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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] (a) Field of the Invention
[0002] This invention relates to a composition and method for achieving weight loss or reduction in a human being. More particularly, it relates to a composition containing a herbal substance found in the Amazon forest and elsewhere that is dissolved in or otherwise incorporated into a suitable carrier, and to a method of facilitating weight loss that involves administering a physiologically effective amount of the composition to a person desiring to lose weight.
[0003] It is generally known that in the United States of America, 60% of the population is overweight (100 million) or obese (40 million) or morbidly obese (3 million). Among children 77% are overweight and 17% are obese, a 300% increase over 1980. These conditions are associated with numerous medical problems, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and various forms of cancer. Effective treatment options are somewhat limited, are expensive and/or encumbered with high risks.
[0004] There are many factors that cause human beings to become overweight. Some pathways are set forth below.
Pathways to Overweight & Obesity
[0000]
1. Appetite derangement—over eating
2. Abnormal Cortisol metabolism and insulin receptor insensitivity
3. Chronic increased sugar levels in blood
4. Abnormal Leptin activity
The foregoing conditions are caused by:
1. Dysfunctional Pituitary-Hypothalamus-Adrenal (PHA) a major Master Control Center located in the brain. Increased glandular hyper activity is an Automatic reflex as a result to emotional stress (boss, work, fear, anxiety) or physical stress (sickness, injury, over consumption of food and sugar).
2. Pituitary gland over producing ACTH (adrenal corticotropin hormone) which in turn stimulates the adrenal gland to produce Cortisol *( The Stress of Life by Hans Selye, MD., McGraw Hill Co.) & gluco corticoid. Both of these hormones increase production of sugar in the circulating blood.
3. Overeating, saturated fat, refined sugar (soda, punch, chips, sweets, candy, cake)
4. Leptin in production from fat cells causing food addiction & increasing food consumption.
[0013] Increased Chronic Cortisol activity leads to increased circulation of blood sugar resulting in overproduction of insulin to lower the blood sugar which in time causes diminished efficiency or insensitivity of insulin receptors (moves available circulating sugar into the cell) that actually leads to continued elevation (Type II Diabetes) of blood sugar for prolonged periods.
[0014] The body reacts to prolonged excess blood glucose by depositing the excess sugar into fat cells as storage for future use, typically in the body mid-section, i.e., the waist area and hips in apple shaped body types and hips and thighs in pear shaped bodies.
[0015] Chronic overproduction of cortisol also causes loss of muscle (skinny legs and fat butt and waist) and lower thyroid metabolism by lowering production of active thyroid as as decreased conversion of T4 deiodinase activity to T3. *(C. Tsigos et al. J. Psycho SOM. Res 2002:53:865-71).Typically these individuals consume large quantities of high fats *(J. Knipers, et al. J. Phys. Endo. Met. 2000. 279:1286-93) and processed sugar (pops, sodas, ice cream, chocolate) and proportional larger percentage of diet in high glycemic refined carbohydrate (pasta, potato French fries, breads, chips, breading) These diets exacerbate the vicious cycle and dysfunctional PHA axis.
[0016] Lastly, there is a Gut-Brain Axis control where a normal functioning stomach with food will generate a hormone, and signal the brain to stop eating. This “fullness hormone” is called Leptin. This hormone is produced by the fat cells & lining of the stomach. The more one eats, the more it is produced. Higher Leptin levels cause increased eating, a vicious cycle. Leptin activity in the hypothalamus gland establishes a “Set Point” for the body's weight. (Friedman J M. The Function of Leptin in Nutrition, Weight and Physiology. Nutr. Rev. October 2002, 60); ( Meister B Control of food intake via Leptin receptors in the hypothalamus. Vitam Horm 2000; 9:265-304.) Leptin causes craving and addiction for food by up regulating increased Dopamine. Higher levels of craving for food, giving a pleasure and reward response to individual. (Krugel U, et al. Eur. J. Pharma Dec. 15, 2003:482,185-7). Increased sugar stimulates excessive production of Leptin, the sweet receptors and taste buds of the tongue enhances behavior to eat more sugar cravings. (Shiglmura N. et al. Endocrinology February 2004 145(2): 839-47) Very much like the mechanism of cocaine, heroin, or sucrose addiction and behavior reinforcing addictive conditioning. (Di Ciano P Neuropharmacology 2004:47)
[0017] Scientists of Univ. of College of London have identified yet another set of hormones called PZY I & PZY II. These hormones allow for the slow and fast relaxation of the stomach to accommodate more food. At resting state the stomach hollow is approximately 75 ml (2½ oz). With the help of these hormones, the stomach expands to 25 fold in volume to accept additional food 1.9 liters or 62.5 oz or 4 lbs. The increased consumption of dietary fat (long chain fat) shows activation of inflammatory Adipokines causing further dysfunction of the Gut Brain Axis of communication suppressing normal production of fullness hormone communication with the P.H.A. axis. This is a Leptin caused inflammation (Trayhurn P et al, Br. J. Nutr. September 2004:92(3) 347-55) Increased inflammation (C-Reactive Protein) and visceral adiposity (Saigoy Y. Diab. Obes. Met Jul. 6, 2004(9) 249-58.) The increase in Leptin and CRP is the primary risk and cause of heart attack (Thoagersan A M. Et al., Eur. J. Cardio. Preventive Rehab. Feb. 11, 2004(1) 53-40.)
[0018] The search for safe and effective anti-obesity agents is ongoing. It has now been discovered that the use of a composition containing a herbal substance known as Bauhinia is effective in causing weight loss in overweight individuals when administered in physiologically effective amounts.
[0019] (b) Description of Related Art
[0020] The following references are background material relating to the invention.
1. Hobbs, L. The New Diet Pills. Ch. 7-9. Pragmatic Press, Ca. 2000. 2. Taylor, L. The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. Square One Publishers, NJ. 2005. 3. Estrada, O., et al. Evaluation of flavonoids from Bauhinia megalandra leaves as inhibitors of glucose-6-phosphatase system. Phytother. Res. 2005; 19(10): 859-63. 4. Lemus, I., et al. Hypoglycemic activity of four plants used in Chilean popular medicine. Phytother. Res. 1999; 13(2): 91-4. 5. Juliani, C. Hypoglycemic action of bauintrato ( Bauhinia forficata preparation) new clinical and experimental study. J. Clin. 1941; 22: 17. 6. Fuentes, O., et al. Hypoglycemic activity of Bauhinia candicans in diabetic induced rabbits. Fitoterapia. September 2004; 75 (6): 527-32. 7. Lino, S., et al. Antidiabetic activity of Bauhinia forficata decoction in alloxan-diabetic rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2004; 27(1): 125-7. 8. de Sousa, E., et al. Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-4,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves. J. Nat. Prod. 2004; 67(5): 829-32. 9. Damasceno, D. C., et al. Effect of Bauhinia forficata extract in diabetic pregnant rats: maternal repercussions. Phytomedicine. 2004; 11(2-3): 196201. 10. Pepato, M. T., et al. Evaluation of toxicity after one-months treatment with Bauhinia forficata decoction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement. Altem. Med. Jun. 8, 2004; 4: 7.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0031] This invention relates to a composition and method for facilitating weight loss in human beings. The composition comprises physiologically effective amounts of the herbal substance Bauhinia in a suitable carrier. The method is a method of facilitating weight loss in human beings which comprises administering a physiologically effective amount of the composition to an individual.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0032] Bauhinia Weight Loss Solution
[0033] The weight loss composition of this invention comprises a formulation of extracts of Bauhinia— Saponins, Kempferitrin, flavanoids, astragalin, alkaloids, micro-glycosides, bauhinosides, betasitosterol, flavonols, guanidine, organic acids, quercimocides, rhamnose, and saponins.
[0034] Set forth below is a list of the Types & Species of Bauhinia that can be used in the composition and method of this invention.
[0035]
Bauhinia racemosa
[0036]
Bauhinia variegata
[0037]
Bauhinia tarapotensis
[0038]
Bauhinia divaricata
[0039]
Bauhinia monandra
[0040]
Bauhinia pauletia
[0041]
Bauhinia ungulata
[0042]
Bauhinia candicans
[0043]
Bauhinia forficata
[0044] Bauhinia grandiflora Juss
[0045] Bauhinia purpurea L.
[0046] Bauhinia candida Ait.
[0047] Bauhinia bariegata L.
[0048]
Bauhinia macranthera
[0049]
Bauhinia bartletti
[0050]
Bauhinia ramosissima
[0051]
Bauhinia retifolia
[0052]
Bauhinia cercideae
[0053]
Bauhinia caesalpinioideae
[0054]
Bauhinia fabaceae
[0055]
Bauhinia kalbreyeri
[0056]
Bauhinia mauca
[0057]
Bauhinia uruguayensis
[0058]
Bauhinia splendens
[0000] The preferred herbal substance for use in the composition and method of this invention is obtained from leaves of the Bauhinia forficata tree. This tree is found in the Amazon forest of South America, including Ecuador. However, even though it is preferred to use the leaves, the herbal substance can also be obtained from any part of the tree including the root, bark and branches of it.
[0059] Extractions: The Bauhinia herb can be used in connection with the following types of carriers:
[0060] Water
[0061] Oils
[0062] Alcohol
[0063] Glyceril
[0064] CO2
[0065] Organic solvent
[0066] Dichloromethanol
[0000] Other suitable carriers can also be used.
[0067] Delivery: The Bauhinia herb can be administered or delivered to the recipient in the following manner:
[0068] Liquid/sprays/mist/drinks
[0069] Capsules
[0070] Powders
[0071] Tincture
[0072] Liposome
[0073] Sublingual
[0074] Chewing gums/Lozenges/Candies/food
[0075] Transdermals, Skin creams, lotions, etc.
[0000] Methods of preparing herbal compositions are found in the book “The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs” by Leslie Taylor (Square One Publishers, Inc., 2004), incorporated by reference herein. The concentration of Bauhinia herbal substance in the carrier can range from about 0.1% to 99% or more. The exact concentration will depend on the carrier, and method of administering the herbal substance.
[0076] A series of tests were run to demonstrate the efficacy of the composition and method of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
[0077] In these tests, the Bauhinia herbal substance was a mixture of four varieties of Bauhinia in substantially equal amounts. The varieties were: Bauhinia racemosa, Bauhinia tarapotensis, Bauhinia purpurea L., and Bauhinia candicans.
[0000] Test Subjects Subject A - Male 60 year old, 5 ft. 11 in. Taken Bauhinia water/alcohol extract 5 grams leaves in 10 cc concentrate taken 3 times daily, 15 minutes before meal. No changes in dietary habits, exercise, or medication. Test run for 6 weeks. Before wt: 7158# After wt: 147# Before BMI: 22 After BMI: 20 Before Waist: 33 After Waist: 29 Net wt. loss: 11 lbs. BMI deceased: 2 Waist measurement decreased: 4 inches Subject B - Female 55 year old, 5 ft. 5 in. Taken Bauhinia leaves dried powder 5 grams 3 times daily before meal. No changes in dietary habits, exercise, or medication. Test run for 6 weeks. Before wt: 174# After wt: 168# Before BMI: 29 After BMI: 28 Before Waist: 37 After Waist: 36 Net wt. loss: 6 lbs. BMI deceased: 1 Waist measurement decreased: 1 inch Subject C - Male 58 year old, 5 ft. 8 in. Taken 10 drops Bauhinia extract concentrate in a food candy bar, once times daily in middle of the day on full stomach. No changes in dietary habits, exercise, or medication. Test run for 6 weeks. Before wt: 181# After wt: 174# Before BMI: 26.7 After BMI: 25.7 Before Waist: 38.5 After Waist: 37 Net wt. loss: 7 lbs. BMI deceased: 1 Waist measurement decreased: 1.5 inches Subject D - Female 46 year old, 5 ft. 4 in. Taken Bauhinia water extracted powder with 1 gram 2 times daily on empty stomach 30 minutes before meals. No changes in dietary habits, exercise, or medication. Test run for 6 weeks. Before wt: 188# After wt: 178# Before BMI: 32.3 After BMI: 30.6 Before Waist: 38 After Waist: 35.5 Net wt. loss: 10 lbs. BMI deceased: 1.7 Waist measurement decreased: 2.5 inches
The foregoing test results indicate that weight loss in human beings can be facilitated by administering physiologically effective amounts of Bauhinia herbal substance to individuals. The Bauhinia in the above tests was administered in the form of powders of dried leaves or extracts. As used herein, the term “physiologically effective amount” refers to that amount of herbal substance which, when administered, is effective to cause loss of weight in an individual.
[0078] Another series of tests were conducted to further demonstrate the efficacy of the compositions and method of the invention.
EXAMPLE 2
[0079] In this example, the results of a four week pilot project studying the effect of the herbal substance, Bauhinia forficata, on weight loss in overweight humans in the absence of dietary or exercise intervention is provided.
[0080] Methods and Materials
[0000] A total of 31 patients (18 male, 13 female) were recruited for the study. They each signed a consent form and were told the study involved an herb used in South America for weight loss and other purposes, and that the substance to be taken was generally regarded as safe. They were instructed to keep their diet and exercise unchanged. Patients were randomly assigned to a treatment or placebo group and instructed to take 5 ml. of the test material (either Bauhinia leaf extract or a placebo solution) 30 minutes before each meal. They were also given a vitamin/mineral supplement to take each morning.
[0081] Measurements of weight and circumference of waist, chest, and hips were made and recorded at the start of the study and four weeks. Participants were asked about side effects at each visit. Results were recorded for those who completed the study and analyzed by ANOVA.
[0000]
TABLE 1
Demographic Data
Group A (Placebo)
Group B (Treatment)
Number
17
14
Gender
Male 11, Female 6
Male 7, Female 7
Age (M years)
50.8
54.3
Weight (lbs)
242.41
216.36
Height (inches)
69.14
67.96
BMI (mean)
35.26
32.35
Waist (inches)
44.94
42.29
Hip (inches)
46.97
46.21
Chest (inches)
44.74
44.26
[0082] Results
[0000] All subjects completed the study. Table 2 below summarizes the changes in various measurements over the study period treatment for each of the groups. Comparing each group's final to initial values revealed no statistically significant changes, although the differences approached significance for the following parameters in the treatment group: weight (p=0.06), BMI (p=0.06), waist circumference (p=0.06), and waist to hip ratio (0.888). Comparing the amount of change between the two groups revealed that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.008) in the change in BMI between the two groups. There were no reported adverse effects in either group during the duration of the study. Several subjects reported increased energy or improved sense of well being. One reported “darkening of hair” as a beneficial side effect. The statistically significant effect of the bauhinia extract on weight loss and various measurements did not include dietary or exercise intervention. There was no evidence of toxicity.
[0000]
TABLE 2
Comparison of Results
Group A (Placebo)
Group B (Treatment
Initial
Final
(change)
N = 33
A
17
B
14
Gender
A
Male 11, Female 6
B
Male 7, Female 7
**Age (years)
A
50.8
B
54.3
**Weight (years)
A
242.410
242.941
0.529
B
216.360
211.696
−4.661
**BMI
A
35.259
35.318
0.0588*
B
32.350
31.973
−0.557
**Waist (inches)
A
44.941
44.941
0.000
B
42.286
40.693
−1.593
**Hip (inches)
A
46.971
47.235
0.265
B
46.214
44.893
−1.324
**Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR)
A
0.953
0.947
−0.006
B
0.914
0.905
−0.008
P Value in (change) = 0.007637
Results listed as means
[0083] Bauhinia forficata is a small tree that grows in a small area of the Amazonian plateau in Ecuador. It has long held a place in the folk medicine of South America. Its bark has been used as an anti-diarrheal and was not used in the preparation involved in the present study. The leaves have been used for a variety of purposes, including in the treatment of diabetes, as a general tonic, as an antivenin and as a vermifuge . It has also been associated with beneficial changes in lipid levels indicating there were no toxic effects in either normal or diabetic rats, including pregnant diabetic rats.
[0084] Mechanism of Weight Loss
[0000] It is not known precisely why the administration of the bauhinia herbal substance is effective to facilitate weight loss in various individuals, however it is postulated that the Bauhinia normalizes PHA-Leptin-Insulin receptor insensitivity and central satiety physiology. Whatever the mechanism, it is clear that it is effective to facilitate weight loss in human beings who take it in physiologically effective amounts.
[0085] Although various illustrative embodiments of the composition and method of the invention have been described and shown herein, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the precise embodiments described, and that various other changes and modifications may be affected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All such changes and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. | Disclosed is a composition and method for facilitating weight loss in individuals. The composition is a physiologically effective amount of the herbal substance Bauhinia in a suitable carrier. The carrier can be water, alcohol, mixtures thereof, capsules, powders, tinctures, liposomes, chewing gum, lozenges, candies, food, skin creams, or lotions. The method is to administer a physiologically effective amount of the herbal substance to an individual seeking to lose weight. The preferred herbal substance is obtained from the leaves of a Bauhinia forficata tree. | 2,852 |
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to eye surgery and more particularly to cornea marker apparatus and means of marking for corrective surgery such as radial and chordal refractive keratotomy (RK).
BACKGROUND ART
For the functional correction of eye disorders such as myopia and astigmatism due to abnormal curvature of the central clear zone of the cornea of the eye, a refractive keratotomy procedure provides benefit. In this procedure, for restoration of a flat clear zone, based on pre-operative patient selection and measurement of visual parameters such as corneal thickness, the cornea is first marked in a predetermined radially balanced pattern by making a circular cut (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,941) or a series of shallow incisions (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 4,417,579) in the annular corneal surface surrounding the clear zone. Visualization of the incisions is facilitated by delineation with a suitable dye such as fluorescein or gentian violet. The marking is done by free hand marking or preferably by a hand-held radial marker instrument of conventional spider-wheel design. One commercially available marker of this design is described in the work by Sanders et al. entitled "Radial Keratotomy," pages 31 and 32, 1984, Slack Inc., Thorofare, N.J.
The marking procedure is then followed first by corneal thickness measurements (pachymetry) and then by making refractive incisions on the marked pattern of lines, using a diamond knife.
The prior art method of free hand marking often is unreliable whereas the method employing a spiderwheel marker tends to be unreliable in certain particulars. One problem, not generally recognized as important, is that the ends of each blade edge are not readily visible, and especially the inner end is not visible for purposes of centration and spacing from the clear zone. Another problem of the kind is that the marker lacks means for correctly and reliably aligning the marker to the corneal surface of an eye with astigmatism, for example, astigmatism with the rule where the vertical meridian has the greater curvature, or astigmatism against the rule where the horizontal meridian has the greater curvature, or irregular astigmatism due to uneven bulges, corneal scarring and the like.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide improved cornea marker apparatus having marker blades that are conspicuous for purposes of concentric placement and spacing from the central clear zone of the corneal surface.
It is another object of the invention to provide improved cornea marker apparatus having a marker blade assembly holder and a rotary blade assembly that can be controllably rotated in the holder to achieve correct placement for radially marking selected meridians of the corneal surface.
It is still another object of the invention to provide apparatus of the kind described in which the rotary blade assembly can be replaced in the holder with a different rotary blade assembly that may differ in shape, size, or radial orientation of the blades.
It is yet another object to provide improved methods for marking the corneal surface for purposes of corrective surgery.
These and other objects, features and advantages will be seen from the following description and accompanying drawings.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The invention in one preferred aspect concerns improved surgical apparatus for concentric placement on the cornea of the eye and for radially marking selected meridians of the corneal surface surrounding the central clear zone of the eye. The apparatus comprises a circumferential support frame having a central opening dimensioned for concentric alignment exposing the clear zone, and a pair of diametrically opposed co-planar radially disposed knife blades for each of said selected meridians. Each blade has a cutting edge with concave curvature adapted in 3-dimensioned blade assembly profile for co-extensive matching contact with the convex curvature of the outer corneal surface. Also, each blade is unitary with and supported on the support frame with its inner blade end projecting into the central opening whereby the blade inner ends are conspicuously exposed in the support frame opening for enabling precise placement of the blades in the corneal field. Preferably, the opening in the support frame is circular or elliptical.
In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a blade assembly holder and a rotary knife blade assembly. The holder has a central opening and a concentric circumferential bearing surface for engagement with the bearing surface of the rotary knife blade assembly.
The knife blade assembly includes a circumferential support frame having a central opening, preferably circular or elliptical, dimensioned for concentric alignment exposing the clear zone, and a pair of diametrically oppose co-planar radially disposed knife blades for each of the meridians selected for marking. Each blade has a cutting edge with concave curvature adapted in profile for co-extensive matching contract with the convex curvature of the outer corneal surface. Each blade is unitary with and supported on the support frame, the assembly being configured with a peripheral bearing surface adapted for engagement with said concentric bearing surface and allowing rotation with respect to the blade holder. Preferably, the inner end of each blade is conspicuously exposed in the support frame opening. Preferably, the knife blade assembly comprises blade guide indicia coinciding with the diametral alignment of each blade pair.
In a preferred embodiment, the blade holder comprises meridial indicia referable to the degree of rotation of a rotary knife blade assembly contained in the blade holder. In another preferred embodiment, the support frame is elliptical and the cutting edges of the blades of the knife blade assembly are configured with a 3-dimensional concave elliptical curvature for coextensive matching contact with the convex curvature of an ellipitcal astigmatic outer corneal surface. The blade assembly holder and the rotary blade assembly in a preferred embodiment are adapted to be removably fitted together, preferably in a snap fit, to a position for controlled rotation of the blade assembly to predetermined positions for marking of selected meridians. The holder and rotary blade assembly preferably are adapted to be disengageable for replacement of a different rotary blade assembly in the blade assembly holder.
The invention in another preferred aspect concerns an improved method for marking selected meridians of the outer corneal surface surrounding the open central zone of the cornea of the eye. The eye to be treated may be astigmatic, having greater curvature in a meridian that may be a vertical, horizontal, or other meridian. The method includes the step of providing a blade assembly holder with meridial indicia and a rotary knife blade assembly that is rotatable in the holder. The knife blade assembly has a marking surface substantially matching the outer corneal surface. The assembly has a predetermined pattern, circular or preferably elliptical, of opposed knife blade edges aligned in a pair for placement across the open corneal zone for each of the selected meridians. The method further comprises placing the knife blade edges of the marking surface in a selected meridian alignment with the corneal surface, and marking the cornea by knife edge cutting sufficient for visualization of the resulting meridial incisions. In a preferred embodiment, the blade assembly comprises blades having the curvature of about 47 diopters.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view partly segmented of a preferred cornea marker according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken on line 2--2 of FIG. 1 showing the marker blade curvature in relation to curvature of the cornea of the eye;
FIG. 3 is an exploded view similar to the view of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 4 to 7 are plan views illustrating different preferred patterns of radially disposed paired marker blades of a cornea marker according to the invention;
FIG. 8 is a plan view of another preferred embodiment illustrating an elliptically disposed marker blade assembly with exposed inner and outer blade ends;
FIG. 9 is a side view of a blade assembly holder in section taken on line 9--9 of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a side view of paired marker blades on a frame support partly in section taken on line 10--10 of FIG. 8; AND
FIG. 11 is a bottom view of the marker blade assembly of FIG. 8.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the embodiment of FIG. 1 a cornea marker 10 is shown with a marker blade assembly 30 having a blade support frame 30a in the form of an annular cap. As seen in FIG. 2, the frame or cap 30a carries on its underside a pattern or array of edge-mounted radially disposed knife blade pairs 32a and 32b. The frame has a central opening 31 with inner and outer edges 31a,31b. The frame also has a circumferential skirt 30b depending from its underside that together define a circumferential skirt groove 30c. The top side of the frame carries blade alignment indicia 30d. As seen in FIG. 2, the blades have a cutting edge 33 with concave curvature terminating at an inner end 34 and an outer end 35. In relation to the surface of the cornea 20 for purposes of marking, the cutting edges of the blade pair 32a,32b are located for concentric placement in co-extensive matching contact with the corneal surface. The inner edges 34 of the blades are spaced from the clear zone 21 while the outer edges 35 are spaced away from the corneal limbus 22. Also as seen in FIG. 2, the blade assembly is supported for rotation in a holder 40 having an annular base plate 41 carried for manipulation by a handle 42. The base plate has meridian indicia 46 on its upper face and has inner and outer edges 44,45 and the inner edge defining a circular opening and being configured for engagement with the skirt groove 30c, also circular. In a preferred embodiment, the two parts 30 and 40 are constructed such that they can be assembled together and disassembled (as shown in FIG. 3), as desired, preferably by means of a snap fit allowing relative rotation as between the two parts. When the blade assembly 30 is rotated, the same can be advanced to any desired position for marking by setting the blade alignment indicia 30d to coincide with the meridian indicia 46 requiring marking, such as the vertical (90°) meridian or the horizontal (0° or 180°) meridian. Different patterns of marking can be achieved by using any of the different blade configurations shown in FIGS. 4 to 7. A preferred embodiment of the cornea marker is illustrated in FIG. 8. The blase assembly 30 has a circumferential groove 35a that is circular and the holder 40 has an inner edge 44 defining a matching central opening 43 so that when assembled the two parts can be rotated relative to each other. The blade assembly has an annular cap 30a that is elliptical with an elliptical central opening 31. The blade pairs are secured to the cap 30a by suitable means such as welding and are arranged with their inner and outer ends 34,35 open to view for precise placement and marking when held in the operative position shown in FIG. 8.
In operation, by marking methods which will be understood by those skilled in eye surgery, a blade assembly of the invention is selected that provides the most suitable pattern of marking for the particular surgical procedure, whether for correction of myopia, astigmatism or a combination of these. The appropriate blade assembly and the holder are assembled, and the assembly is rotated if necessary to the desired meridial alignment, for example the alignment shown in FIG. 8 for a marking pattern to correct for astigmatism. The marker is then placed in a marking position such as that shown in FIG. 2 (with the long axis blade pair on the horizontal meridian), and the corneal surface surrounding and adjacent to the clear zone is marked for purposes of pachymetry and refractive keratotomy.
What is desired to claim as my exclusive property in the invention, as described, is the following. | Cornea marker apparatus and a method of corneal marking are provided for purposes of corrective surgery. The apparatus features a blade assembly having readily visible blade ends as well as a blade assembly concept with a radial guide allowing rotation of the blades to selected meridian alignments for precise marking of the surface of the cornea. | 2,056 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional application of Ser. No. 07/459,273 filed Dec. 29, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,734 issued Jun. 25, 1991, which is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 07/297,185 filed Jan. 12, 1989, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Most of the pesticides in use today are expensive toxic chemicals that must be carefully applied and frequently monitored in order to insure that their toxic residues do not get into the food chain or otherwise harm either humans, animals or the environment. My discovery provides substantial benefits over the toxic chemicals that have heretofore been used in that the use of the alkyloxypolyethyleneoxyethanols of the present invention are not injurious to plants, do not disturb the biological balance and do not possess the undesirable pollution aspects inherent in the use of so many known pesticides.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the discovery that a very particular kind of nonionic surfactant, namely an alkyloxypolyethyleneoxyethanol can be used as the sole active ingredient to control fungus, mites, worms, termites, nematodes and other insects. It is believed that these alkyloxypolyethyleneoxyethanols can be represented by the formula: ##STR2## wherein n is from 9 to 15 and m is from 3 to 40.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The aforementioned alkyloxypolyethyleneoxyethanols are biodegradable nonionic surfactants consisting of a mixture of ethoxylates of secondary alcohols having from 9 to 15 carbon atoms in the aliphatic hydrophobic chain, and which have an average of 3 to 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 20, 30 or 40 moles of ethylene oxide, respectively in the hydrophillic entity. Materials which correspond to the compositions are available commerically as TERGITOL 15-S series of ethylene oxide derivatives manufactured by Union Carbide Corporation(i.e. 15-S-3, 15-S-5, 15-S-7, 15-S-9, 15-S-12, and 15-S-15.) One method for the manufacture of such nonionic surface active agents is believed to be set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 2,870,220 of Union Carbide. A blend or combination of these secondary alcohol ethoxylates such as TERGITOL 15-S-3 added to TERGITOL 15-S-9 results in clear, easily handled materials for application. Of the available ethoxylates of secondary alcohols, TERGITOL 15-S-9 is preferred. As indicated above, it is understood that these nonionic surfactants can be represented by the formula: ##STR3## where n is from 9 to 15 and m is from 3 to 40.
Union Carbide characterizes its above TERGITOLS with the empirical formula:
C.sub.11-15 H.sub.23-31 O(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.x H
in its Material Safety Data Sheets.
The above nonionic surfactants in the same instances can be applied to targets (buildings, soils, etc.) in technical strength if desired. However, because of the active nature of the secondary alcohol ethoxylates, it is recommended that they be admixed with a suitable carrier, this is especially true when applied to targets such as plants, foilage and animals. Suitable inexpensive carriers that are preferred are either water or vegetable oil. Other more expensive carriers can also be used. In accordance with my invention, the above nonionic surfactants are applied in an amount of approximately 8 oz. to about 16 oz. per acre. The amount of water or vegetable oil used as the carrier can vary considerably as long as about 8 oz. to about 16 oz. of the nonionic surfactant is applied to the plants per acre. Because vegetable oil is capable of forming a much finer mist than is possible with water, a substantially less volume of oil can be used with the surfactant compared to the same amount of surfactant in water.
The following examples are presented for the purpose of further illustrating and explaining the present invention and are not to be taken as limiting in any regard.
EXAMPLE 1
______________________________________TERGITOL 15-S-9 16.0 oz.Water 250.0 gallons 250.16 - total solution in gallons______________________________________
This solution was sprayed on mature citrus trees with severe rust mite infestation. A rate of 250.16 gallons of solution per treated acre was used with temperatures in the low 60° F. range. After three days, the only detectable rust mites to be found were "inside" the canopy of the dense foliage of the trees. Only carcasses of dead mites were detected in over 98% of those trees inspected. Depending upon the type of spray application, tests indicated that solutions including as little as 15 gallons of water could be applied per acre and be effective.
EXAMPLE 2
______________________________________TERGITOL 15-S-9 8.0 oz.Water 5.0 gallons______________________________________
This solution was applied to one acre of cotton severely infested with bollworms of approximately 1/4 inch to 1/64 of an inch in length by means of fixed-wing aircraft. Within twenty minutes of application only bollworms one inch in length or larger were found alive in the field.
EXAMPLE 3
______________________________________TERGITOL 15-S-9 8.0 oz.Vegetable oil 32.0 oz. 40.0 oz. total solution______________________________________
This solution was applied to cotton infested with bollworms, aphids and spider mites at the rate of 40.0 oz. per acre by means of a fixed-wing aircraft. Within twenty minutes of application, no live pests were found.
EXAMPLE 4
______________________________________TERGITOL 15-S-9 8.0 oz.Water 1-2 gallons______________________________________
This solution was applied to the floor of a residential kitchen in a semi-tropical area of Florida. It was noted that brown spiders, and two other types of insects, carpenter ants and a centipede died after being placed in contact with the wet floor within 10 minutes of contact.
EXAMPLE 5
______________________________________TERGITOL 15-S-9 1.0 oz.Water 5-20.0 gallons______________________________________
This solution was used as a "bath" for a dog which had been in contact with ticks and fleas found in hunting areas in south Georgia. After being place in the bath container for a period of several minutes, no live parasitic insects were found on the dog.
EXAMPLE 6
______________________________________TERGITOL 15-S-9 8.0 oz.Water 5.0 gallons______________________________________
This solution was applied to peanuts during one entire production year. No other fungicide was applied until two weeks prior to digging. At that point the product BRAVO was applied at recommended rates. There was no leaf spot present when the fungicide BRAVO was applied. No additional insecticide was used during the production year to the acreage treated with the surfactant. The yield on the test areas was in excess of 1.75 tons/acre.
EXAMPLE 7
______________________________________TERGITOL 15-S-9 8.0 oz.Water 5.0 gallons______________________________________
This solution was applied to an area of a building foundation where termites were found. The solution was injected into the termite bed area beneath the surface of the soil. After a twelve hour period, the "bed" area under and around the infested area was excavated. All termites found, were dead. No other fumigant was used.
EXAMPLE 8
______________________________________TERGITOL 15-S-9 2.0 oz.Water 15.0 gallons (minimum)______________________________________
This solution was sprayed around shrubs and ornamental flowers of a south Georgia residence, where mosquitos were present in large numbers. Spraying resulted in killing of the pests, with no reinfestation for a period of three days. Stronger solutions of TERGITOL may result in leaf damage.
EXAMPLE 9
A plot of land was tested and found to have a nematode count of 400 per test soil sample, which made the land unsuitable for raising cotton. In view of the soil unsuitability, peanuts were selected to be planted in the plot. The land was thereafter treated in accordance with my invention by first ground spraying with a solution consisting of TERGITOL 15-S-9 (16 ounces per acre) and water (10-20 gallons per acre) and thereafter tilling. The land was thereafter sprayed with a liquid composition from a plane at a per acre concentration of 8-16 ounces of TERGITOL 15-S-9 and 10-20 gallons of water. Similar applications were made every 6-10 days for several months. At the end of several months another soil test was made and the nematode count was essentially zero per test soil sample. In addition, the peanuts were free of insects and white mold during the entire growing season.
EXAMPLE 10
A plot of land was prepared for cotton by initially ground spraying approximately 16 oz./acre of TERGITOL 15-S-9 with 10-20 gallons of water/acre and then tilling the land. Thereafter the cotton crop was periodically sprayed by air plane utilizing 8-16 oz. TERGITOL 15-S-9 and 3-5 gallons of water/per acre except when small worms were noted and then the TERGITOL 15-S-9 was applied at 8-16 oz. with 26-34 oz. of vegetable oil per acre. The spraying applications were effective in controlling eggs, bollworms, mites, white flies, and aphids.
EXAMPLE 11
Several orange trees in Florida were treated for rust mites by spraying with a solution of approximately 2 oz. of TERGITOL 15-S-9 and approximately 15 gallons of water. The treatment eliminated the rust mite problems.
The surfactant solutions of the present invention have also been tested and found effective for controlling lice on hogs, aphids on roses and pecan trees, mold on pecan trees, fungus on shrubs, and insects on garden and vegetable plants.
In addition to the surfactants of the present invention being useful in controlling fungus, mites, nematodes, worms, mold and other insects, it is believed that the surfactants function as soil neutrilizers. As a result of some of the tests set forth above, it has been noted that the soil ph in the test plots has been increased and remains between approximately 6.5 to less than 7.0 without the use of lime being necessary. In one test plot, several acres of the soil were generally non-productive due to soil ph levels of less than 6.0. After repeated applications of the surfactants as set forth above over an entire test plot, it was noted that the previously unproductive acres became productive. Tests indicated that the ph levels had been raised to above 6.5.
Although my invention has been described in connection with the above examples, it is not limited by these examples and should be construed in connection with the following claims and obvious equivalents thereof. For instance, TERGITOL 15-S-3, 15-S-7, 15-S-12 and 15-S-15 have been used for similar applications and the same rates as set forth in the examples in oil and/or water solutions with similar results being achieved. Therefore, it is believed that the nonionic surfactants of the TERGITOL-15-S series are believed to fall within the scope of the present invention. | This invention relates to the discovery that a very particular kind of nonionic surfactant, namely an alkyloxypolyethyleneoxyethanol can be used as the sole active ingredient to control fungus, mites, worms, termites, nematodes and other insects. It is believed that these alkyloxypolyethyleneoxyethanols can be represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein n is from 9 to 15 and m is from 3 to 40. | 1,741 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to an adjustable display rack for foodstuffs and the like. More specifically this invention relates to an adjustable display rack in which the angle can be easily adjusted for optimal display appearance.
Creative display of merchandise is important to the sales of items and merchandisers are constantly searching for improved methods of displaying their items. This is especially important in produce sales since a full rack is more attractive to a customer than a sparsely populated shelf, as known in the art.
Many display racks have been developed which aid in attempts to insure that the display appears full, as exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 3,385,453, for example. While display racks of this type do lend the appearance of being full, any adjustment is difficult and often requires the attendant to remove the displayed items prior to adjusting the shelf. Another problem with the display racks currently known in the art is the inability to rigidly lock the shelf in place. As merchandise is removed, and replaced, the shelves can frequently be caused to fall potentially harming the contents.
There has been a long felt need in the art to provide an adjustable display rack which can be easily adjusted with merchandise still in the storage bin. There has also been a need to provide such a display rack which is sturdy and provides limited risk of moving due to removing and restocking merchandise.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an adjustable display rack which allows for easy adjustment of the angle of the display bin.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an adjustable display rack which is sturdy and capable of maintaining a predetermined position.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an adjustable display rack which can be adjusted without removing the displayed items from the rack.
A particular feature of the present invention is the constant engagement of the adjustable support member with the bottom frame and the bin.
Yet another particular feature of the present invention is the ease with which the adjustment can be actuated and the minimal manipulation required to do so.
These and other advantages, as will be apparent from the description herein, are provided in an adjustable display rack comprising: a bottom frame comprising a front end and a rear end; a bin pivotally mounted to said front end of said bottom frame; at least one adjustable support rotatably mounted to said frame; wherein said adjustable support comprises: a tube; an elongated member slidably mounted to said tube; a locking element for reversibly fixing the position of said elongated member relative to said tube; a mounting bracket pivotally attached to one end of said elongated member; wherein said mounting bracket is rigidly attached to said bin.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an adjustable rack of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a cutaway view of one embodiment of the frame members of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of an adjustable support member of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of an adjustable support member of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows a partial side view of one embodiment of bin construction in the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of the present invention further comprising a drawer.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Throughout the following description similar elements are numbered accordingly.
FIG. 1 shows an adjustable rack of the present invention. In FIG. 1, a bottom frame is defined by a front member, 1, a pair of side members, 2, and a rear member, 3. Pivotally attached to the front member of the frame is a bin suitable for holding merchandise. The bin is defined by a front wall, 4, a pair of side walls, 5, and a floor, 6. The bin can pivot between two extremes. In one extreme the floor can be substantially parallel to the bottom frame. In the other extreme the floor can be substantially perpendicular to the bottom frame. Attached to the rearward portion of the bottom frame and the rearward portion of the bin is at least one adjustable support member, 7, suitable for maintaining a predetermined angle between the floor of the bin and the bottom frame. A multiplicity of legs, 8, are optionally attached to the bottom frame.
FIG. 2 shows a cutaway view of one embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 2 the bin floor and walls are not shown. The bottom frame, legs and adjustable support members are similar to similarly numbered elements in FIG. 1. A bin frame, comprising front bin frame member, 9, a pair of side bin frame members, 10 and a back bin frame member, 11, is pivotally attached to the front member, 1, by a pair of hinges, 12. The rearward portion of the bin frame is connected to the rearward portion of the bottom frame by a pair of adjustable support members, 7.
FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of an adjustable support member of the present invention. The adjustable support member comprises a finger, 21, suitable for mating with a substantially round void, 22, in a bottom frame member, 23. Rigidly attached to the finger, 21, is a tube, 24, capable of accepting a discrete sliding member, 25, therein. The discrete sliding member, 25, comprises a multiplicity of adjustment holes, 26, each of which are capable of aligning with a tube hole, 27, in the tube, 24. To change the length of the adjustable support member, a predetermined adjustment hole, 26, is aligned with the tube hole, 27, and a pin, 28, is inserted through the pair of aligned holes. The upper extent of the discrete sliding member comprises a mounting bracket, 29, rotatably mounted to the discrete sliding member on an axle, 30. The mounting bracket, 29, preferably comprises a multiplicity of mounting holes, 31, for attachment to the bin. One advantage offered with the present invention is the simplicity of operation and the rigidity of the adjustable support member. The adjustable support member can rotate on the axis defined by the finger, 21, as shown by the arrows A and B. The mounting bracket, 29, is also capable of rotating on the axis defined by the axle, 30 as shown by the arrows C and D. As the adjustable support member is lengthened the entire adjustable support member rotates on the axis defined by the finger, 21, in the direction of arrow A and the mounting bracket, 29, rotates on the axis defined by the axle, 30, in the direction of arrow C. It would be apparent to one skilled in the art that this allows the entire bin to be raised and lowered with minimal manipulation since the only part of the adjustable support member which must be manipulated is the pin, 28.
