,rfl⟩ lemma orbit_out_translate (a : A) : ∃ g : G, a = g • (Quotient.mk'' a : Orbits (G := G)).out := by have h := Quotient.exact (Quotient.out_eq' (q := (Quotient.mk'' a : Orbits (G := G)))) obtain ⟨g,hg⟩ := h refine ⟨g⁻¹,?_⟩ rw [←hg,inv_smul_smul] variable (hfree : ∀ (g : G) (a : A), g • a = a → g = 1) include hfree in lemma orbitCoordinates_bijective : Function.Bijective (fun p : G × Orbits (G := G) (A := A) => p.1 • p.2.out) := by constructor · rintro ⟨g,q⟩ ⟨h,r⟩ he have hqr : q = r := by have hh := congrArg (fun a : A => (Quotient.mk'' a : Orbits (G := G))) he simpa only [orbit_mk_smul,Quotient.out_eq'] using hh subst r change g • q.out = h • q.out at he have hh : (h⁻¹*g) • q.out = q.out := by rw [mul_smul,he,inv_smul_smul] have hh := hfree (h⁻¹*g) q.out hh have hgh : g = h := (inv_mul_eq_one.mp hh).symm exact Prod.ext hgh rfl · intro a obtain ⟨g,hg⟩ := orbit_out_translate (G := G) a exact ⟨(g,Quotient.mk'' a),hg.symm⟩ def orbitCoordinates : (G × Orbits (G := G) (A := A)) ≃ A := Equiv.ofBijective _ (orbitCoordinates_bijective hfree) lemma orbitCoordinates_apply (g : G) (q : Orbits (G := G) (A := A)) : orbitCoordinates hfree (g,q) = g • q.out := rfl end UniversalFInfinity open Set Metric Topology namespace UniversalFInfinity.Cellular universe u variable {G : Type u} [Group G] {X : Type u} [TopologicalSpace X] [MulAction G X] [ContinuousConstSMul G X] variable [CWComplex (univ : Set X)] {ι : ℕ → Type u} variable (σ : ∀ n, (G × ι n) ≃ RelCWComplex.cell (univ : Set X) n) def actionChart (n : ℕ) (i : G × ι n) : PartialEquiv (Fin n → ℝ) X := (RelCWComplex.map n (σ n (1,i.2))).trans (Homeomorph.smul i.1).toEquiv.toPartialEquiv lemma actionChart_apply (n : ℕ) (i : G × ι n) (x : Fin n → ℝ) : actionChart σ n i x = i.1 • RelCWComplex.map n (σ n (1,i.2)) x := rfl lemma actionChart_image (n : ℕ) (i : G × ι n) (A : Set (Fin n → ℝ)) : actionChart σ n i '' A = (fun x : X => i.1 • x) '' (RelCWComplex.map n (σ n (1,i.2)) '' A) := Set.image_comp (fun x : X => i.1 • x) (RelCWComplex.map n (σ n (1,i.2))) A lemma actionChart_source (n : ℕ) (i : G × ι n) : (actionChart σ n i).source = ball 0 1 := by simp [actionChart,PartialEquiv.trans_source,RelCWComplex.source_eq] lemma actionChart_continuousOn (n : ℕ) (i : G × ι n) : ContinuousOn (actionChart σ n i) (closedBall 0 1) := (continuous_const_smul i.1).comp_continuousOn (RelCWComplex.continuousOn _ _) lemma actionChart_continuousOn_symm (n : ℕ) (i : G × ι n) : ContinuousOn (actionChart σ n i).symm (actionChart σ n i).target := by change ContinuousOn (fun y => (RelCWComplex.map n (σ n (1,i.2))).symm (i.1⁻¹ • y)) (univ ∩ (fun y : X => i.1⁻¹ • y) ⁻¹' (RelCWComplex.map n (σ n (1,i.2))).target) exact (RelCWComplex.continuousOn_symm _ _).comp (continuous_const_smul _).continuousOn (fun _ h => h.2) variable (ho : ∀ n (g : G) (i : ι n), (fun x : X => g • x) '' RelCWComplex.openCell n (σ n (1,i)) = RelCWComplex.openCell n (σ n (g,i))) (hc : ∀ n (g : G) (i : ι n), (fun x : X => g • x) '' RelCWComplex.closedCell n (σ n (1,i)) = RelCWComplex.closedCell n (σ n (g,i))) include ho in lemma actionChart_open (n : ℕ) (i : G × ι n) : actionChart σ n i '' ball 0 1 = RelCWComplex.openCell n (σ n i) := by rw [actionChart_image] exact ho n i.1 i.2 include hc in lemma actionChart_closed (n : ℕ) (i : G × ι n) : actionChart σ n i '' closedBall 0 1 = RelCWComplex.closedCell n (σ n i) := by rw [actionChart_image] exact hc n i.1 i.2 omit [ContinuousConstSMul G X] in include hc in lemma closedCell_smul (n : ℕ) (g h : G) (i : ι n) : (fun x : X => g • x) '' RelCWComplex.closedCell n (σ n (h,i)) = RelCWComplex.closedCell n (σ n (g*h,i)) := by rw [←hc n h i,←Set.image_comp] simpa only [Function.comp_def,mul_smul] using hc n (g*h) i variable [T2Space X] @[instance_reducible] def actionCW : CWComplex (univ : Set X) where cell n := G × ι n map := actionChart σ source_eq := actionChart_source σ continuousOn := actionChart_continuousOn σ continuousOn_symm := actionChart_continuousOn_symm σ pairwiseDisjoint' := by intro p _ q _ hpq change Disjoint (actionChart σ p.1 p.2 '' ball 0 1) (actionChart σ q.1 q.2 '' ball 0 1) rw [actionChart_open σ ho,actionChart_open σ ho] apply CWComplex.disjoint_openCell_of_ne intro he apply hpq cases p with | mk n i => cases q with | mk m j => have hnm : n = m := congrArg Sigma.fst he subst m have hij : σ n i = σ n j := (Sigma.mk.inj he).2 |> eq_of_heq exact congrArg (Sigma.mk n) ((σ n).injective hij) mapsTo' := by classical intro n i obtain ⟨I,hI⟩ := CWComplex.cellFrontier_subset_finite_closedCell n (σ n (1,i.2)) let f (m : ℕ) (j : RelCWComplex.cell (univ : Set X) m) : G × ι m := (i.1 * ((σ m).symm j).1,((σ m).symm j).2) refine ⟨fun m => (I m).image (f m),?_⟩ intro x hx have h := hI (show RelCWComplex.map n (σ n (1,i.2)) x ∈ RelCWComplex.cellFrontier n (σ n (1,i.2)) from ⟨x,hx,rfl⟩) simp only [Set.mem_iUnion] at h obtain ⟨m,hm,j,hj,hxj⟩ := h refine Set.mem_iUnion.mpr ⟨m,Set.mem_iUnion.mpr ⟨hm,Set.mem_iUnion.mpr ⟨f m j,Set.mem_iUnion.mpr ⟨Finset.mem_image.mpr ⟨j,hj,rfl⟩,?_⟩⟩⟩⟩ rw [actionChart_closed σ hc] change i.1 • RelCWComplex.map n (σ n (1,i.2)) x ∈ RelCWComplex.closedCell m (σ m (i.1 * ((σ m).symm j).1,((σ m).symm j).2)) rw [←closedCell_smul σ hc] refine ⟨_,?_,rfl⟩ simpa only [Prod.eta,Equiv.apply_symm_apply] using hxj closed' := by intro A hA hclosed apply (CWComplex.closed (univ : Set X) A hA).mpr intro n j obtain ⟨i,rfl⟩ := (σ n).surjective j simpa only [actionChart_closed σ hc] using hclosed n i union' := by simp only [actionChart_closed σ hc] have he (n : ℕ) : (⋃ j : G × ι n, RelCWComplex.closedCell n (σ n j)) = ⋃ j : RelCWComplex.cell (univ : Set X) n, RelCWComplex.closedCell n j := by ext x simp only [mem_iUnion] constructor · rintro ⟨j,hj⟩; exact ⟨σ n j,hj⟩ · rintro ⟨j,hj⟩; exact ⟨(σ n).symm j,by simpa only [Equiv.apply_symm_apply] using hj⟩ simp_rw [he] exact CWComplex.union omit [T2Space X] in lemma actionChart_smul (n : ℕ) (g : G) (i : G × ι n) (x : Fin n → ℝ) : actionChart σ n (g*i.1,i.2) x = g • actionChart σ n i x := by exact mul_smul _ _ _ end UniversalFInfinity.Cellular namespace UniversalFInfinity.Milnor open Set Metric Topology UniversalFInfinity.Simplicial universe u variable (G : Type u) [Group G] local instance (priority := 2000) (α : Type*) : DecidableEq (ℕ × α) := Classical.decEq (ℕ × α) lemma vertexTranslate_injective (g : G) : Function.Injective (fun v : ℕ × G => (v.1,g*v.2)) := by rintro ⟨i,a⟩ ⟨j,b⟩ h change (i,g*a) = (j,g*b) at h apply Prod.ext · simpa only using congrArg (fun v : ℕ × G => v.1) h · exact mul_left_cancel (congrArg Prod.snd h) lemma translate_card (g : G) (s : Finset (ℕ × G)) : (translate g s).card = s.card := Finset.card_image_of_injective _ (vertexTranslate_injective G g) abbrev StageCell (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) := Simplicial.Cell (stage G S) n def cellTranslate (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) (g : G) (c : StageCell G S n) : StageCell G S n := ⟨⟨translate g c.1.1,orbitSpan_invariant _ g c.1.2⟩,by rw [translate_card]; exact c.2⟩ instance cellAction (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) : MulAction G (StageCell G S n) where smul := cellTranslate G S n one_smul c := by apply Subtype.ext; apply Subtype.ext; exact translate_one _ mul_smul g h c := by apply Subtype.ext; apply Subtype.ext; exact (translate_mul _ _ _).symm lemma cell_smul_val (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) (g : G) (c : StageCell G S n) : (g • c).1.1 = translate g c.1.1 := rfl lemma cellAction_free (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) (g : G) (c : StageCell G S n) (h : g • c = c) : g = 1 := by have he : translate g c.1.1 = c.1.1 := congrArg (fun c : StageCell G S n => c.1.1) h obtain ⟨v,hv⟩ := c.1.2.1.1 have ht : (v.1,g*v.2) ∈ c.1.1 := he ▸ Finset.mem_image.mpr ⟨v,hv,rfl⟩ have heq := c.1.2.1.2 ht hv rfl have hg : g * v.2 = v.2 := congrArg Prod.snd heq exact mul_right_cancel (hg.trans (one_mul _).symm) abbrev CellOrbits (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) := Orbits (G := G) (A := StageCell G S n) def