Update README with simplified dataset card (removed tested models, acknowledgments, and extra usage examples)
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README.md
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This dataset accompanies the research paper **"Pre-Generating Multi-Difficulty PDE Data For Few-Shot Neural PDE Solvers"** (under review at ICLR 2026). It contains systematically generated 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid flow simulations designed to study **difficulty transfer** in neural PDE solvers.
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The key insight: by pre-generating many low and medium difficulty examples and including them with a small number of hard examples, neural PDE solvers can learn high-difficulty physics from far fewer samples.
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### Dataset Summary
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- **Total Size:** ~421 GB
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- **Format:** NumPy arrays (.npy files)
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- **Number of Files:** 9
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- **Simulations per file:** 6,400 trajectories
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- **Solver:** OpenFOAM (icoFoam)
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- **Domain:** 2D Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations
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### Problem Setting
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The dataset solves the 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations:
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```
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∂u/∂t + (u · ∇)u + ∇p = ν∆u
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∇ · u = 0
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```
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where:
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- `u(x,t)` is the velocity field
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- `p(x,t)` is the kinematic pressure
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- `ν` is the kinematic viscosity (1.5 × 10⁻⁵ m²/s)
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- Domain: Ω ⊂ [0,1]²
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## Difficulty Axes
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The dataset systematically varies complexity along three axes:
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5. **Binary mask** - Geometry encoding (1 = obstacle, 0 = fluid)
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6. **SDF** - Signed distance field to nearest obstacle boundary
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## Simulation Details
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### Boundary Conditions
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**Flow Past Object (FPO):**
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- **Left (inlet):** Parabolic velocity profile with peak velocity Umax
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- **Right (outlet):** Zero-gradient pressure outlet
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- **Top/Bottom:** No-slip walls (u = 0)
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- **Obstacles:** No-slip walls (u = 0)
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### Reynolds Number Sampling
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Re is sampled from a truncated Gaussian distribution N(5000, 2000²) with support [100, 10000]. The inlet velocity is scaled to achieve the target Re:
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```
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Re = (U_avg × L) / ν
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U_avg = (2/3) × U_max
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```
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### Time Integration
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- **Scheme:** Backward Euler (1st order implicit)
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- **Spatial discretization:** Finite volume method
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- **Gradient terms:** Gauss linear (central differencing)
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- **Convection:** Gauss linearUpwind with gradient reconstruction
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- **Diffusion:** Gauss linear orthogonal
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### Simulation Duration
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Adaptive time scheduling based on Reynolds number to ensure flow development:
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- **Low Re (10-100):** Fixed 2700s
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- **Medium Re (100-1000):** 1-10× characteristic diffusion time
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- **High Re (1000-10000):** 10-40× characteristic diffusion time
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### Computational Cost
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The harder the simulation, the more expensive to generate:
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| Configuration | Average Time (seconds) |
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|--------------|----------------------|
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| No obstacle, Low Re | 176.7 |
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| No obstacle, Medium Re | 261.1 |
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| No obstacle, High Re | 350.4 |
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| One obstacle, Low Re | 609.5 |
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| One obstacle, Medium Re | 731.1 |
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| One obstacle, High Re | 942.8 |
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| Multiple obstacles, Low Re | 1550.9 |
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| Multiple obstacles, Medium Re | 1599.2 |
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| Multiple obstacles, High Re | 1653.3 |
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## Key Research Findings
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This dataset was specifically designed to study **difficulty transfer** in neural PDE solvers:
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1. **Sample Efficiency**: Training on 10% hard data + 90% easy/medium data recovers ~96-98% of the performance of training on 100% hard data
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2. **Compute Efficiency**: By mixing difficulties optimally, you can achieve the same error with **8.9× less compute** spent on data generation
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3. **Medium > Easy**: For most budgets, generating fewer medium-difficulty examples outperforms generating more easy examples
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4. **Foundation Dataset Potential**: Medium-difficulty data (single obstacle) improves few-shot performance on complex geometries (NURBS shapes from FlowBench)
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## Usage
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### Basic Loading
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```python
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import numpy as np
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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sdf = trajectory_0[:, :, :, 5] # Signed distance field
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```
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### Difficulty Mixing for Training
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```python
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import numpy as np
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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# Load different difficulty levels
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easy_data = np.load(hf_hub_download(
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repo_id="sage-lab/PreGen-NavierStokes-2D",
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filename="Geometry_Axis/FPO_Geometry_Easy_NoObstacle.npy",
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repo_type="dataset"
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))
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medium_data = np.load(hf_hub_download(
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repo_id="sage-lab/PreGen-NavierStokes-2D",
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filename="Geometry_Axis/FPO_Geometry_Medium_SingleObstacle.npy",
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repo_type="dataset"
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))
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hard_data = np.load(hf_hub_download(
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repo_id="sage-lab/PreGen-NavierStokes-2D",
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filename="Geometry_Axis/FPO_Geometry_Hard_MultiObstacle.npy",
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repo_type="dataset"
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))
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# Recommended: Use 10% hard + 90% medium for cost-effective training
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n_hard = 80
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n_medium = 720
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train_data = np.concatenate([
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hard_data[:n_hard],
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medium_data[:n_medium]
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], axis=0)
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# Hold out 100 hard examples for testing
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test_data = hard_data[-100:]
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```
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### Computing Metrics
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```python
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def compute_nmae(y_true, y_pred):
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"""
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Compute normalized Mean Absolute Error (nMAE)
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as used in the paper.