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the adjustable support member. In FIG. 4 the finger, 21, substantially round void, 22, bottom frame member, 23, tube, 24, mounting bracket, 29 and axle, 30, are similar to the similarly numbered elements in FIG. 3. The tube, 24, comprises a threaded hole, 32. A similarly threaded pin, 33, mates with the threaded hole to abut against the continuously adjustable sliding member, 34, and retain the continuously adjustable sliding member in place. The length of the adjustable support member can be altered by twisting the threaded pin, 33, until it sufficiently disengages with the continuously adjustable sliding member to allow free movement of the continuously adjustable member within the tube. The continuously adjustable sliding member is then moved to the desired position in the tube, the threaded pin is then twisted to abut against the continuously adjustable sliding member. The mounting bracket, 29, is secured to a bin member, 35, by attachment means, 36, such as glue, screws, nails, bolts and the like.
FIG. 5 shows a partial side view of a preferred embodiment of the bin of the present invention. The bin comprises a frame element, 37, with a multiplicity of floor joist elements, 38, attached thereabove. The wall element, 39, is attached to the top of the bin by a multiplicity of attachment means, 40, such as screws, nails, bolts and the like. The floor joist elements may be attached to the frame element by glue, screws, nails, or any similar attachment means known to the art.
FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of the present invention wherein the elements similar to those of FIG. 1 are numbered accordingly. A shelf is slidably attached to the slotted front member, 41, of the bottom frame. The shelf comprises a shelf frame member, 42, shelf floor, 43, and front wall, 44. The shelf is attached to the front member of the bottom frame with drawer brackets (not shown) as known in the art.
The overall shape of the produce table is preferably rectangular or square. Other shapes are considered within the teachings of the present invention including triangular, semicircular, or multifaceted such as expected from half of a hexagon, octagon or the like. The bottom frame and bin may be the same shape or they may be of a different shape. Limitations on the combinations of shapes available would be apparent to one skilled in the art yet the constraints to be considered are limited to those combinations which allow for a pivotal attachment at the front and a suitable mounting position for the adjustable support member in the rearward portion of the produce stand.
The bottom frame is preferably a rectangle, or square, as illustrated in the drawings. Also considered within the teachings of the present invention are frames which are shaped substantially like the letter "H". While four sides are preferred it is considered within the teachings to employ a three sided frame and in fact this may be so preferred if weight is a concern for the intended application. The bottom frame members may be constructed from wood, metal, plastic, hardened resin, graphite and the like and the members may be secured one to the other in any conventional method including, nails, screws, bolts, glue, weld, rivet, framing brackets, or by common joining techniques such as rabbet joints, tongue and groove and the like, as known in the art.
The bin configuration is preferably rectangular or square, as described above, yet other shapes are considered within the teachings of the present invention. The bin may comprise a frame such as that illustrated in FIG. 2 with a floor and sides attached thereto. The bin may also comprise a floor element with the walls, adjustable support member, and pivotal attachment means attached directly to the floor. In this embodiment the floor member acts as the support frame and should be of sufficient strength to provide rigidity to the bin. A particularly preferred embodiment comprises a bin frame, substantially as illustrated in FIG. 2, with a multiplicity of substantially parallel slats attached to the bin frame as illustrated in FIG. 5. Walls are then attached to either the sides of the bin frame (not illustrated) or to the top of the slats as shown in FIG. 5. This embodiment is particularly preferred since water can be applied to the contents of the bin and the excess water will drop directly below the stand. The bin preferably comprises at least one wall to insure that contents do not fall out of the bin. It is most preferred that the one wall be on the same side of the bin as the pivotal connection to the bottom frame. Up to four outer walls may be employed as would be readily realized by one skilled in the art. It would also be realized to one skilled in the art to include a multiplicity of walls within the outer walls to define compartments within which various items could be placed for display.
It is preferable, but not necessary, for the produce stand to have a multiplicity of legs. It is most preferable that the length of the legs be adjustable as known in the art and it is most preferred that the legs have wheels in which the rotation of the wheels are capable of being locked and released as known in the art.
The bin is pivotally mounted to the front member of the bottom frame. The pivotal mount is preferably a hinge. Any conventional hinge known to the art is considered within the teachings of the present invention. A single hinge may be employed as well as a multiplicity of hinges.
The finger may be unthreaded or threaded and preferably extends through the bottom frame member. To insure that the finger does not become dislodged from the bottom frame member a keeper is preferred such as a "C" shaped spring in a slot of the finger, a cotter pin, a threaded nut and the like.
The tube may be substantially square, substantially round or any other shape commonly employed for tubes. It is most preferred that the tube and sliding member are substantially of the same shape.
The sliding member may slide on the inside of the tube, as illustrated in the drawings, or it may slide on the outside of the tube. If the sliding member slides on the outside of the tube it is most preferably that the cross-section of the sliding member be shaped substantially like the letter "C" to allow the finger to traverse the open side of the sliding member. It would be apparent to one skilled in the art that the tube may be solid when the sliding member is exterior thereto and that the sliding member may be solid when the tube is exterior thereto. The holes in the sliding member and tube preferably align at various increments and the inserted pin maintains the alignment. The pin may go completely through the tube and sliding member or it may stop within the interior of the inner member.
A threaded pin may be employed with, or without, associated holes in the sliding member. When the sliding member is exterior to the tube the threaded hole may be integral to the sliding member.
Drawer brackets are well known in the art and many varieties are commercially available and suitable for the invention described herein. Most desirable is a drawer bracket which comprises a pair of tracks mounted to both the drawer and the frame wherein the tracks are capable of sliding one in the other. | An adjustable display rack is detailed which provides several advantages including ease of operation and stability. The adjustable display rack comprises a bottom frame, a bin pivotally mounted to the bottom frame, an adjustable support member connecting the rearward portion of the bottom frame and bin, optional legs, optional walls and optional drawers. | 2,471 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an x-ray apparatus for producing transversal layer images of a photographic subject, including an x-ray source, a diaphragm for condensing the x-rays into a narrow x-ray beam whose cross-sectional spread is equal to the thickness of the layer in a direction perpendicular to the layer and substantially equal to or less than the thickness of the layer in a direction parallel to the layer, and with a measuring arrangement for measuring the intensity of radiation which is impinged upon by the central ray of the x-ray beam, in which, for penetrating the subject from different directions, the x-ray source and the measuring arrangement are arranged together on a rotating frame which is rotatable through equidistant angular steps about a point situated on the central ray of the total radiation emanating from the x-ray tube and in which the measuring arrangement is mounted on the rotating frame on a carriage which is displaceable by a motor perpendicularly of the central ray and the axis of rotation, and further including a cumputer for determining the absorption values of the points of intersection of the radiation in the subject from the intensity of the radiation received by the measuring arrangement.
An x-ray apparatus of this type is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,778,614. In this known x-ray apparatus, the x-ray tube is arranged on the same carriage as the measuring arrangement so that it is displaceable together with the measuring arrangement perpendicularly of the central ray of the x-ray beam and the axis of rotation. The diaphragm is stationary in relation to the x-ray tube. An x-ray tube is a relatively heavy component so that the mechanics involved in the mounting and displacement of the x-ray tube/measuring arrangement unit are relatively complicated. In addition, guide means are required for the high-tension lead to the x-ray tube to allow linear displacement of the x-ray tube during the scanning operation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to considerably simplify an x-ray apparatus of the type described above in regard to the mounting and adjustment mechanism for the x-ray tube and the measuring arrangement in relation to the prior art.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by virtue of the fact that the x-ray source is fixedly arranged on the rotating frame, by virtue of the fact that the diaphragm is mounted for displacement parallel to the adjustment path of the measuring arrangement and by virtue of the fact that a motor for displacing the diaphragm is connected to a control device which conrols this motor and also the motor for displacing the measuring arrangement in such a way that, during its displacement, the measuring arrangement is struck by the x-ray beam in each position. In the x-ray apparatus according to the invention, the x-ray tube is not displaced for a linear scanning of the subject under examination. It is merely the measuring arrangement and a relatively lightweight x-ray diaphragm which are displaced. The structure of the x-ray apparatus can be considerably simplified by virtue of the small linearly moved masses in relation to the prior art.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying sheet of drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows those parts of an x-ray apparatus according to the invention which are of importance to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration explaining the concept on which the invention is based; and
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a patient explaining the dimensions of the x-ray beam issuing from the x-ray tube.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, a rotating frame 2 is mounted on a frame member 1 for rotating about an axis 4 which substantially coincides with the longitudinal axis of a subject 3 to be examined. An x-ray tube 5 and a radiation measuring arrangement 6 are mounted on the rotating frame 2. The x-ray tube 5 is fixed to the rotating frame 2, whereas the measuring arrangement 6 is arranged on a rail 9 for linear movement perpendicularly of the central ray of the x-ray tube 5 and the axis of rotation 4. The rotating frame 2 is rotated about the axis 4 by a drive system 10. Another drive system 11 produces the linear scanning movement of the measuring arrangement 6 by means of a cable 12.
A box-shaped (or cuboid) compensating element 13, of a strong plastics material equivalent to body tissue in its density, for example acrylic glass, is also fixedly connected to the rotating frame 2. This compensating body 13 comprises, symmetrically to the axis of rotation 4, a cylindrical recess into which a form-body in the shape of a ring 14, which also consists of a strong plastics material equivalent to body tissue in its density, is slidingly inserted in a form locking manner. A contouring member 15 of an elastic material is attached to the inside of the ring 14. This contouring member 15 can be filled with water by means of a pump (not shown) so that under selectable pressure it will fit firmly against the outside of the photographic subject, which may be the head of a patient, for example. The ring 14 is fixedly connected to a supporting table 17 by means of a bracket or plate 16 so that, despite the rotational movement of the compensating element 13, no torque is applied to the photographic subject 3 resting on the supporting table 17.
The x-ray tube 5 is connected to an x-ray generator 18 which supplies it with constant electrical voltage of selectable magnitude. The radiation receiver 6 is connected via a circuit arrangement or measurand converter 19 to a computer 20 which delivers the data computed by it to a page printer 21 and/or to a data display unit 22 for documentation and/or visual evaluation. The drive system 10 for the circular movement and 11 for the linear movement are connected to a control device 23 which controls the two movements in accordance with a principle of motion to be explained hereinafter.
The x-ray tube 5 is fixedly arranged on the rotating frame 2 and comprises a primary diaphragm 24 which is fixedly arranged in relation to the x-ray tube 5 and which determines the beam (or aperture) angle of the issuing x-rays in accordance with the scanning range of the measuring arrangement 6. Preceding the opening accommodating the photographic subject 3 with respect to the radiation direction is a diaphragm 25 which is displaceable parallel to the path of the measuring arrangement 6 and which is attached to a cable 26 by means of a supporting bar 7. The cable 26 is moved by a drive system 27 including an adjustment motor 27a, the drive system 27 also being connected to the drive control device 23. The diaphragm 25 has a narrow slit 28 which transmits a part of the x-radiation issuing from the x-ray tube 5 which is condensed by the primary diaphragm 24. The x-ray beam allowed through by the slit 28 is used for penetrating the photographic subject 3, and its cross-sectional spread perpendicularly of the layer under examination is equal to the thickness of that layer. Parallel to this layer, the extent of the beam transmitted by primary diaphragm 24 is substantially equal to or less than the thickness of the layer.
After the apparatus has been switched on, the drive control 23 initially actuates the drive system 10 which moves the rotating frame 2 into a starting position offset through 90° relative to the position illustrated. Once this position has been reached, scanning of the object 3 to be examined begins with the drive systems 11 and 27 putting the measuring arrangement 6 and the diaphragm 25 into a linear scanning movement, during which the desired transversal layer of subject 3 is penetrated and scanned with the aid of the x-rays which have been condensed into a narrow beam by means of the diaphragm 25.
The linear scanning of parts 6, 24 and 25 is shown in FIG. 2. During a scanning movement, the diaphragm 25 and the measuring arrangement 6 are displaced in the direction of the arrows 29 and 30 in such a way that, during its displacement, the measuring arrangement 6 is struck in each position by the x-ray beam which is defined by the aperture 28 of diaphragm 25. The synchronous displacement of the components 6 and 25 is ensured by the control device 23 by way of the drive motors 11a, 27a, FIG. 1. A further position of the beam 31 and measuring arrangement 6 is indicated by dash lines at 31' and 6' in FIG. 2.
The radiation which has penetrated the photographic subject 3 is measured by the measuring arrangement 6 and the measured values are fed by the circuit arrangement 19 into the computer 20 where they are initially stored. During each scanning movement, the output of the measuring arrangement 6 is probed (or sampled) by the circuit arrangement 19 in such a way that, during this movement, approximately 100 individual values are determined and fed into the computer 20. On completion of the first scanning movement, the control device 23 actuates the drive system 10 which rotates the rotating frame 2 through an angle of, for example, 2°. Thereafter, the control device 23 again sets the drive systems 11 and 27 in motion in a direction opposite to the instance described above, so that a second linear scanning movement can take place. On completion of this second scanning movement, the control device 23 switches the drive system 10 on again so that the rotating frame 2 again rotates through an angle of about 2°. Thereafter the control device 23 reactivates the drive systems 11 and 27 so that a third scan can be carried out. This operation is repeated, for example, 90 times. During these scanning movements, the computer 20 computes an image of the penetrated layer on the basis of the measured values fed into it. This image appears either in digital form on the page printer 21 or on the data display unit 22.
FIG. 3 illustrates a plan view of the photographic subject 3. By way of example, the examined body layer 30 is illustrated. This body layer is scanned by an x-ray beam 31 which is condensed by means of diaphragm 25; namely through its slit 28. In the example, the x-ray beam has an approximately circular cross-section whose diameter is equal to the thickness of layer 30. However, it is also possible within the framework of the invention to limit (or define) the x-ray beam in such a manner that its cross-sectional spread, perpendicular to layer 30, is equal to the thickness of this layer, and that, parallel to layer 30, it is less than the layer thickness.
It will be apparent that many modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the scope of the novel concepts and teachings of the present invention. | In an illustrated embodiment linear scanning of a narrow x-ray beam is produced by linear movement of an apertured diaphragm interposed between the x-ray source and the patient receiving space, a measuring arrangement being linearly moved in step with the diaphragm aperture so as to provide a desired number of samples such as one hundred, for each angular position of the components. In the illustrated embodiment a primary diaphragm is interposed between the x-ray source and the linearly movable diaphragm and serves to determine the beam angle in accordance with the scanning range of the measuring arrangement. | 1,951 |
BACKGROUND
[0001] 1. Field of Invention
[0002] This invention relates generally a device to assist a smaller person with applying the Heimlich maneuver to a larger person.
[0003] 2. Prior Art
[0004] The Heimlich Maneuver is a well understood procedure for assisting a person that is choking on a piece of food lodged in his throat. It involves getting behind the choking victim, reaching around the victim with both hands, making a fist of one hand and placing it just below the rib cage of the victim, covering it with the second hand and performing a quick upward jerking motion, compressing the diaphragm and forcing air to flow rapidly through the esophagus dislodging the obstruction.
[0005] There are several problems with the standard approach to the Heimlich Maneuver. First if the victim is a much larger person than the care giver she might not be able to reach around him to get her hands in the proper position. In most food choking incidents the victim is sitting in a dining room chair which further complicates the reach around problem. Many other choking incidents occur when the victim is eating alone and there is no one around to institute the life saving technique.
[0006] There have been many attempts to resolve these problems as indicated in the cited patents and advertising literature. There are several that utilize a round ball shape as an approximation of the human fist. Some show use with one hand while others have either straight, rigid handles or flexible handles that serve to extend the caregiver's reach. Others have an active interface end mounted on some type of shaft that is be placed against some immovable object allowing the solitary victim to fall against the device, dislodging the obstruction.
[0007] None of the prior art devices however take the shape of the human breast plate and rib cage into consideration of the designs of their interface to the body. Many, even though they offer some reach extenders, do not provide sufficient reach for very large victims or small caregivers. The rounded or blunt interfaces do not allow for decreasing resistance to penetration that is achieved with sharper sloped interface surfaces.
SUMMARY
[0008] The general object of the present invention is to provide an improved choking assist device.
[0009] The specific objectives of this invention are to provide a very low cost device for the assistance of choking victims by caregivers that:
1. are either too small or insufficiently trained in the Heimlich maneuver to effectively carry out the manual procedure. 2. can be utilized while choking victim is still seated. 3. can be utilized by a solitary victim on himself. 4. can be utilized while victim is lying on his back. 5. takes into account the shape of the sternum and rib cage for maximum pressure on the diaphragm while minimizing the potential damage to the ribs.
DRAWINGS
[0015] In order that the invention may be more fully understood it will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0016] FIG. 1 is a front view of an Adjustable Heimlich Maneuver Device;
[0017] FIG. 2 is a rear view thereof showing the desk side support notch for self use;
[0018] FIG. 3 is a top view thereof;
[0019] FIG. 4 is a bottom view thereof;
[0020] FIG. 5 is a right side elevational view thereof, the left side elevational view being a mirror image;
[0021] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an Adjustable Heimlich Maneuver Device;
[0022] FIG. 7 with victim sitting,
[0023] FIG. 8 with victim standing,
[0024] FIG. 9 with solitary victim and
[0025] FIG. 10 with victim lying on floor are perspective views of an Adjustable Heimlich Maneuver Device shown in positions of use wherein the broken line showings of the persons and the furniture are for illustrative purposes only and form no part of the claimed design.
REFERENCE NUMERALS
[0026] The same reference numbers are used to refer to the same or similar parts in the various views.
[0000]
12 - Adjustable Heimlich Maneuver
Device
14 - body
16 - strap
18 - front surface
20 - back surface
22 - desk side support notch
24 - front directional indicator
26 - back directional indicator
28 - hand rest
DESCRIPTION
[0027] In order that the invention may be more fully understood, Adjustable Heimlich Maneuver Device 12 will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0028] FIGS. 1-6 illustrate Adjustable Heimlich Maneuver Device 12 . It is comprised of body 14 and strap 16 . Body 14 has front surface 18 that has a concave shape, narrower at the front and top and wider at the back and bottom as illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 . Body 14 's back surface 20 has desk side support notch 22 embedded at approximately a 45 degree angle as shown in FIGS. 2-5 . It also has hand rest 28 across the bottom of back surface 20 for manually applying force to body 14 when victim is in prone position as in FIG. 10 . Strap 16 is a flexible strap that is either connected on each side of body 14 or body 14 has a slip fit slot through body 14 on which body 14 slides on strap 16 as shown in FIG. 6 and is of sufficient length to allow even a small caregiver to reach around a very large adult.
Operation:
[0029] FIG. 7 illustrates a standard use of Adjustable Heimlich Maneuver Device 12 as body 14 is shown placed between the navel and sternum and strap 16 is wrapped around the hands of a caregiver and utilized to pull body 14 rapidly upward in a jerking motion to expel a large burst of air by applying force to the stomach, diaphragm and lungs. The shape of body 14 's front surface 18 is critical to the improved function relative to standard spherical shapes and is designed to fit between the navel and the sternum. The narrowing at the interface front edge allows for the force to be concentrated in a smaller area increasing the local pressure at point of attack. The top to bottom taper allows body 14 to be nestled close to the sternum directly over the diaphragm without putting pressure on the victim's ribs which suffer the most damage from improperly applied Heimlich Maneuvers.
[0030] The fact that strap 16 is quite long allows a similar application even though the victim remains seated, perhaps even slumped over as shown in FIG. 8 .
[0031] FIG. 9 shows an application of Adjustable Heimlich Maneuver Device by a solitary victim. In this case the victim places back surface 20 of body 14 at desk side support notch 22 on any square cornered solid piece of furniture, places his abdomen against front surface 18 of body 14 and leans sharply in a rearward and down motion forcing a burst of air, clearing the breathing channel.
[0032] FIG. 10 shows yet another method of use of Adjustable Heimlich Maneuver Device 12 where the victim has already fallen to the floor. In this case the victim is rolled onto his back and body 14 is placed in the same position as before and the heel of the care giver's hand is placed on hand rest 28 and a sharp downward and forward force is applied again forcing a burst of air through the larynx and clearing the air way. | This invention relates generally to a device to assist a smaller person in applying the Heimlich maneuver to a larger person that is sitting, standing or lying prone on his back or in performing the maneuver on himself. | 1,284 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to dental implants.
2. Description of the Related Art
Applicant believes that the closest reference corresponds to the implants sold by Stryker Dental Implants, Kalamazoo, Mich. 49001 and particularly, Stryker Fin Implant model nos. 260-135-008 and equivalents. However, the devices published and sold by this manufacturer differ from the present invention because they fail to provide a termination having a multi-sided body (hexagonal portion) and a beveled portion adjacent thereto with the consequent compatible interface surface for engaging a prosthetic abutment free from debris traps. Also, the prior fails to teach an anti-rotational mechanism for the abutment further, the prior does not disclose a cylinder root form implant fixture with helical grooves or a screw type root form.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is one of the primary objects of the present invention to provide an implant device that is free from debris traps or pockets where saliva, blood bacteria, soft tissue invagination or any other substances can be collected.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an implant device that includes a beveled portion for cooperative engagement with a cooperating abutment.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a versatile implant device to which different types of prosthetic abutments could be mounted.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a hexagonal element that facilitates the application of the rotational force necessary to insert the implant in the bone and to prevent rotation of the abutment head on an individual or single tooth implant.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide such a device that is inexpensive to manufacture and maintain while retaining its effectiveness.
Further objects of the invention will be brought out in the following part of the specification, wherein detailed description is for the purpose of fully disclosing the invention without placing limitations thereon.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
With the above and other related objects in view, the invention consists in the details of construction and combination of parts as will be more fully understood from the following description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 represents a side elevational view of one of the preferred embodiments for a dental root form implant fixture of the threaded shaft type with an abutment having a smooth engagement tapered shaft.
FIG. 2 represents an alternate embodiment wherein the smooth engagement tapered shaft includes a threaded end, and the anchorage section is partially shown in cross-section taken along line 2 in FIG. 5.
FIG. 3 represents a side elevational view of a second alternate embodiment for a root form implant fixture of the fin type.
FIG. 4 is a partial representation of a third alternate embodiment for a cylinder form implant fixture of the helical groove type.
FIG. 5 is a top view of the second alternate embodiment.
FIG. 6 shows an elevational view of a fourth alternate embodiment, with partial cross-sections, having a removable abutment head.
FIG. 7 represents the components shown in FIG. 6 after being assembled.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIG. 1, where the preferred embodiment for the present invention is generally referred to with numeral 10, it can be observed that it basically includes root form implant fixture 20 and abutment member 100. Root form implant fixture 20 includes anchorage section 30 and engagement section (neck) 40.
Anchorage section 30 includes shaft 32 with threads 34 having sufficient separation of its threads to permit the bone in which it is inserted to occupy the space in between for best anchorage results. Shaft 32 can also be of the type known in the art as the fin type, as shown in FIG. 3 under numeral 32, wherein several disks are rigidly, and positioned in a spaced apart parallel relationship with respect to each other, mounted to shaft 32'. Another type of shaft 32' is the one shown in FIG. 4 and it corresponds to a cylinder with a helical grooves.
As shown in FIG. 1, engagement section 40 is integrally built at one of the ends of shaft 32 and it includes cylindrical portion 60, beveled portion 70 and multi-face portion 80, all adjacent to each other in that order. Multi-face portion 80 has a hexagonal shape, in the preferred embodiment.
Central and longitudinally extending cavity 90 extends through the center of cylindrical, beveled and multi-face portions 60, 70 and 80, as well as part of shaft 32, as best seen in FIG. 2. In the preferred as well as the alternate embodiment shown in FIG. 2, cavity 90 narrows down (tapers) as it extends toward anchorage section 30. At the end of cavity 90, in the alternate embodiment shown in FIG. 2, there is a threaded bottom part 92. It should be noted that for both, the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1 and the alternate embodiment of FIG. 2, the same cavity 90 is used even if the abutment's post 120 of the preferred embodiment lacks a mating thread.
Abutment member 100 has head 110 with elongated post 120 that is built in, as seen in FIG. 1. The angle of head 110 with respect to the longitudinal axis of member 100 varies depending on the correction for parallelism that may be necessary. In the figures applicant has shown abutments with 0 degrees of connection to facilitate the description of the invention. Lack of parallelism is undesirable and it arises when fixtures 20 are not positioned parallel to each other. Elongated post 120, in the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1, is smooth and bites against internal walls of central cavity 90 thereby locking it in place. The metal to metal biting engagement of post 120 and internal walls of cavity 90 provides a retention of abutment 100 and hermetic seal for any unoccupied space inside cavity 90 thereby preventing the collection of saliva, blood or any other decaying substance.
In FIG. 2, alternate abutment member 100' includes threaded pin 130' rigidly mounted at the distal end of post 120'. Threaded pin 130' cooperatively engages with threaded bottom part 92 of cavity 90.
The second and third alternate embodiments shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 for fixtures 20" and 20'" are basically similar to those shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 except that shafts 32" and 32'" of anchorage sections 30" and, 30'" are of the fin and helical groove types, respectively.
A fourth alternate embodiment is shown in FIG. 6 and is generally referred to with numeral 10"". Root form implant fixture 20"" used with dental implant device 10"" is identical to the one used with devices 10 and 10'. Fixture 20"" can be of any type (threaded, fin or cylinder). Abutment head 110"" is removably mounted over fixture 20"" and in cooperative non-rotational engagement thereon. Inwardly chamfered rim 112"" matingly comes in complementary abutting contact with beveled portion 70"". This flat face to face engagement of rim 112"" and beveled portion 70"" will create a hermetic seal that will prevent the infiltration of saliva, bacteria, exudate or soft tissue invagination or any other foreign bodies. Internal multi-faced socket 114"" similarly matingly and cooperatively engages with multi-face portion 80"", thereby preventing rotation of abutment 110".
Post 120"" is coaxially inserted through central opening 111"" of abutment head 110"" and pin member 130"" at one end protrudes through rim 112"" to engage with cavity 90"" in fixture 20"". This engagement is accomplished in the same manner as described for the preferred and the first alternate embodiments. The only difference being that post 120"" is also provided with an internal socket 122"" to permit rotating it and causing sleeve 124"" to come in contact with counterbore surface 116"", thereby holding abutment head 110"" down.
Screw member 200"" is designed to hold the prosthesis (fixed or removable) to abutment head 110"", as best seen in FIG. 7.
The foregoing description conveys the best understanding of the objectives and advantages of the present invention. Different embodiments may be made of the inventive concept of this invention. It is to be understood that all matter disclosed herein is to be interpreted merely as illustrative, and not in a limiting sense. | A dental implant device for mounting a prosthesis and minimizing the lodging of extraneous substances in interstitial spaces. A root form implant fixture is permanently implanted in a user's jaw bone. The fixture includes anchorage and engagement sections. The engagement section includes a cylindrical portion adjacent to the anchorage section, a beveled portion that is adjacent to and coaxially disposed with respect to the cylindrical portion and a hexagonal portion adjacent to and coaxially disposed with respect to the beveled portion. | 1,456 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to orthopedic lumbosacral supports and more particularly to lumbosacral supports manufactured with a specific geometrical shape which provides for the optimized fitting of different wearer body types or sizes using a minimum inventory of supports and employing an inventive fitting method.
While lumbosacral support belts are known, current designs require a large number of belts to accommodate differing wearer body types. This either limits the number of individuals that can be fitted without special order or requires a large inventory. In addition, current fitting techniques do not adequately take into account relationships of the body for optimum fit.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a series of lumbosacral support belts for wearers having a range of body sizes wherein a minimum of standard sizes will accommodate most wearers.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a series of improved orthopedic devices for protecting and supporting a body portion wherein the device comprises a trapezoidal back panel having parallel top and bottom edges and first and second side panels extending from side edges thereof, wherein each of the devices in the series has a total length L total and each device includes a back panel comprising a resilient stretchable material with support members attached thereto for stiffening selected regions of the panel, said back panel having a length along its top edge of L top and having a length along its bottom edge of L bottom that is a selected percentage of the total length L total of the device, said back panel having a height H between its bottom edge and its top edge wherein H in inches is equal to a fixed minimum width plus a distance substantially equal to the difference between L bottom and L top multiplied by a fixed multiplier where the multiplier is the same for each of the devices in the series; and also including first and second side panels, each of which is attached at one end thereof to a side edge of the back panel, the other end of each of said side panels also comprising fastening means for securing the device with the support members of the back panel supporting the lumbosacral area of the wearer with the top edge of the back panel adjacent the waist of the wearer and the lower edge of the back portion adjacent to the hips of the wearer.
The object above can be attained by provision of an improved orthopedic device for protecting and supporting a body portion wherein the device comprises a trapezoidal back panel having parallel top and bottom edges and first and second side panels extending from the side edges thereof, wherein the device has a total length L total and includes a back panel comprising a resilient stretchable material with support members attached thereto for stiffening selected regions of the panel, said back panel having a length along its top edge of L top and a length along its bottom edge of L bottom that is approximately one third the length of the total length L total of the support, said back panel having a height H between its bottom edge and its top edge wherein H, in inches, is equal to approximately 4+2(L bottom -L top ); and also includes first and second side panels, each of which is attached at one end thereof to a side edge of the back panel, the other end of each of said side panels also comprising fastening means for securing the device with the support members of the back panel supporting the lumbosacral area of the wearer with the top edge of the back panel adjacent the waist of the wearer and the lower edge of the back portion adjacent to the hips of the wearer.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a method for fitting lumbosacral belts to a wearer comprising the steps of measuring the circumference of the waist of the wearer; measuring the circumference of the hips of the wearer; and selecting a belt from an inventory of belts manufactured in varying sizes as described above where the selected belt has a hip to waist differential closest to the measured hip to waist differential of the wearer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a back perspective view of the preferred lumbosacral back support system of the present invention illustrated as it would be operatively positioned on the human body;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a back support device as shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the height of the back panel of a support belt and the differential between the hip and waist circumferential measurements; and
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the width of the back panel of a support belt and the total length of the support belt.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
An orthopedic device 10 in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 as it is positioned on a human body to support the lumbosacral region consisting of the five lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum. Specifically, device 10 in the embodiment shown is a belt or brace or support which is comprised of a trapezoidal back panel 12 and first and second side panels 14 and 16. Spinous stays 18 are support members attached to back panel 12. Additional support members in the form of lateral stays 20 are positioned as seen in FIGS. 1 or 2 at the side edges of back panel 12.
FIG. 2 shows device 10 opened flat with the top edge 22 corresponding to the portion which is adjacent to the wearer's waist and the bottom edge 24 corresponding to the portion which is adjacent to the wearer's hips. Spinous members or stays 18 are shown as oriented parallel to the vertical midline 26 of back panel 12. Spinous stays 18 are displaced from vertical midline 26 by a distance sufficient to place them closely adjacent to the spine but not in contact with it when the device is worn by the wearer as shown in FIG. 1. Stays 18 are placed 1.25 inches on center from the midpoint of device 12. In the preferred embodiment shown, the gap between the inside edges of the spinous stays is approximately 1.5 inches. Although most of the measurements of devices 10 may vary considerably in the various size configurations of the series of orthopedic devices, the separation of the spinous stays remains at the same distance throughout the series of varying size belts because the distance necessary to keep the stays from directly contacting the spine is essentially the same over the entire range in sizes.
In the embodiments shown herein back panel 12 is formed of a suitable stretchable fabric such as 100% stretch elastic or a stretchable Spandex material. Side panels 14 and 16 are made from loop fabrics while fastening means or hook material 28 is attached on the outside of left side panel 14 so that device 12 is closed by pulling right side panel 16 over left side panel 14 so that hook material 28 engages the loops on the outside surface of left side panel 14. The loop material of side panels 14 and 16 and hook material 28 may be of any type well known in the industry which would form a hook type fastener such as Velcro (registered trademark) brand. The loop materials are relatively non-stretchable.
In order to provide an adjustable additional tension on the supported portion of the back, adjustable support straps 30 are provided. One end of support straps 30 is anchored adjacent to spinous stays 18 while the other end is connected to a Velcro hook closure 32 which has the operable side facing side panels 14 or 24 for engagement therewith at selected locations in accordance with wearer preference and comfort. In the preferred embodiment shown, support strap hook closures 32 are 3.5 inches in length with 2.75 inches thereof overlapping side panels 14 and 16 as a guard against peeling. Closures 32 are centered on the ends of elastic panels 14 and 16.
As shown in FIG. 2, there are two support straps on each side of the centerline of device 10. The total span of support straps 30 is proportionately varied for the various supports in the inventory of supports necessary to fit an optimal percentage of the wearer population. In accordance with the present invention, the total length of the unstretched support straps 32 is approximately 0.45 times the total length L total of device 10.
In accordance with the present invention it can be seen that a series of belts may be manufactured in varying sizes using the dimensional relationships outlined above. For example a series of belts might include the six sizes listed on the graphs of FIGS. 3 and 4. It has been determined that belts manufactured in the sizes indicated will be suitable for a very high percentage of the potential wearer population.
In order to fit a potential wearer to a belt in a series of belts manufactured in accordance with the present invention, the waist and hip circumference of the wearer would be measured and the hip to waist differential would be calculated. The suitable belt would be determined by selecting a belt within the series having a hip to waist differential closest to the measured hip to waist differential.
Since the hip to waist differential determines the length of the belt, the height and the length of the support straps, there is no need to provide multiple belts in each waist size with varying belt widths as has been previously necessary using conventional belt fitting and sizing methods.
Although the present invention has been described in terms of the presently preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that such disclosure is not to be interpreted as limiting. Various alterations and modifications will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art after having read the above disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as covering all alterations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. | A lumbosacral support belt, a series of lumbosacral support belts, and a method of fitting lumbosacral support belts which are manufactured with specific relationships of certain dimensions so that a minimum inventory of belts fits a large percentage of the wearer population. In particular the hip to waist differential and the total waist measurement determine the height of the belt, the dimensions of the back panel and the length of the adjustable support straps. | 1,786 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a method and apparatus for marking bakery products. In particular, the invention relates primarily to the marking of biscuits for animals and humans. However, it should be appreciated that the method may be used for other bakery products such as breads, pastries or the like.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] For many years biscuit manufacturers have been branding their biscuits so that consumers are able to recognise the type of biscuits they are consuming. This allows consumers to identify the biscuit and hopefully repurchase the biscuit if it is to their taste. It also allows manufactures to place other types of adverting material on their biscuits if the manufacturers so desire.
[0003] The most common method of branding biscuits is to cause valleys and ridges to be formed in the biscuit to provide viewable shapes, patterns, letters and/or words. The valleys and/or ridges are usually obtained by shaping biscuit dough prior to baking of the biscuits. The shaping of the biscuits is usually obtained by making a mould that has corresponding valleys and/or ridges located within the mould. Biscuit dough is pressed into the mould and when the dough is removed, the top of the biscuit dough has the associated valleys and/or moulds. The biscuit dough is then baked to form biscuits with desired markings.
[0004] There are several problems with marking biscuits using a mould. Firstly, the moulds are expensive to manufacture and can only be used to provide only that shape. Secondly, placing biscuit dough into the moulds is labour intensive and time consuming. Lastly, the shapes, patterns, letters and/or words formed on the biscuit are of the same colour biscuit as the other part of the biscuit. Therefore, the shapes, patterns, letters and/or words are often difficult to recognise. A consumer therefore has to make a conscious effort to look at the top of the biscuit to be able to read the shape, patterns, letters and/or words.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,271 describes an apparatus for and method of printing edible inks onto a transfer sheet such as paper, fabric, cellophane, polyethylene or other forms of plastic. The printed transfer sheet is then placed onto a cake. The transfer sheet is used to separate the ink and the cake, to prevent bleeding of the ink and spoiling the artwork.
[0006] GB 2,186,782 is similar to U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,271 in that it describes an ink composition of sucrose; water and dye, printed onto rice paper. This method is commonly referred to in the art as “copy printing”. These copy printing type processes involve a two step process, printing the transfer sheet and applying to the cake, thus making them rather time consuming.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,281 describes a high speed printing and cutting device for the production of cookies, crackers and the like. Whilst the specification describes a general method of continuously printing onto dough and prior to baking, the apparatus is not suitable for use with a broad range of commercially available inks as they are still subject to bleeding and deformation of the artwork, during the printing and/or baking steps.
[0008] Currently available apparatus and methods for printing or marking bakery products result in unattractive products due to bleeding of the inks.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
[0009] It is an object of the invention to overcome or alleviate one or more of the above disadvantages or to provide the consumer with a useful or commercial choice.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] In one form, although not necessarily the broadest or only form, the invention resides in a method of marking bakery products including the steps of:
[0011] mixing a bakery dough to make a bakery product;
[0012] applying an ink to the bakery dough; and
[0013] baking the bakery dough to make the bakery product;
[0000] wherein the ink has a sufficiently low surface tension to prevent beading when applied to said bakery dough and comprises:
[0014] glycerol between the percentages 0 to 60 percent by volume;
[0015] solvent between the percentages 10 to 60 percent by volume;
[0016] sucrose between the percentages 5 to 60 percent by volume;
[0017] water between the percentages 1 to 55 percent by volume; and
[0018] colouring agent between the percentages 0.5 to 20 percent by volume.
[0019] The mixing of the bakery product may be completed by hand and/or using machinery.
[0020] The ink may be applied manually or automatically through the use of a machine. Preferably, the ink is applied to the bakery product using a stamp.
[0021] The bakery dough is normally baked in a conventional manner, that is, using an oven.
[0022] The method preferably utilises an ink comprising:
glycerol between the percentages 0 to 30 percent by volume; solvent between the percentages 20 to 45 percent by volume; sucrose between the percentages 5 to 35 percent by volume; water between the percentages 10 to 35 percent by volume; and colouring agent between the percentages 1 to 8 percent by volume.
[0028] The method more suitably utilises an ink comprising:
glycerol between the percentages 6 to 26 percent by volume; solvent between the percentages 28 to 40 percent by volume; sucrose between the percentages 9 to 30 percent by volume; water between the percentages 15 to 30 percent by volume; and colouring agent between the percentages 2.5 to 7.5 percent by volume.
[0034] The method may utilise an ink comprising;
26% glycerol, 39.5% solvent, 9% sucrose, 18% water, and 7.5% colouring agent.
[0040] Alternatively, the method may utilise an ink comprising;
6% glycerol, 32% solvent, 30% sucrose, 25% water, and 7% colouring agent.
[0046] In another alternative, the method may utilise an ink comprising;
20% glycerol, 28% solvent, 25% sucrose, 20% water, and 7% colouring agent.
[0052] In yet another alternative, the method may utilise an ink comprising;
20% glycerol, 28% solvent, 25% sucrose, 23.5% water, and 3.5% colouring agent.
[0058] The solvent is preferably an organic solvent. Solvents that may be used include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and propanol. Most preferably, the solvent is food-grade ethanol or isopropyl alcohol.