cellCoordinates (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) : (G × CellOrbits G S n) ≃ StageCell G S n := orbitCoordinates (cellAction_free G S n) lemma cellCoordinates_apply (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) (g : G) (c : CellOrbits G S n) : cellCoordinates G S n (g,c) = g • c.out := rfl instance cellOrbits_finite (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) : Finite (CellOrbits G S n) := by classical obtain ⟨T,hT⟩ := orbitSpan_finite_representatives (basedShapes G S) let R : Set (StageCell G S n) := {c | c.1.1 ∈ T} have hinj : Function.Injective (fun c : StageCell G S n => c.1.1) := by intro c d h; exact Subtype.ext (Subtype.ext h) have hR : R.Finite := T.finite_toSet.preimage hinj.injOn let := hR.fintype apply Finite.of_surjective (fun c : R => (Quotient.mk'' c.1 : CellOrbits G S n)) intro q obtain ⟨s,hs,g,hg⟩ := hT q.out.1.1 q.out.1.2 let c : StageCell G S n := g⁻¹ • q.out have hc : c ∈ R := by change translate g⁻¹ q.out.1.1 ∈ T rw [hg,translate_mul,inv_mul_cancel,translate_one] exact hs refine ⟨⟨c,hc⟩,?_⟩ exact (orbit_mk_smul g⁻¹ q.out).trans (Quotient.out_eq' _) lemma stage_smul_support (S : Shapes G) (g : G) (x : Stage G S) : (g • x).1.support = translate g x.1.support := Finsupp.mapDomain_support_of_injective (vertexTranslate_injective G g) _ lemma stage_openCell (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) (c : StageCell G S n) : RelCWComplex.openCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n c = {x : Stage G S | x.1.support = c.1.1} := Simplicial.characteristicPE_open _ _ lemma stage_closedCell (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) (c : StageCell G S n) : RelCWComplex.closedCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n c = {x : Stage G S | x.1.support ⊆ c.1.1} := by change Simplicial.characteristicPE _ c '' closedBall 0 1 = _ rw [Simplicial.characteristicPE_closed,Simplicial.range_faceMap] lemma stage_openCell_smul (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) (g : G) (c : StageCell G S n) : (fun x : Stage G S => g • x) '' RelCWComplex.openCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n c = RelCWComplex.openCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n (g • c) := by rw [stage_openCell,stage_openCell] ext x constructor · rintro ⟨y,hy,rfl⟩ change (g • y).1.support = (g • c).1.1 rw [stage_smul_support,cell_smul_val,hy] · intro hx refine ⟨g⁻¹ • x,?_,smul_inv_smul _ _⟩ change (g⁻¹ • x).1.support = c.1.1 change x.1.support = translate g c.1.1 at hx rw [stage_smul_support,hx,translate_mul,inv_mul_cancel,translate_one] lemma stage_closedCell_smul (S : Shapes G) (n : ℕ) (g : G) (c : StageCell G S n) : (fun x : Stage G S => g • x) '' RelCWComplex.closedCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n c = RelCWComplex.closedCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n (g • c) := by rw [stage_closedCell,stage_closedCell] ext x constructor · rintro ⟨y,hy,rfl⟩ change (g • y).1.support ⊆ (g • c).1.1 rw [stage_smul_support,cell_smul_val] exact translate_mono _ hy · intro hx refine ⟨g⁻¹ • x,?_,smul_inv_smul _ _⟩ change (g⁻¹ • x).1.support ⊆ c.1.1 rw [stage_smul_support] have h := translate_mono g⁻¹ hx simpa only [cell_smul_val,translate_mul,inv_mul_cancel,translate_one] using h @[instance_reducible] def stageEquivariantCW (S : Shapes G) : CWComplex (univ : Set (Stage G S)) := Cellular.actionCW (cellCoordinates G S) (fun n g i => by change (fun x : Stage G S => g • x) '' RelCWComplex.openCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n ((1:G) • i.out) = RelCWComplex.openCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n (g • i.out) rw [one_smul] exact stage_openCell_smul G S n g i.out) (fun n g i => by change (fun x : Stage G S => g • x) '' RelCWComplex.closedCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n ((1:G) • i.out) = RelCWComplex.closedCell (C := (univ : Set (Stage G S))) n (g • i.out) rw [one_smul] exact stage_closedCell_smul G S n g i.out) end UniversalFInfinity.Milnor end end OAI