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Args:
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y_true: Ground truth, shape (N, T, H, W, C)
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y_pred: Predictions, shape (N, T, H, W, C)
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Returns:
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nMAE: Normalized mean absolute error
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"""
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numerator = np.abs(y_true - y_pred).sum()
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denominator = np.abs(y_true).sum()
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return numerator / (denominator + 1e-10)
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```
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## Tested Models
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The paper evaluates this dataset on:
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### Supervised Neural Operators (trained from scratch)
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- **CNO** (Convolutional Neural Operator) - 18M parameters
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- **F-FNO** (Factorized Fourier Neural Operator) - 5-layer
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### Foundation Models (fine-tuned)
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- **Poseidon-T** (Tiny) - 21M parameters
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- **Poseidon-B** (Base) - 158M parameters
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- **Poseidon-L** (Large) - 629M parameters
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All models are trained autoregressively with one-step-ahead prediction (t → t+1) using relative L1 loss.
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## Citation
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If you use this dataset, please cite:
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**Note:** Citation will be updated once the paper is published.
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## Related Datasets
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- **The Well** - Large-scale multi-physics PDE dataset
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- **PDEBench** - Benchmark for scientific machine learning
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- **FlowBench** - Flow simulation over complex geometries (NURBS shapes)
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## License
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MIT License
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## Acknowledgments
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This dataset was generated using:
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- **OpenFOAM** (v2406) for CFD simulations
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- Simulations performed on computational clusters
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- Total compute time: Several thousand GPU/CPU hours
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## Contact
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For questions or issues:
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- Open an issue in the dataset repository
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- Contact the sage-lab organization on Hugging Face
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- See the paper for additional contact information (once published)
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## Dataset Maintainers
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sage-lab organization
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---
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**Dataset Version:** 1.0
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This dataset accompanies the research paper **"Pre-Generating Multi-Difficulty PDE Data For Few-Shot Neural PDE Solvers"** (under review at ICLR 2026). It contains systematically generated 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid flow simulations designed to study **difficulty transfer** in neural PDE solvers.
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The key insight: by pre-generating many low and medium difficulty examples and including them with a small number of hard examples, neural PDE solvers can learn high-difficulty physics from far fewer samples.
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### Dataset Summary
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- **Format:** NumPy arrays (.npy files)
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- **Number of Files:** 9
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- **Simulations per file:** 6,400 trajectories
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- **Solver:** OpenFOAM (icoFoam)
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- **Domain:** 2D Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations
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## Difficulty Axes
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The dataset systematically varies complexity along three axes:
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5. **Binary mask** - Geometry encoding (1 = obstacle, 0 = fluid)
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6. **SDF** - Signed distance field to nearest obstacle boundary
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## Usage
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```python
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import numpy as np
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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sdf = trajectory_0[:, :, :, 5] # Signed distance field
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```
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## Citation
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If you use this dataset, please cite:
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**Note:** Citation will be updated once the paper is published.
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## License
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MIT License
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---
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**Dataset Version:** 1.0
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