[0059] The colouring agent may vary depending on the desired colour of the ink. Suitable colouring agents include one or more pigments or dyes such as allura red 129, carbon black 153, sunset yellow 110, carmiosine 122, carmines 120, fast green 143, ponceau R4 124, tartrazine 102, brilliant blue 133, HT brown 155 and other similar colouring agents suitable for use in food products. The colouring agent may also comprise suitable solvents including water and food grade acids. Suitable food grade acids include formic acid, acetic acid, citric acid and the like.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0060] Embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0061] FIG. 1 is a combined hand stamp and cutter used to produce ink marked biscuits.
[0062] FIG. 2 is a photo comparison between biscuits marked using the method of the invention and biscuits marked using readily available edible inks.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0063] FIG. 1 shows a combined hand stamp and cutter 10 used to make biscuits. The hand stamp and cutter 10 has been combined so that biscuit dough can be cut to a desired shape and stamped at the same time.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Example 1
[0064] 55 grams of carmiosine red pigment and 20 grams of ponceau R4 124 red pigment, 90 g sucrose is added to 180 mls of water and boiled until the carmiosine red and sucrose are dissolved. 260 mls of glycerol and 395 mls of ethanol is then added to form the following 1 litre of ink composition
26% glycerol 39.5% ethanol 9% sucrose 18% water and 7.5% colouring agent.
[0070] It will be readily appreciated by a person skilled in the art that solvents other than water may be used to dissolve the pigment or dye in the formation of the colouring agent will vary according to the pigment or dye being used. Other solvents may include appropriate food acids, such as formic acid.
[0071] Depending on the dye or pigment used in the formation of the ink the dye or pigment may be ground finely and suspended in the ink composition.
[0072] The percentage composition of ink outlined in Example 1 has been found to be effective for food grade red, blue and brown dye pigments.
Example 2
[0073] In a similar manner to Example 1 ink was formed using brilliant blue dye pigment to create an ink comprising;
6% glycerol 32% ethanol 30% sucrose 25% water and 7% colouring agent.
Example 3
[0079] In a similar manner to Example 1 ink was formed using HT Brown dye pigment to create an ink comprising;
20% glycerol 28% ethanol 25% sucrose 20% water and 7% colouring agent.
Example 4
[0085] In a similar manner to Example 1 ink was formed using tartrazine dye pigment to create an ink comprising;
20% glycerol 28% ethanol 25% sucrose 23.5% water and 3.5% colouring agent.
[0091] It is preferable when forming inks comprising tartrazine as the colouring agent that the colouring agent is present in a concentration of between 2.5 to 4.5% to prevent the ink from becoming to viscose.
[0092] It will be appreciated by the person skilled in the art that a number of dye pigments may be used in the formation of a suitable ink in order to create a broad range of colours, e.g. combining brilliant blue and tartrazine to form a green colouring agent.
Example 5
[0093] The combined stamp and cutter 10 includes a hollow cylindrical housing 11 . A circular edge 12 of the housing is sharp and is used to cut biscuit dough into a circular shape. It should be appreciated that shape of the edge 12 may be changed to vary the shape of the biscuits.
[0094] A shaft 13 extends through the housing 11 substantially along a central axis of the housing 11 . The shaft 13 is mounted to a top of the housing and is able to reciprocate with respect to the housing 11 .
[0095] A stop 14 is located on the shaft to prevent the shaft from being reciprocated past a predetermined point. An internal spring 15 and an external spring 16 are mounted to the shaft locate the shaft 13 in a desired rest position.
[0096] A stamp 17 is located at the end of the shaft and is located within the housing 11 . The stamp 17 comprises a backing plate 18 and a stamping plate 19 . The backing plate 18 is attached to an end of the shaft 13 and is removably attached to the stamping plate 19 . The stamping plate 19 is normally made of plastic or rubber. The stamping plate 19 is cut to reflect the desired impression to be placed on a biscuit.
[0097] To make a batch of marked biscuits, biscuit dough is mixed and rolled into a sheet of desired thickness. The ink of any one of the above examples is applied to the stamp plate 19 through the use of an inkpad (not shown). The combined stamp plate 19 and cutter 10 is located over the inkpad and the top of the shaft 13 is pushed toward the top of the housing 11 until the stamping plate 19 contacts the inkpad. The shaft 13 is released and returns to the rest position.
[0098] The combined stamp and cutter 10 is placed on the sheet of biscuit dough and force is again applied to the shaft 13 . This causes the stamping plate 19 to contact the biscuit dough and apply ink to the biscuit dough. At the same time, the edge 12 of the housing 11 cuts the biscuit dough to produce an image. This process is repeated until all the biscuit dough is cut. The biscuit dough is then baked to produce the batch of biscuits.
[0099] FIG. 2 show a comparison of a biscuit dough stamped using the method of the invention in a similar manner to that described in Example 5 (A), compared with biscuit dough stamped with commercially available inks using a hand stamp (B). It can be readily seen that the method of the invention provides a printed biscuit that has a clear image and can convey fine detail. Whilst the printing using commercially available ink results in bleeding of the ink to the extent that detail of the image is lost thorough the ink bleeding over the biscuit.
[0100] The method of the invention and the ink used within the method provides the advantage that when applied to the biscuit dough, the ink does not bleed into the biscuit dough and hence a clear, crisp image can be produced on the biscuit. Further, the ink is not affected by baking and does not burn. The application of ink allows a quick and efficient image to be placed on a biscuit. Different colours can be used to create a more noticeable image.
[0101] It has found that by altering the solvent; glycerol; water content of a commercially available ink that surprising improvements in quality and appearance of marking or printing on bakery products can be achieved. It is believed that currently available edible inks bleed when printing onto bakery products because on initial application the ink beads, as it settles into the bakery product the bead spreads to cause a disperse area of colouring, or bleeding. It has surprisingly been found that by increasing the ethanol and glycerol contents of commercially available edible inks compositions to create inks which have a surface tension which is sufficiently low to prevent beading of the ink on application to bakery product, thus preventing bleeding and allowing the producing of a printed or marked product having a clear and image, patter, words and/or letters.
[0102] The method of the invention provides greater flexibility to a baker in that with the method of the invention they may now clearly printing or marking a broad range of bakery products, including the pastry crust of pies, bread rolls and loaves, shortcrust etc. Prior to the development of the method of the invention it was not possible to produce a clear printed or marked bread roll or loaf, without scorching the image onto the roll or loaf that affected the taste of the bread. Furthermore, a broad range of printing apparatus may be utilised to in the method of the invention.
[0103] It should be appreciated that the ink may be applied to the biscuit dough using any number of different methods. For example, a self-inking stamp and cutter may be used so that the inkpad is unnecessary. Alternatively, the biscuit dough may be cut separately and a separate stamp used to apply the ink to the biscuit dough. Still alternatively, the ink may be used with an automatic baking machine in which the ink is applied in an automated fashion.
[0104] The bakery product may be printed using a roller stamping method, a mechanical stamping method, stencil spraying and/or laser and ink jet printing techniques. The stamping surface may be selected from gun metal, brass, cast steel, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and food grade elastomeric materials.
[0105] It is anticipated that if the above method employs a laser jet or ink jet printing apparatus it may be necessary lower the glycol content to less than 1% of the ink. The glycerol is required help the dye pigment to dry as a thin film but needs to be in sufficiently low concentrations to prevent fouling of the printing head. Without the glycerol the dye pigment dries as a powder during baking of the bakery product.
[0106] It will be appreciated by the person skilled in the art that the ink compositions described above may be altered or customised within the defined ranges to suit the various printing techniques, apparatus or stamp surfaces that may be utilised to apply the ink to a bakery product prior to baking.
[0107] The methods and inks described above may also be applied to bakery products for animal consumption, such as dog and cat biscuits.
[0108] It should be appreciated that various other changes and modifications may be made to the invention described without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. | The invention provides a method of marking bakery products including the steps of: mixing a bakery dough to make a bakery product; applying an ink to the bakery dough and baking the bakery dough to make the bakery product. The ink has a sufficiently low surface tension to prevent beading when applied to said bakery dough and comprises: glycerol between the percentages 0 to 60% by volume; solvent between the percentages 10 to 60% by volume; sucrose between the percentages 5 to 60% by volume; water between the percentages 1 to 55% by volume; and colouring agent between the percentages 0.5 to 20% by volume. | 2,823 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a decorative garment which can be worn in a wide variety of styles.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the past, there have been numerous types of garments, such as ponchos, which are composed of a piece of fabric with an opening centrally arranged in it. Often such products are worn over the shoulders and are rectangular with a portion draping down over the front and rear of the wearer. This invention is of a somewhat similar structure; however, in its simplest form, it is composed of a decorative fabric, as opposed to a protective fabric, and, additionally, because of the versatility needed for the various styles in which the garment can be utilized, there is about the central opening, a pocket defining structure in which there is captivated a drawstring. Manipulation of the drawstring and, indeed, of the fabric itself of wnhich the garment is composed, provides for a wide variety of styles that can be achieved utilizing the garment. In an alternative embodiment, a cruciform sheet may be utilized which provides a further range of styles. It will be noted that there are no seams peripherally of the garment so that, preferably, it has a flowing draped characteristic which provides highly unusual and pleasing styles.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide a garment of the type described which is simple and inexpensive to manufactur, which is versatile and that a large number of styles may be achieved utilizing a single piece of fabric structured as set forth hereinafter.
In accordance with these and other objects, the instant invention will now be described on reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a plan view of the garment;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of an alternative embodiment of the garment; and
FIG. 3 is a third alternative embodiment of the decorative garment.
FIG. 4 is a view in cross-section taken on the plane indicated by the line 4--4 of FIG. 3 and looking in the direction of the arrows.
FIG. 5 is yet another alternate embodiment of the structure of the present invention being utilized as a drape for various objects.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Generally, as shown in FIG. 1, the decorative garment is designated by the numeral 12 and is seen to be composed of a sheet of fabric 14 which is rectangular in shape and which has a cutout 16 in the central zone of it. The cutout is bounded by a pocket defining structure 18, see also FIG. 4. Within this pocket defining peripheral structure about the cutout, there is provided a drawstring 118 which may be, either, of elastic or non-elastic material. In the preferred embodiment, the drawstring is not of elastic material. Also, end portions of drawstring 118 extend outwardly from an opening in the pocket for manipulation thereof. Extending outwardly from the cutout there are two pairs of opposing wing zones or portions. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, these wing portions are designated by the numerals 20 and 21 in the case of the first pair and, in the case of the second pair, these are designated by the numerals 24 and 26. It is seen that the pairs of wing zones are perpendicular to one another. This is indicated by an imaginary line through the center 28 of the garment and the center of each pair of right angularly arranged wing portions. These imaginary centerlines are designated by the numerals 29 and 30 and define lines of symmetry. In other words, the decorative garment is symmetrical with respect to these centerlines through the wing portions.
In a preferred embodiment, the distance around the periphery of the central cutout is about 44 inches. This is so that the garment may be positioned over the head and/or shoulders of a user, or, indeed, about the waist of a user.
In use, the garment is capable of being worn in a wide variety of styles. For example, it mauy be worn if rolled upon itself into a string as a belt or sash. Additionally, it may be worn as a cape, an overskirt, or in various ways over the shoulders of a wearer. It can also be utilized as a halter and generaly has a wide variety of optional uses whereby a wearer can adapt it for the particular type of garment preferred. Also as set forth in greater detail in FIG. 5, the garment can be converted and/or used as a drape for other objects. The fabric is preferably highly decorative and may be of silk or hand-painted. It will be noted that there are no seams except at the center which provides a flowing garment capable of being draped or gathered into a wide variety of styles.
In the preferred embodiment, the overall longitudinal dimension of the garment is about 6 foot while the transverse dimension is between 3 and 5 feet.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a similar garment 12' which differs from that previously described only in that the central cutout 16' is oval.
Referring to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the sheet is of cruciform and preferably has an oval central opening. In this embodiment, the sheet 112 is provided with the oval opening 114 which is bounded by the pocket structure 116 in which there is a drawstring 118. The first pair of wing portions is designated by the numerals 120 and 122 while the second pair of wing portions are designated by the numerals 124 and 126. It is seen, once again, that a centerline through the center of the cutout and through the wing portions defines a line of symmetry with respect to each of the pairs of wing portions.
As shown in FIG. 4 the pocket structure 18 about the cutout may be composed of the edge 130. The cutout is folded back upon itself and stitched together as by the seam 132 so that the drawstring 134 may be captivated therein with the ends thereof extending outwardly through a suitable opening,not shown, for tightening the drawstring as also shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is directed to yet another embodiment of the present invention wherein the garment 12 is converted into a decorative drape positionable over various portions of a lampand/or lamp/table combination generally indicated as 100. In this embodiment, any of the structural configurations of the garment as appears in FIGS. 1, 2 or 3 can be utilized by draping such garment now generally indicated as 12" over a lampshade structure 102 such that the central orifice 18 substantially surrounds and engages the preferred upper periphery of the shade structure 102 in the manner shown in FIG. 5. The remainder or the body portion including both wing zones can then hang, due to gravity, along the outer surface of the shade 102 and to a certain extent or length therebeyond as generally indicated as 104. Alternately, a table portion of the lamp structure 100 now being generally indicated as 106 could have its underportion covered by the convertible garment/drape 12" wherein the cutout portion 18 surrounds a periphery of a horizontal platform or table surface 108 and extends downwardly therefrom in surrounding relation to any type of base used to support the planar table 108 on the floor or like supporting surface. It should be readily apparent therefore that the versatility of the garment 12', 12", 112, and 12" is increased due to the convertibility of the garment into a decorative drape for various objects or pieces of furniture as demonstrated in FIG. 5.
It is thus seen that there has been provided a simple, inexpensive, highly versatile decorative structure which can be worn as a garment in a wide variety of styles and which is either stored when not in use or used as a drape as demonstrated in the embodiment of FIG. 5.
While the instant invention has been shown and described in what is considered to be three practical and preferred embodiments, it is recognized that departures may be made within the spirit and scope of the claims which follow and this invention is therefore not to be limited except as set forth in the claims within the doctrine of equivalents. | A decorative garment comprising a sheet of fabric having a central opening therein sized for passage of the head, shoulders, or waist of a wearer. There is pocket structure about the cutout to accommodate a drawstring so that the size of the cutout may be varied. The garment is adapted to be draped over the body in a wide variety of fashions. | 1,452 |
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/639,309, filed Aug. 14, 2000, which claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/148,913, filed Aug. 13, 1999; and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/688,716, filed Oct. 16, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/638,726, filed Aug. 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,369. The entire content of each application is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates generally to the treatment of intervertebral discs, and more particularly, to apparatus and methods for providing supplemental nutrition to intervertebral discs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Intervertebral discs provide mobility and a cushion between the vertebrae. At the center of each disc is the nucleus pulposus which, in the adult human, is composed of cells and an insoluble extracellular matrix which is produced by the nucleus itself. The extracellular matrix is composed of collagen, proteoglycans, water, and noncollagenous proteins. The nucleus pulposus is surrounded by the annulus fibrosis, which is composed of cells (fibrocyte-like and chondrocyte-like), collagen fibers, and non-fibrillar extracellular matrix. The components of the annulus are arranged in 15-25 lamellae around the nucleus pulposus.
[0004] The cells of the nucleus pulposus have chondrocyte-like features. In an adult human, the cells of the nucleus pulposis obtain nutrients and eliminate waste by diffusion through blood vessels in the endplates of the vertebrae adjacent to the disc. Blood vessels do not course into the nucleus pulposis. The relative vascular isolation of the nucleus pulposis imparts isolation of nucleus pulposis cells from the body's immune system.
[0005] To date, the treatment of degenerative disc disease has relied for the most part on eliminating the defective disc or disc function. This may be accomplished by fusing the vertebra on either side of the disc. In terms of replacement, most prior-art techniques use synthetic materials to replace the entire disc or a portion thereof. My pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/415,382 discloses disc replacement methods and apparatus using synthetic materials.
[0006] Unfortunately, disc replacement using synthetic materials does not restore normal disc shape, physiology, or mechanical properties. Synthetic disc replacements tend to wear out, resulting in premature failure. The problems associated with the wear of prosthetic hip and knees are well known to those skilled in orthopedic surgery. The future of treating degenerative disc disease therefore lies in treatments which preserve disc function. If disc function could be restored with biologic replacement or augmentation, the risk of premature wearout would be minimized, if not eliminated.
[0007] However, some researchers believe the vertebral endplates of vertebrae involved in degenerative disc disease do not allow sufficient diffusion of nutrition to the disc cells. Diseased endplates could thus lead to death of the intradiscal cells. Accordingly, any technique capable of providing or augmenting the delivery of such nutrition would be welcomed by patients and the medical community.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] This invention is directed to a method of treating an intervertebral disc by providing supplemental nutrition to increase viability and longevity. In the preferred embodiment, the invention uses one or more porous stents that function to irrigate the disc space. The stents provide channels for diffusion of fluids and nutrients from the vertebral endplates. The stents may extend across the vertebral endplates to facilitate the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the vertebral bodies.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The invention resides in a methods and apparatus for providing nutrients to an intervertebral disc situated between the endplates of upper and lower vertebra. According to the method, a passageway is formed into the disc space. The process further includes the steps of placing a cannulated element in the passageway, and providing one or more substances beneficial to the intervertebral disc through the cannulated element. In the preferred embodiment, the cannulated elements take the form of porous stents which extend through the vertebral endplates.
[0010] The endplate stents according to the invention may be used to feed the disc cells within the disc naturally, and/or cells transplanted into the disc. In one application, transplanted disc tissue is placed around the disc stents at the time the disc tissue is added to the disc. Alternatively, the cells are grown in culture around the stents. In this way, the stents may support the growth of larger colonies of cells in cell culture. Given that colonies of cells grown in culture can reach a critical size where the cells in the center of the group can become deprived of nutrition, the stents would provide a channel for nutrients to the cells in the center of the colony.
[0011] In the embodiments involving the transplantation of biologic material in the form of nucleus pulposis cells or other tissues, live cells or tissues are harvested from a human or animal donor and introduced into the disc being treated. The harvested biologic materials are preferably kept viable until placed into the disc being treated. The harvested biologic materials may be introduced into the disc using any suitable transfer technique, including the formation of a passageway through the annulus fibrosis and the use of a needle and syringe or small cannula. Alternatively the step of transplanting may include percutaneously or laparoscopically injecting the cells or tissues into the disc being treated.
[0012] The invention may further include the use of an optional reservoir filled with therapeutic materials to aid the disc cells. For example, a refillable reservoir may be filled with cell-culture nutrients and placed in an accessible location under the skin of the flank. Other applicable therapeutic substances include, growth factors, differentiation factors, hydrogels, polymers, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or immunosuppressive medications.
[0013] If a transplanted nucleus pulposis is utilized, it is preferably harvested from a live human, though recently deceased human or animal donors may alternatively be used. Depending upon the extent of the harvest, the recipient may function at least in part as a donor, or the tissues from others, including fetal or embryo sources, may be used, preferably having a familial relationship to minimize or avoid the need for immunosuppressive substances. Guidelines for tissue procurement including surgical technique of removal, number of hours between death of the donor and tissue procurement, and testing of the donor for infectious disease, are well described in the literature.
[0014] Similarly, the guidelines for storage of living tissues are well known to those skilled in the art. The text “Organ Preservation for Transplantation” by Karow and Pego, 1981, describes such methods. Briefly, the tissue storage method must maintain cell viability and preserve sterility. Examples of present storage methods include: refrigeration, refrigeration with tissue culture medium such as: hemolyzed serum, autologous serum, Medium 199 with 5% dextran (McCarey-Kaufman medium), Medium 199 with chondroitin sulfate, Medium 199 supplemented with inorganic salts, short chain fatty acids, and/or ketone bodies, and cryopreservation techniques, among others. Details are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,695,536 and 4,873,186, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0015] To minimize exposure to the recipient's immune system, the harvested nucleus pulposis is preferably inserted through a small hole in the annulus fibrosis using a blunttipped needle or cannula forced through the laminae. Upon withdraw of the needle, after injecting the transplanted nucleus pulposis, the separated fibers of the lamella return to their normal position, thereby sealing the annulus.
[0016] The annulus fibrosis is thicker in the anterior and lateral portion of the disc. Thus, the needle would preferably be inserted into the anterior or lateral portion of the disc. Those skilled in the art will realize the needle could be directed into the lateral portion of the disc percutaneously with fluourscopic guidance and into the anterior portion of the disc laparoscopically.
[0017] The host nucleus pulposis may be morselized to allow insertion into the disc through a small cannula or needle. The increased surface area of the nucleus pulposis after morsellization may also aid diffusion of nutrients and wastes products to and from transplanted disc cells. Alternatively large sections of the transplanted nucleus pulposis could be added to the disc if the annular defect was sealed after transplantation.
[0018] The transplanted nucleus is preferably added to the patient's nucleus pulposis. Alternatively, the patient's nucleus could be removed with standard techniques (enzymatically (chymopapain) or with the aid of a laser, suction device, shaver, or other surgical instrument). If the nucleus is removed the hole in the annulus should be small and sealed to prevent the ingrowth of vascular tissue. Vascular ingrowth could lead to a graft versus host reaction.
[0019] Additional therapeutic substances could be added to the transplanted nucleus. For example, resorbable culture medium, tissue growth or differentiation factors (recombinant generated morphogenetic proteins, PDGF, TGF-β, EGF/TGF-α, IGF-I, βFGF), hydrogels, absorbable or nonresorbable synthetic or natural polymers (collagen, fibrin, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc.), antibiotics, antiinflammatory medication, immunosuppressive medications, etc. could be beneficial. | An intervertebral disc is treated by providing supplemental nutrition to increase viability and longevity. In the preferred embodiment, the invention uses one or more porous stents that function to irrigate the disc space. The stents provide channels for diffusion of fluids and nutrients from the vertebral endplates. The stents may extend across the vertebral endplates to facilitate the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the vertebral bodies. | 1,551 |
BACKGROUND
[0001] Sexual intercourse is a rewarding part of a healthy and active adult life. In the case of vaginal intercourse, the female physiology is particularly suited to facilitate the act through various changes that take place in the female reproductive system, including lengthening of the vaginal canal, contraction of the muscles surrounding the vagina, and secretions of several glands at the back of the vagina, secretions (sweating) directly from the interior vaginal wall, and secretion of the Bartholins glands at the entrance of the vagina, which secrete relatively minute amounts of fluid (one or two droplets of fluid when the female is sexually aroused). These minute droplets of fluid for lubrication were once believed to be important for lubricating the vagina, but research from Masters and Johnson demonstrated that vaginal lubrication comes primarily from deep within the vagina. The (Bartholins gland) fluid may slightly moisten the labial opening of the vagina, serving to make contact with this sensitive area more comfortable for the woman. Given the vast array of commercially available lubricants for external application, it is clear that for a variety of reasons, some herein discussed, the naturally secreted minor lubrication from the labial opening, is insufficient in many cases, to provide adequate lubrication, with the vast majority of secretions coming from deep within the vagina. All of these changes take place in a healthy female and promote a pleasurable experience for each participant.
[0002] While these changes in a woman's body occur during intercourse, many women complain about insufficient secretions causing vaginal discomfort and irritation during or after intercourse. In addition to the absence of the frequent vulvo-vaginal inflammatory-infectious conditions, and of the dryness and hypotrophy of these organs resulting from the post-menopausal estrogen fall, one of the causes for this vaginal irritation during and after intercourse, is vaginal penetration before women are adequately aroused. Considering that the first reaction of the female genitals to sexual excitement is vaginal lubrication, if a woman is penetrated without being properly aroused and, therefore, without the occurrence of the necessary physiological vaginal lubrication, several symptoms of vulvo-vaginal discomfort may occur. In addition, even when adequately aroused, many women suffer from insufficient lubrication for a variety of reasons, some of which have already been mentioned. Insufficient lubrication may also cause a degree of discomfort and irritation to the male penis.
[0003] Transudation is the process resulting in vaginal lubrication. When a female is sexually aroused, blood flows into the area surrounding the walls of the vagina in a process called vasocongestion. The pressure of the increased blood causes a seepage of moisture from the spaces between the cells. This moisture cresses the vaginal lining, first appearing as tiny droplets. Eventually, the fluid builds up in sufficient quantity to moisten the entire inner walls of the vagina. In the excitement phase, blood flow to the vagina increases which, in turn, pushes fluid into the vaginal canal. This lubricating process allows for comfortable penile insertion, and repetitive insertions during intercourse.
[0004] Natural cyclic hormonal alterations, stress, and the use of combined or progestin-only hormonal contraceptives, if applicable, affect the amount and the consistency of vaginal lubrication during normal daily activities and during sexual arousal. Many medications that women use to treat other conditions can adversely affect vaginal lubrication. These medications include antihistamines, anticholinergics, antihypertensives, and most psychoactive agents, particularly SSRIs and benzodiazepines. Women of any age have various reasons for augmenting their natural vaginal secretions with lubricants or moisturizers to facilitate comfort before, during, and after sexual activity. Additionally, repetitive penetration during intercourse may cause the drying out of the lubrication prior to the completion of the activity. Many men, as well as women, also prefer additional lubrication during sexual activity to increase both their and their partner's enjoyment of sexuality.
[0005] One problem with traditional methods and products for augmenting the body's natural lubrication system is that the lubricant is applied at the entrance to the vaginal (or anal) opening. This is unsatisfactory for several reasons. The female body's natural lubrication system secretes lubricant from deep inside the body lumen, where the act of intercourse spreads the lubricant along the walls of the vagina. If the lubricant is applied either to the penis or the entrance of the vagina, the large majority of the lubricant is sheared, and wiped off by the penetrating motion of the penis, greatly diminishing the lubricant's usefulness. Existing commercial products to augment a woman's natural lubrication system are applied, at or close to the vaginal opening, and cannot reproduce the body's design to lubricate from well within the body lumen. The present invention is intended to overcome this shortcoming.
[0006] A condom is a sheath that is closed on one end and worn over the penis during sexual intercourse. When used properly latex condoms can lower the risk of spreading many sexually transmitted diseases. More importantly, condoms do not have the serious side effects for their users that are sometimes associated with other birth control methods. Condoms generally come pre-lubricated but some condoms are lubricated more than others. Condoms without lubrication are also available. However, oil-based lubricants should never be used with latex and polyisoprene condoms because oil may weaken the condom material. While lubricated condoms are well known in the art, they suffer the same issue as discussed above, in that the lubrication can be driven off at the entrance of the body cavity by the tissue surrounding the entrance of the body cavity. The present invention seeks to overcome this shortcoming.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention is a lubricating condom that includes a parabolic, or U-shaped packet of lubrication affixed to the tip of the condom. When the condom is placed on the penis, the U-shaped packet of lubricant is preferably over the glans at the leading edge, where it can enter the cavity prior to the rest of the condom. Prior to intercourse, the packet can be pierced, pricked, or otherwise unsealed, slowly releasing lubrication from the tip of the condom at the back of, and all along, the body lumen. During intercourse, by the action of intercourse, pressure on the packet releases lubricant slowly and continuously inside the body cavity, where it is spread over the lumen walls by the condom. Because the lubricant is released inside the body cavity, the problem of the lubrication being wiped away during penetration and intercourse is obviated. In this manner, lubrication is released within the body cavity in a manner similar to the body's own lubrication system. The shape of the packet allows the condom's customary reservoir tip to sit in a void in the packet. As the pouch is depleted of the lubricating material, the intended space for the reservoir tip of the condom is made available for its intended purpose.
[0008] It should be noted that while the present invention is described herein with respect to the application of lubricant, it is to be understood that the present invention has other uses as well, including delivery of medicinal products, vitamins, nutrients, and other materials that from time to time need to be inserted into a body lumen. Accordingly, the invention is intended to encompass all such applications and uses, and is not to be limited to those described herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] The invention is described below in the detailed description of the preferred embodiments, which reference the following drawings accompanying this application.
[0010] FIG. 1 an elevated, perspective view of a condom and packet combination of the present invention in the rolled up state;
[0011] FIG. 2 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 ;
[0012] FIG. 3 an enlarged, elevated perspective view of the condom while deployed; and
[0013] FIG. 4 is an elevated perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 3 after the packet is depleted.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0014] FIGS. 1 through 3 illustrate a first preferred embodiment of the present invention characterized by a condom 10 that is similar to various condoms that are sold in the market today, and who's description and composition are well known in the art. The condom 10 is shown in the “rolled-up” condition looking down from above in FIG. 1 . In the compact or rolled-up condition, the material that forms the body of the condom is collected in a circumferential ring 12 , leaving an exposed top portion 14 . As can be seen in FIG. 2 , a reservoir tip 29 is located on the distal end of the condom 10 . In the condom 10 of the present invention, a separate, self-contained, U-shaped packet 20 is affixed to the top portion 14 of the condom 10 . The U-shaped packet 20 may be affixed by a biocompatible adhesive, heat melt, or other suitable mechanical attachment method, or pre manufactured as a multi-part ‘to be assembled’ condom set, or as a single compartmentalized condom, that will ensure that the packet 20 will remain affixed to the condom 10 throughout the act. The packet 20 may be sold separately from the condom 10 to be attached to the users condom of choice, or it may be sold as a condom with packet, multi-part set, or as pre manufactured compartmentalized single condom units. Manufacturing issues of latex condoms may make it more desirable to have a two-piece arrangement that are assembled prior to use, where the packet 20 is placed over the condom 10 with a quick acting biocompatible adhesive just prior to intercourse.
[0015] Although the packet can take various shapes, the preferred shape is a U-shaped configuration that includes a semi-spherical upper surface and has an underside that includes a void to accommodate the condom's reservoir tip. The lubricant containing packet can be prepared to release the contained fluid in various ways, although the most efficient is simply pricking the upper surface with a needle or pin 32 . Other means for releasing the lubricant include a small tab 25 that seals the upper surface of the packet 20 . The tab 25 can be pulled back prior to penetration, revealing a small hole 30 that allows lubricant inside the packet 20 to slowly leak out as the penis penetrates the body lumen. The hole 30 formed when the tab 25 is pulled back is correctly sized, so that the lubricant will be emitted slowly and continuously over the course of the act of intercourse, providing continuing lubrication during the act. Further, the lubrication will be dispensed inside the body cavity as opposed to outside the cavity, where it can be sheared off during penetration. In this manner, the condom 10 of the present invention lubricates the body lumen in a manner similar to the body's own lubrication system. Additionally, when the packet is pierced, a tiny amount of lubricant can begin to leak out providing lubricant at the entrance of the body lumen upon penetration, and continue to release lubricant well within the body lumen, as described.
[0016] An ordinary pin 32 (see FIG. 3 ) or a pin type object can be enclosed with the product, and can be used to prick the packet 20 to create a small seepage hole 30 a through which the lubricant can leak out, or the packet 20 can have one or more small pin holes that are covered by a small piece of tape or removable cover (not shown). The packet 20 may be sold as a separate item that is placed on the condom of the user's choice, either before unfurling the condom or after the condom is placed on the penis. In this example, the packet 20 will include a multipurpose adhesive that can reliably affix to latex, lubricated, non-lubricated, natural materials such as sheep skin or the like. The adhesive should be safe and bio-compatible so as not to cause irritation or damage to the involved tissues. A vegetable gum might be an example of a safe biocompatible adhesive. Moreover, the packet 20 can be filled with various lubricants that are known in the art.
[0017] As shown in FIG. 4 , the packet 20 creates a void as it emits the lubricant until the packet 20 is depleted. Typically condoms include a reservoir tip 29 to collect semen that is ejaculated. The condom's reservoir tip in the present invention can thus replace the void created by the empty packet once the lubricant is expelled therefrom. This exchange allows the condom 10 of the present invention to create virtually no more space than existing condoms while adding a unique and beneficial lubrication function. In this manner, the condom of the present invention is an advance in the art.
[0018] The embodiments just described and depicted in the accompanying drawings are not intended to be limited, but rather exemplary of the modes and uses of the present invention. It is to be understood that various modifications and alternate uses are envisioned, and the present invention is intended to encompass all such modifications and alternate uses as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. | A condom that includes a lubrication packet affixed thereto, the lubrication packet occupying a space that coincides with a fluid receptacle. The packet is filled with lubricant and the integrity of the packet is breached prior to intercourse, releasing the lubricant inside the body lumen over a period of time. Once the packet is substantially depleted, a void created by the depleted packet can be used by the receptacle. | 2,248 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/151,800, filed Jun. 2, 2011, which is a nonprovisional of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/350,826, filed Jun. 2, 2010, both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
This is a nonprovisional of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61,438,077, filed Jan. 31, 2011, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/350,826, filed Jun. 2, 2010, incorporated herein by reference, is hereby claimed.
Priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/438,077, filed Jan. 31, 2011, incorporated herein by reference, is hereby claimed.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable
REFERENCE TO A “MICROFICHE APPENDIX”
Not applicable
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to food grilling racks that can be used to contain food and then be placed upon a cooking surface such as an outdoor grilling surface. The present invention also relates to a method and apparatus for stuffing a selected food stuffing into a food item such as a pepper or other vegetable food item. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus that holds a volume of food stuffing material (e.g., a rice based stuffing, cheese based stuffing or a mixture of meat and cheese and possibly other food items).
2. General Background of the Invention
Food items are often placed upon a perforated plate, which is then placed upon a barbecue pit, outdoor grill or other outdoor cooking surface. Such perforated plates are commercially available. At times, they are provided with handles for enabling a user to lift and move the plate before and after use. It is common and known to grill a number of different food items on such perforated grilling plates, such as onions, peppers, corn, and other food items.
Some food items such as jalapeno peppers or bell peppers can be stuffed with food items such as a breaded mixture of rice and meat or seafood. In such a case, users often cut the pepper transversely or longitudinally and fill each of the cut halves with a selected stuffing or filling.
One of the problems with the prior art grilling racks is that the food items can often fall in between the openings or become stuck in the openings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
For a further understanding of the nature, objects, and advantages of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, read in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a partially cut away perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along lines 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 ;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention showing the upper plate removed;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention taken along lines 6 - 6 of FIG. 5 ;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a partial sectional view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention showing the food dispensing funnel;
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention showing the food dispensing plunger or push rod;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention showing the food dispensing plunger and push rod;
FIGS. 12-13 are sectional views illustrating the method of the present invention; and
FIG. 14 is a perspective view illustrating the method of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIGS. 1-4 show a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention designated generally by the numeral 10 . Grilling rack 10 is in the form of a two part frame 11 which can be metallic (e.g., aluminum or stainless steel). Frame 11 has a lower section 12 and an upper section 13 . Upper section 13 is a removable plate that can be perforated or apertured.
The upper section or plate 13 can be in the form of a perforated plate that can be removed from the lower section 12 by lifting the upper section 13 upwardly. Lower section 12 has a corrugated bottom panel 20 (see FIGS. 2-4 ) that has troughs 21 and peaks 22 (See FIGS. 2-3 ). Bottom panel 20 can be of a mesh material (e.g., stainless steel mesh) or of solid plate metal (e.g., stainless steel). Lower section 12 can be generally rectangular, providing side walls 14 , 15 and end walls 16 , 17 . Each end wall 16 , 17 can be provided with a handle. End wall 16 has a handle 23 . End wall 17 has a handle 24 . Each trough 21 and peak 22 is connected with an inclined panel 25 . (See FIG. 4 .) While multiple troughs 21 are shown, a single trough 21 could be provided on an elongated lower section 12 having a single row of openings 19 in an upper section 13 (as an alternate embodiment).
The upper section or plate 13 nests within the side walls 14 , 15 and end walls 16 , 17 and rests upon the plurality of peaks 22 of corrugated bottom panel 20 (see FIGS. 1-3 ). The lower section 12 can be of welded metal construction including troughs 21 which can be formed of sections of angle members, flanged members or the like that are welded together. Alternatively, a single sheet of material can be corrugated to the shape of lower section 12 using a stamp or die.
Each trough 21 has a trough 21 lower end 26 that is centered upon the center 27 of an opening 19 as seen by referring to reference line 28 in FIG. 3 . In this fashion, when an elongated food item (such as an elongated pepper 18 ) is placed in an opening 19 , the lower end of the pepper 18 also registers in the V-shaped trough 21 and more particularly in the lower most portion 26 thereof (see FIG. 3 ).
When grilling stuffed elongated peppers (e.g., a jalapeno), the upper section or plate 13 is placed upon the lower section 12 (see FIGS. 1-3 ). Notice in FIG. 3 that the center 27 of each opening 19 is vertically aligned with the lowest end 26 of a trough 21 as indicated by the dotted reference line 28 in FIG. 3 . Lower end 29 of pepper 18 rests in lower end 26 of trough 21 . Circular edge 30 that defines each opening 19 engages and supports pepper 18 in between its upper end 39 and lower end 29 as seen in FIGS. 2-3 . Upper section or plate 13 is shown having an array of openings 19 . In FIGS. 1-2 , there are seven rows of openings 19 , six openings 19 in each row. However, more or fewer rows can be provided. Each row can provide any selected number of openings 19 .
In FIGS. 5-8 , an alternate version of the grilling rack is designated by the numeral 10 A in FIGS. 5-6 and 8 and numeral 10 B in FIG. 7 . For the racks 10 A- 10 B, there is no upper section or plate 13 .
In FIGS. 5, 6, and 8 , the rack 10 A includes a pair of cylinders or cylindrically shaped members or receptacles 31 . Each cylinder 31 has an open top 32 and an interior 33 for holding a vegetable or other food item or a container of seasoning such as an opened can 34 of any selected beverage. Rack 10 B in FIG. 7 provides only cylinder 31 . Each receptacle 31 is attached to corrugated bottom panel 20 . Receptacle 31 can be placed anywhere on the rack 10 A. Panel 20 can be a single sheet of corrugated material or a plurality of tapered or V-shaped members welded together. Corrugated panel 20 can have handles 23 , 24 connected thereto (e.g., welded).
The present invention provides an improved grilling rack apparatus that enables a user to cook many food items including elongated peppers that have been stuffed with a filler or filling. For the embodiment of FIGS. 4-8 , food item 35 such as poultry can be supported upon (e.g. skewered) a cylinder 31 that contains flavoring (e.g. opened can 34 of any selected liquid or spices or vegetables). Arrow 36 in FIG. 8 illustrates placement of can 34 within interior 33 of cylinder 31 via open top 32 . A food item 35 such as a chicken can be placed over (e.g., skewered) the combination of opened can 34 and cylinder 31 as indicated by arrows 37 in FIG. 8 . Such final position of the food item (e.g., poultry carcass, chicken, etc.) is designated as 38 in FIG. 8 wherein the can 34 (or other spice or flavoring) occupies interior 33 of cylinder/receptacle 31 and the food item 35 is skewered over both cylinder 31 and the contained can 34 or spice or flavoring. Receptacle 31 can be placed anywhere on the rack 10 B.
FIGS. 9-11 show the food dispensing funnel, plunger, push rod. FIGS. 12-14 show the method of the present invention. In FIG. 11 there is a food stuffing apparatus, designated generally by the numeral 40 . Food stuffing apparatus 40 includes a receptacle or funnel 41 that can contain a volume of a selected food stuffing 58 (e.g., rice or cheese or meat based stuffing or dressing). Receptacle 41 can be of metallic (e.g., stainless steel) or plastic (e.g., any food grade plastic) construction. This food stuffing or dressing 58 can be added to interior 53 of receptacle 41 via an open top 44 at upper end portion 43 . The receptacle 41 has upper end portion 43 and lower end portion 45 . Tapered portion 47 joins upper end portion 43 to lower end portion 45 . (See FIGS. 9, 11 .)
Upper end portion 43 can include a circular rim or edge 56 . A dispensing outlet opening 46 is provided at lower end portion 45 . Receptacle 41 can be manually supported and manipulated using handle 42 which is attached to the outer surface of receptacle 41 at attachments 54 , 55 . (See FIGS. 9, 11 .)
Plunger 48 has head 49 with lower end portion 50 . Head 49 has a circular, generally flat end surface 51 . Plunger 48 has a handle 57 attached at joint 52 to plunger head 49 . Head 49 can be generally cylindrically shaped or can have a taper as shown in FIG. 10 . Outlet opening 46 has a circular configuration that closely matches the size and shape of end surface 51 of plunger 48 . Outlet opening 46 can be of the same diameter or slightly larger in diameter than plunger 48 surface 51 . Head 49 is preferably of a food grade plastic or metal material. Handle 57 can be of wood, plastic or metal.
FIGS. 12-14 illustrate more particularly the method of the present invention. In FIGS. 12-14 , there can be seen an array 67 of peppers 18 placed in grilling rack 10 . As shown in the FIGS. 1-8 and as discussed in the preceding, corresponding text, the grilling rack 10 has a lower section 12 , upper section 13 , a plurality of openings 19 and a corrugated bottom panel 20 . Each pepper 18 is first cut using a knife to form a transverse cut 63 and a pepper opening 64 through which food stuffing can enter the pepper cavity 65 . The cavity 65 extends between pepper opening 64 and lower end 66 as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 .
After each pepper 18 is cut to provide the pepper opening 64 and to expose cavity 65 , the pepper 18 is placed on rack 10 with opening 64 facing up as shown in FIG. 14 . Once each of the openings 19 of rack 10 is fitted with a pepper 18 as shown in FIG. 14 , a user fills each pepper 18 cavity 65 with food stuffing 58 of the user's choice. During the filling of each pepper 18 cavity 65 with food stuffing 58 , a user positions one hand 61 to hold the handle 42 of receptacle or funnel 41 . The user grasps plunger 48 with the other hand 60 as shown in FIG. 14 . An up and down movement of the plunger 48 relative to the receptacle 41 forces the stuffing 58 through the cylindrically shaped channel 62 at lower end portion 45 of receptacle 41 .
FIG. 12 illustrates a downward movement of plunger 48 as indicated by arrow 59 wherein stuffing 58 is pushed by plunger head 49 through lower end 45 , through channel 62 , and into pepper 18 cavity 65 . Note in FIG. 12 that the lower end portion 45 of receptacle 41 is sized and shaped to fit inside of pepper 18 lower end of cavity 66 . The external diameter of lower end portion 45 at dispensing outlet opening 46 is preferably about the same diameter or is a smaller diameter when compared to the diameter of pepper opening 64 . This arrangement can be seen in FIGS. 12 and 13 .
By using the method of the present invention, a user can prepare an entire array 67 of peppers upon grilling rack 10 for placement in a cooking device, oven, barbeque pit, or the like.
The method of the present invention enables an entire array 67 of peppers to be supported in a position that places the lower end portion of the pepper in trough 21 of grilling rack 10 while orienting the transversely cut pepper opening 64 upwardly. In this fashion, the opening 64 easily receives lower end portion 45 and opening 46 of receptacle 41 as shown in FIG. 12 . The user raises and lowers the plunger 48 repeatedly to push food stuffing into cylindrically shaped channel 62 and then into cavity 65 until the pepper 18 cavity 65 is filled with stuffing as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 . In FIG. 14 , most of the peppers 18 have been stuffed with food stuffing 58 . A final row at 68 shows six peppers 18 that have not yet been filled with food stuffing 58 . Once the user fills the cavity 65 of each pepper 18 , the array 67 of peppers supported upon rack 10 are placed in heat transfer contact with a selected cooking device, smoker, camp fire, barbeque pit, oven or the like.
PARTS LIST
The following is a list of parts and materials suitable for use in the present invention:
Parts Number Description
10 grilling rack
10 A grilling rack
10 B grilling rack
11 frame
12 lower section
13 upper section/plate
14 side wall
15 side wall
16 end wall
17 end wall
18 pepper
19 opening
20 corrugated bottom panel
21 trough
22 peak
23 handle
24 handle
25 inclined panel
26 lower end
27 center of opening
28 reference line
29 lower end
30 circular edge
31 cylinder/receptacle
32 open top
33 interior
34 can
35 food item
36 arrow
37 arrow
38 position
39 upper end
40 food stuffer/food stuffing apparatus
41 receptacle/funnel
42 handle
43 upper end portion
44 open top
45 lower end portion
46 dispensing outlet opening
47 tapered portion
48 plunger
49 plunger head
50 lower end portion
51 flat, circular end surface
52 joint
53 interior
54 attachment
55 attachment
56 rim/edge
57 handle
58 food stuffing
59 arrow
60 user's hand
61 user's hand
62 cylindrically shaped channel
63 transverse cut
64 pepper opening
65 cavity
66 lower end of cavity
67 array of peppers
68 final row
All measurements disclosed herein are at standard temperature and pressure, at sea level on Earth, unless indicated otherwise. All materials used or intended to be used in a human being are biocompatible, unless indicated otherwise.
The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims. | A food grilling rack provides a frame defined by a plurality of connected side walls forming a closed geometric shape. The frame includes a lower corrugated sheet that provides multiple troughs, each trough having a lowest portion. The lower sheet is attached to at least some of the side walls. An upper sheet is supported (e.g., removably) above the lower sheet. There are a plurality of openings in the upper sheet, each opening being vertically aligned with a lowest portion of a trough. A food stuffing apparatus provides a receptacle having an interior, an upper end portion with a larger opening and a lower end portion with a smaller opening, and a tapering portion in between the upper and lower end portions. A plunger is provided having a head, a lower end portion with a shaft having a lower pushing surface and a joint, joining the head to the shaft. | 2,943 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It has long been recognized that a syringe employed for withdrawing a liquid from an ampule or the like and ejecting such liquid into a medical solution such as an intravenous solution may also inject contaminants into the solution which may then be introduced into the blood stream of a person. At least as early as 1920 there was proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,363,128 an improvement in "Injection syringe" for the purpose of eliminating or at least minimizing the danger of drawing a contaminant into a human body so as to guard against "suppuration or any other detrimental effect." This problem has, however, persisted and more modern solutions thereof may be found in recently issued patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,736,932 and 3,938,513, for example. These latter devices and those of similar kind employ movable needle mounting, for example, or particularly constituted or configured filters which limit their widespread applicability.
There exists a need for a very simple and inexpensive unit for filtering all fluids expelled from an injection syringe, so as to positively preclude ejection of filterable contaminants therefrom. Furthermore, such a unit should require no separate operation or manipulation for the human persons employing syringes in filling and ejecting fluids therefrom may otherwise fail to employ the safeguard so that no practical advantage results therefrom.
The present invention provides a remarkably practicable solution to the problems identified above, and may be employed even by untrained personnel to produce truly superior protection of the person being administered a fluid from a syringe unit including the present invention.
SUMMARY
The present invention is provided as a physically small unit or device which removably attaches to the head of a syringe in conventional manner and which carries a forwardly extending needle. The physical aspects of the present invention are thus substantially identical to conventional disposable needle units. In addition, the present invention provides for automatically filtering fluid ejected by the syringe through the needle mounted therein irrespective of the volume of fluid which may be introduced into the syringe.
The unit of this invention is adapted to carry a forwardly projecting hollow needle and to sealingly engage the front of a syringe, all in relatively conventional manner of disposable needle mounting or attachment to a syringe. Within the unit of the present invention there is very simply provided a first passage leading from the inner end of the needle to the syringe and normally closed by a one-way valve admitting fluid flow only from the needle to syringe. Within the unit there is also provided a second passage extending from the forward or outlet end of the syringe to the needle and including not only a one-way valve admitting of fluid flow only from syringe to needle, but also a filtering material in such second passage.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
The present invention is illustrated as to one particular preferred embodiment thereof in the accompanying drawing, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a syringe having a detachable needle mounting unit which may incorporate the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view in the plane 2--2 of FIG. 1 through the unit removably connecting a needle to the syringe proper;
FIG. 3 is a transverse sectional view taken in the plane 3--3 of FIG. 2; and FIGS. 4 and 5 are illustrations in the plane of FIG. 2 illustrating syringe operations to draw fluids therein and to discharge fluids therefrom, respectively.
DESCRIPTION
The present invention is particularly adapted to employment with a conventional syringe 11 as shown in FIG. 1. The syringe 11 includes a barrel 12 within which there is disposed a longitudinally movable plunger or piston 13 that may be manually operated by withdrawal to draw a fluid into the barrel at a front opening and by depression to expel fluid from the front of the barrel. Conventional practice provides a disposable mounting unit 16 which is adapted for removable attachment to the forward end of the syringe barrel 12. The unit 16 conventionally carries a hollow needle 17 extending axially forward therefrom and communicating with the front end of the syringe barrel. It will be appreciated that the retraction of the plunger 13 in the syringe 11 will produce a suction at the needle 17 so as to draw a fluid contacted by the needle 17 into the barrel of the syringe. Subsequently, physical depression of the plunger 13 in the barrel 12 of the syringe 11 will cause a fluid disposed in such barrel to be forced outwardly therefrom through the adapter 16 and thence through the needle attached thereto.
Conventional operation of an injection or hypodermic syringe provides for loading or filling thereof by drawing a fluid therein through the needle, as described above. It has long been recognized that fluid drawn into a syringe may possibly contain contaminants which may thus be drawn into the syringe and subsequently discharged through the syringe needle into an intravenous (IV) solution, for example. Injection of contaminants of any type or kind into an IV solution and thus eventually into the blood stream, for example, is at least injurious and may prove to be fatal. The present invention precludes this possibility with apparatus that is quite inexpensive and even more importantly is operated in exactly the same manner as conventional syringes so that the likelihood or even possibility of human error or laxness will not reduce the effectiveness of the invention.
Referring again to the drawing, there will be seen to be shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 a preferred embodiment of the present invention incorporated in the adapter 16.
The adapter 16 includes a housing or body 21 having a small diameter aperture or bore 22 extending therein from the front end of the adapter and dimensioned to receive and retain the rear end of the hollow needle 17. Within the body 21 the bore 22 branches into two relatively parallel passages 23 and 24 which extend to a rear opening 26 in the housing.
A hollow cylindrical portion 27 extends from the rear of the housing 21 with the opening 26 conically expanding through this portion to receive a hollow conical forward extension 28 of the syringe barrel 12. The adapter and syringe are removably joined by this mating conical or tapered connection which is commonly termed a lure lock. Alternative connections may be made; however, the one shown and described is conventional and is commonly employed by those employing disposable needles with syringes.
The adapter of the present invention provides one passage 23 for drawing fluid into the syringe and a second passage 24 for ejecting fluid from the syringe. This directed flow is herein achieved by providing a one-way or check valve 31 in the passage 23 wherein such valve admits of fluid flow only into the syringe barrel and positively prevents fluid flow in the opposite direction through the passage 23. In the passage 24 there is also provided a one-way check valve 32 which admits of fluid flow out of the syringe barrel but positively prevents fluid flow into the syringe. In accordance with the present invention there is also provided a fluid filter 33 in one of the adapter passages 23 or 24 and the filter is shown to be preferably disposed in passage 24 on the syringe side of the valve 32. By the illustrated location of the filter 33 maximum protection is afforded by the present invention, inasmuch as any and all fluid forced into the needle from the syringe must then pass through the filter for removal of any contaminants. This filter location will be seen to provide for removal even of contaminants that might have resided in the syringe barrel before the fluid was drawn therein for ejection.
The valves 31 and 32 may be formed as shown in FIG. 3, and referring to valve 31, it will be seen to be comprised as a disc 41 disposed in an expanded portion 42 of the passage 23 and normally resting against an annular shoulder 43 between the expanded portion 42 of the passage and a portion 44 of lesser diameter. The larger or expanded portion 42 of the passage extends from the rear opening 26 to the shoulder 43 and the small portion 44 extends therefrom to the front bore 22 in the adapter body 21. The disc 41 is mounted to pivot or bend away from the shoulder 43 as indicated, for example, in FIG. 4. One part of the edge or periphery of the disc is secured to the wall of the passage portion 42 or to the shoulder 43 and the disc may be flexible to bend, as shown. The disc 41 normally seats against the shoulder 43 so as to close the passage 23 as illustrated in FIG. 3. Any pressure exerted to the left on the disc 41 as shown in FIG. 2, i.e., away from the syringe end of the adapter, will only more tightly seal the disc 41 against the shoulder 43. On the other hand a suction applied to the right side of the disc 41 as shown in FIG. 2, as by retraction of a syringe plunger, will cause the disc 41 to pivot or bend away from the shoulder 43 to admit fluid flow through the valve 31.
The other valve 32 may be likewise formed by a disc 51 disposed in an expanded portion 52 of the passage 24 communicating with the needle bore 22 and normally disposed in sealing engagement with a shoulder 53 about the inner end of the expanded portion 52 and a smaller portion 54 of the passage 24 extending into communication with the rear opening 26. The valve 32 is operable to pass a fluid under pressure from the syringe 11 to the needle 17 as by deflection or pivoting of the disc 51 and to positively prevent fluid flow in the opposite direction.
It will be appreciated that the one-way valves of the present invention may be formed in a variety of different ways and the illustrated and described structure is only exemplary although advantageous. It is also possible to form the adapter housing in a variety of different ways and from various different materials. The preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated is formed of a plastic material that may, for example, be molded as separate halves and joined together after valve disc insertion.
Operation of the present invention is quite clear from the foregoing description of the elements of a preferred embodiment of the invention. There are, however, illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 the operations of the present invention during filling or loading of a syringe equipped with the present invention, and discharge of fluid therefrom as by injection of a medicament into a bottle containing an IV solution, for example. FIG. 4 shows the position and relation of elements hereof during the drawing of fluid into a syringe, as from an ampule 61 that has had the top thereof broken off in conventional manner to provide access to the fluid therein. Such an ampule may inadvertently contain small shards of glass from breaking the top therefrom, for example. Suction in the passage 23 produced by drawing the plunger 13 rearwardly in the syringe 11 causes the disc 41 of the valve 31 to be deflected or pivoted away from the shoulder or valve seat 43, as shown in FIG. 4, to open the passage 23 to the flow of fluid from the ampule into the syringe. This fluid flow is indicated by the arrows in FIG. 4 and it will be seen that the aforementioned suction serves to even more tightly seal the valve 32 in the passage 24 so that no fluid can traverse this passage.
Discharge of a fluid from a syringe equipped with the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 5 wherein the plunger 13 of the syringe is being forced into the barrel as indicated by the large arrow and fluid pressure is thus being exerted in the upper ends of the adapter passages 23 and 24. Pressure applied above valve 31 in passage 23 will tightly seal the valve disc 41 against the shoulder or valve seat 43. Pressure applied above valve 32 in passage 24 will pivot or deflect the disc 51 of the valve 32 away from the shoulder or valve seat 53 to open this passage for the discharge of fluid therethrough to and thence through the needle 17. Fluid forced under pressure through adapter passage 24 must pass through the filter 33 which removes any and substantially all foreign particles from the fluid. The filter 33 may be comprised of a wide variety of different porous materials through which a fluid may be forced and which has the property of entrapping and retaining solids that may be carried by the fluid forced therethrough. It will be appreciated that the material of filter 33 need not be provided as a dimensionally stable element nor need the filter have any particular structural properties other than the general capability of filling the entire cross section of the passage 24 in order to insure that all fluid discharged from the syringe is, in fact, filtered. The filter 33 may, for example, be comprised simply of a fibrous material such as cotton or cellulosic material "stuffed" into the passage 24 and generally the filter may be most easily inserted in the upper portion 54 of the passage 24, as shown.
The present invention, as described above, will be seen to provide a simple but highly effective system for preventing the injection of impurities or foreign bodies into an IV solution or a human being, for example. In FIG. 5 the syringe needle 17 is shown to be inserted into an IV bottle 66 through a diaphragm 67 disposed across the top thereof as an example, and the needle might also be inserted into the body of a person. Even a minute particle entrained in the fluid injected into the body of a person may be seriously injurious or even fatal, and the present invention positively precludes this occurrence. Of further importance is the certainty of use and proper operation of the present invention to thus insure attainment of the desired result despite the presence of human error and resistance to change. Although relatively trained personnel normally are employed to fill injection syringes with fluids and to inject fluids with such syringes, it is well known that the human being is resistant to change and is prone to error in executing normal operations wherein minor changes from normal may be required. These problems are now existent in the field of the present invention wherein prior art devices intended to produce the same or similar results as the present invention fail to do so because of the human factor. Failure to take certain actions or to make certain necessary adjustments or the like may and in fact does result in failure to properly filter fluids injected into IV solutions, for example in doctors' offices and hospitals.
The present invention, on the other hand, is entirely "invisible" to the user. A technician, pharmacist, vocational nurse, registered nurse or even a medical doctor may fail to follow particular deviations in long established procedures which would ensure complete filtration of all fluids injected with prior art devices. The present invention ensures complete filtration without the operator in any way deviating from normal or standard operating procedures and in fact without any discernible change of equipment so that the operator "automatically" produces the proper results. It is indeed a practical and highly useful result that is achieved by the present invention.
The present invention has been illustrated and described with respect to a particular preferred embodiment hereof; however, it is not intended to limit the invention to the precise terms of description or details of illustration, for it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous variations and modifications may be made within the spirit and scope of the invention. | A simple device which attaches to an injection syringe for preventing possible contaminants in a fluid drawn into the syringe from being expelled therefrom into an intravenous solution, for example. The device hereof is simply comprised as a needle holder adapted for removable attachment to a syringe barrel for accepting the flow of a liquid into the syringe during loading of same and which automatically filters such liquid dispensed from the syringe through the needle. | 2,758 |
GOVERNMENT INTEREST
The invention described herein may be manufactured, licensed, and used by or for the U.S. Government.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates generally to leak testing of mask air hose assemblies, and more particularly to devices and methods for adapting a standard mask testing apparatus to perform leak testing of mask air hose assemblies independently of the mask systems to which they may be attached.
BACKGROUND
A number of protective masks are equipped with air hose assemblies to enable the mask to be attached to a separable filter canister, an external air supply, or a portable air purification system. For example the M40A1/M42A1 Joint Forces CB protective masks include standard North American Treaty Organization (NATO) threaded fittings on one or both sides of the mask to enable the wearer to attach a hose assembly or mount a NATO compatible canister, as needed. The Joint Service Mask Leakage Tester (JSMLT) is a portable device used to test the serviceability and proper fit of chemical and biological (CB) protective masks. The JSMLT is designed to test a large number of masks for leaks to a very high degree of certainty as rapidly and reliably as possible. Because such testing frequently may be conducted in the field by operators under duress and/or having limited experience with the test equipment it is important that leak testing devices and procedures be as simple and as reliable as possible. While the JSMLT and similar protective mask test devices are able to perform a number of tests on a variety of different mask systems, such mask test devices lack the capability to test removable air hose assemblies as independent equipment components. Instead, air hose assemblies must be tested by a “mask-hose system” test in which the hose remains attached to the mask. Testing the hose as part of the “mask-hose system” makes it difficult to isolate air hose faults as a source of a leak. These test deficiencies may result in premature disposal of mask systems, decreased confidence in test procedures and decreased confidence in protective mask systems. Such unreliable testing also invariably increases the risk that defective air hose assemblies may be returned to service.
SUMMARY
In general, in one aspect, an embodiment of a device for testing an air hose assembly for a chemical/biological mask includes an adapter for testing a hose with a mask test apparatus as an independent component part. The adapter provides a first end with an opening and a second end with an opening. The first end has a threaded receptacle to accept a standard male NATO threaded hose coupling and the second end provides a stem that extends outwardly from the receptacle and is dimensioned for insertion and substantially airtight coupling into a headform pneumatic test port of the mask test apparatus. The stem of the hose test adapter preferably extends angularly from the axis of rotation of the receptacle at an angle of approximately 45 degrees. In another aspect, the body of the hose test adapter is of unitary construction and may be formed by an injection molding process from Zytel 77G33L or similar.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view the preferred embodiment of a hose test adapter according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a side sectional view of the hose test adapter of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a Joint Service Mask Tester equipped with the hose test adapter of FIG. 1 and configured for testing of a standard NATO threaded chemical-biological mask hose as an independent component part.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings. The drawings forms a part of this invention disclosure and show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention, as claimed, may be practiced. The invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the present invention may be embodied in methods and devices. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
Embodiments of hose test adapters according to the present invention are designed for use in connection with protective mask leak test apparatus such as the Joint Forces TDA-99M or TDA-99B, or similar. A simplified schematic of a portable protective mask leakage test apparatus 200 is shown in FIG. 3 . Mask test apparatus 200 provides leak and serviceability testing of a variety of sizes and types of negative pressure Chemical, Biological and Radiological protective masks without requiring an operator to actually don the mask. Leak testing of a mask essentially involves removing the gas canister from the mask, plugging the mask canister port and outlet valve, and affixing the mask by its own harness to points of attachment on test apparatus 200 so that it fits snugly over a face-shaped headform 204 . An inflatable bladder 208 of headform 204 engages the faceseal on the mask and simulates the seal characteristics of the face of a user. If the mask is equipped with an air hose, the canister is removed from the hose end and the hose end is attached to a hose test port 212 on the test apparatus 200 via a threaded adapter 214 . After the mask has been thusly secured, a slight vacuum is applied through headform 204 to the interior of the mask. Test apparatus 200 then monitors for leaks in the mask and any attached hose while the operator performs a number of test challenges. However, since the entire mask-hose system must be tested, isolating faults or leaks in the air hose assembly is very difficult.
Mask test apparatus 200 is equipped with two headforms 204 to accommodate masks of different sizes. The headforms 204 are push-fit mounted to a headform mounting pedestal 202 on test apparatus 200 . Pedestal 202 and headform 204 are joined at an interface that includes four push-fit o-ring sealed pressure couplings (not shown). One such pressure coupling communicates a source of negative air pressure to a head test port 210 in the top of headform 204 . Mask test apparatus 200 delivers negative air pressure to the mask under test through head test port 210 while the mask is probed for leaks.
FIG. 1 shows a side sectional view of a preferred exemplary embodiment of an air hose test adapter (hose test adapter) 100 according to the present invention. Hose test adapter 100 is configured to adapt a standard NATO threaded male pneumatic fitting used for attachment of a NATO threaded mask end fitting 152 of flexible air hose 150 into head test port 210 of mask test apparatus 200 . Hose test adapter 100 comprises a body having a first end 102 with a first opening 104 and a second end 106 with a second opening 108 and a passage 107 between the first opening 104 and second opening 108 to enable air to flow through. First end 102 provides a cap shaped NATO threaded receptacle 110 that engages a standard male NATO threaded air hose coupling. An annular seal 118 such as a standard M-45 canister/air hose gasket is disposed in threaded receptacle 110 to prevent leakage of air. The outside surface of receptacle 110 preferably has a knurled surface 111 to aid in gripping hose test adapter 100 .
Second end 106 of hose test adapter 100 provides a tubular stem 112 that extends outwardly from the back of receptacle 110 and terminates at a tip 113 that is preferably chamfered to facilitate insertion of stem 112 into head test port 210 . The external diameter of stem 112 is preferably 0.710 inches, dimensioned for snug push-fit coupling into head test port 210 . The internal diameter of stem 112 is at least 0.325 inches throughout to provide unrestricted air flow through the hose to be tested. A pair of o-rings seals 114 , or similar circumferential pneumatic seals, are disposed in 0.12 inch radial grooves 115 near tip 113 . The first groove is located 0.15 inches from tip 113 and the second 0.55 from tip 113 . While a single o-ring seal may be employed, dual o-ring seals 114 provide an added measure of assurance that air will not leak from head test port 210 . A radial flange 116 approximately 0.25 inch thick and 0.975 inch in diameter is positioned 0.710 inch from tip 113 to prevent over-insertion of stem 112 into head test port 210 . Stem 112 extends from the axis of rotation of receptacle 110 at an angle of approximately 45 degrees so that air hose 150 is oriented at approximately the same angle as when it is attached to a mask.
The body of hose test adapter 100 is of unitary construction and preferably formed by an injection molding process from Zytel 77G33L or similar hard plastic material.
Operation of a preferred embodiment according to the present invention is substantially as follows. Headform 204 is mounted to mask test apparatus 200 . Chamfered end 113 of stem 112 of hose test adapter 100 is inserted into head test port 210 of headform 204 . Male NATO threaded mask end fitting 152 of air hose assembly 150 is threaded securely into receptacle 110 of hose test adapter 100 . The canister end fitting 154 of air hose assembly 150 is connected via threaded adapter 214 into hose test port 212 . As in a mask test, a predetermined negative air pressure is delivered by mask test apparatus 200 to bead test port 210 . Test apparatus 200 then monitors for leaks in air hose assembly 150 while the operator performs a number of test challenges.
CONCLUSION
As has been shown, embodiments according to the present invention provide effective and efficient systems, methods and devices for adapting a standard mask testing apparatus to perform leak testing of mask air hose assemblies independently of the mask systems to which they may be attached. Embodiments according to the present invention simplify detection and isolation of mask air hose assembly leaks and increase confidence in test procedures and in protective mask systems generally. Various modifications to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the invention, which is limited only by the following claims. | The invention relates to devices and methods for adapting a standard protective mask test apparatus to perform leak testing of a mask air hose assembly as an independent equipment component, i.e., independent of the mask-hose system. | 1,810 |
This application is a Continuation of Ser. No. 08/361,098, filed Dec. 21, 1994, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a game machine of a type in which balls move around on the game board. More particularly, it relates to a pachinko machine which has an electronic display device in a variable display unit for indicating game information and for presenting game effects.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Game machines such as pachinko machines and pinball machines of a type in which balls move around on a nail-studded game board having decorations such as pinwheels provided on the game board, and winning ports are a widespread entertainment phenomenon which has enjoyed a stable popularity.
Recent pachinko machines have, in particular, come to use a matrix color liquid crystal display in their variable display units for presenting a varying set of pictures and images of slot machines to provide a greater variety of entertainment for players and to help maintain their popularity.
Generally, when a variable display unit is provided on a game machine such as a pachinko machine or pinball machine of a type in which balls move around on the game board, no object or item is installed on the front of the variable display unit to ensure that no obstacle blocks the viewing of the details of the presentation.
However, because the size of the display area has been increased in the variable display unit for increasing the amount of information displayed to enhance the game's effects and/or information, the variable display unit thus occupies more area on the game board and the effective game area (the region where pachinko balls can freely move) is reduced so that the game attraction of the pachinko machine becomes restricted.
In addition, the replacement of a pachinko machine is typically conducted by completely replacing the machine itself. Replacing and disposing (scrapping) of a pachinko machine which is still mechanically and electrically usable, only because it is obsolete in terms of the content of its game or because it fails to attract popularity do not match the requirements of an era which are promoting the recycling of industrial products. Furthermore, disposing (scrapping) of pachinko machines has already become the cause of a social issue as to its site and method of disposal since the pachinko machines have been disposed (scrapped) in large numbers in recent years.
Also, as described earlier, recent versions of pachinko machines have started using color liquid crystal displays in the variable display unit. This tend is expected to continue, and its size is tending to grow increasingly larger in scale to increase the cost of the variable display unit per game machine more and more.
It is therefore becoming disadvantageous in view of the expense if one game machine is junked each time a new version comes out.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a game machine, particularly a pachinko machine, having a configuration whose effective area for game is not limited even if the size of the display in the variable display unit is increased.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a game machine whose replacement is reduced to save on cost.
To attain the above objects, the present invention is a game machine comprising a variable display unit having an electronic display device, and an area in front of the variable display unit arranged with nails, decorations such as pinwheels, and a winning port.
In addition, the present invention is a game machine comprising a variable display unit having an electronic display device, and an area in front of the variable display unit which is transparent and arranged with nails, decorations such as pinwheels, and a winning port.
With such an arrangement, the game board is removable (or detachable) from the game machine.
With such an arrangement, the game board has a base board consisting of a transparent planar material.
Further, the present invention is a game machine comprising a game board having at least one transparent area over which balls pass, and an electronic display device below the transparent area.
Furthermore, the present invention is a game machine comprising a game board having at least one transparent area over which balls pass, an electronic display device below the transparent area, and a means for sensing the ball passing over the transparent area.
Still further, the present invention is a game machine comprising a game board having at least one transparent area over which balls pass, an electronic display device below the transparent area, and a means for sensing the position of the ball passing over the transparent area.
That is, the game machine according to the present invention is provided with a variable display unit having an electronic display device on the back of a game board, and nails, decorations such as pinwheels, and a winning port are provided in front of the variable display unit, or provided with an area which is transparent and over which balls pass, nails, decorations such as pinwheels, and a winning port on the game board in front of the variable display unit.
In addition, a means is provided for detecting presence and/or position of balls which pass over the top surface of the transparent area.
In the specification, the game board means a panel material on which there are nails, decorations such as pinwheels, and a winning port, while the panel material itself is called a base board or a substrate.
Although the present invention mainly uses a liquid crystal display as the electronic display device, it is not limited to such liquid crystal display, but may be any other display such as a plasma display, an LED display, or a cathode ray tube display. It may also be a projector, and is not limited to a particular size.
The game board may be partially transparent, or may be wholly transparent by constituting the base board itself of a transparent material. It is sufficient that all or parts of the variable display unit below (behind) the base board can be viewed from above (before) the board (the surface over which the ball passes).
In addition, it may be acceptable to constitute the variable display unit of a size substantially the same as that of the game board so that the entire surface of the game board becomes the variable display unit, rather than to provide it on a part of the game board. It is also acceptable to provide a plurality of variable display units.
Although it is desirable to use a transparent board at the transparent area, only a hole may be opened in the base board if the ball can pass over the top surface without trouble.
The board material used for the transparent area on the game board is a material with transparency and good workability such as a transparent plastic panel (a transparent plastic plate), an acrylic panel, or a laminated combination of them if nails or the like are to be included. Of course, a glass panel may be used if it is suitable. Alternatively, it may be a laminated structure of a glass panel and a transparent plastic panel, acrylic panel, or PVC film (vinyl film). It may be also possible to form an abrasion-resistant thin film such a diamond thin film on the surface.
A switch function may be provided for the decorations themselves on the transparent area as a means for detecting the presence or position of the ball passing over the transparent area. Furthermore, it may be possible to use either optical or contact sensors such as an infrared sensor around the transparent area or a transparent touch sensor on the top surface of the transparent area. It may be possible to provide a detector means on the electronic display device itself. The detection may be performed over the entire top surface of the transparent area in a matrix fashion, or only in a particular region.
If electrical wiring must be provided on the transparent area, particularly when the entire base board is constituted of a transparent material, it is sufficient to form a transparent conductive film such as indium tin oxide (ITO) on the top or bottom surface of the transparent material.
According to the present invention, the front surface of the variable display unit of a game machine such as a pachinko machine can be used as the game region. Therefore, the effective game area remains the same size even if the display area of the variable display unit is increased so that the game-playing capability is not lost.
Rather, because the larger display area can be used for displaying animation and the like, and various changes can be made to the display, it is possible to enhance the impact on the player, and therefore, to improve the degree of entertainment as a game.
Furthermore, it becomes possible to change the display on the variable display unit according to the movement or speed of the ball, and to change details of the game such as the number of won balls by detecting the presence or position of the ball passing over the transparent area.
In addition, in updating the game machines, particularly if the entire base board is made transparent, and almost all of the game board surface constitutes the image of the variable display unit, the updating can be attained simply by changing the display program for the electronic display on the variable display unit, or simply by changing the display program and replacing the game board if the game board is arranged so that it can be removed, thus significantly reducing the amount of waste.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front view of the pachinko machine of the embodiment; and
FIG. 2 is a side view of the pachinko machine in FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
An embodiment of the present invention will be explained by referring to the drawings in detail below. FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a pachinko machine for which an electronic display device and a game board according to the present invention are used, in a front view thereof.
In FIG. 1, a reference numeral 1 denotes the frame of the game machine, and a reference numeral 2 denotes a variable display unit of a liquid crystal display disposed on the back of the game board 3 of the pachinko machine. Here, the area of the liquid crystal display screen occupies most of the area of the game board 3, and a picture 18 is generated by a display on the liquid crystal display.
The removable game board 3 is installed in front of the liquid crystal display. The base board is constituted of a sufficiently transparent board material which is an acrylic panel here to avoid disturbing the liquid crystal display when viewing it from the front.
FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional side view of the game machine in FIG. 1, wherein a reference numeral 13 denotes a front glass panel, a reference numeral 14 denotes an electronic control board housing, and a reference numeral 15 denotes a start-up winning ball detector.
A guide rail 4, nails 5, a rotary pinwheel 6, a start-up winning port 7, a jackpot port 8, and other winning ports 10 are arranged on the front side of the game board 3, while a winning ball guide 9 is arranged on the back. It is effective to constitute them with a transparent material so as to provide them with transparency.
The transparent board 3 is installed on the game board 1 in an easily removable fashion such as with screws or by insertion so that it can be easily replaced.
Although not shown, the game board 3 is arranged with electrical wiring for turning indicators 12 on or off, a drive unit for opening and closing the jackpot port 8, and its electrical wiring, which are connected to an electronic control board in the electronic control board housing 14 through a connector 16. The wiring is led to the surrounding nontransparent region by a transparent electrode consisting of ITO.
Referring to FIG. 1, a pachinko ball 17 projected by a ball projector (not shown) travels along the guide rail 4, bumps against or is guided by the nails 5 and the pinwheels 6 while dropping, and, if it enters in the winning port 7, becomes a winning ball. The winning ball is guided to the winning ball guide 9, and detected by the start-up winning ball detector 15 (FIG. 2). The detection is converted to an electric signal, which is then input to the electronic control board (not shown) in the electronic control board housing 14 (FIG. 2) as an input signal.
Upon receipt of the signal, a CPU on the electronic control board determines various decisions to control the display screen of the liquid crystal display which constitutes the variable display unit 2, opening or closing operations of the jackpot port 8 on the game board 3, and turning the indicator 12 on or off.
Here, if no ball enters in the start-up winning port 7 for three minutes, the displayed flower 18 starts fading.
In addition, a missed ball is returned through a reject port 11.
Infrared sensors (not shown) are installed around the game board so that the position of the pachinko ball can be detected with a 10×10 matrix within the traveling range of the ball. Here, it is arranged so that, when a pachinko ball enters in the start-up winning port 7, a character (not shown) displayed on the variable display unit chases the ball dropping on the game board surface.
It can be used to detect whether or not a ball enters in the winning port with the sensor. In such a case, it may have a structure that the ball pass through the winning port as is without providing the winning ball guide 9. With such an arrangement, it becomes possible to avoid a situation such that the display on the variable display unit is hidden by the winning ball guide. It may be also possible to provide a function for detecting the ball on the winning port itself.
According to the present invention, the front surface of the variable display unit of the game machine can be utilized as the ball moving region so that there is no limitation on the size of variable display unit and an electronic display device with a large screen can be used for the front surface of the variable display unit of the game machine. As a result, the amount of displayed information is significantly increased so that it becomes possible to provide more variety with the contents of the display and to increase the degree of freedom. Thus, in turn, it becomes possible to provide new possibilities and fascination with the pachinko machine or pinball machine.
Furthermore, it becomes possible to vary the display on the variable display unit and the details of the game such as the number of prize balls according to the movement or speed of a ball passing over the transparent area by detecting the presence of the balls passing over the transparent area.
In addition, the updating of pachinko machines can be performed simply by changing the display data for the electronic display device with a large screen on the variable display unit, which can be performed by replacing the electronic control board, and/or by replacing the transparent game board. Therefore, the waste produced in the updating of the game machines is only the electronic control board and/or the transparent game board so that waste can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, the ease of replacement also reduces the time and cost required for replacement. | A game machine is provided in which the effective area for the game is not restricted even if the display area of the variable display unit is increased. The game machine comprises a variable display unit having an electronic display device, and a transparent area arranged with nails, decorations such as pinwheels, and a winning port which area is provided in front of the variable display unit. | 2,704 |
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 645,618, filed Aug. 29, 1984, abandoned.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a long acting formulation of amosulalol hydrochloride (chemical name: 5-{1-hydroxy-2-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]ethyl}-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide. hydrochloride).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Amosulalol hydrochloride is an excellent hypotensive agent having an adrenergic α-blocking action and an adrenergic β-blocking action. In general, it is desirable that the frequency of administering a hypotensive agent be minimized from the simplicity of clinical therapy but considering the biological half life of amosulalol hydrochloride, it is difficult to realize the above-described goal by conventional formulations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
As the result of various investigations, the inventors have discovered that a formulation prepared by compounding amosulalol hydrochloride with the usual excipients and adding thereto an enterosoluble material has excellent long acting characteristics and further by adding a pharmaceutically acceptable organic acid to the formulation, the solubilization of amosulalol hydrochloride in a high pH range is promoted and the bio-availability thereof can be increased.
Thus, according to this invention, there is provided an amosulalol hydrochloride long acting formulation comprising amosulalol hydrochloride and an entero-soluble material.
According to another embodiment of this invention, there is further provided an amosulalol hydrochloride long acting formulation comprising amosulalol hydrochloride, an entero-soluble material and a pharmaceutically acceptable organic acid.
By the formulation of this invention, it becomes possible to maintain the minimum effective plasma level of amosulalol hydrochloride for a long period of time without increasing the plasma level beyond what is necessary.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows plasma level of amosulalol hydrochloride in a single-blind cross-over study as a function of time following oral administration of the long acting formulation of this invention prepared in Example 1 or a conventional formulation of amosulalol hydrochloride.
FIG. 2 shows plasma level of amosulalol hydrochloride in a single-blind cross-over study as a function of time following oral administration of the long acting formulation of this invention prepared in Example 2 and a conventional formulation of amosulalol hydrochloride. The data represents the mean of five determinations in beagle dogs.
FIG. 3 shows plasma level of amosulalol hydrochloride in a single-blind cross-over study as a function of time following oral administration of the long acting formulation of this invention prepared in Example 3 and an aqueous solution of amosulalol hydrochloride. The data represents the mean of six determinations in beagle dogs.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The formulation of this invention can be prepared by the following manner.
Amosulalol hydrochloride is mixed well with an excipient which may be selected from those usually used and after adding thereto a solution or a suspension of an entero-soluble material in water or an organic solvent, the resultant mixture is granulated. In this case, the entero-soluble material may be directly added to the aforesaid mixture of amosulalol and after adding thereto a binder which may be selected from those usually used, the resultant mixture may be granulated. Also, in the case of using a pharmaceutically acceptable organic acid in this invention, the organic acid may be added to the aforesaid mixture followed by granulation. Furthermore, the granules thus obtained may be formed into tablets by means of a tableting machine and coating may be applied to these tablets for the prevention of bitterness and the improvement of the appearance.
Examples of the entero-soluble material which is used in this invention are a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (e.g., Eudragit L30D-55, trade name made by Rohm and Haas Company, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate (1:1) having a molecular weight of about 250,000), a methacrylic acid.methyl methacrylate copolymer (e.g., Eudragit L100, trade name, made by Rohm and Haas Company, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1:1) having a molecular weight of 135,000 or Eudragit S100, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1:2) having a molecular weight of about 135,000), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate (The Japan Pharmacopoeia, the 10th Revision), cellulose acetate phthalate (The Japan Pharmacopoeia, the 10th Revision), shellac (The Japan Pharmacopoeia, the 10th Revision), and the like.
These entero-soluble materials are dissolved at a pH higher than a specific value. For example, Eudragit L30D-55 is dissolved at a pH higher than about 5.5, Eudragit L100 at a pH higher than about 6.0, and Eudragit S100 at a pH higher than about 7.0.
By properly selecting the entero-soluble material, the medicament can be absorbed at each different portion in the intestines, thus the long acting characteristics can be controlled. Among the above-described entero-soluble materials, methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymers can be dissolved in water as a solvent and hence in this case the granulation is easy as compared to the case of using an organic solvent and also this case is safe and economical. In addition, a methacyrlic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (Eudragit L30D-55) is commercially available in the form of usually an aqueous 30% dispersion.
The entero-soluble material is used in a content of 5 to 50% by weight of the total weight of the formulation of this invention and the content of 10 to 30% by weight is particularly preferred.
Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids which are used in this invention are citric acid (The Japan Pharmacopoeia, the 10th Revision), tartaric acid (The Japan Pharmacopoeia, the 10th Revision), and the like. The purpose of using the organic acid is to improve the solubility of amosulalol hydrochloride at a high pH region (in particular, about 7.5 which is one of the pH values of a physiological saline solution), whereby the bio-availability of amosulalol hydrochloride is increased. The content of the pharmaceutically acceptable organic acid is 1 to 30% by weight of the total weight of the product but is, in particular, preferably 5 to 20% by weight.
In this invention, excipients, lubricants, binders, and the like, which are usually used for conventional formulations can be used without particular restrictions. Examples of the excipients are lactose, starch, calcium hydrogenphosphate, silicic anhydride, and the like; Examples of the lubricants are magnesium stearate, talc, and the like; and examples of the binders are hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, and the like. There is no particular restriction on the the amounts of these additives and the amounts of them may be properly selected according to the purpose of using them.
Then, the present invention will be further explained by the following examples but is not limited thereby in any way.
EXAMPLE 1
In a fluidized bed/granulator were placed 500 g of amosulalol hydrochloride and 500 g of lactose and the products sufficiently mixed. To the mixture was sprayed an aqueous dispersion of a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (Eudragit L30D-55) in an amount of 240 g as a solid component and granules were formed from the mixture by mean of a fluidized bed granulator. After drying the granules thus obtained for 4 hours at 40° C., 6 g of magnesium stearate was added to the granules and the mixture was formed into tablets by means of an ordinary tableting machine.
Each of the formulation of this invention (containing 50 mg of amosulalol hydrochloride) and a conventional formulation (containing 25 mg of amosulalol) containing no entero-soluble material was orally administrated to each healthy adult man once a day by a crossover method with wash-out period of one week. In the case of using the tablets of this invention, the amosulalol hydrochloride concentration in the plasma was measured by a high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours since the administration, while in the case of using the conventional tablets, the amosulalol hydrochloride concentration in the plasma was measured by the same manner as above after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours since the administration. The results are shown in FIG. 1.
As shown in the figure, it can be seen that by the administration of the formulation of this invention once a day, the concentration of amosulalol hydrochloride in the plasma can be sufficiently prolonged as compared to the case of using the conventional formulation.
EXAMPLE 2
In a fluidized bed dryer were mixed 200 g of amosulalol hydrochloride, 50 g of silicic anhydride and 30 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose and after spraying thereto a solution prepared by dissolving 20 g of citric acid in an aqueous dispersion of a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (Eudragit L30D-55), granules were produced from the mixture using a fluidized bed granulator. To the granules thus formed was added 1.6 g of magnesium stearate and the mixture was formed into tablets by means of an ordinary tableting machine.
By the method as performed on the product in Example 1, the amosulalol hydrochloride concentration in the plasma was compared between the case of using the formulation of this invention and the case of using the conventional formulation using beagle dogs. The results are shown in FIG. 2.
As shown in FIG. 2, it can be seen that in the case of using the formulation of this invention, the concentration of amosulalol hydrochloride in the plasma can be sufficiently prolonged as compared to the case of using the conventional formulation.
EXAMPLE 3
In a vertical mixer were mixed 200 g of amosulalol hydrochloride, 30 g of citric acid and 60 g of hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose phthalate (HP-55, trade name) and after adding gradually thereto 64 g of an aqueous solution of 10% hydroxypropyl cellulose under stirring, granules were formed from the mixture. After drying granules thus formed for 4 hours at 40° C., 1.6 g of magnesium stearate was added to the granules and the resultant mixture was formed into tablets by means of a tableting machine.
By the method as performed on the product in Example 1, the amosulalol hydrochloride concentration in the plasma was compared between the case of using the formulation of this invention and the case of using an aqueous 1% amosulalol hydrochloride in beagle dogs. The results are shown in FIG. 3.
As shown in FIG. 3, it can be seen that in the case of using the formulation of this invention, the concentration of amosulalol in the plasma can be sufficiently prolonged as compared to the case of using the aqueous solution of amosulalol. | Long acting formulations of amosulalol hydrochloride are provided, wherein the frequency of administering the hypotensive agent is minimized and wherein such formulations are prepared by compounding amosulalol hydrochloride with an enterosoluble material and optionally the inclusion of an organic acid. | 1,733 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority under 35 USC §371 from PCT/GB2006/002059 filed Jun. 5, 2006.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates to a fluid conveying conduit and, in particular, a medical tube for administering fluids.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] In a low light condition it is often almost impossible to see a conventional tube or other fluid conveying conduit. As a result a user can find it difficult to locate the conduit if, for example, he wishes to move the conduit or engage and/or disengage a component from the conduit.
[0004] In addition, because conventional conduits are difficult to see in low light conditions it can be difficult for a person to avoid such a conduit if, e.g. it lies across his path, in a low light condition.
[0005] This is particularly so for medical tubes which may be used to provide a person with a continuous supply of oxygen, or to administer drugs to a person, while he is resident in a medical facility or at home.
[0006] In order for the person to move around, the length of medical tubing extending between the person and the dispensing station is often long, especially when a person needs to move from one room to another. As a result, lengths of medical tubing typically lie along the floor in several areas of the medical facility or home.
[0007] As mentioned, such medical tubing is almost impossible to see in low light conditions and so represents a major trip hazard since it is difficult for patients and carers to avoid. As a result many patients and carers suffer falls, some fatal, as a result of tripping over a length of medical tube.
[0008] Therefore, there is a need for an improved fluid conveying conduit which helps to overcome the aforementioned problems.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a fluid conveying conduit comprising a conduit body including at least one luminescent marker, whereby the fluid conveying conduit is visible in a low light condition.
[0010] Rendering the fluid conveying conduit visible in a low light condition makes it easier for users and their carers to avoid the conduit, thereby reducing the likelihood of a trip occurring.
[0011] In one embodiment of the invention the conduit body defines a medical tube for administering fluids.
[0012] Preferably the or each luminescent marker includes an elongate, luminescent rib extending along the length of the conduit body, the or each elongate rib including a luminescent pigment. The provision of at least one elongate, luminescent rib means that the entire length of conduit is visible in a low light condition. An elongate rib is also readily manufacturable, e.g. by extrusion.
[0013] Optionally at least one elongate rib lies adjacent to an inner surface of the conduit body. Such a rib helps to reduce the likelihood of the tube kinking which might otherwise cut off the supply of fluid being administered to a user.
[0014] Alternatively at least one elongate rib lies adjacent to an outer surface of the conduit body. Such a feature provides a user or carer with a tactile identifier which could, for example allow him to readily identify the fluid being administered by a given medical tube.
[0015] Preferably the or each luminescent marker includes an elongate, luminescent band lying within the conduit body and extending along the length thereof, the or each elongate band including a luminescent pigment. Such an arrangement isolates the or each elongate band from the inner surface of the conduit body, thereby avoiding the possibility of the luminescent pigment adversely reacting with the fluid being conveyed.
[0016] In a preferred embodiment of the invention at least one portion of one or more of the elongate bands is coterminous with an outer surface of the conduit body. This arrangement is readily manufacturable while ensuring a desired amount of one or more elongate bands is visible.
[0017] The luminescent marker may also include an ink lying on a surface of the conduit body, the ink including a luminescent pigment. Such a feature allows the luminescent marker to be readily applied to a surface of the conduit body, by a method such as printing, in a range of differing configurations and graphical arrangements. In this way the luminescent marker may provide additional information, e.g. relating to the contents of the conduit, as well as rendering the conduit visible in a low light condition.
[0018] The conduit body may also include one or more dyes or secondary pigments so as to emit or reflect incident light in a predetermined range of wavelengths. In this way the conduit body is observed to have a particular colour which may be used to identify the fluid being administered by the conduit.
[0019] In a preferred embodiment the conduit body may include a translucent portion. This allows a user or carer to observe the contents of the conduit, while the conduit body also provides the aforementioned colour-based identification.
[0020] Alternatively the conduit body includes a transparent portion so that a user or carer is able to observe the contents of the conduit.
[0021] In another preferred embodiment, the conduit body includes a luminescent pigment. This allows the whole conduit body to define a luminescent marker, thereby providing the desired visibility in a low light condition.
[0022] In a further preferred embodiment, the luminescent pigment may be or include a phosphorescent pigment. Such pigments glow for a period after exposure to light.
[0023] Optionally the luminescent pigment includes one or more dyes or secondary pigments so as to emit light in a predetermined range of wavelengths. In this way the or each luminescent marker is observed to have a particular colour in a low light condition. The colour could then be used to identify the fluid being, e.g. administered by the conduit. Such identification is particularly useful in situations where several different conduits are used to administer different drugs to the same person. The ability of, e.g. a carer, to readily identify, in a low light condition, the fluid being administered by a particular conduit would help to ensure that each drug is injected into the correct conduit. Preferably the conduit body includes an antimicrobial additive. This can help to reduce the transmission of organisms such as MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) by the conduit, thereby reducing the risk of a conduit user developing an infection.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] There now follows a brief description of preferred embodiments of the invention, by way of non-limiting examples, with reference being made to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0025] FIG. 1 shows a section of medical tube according to a first embodiment of the invention;
[0026] FIG. 2 shows a section of medical tube according to a second embodiment of the invention;
[0027] FIG. 3 shows a section of medical tube according to a third embodiment of the invention;
[0028] FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view through a section of medical tube according to the first embodiment of the invention; and
[0029] FIG. 5 shows a section of medical tube according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0030] In the drawings, like numerals indicate like elements throughout. Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the present invention. The embodiments illustrated below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. These embodiments are chosen and described to best explain the principle of the invention and its application and practical use and to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention.
[0031] A fluid conveying conduit according to a first embodiment of the invention is designated generally by the reference numeral 10 , as shown in FIG. 1 .
[0032] The fluid conveying conduit 10 comprises a conduit body 12 which defines a medical tube for administering fluids. The conduit body 12 includes three luminescent markers 14 . Each luminescent marker 14 includes an elongate, luminescent rib 16 which extends along the length of the conduit body 12 . Each elongate rib 16 includes a luminescent pigment (not shown). In a preferred embodiment the luminescent pigment is a phosphorescent pigment. A particularly preferred phosphorescent pigment is alkaline earth metal silicate aluminate.
[0033] In the embodiment shown, all three elongate ribs 16 lie adjacent to an inner surface 18 of the conduit body 12 , as shown in FIG. 4 . The elongate ribs 16 are equally spaced from one another around the inner surface 18 of the conduit. In other embodiments, of the invention one or more elongate ribs 16 may lie adjacent to an outer surface 20 of the conduit body 12 . In addition, other embodiments of the invention may include different numbers and arrangements of elongate ribs 16 . Furthermore, different shapes of cross-sectional profile are also possible.
[0034] In a low light condition, i.e. typically less than 1 lumen, each elongate rib 16 emits light so as to render the conduit visible to a user or carer. Each elongate rib 16 is able to emit visible light for many hours without the need for an external power source.
[0035] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the entire conduit body 12 is transparent which means a user or carer is able to see the contents of the conduit 10 . One type of polymer from which it is convenient to make the conduit body 12 is PVC.
[0036] In other embodiments, not shown, the conduit body 12 may include one or more dyes or secondary pigments so as to emit or reflect incident light in a predetermined range of wavelengths. In this way it is possible to provide a translucent conduit body 12 which has a predetermined tint, so as to provide a visible indication of what fluid is being administered by the tube 10 . A desirable level of translucency, or tinting, is 5% as this provides a suitable visible indication while still allowing the contents of the conduit 10 to be seen.
[0037] The luminescent pigment in one or more elongate ribs 16 may also include one or more dyes or secondary pigments. In such embodiments, each elongate rib 16 , in use, emits light of a particular colour. This provides a visible indication of what fluid is being administered by the conduit 10 in a low light condition.
[0038] A fluid conveying conduit according to a second embodiment of the invention is designated generally by the reference numeral 30 . The second fluid conveying conduit 30 shares many features with the first fluid conveying conduit 10 . These common features are designated by the same reference numerals.
[0039] The second fluid conveying conduit 30 includes an opaque conduit body 12 which defines a medical tube, and has three elongate ribs 16 integrally moulded therewith. Each elongate rib 16 extends along the length of the conduit body 12 .
[0040] The conduit body 12 and each elongate rib 16 includes a luminescent pigment (not shown). Consequently, in a low light condition, the whole conduit 30 emits light so as to render it visible.
[0041] A fluid conveying conduit according to a third embodiment of the invention is designated generally by the reference numeral 40 . The third fluid conveying conduit 40 shares many features with the first and second fluid conveying conduits 10 , 30 . These common features are designated by the same reference numerals.
[0042] The third medical tube 40 includes a conduit body 12 which defines a medical tube, and may be transparent, translucent or opaque.
[0043] An ink 42 which includes a luminescent pigment (not shown) lies on the outer surface 20 of the conduit body 12 . The ink 42 is arranged as a graphic symbol which assists a user or carer in identifying the fluid being carried by the conduit 40 . In the example shown, the graphic “O 2 ” is printed on the outer surface 20 . Other embodiments may include different graphics and/or arrangements of ink 42 .
[0044] In a low light condition, the ink 42 glows, thereby allowing a user or carer to see the conduit 40 as well as readily identify the contents, i.e. oxygen.
[0045] A fluid conveying conduit according to a fourth embodiment of the invention is designated generally by the reference numeral 50 . The fourth fluid conveying conduit 50 shares many features with the first, second and third fluid conveying conduits 10 , 30 , 40 . These common features are designated by the same reference numerals.
[0046] The fourth medical tube 50 includes a conduit body 12 which defines a medical tube, and is transparent. In other embodiments, the conduit body 12 may be translucent or opaque.
[0047] The conduit body 12 includes two luminescent markers 14 , each of which includes an elongate, luminescent band 52 , 54 that lies within the conduit body 12 and extends along the length thereof, as shown in FIG. 5 . Each elongate band 52 , 54 includes a luminescent pigment (not shown). The cross-sectional shape of each elongate band 52 , 54 may differ from that shown in FIG. 5 . For example, in other embodiments the or each elongate band 52 , 54 could have a circular, oval, elliptical, oblong or square cross-sectional shape.
[0048] A first elongate band 52 lies completely within the conduit body 12 , whereas one portion of a second elongate band 54 is coterminous with the outer surface 20 of the conduit body 12 .
[0049] In a low light condition, each of the elongate bands 52 , 54 emits light along substantially the entire length of the conduit body 12 , thereby rendering the whole length of conduit 50 visible.
[0050] A fluid conveying conduit according to a fifth embodiment of the invention (not shown) has a conduit body 12 which defines a medical tube, and includes an antimicrobial additive. In this way the fourth conduit is also able to inhibit the spread of infection within a medical facility or home.
[0051] Whilst the examples described above relate to medical tubing, it is envisaged that the invention could be applied to other fluid conveying conduits such as hoses and pipes. | A fluid-containing conduit ( 10,30,40,50 ) including at least one luminescent marker ( 14 ) whereby the fluid-containing conduit is visible in a low light condition. The marker may be in the form of one or more elongate ribs ( 16 ) containing luminescent material along interior wall surface ( 18 ), or may be elongate luminescent bands ( 52,54 ) adjacent the exterior wall ( 20 ) of the conduit, or may be indicia containing luminescent material such as ink ( 42 ). | 2,481 |
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a tool and a method for making a smoker's pipe from a firm fruit or vegetable, e.g., an apple or a potato, to provide a user a beneficial experience. More particularly, it relates to an inexpensive tool that can be easily carried in the user's pocket or purse and employed manually to quickly and easily create from a suitable fruit or vegetable a pipe to enjoy a cool and flavored smoke.
BACKGROUND OF THE RELATED ART
[0002] Millions of smokers enjoy smoking a pipe. Smoker's pipes are made all over the world, from innumerable materials, the most popular being clay and wood. In the United States it has long been traditional, and in many places still is a common practice, to make a pipe from a piece of hollowed-out corn cob.
[0003] Persons inclined to experiment, yet not particularly gifted with the skill to precisely carve a relatively hard material like a dry corn cob, may consider making a pipe from a more readily workable basic stock. Fruits such as apples and pears, which lack a large central seed, structurally are highly suitable candidates. Likewise, there are many qualified vegetables as well, e.g., potatoes, yams, beets and the like. Another quality that such basic items have is that their flesh is moist yet firm. Some also contain aromatic constituents which may flavor smoke pleasantly as it passes from the burning material to the smoker's mouth.
[0004] There is clearly a need for a simple and inexpensive tool and a method that will enable pipe smokers to enjoy such an experience. The present invention meets this need. It should, of course, be clearly understood that the invention disclosed herein is not intended to enable the smoking of controlled substances or to violate any laws in any manner.
SUMMARY OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0005] Accordingly, it is a principal object of this invention to provide a tool for making a smoker's pipe from a firm fruit or vegetable. The tool, in a preferred embodiment, comprises an elongate blade element having a thin cross-section, a front end shaped for non-tearing penetration into the fruit or vegetable, and at least one elongate edge to enable non-tearing cutting-out of portions of the fruit or vegetable following the penetration. The tool also comprises a cylindrical pin element for forming a small bore passage in the fruit or vegetable.
[0006] In another preferred embodiment, particularly suitable for a smoker who prefers a relatively large bowl to contain the material being smoked, the tool further comprises a separate wider scooping element for scooping out a bowl-shaped portion of the fruit or vegetable.
[0007] It is another principal object of this invention to provide a method of forming a smoker's pipe from a firm fruit or vegetable. The method comprises the steps of: scooping out of the fruit or vegetable, at a first location thereon, a small bowl shaped and sized to retain a material that the smoker will ignite to smoke it; forming in the fruit or vegetable, at a second location thereon, an elongate blind hole to convey smoke from the ignited material to an open external end of the bore; and forming an elongate small-diameter passage from the bottom of the bowl, through the fruit or vegetable and into the bore, to convey smoke from the bowl to the bore.
[0008] These and other related and further aspects of this invention are best understood with reference to the following detailed description and drawing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0009] The following description focuses on how the invention, in its various embodiments, may be used with an apple. Its use, however, is not limited only to an apple, and persons of ordinary skill and manual dexterity should have no trouble in applying the tool and the method of using it to any other suitable fruit or vegetable that does not have a large seed in its middle and has a firm flesh.
[0010] As best understood with reference to FIG. 1 , the user should choose an apple 100 of a size that will allow it to be held comfortably in his or her hand while it is to be smoked. For convenience, it may initially be held firmly on a steady support surface such as a tabletop or even one of the seated user's knees (not shown for simplicity). The front or tip end 202 of a blade element 200 (described below in greater detail) is then forcibly penetrated into an upper portion of the apple in a direction indicated by arrow “P 1 ” and then turned around that direction as indicated by curved arrow “T 1 ” to effect a substantially cylindrical cut without irregularly tearing up either the skin or the flesh of the apple. Obviously, the penetration and cutting will be easy if the blade edge is sharp. However, to avoid injury to either the user, or to his or her clothing if the tool is carried in a pocket, it is best to make the edge thin without making it sharp enough to inflict unintentional cuts or scratches. A blade element having a somewhat rounded tip and made of a metal such as stainless steel, with an edge thickness preferably not more that about 1/32 nd of an inch should be quite satisfactory. With a little manipulation of the blade element the flesh of the apple can be broken at the bottom of the cylindrical cut and a piece 102 removed as indicated by the sequential arrows “R 1 ”. With a little experience, the user should be able to thus create a bowl 104 of suitable shape and size to contain and retain the desired quantity of smoking material, e.g., pipe tobacco.
[0011] FIG. 5 shows other details in a larger perspective view of blade element 200 , particularly a pair of elongate edges 204 a , 204 b on opposite sides. These, as best seen in FIG. 2 , serve as cutting edges to form a cylindrical blind bore 106 by forcible insertion of the tip end 202 , preferably in the axial plane of the apple on the opposite side relative to the bowl 104 , along a direction indicated by arrow “P 2 ”, followed by a turning about that direction as indicated by arrow “T 2 ”. With a little manipulation, the user can thus break out and extract a cylindrical piece 108 of the apple as indicated by sequential arrows “R 2 ”.
[0012] As best seen in FIG. 7 , in cross-sectional view at transverse section VII-VII in FIG. 5 , the shape and size of blade element 200 are selected to facilitate the formation of a correspondingly sized cylindrical blind bore 106 . Bore 106 is preferably made of a diameter in the range of about 0.3-0.5 inch although this is not critical and may be freely selected by the user. Blade element 200 if made of a metal can be modified with only a little effort to adjust the separation of edges 204 a , 204 b to determine the diameter of bore 106 . It may, alternatively, be made of any other stiff and durable plastics material, e.g., nylon, or even a composite.
[0013] At the proximate end of blade element 200 may be affixed a retention element 206 to facilitate movable joining thereat to other elements as described below. The specific structure of this portion of blade element 200 is not critical, and even a simple aperture at the proximate end of blade element 202 may suffice to serve this function.
[0014] As best seen in FIG. 6 , in the longitudinal cross-sectional view at section VI-VI in FIG. 5 , the tip end 202 may be curved in slightly to facilitate the break-out of portion 108 of the apple to create blind bore 106 . This inward curve should also help in extraction and removal of portion 102 during creation of bowl 104 in the apple.
[0015] As best seen in FIG. 3 , an elongate pin element 300 , preferably securely connected movably to blade element 200 , is now employed to form a relatively small diameter hole 110 extending from the bottom of bowl 104 toward and into cylindrical bore 106 near its blind end. This establishes communication between bowl 104 and bore 106 . Pin element 300 may conveniently be made of a length of wire preferably about ⅛ th inch in diameter with a looped end and a length of about 3 inches. Alternatively, for connection with blade element 200 , pin element 300 may be provided with a retention element 302 .
[0016] Once the apple pipe has been made as described above, the user should inspect it to ensure that bowl 104 cleanly communicates with bore 106 via hole 108 . If there is excess juice released in bowl 104 it may tend to collect in the bottom and block opening 110 at the upper end of hole 108 . This may be remedied by inserting a folded piece of paper tissue into bowl 104 to suck away and remove the excess juice. Opening 110 , being small, preferably about ⅛ inch across, eliminates the need to provide a screen or other means to ensure that the smoking material does not fall into hole 108 . Also, if inspection reveals that there is inadequate flow of air (and thus eventually of smoke) because hole 108 does not cleanly communicate with bore 106 , the user may reinsert pin element 300 via opening 110 in a slightly different direction than was chosen for original hole 108 until the problem is corrected. Inspection involves looking down both bore 106 and the new hole 108 individually.
[0017] Once the apple pipe has been prepared and inspected, a quantity of smoking material 400 may be pressed into bowl 104 and ignited, with suction applied to the open end 112 of bore 108 to promote combustion and extract smoke. As may be expected, flow of the smoke through the apple will cool the smoke, remove some of the tar from it, and entrain in the smoke some of the volatile constituents contained in the apple itself, i.e., add apple flavor to the smoke. It should be possible to smoke the apple pipe for a reasonable period, and it may even be feasible to smoke it more than once over a day. When the smoking is over, unless the apple is very small, the user may even be able to eat some of the apple on opposite sides of the smoke passage.
[0018] If a user wishes to create a relatively large bowl 104 , in another embodiment there is provided a scooping element 900 , best seen in FIGS. 9, 11 and 12 , which has a thin elongate body 902 similar to that of pin element 300 and a slightly curved scoop end 904 a little wider than end 202 of blade element 200 . The desired relatively large bowl can be scooped out of the apple with scoop end 904 exactly as described above with regard to blade element end 202 , i.e., by penetration and turning to cut out and extract portion 102 .
[0019] The blade, pin and scoop elements, or just the first two of them, may be kept together for cooperative use on a regular key ring. However, if the user prefers, they may be held movably relative to each other within a cover 1000 by a rivet or screw 1002 . See FIGS. 10 and 11 . Portions 1004 and 1006 of cover 1000 will cover the blade, pin and scoop elements when they are not in use. Each of these elements can be easily rotated out of cover 1000 about rivet or screw 1002 as and when needed. A D-ring 1008 may be provided to permit retention of cover 1000 to a user's key ring or belt for convenience in carrying the tool.
[0020] Use of a firm vegetable like a potato, instead of an apple, to make a pipe as described above should be a very similar experience except for any flavor the smoke may pick up during use of the resulting pipe. Provided the penetration and edge portions of the blade and pin elements are thin or sharp enough the method of using the tool should be virtually the same.
[0021] All obvious variations and modifications of the invention as disclosed herein are intended to be comprehended within the invention which is limited solely by the claims appended below. | A tool for forming a smoker's pipe from a firm fruit or vegetable such as an apple or a potato has cooperating elements with which a user readily creates a bowl for retaining ignited smoking material, without the need for a screen, and a passage communicating with the bowl to allow drawing of cooled, flavored smoke through the selected fruit or vegetable. | 2,164 |
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 886,469 filed Mar. 14, 1978.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND STATE OF THE ART
The present invention relates to a dental hygiene preparation for applying active substances such as fluorine compounds, antimicrobial agents, etc. to the surface of the teeth and for keeping them there for a relatively long period of time.
It has been known for a long time to add to dental hygiene preparations, such as tooth pastes and mouth washes, substances that are intended to have a prophylactic or therapeutic effect on the teeth and the gums and the mucous membrane of the mouth. Tooth pastes that contain various fluorides as preventatives against caries have been on the market for a long time.
Dental hygiene preparations containing active substances that prevent or reduce the formation of dental plaque and/or tartar are also known. A considerable disadvantage of these active substances incorporated into coventional dental hygiene preparations is that only the relatively short time for which the teeth are being cleaned or the mouth is being rinsed is available for them to take effect, so that a substantial part of the total activity potential cannot be exploited.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has now been found that these disadvantages may be overcome if a dental hygiene preparation is produced that is in the form of a capsule or filled sweet, a hydrophilic active dental and oral hygiene substance being contained in the outer shell of the capsule, while a lipophilic substance is contained inside the shell. The lipophilic substance is such that it tends to coat the teeth and gums when released into the mouth after the wall of the capsule has been worn away by the action of sucking and to overlie the hydrophilic substance thereby retaining it in contact with the teeth and gums. In this manner optimum use is made of the full activity of the hydrophilic active substances and an important contribution is made to preserving the health of the teeth and gums.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The mode of operation of the preparations according to the invention thus consists in the hydrophilic active substance being gradually released from the wall of the capsule as the capsule or sweet is being consumed, and coating the teeth and gums. After the outer shell of the preparation according to the invention has been worn away, the hydrophilic active substance coating teeth and gums is fixed by the lipophilic active substance that is contained inside the preparation and released later than the hydrophilic substance.
Fluorine compounds that are suitable for the prevention of caries, are primarily suitable for consideration as hydrophilic active substances that are contained in the outer shell of the preparation according to the invention. Such fluorine compounds are, for example, fluorides such as sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride, tin fluoride, organic fluorides such as long-chained aminofluorides, for example oleylaminofluoride, cetylaminofluoride or ethanolaminohydrofluoride, fluorosilicates, for example potassium hexafluorosilicate or sodium hexafluorosilicate, fluorophosphates such as ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium monofluorophosphosphate and/or fluorozirconates, for example sodium, potassium or tin fluorozirconate.
The preferred proportion is between 0.05 and 1.0% by weight of fluoride, calculated as fluorine, of the shell or otherwise total composition.
Antimicrobial substances that can prevent or at least reduce the formation of dental plaque caused by bacteria may also, or alternatively be present in the shell of the capsule. Examples of such compounds are, in particular, 1,6-bis(p-chlorophenyldiguanido)hexane, known by the trivial name "chlorhexidine", which may be used in the form of its watersoluble salts such as digluconate, diacetate, dilactate or also the less readily soluble dihydrochloride; 1,6-di-(2-ethylhexyldiguanide) hexane, known by the trivial name "alexidine", similarly in the form of its water-soluble salts; 1,6-di-(benzyldiguanido)hexane, p-chlorophenyl-diguanide or N 1 -(4-chlorobenzyl)-N 5 -(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)diguanide similarly in the form of their soluble salts; polymeric bis-guanides as sold, for example, under the trade name "Vantocil", and also other diguanides, for example those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,183,230. Quaternary ammonium compounds are also suitable hydrophilic antimicrobial substances which may be used in the preparations of the invention.
Preferably 0.01 to 2.5% by weight of the antimicrobial substances are used.
Another group of compounds which may be used in the shell of the preparations according to the invention comprises zinc compounds that are active in preventing dental plaque and tartar, such as zinc chloride, zinc phenolsulphonate, and zinc citrate, for example, in the form of its trihydrate, in a quantity between 0.01 and 2.5% by weight calculated as zinc, of the preparation according to the invention.
Tartar inhibiting substances may be used in the preparations of the invention especially, for example, the various phosphonic acids and their water-soluble salts, for example ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid, ethylenediaminotetraphosphonic acid, hexamethylenediaminotetraphosphonic acid; complex-forming polycarboxylic acids, in particular citric acid and tartaric acid and their water-soluble salts. The proportion of such tartaric inhibiting substances may be 0.05 to 7.5% by weight of the preparation according to the invention.
The various cariostatically active water-soluble phosphates for example inorganic phosphates such as sodium trimetaphosphate, and organic phosphates, in particular phosphoric acid esters of polyhydric alcohols such as sodium or calcium glycerophosphate or calcium saccharose phosphate, may also be used as hydrophilic substances in the dental and oral hygiene preparations according to the invention, in the known suitable quantities.
Combinations of different odontologically active substances that are compatible with one another may also be used.
The following are examples of expecially suitable lipophilic substances, released only after the outer shell has been conxumed, that may be used for filling the capsule or sweet according to the invention: natural and synthetic fats and waxes, for example edible fats, mono- and diglycerides, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, spermaceti, bees-wax, synthetic esters of long-chained fatty acids, such as isopropyl myristate, isopropyl stearate or isopropyl palmitate; phospholipids, such as lecithin or cephalin, squalene or perhydrosqualene or synthetic substitutes for these; abietic acid and salts thereof; cholesterol, lanosterol; fatty alcohols such as carnaubyl alcohol, ceryl alcohol, miricyl alcohol, miristyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl ricinol, undecylic acid and the corresponding long-chained fatty acids, the lipophilic salts thereof, for example castor oil fatty acid and sodium ricinoleate, and the esters thereof; long-chained amines, such as cetylamine or stearylamine; peptides, lipoproteins and lipoproteic acids, for example of the "lipacid" type, and also various silicon oils.
The joint use of several lipophilic substances, if desired in solution, is also possible. The proportion of the lipophilic substances of the total composition is advantageously between 1 and 75%, but is preferably between 5 and 50% by weight.
The manufacture of the capsules or sweets according to the invention is effected in the customary manner, as described, for example, in Munzel-Buchi-Schultz, "Galenische Praktikum" (1959), Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, pages 501 to 505, or in Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der technische Chemie, 3rd edition, Vol. 4, pages 12 to 15 and Vol. 19, pages 257 to 258.
The following Examples provide a synopsis of dental and oral hygiene preparations combined according to the invention in capsule form or as filled sweets.
Filled gelatin capsules of the following composition were prepared in the customary manner:
EXAMPLE 1
______________________________________(a) Composition of the capsule shellgelatin 460.0 mgglycerin 120.0 mgsorbitol, 70% strength 90.0 mgpeppermint oil 3.0 mgspearment oil 2.0 mgsaccharin sodium 2.3 mgsodium cyclamate 15.0 mgbenzoic acid 3.0 mgtitanium dioxide 1.0 mgblue food coloring 3 0.1 mgyellow food coloring 2 0.1 mg(b) Composition of the fillingsilicon oil 400.0 mgxylite 700.0 mg______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
______________________________________(a) Composition of the capsule shellgelatin 520.0 mgglycerin 20.0 mgsorbitol 97.0 mgchlorhexidinediacetate 10.0 mgpeppermint oil 2.5 mgmenthol 2.3 mgsaccharin sodium 1.0 mgsodium cyclamate 10.0 mgsorbic acid 5.0 mgtitanium dioxide 2.0 mgred food coloring 4 0.2 mg(b) Composition of the fillingsunflower oil 900.0 mgcetylamine 100.0 mg______________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
______________________________________(a) Composition of the capsule shellgelatine 500.0 mgglycerin 100.0 mgsorbitol, 70% strength 72.5 mgsodium fluoride 3.5 mgpeppermint oil 3.0 mgspearmint oil 2.0 mgsaccharin sodium 4.0 mgp-hydroxybenzoic acid ester 5.0 mgtitanium dioxide 2.0 mgchlorophyllin 3.0 mgsodium trimetaphosphate 5.0 mg(b) Composition of the fillingmono- and diglycerides ofcoconut oil fatty acid 300.0 mglecithin 700.0 mg______________________________________
EXAMPLE 4
______________________________________(a) Composition of the capsule shellgelatine 530.0 mgglycerin 70.0 mgsorbitol, 70% strength 69.4 mgsodium monofluorophosphate 7.5 mgpeppermint oil 2.0 mgspearmint oil 2.0 mgsaccharin sodium 7.0 mgp-hydroxybenzoic acid ester 3.0 mgtitanium dioxide 2.0 mgblue food coloring 3 0.1 mg1-hydroxyethane-1, 1-di-phosphonic acid 5.0 mg(b) Composition of the fillingcarnauba wax dissolved in 300.0 mgMiglyol 812 neutral oil 600.0 mg______________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
______________________________________A sucking tablet with a center was composed as follows:______________________________________(a) Composition of the tablet shellsorbitol (e.g. Karion HF3160 of the firm of Merck) 2,200.0 mgdicalcium glycerophosphate 200.0 mgmagnesium stearate 23.0 mgcetylbenzldimethylammoniumchloride 3.0 mgcitric acid 20.0 mgpeppermint essence 3.0 mgorange food coloring 2 1.0 mg(b) Composition of the centersodium ricinoleate 75.0 mgsorbitol (e.g. Karion HF3160 of the firm of Merck) 100.0 mgpeppermint essence 2.0 mgpolyethyleneglycol 6000 23.0 mg______________________________________
As the foregoing illustrates the shell material carrying the hydrophilic, odontologically active substance may be a known gelatine or candy-type base which is itself water soluble. | Disclosed is a dental hygiene preparation in the form of a filled capsule or a filled sweet comprising an outer shell containing a hydrophilic dental and/or oral hygiene substance and an inner core of a lipophilic substance. | 1,523 |
BACKGROUND
[0001] The invention relates generally to shellfish processing and more particularly to apparatus and methods for deheading shrimp with hydrodynamic forces.
[0002] Deheading shrimp by hydrodynamic force is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,921, “Apparatus for Deheading and Cleansing Shrimp,” issued Mar. 23, 1993. In that patent, a shrimp-laden fluid is pumped through conduit that abruptly narrows. The abrupt decrease in the cross-section of the conduit causes the flow to accelerate through the narrow cross section according to the Venturi Effect. Hydrodynamic forces caused by the change in cross section tend to detach heads from shrimp. The cross section of the conduit in the patent is circular along its entire length. When a pipe with a four-inch diameter is used as the main conduit, the diameter of the narrow region is even smaller. Shrimp, whose outer dimensions are greater than the diameter of the narrow region, tend to bump into the narrowing conduit. The collisions with the conduit walls can damage the shrimp, especially fragile cold-water shrimp. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B , cold-water shrimp 10 have a long, thin sixth segment 12 that is easy to damage. The joint 14 between the third and fourth segments is also susceptible to damage. In general, the muscle tissue in cold-water shrimp is much weaker than in the sturdier warm-water shrimp. When a cold-water shrimp 10 approaches the narrow region of the conduit side-on, as opposed to head or tail first, it bangs into the sides of the opening into the narrow region. The collisions do help remove the head, but they also can cause the shrimp to break at its weak spots.
SUMMARY
[0003] This shortcoming in detaching heads from shrimp is addressed by apparatus embodying features of the invention. One such apparatus comprises a conduit enclosing a fluid channel and flow control means inducing a flow of shrimp-laden fluid in the conduit. The conduit has an open first end and an opposite open second end downstream of the first end along the fluid channel. An input portion of the conduit extends downstream along the fluid channel from the first end and defines the fluid channel with a first cross-sectional area. A venturi extends upstream along the fluid channel from the second end and defines a length of the fluid channel with a second cross-sectional area smaller than the first cross-sectional area. The second cross-sectional area has a major axis and a shorter minor axis. A transition portion of the conduit is disposed between the input portion and the venturi. The transition portion defines a length of the fluid channel with a cross-sectional area converging from the first cross-sectional area to the second cross-sectional area. The shrimp-laden fluid flows through the first end of the conduit, the fluid channel, and the second end. The speed of the fluid along the length of the fluid channel in the converging cross-sectional area of the transition portion increases to a speed in the venturi sufficient to detach heads from shrimp.
[0004] Another version of such an apparatus comprises a conduit system defining a fluid channel and venturis disposed in the conduit system in line with the fluid channel at spaced apart positions. Flow control means induce a flow of shrimp-laden fluid in the fluid channel to convey the shrimp-laden fluid through the conduit system. The venturis cause an increase in the speed of the shrimp-laden fluid in each of the venturis sufficient to detach heads from shrimp.
[0005] According to another aspect of the invention, a method for detaching the heads of shrimp comprises: (a) flowing a shrimp-laden fluid through a fluid channel in a conduit system; and (b) restricting the fluid channel in venturis at spaced apart locations along the conduit system to increase the speed of the shrimp-laden fluid in each of the venturis sufficient to detach heads from shrimp.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] These aspects and features of the invention are described in more detail in the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, in which:
[0007] FIGS. 1A and 1B are side and top views of a cold-water shrimp;
[0008] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a venturi tube for a deheading apparatus embodying features of the invention;
[0009] FIGS. 3A-3C are side views of a venturi tube as in FIG. 2 with a tapered transition region with taper angles of 30°, 45°, and 60°;
[0010] FIGS. 4A and 4B are front and rear isometric views of a deheading system including venturi tubes as in FIG. 2 ;
[0011] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a multi-venturi deheading system using venturis as in FIG. 2 ; and
[0012] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a multi-venturi deheading system as in FIG. 5 including an additional boost pump.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] A venturi tube, or venturi, usable in a deheading system embodying features of the invention is shown in FIG. 2 . The venturi 16 is a restricted portion of a conduit 18 enclosing a fluid channel 19 conveying a shrimp-laden fluid along a fluid path 20 . The conduit has an open entrance end 22 and an opposite open exit end 23 downstream of the entrance end. An input portion 24 of the conduit extends downstream from the entrance end 22 and defines the fluid channel with a cross-sectional area A 1 .
[0014] A transition portion 26 of the conduit extends downstream from the input portion 24 to the venturi 16 . The transition portion 26 defines a length of the fluid channel with a converging cross-sectional area formed by two pairs of converging parabolic walls: large walls 25 and small walls 27 . The venturi 16 has a cross-sectional area A 2 that is less than that of the input portion 24 . In the example of FIG. 2 , the shape of the cross-sectional area A 2 of the venturi is rectangular, but may be other shapes, e.g., elliptical or oval, having a minor axis 28 shorter than its major axis 29 . The venturi 16 extends downstream to an open end 30 . In FIG. 2 , the venturi's end 30 opens into a downstream transition portion 32 of the conduit defining a length of the fluid channel 19 diverging outward from the cross-sectional area A 2 of the venturi to a larger cross-sectional area of an output portion 34 of the conduit. In this example, the output portion 34 has the same cross-sectional area A 1 as the input portion 24 . Thus, the conduit 18 in FIG. 2 is reversible. But the downstream transitional portion 32 may be eliminated and replaced with a flat plate having an opening forming an end wall of the output portion 34 at the open end 30 of the venturi 16 .
[0015] As shown in FIGS. 3A-3C , the transition portion of the conduit 18 may be gradual ( FIG. 3A with a 30° taper of the long parabolic walls 25 relative to the direction of the fluid path 20 and a long length), sharp ( FIG. 3C with a 60° taper of the long parabolic walls 25 and a short length), or intermediate ( FIG. 3B with a 45° taper of the long parabolic walls 25 and an intermediate length). The sharp transition portion 26 of FIG. 3 causes a more abrupt acceleration of the fluid through the channel than the longer tapers of FIGS. 3A and 3B and is more useful for sturdier shrimp. As indicated by the convergence of streamlines 36 in the transition portion 26 of the conduit, the flow accelerates to a higher speed in the venturi 16 . The converging flow tends to orient the shrimp along the streamlines by minimizing the surface area broadside to the flow. The hydrodynamic forces caused by the rapid acceleration of the flow at the venturi and by the non-uniformity of the flow just upstream of the venturi is sufficient to detach heads from the shrimp. The major axis 29 of the venturi cross-sectional area A 2 is long enough to admit a major portion of, if not all, the length of a shrimp into the venturi without severe collisions with the interior walls of the conduit that could break the shrimp between segments. For this reason, the venturi of FIG. 2 is especially useful for deheading fragile cold-water shrimp.
[0016] One version of a complete deheading system 40 is shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B . Shrimp are conveyed out of a feed tank 42 by a conveyor belt 44 and dropped into a fluid-filled trough 46 . A food pump 48 draws shrimp-laden fluid from the trough 46 and pumps it into a conduit system 50 , which has two venturis 52 , 53 at spaced apart locations along its length. Shrimp are deheaded in the venturis and conveyed by the fluid through the conduit system to a feed plenum 54 . The shrimp bodies and detached heads drop from the plenum onto a screen slide 56 . The fluid drains through the screen and into a tank 58 in fluid communication with the trough 46 . A perforated plate 60 between the tank and the trough prevents shrimp in the trough from entering the tank 58 . The food pump 48 is driven by a pump motor 62 . Together, the pump and the motor form flow control means that controls the flow rate and the fluid speed through the conduit system.
[0017] The deheading system shown in FIG. 5 has five venturis 64 connected in series in a conduit system 66 . A food pump 68 induces a flow through the conduit system 66 . Such a multiple-venturi system can be effective for deheading sturdy shrimp. The deheading system of FIG. 6 adds fluid-pressure sensor 69 at sensor locations in the conduit system 66 , for example, at locations just upstream of the final four venturis 64 to measure the hydrodynamic force of the flow. The outputs 70 of the pressure sensors control valves 72 connected between a boost pump 74 and fluid lines 76 injecting fluid into the conduit system at injection locations 78 near the sensor locations, for example, to replace any leaked fluid and to maintain the fluid pressure along the length of the fluid channel.
[0018] Although the invention has been described in detail with respect to a few versions, other versions are possible. For example, if large-diameter conduit, such as ten-inch—diameter pipes instead of 4-inch—diameter pipes, the cross-sectional area of the venturis could be circular or square because the diameter of the circular opening or the lengths of the sides of the square opening would be large enough to allow shrimp through without damaging collisions with the walls of the conduit. As another example, a complete system using only a single venturi may be sufficient to detach heads from the shrimp in some situations. So, as these suggestions suggest, the claims are not meant to be limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments. | Apparatus and methods for deheading shrimp using the Venturi Effect. A shrimp-laden fluid is pumped through a conduit system and lined with one or more venturi tubes. The acceleration of the fluid through the venturis detaches the heads from the shrimp. The cross-sectional areas of the venturis each have a major axis and a shorter minor axis. The major axis is long enough to receive the majority of or all the length of a shrimp and minimize hard collisions with the entrance to the venturi that could damage the shrimp. | 1,925 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to methods for analyzing data obtained by irradiating biological tissues or organs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Imaging methods such as ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computer tomography (CT), are widely used because of their ability to non-invasively image body organs and tissues with minor deleterious effects. In these techniques, an organ or tissue is irradiated with sonic or electromagnetic waves. The waves reflected or scattered by the organ or tissue are recorded and processed into a digital image.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention is based upon the finding that healthy tissue may be distinguished from its malignant counterpart by the way the tissue reflects radiation energy. The organization of reflecting members in a healthy tissue is more spatially regular than in malignant tissue. The invention my thus be used in the diagnosis of cancer or other disorders involving alterations in the organization or texture of a tissue, such as the presence of a liquid filled cyst.
[0004] In accordance with the invention, a tissue is irradiated and the reflected waves are detected. An analysis is performed on the reflected waves in order to generate one or more parameters indicative of a degree of spatial disorder of the reflecting members in the tissue. In one embodiment of the invention, a calculated parameter value is compared to a predetermined threshold. If the calculated parameter value exceeds the threshold, the tissue is determined to be malignant. A tissue having a calculated parameter value less than the threshold is a healthy tissue. In another embodiment, one or more calculated parameters are input to an expert system such as a neural network. The neural system makes an assessment as to whether the tissue is healthy or malignant based upon the input parameter values. Expert systems are known, for example as disclosed in Kadah et al., IEEE Transactions, vol. 15, No.4, pages 472-473, 476-477, August 1996.
[0005] The invention may be carried out using any form of irradiation such as electromagnetic radiation or sonic radiation. In particular, the invention may be applied to waves reflected in an ultrasound, CT, or MRI procedure.
[0006] The analysis of the detected reflected waves may be performed using any mathematical method for evaluating a degree of periodicity. The analysis may thus involve, for example, a Fourier analysis, a wavelet analysis, or an entropy analysis.
[0007] The analysis may be performed on complex raw data obtained from the reflected waves. Alternatively, an image may be generated from the complex raw data, and the analysis performed on the image.
[0008] In another of its aspects, the invention provides a method for generating an image of the tissue based upon the reflected or scattered waves using non-Fourier analysis. This produces an image of better resolution and contrast than is obtainable by a Fourier analysis of the reflected or scattered waves, which is the present standard of existing signal processing algorithms. Methods for non-Fourier analysis of scattered or reflected waves are known in the art, for example, as disclosed in Degraaf, S., IEEE Trasactions on Image Processing, Vol. 7, No.5, May 1998. As shown in this reference, the non-Fourier analysis may utilize for example, Capon's minimum variance method.
[0009] Thus in its first aspect, the invention provides a method for assessing a spatial regularity of reflecting members in a tissue, comprising steps of:
[0010] (a) irradiating the tissue;
[0011] (b) detecting waves reflected by the tissue; and
[0012] (c) calculating one or more parameters indicative of a degree of spatial disorder of reflecting members in the tissue based upon the reflected waves.
[0013] In its second aspect, the invention provides, a method for determining whether a tissue is malignant comprising steps of;
[0014] (a) irradiating the tissue;
[0015] (b) detecting waves reflected by the tissue;
[0016] (c) calculating a parameter indicative of a degree of spatial disorder of reflecting members in the tissue based upon the reflected waves; and
[0017] (d) comparing the parameter to a predetermined threshold; the tissue being malignant if the parameter exceeds the predetermined threshold.
[0018] In its third aspect, the invention provide a method for determining whether a tissue is malignant comprising steps of;
[0019] (a) irradiating the tissue;
[0020] (b) detecting waves reflected by the tissue;
[0021] (c) calculating one or more parameters indicative of a degree of spatial disorder of reflecting members in the tissue based upon the reflected waves; and
[0022] inputting the one or more parameters into an expert system so as to generate an assessment as to whether the tissue is malignant.
[0023] In its fourth aspect, the invention provides a system for assessing a spatial regularity of reflecting members in a tissue, comprising:
[0024] (a) a wave source configured to irradiate the tissue;
[0025] (b) a wave detector configured to detect waves reflected by the tissue; and;
[0026] (c) a processor configured to calculate a parameter indicative of a degree of spatial disorder of reflecting members in the tissue based upon the reflected waves.
[0027] In its fifth aspect, the invention provides, a system for determining whether a tissue is malignant comprising:
[0028] (a) a wave source configured to irradiate the tissue;
[0029] (b) a wave detector configured to detect waves reflected by the tissue;
[0030] (c) a processor configured to calculate a parameter indicative of a degree of spatial disorder of reflecting members in the tissue based upon the reflected waves.
[0031] In its sixth aspect, the invention provides a method for determining whether issue is malignant comprising steps of;
[0032] (a) irradiating the tissue;
[0033] (b) detecting waves reflected or scattered by the tissue;
[0034] (c) performing an analysis of the reflected or scattered waves;
[0035] (d) inputting the results of the analysis into an expert system.
[0036] In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for generating an image of he tissue, comprising steps of:
[0037] (a) irradiating the tissue;
[0038] (b) detecting waves reflected by the tissue; and
[0039] performing a non-Fourier analysis of the detected waves so as to produce an mage of he tissue.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0040] In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, a preferred embodiment will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0041] [0041]FIG. 1 shows a system for analyzing reflected was in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
[0042] [0042]FIG. 2 shows a Fourier analysis of healthy (a,d), malignant (b,e) and benign (c,f) ovarian tissue in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
[0043] [0043]FIG. 3 shows a wavelet analysis of healthy (a) malignant and benign (c) ovarian tissue, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; and
[0044] [0044]FIG. 4 shows an entropy analysis of healthy malignant and benign ovarian tissue.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0045] [0045]FIG. 1 shows a system for analyzing biological tissues or organs in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. A transducer 100 contains a wave generator 105 for generating waves. The generated waves may be sonic waves or electromagnetic waves. The transducer also comprises an array of detectors 110 that detect reflected waves. A processor 115 is used to select the properties of the generated waves (e.g. amplitude and wavelength) via a signal 118 input to the wave generator 105 . The wave generator 105 is used to produce generated waves 120 that irradiate a tissue or organ 125 . Waves 130 reflected by the organ or tissue 125 are detected by the detectors 110 in the transducer 105 . The wave detected by each detector is converted by the detector into an analog voltage dependent signal that is sampled by an analog to digital converter 140 . The digital samples 142 are then input to the processor 115 . The processor 115 calculates a phase for each sample based upon the signal 118 and stores the digital samples in a memory 135 in the form of complex raw data R(x,y).
[0046] A second processor 145 is configured to receive the complex raw data R(x,y) from the memory 135 and process the complex raw data into an image I(x,y) as is known in the art. The image may be displayed on a display such as a CRT 150 .
[0047] In accordance with the invention, a third processor 155 is configured to analyze the tissue by processing either the raw data R(x,y) or the processed image data I(x,y). The results of the analysis may be displayed on a display such as the CRT 160 .
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Fourier Analysis of Ultrasound Images
[0048] [0048]FIG. 2 shows an ultrasound image I(x,y) of human ovary tissue from a healthy ovary (a) from a malignant ovarian tumor (b), and a benign ovarian tumor (c), as determined by histological examination of the tissues. (e) (f) and (g) show the Fourier transform F(y,ω)=∫I(x,y)e iωx dx of a 30×30 pixel square from the image shown in (a) (b) and (c), respectively. The energy of each Fourier transform was measured by evaluating the sum Σ|∂F/∂y| over the range of 1≦ω≦28 and 34≦ω≦64. The energy calculated for the normal tissue (a,d) was 3, for the malignant tissue (b,e) 8, and for the benign tissue, 3. An analysis of 30 ovarian tissues showed that by this method of calculating energy, healthy ovarian tissues have an energy in the range of about 2 to 4, while malignant ovarian tissues have an energy in the range of about 7-9. Ovarian tissues having a benign growth were indistinguishable from healthy ovarian tissues. The method of the invention may thus be used for identifying malignant tissues. Other methods may be used for measuring energy may also be used in accordance with the invention such as calculating a volume under the Fourier transform.
Example 2
Wavelet Analysis of Ultrasound Images
[0049] [0049]FIG. 3 shows a wavelet analysis of the three images I(x,y) shown in FIG. 2. The 30×30 pixel square from each image was input to the wavelet analysis software of the Matlab™ wavelet toolbox. The B-orthogonal filter was used with a decomposition level equal to 1. The output of this software is four matrices known as the principle image coefficients (A), horizontal coefficients (H), vertical image coefficients (V) and the diagonal coefficients (D). FIG. 3 shows the contour graph of the coefficients of the A matrix obtained for each image. The maximum of each contour graph was used as an index. The index of the malignant tissue is 204 , of the benign tissue 162 and the healthy tissue 90 . An analysis of 30 ovarian tissues showed that malignant tissues have indices 2-2.5 times those of healthy tissues.
[0050] Other indices maybe also used in accordance with the invention when using wavelet analysis such as the maximum coefficient in sum of the H, V, and D coefficient matrices. Other filters may be used in accordance with the invention such as a Mexican hat filter, as are known in the art.
Example 3
Entropy Analysis of Ultrasound Images
[0051] [0051]FIG. 4 shows the results of an analysis of entropy in 60 images of ovaries. The state (healthy, benign or malignant) was determined for each ovary by histological methods. For each image, a 30×30 pixel square was selected and an entropy E was calculated for each square as follows. For each pixel I(x,y), a parameter A(x,y) was calculated
A ( x , y ) = 1 n ∑ I ( x , y ) - I ( x ′ , y ′ ) 2
[0052] was calculated, where the sum extends over all pixels (x′,y′) in the square neighboring the pixel (x,y), and n is the number of pixels neighboring the pixel (x,y). The entropy was then calculated as the average of the A(x,y) over the entire square. As shown in FIG. 4, images of healthy ovaries were found to have the lowest entropy (in the range of 2 to 4.3). Images from malignant ovaries have high entropies (6.9-8.3). Images from benign tissues have intermediate to high values of entropy (4.9-8.3). | A method and system for assessing a spatial regularity of reflecting members in a tissue. The method comprises irradiating the tissue and detecting waves reflected by the tissue. One or more parameters are then calculated, based upon the reflected waves, indicative of a degree of spatial disorder of reflecting members in the tissue. | 2,071 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to pet supplies, and more specifically to a pet grooming comb that can allow adjustment of the combing angle conveniently.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional pet grooming comb generally includes a grip, a comb head fixed to the grip, and a plurality of teeth fixed to the comb head such that a user can hold the grip to force the teeth to comb a pet's hair.
Since the comb head is fixed to the grip and unrotatable, the teeth that are fixed to the comb head face a fixed direction. However, a pet has different characteristics of hair at different positions, and therefore a user needs to adjust a holding angle of the pet grooming comb or change a way of holding the grip to enable the teeth to approach the pet's skin for combing the pet's hair. Thus, it can be seen that the conventional pet grooming comb has the drawback of requiring strenuous efforts to operate, resulting in inconvenience of use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has been accomplished in view of the above-noted circumstances. It is one objective of the present invention to provide a pet grooming comb, which can adjust its combing angle for a user's operation
To achieve this objective of the present invention, the pet grooming comb comprises a grip and a comb head. The grip has a plurality of first coupling portions circularly arranged around a longitudinal axis thereof. The comb head has a plurality of teeth and a second coupling portion selectively coupled to one of the first coupling portions.
Accordingly, a user can adjust a setting angle of the comb head relative to the grip by means of the engagement of one of the first coupling portions of the grip with the second coupling portion of the comb head for enabling the user to choose a laborsaving angle to operate the pet grooming comb, thereby enhancing the convenience of use.
Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a pet grooming comb according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the pet grooming comb according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 ;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line 4 - 4 of FIG. 2 ;
FIG. 5 is a top view of the grip of the pet grooming comb according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a bottom view of the grip of the pet grooming comb according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is an exploded bottom view of the comb bar and the comb plate of the pet grooming comb according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an assembled sectional view of the comb bar and the comb plate of the pet grooming comb according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the pet grooming comb according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing the comb head is rotated by 90 degrees compared with the pet grooming comb shown in FIG. 2 ;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along line 10 - 10 of FIG. 9 ;
FIG. 11 is an exploded view of the comb head of the pet grooming comb according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing a comb plate that has different type of teeth is provided, and
FIG. 12 is similar to FIG. 11 , but showing another comb plate that has different type of teeth is provided.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , a pet grooming comb 10 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a grip 20 , two decorative boards 30 and 32 , and a comb head 40 .
The grip 20 has a housing 50 and a shaft 60 . The housing 50 has a head portion 52 , a body portion 54 , a first concavity 522 at each of top and bottom sides of the head portion 52 for accommodation of a user's thumb or forefinger, a second concavity 542 at a top side of the body portion 54 , and a third concavity 544 at a bottom side of the body portion 54 . The housing 50 has an inner cambered surface 562 at an inner periphery thereof, and an inner plane 564 opposite to the inner cambered surface 562 , as shown in FIG. 4 . Further, the body portion 54 has a first outer through hole 546 penetrating through top and bottom sides of the body portion 54 in communication with the second concavity 542 and the third concavity 544 and the shaft hole, and two second outer through holes 548 penetrating through the top side of the body portion 54 in communication with the second concavity 542 and the shaft hole and located at places corresponding to two opposite sides of the first outer through hole 546 . In addition, a junction of the head portion 52 and the body portion 54 is inwardly shrunken to form two opposite inwardly curved surfaces 56 , and a plurality of anti-slip blocks 58 are spacedly provided at each of the curved surfaces 56 and arranged in a straight manner from the head portion 52 to the body portion 54 for providing a skidproof effect.
The shaft 60 has an outer cambered surface 602 , an outer plane 604 opposite to the outer cambered surface 602 , an inner through hole 62 penetrating through top and bottom sides thereof, and two mounting holes 64 recessed from the top side thereof. The shaft 60 is inserted into the housing 50 in such a manner that the inner through hole 62 and the mounting holes 64 are respectively aligned with the first outer through hole 546 and the second outer through holes 548 , and the outer cambered surface 602 and the outer plane 604 are respectively abutted against the inner cambered surface 562 and the inner plane 564 , resulting in that the shaft 60 is not rotatable relative to the housing 50 randomly. Further, the shaft 60 has eight first coupling portions 66 , which are recesses in this embodiment, equiangularly, spacedly and circularly arranged at a periphery thereof around a longitudinal axis of the shaft 60 .
The decorative board 30 has a first post 302 inserted in the first outer through hole 546 of the housing 50 and the inner through hole 62 of the shaft 60 , and two second posts 304 respectively inserted in the second outer through holes 548 of the housing 50 , and the mounting holes 64 of the shaft 60 such that the decorative board 30 is accommodated in the second concavity 542 , as shown in FIGS. 2 and 5 . The decorative board 32 has a third post 322 inserted in the first post 302 of the decorative board 30 through the first outer through hole 546 and the inner through hole 62 such that the decorative board 32 is accommodated in the third concavity 544 , as shown in FIG. 6 . As a result, the shaft 60 can not move along an axial direction of the housing 50 due to the engagement of the decorative boards 30 and 32 , and patterns or trademarks can be designed on the decorative boards 30 and 32 according to the user's need.
As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 , the comb head 40 has a comb bar 42 and a comb plate 44 . The comb bar 42 has a first end 422 of a tubular form provided at an inner periphery thereof with a second coupling portion 46 , which is a protrusion in this embodiment and selectively insertable into one of the first coupling portions 66 , i.e., recesses, of the shaft 60 such that the comb bar 42 can be set to one of eight angles relative to the grip 20 , as shown in FIGS. 3 and 10 , a second end 424 , and an insertion groove 426 extending from the second end 424 toward the first end 422 . The comb plate 44 has a base portion 441 , a block 48 at a distal end of the base portion 441 , two dots 482 respectively provided at two opposite sides of the base portion 441 and adjacent to the block 48 , and a plurality of teeth 443 rotatably mounted on the base portion 441 . The comb plate 44 is fitted to the comb bar 42 in such a way that the base portion 441 is inserted into the insertion groove 426 until the block 48 is abutted against the second end 424 of the comb bar 42 , and the dots 482 are stopped against a periphery of the insertion groove 426 .
By the aforesaid design, when the user would like to adjust the angle of the comb head 40 relative to the grip 20 , the user can draw the comb bar 42 away from the shaft 60 of the grip 20 to make the second coupling portion 46 , i.e. protrusion, leave away from one of the first coupling portions 66 , i.e. recesses, and then reinsert the second coupling portion 46 , i.e. protrusion, of the comb bar 42 into another first coupling portion 66 , i.e. recess, of the shaft 60 of the grip 20 according to the user's need, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 . As a result, the comb head 40 is rotatable and fixable to a specific angle relative to the grip 20 to enable the user to comb the pet's hair effortlessly. Further, when holding the grip 20 , the user can hold the body portion 54 of the housing 50 to exert a force or place a thumb or forefinger on either of the concavities 522 of the top and bottom sides of the head portion 52 of the housing 50 for enabling the user to operate the grip 20 more comfortably and effortlessly due to its ergonomic design.
In addition, because of the 360-degree rotatable teeth 443 , the pet's hair won't be knotted; moreover, when the user would like to change different type of teeth 443 , the user can draw the base portion 441 of the comb plate 44 away from the insertion groove 426 of the comb bar 42 to detach the comb plate 44 from the comb bar 42 , and then insert a new comb plate, such as the comb plate denoted by reference numeral 70 in FIG. 11 , that has different kind of teeth into the insertion groove 426 of the comb bar 42 . As shown in FIG. 11 , the teeth 72 of the comb plate 70 each have a sphere 74 at a distal end thereof to increase the contact area between each one of the teeth 72 and the pet's hair. FIG. 12 shows another comb plate 90 that has double rows of tapered teeth 92 to prevent the pet's hair from knotting.
Certainly, the pet grooming comb of the present invention can be made with various kinds of design on the basis of the spirit of the present invention. For example, the first concavity is not necessary to be formed on each of the top and bottom sides of the head portion. It can be formed on either of the top and bottom sides of the head portion. Further, the body portion of the housing and the shaft can be respectively provided with one or more second outer through holes and mounting holes, or even the arrangement of the second outer through holes and the mounting holes can be eliminated. Besides, the first coupling portions of the grip and the second coupling portion of the comb head can be exchanged but not limited to the above-mentioned embodiment. In other words, the first coupling portions can be designed to be provided at the comb bar of the comb head, and the second coupling portion can be designed to be provided at the shaft of the grip. Further, the shaft can be eliminated if the recesses are directly formed on the periphery of the shaft hole of the housing.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims. | A pet grooming comb includes a grip having a plurality of first coupling portions circularly arranged around a longitudinal axis thereof and a comb head having a plurality of teeth and a second coupling portion selectively coupled to one of the first coupling portions. Thus, a user can adjust a setting angle of the comb head relative to the grip by means of the engagement of one of the first coupling portions of the grip with the second coupling portion of the comb head, thereby enhancing convenience of use. | 2,353 |
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to figurines, and particularly to animalian figurines with live simulated hair.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Figurines in the shape of animals have been made for centuries as art objects. These figurines have typically been made of clay, stone or wood. However, while artistic appealing they remain visually and physically static.
Animal figurines have also been designed which have live herbs that simulate the fur or hair of the particular animal. Exemplary of such is those sold by Joseph Enterprises, Inc. of San Francisco, Calif. under the trademark CHIA PET. These figurines have hollow, clay bodies in the general form of the animal represented. A large torso portion of the clay body has many small grooves in which moistened chia seeds (Salvia Columbariae) are positioned. The moistened chia seeds produce a thick, gel-like paste which binds the seeds to the clay surface. However, the appearance of the seed laden, clay body is unsightly prior to the sprouting of the seeds. Also, because the chia sprouts cannot draw nutrients from the hardened clay body they quickly die and become withered and unsightly. Furthermore, the paste-like substance produced by the seeds is susceptible to causing stains upon contact.
Accordingly, it is seen that a need remains for a figurine having plant life which simulates hair that can be continually displayed and cultivated in a clean and aesthetically pleasing manner. It is to the provision of such therefore that the present invention is primarily directed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a preferred form of the invention, a figurine comprises a body of plant life nutrient material, plant seeds in contact with the nutrient material, and a cover about the nutrient material and the plant seeds that includes a portion that is permeable to liquids and plants sprouting from the plant seeds and impermeable to the nutrient material and the plant seeds. With this construction the nutrient material is maintained substantially intact by the covering and the plant seeds may sprout stalks which grow through the portion of the covering to resemble hair.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a figurine embodying principles of the invention in a preferred form with a portion shown in cross-section.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the figurine of FIG. 1 shown with stalks of grass extending through the outer covering and being cut to shape.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
With reference next to the drawing, there is shown a figurine 10. The figurine 10 has a porous fabric, outer covering 11 preferably made of a knitted nylon, contoured and decorated in a conventional manner to resemble a human face. A mass or body of plant life nutrient material 13, preferably sawdust, and a bed of grass seeds 14, preferably buffalo grass seeds, are contained within the covering 11. The grass seeds 14 are positioned beneath a porous scalp portion 16 of the covering 11. The figurine 10 is positioned upon a shallow, liquid container or basin 18 in fluid communication with liquid contained therein so that the liquid may be drawn into the figurine.
The figurine 10 is manufactured by inverting the covering 11 and positioning the grass seeds within the interior of the covering through an unshown opening in the bottom of the covering 11. The remainder of the interior is filled with sawdust 13 and the opening then closed. The covering has interstices of a size which prevent the permeation of the seeds and sawdust therethrough, yet which allow the permeation of liquids and the stalks of grass. The knit of the covering is also somewhat stretchable to allow the interstices to increase in size as the grass stalks grow. The covering may be configured and decorated to resemble a face before or after it is filled with the seeds and sawdust.
In use, the figurine 10 is positioned upon the liquid container 18 as shown in FIG. 2. Water is then poured or sprinkled onto the scalp portion 16 of the covering 11 so as to soak through the scalp portion so as to saturate the grass seeds 14 and sawdust 13. Water may also be added directly to the basin 18 to maintain the sawdust moist through capillary-like action of the liquid therethrough. The figurine is placed in an area with sufficient light to promote plant growth.
Within a short period of time the grass seeds germinate causes them to sprout grass stalks G which grow through the interstices of the scalp portion of the covering towards the light. The stalks G have the appearance of hair growing from the scalp portion. The continued growth of the grass stalks causes the interstices to become enlarged to accommodate the stalks.
As shown in FIG. 2, one may then cut the grass stalks to a desired shape or particular hair style. The grass can continue to grow for an extended period of time so long as it is cared for by providing sufficient water and light. Vital nutrients are supplied to the grass by the sawdust.
It should be understood that the figurine may be made in a variety of forms and shapes such as animals. The covering may alternatively be made of a woven nylon or other fibrous material or of a perforated plastic sheet material. The figurine may also be constructed of other material with only the scalp portion 16 comprised of woven material or the like. An internal liquid reservoir may also be used to supply liquid to the nutrient material. The interior of the figurine may be filled with other types of nutrient materials such as soil and peat. Other types of plant seeds may be used as an alternative to grass seeds, such as flower seeds, vegetable seeds and herb seeds.
From the foregoing it is seen that a unique, new product is now provided. It should however be understood that the just described embodiments merely illustrate principles of the invention in its preferred form. Many modifications, additions and deletions may be made without departure from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. | An animalian figurine (10) has an outer covering (11) which contains a body of plant life nutrient material (13) and a bed of plant seeds (14). The plant seeds are positioned adjacent a scalp portion (16) of the covering so that the grass stalks sprouting therefrom grow through a scalp portion to simulate hair. | 1,073 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to apparatus for improving the environment. More specifically, this invention is directed to the collection of waste materials from animals and the elimination thereof prior to the waste materials being deposited on the ground or otherwise polluting the environment.
In recent years great emphasis has been placed on the improvement of the environment. Federal and State laws have been enacted which are directed to the elimination of air pollution, the elimination of water pollution, minimization of exposure to toxic substances, elimination of noise pollution and a myriad of other polluting agents. These laws emphasize the recent attention given to our environment and the many ways in which it has been fouled.
To a great extent, however, the manner in which a boiler stack fouls the environment or the manner in which a stream may be polluted escapes the day-to-day experience of the average person. It will quickly be recognized, however, that there is one form of pollution which we have all experienced, i.e. the deposit of waste matter of animals, particularly dogs, in a location where someone invariably will step. Who among us has not bee victimized in this manner? Who among us has not contributed to the proliferation of pollution by tracking waste materials on our shoes to the nearest appropriate scraping point for removal? Who among us has not been frustrated by the failure of diligent attempts to remove lingering odors? It is unlikely that anyone has escaped this distasteful experience.
The problem, of course, has been recognized over the years. Various ingenious inventors have directed their attentions to its solution. In this regard, for the most part, the solutions have embodied concepts of training the animal to deposit only in a particular location, providing equipment which is suitable for lifting animal deposits shortly after placement and, less desirably, the acknowledgement that the problem is a municipal one and thus the posting of appropriate signs such as "curb your dog."
Certainly none of these solutions is acceptable. The maintenance of litter bins and the like is a difficult task and, notwithstanding the best efforts of the maintainer, result in an unpleasant situation. Equipment for removing a once deposited discharge is ordinarily not 100% efficient. As a result, some unsuspecting soul can be strolling in a perfectly public place and experience, albeit only with a relatively small amount of discharge, the unpleasant occurrence of waste deposit on one's shoes, or less desirably on one's bare feet. Needless to say, the curbing of one's dog only concentrates the danger zone while tolerating the maintenance of discharge materials in the street at virtually all times with their attendant foul odors and possibility of being in the way of an errant foot.
The present invention is directed to an apparatus which eliminates the problems attendant to the above-described structures and procedures. More specifically, the present invention directs itself to an apparatus, conveniently used, for collecting animal solid waste materials before they hit the ground.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide an apparatus for the collection of animal solid waste materials subsequent to their discharge by the animal and prior to their deposit on the earth.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for the collection of animal solid waste material which permits economical and efficient collection and disposition of animal solid waste materials.
A still further object of the present is to provide an apparatus for the collection of animal solid waste materials which is easily portable and susceptible of efficient manipulation by man, woman, or child.
These objects and others not enumerated are achieved by the apparatus of the present invention, one embodiment of which may include a tray having a waste material collection compartment and a deodorant compartment, a cover for the tray which is displaceable between a covering and an uncovering position, a handle for carrying the tray from place to place and to make the apparatus thus portable and a linkage means between the cover and the handle to permit displacement of the cover from the covering to the uncovering position in response to movement of the handle. It is also contemplated by this invention that the waste compartment of the tray may be provided with a disposable liner in order to facilitate, in a sanitary manner the disposition of the animal solid waste material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete understanding of the present invention may be had from the following detailed description thereof, particularly when read in the light of the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of apparatus according to the invention with the cover in the closed or covering position;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of apparatus according to the invention with the cover in the uncovered or material catching position;
FIG. 3 is an exploded view of apparatus according to the invention showing the individual parts; and
FIG. 4 is a prospective view of an insert to be utilized in conjunction with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As stated above this invention is directed to an apparatus for collecting the waste materials of animals and in particular, the waste materials of animals such as dogs. The apparatus is specifically designed to permit collection of the waste material subsequent to the evacuation of the material from the animal and prior to the deposit of the waste material on the earth.
Referring therefore to FIG. 1, an apparatus according to the invention is shown in perspective view and designated generally by the reference numeral 10.
Apparatus 10 can be seen to comprise a tray section 12, a cover section 14, a handle 16 and a link member 18, the link member being pivotally attached to cover 14 and handle 16 as is discussed below in detail.
As best may be seen in FIG. 3, tray element 12 is a generally rectangular structure having a bottom wall 22, a first pair of opposed parallel sidewalls 24 and 25 and second pair of opposed parallel sidewalls 26 and 27.
The respective pairs of opposed parallel sidewalls are secured to the peripheral edges of bottom wall 22 and are further rigidly secured to each other along their intersecting edges. Thus the respective pairs of opposed parallel sidewalls cooperate with bottom wall 22 to define a major cavity.
As best may be seen from FIG. 3, parallel opposed sidewalls 24 and 25 are provided with outwardly extending flanges 28 and 29, respectively. Flanges 28 and 29 define slide support surfaces for cover 14 during the operation of apparatus 10.
Extending generally normally between opposed parallel sidewalls 24 and 25 is a partition 30. Partition 30 is rigidly secured at its ends to opposed parallel sidewalls 24 and 25 and along its bottom to bottom wall 22.
Partition 30 divides the major cavity or tray 12 into a waste material compartment 32 and a deodorant material compartment 34. The positioning of partition 30 is not critical and may be chosen to most suitably facilitate the construction as desired.
Tray element 12 may be manufactured from any of the many generally known materials suitable for manufacturing structures of this type. Thus it may be a molded plastic material, it may be sheet metal or it may be some other material depending upon the particular desires of the manufacturer.
As best may be seen in FIG. 3, slidable cover 14 is a generally rectangular element having a cover sheet 36 which is sized to be slightly wider than the distance between the external edges of flanges 28 and 29 and to be slightly longer than the lengths of opposed parallel sidewalls 24 and 25. The edges of cover 14 adjacent flanges 28 and 29 are provided with downwardly depending flanges 38 and 39 which preclude transverse displacement of cover 14 with respect to tray 12 but which do not interfere with sliding of tray 12 longitudinally i.e. in the direction of parallel opposed sidewalls 24 and 25. Further, the dependency of flanges 38 and 39 is such as to not interfere with cover 14 being able to tilt with respect to tray 12 during operation of apparatus 10 from a position such as that shown in FIG. 1 to a position such as that shown in FIG. 2.
Secured to cover 14 adjacent one transverse edge thereof is one leaf of a hinge which cooperates with remaining hinge structure to pivotally connect cover 14 with link 18 as is discussed below. It should also be recognized that link 18 may be provided with an integral pintle to cooperate with barrel structure on cover 14 to effect the desired pivotal connection.
Referring now primarily to FIGS. 1 and 3, handle 16 can be seen to comprise a hand pole 42, a yoke 44 and a T element 46. T element 46 is provided with a longitudinally extending bore in which to receive first and second dowel elements 48 and 49 which cooperate to define yoke 44. Thus, element 48 and 49 are rigidly secured within the longitudinally extending bore such that their orientation is contained in a single plane and their lower ends 51, 52 respectively cooperate to define a tong effect. In this regard, lower ends 51 and 52 are spaced apart by a distance substantially equal to the distance between opposed parallel sidewalls 24 and 25 of tray 12. Further, ends 51 and 52 are adapted to be received within pintle retainer elements 53, 54 which are mounted on the external surface of opposed parallel sidewalls 24 and 25 at the substantial midpoint between opposed parallel sidewalls 26 and 27. Thus, by reason of the relationship between ends 51 and 52 and pintle receiving elements 53 and 54, tray 12 is pivotally mounted with respect to handle 16.
Formed in the transversely extending portion of T element 46 is a threaded bore for receiving handle pole 42. Thus, handle pole 42, T element 46 and yoke sections 48 and 49 are assembled to define a single rigid unit which is pivotable with respect to tray 12 and which cooperate to define the overall handle structure 16.
One side of T element 46 is adapted to mount a hinge leaf which comprises part of a hinge structure 61 mounted on link 18 to cause handle 16 to be pivotally connected with link 18.
In this regard, link 18 is a relatively flat elongated member having hinge elements 61 and 62 mounted on opposed transversely extending edges. Hinge element 62 is operatively connected to cover 14 and hinge element 61 is operatively connected to T element 46. The length of link 18 is that length which is substantially equal to the distance between the transverse edge of cover 14 and the surface of T element 46 when handle structure 16 is disposed perpendicularly to the plane of bottom wall 22 of tray 12.
All of the elements of apparatus 10 may be made from materials which are conventionally available and using techniques which are well known in the art. Thus standard handle poles may be used for pole 42, plastic or metal materials are perfectly suitable and even wood is acceptable. Further, the apparatus may be constructed using manufacturing techniques which are well known in the art.
Considering therefore the manner of use of apparatus 10, it is contemplated that the user carry apparatus 10 by handle 16 as he walks the animal to be guarded. Ordinarily, if the animal is trained well, apparatus 10 need be carried only during those times when it can be expected that its use will be necessary.
When it is determined that the animal is about to evacuate, apparatus 10 is placed on the ground and handle 16 is rotated from the position shown in FIG. 1 to the position shown in FIG. 2 so as to uncover waste compartment 20. Thereafter, the apparatus is positioned in the drop zone so that waste materials are caught in waste compartment 20 prior to hitting the ground. Upon completion of the event, handle 16 is rotated from the position shown in FIG. 2 to the position shown in FIG. 1 thereby to cover the now full or at least partially full waste compartment 20.
Upon returning home, the waste materials may then be disposed of in an acceptable manner and thus, the grounds, lawns, sidewalks and the curb have been spared despoilation.
It should be noted that waste compartment 20 may be lined with a disposable liner such as liner 70 shown in FIG. 4. In this regard, the liners may be made from readily disposable materials, inserted in waste compartment 20 prior to use and, subsequent to use, disposed with the waste material in the conventional manner. Still further, liner 70 may be provided with a snap-type top (not shown) to totally encase the waste material as may be desirable for certain modes of disposal.
It should also be noted that appropriate deodorant material may be placed in compartment 22 to overcome offensive odors which may be emitted from the waste materials.
Apparatus 10 is a preferred embodiment of apparatus according to the invention. It will be recognized, however, that various modifications may be made to the disclosed preferred embodiment without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. | Apparatus for collecting the waste material of animals and in particular dogs is disclosed to include a tray having a collection compartment and a deodorant compartment, cover means displaceable between tray covering and tray uncovering positions, a handle for providing portability to the apparatus and means connecting the handle to the tray cover for displacing the tray cover between covered and uncovered positions in response to movement of the handle. | 2,300 |
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/408,211, filed Sep. 4, 2002, and is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 29/166,339, filed Aug. 26, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. D.478,323.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to the field of surgical consoles and, more particularly, to footswitches used to control microsurgical consoles.
During modern surgery, particularly ophthalmic surgery, the surgeon uses a variety of pneumatic and electronically driven microsurgical handpieces. The handpieces are operated by a microprocessor-driven surgical console that receives inputs from the surgeon or an assistant by a variety of peripheral devices including footswitches. Prior art footswitches are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,857 (Scheller, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,417 (Massie), U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,901 (Lehmer), U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,656 (Gahn), U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,624 (Zanger), U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,894 (Sepielli), U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,347 (Reimels), U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,777 (Telymonde, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,787,760 (Thorlakson), U.S. Pat. No. 5,983,749 (Holtorf) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,179,829 B1 (Bisch, et al.) and International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 98/08442 (Bisch, et al.), WO 00/12037 (Chen) and WO 02/01310 (Chen), the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference. These patents, however, focus primarily on functional attributes of footswitches, not the ergonomics of footswitches.
Accordingly, a need continues to exist for an ergonomically improved footswitch.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention improves upon the prior art surgical footswitches by providing a footswitch having an adjustable treadle and switch placements, thereby helping to make the footswitch ergonomically more correct for a variety of users.
Accordingly, one objective of the present invention is to provide a surgical footswitch that can be adjusted to accommodate different sized feet.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide an ergonomically adjustable surgical footswitch.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide a surgical footswitch having adjustable switches.
These and other advantages and objectives of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description and claims that follow.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the surgical footswitch of the present invention.
FIGS. 2A-2C are enlarged plan views of the footswitch of the present invention illustrating the adjustability of the side switches.
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the surgical footswitch illustrating the assembly of the side switches.
FIGS. 4A-4B are bottom plan views of the side switches that may be used with the footswitch of the present invention illustrating the operation of the rotational locking mechanism.
FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the footswitch of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is an exploded assembly drawing of the heel cup slide adjustment mechanism that may be used with the footswitch of the present invention.
FIGS. 7A-7B are top plan views of the heel cup that may be used with the footswitch of the present invention illustrating the operation of the slidable heel cup adjustment mechanism.
FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the footswitch of the present invention similar to FIG. 6 , but illustrating the rotational operation of the treadle.
FIGS. 9A-9B are bottom plan views of the treadle switches that may be used with the footswitch of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a side partial cross-sectional view of the footswitch of the present invention illustrating the location of the treadle pivot point with respect to the ankle of the user.
FIGS. 11A-11B are side plan view of the footswitch of the present invention illustrating the operation of the treadle rotation lock.
FIG. 12 is a top plan view of the footswitch of the present invention similar to FIGS. 6 and 8 , but illustrating the rotational operation of the heel cup.
FIG. 13 is an exploded assembly drawing of the heel cup rotation mechanism.
FIG. 14 is a bottom plan view of the footswitch of the present invention.
FIGS. 15A-15C are cross-sectional view of the footswitch of the present invention illustrating the operation of the anti-gravity spring plunger feet.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As best seen in FIG. 1 , footswitch 10 of the present invention generally includes base 12 , treadle 14 having heel cup 16 and side or wing switches 18 , all of which can be made from any suitable material, such as stainless steel, titanium or plastic. Base 12 may contain protective bumper 20 made from a relatively soft elastomeric material. As best seen in FIGS. 2A-2C , 3 and 4 A- 4 B, side switches 18 may be adjusted inwardly ( FIG. 2B ) or outwardly ( FIG. 2C ) to increase or decrease the distance between switches 18 and accommodate for variations in the width of user foot 100 . Such adjustment is accomplished by pushing on locking buttons 22 , causing locking pin 24 on base 12 to be released from within detents 26 in switches 18 and rotating about pins 28 in holes 30 located on base 12 . When buttons 22 are released, springs 32 push detents 26 against locking pin 24 , thereby holding switches 18 in a locked position. The relative position of switches 18 may be determined visually by the use of switch position indicators 34 , as best seen in FIGS. 2B and 2C .
As best seen in FIGS. 5 , 6 and 7 A- 7 B, the length of treadle 14 may be adjusted by sliding movement of heel cup 16 . As best seen in FIG. 6 , treadle 14 is mounted to treadle base 36 by thrust bearing 38 , thereby allowing treadle 14 to pivot about axis 40 . Heel cup slide 42 is received on treadle 14 and contains locking lever 44 , which is held onto heel cup slide 42 by retainers 46 . Locking pins 48 are held within locking lever 44 by shafts 50 . Locking pins 48 are biased into locking pin holes 52 in treadle 14 by springs 54 pushing against locking pin retainer 56 . In this manner, pushing on locking lever 44 pulls locking pins 48 out of locking pin holes 52 and allows heel cup slide 42 to slide lengthwise along slots 58 in treadle 14 as illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7B . The relative position of heel cup 16 relative to treadle 14 may be visually indicated by indicators 60 . In addition, treadle 14 may contain raised reference point 62 , indicating the center oftreadle 14 .
The width and length adjustments described above preferably allow footswitch 10 to be adjusted to accommodate the 5 th percentile female to the 95 th percentile male foot width and length, with or without shoes. As best seen in FIG. 10 , ankle rotation axis 65 of foot 100 is located behind pivot axis 68 of treadle 14 for all three treadle lengths.
As best seen in FIGS. 8 and 9 A- 9 B, treadle 14 may rotate or counter-rotate about thrust bearing 38 to operate left and right switches 64 , which are mounted on treadle base 36 . Return springs 66 provide for automatic centering of treadle 14 following rotation. As best seen in FIGS. 11A and 11B , treadle base 36 contains alignment pin 70 hat fits within hole 72 in base 12 when treadle 14 is in the resting, non-pivoted position. Such a construction prevent rotation of treadle 14 to activation switches 64 when treadle is in the resting, non-pivoted position (FIG. 11 A), but allows rotation of treadle 14 when treadle 14 is depressed or pivoted (FIG. 11 B).
As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 , heel cup 16 is mounted to heel cup slide 42 using thrust bearing 74 , alignment cap 76 and screws 82 . Such a construction allow for the rotation of heel cup 16 independently of any rotation of treadle 14 (as show in FIGS. 8 and 9 A- 9 B) and allows for the operation of side switches 18 when treadle is in the resting and rotationally locked position (FIG. 11 A). Return lever, 78 , mounted to heel cup 16 acts against return springs 80 to provide for automatic centering of heel cup 16 in the resting position.
As shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 A- 15 C, bottom 85 of base 12 preferably is covered by relatively high friction polymer (e.g., VERSAFLEX TPE) material 84 and contains a plurality of retractable, anti-gravity spring-loaded plunger feet 86 made from a low friction polymer material (e.g., DELRIN® acetal resin). As shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B , when there is no weight on footswitch 10 , spring loaded plunger 86 project a short distance D (e.g., 0.04 inches) outwardly from bottom 84 , thereby contacting the floor and allowing easy sliding of footswitch 10 on relatively low friction plunger tips 88 . As shown in FIG. 15C , when weight is placed on footswitch 10 , plungers 86 retract, and high friction bottom 84 contacts the floor, thereby making it more difficult to slide footswitch 10 during use.
This description is given for purposes of illustration and explanation. It will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that modifications may be made to the invention as herein described without departing from its scope or spirit. | A footswitch having an adjustable treadle and switch placements, thereby helping to make the footswitch ergonomically more correct for a variety of users. | 1,575 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/779,149 filed Feb. 27, 2013, now pending, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/200,628 filed Aug. 9, 2005, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,398,694; which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/977,971 filed Oct. 17, 2001, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,058; which claims the benefit under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. application Ser. No. 60/241,005 filed Oct. 18, 2000, now expired. The disclosure of each of the prior applications is considered part of and is incorporated by reference in the disclosure of this application.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] In recent years, a number of medical devices have been designed which are adapted for compression into a small size to facilitate introduction into the heart or a vascular passageway and which are subsequently expandable. These devices, among others, include septal occluders, stents and free standing filters which expand and are held in position by engagement with the wall of an organ or vessel. It has been found to be advantageous to form such devices of a shape memory material having a first, relatively pliable low temperature condition and a second, relatively rigid high-temperature condition. By forming such devices of temperature responsive material, the device in a flexible and reduced stress state may be compressed to fit within the bore of a delivery catheter when exposed to a temperature below a predetermined transition temperature, but at temperatures at or above the transition temperature, the device expands and becomes relatively rigid.
[0003] Originally, these implantable medical devices were intended to permanently remain in place, but recently it has become advantageous to retrieve the previously implanted device.
[0004] The development of removable implantable medical devices such as septal occluders, stents and filters which expand and are held in position by engagement with the wall of an organ or vessel has led to the development of intra vascular snares to retrieve these foreign bodies, usually from the peripheral vessels of the cardiovascular system. Single loop snares, such as those shown by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,828,790 to Curtiss et al. and 5,171,233 to Amplatz et al. are commonly used snares. The Amplatz snare consists of a super-elastic nitinol cable with a single-formed loop. Because of the snare's super elastic construction, the loop can be introduced through small lumen catheters without risk of deformation. The loop is formed at approximately 90° to a cable, and this allows for the user to advance the loop over a foreign body and ensnare it by closing the loop with a small catheter. The foreign body is removed from the vasculature by withdrawing the device into a guiding catheter or vascular sheath.
[0005] In an attempt to provide a snare with improved cross sectional vessel coverage, multiloop snares such as those shown by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,098,440 to Hillstead and 6,099,534 to Bates have been developed. These snares include loops which are joined only at their proximal ends to a shaft, and otherwise are not joined at any point between the shaft and the distal ends of the loops. This provides the advantage over single loop snares of enhanced cross sectional vessel coverage, and the free distal ends of the loops can be brought together to engage multiple surfaces of an intravascular medical device to be removed.
[0006] The problem with known snare recovery devices is that they are difficult to advance over a medical implant device and require skilled manipulation to retrieve an implanted device. Once the medical implant device is engaged by a recovery snare, there is no assurance that the device will not slip out of the snare during the recovery process.
[0007] It is particularly difficult to remove medical implants from the heart, such as septal occluders, with known snare recovery devices. Such snare recovery devices normally require appropriate sizing to the vasculature in order to facilitate successful ensnarement, and the geometry of multi loop snares is difficult to maintain during delivery. The relative position of the loops can change, both within a catheter or delivery tube and within a vessel, and the loops can actually become displaced or entangled during delivery.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] A primary object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism adapted to engage and positively lock on to an implanted medical device.
[0009] Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism which automatically aligns to form an interlock attachment with an implanted medical device.
[0010] A farther object to the present invention is to provide a novel and improved over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism well adapted for use with over-the-wire implanted medical devices.
[0011] Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism which includes a cylindrical locking section for engagement with a cylindrical lock receiving section connected to the medical implant.
[0012] A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism which includes no overlapping components and which maintains a low profile configuration during passage through a vessel and/or catheter.
[0013] These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by providing a cylindrical lock receiving section of a small diameter attached to an implantable medical device such as a blood clot filter, a stent, or a septal occluder. This cylindrical lock receiving section has a plurality of spaced, curved cutouts to receive both the guide fingers and contoured locking fingers formed on a cylindrical locking section. The locking fingers are angled outwardly from the cylindrical body of the cylindrical locking section, and are moved inwardly into engagement with the curved cutouts of the cylindrical lock receiving section by a sheath which slides over the cylindrical locking section, or by another suitable operator which can be activated to move the fingers inwardly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism of the present invention with the control sheath shown in section;
[0015] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an over-the-wire free standing filter with the cylindrical lock receiving section for the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism of FIG. 1 ;
[0016] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the partially engaged locking and lock receiving sections for the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism of FIG. 1 ;
[0017] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the engaged locking and lock receiving sections for the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism of FIG. 1 ;
[0018] FIG. 5 is a second embodiment of a locking section for the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism of the present invention; and
[0019] FIG. 6 is a third embodiment of a locking section for the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0020] Referring to FIG. 1 , the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism of the present invention indicated generally at 10 is adapted for movement along a conventional guidewire 12 such as a 0.014″ guidewire. The over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism includes a male locking section 14 , a female lock receiving section 16 , and a tubular sheath 18 dimensioned to slide over the male and female sections. Preferably, the female section 16 is secured to an implantable medical device 20 such as a septal occluder, a filter or stent to be released in the heart or a blood vessel or other vessel of the human body or to be retrieved or repositioned within the heart or vessel.
[0021] The male locking section 14 includes a tubular body 22 which defines an open ended central chamber 24 through which the guidewire 12 passes. Projecting outwardly from the forward end of the tubular body 22 are one or more elongate guide fingers 26 . These guide fingers are straight, elongate pins with arcutely shaped ends 28 , and two such guide fingers are shown in FIG. 1 although more than two can be provided. The outer surface of each guide finger is preferably coextensive with the outer surface of the tubular body 22 .
[0022] Also projecting outwardly from the forward end of the tubular body 22 are one or more flexible, elongate locking arms 30 which are substantially equal in width to the width of the guide fingers 26 . Underlying each of the locking arms is a slot 32 formed in the tubular body to receive the locking arm. When unconfined, each locking arm is formed to angle outwardly beyond the outer surface of the tubular body 22 .
[0023] A shaped locking member 34 is formed at the end of each locking arm. Preferably, this locking member, which extends laterally from at least one side of the locking arm, is circular in shape, but other shapes which extend laterally from the locking arm including but not limited to an ellipse, a “T”, a rectangle, a square, a hook, a triangle or an “L” can be used. A circular locking member facilitates engagement with the lock receiving section 16 . The guide fingers and locking arms are equally spaced around the tubular body 22 . They are preferably equal in number, and although two of each are shown, more can be used.
[0024] The female lock receiving section 16 includes a tubular body 36 which defines an open ended central chamber 38 for receiving the guidewire 12 . The tubular body 36 is substantially equal in diameter to the tubular body 22 so that the two are coextensive when the male locking section is engaged with the female lock receiving section.
[0025] The female lock receiving section includes a plurality of shaped locking cutouts 40 which are shaped to conform to and receive the shaped locking members 34 . The number of shaped locking cutouts 40 is equal to the number of guide fingers 26 and locking arms 30 . Extending into each of the shaped locking cutouts 40 is a straight, open ended, cutout entry section 42 which is formed to receive either a guide finger 26 or a locking arm 30 .
[0026] The shaped locking cutouts 40 and open ended entry cutout sections 42 are equally spaced around the tubular body 36 to conform to the spacing of the guide fingers 26 and locking arms 30 . Outwardly projecting spacer sections 44 extend outwardly between adjacent shaped cutouts and open ended entry cutout sections and each terminate in inclined outer end surfaces 46 and 48 which form an apex 50 . Each inclined outer surface angles downwardly toward an open ended entry cutout section 42 and the inclined outer end surface 46 of a spacer section 44 forms with the inclined outer end surface 48 of an adjacent spacer section an enlarged outwardly tapered opening 52 for each open ended cutout section.
[0027] The female lock receiving section 16 is secured to one end of a medical implant 20 , which can be an over the wire device such as a septal occluder. For purpose of illustration, the female lock receiving section is shown with the over-the-wire free standing filter 54 . The free standing filter 54 has a filter body with an elongate guidewire receiving member 56 extending centrally therethrough to define an open ended channel configured to receive a plurality of different sized guidewires. An expandable and contractible frame 58 surrounds the elongate guidewire receiving member and is connected at a proximal end to the elongate guidewire receiving member. A porous embolic capturing unit 60 has an open end 62 connected to the frame and a closed end 64 connected to the elongate guidewire receiving member which extends through the porous embolic capturing unit.
[0028] FIGS. 1 , 3 and 4 disclose the manner in which the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism 10 is operable to positively engage and remove a medical implant 20 from a body organ or vessel. The male locking section 14 is enclosed within the sheath 18 so that the locking arms 30 are forced into the slots 32 and do not project outwardly beyond the periphery of the male locking section. In this configuration, the male locking section is passed along the wire 12 until it is positioned in close proximity to the female lock receiving section 16 . At this point, the sheath 18 is drawn back to permit the locking arms 30 to angle outwardly from the male locking section 14 . The male locking section is then moved toward the female lock receiving section 16 until the guide fingers 26 engage the outer end surface 46 or 48 of a spacer section 44 . As the male locking section continues to move toward the female lock receiving section, each guide finger will be guided by an inclined outer end surface 46 or 48 into an open ended cutout entry section 42 which then guides the guide finger into the associated shaped cutout 40 . The over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism is now in the configuration illustrated in FIG. 3 . It will be noted that when the guide fingers move into the open ended cutout entry sections 42 , they position the locking arms 30 and the locking members 34 above and in alignment with open ended cutout sections 42 and their associated shaped cutouts 40 . Now, shown in FIG. 4 , the tubular sheath 18 is moved forwardly over the tubular bodies 22 and 36 to force the locking members 34 into the shaped cutouts 40 and positively engage the male locking section 14 with the female lock receiving section 16 .
[0029] Once a positive engagement has been established between the male locking section and female lock receiving section, the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism can be drawn back over the wire 12 to remove the medical implant 20 . Because of the positive locking engagement, forces present on the medical implant as it is withdrawn will not result in detachment from the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism. This is very important for medical implants such as the removable filter 54 where hooks 58 must be withdrawn from the wall of the vessel.
[0030] It is often difficult to accurately position a medical implant within a vessel without disconnecting or misaligning the implant relative to the positioning device. This problem is rectified by the over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism 10 . The medical implant 20 with an attached female lock receiving section 16 is positively locked to the male locking section 14 in the manner shown by FIG. 4 before it is moved over the wire 12 into position within a body vessel. The positive locking action between the male locking section and female lock receiving section facilitates accurate positioning of the medical implant within a vessel without misorientation or the likelihood of a disconnect. Once the implant device is positioned, the sheath 18 can be moved back as shown in FIG. 3 allowing the locking arms 30 to spring outwardly to disengage the locking members 34 from the shaped cutouts 40 . Now the male locking section 14 can be drawn back over the wire 12 away from the female lock receiving section 16 .
[0031] The sheath 18 may be replaced by other operating mechanisms capable of moving the locking arms 30 into the slots 32 . For example, elongate tethers attached to the ends of the locking arms which extend back through the central chamber 24 might perform this function.
[0032] The male locking section 14 can be modified as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 to provide a flexible end section 68 adjacent to the elongate guide fingers 26 and elongate locking arms 30 . By providing a flexible section 68 in the body 22 proximal to the guide fingers and locking arms, it becomes easier to align the guide fingers, locking arms and locking members 34 with the cutouts in the female lock receiving section 16 . The flexible section 68 can be formed in a variety of ways. For example, a spring section can be welded or bonded to the body 22 between the main portion of the body and the guide fingers and locking arms to form the flexible section 68 . Ideally, as shown in FIG. 5 , the body 22 is formed with a unitary spring section 68 by cutting the body in a spiral to create a helical spring 70 . This can be done with a laser which can also be used to shape the guide fingers, locking arms and locking members in the tubular body 22 .
[0033] Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 6 , a flexible, tubular polymer section 72 can be formed between the main portion of the body 22 and the guide fingers and locking arms to provide the flexible section 68 . | The over-the-wire interlock attachment/detachment mechanism includes a cylindrical lock receiving section of a small diameter attached to an implantable medical device such as a blood clot filter, a stent, or a septal occluder. This cylindrical lock receiving section has a plurality of spaced, curved cutouts to receive both the guide fingers and contoured locking fingers formed on a cylindrical locking section. The locking fingers are angled outwardly from the cylindrical body of the cylindrical locking section, and are moved inwardly into engagement with the curved cutouts of the cylindrical lock receiving section by a sheath which slides over the cylindrical locking section or other suitable operator. | 2,916 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to instrumentation used in the areas of inhalation therapy, respiratory therapy or respiratory diagnostic procedures in the field of medicine. More particularly, the invention concerns a patient mouthpiece device incorporating a protective covering, or enclosure, for encapsulating the patient mouthpiece section both before and after use to prevent spread of contamination.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Inhalation therapy and respiratory diagnostic procedures as they relate to patient care have been well documented and have been accepted standard practices in hospitals, extended care facilities, and even private homes for many years. Daily, numerous patient procedures are routinely practiced in such facilities which require that the patient breathe from, through or into some special respiratory system or equipment. In most instances, the interface between patient and instrumentation involves a patient mouthpiece and a length of flexible corrugated tubing. Characteristically, as the patient breathes back and forth through the mouthpiece and tubing, varying amounts of saliva become entrapped in the mouthpiece and corrugated tubing. Upon removal of the mouthpiece from the patient, the saliva immediately becomes a source of cross-contamination for anything or anyone that might come in contact with it. Often substantial amounts of saliva are present in the mouthpiece and its associated tubing and will leak out unless the technologist takes extra precaution and wraps the mouthpiece in some type of absorbent material.
This situation creates not only an unsanitary condition for the technologist, but also creates extremely hazardous possibilities of contamination spread. Where the procedure involves radioactive materials, the hazardous spread of radiation contamination is also quite possible.
Another source of cross-contamination in respiratory areas results from the procedure for attaching the new mouthpiece to the associated instrumentation. Typically, the mouthpiece is removed from its container by the technologist and one end thereof is inserted into either a length of breathing tubing or into a bacterial filter. Commercially produced prior art patient mouthpieces are generally no more than two and one-half inches in length, and approximately one-third of this length must be pushed into the cooperating tubing or filter. In so doing, it is almost impossible for the technologist to properly attach the mouthpiece without handling and severely risking contaminating the mouthinsertion end of the device.
As will be appreciated from the discussion which follows, the present invention for the first time addresses and uniquely solves the problems set forth in the preceding paragraphs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a patient mouthpiece apparatus which incorporates a cover or shield, that, when fitted over and around the patient mouthpiece will entrap any saliva contained therein and will effectively prevent external leakage of possibly highly contaminated saliva.
Another object of the invention is to provide a device of the aforementioned character which will also serve as a cover to protect the mouthpiece from handling and possible contamination by the technologist prior to patient use and during interconnection with the mouthpiece with the associated supply tubing or equipment.
A further object of the invention is to provide a patient mouthpiece apparatus which incorporates a fitted removable protective shield that will fully encapsulate that area of the mouthpiece which has been in contact with the patient's mouth to prevent technologist contact with the contaminated area.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a patient mouthpiece apparatus which incorporates a fitted removable protective shield of the character described that can be quickly and easily attached to the patient mouthpiece without the operator having to touch any contaminated area.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a patient mouthpiece apparatus incorporating a fitted removable protective shield as herein described which is simple in design, easy to use and inexpensive to manufacture in large volume.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an exploded, generally perspective view of the patient mouthpiece apparatus of one form of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded, side elevational view of the apparatus partly broken away to show internal construction.
FIG. 3 is a side elevational, cross-sectional view of the apparatus showing the protective cover in position over the mouthpiece portion of the device.
FIG. 4 is a top, cross-sectional view taken along lines 4--4 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 5--5 of FIG. 3.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings and particularly to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the patient mouthpiece apparatus of the form of the invention there illustrated is generally designated by the numeral 12. This embodiment apparatus of the invention is adapted for use in connection with respiratory equipment for supplying fluids such as liquids and gases to a patient through a conduit which interconnects the remotely located respiratory equipment with the mouthpiece portion of the apparatus.
As best seen by referring to FIG. 1, the apparatus comprises a first, or mouthpiece portion, 14 and a second, or mouthpiece encapsulation, portion 16. The mouthpiece portion includes a generally tubular shaped body 18 having an elliptical shaped fluid passageway 20 therethrough. Body 18 has first and second ends generally designated as 22 and 24. Second end 24 is adapted to be interconnected with the remotely located respiratory equipment and connector means are provided for that purpose. In the present embodiment of the invention, the connector means comprises a pair of longitudinally spaced, radially outwardly extending ribs 28 which circumscribe body 18. When the conduit which interconnects the mouthpiece with the remotely located respiratory equipment comprises a yieldably deformable plastic tube the open end of the plastic tube is closely receivable over and held in place by ribs 28. The conduit may also comprise a filter unit in which case the inlet of the filter unit is receivable over and held in place by ribs 28. Disposed within the central portion of body 18 is an internal saliva entrapment cavity generally designated by the numeral 30.
Referring particularly to FIGS. 1 and 3, it is to be noted that a first generally planar wall 32 circumscribes body 18 at a location intermediate the first and second ends thereof. Planar wall 32 is generally elliptical in shape and, as will presently be described, is closely receivable within the open end of the skirt portion of the encapsulating means of this form of the invention.
A second, generally elliptically shaped curved wall 34 is located proximate the first end of body 18. Wall 34 is specially configured to be comfortably received within the patient's mouth.
The novel shape of wall 34 uniquely permits the mouthpiece portion 14 to be held comfortably and securely in place within the patient's mouth during the introduction of fluids from the remotely located respiratory equipment. While various other configurations of wall 34 can be used, the generally elliptical shape shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings has proven to be quite successful in clinical tests.
The second, or mouthpiece encapsulation, portion, of the apparatus comprises a hollow skirt portion 38 which is closely receivable over walls 32 and 34 of mouthpiece portion 14. As best seen by referring to FIG. 3, skirt portion 38 has a first end 38a which is sealably closed by an integrally formed end closure wall 40. The open end 38b of the skirt 38 is configured so as to closely and sealably receive wall 32 of the mouthpiece portion in the manner shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. In FIG. 5, the cross-section of the skirt portion is elliptical shaped. In this regard, it is to be noted that skirt portion 38 tapers slightly outwardly from wall 40 so that as the mouthpiece portion 14 is inserted into the encapsulation portion, wall 32 will tightly engage the internal wall of skirt 38 at a location slightly inboard of the open end 38b. With this construction, the mouthpiece portion 14 will be secureably sealed within, and encapsulated by, the encapsulation portion 16.
Another important feature of the apparatus of the invention comprises the sealing means of the device for sealably closing the fluid passageway 20 of body 18. In the present embodiment of the invention the sealing means comprises an inwardly tapering closure member 42 which has a cross-section that is elliptical shape end is integrally formed with, and extends inwardly of, wall 40 in the manner shown in FIGS. 3, 4, and 5. Closure member 42 is closely receivable within passageway 20 of body 18 and, due to its inwardly tapering configuration, will sealably engage the inner wall 20a of passageway 20 so as to positively seal off the saliva entrapment chamber 30 and effectively prevent any leakage of saliva from the device.
The apparatus of the invention can be constructed of a variety of materials. However, in practice both the first and second portions of the device are integrally formed of a moldable plastic material such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
In using the apparatus of the present invention to safely seal off a possibly contaminated mouthpiece relative to atmosphere, encapsulating portion 16 is placed over mouthpiece portion 14 while portion 14 is still connected to the respiratory equipment. Because the patient has breathed inwardly and outwardly through the mouthpiece, varying amounts of saliva have become entrapped in the cavity portion 30 and within the passageway 20 of the mouthpiece portion. As the encapsulating portion is placed over and urged into engagement with the mouthpiece portion, the sealing means or closure member 42 will be closely received within passageway 20 so as to sealably close the passageway and isolate the saliva entrapment chamber from atmosphere. At the same time that the closure member 42 is being forced into sealing engagement with the inner wall of passageway 20, closure wall 32 of the mouthpiece is being moved into sealable engagement with the inner wall of the skirt portion 38. The fit of the closure member 42 to passageway 20 and of wall 32 to skirt 38 is such that frictional forces will securely hold together the first and second portion of the apparatus. In this matted position, the interior of the mouthpiece containing the patient's saliva is effectively sealed relative to atmosphere. Further, since the encapsulating means of the apparatus completely encapsulates that portion of the mouthpiece section which has been in the patient's mouth, spread of contamination from the surfaces which have been in contact with the patient's mouth is also effectively prevented.
Another important aspect of the apparatus of the present invention resides in its pretreatment during interconnection of the mouthpiece portion with the auxiliary respiratory equipment, such as a piece of breathing tube, bacterial filter or the like. So long as the protective shield or encapsulating portion is in position around the mouthpiece section, the apparatus can be safely handled by the technologist without fear of contaminating the mouthpiece. More particularly, end 24 of the mouthpiece can be interconnected with the conduit or bacterial filter, which forms a part of the remotely located respiratory equipment, without fear of contamination of those surfaces of the mouthpiece which are to be received within the patient's mouth. This unique feature of the apparatus effectively prevents the spread of contamination from the technologist to the patient.
Having now described the invention in detail in accordance with the requirements of the patent statutes, those skilled in this art will have no difficulty in making changes and modifications in the individual parts or their relative assembly in order to meet specific requirements or conditions. Such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, as set forth in the following claims. | A patient mouthpiece apparatus which incorporates a removable covering, or protective shield, for maintaining cleanliness of the mouthpiece prior to patient use, and for containment of saliva or other body fluids which might be on or in the mouthpiece or associated breathing tube after patient use, thereby preventing possible contamination spread. | 1,991 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application No. 61/319,104 filed on Mar. 30, 2010, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Patient monitoring systems for sensing, monitoring and displaying the blood oxygen saturation level (rSO 2 ) of a region of a patient are known, including the commercially-available INVOS® system from Somanetics Corporation in Troy, Mich., now owned by Covidien, headquartered in Mansfield, Mass. Such systems commonly include a sensor configured to be temporarily affixed to a patient and in communication with a processor, which is configured to receive signals from the sensor and calculate an rSO 2 value. The systems commonly calculate an rSO 2 of a monitored region of the patient on a periodic basis, for example, every five seconds. Conventionally, the most current “real time” rSO 2 value and a historical graph of some number of prior real time rSO 2 values may be displayed on a computer monitor so that a caregiver could read and assess the rSO 2 data.
[0003] It has been observed by the inventors, though, that displaying the real time rSO 2 value and historical rSO 2 values alone may not be optimal for a caregiver to properly assess the impact of blood oxygen saturation on the patient, particularly (though not exclusively) in neonates. Some patients, especially neonates, exhibit large variations in tissue oxygen (O 2 ) delivery, which can be dependent on gestational age, day of life, and on the tissue or organ monitored. As a result, a progressive change in the rSO 2 value, which may be indicative of an impending biological catastrophe, may be obscured by the high variability of the real-time rSO 2 values.
[0004] Accordingly, the inventors hereof have identified a need for an improved patient monitoring and display system for rSO 2 levels that calculates and displays additional data to improve the information available to a caregiver assessing the blood oxygen saturation condition of a patient.
SUMMARY
[0005] An improved patient monitoring system for monitoring rSO 2 of a patient is disclosed. The improved system displays historical and current real time rSO 2 values for the patient. Additionally, the system calculates and displays statistical trending data, such as a trailing statistical average, of the real time rSO 2 . The combined display of real time rSO 2 values and statistical trend data of the rSO 2 values better enables a caregiver to assess a patient's blood oxygen saturation condition, including predicting impending biological catastrophes, particularly in patients (such as neonates) who have high variability in O 2 delivery.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0006] FIG. 1 is an illustrative example of a system according to an embodiment, as used in one exemplary environment to perform spectrophotometric cerebral oximetry.
[0007] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary screenshot of the display of the patient monitoring system configured to display real time blood oxygen saturation information and a statistical trend value, both on a plotted line graph over time.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0008] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary environment for implementation of a system 10 for monitoring rSO 2 of a patient. The system 10 has a spectrophotometric apparatus 18 connected to a sensor 16 through an electrical cable 24 . The electrical cable 24 may include a signal amplifier 26 . The spectrophotometric apparatus 18 is a computer or other processor-based computing device 20 and a monitor or other visual display device 22 . The computing device 20 includes customary memory devices that store data and algorithm instructions and a processor that executes algorithm instructions. The sensor 16 takes spectrophotometric readings of the monitored region and generates corresponding representative electrical signals, which are conveyed to the computing device 20 . The computing device 20 processes the signals and causes data to be displayed on the monitor 22 .
[0009] Periodically, the computing device 20 calculates an rSO 2 value from the electrical signals. The calculated real time rSO 2 value is numerically displayed on the monitor 22 . Additionally, a certain number of historical real time rSO 2 values are graphically plotted to generate a line graph of the historical real time rSO 2 values over time. From these two displays, a caregiver can observe the current rSO 2 level of the patient, as well as the historical rSO 2 levels.
[0010] Further, computing device 20 calculates a trend statistic of the real time rSO 2 values. One such trend statistic is a trailing average of the real time rSO 2 values. A person of ordinary skill in the art understands how to calculate a trailing average value from a group of rSO 2 values. In general, an average of all of the non-zero rSO 2 values calculated for a particular period of time, e.g., the last 60 minutes, is calculated each time a new real time rSO 2 value is calculated. Each calculated average value is plotted to generate a line graph of average rSO 2 values over time, which is displayed on the monitor 22 concurrently with the numerical representation of the current real time rSO 2 value and the line graph of the historical real time rSO 2 values. Other known trend statistics may be used instead of a trailing average value, such as a trailing median value, and they may be displayed in various ways other than a line graph. The object is to calculate and display a trend statistic that provides a caregiver with information from which the trend of the real time rSO 2 values can be assessed.
[0011] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary display on a monitor 22 showing the real time rSO 2 values and the statistical trend data for two different channels. References 100 a and 100 b are directed to the numerical representation of the current real time rSO 2 value for the first and second channels, respectively; lines 104 a and 104 b are the graphical representations of the historical real time rSO 2 values, plotted over time, for the first and second channels, respectively; line 102 a and 102 b are the graphical representations of statistical trend data, e.g., the trailing average values, plotted over time for the first and second channels, respectively. Other configurations and arrangements of the illustrated regions on the monitor 22 are contemplated and within the scope of invention.
[0012] The exemplary embodiment described herein has several advantages over known blood oxygen saturation monitoring systems. For example, a trend statistic, such as a trailing average or median, can alert a caregiver to slowly progressive changes that presage impending events, including catastrophic biologic changes. This is counterintuitive since it would seem more appropriate to watch the real time measurements than to look at a trend statistic. However, where the perfusion distribution of the patient, such as a neonate, is highly variable, progressive average change of the data can be obscured by the erratic nature of the real time values. Displaying a trend statistic assists the caregiver in identifying such progressive average changes. On the other hand, it remains useful to display the real time values as well. The real time values allow the caregiver to determine if the trend statistic represents mostly signal dropout coupled with consistently low readings or if it is just the normal wide variation giving the same low average blood oxygen saturation values.
[0013] The combined use of real time rSO 2 values and trend statistics is beneficial as illustrated by the following examples. An rSO 2 profile of mostly rSO 2 of 15-20 mmHg with intermittent periods of 35-45 mmHg can evidence a different clinical condition from prolonged periods of mostly 20-25 mmHg with no periods higher. But both could present the same trend statistic (e.g., a trailing average) while the real time data would highlight the difference. Conversely, presenting the data as a rolling average in combination with the real time data is critical so that if there is a sudden catastrophic change it will not be obliterated by the average graph. This is exemplified in a situation where PaCO 2 suddenly drops due to over ventilation causing a dramatic drop in the cerebral blood flow 1 . 1 PaCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, measured by analyzing an arterial blood sample on a blood gas machine. Normal range is 35-45 mmHg and increases in PaCO 2 selectively raise cerebral blood flow by about 2-3% per mmHg and vice versa.
[0014] An exemplary application of the above-described embodiment is directed to detecting necrotizing entercolitis (“NEC”) in neonates. NEC in neonates may be predicted by caregivers based on the degree of variability of rSO 2 in the gut of a neonate.
[0015] In addition to display of averaged values, an exemplary approach is described where a measure of variance is ascribed to the averaged data epoch. This measure of variance could be the actual statistical variance, the standard deviation, the confidence interval, standard error or some other measure of variability of the data, hereinafter “index of variability.” Variability over short (0-60 seconds) and medium (1-30 minutes) time frames is inherent to physiological systems and can indicate the robustness of those systems. The index of variability can be used to track both short- and medium-term variability depending on the length of the averaging epochs and the method used to calculate the index. Because different areas of the body exhibit differing blood flow rates, the time frames, epoch lengths, and methods used to calculate the variability index can be adjusted based on expected flow in various organs or body areas. This adjustment can be user selectable or can be automatically invoked based on the label assigned to a specific channel indicating its sensor location or typical flow rates.
[0016] Variability in certain physiological systems can change based on factors other than the patient's well-being. For example, variations of the hemodynamics of the splanchnic circulation can change significantly during pre- and post-prandial conditions. Likewise, variations in cerebral blood flow can increase significantly if cerebral perfusion pressure falls to a level close to or below the lower limit of autoregulation. Premature infants exhibit very high levels of variability in some organ beds such as the splanchnic bed during the first weeks of life. Therefore, the patient monitor disclosed herein can change the method of calculation, the length of data epochs, or the thresholds used for alerting caregivers based on demographics, gestational age, location of the measurement, feeding status or other measures or parameters to allow the system to adjust to varying conditions and demographics.
[0017] The index of variability can be displayed in several unique ways. For example, in one exemplary implementation, dotted lines above and below the trend line of the average value can indicate variance above and below the mean value. The areas above and below the mean may be filled in with a transparent color such that objects below are still visible. Further, a series of whiskers or error bars may be added to the averaged trend to indicate the magnitude of variability above and below the mean.
[0018] Changes in the index of variability can be tracked over time to indicate basic changes in the well-being of the patient. As variability decreases, in most cases the overall well-being of the patient is declining. Likewise, as variability increases, well-being is usually improving. Therefore, changes in variability beyond a fixed or user-adjustable threshold can be used to alert caregivers to changes that may reflect changes in patient condition. Additionally, real time values that remain significantly outside the limits of variability for a preset or adjustable time period may also trigger an alert or message to indicate a major change in the patient's condition. Indication of significant changes in the index of variability can be indicated on the trend through color changes, drawing the user's attention to the change as it occurs. Alternately, changes in variability can trigger a message on the screen or can be used to activate an audible alert to warn the user that a change is occurring.
[0019] While the index of variability can extract information on significant changes to the magnitude of variations, another implementation can process data in a way that extracts information on the frequency of variations. By observing data in the frequency domain, significant changes in the power and frequency of variability can be observed in real time. The patient monitor described herein is configured to convert epochs of data to the frequency domain using a method such as Fourier transformation where the power of variability is plotted against the frequency of that variation. Using this technique, significant changes in either power or dominant frequency of variations can be tracked and changes greater than a threshold can be used to trigger an alert as described previously.
[0020] With regard to the processes, systems, methods, heuristics, etc. described herein, it should be understood that, although the steps of such processes, etc. have been described as occurring according to a certain ordered sequence, such processes could be practiced with the described steps performed in an order other than the order described herein. It further should be understood that certain steps could be performed simultaneously, that other steps could be added, or that certain steps described herein could be omitted. In other words, the descriptions of processes herein are provided for the purpose of illustrating certain embodiments, and should in no way be construed so as to limit the claimed invention.
[0021] Accordingly, it is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments and applications other than the examples provided would be apparent upon reading the above description. The scope of the invention should be determined, not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is anticipated and intended that future developments will occur in the technologies discussed herein, and that the disclosed systems and methods will be incorporated into such future embodiments. In sum, it should be understood that the invention is capable of modification and variation.
[0022] All terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadest reasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood by those knowledgeable in the technologies described herein unless an explicit indication to the contrary in made herein. In particular, use of the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be read to recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recites an explicit limitation to the contrary. | A patient monitoring system has a processor and a spectrophotometric sensor. The sensor is configured to be affixed to a patient to communicate signals associated with real time spectrophotometric measurements to the processor. The system further includes memory for storing data and computer instructions. The processor is configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to calculate a trend statistic based on a group of the signals received from the sensor. The processor is further configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to cause real time information associated with the spectrophotometric measurements and information associated with the trend statistic to be displayed on a visual user interface. | 2,542 |
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority to the U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/554,661, filed on Nov. 2, 2011, by Haakansson et al., and entitled “EDIBLE DOG TOYS,” the entire disclosure of which, including any drawings, is incorporated by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is in the field of edible animal toys.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Disclosed herein is an edible animal toy comprising: a body, wherein the body consists of animal edible material; wherein the body comprises at least one hole opening into a hollow interior, wherein the hollow interior is configured to receive edible treats.
[0004] Also disclosed herein is an edible animal toy prepared by the process of: mixing two or more edible ingredients to prepare a dough; shaping the dough in a shape of a body having a hollow interior; and baking the shaped dough to obtain the edible animal toy.
[0005] Also disclosed herein is a method of preparing an edible animal toy, the method comprising: mixing two or more edible ingredients to prepare a dough; shaping the dough in a shape of a body having a hollow interior; and baking the shaped dough to obtain the edible animal toy.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0006] Disclosed herein are edible animal toys having a hollow interior and at least one opening to the hollow interior. The opening is configured to allow treats and edible objects to be placed into the hollow interior. An animal, such as a household pet, for example a cat or a dog, can methodically remove the edible objects from the hollow interior.
[0007] Animal toys having a hollow interior with an opening are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,389,748, 7,591,234, and D624,711, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, including the drawings, disclose animal toys where an edible treat or food item can be placed inside of the toy, to be removed by the animal. The challenge of removing the edible object from the toy provides long periods of amusement for the animal and prevents rapid boredom and disinterest.
[0008] The animal toys disclosed herein are different from those described in the aforementioned U.S. patents. The body of the presently described toys is made of edible materials, whereas the aforementioned U.S. patents describe a toy whose body is made up of inedible polymeric materials, such as plastic or rubber. Having an edible body provides further advantages to the toy. For example:
Animals are attracted to the smell of the edible toy and prefer the edible toy to the inedible one. Consequently, the edible toy makes it possible for an otherwise uninterested animal to get the benefits of the mental stimulation and exercise that the inedible toy provides to the interested animal. Similarly, an animal that normally does not play with rubber/plastic/inedible treat toys is attracted to and plays with the edible treat toy. Senior dogs who have lost the interest and enthusiasm for inedible treat toys are newly motivated to play with an edible treat toy. Dogs with health issues, such as loss of sight or hearing, have an easier time playing with the toy since they can more easily target it using their sense of smell. Certain inedible toys break down into pieces over a period of time. This creates certain negative effects, such as dispersed debris or intestinal blockage when the animal ingests the piece. The edible toys are designed to be safely broken down and eaten by the animal. Some animals have allergies to plastic or rubber. These animals can get the benefit of the mental stimulation that the toy offers by using the edible toy. The edible toys do not require any cleaning or maintenance since they are always in the process of being broken done by the dog as it's playing with the toy. The edible toys can be formulated to meet specific dietary needs. As discussed herein, the edible toys of the present invention are configured to contain edible treats. Unlike with plastic, rubber or plush toys, when the treats are emptied the edible toy is still engaging and desirable to play with for the dog. It is an ongoing motivator even when the treats are gone. The edible toys engage a dog's hunting instincts and prey drive from the outset. It is not necessary to train the dog on how to use it unlike with plastic/rubber/plush treat toys that require initial training.
[0018] In some embodiments, the body of the edible toys disclosed herein is made up of baked materials. In other embodiments, the body of the edible toys disclosed herein is obtained through an injection molding process. In these embodiments, an edible dough is used instead of the traditional rubber or plastic in the injection molding process. In either case, the dough is cured, either by heating or by any other curing process. In some embodiments, the cooling of the dough after baking or injection molding is curing. Once the dough is cured it hardens. The hardening can be either due to the “cooking” or the drying of the dough. The cured dough, in certain embodiments, is hard so that it provides a challenge to the animal that prefers chewing hard objects such as bones or pieces of wood. However, the cured dough exudes an aroma and provides a taste that is attractive to the animal and maintains its interest in the toy. Baked animal toys, and edible animal toys obtained through injection molding process are known in the art and any number of them can be used with the present toys. Yet, in some embodiments, the edible toys can be formulated to meet specific dietary needs.
[0019] The dough for the body of the toy can be shaped in any shape prior to curing. After the toy is cured, the toy will retain that shape. For example, the toy can be made in the shape of a bone, a cylinder, a sphere, or other shapes that are both aesthetically pleasing and are interesting to animals.
[0020] In some embodiments, the toy is molded and cured in separate pieces, for example two separate halves or three or four or more separate parts. By this method, the hollow interior and the at least one opening can be created by forming depressions in the dough. After the separate parts are molded and cured, they can be put together and sealed with edible glue or similar materials. In some embodiments, the separate parts are cured partway, i.e., to the point where the part will retain its shape, and then the various pieces are put together to form the toy and sealed with more of the same dough. The complete toy is then cured further to obtain the desired firmness. Thus, in these embodiments, the “glue” is more of the same dough and the toy will present a seamless exterior.
[0021] In some embodiments, the edible food or treat is placed inside the depressions before the separate parts of the edible toy are joined before curing. In these embodiments, the treat cures or bakes along with the toy. In some of these embodiments, the toy provides a greater challenge for the animal to extract the treat because the treat can be larger than the opening. In certain of these embodiments, the treat is also baked goods, but is softer than the body of the toy. In some embodiments, the treat completely fills the hollow interior. In these embodiments, the toy is analogous to a cream-filled cannoli, having a softer interior treat enclosed within a harder edible body. In other embodiments, the treat is in several smaller pieces that can move or rattle around inside of the toy, analogous to a chocolate egg having smaller pieces of candy enclosed within it.
[0022] In some embodiments, the various parts are made up of different types of dough. These toys provide a more colorful exterior, which is pleasing to the animal owner, while at the same time provide a variety of tastes for the animal that prevents boredom and maintains the animal's interest in the toy.
[0023] The hardness of the cured material can be varied depending on the targeted animal. Primarily, the toy must be hard enough to provide a chewing or gnawing challenge to the animal. At the same time, the toy must not be so hard that it does not flake off to provide tasteful enjoyment. Larger animals having stronger teeth and jaw muscles will require toys that are harder than smaller animals. It is well-known in the art to make cured animal treats of varying hardness.
[0024] In some embodiments, the opening is large enough to allow the animal owner to insert treats into the toy, but not too large so that the treat would immediately be released from the toy. In some embodiments, the opening has flaps that are made up of softer edible material. The flaps bend inward and allow the treat to enter the hollow body of the edible toy but provide a temporary barrier for the treat's exit.
[0025] In some embodiments, the dough comprises one or more of the following ingredients: one or more types of starch, one or more types of oil, one or more types of protein, one or more types of fruit, one or more types of vegetable, one or more types of flavoring, one or more types of supplements, one or more types of stabilizers or preservatives or other miscellaneous ingredients.
[0026] In some embodiments, the starch is selected from the group consisting of rice, wheat, potato, corn, brown rice flour, white rice flour, rice powder, barley, oats, sweet rice flour, tapioca starch, oat fiber, and potato starch.
[0027] In some embodiments, the oil is selected from the group consisting of flaxseed, chia seed, fish oil, sesame oil, hemp seeds, and mixed tocopherols.
[0028] In some embodiments, the protein is selected from the group consisting of chicken meal, chicken, beef, fish, pork, turkey, meat, liver, corn gluten, gluten, soy, soy protein concentrate, peanuts, and peanut meal.
[0029] In some embodiments, the fruits and vegetables are selected from the group consisting of pumpkin, sweet potatoes, alfalfa, cranberries, parsley, dehydrated carrots, blueberry, pomegranate, apple, assorted vegetables, tomato, and peas.
[0030] In some embodiments, the flavoring is selected from the group consisting of garlic, brewers yeast, peppermint oil, mint, garlic powder, hickory, mesquite, fennel seed powder, parsley oil, green tea extract, vanilla, natural chicken flavor, rosemary, ginger, anise, carob, dill, cinnamon, pumpkin flavor, and peppermint.
[0031] In some embodiments, the binder is selected from the group consisting of glycerin, gelatin, lecithin, carageenan gum, water, cellulose powder, dionized water, vegetable gum, and pectin.
[0032] In some embodiments, the supplement is selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, cholecalciferol, taurine, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), bacillus coagulants, L-carnitine, glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate, capsaicin, dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate, and L-ascrobyl-2polyphosphate.
[0033] In some embodiments, the miscellaneous ingredient or stabilizer or preservative is selected from the group consisting of colorings, tricalcium phosphate, citric acid, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium diacetate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and titanium dioxide.
[0034] In one embodiment, the edible toy, as disclosed herein, comprises the following ingredients: rice flour, vegetable glycerin, gelatin, water, cellulose powder, calcium carbonate, sweet potatoes, lecithin, carrageenan gum, natural pumpkin flavor, garlic, brewers yeast, and peppermint oil.
[0035] Those of skill in the art recognize what ingredients to choose for a particular line of edible toys. For example, a high protein edible toy is prepared to meet the needs of a particular dog that may be on a high protein diet. Similarly, a toy is prepared with no protein at all but with starch and various flavorings for a dog who may be on a low protein diet. Various vitamins and supplements are introduced into the toys to fit the needs of various dog populations.
[0036] As noted above, the edible toys disclosed herein are baked or prepared by injection molding. In some embodiments, the ingredients are selected for the particular line of toy (e.g., a high protein, a low protein, or a high vegetable line of toys). The ingredients are mixed and kneaded into a dough. In some embodiments the kneading is performed manually whereas in other embodiments the kneading is performed by a motorized mixer. The dough is shaped into the desired shape and the shaped dough is placed in an oven for baking.
[0037] In the embodiments where the edible toy is prepared by the injection molding process, the ingredients are selected, as discussed above, and blended, mixed, or extruded to form homogenous pellets. Using methods known in the art, the pellets are then processed into a molded article utilizing injection molding, compression molding, transfer molding, pressure forming, or other similar molding methods. The molded article is then removed from the molding machine and cooled. | Disclosed herein is an edible animal toy comprising: a body, wherein the body consists of animal edible material; wherein the body comprises at least one hole opening into a hollow interior, wherein the hollow interior is configured to receive edible treats. Also disclosed herein is an edible animal toy prepared by the process of: mixing two or more edible ingredients to prepare a dough; shaping the dough in a shape of a body having a hollow interior; and baking the shaped dough to obtain the edible animal toy. Also disclosed herein is a method of preparing an edible animal toy, the method comprising: mixing two or more edible ingredients to prepare a dough; shaping the dough in a shape of a body having a hollow interior; and baking the shaped dough to obtain the edible animal toy. | 2,268 |
This application is a National Stage application of PCT/IT95/00147, filed Sep. 7, 1995.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a machine employed for rolling or flattening pastry or dough and for shaping it into circular disks provided with an unpressed peripheral edge, preferably used to produce and prepare pizza pies, tarts, cakes, etc.
BACKGROUND ART
Machines and devices designed for rolling pastry to be used for making pizza pies, are already known. However, they have two drawbacks:
the pastry or dough is not flattened or rolled in the same way as during manual kneading, instead it is pressed, thereby giving the pastry features which lower the quality of the final product after baking;
the sheet of pastry does not have an edge projecting upwardly (which must be evident and more spongy than the remaining part of the dough after baking), and said edge must be manually formed by the pizza chef around the periphery of the sheet of pastry which was obtained by the machine.
In practice, there does not exist a machine and/or a device which rolls or flattens pastry into circular disks provided with a peripheral edge, regardless the diameter of the disk, and which in any case can provide a peripheral edge in which the pastry is neither squeezed nor cracked.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Disclosure of Invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a machine suited for preparing disks of pastry used for making pizza pies, which allows realization of disks of different diameters, always having a peripheral edge, and with features, like sponginess of pastry, identical to those of pizza pies manually prepared by skilled pizza chefs.
The present machine also allows preparation of a disk of pastry without a peripheral edge, in order to manufacture other characteristic products like the so-called "piadina romagnola", and "tigella montanara" etc. According to the present invention this object is attained by a device of the aforementioned kind, characterized in that it comprises two disks or plates: a lower one which is rotated by a motor and on whose upper face there are added or formed spiral-like helices, and an upper plate or disk which does not rotate and which is formed either by a set of circular rings which are concentric and axially mutually sliding each one more inwardly with respect to the preceding one, or by radial sectors which are hinged to a central part.
The upper plate or disk is lowered parallel with respect to the lower one while the latter is rotated. While bringing the two plates nearer to each other the mass of pastry put between the plates, at their center, is gradually flattened starting from the center towards the outside, and a peripheral edge formed by the pastry which has not yet been flattened will always be present. The amount of pastry which has been interposed between the plates or disks, and the stopping of the lowering of the upper plate at a suitable instant, will set the dimension of the disk diameter and its thickness.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the invention, two embodiments thereof will now be described, referring to the annexed drawings, which are illustrative and non limitative and in which:
FIG. 1 schematically shows the machine of the present invention, according to a partial sectional diametrical view along the plane indicated by I--I in FIG. 2;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows, according to a plan view, the particular form of the upper plate or disk, according to a first embodiment employing circular concentric rings;
FIG. 4 is a diametrical cross section of the upper plate, obtained along the plane indicated by IV--IV in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a diametrical cross section of the upper plate or disk, according to the plane indicated by V--V in FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a view of FIG. 3 in the direction of the arrow VI;
FIG. 7 is a plan view of the upper plate, identical to FIG. 3, in which there is also shown the device including the idle wheels, used to push the cams of the rings which make up the plate or disk itself;
FIG. 8 is a sectional diametrical view of the upper plate or disk, along the plane VIII--VIII of FIG. 7, and it schematically shows the device which allows to lowering one after the other the different circular rings making up the upper plate;
FIGS. 9 to 12 schematically show successive steps of the cycle for flattening the pastry, and how the peripheral edge in the disk of pastry is formed according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 13 shows the preparation of a disk of pastry or dough having no edge;
FIG. 14 shows according to a top view of the particular construction of the upper plate of the second embodiment of a machine for rolling pastry, of a kind comprising radial hinged sectors, which is also suited to realize the invention;
FIG. 15 is a diametrical section of the upper plate, obtained along the section segment indicated by XV--XV in FIG. 14;
FIG. 16 is a top view of the upper plate, identical to FIG. 14, in which the device comprising the idler wheels is also shown, and which is used to press the cams or projections of the sectors which make up the plate itself;
FIG. 17 is a diametrical cross section of the upper plate, along the plane denoted by XVII--XVII in FIG. 16, and it schematically shows the device which allows to gradually lowering of the different sectors composing the upper plate;
FIGS. 18 and 19 respectively show, in detail, according to two orthogonal views, a side view and a top view of the lower disk provided with spiral-like helices,
FIG. 20 is a diametrical cross section along the plane denoted by XX--XX in FIG. 18 and shows in detail how the projecting spirals may be formed on the disk. In the different figures, the same alphanumeric reference signs denote the same parts or elements.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In FIGS. 1 to 13 there is shown a first embodiment of a machine for rolling or flattening pastry, in order to prepare circular disks of pastry of variable thickness provided or not with a peripheral edge, wherein the machine includes the improvements of the present invention. With reference to FIGS. 1 to 8, reference numeral 1 denotes the bed of the machine inside which the ratio-motor 2 is located and fixed, said motor being used for rotating the lower disk 3 including one or more projecting spirals 4 which are either composed of added material or are directly obtained from the disk. A sheet 5, of a suitable kind, adheres to the spirals and is fixed to the bed 1.
On the bed 1 there are fixed two vertical guide rods 6,7 on which the bracket 8 can slide, being driven by a linear actuator 9. The bracket 8 supports the upper plate 10, which mainly comprises, according to a first embodiment:
a cover 11 fixed to the bracket 8;
a central plate 12 provided with one or more brackets 13 which support circular rings 14,15,16,17 by means of screws 18 which are screwed in them and whose head 18/a slides inside seats obtained in the brackets 13; torsion springs in the form of helicoidal springs 19 acting between the bottom of said seat and the head of the screws 18, forcing the rings 14,15,16,17 to abut the lower surface of said brackets 13. The rings 14,15,16,17 are concentric to the central plate 12 and slide axially on each other. The brackets 13 are in contact With the cover 11 and are fixed to it.
On each ring 14,15,16,17 there are obtained or added three (projecting) sectors 14/a,15/a,16/a,17/a which start by forming a slope 14/b,15/b,16/b,17/b which provided a tapered variable thickness, thereby acting like a cam or eccentric contoured surface (see also FIGS. 5,6).
On the cover 11 there are mounted three adjustable thin bearing rods which will contact three bearing points provided on the bed 1 when the actuator 9 lowers the bracket 8. The adjustment of said thin bearing rods sets the distance at which the central plate 12 is stopped With respect to the spiral 4 of the lower plate or disk, and therefore also the final thickness of the disk of pastry or dough which must be obtained.
Centrally, in a suitable hub provided on the cover 11, there is inserted a small spindle 21 (FIG. 8) on those upper end there is formed (or mounted) a toothed pinion 22 associated to a rack 23 driven in both directions by a linear oleodynamic actuator 24 fixed to the cover 11. Three arms 25 (FIG. 8) are interposed between the inner surface of the cover 11 and the circular rings 14,15,16, 17, said arms being connected to a small block 26 which supports them, this block being fixed to the spindle 21. On each arm 25 there are inserted six wheels (or radial bearings), two of them, idler wheels denoted by 27 and 28, are in contact only with the inner plane of the cover 11, whereas the other four wheels can interact only with the cam-like sectors 14/b,15/b,16/b,17/b when, by means of the linear actuator 24, the small spindle 21 is rotated in the direction of the arrow F2, together with the corresponding wheel supporting arms 25.
Thereby, each set of three wheels (one for each arm 25) acts on the cams of the same ring, which lowers until it is flush with the small central plate 12. On the rings, the cam-like sectors are disposed in sequence so that each ring starts lowering when the preceding one is already flush with the small central plate 12.
The two small wheels 27,28 which bear on the cover 11, on its inside, prevent the arms 25 from bending upwardly due to the thrust transmitted to the wheels interacting with the cam-like sectors.
A disk made of TEFLON (polyterafluroethylene ) coated cloth 30 may cover both the small central plate and the circular rings. If the central small plate and the circular rings are manufactured with great precision and with a material suited for foodstuffs, it is possible to avoid use of the cloth 30. Thereby, when the plates or disks are separated from each other, each circular ring acts as a separating means in the sense that it assists in detaching the pastry or dough from the adjacent ring (if it adheres to it).
In the rest position, the small wheels are not in contact with the cam-like sectors (FIG. 7).
The operation of the device is the following: after starting the ratio-motor 2 by means of an appropriate oleodynamic actuator control unit (not shown) which may or may not be incorporated in the machine, the actuator 9 lowering the bracket 8 is operated; when the small bearing rods 20 bear on the bed 1 and the descent stroke is stopped, the pressure inside the oleodynamic circuit increases; a sequence valve which has been calibrated to a preset value opens itself and operates the linear actuator 24 which rotates the spindle 21, causing the successive lowering of the rings 14,15,16,17. It is obvious that the lowering may be stopped at any time, that is:
immediately after the small bearing rods 20 touch the bed;
after lowering of the first ring 14;
and so on.
FIGS. 9 to 12 show the manufacturing cycle of the disks of pastry:
when the machine is not running, or when the ratio-motor 2 and the oleodynamic actuator control unit are started, a piece of pastry 29 is put at the center of the lower plate (FIG. 9);
the actuator 9 is operated. When the small bearing rods 20 stop on the bed 1, the pastry 29 has flattened as shown in FIG. 10 and forms a central zone (whose diameter equals the diameter of the small central plate 12) having already the desired final thickness "S" which is set by the adjustment of the small bearing rods 20, and a large edge 29/a which is composed of the mass of pastry in excess;
when the sequence valve starting linear actuator 24 it released, the first ring 14 lowers (FIG. 11), and successively all the remaining ones, until the final situation depicted in FIG. 12 is reached, wherein the disk of pastry has a corresponding small final edge 29/b.
By varying the pastry amount 29 and the thickness "S", it is possible to obtain:
disks of pastry, comprising an edge, of as many different diameter sizes as the number of rings increased by one. In the illustrated example we have five disks of different diameter, for making pizza pies or tarts;
disks of different diameter size but without edge (FIG. 13), for the preparation of cakes, "tigelle montanare", "piadine", etc.
This embodiment, as shown and described above, is not the only one possible.
Accordingly, a machine for flattening or rolling pastry according to the present invention, may be different than the kind comprising circular concentric axially slidable rings, but of a kind including hinged sectors (FIGS. 14 to 17), wherein 12/a denotes the central small plate, which in the present case has an hexagonal form and is provided with six brackets 13' to fix it to the cover 11. To the central small plate 12/a there are connected, through hinges 37, a plurality of sectors 31 which are peripherally raised by means of traction springs 32 acting between hooks 33, mounted on or integral with sectors 31, and hooks 34, which are fixed to or integral with the brackets 13'. On each sector 31, in a similar way as has been done for the rings 14,15,16,17 of the previously described embodiment, a tapered variable thickness cam 35/a,35/b is added to or formed integral with the sector, whereon a wheel 36 acts, whereas a small idler wheel 28, which is also freely rotatable, rolls bearing on the inside surface of the cover 11, as in the previous embodiment.
The small idler wheel 28 and wheel 36 are mounted on the arms 38, which are mounted and driven by means of the linear actuator 24 and the rack 23, exactly in the same way as in the embodiment employing concentric circular rings, for the purpose of gradually lowering the sectors 31, when the pastry is to be flattened starting from the center towards the periphery.
As may be observed, both embodiments are similar: in the embodiment employing pivoting sectors, their number may be different from six; the thickness of the pastry is always determined through the adjustment of the small bearing rods 20, and the pastry is gradually flattened from the center towards the periphery as the sectors are lowered through the thrust of the small wheels on the variable thickness cam-like sectors.
Substantially, the operation of the machine is the same as that already described for the embodiment employing circular concentric rings.
In both embodiments, the lower disk 3 carrying the spirals 4 plays a fundamental role, influencing the flattening of the pastry and the execution time. The number of turns to impart to the lower disk 3 is determined by the number of spirals 4 which are present on its face, and by the property of the mixture composing the pastry. If necessary, the ratio-motor 2 may be replaced by a stepless speed change gear or by a ratio-motor combined with a change gear with many speed levels.
Industrial Applicability
The two embodiments which have been shown and described refer to the realization of machines employed in pizza-restaurants, restaurants, snack-bars, etc. The operational principles which are illustrated by them, that is a lower rotating plate provided with spirals forming projections and an upper plate formed by concentric rings or sectors, may be used to realize automatic plants (or lines) for the industrial production of pizza-pies (for instance).
An automatic line is an automatized multiple station transfer machine wherein in the lower part of every station there is provided a motor driven lower disk or plate 3 carrying spirals 41 in the upper part of every station there is a plate or disk whose central small plate 12 or 12/a has a diameter size which becomes larger for each successive station according to the desired number of passages or stations which, as established in advance, divides up the cycle for flattening the pastry.
The advantages with respect to the present industrial production lines of pizza-pies, are the following:
the yield and heating of the pastry are as low as possible since the flattening or rolling of the pastry is divided up in more steps;
the period of every cycle is reduced to the time required for a single step, with an obvious noticeable increase of productivity. As will be obvious from the description given above of two preferred embodiments, the invention is not limited to the example mentioned, which has been presented only for illustrative purposes. It must be understood that other steps, examples, constituent parts and methods of operation will spontaneously originate in the mind of one skilled in the art after an attentive reading of the present disclosure, even if this is not to be considered unrelated to the scope of the invention as the latter is claimed hereinafter: | A machine which is appropriate to flatten pastry or dough and to obtain disks of different diameter size or thickness with or without peripheral edge. The machine is used for preparing typical dishes, such as: pizza pies, tarts, cakes, piadine romagnole, tigelle, montanare, etc. The characteristic feature of the machine is that of having realized a device which, by imitating manual work, flattens a pastry ball without squeezing it, starting from the center towards the periphery, without modifying the characteristic softness, uniformity and rising capacity which are typical of manually manipulated pastry or dough. | 2,987 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a smoking article which includes a catalyst bed therein and more particularly to a smoking article which reforms the mainstream smoke of a smoking article by heating a selected catalyst disposed within the smoking article.
[0002] In the combustion of tobacco in a smoking article, many difference gaseous constituents are released during the combustion. Some of these gaseous components are toxic, others are not. Most cigarette products include a cellulose acetate filter on the mouth end of the cigarettes to remove a substantial percentage of the solid particulates as well as the removal of a large quantity of condensing gases evolved from the combustion of the tobacco. It is also become common place to use activated charcoal in combination with a cellulose acetate filter for the removal of noxious gases and particulate materials in the smoke stream.
[0003] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,657,772 to Duke et al, Duke et al teaches a filter for a smoking article which incorporates particles coated with platinum for reducing selective volatiles which are present in the mainstream smoke in a smoking article. Moreover, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,211,684 to Shannon et al, a smoking article is taught which contains a catalytic composition as part of the fuel element for reducing carbon monoxide in mainstream smoke from combustion of tobacco in a smoking article.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] It is an object of the present invention to provide a smoking article which includes a catalytic smoke reformer therein.
[0005] It is another object of the present invention to provide a smoking article which uses a catalyst as a distinct component of the smoking article which is heated slightly above ambient temperature in order to enhance smoke reformer activity.
[0006] It is even a further object to use catalytic combustion of whole smoke as the heat source for aerosol formation and thereby generate a chemically simple smoke for a consumer.
[0007] It is also an object to use a catalyst in a cigarette to combust carbon monoxide.
[0008] More particularly, the present invention provides a smoking article which includes a tobacco rod in axial alignment with a filter section with a catalyst bed disposed between the tobacco rod and the filter section, the catalyst bed being maintained at a preselected temperature above 100° C.
[0009] In the present invention, a cooling chamber may be disposed between the catalyst bed and the filter and the catalyst bed may be in heat communication with a heating source, such as a heating pad which circumscribes the catalyst, or the tobacco rod may be provided with a centrally disposed channel therein which extends the longitudinal length of the tobacco rod for providing heating smoke or smoke at an elevated temperature of at least 100° C. as the means for providing heat to the catalyst bed. The portable heating pad usually consists of a self-sustaining solid-solid or a solid-liquid exothermic reactor which is packed in a disposable wrapper that envelopes a catalyst bed. Even further, flavorings may be added to the smoking article and in one particular embodiment may be disposed between the catalyst bed and the filter section.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] A better understanding of the invention will be had upon reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views and wherein:
[0011] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one preferred embodiment of the smoking article of the present invention;
[0012] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side elevation of the smoking article of FIG. 1 ;
[0013] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the present invention;
[0014] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of the present invention; and,
[0015] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0016] As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , a smoking article 10 is comprised of a tobacco section 12 , a heated catalysis section 14 , a cooling section 16 , and a filter section 18 . A cigarette wrapper 22 encases tobacco 32 and extends towards the mouth end of the cigarette. Cigarette wrapper 22 also encases a cooling chamber 36 adjacent to the filter section 18 . An external heat source, such as a heating pad 22 , circumscribes the catalyst bed 34 . The portable heating pad 24 generally includes a self-sustaining solid-solid or solid-liquid exothermic reactor packed in a disposable wrapper. The catalyst bed 34 is generally in the form of meshes, honeycombed structures, granules, and the like. The particular catalyst for making up the meshes or honeycombed structures is determined by the specific smoke components which are to be reformed. The ability to alter specific smoke components depends on the nature of the catalyst, the effective surface area of the catalyst, and its surface temperature. For example, oxidation/reduction catalyst reduce NOx and oxide CO. Low temperature CO oxidation catalyst include base and noble metal oxides. Platinum and/or palladium metals and metal alloys coated on metal substrates are usable for oxidation-reduction catalyst. The degree of conversion of the smoke components depends on the specific type catalyst and reaction temperature employed. Depending upon the desired extent of smoke chemistry modification, the catalyst bed may include a plurality of different types of catalysts.
[0017] In the smoking of a smoking article, as set forth in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the lighting end or tobacco end of the smoking article 10 is lit and the smoke passes from the tobacco section 12 into the catalyst section 14 which is heated by a heating pad 24 to at least 100° C. and controlled in a desired temperature range wherein selected smoke components reform as they pass through the catalyst bed 34 . The mainstream smoke, including the reformed smoke components, is then cooled in the cooling section 16 prior to entering the filter section 18 . In the filter section 18 , the particulates and condensible materials are removed from the smoke stream prior to entering the mouth of the smoker.
[0018] In FIG. 3 is shown a second embodiment of the present invention wherein a smoking article 110 differs from the smoking article 10 in that a flavor section 116 is disposed between the heated catalyst section 14 and the filter section 18 . The flavor section 116 includes a flavor source 136 which may be tobacco or any other flavor source which will be vaporized upon contact with the mainstream smoke which is the by-product of combustion of the tobacco 32 in the tobacco section 12 .
[0019] In FIG. 4 is shown a smoking article 210 which differs from the smoking article 10 and 110 of FIGS. 2 and 3 , respectively, in that the tobacco section 212 is provided with tobacco 232 and a central hollow section 242 which extends from the terminating or lighting end of tobacco section 212 to the catalyst bed 234 . The mainstream smoke from the tobacco section 212 flows through the channel 242 and upon contacting the catalyst bed 234 , catalytic after-burning takes place resulting in the oxidation of CO and reduction of NOx. The quality of the reform smoke depends, however, on the specific catalyst and its temperature.
[0020] In FIG. 5 is another embodiment of the present invention. The smoking article 310 is a modification of the smoking article 210 of FIG. 4 wherein a flavor section 116 , including a flavor source, such as tobacco 136 , is disposed between the catalyst 234 and the filter section 18 .
[0021] The foregoing detailed description is given primarily for clearness of understanding and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom for modifications will become obvious to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and scope of the appended claims. | A smoking article includes a tobacco rod in axial alignment with a filter section with a catalyst bed disposed between the tobacco rod and the filter section. The catalyst bed may be heated from an external portable heating source or may be heated by the internal evolving gases of combustion of the tobacco. | 1,388 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to electron sources and specifically to electron sources for food treating apparatus and method for treating food.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,646 to Simic-Glavaski (hereinafter Simic-Glavaski), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses that the ingestion of externally generated oxidative products such as food cooked by a thermal process may be carcinogenic. When food is cooked by a thermal process it may tend to have a carcinogenic effect due to the depletion of electrons in the food. It is believed that the food is depleted of electrons during a cooking process due to thermal excitation and oxidation. Simic-Glavaski discloses by adding electrons to food that is in a cooking vessel or in contact with a grill carcinogenic effect can be reduced. Simic-Glavaski discloses a cooking apparatus and a method of supplying electrons to food that is contained in the vessel or that is in contact with the grill.
In an embodiment disclosed by Simic-Glavaski, respective electrodes are placed in a cooking medium, such as oil, water or the like, and electric potential and electric current are provided thereby to food. It would be desirable to integrate the electron source into a food treating apparatus, such as a cooking apparatus such as a pot, a grill or the like. In the embodiment of disclosed by Simic-Glavaski, the electrons are provided from a relatively localized source. It would be advantageous to increase the area over which the electrons are provided in the food treating apparatus. By increasing the area over which the electrons are supplied, more electrons are provided over a larger portion of the food product.
Therefore, there is a strong need in the art to improve the distribution of electrons into a food product in a food cooking, cooling, storing, or the like apparatus and process. There also is a need to enhance the countering of the carcinogenic effect that occurs during a food treating process, such as, for example, cooking, cooling, storing, serving, etc.
As used herein the term “food treating” is broadly understood to mean cooking, cooling, storing, serving, or the like, as are further described below.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An aspect of the invention relates to a food treating apparatus wherein an electric current is provided by an electric circuit, the food treating apparatus including a vessel and a handle, and wherein at least part of the electric circuit is integral with the handle and is operative to provide electrons to food in the vessel.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a food treating apparatus having a handle and a vessel for food, comprising a circuit for providing electrons for distribution via the vessel to food, the circuit including an anode, a resistive element and a connection to the vessel, and wherein at least part of the anode is in the handle.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of providing electrons for absorption by an oxidizing medium including the step of providing an electric current by an electric circuit wherein at least part of the electric circuit is integral with a handle and is operative to provide electrons to food in a vessel.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a food treating apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of the handle of the food-treating apparatus of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a handle for a food treating apparatus.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a food treating apparatus with a handle on the apparatus lid.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of the handle of the food treating apparatus of FIG. 4 .
FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of a handle for a food treating apparatus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, a food treating apparatus 10 for providing electrons for absorption by a food material 12 is shown. The food treating apparatus 10 includes a vessel 14 having sufficient volume to contain the food material 12 . The vessel 14 may be a storage container, cooling container, preparing container, warming container, serving dish or any of a variety of cooking vessels; non-limiting examples include a pot, pan, cookware, grill, skillet, kettle, dish, bowl, wok, appliance or the like and associated utensils. Non-limiting examples of utensils may include a probe, a skewer, a spit or the like. The vessel 14 may be made of any conductive material, e.g., metal, stainless-steel, iron, copper, aluminum, aluminum alloy or the like. The vessel 14 may act as a cathode. The vessel 14 may be coated with a nonstick conductive coating to prevent the food medium 12 from sticking to a surface. The food material 12 may be placed in the vessel 14 in a quantity of a medium 16 . The medium 16 may be an oxidizing medium, e.g., water, sauce, oil, fat, or other medium used in a boiling, cooling, warming, steaming, basting, skewering, sauteing, baking, roasting, frying or deep frying process or other cooking, storing, cooling, preparing or treating process.
A handle 18 may be permanently or temporarily attached to the vessel 14 . The handle 18 includes a passage 20 running through at least a part of the handle 18 . An anode 22 may be contained partly within the passage 20 . An end 24 of the anode 22 is electrically coupled with a resistive element 26 . The resistive element 26 is electrically coupled with the vessel 14 by a conductive fastener 28 . The anode 22 may be made of a conductive material such as, for example, metals like copper, zinc, aluminum or some other conductive material or possibly a semiconductive material. The passage 20 includes a passage opening 30 at the surface 32 of the handle 18 . The passage opening 30 may be closed with a removable plug 34 . The conductive fastener 28 may be, for example, a flat head screw, clamp, rivet, conductive weld or the like.
A circuit 35 is formed. The circuit 35 includes the anode 22 electrically coupled with the resistive element 26 , which in turn is electrically coupled with the vessel 14 . The vessel 14 acts as a cathode in the circuit 35 . When the electrolyte 36 is introduced into the passage 20 containing the anode 22 , a primary electrochemical battery 37 is formed due to the potential differential between the anode 22 and the cathode, i.e., vessel 14 . The anode 22 may be formed of a conductive material with a higher electrical potential than the electrical potential of the vessel 14 so the vessel becomes the cathode of the circuit 35 and battery 37 . The resistive element 26 may be a resistor or some other impedance that cooperates with the anode 22 and vessel 14 (cathode) to provide current flow. Thus, the vessel 14 (cathode) in circuit 35 is supplied with electrons for delivery directly into the cooking medium 16 and to the food medium 12 . Although circuit 35 is shown to include the anode 22 , the resistive element 26 and the vessel 14 (cathode), it is understood that the circuit could include other elements, for example, switches, other resistors, a capacitor, an inductor or the like.
The electrochemical battery 37 produces a current wherein electrons 38 flow to a surface 40 of the vessel 14 . The electrons 38 may be absorbed by the food material 12 where the food material 12 comes in contact with the surface 40 . Excess electrons 38 flowing from anode 22 to the vessel 14 are absorbed by the food material 12 to replace electrons lost by the thermally-induced oxidation of the cooking process, and may result in the food material 12 being electron enriched at the end of the cooking process or at least in effect less electron depleted than would otherwise be the case. Although the absorption of electrons by the food material 12 is described in relationship to a cooking process, it would be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention may be used during cooling, storing, preparing or other food treating processes. Alternatively or additionally, the electrons and/or negative ions (sometimes collectively referred to herein as “electrons”) 38 may flow from the cathode, i.e., the vessel 14 all through the medium 16 to the food material 12 to be absorbed by the food material.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged drawing of the handle 18 illustrating several wires and connections in the circuit 35 leading to the vessel 14 (not shown). A wire 42 from an end of the resistive element 26 is electrically coupled with the end 24 of the anode 22 by an electrical connection 44 , e.g., solder, conductive adhesive, threaded connection or by some other means as is known by those who have ordinary skill in the art. Another electrical connection 44 electrically couples a wire 46 from another end of the resistive element 26 with a first end of a wire 48 . A second end of the wire 48 is electrically coupled by yet another electrical connection 44 with the conductive fastener 28 . The wires 42 , 46 and 48 may be made of a conductive material, e.g., aluminum, copper, or the like. Further, the wire 48 may be insulated by an insulating material which encases the conductive material. Additionally, the wire 48 may be partially contained within the handle and isolated from the passage 20 containing the anode 22 .
The handle 18 may be made of any material that is suitably used for cookware, etc. For example, the handle may be of an insulative material, electrically nonconductive material, thermally insulative material, thermally nonconductive material, plastic, phenolic, glass, ceramic, wood or some other material that has suitable strength and rigidity characteristics for the desired purpose or desired use with cookware, food storage containers, etc., as are mentioned elsewhere herein. The handle may be electrically conductive, e.g. metal, with suitable electrical insulation provided.
The handle 18 may be formed of a substantially solid material that is drilled out to provided the passage 20 for the anode 22 . Additionally, the handle 18 may be drilled out to provide the passage opening 30 for delivering the electrolyte 36 into the passage 20 for contact with the anode 22 . If desired, the handle 18 may be molded in such a way as to provide the passage 20 for the anode 22 and also the passage opening 30 for the electrolyte 36 , as described. Additionally, the handle 18 may be drilled to provide space for the various wires and connections illustrated or may be molded to provide the various passages for the wires and/or connections. Moreover, the handle 18 may be molded directly to the respective anode 22 and wires, as well as the various connections provided, for example, as is illustrated in FIG. 2 . Such direct molding enhances the integrity of the handle and may provide for protection of the various connections between the wires, etc. To provide adequate space in the passage 20 for both the anode and electrolyte, standoffs or the like may be used to locate the anode in the passage 20 as the passage itself is defined during the molding process. These are just examples of various ways in which the handle 18 may be made and of materials of which the handle may be made. However, it will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that the handle 18 may be made of other materials and/or using other processes or methods.
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a handle 18 ′ of an electron generating cooking apparatus such as described above. In this embodiment, the wire 48 is mounted on an outside surface of the handle 18 ′. An advantage of this embodiment is the reduction of the number of manufacturing steps required to manufacture of the handle 18 ′. Another advantage of this embodiment is the accessability of the wire 48 and electrical connections 44 should a repair or replacement be required.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate another embodiment of food treating apparatus 10 ′ of the invention wherein electrons are provided to the vessel 14 via an electron source provided in a lid 50 , a cover or the like. The circuit 35 is formed by the anode 22 electrically coupled with the resistive element 26 which in turn is electrically coupled with the vessel 14 acting as a cathode as described above. In this embodiment, the resistive element 26 is electrically coupled with a conductive fastener 28 which may be permanently or temporary attached to the lid 50 . The lid 50 provides a path for the electrons to reach the vessel 14 when placed on a rim 52 which is formed on the vessel 14 . The lid 50 and the rim 52 may be made of the same electrically conductive material as the vessel 14 or another suitable material which allows the electrons to flow to the vessel 14 . FIG. 5 illustrates a more detailed drawing of the handle 18 ″.
FIG. 6 illustrates an alternate embodiment of a handle 18 ″′ for an electron producing food treating apparatus 10 , for example. In this embodiment, a current source to the anode 22 and vessel 14 is provided by a solar cell 54 mounted integrally upon the handle 18 ″′. The term “solar cell” is understood to mean any device that provides an electrical output in response to one or more of visible light, UV, IR or the like. In this embodiment, solar cell 54 can produce a current of, for example, five microamps to 500 nanoamps sufficient to provide an adequate source of electrons to flow which can be absorbed by the food being cooked to maintain or supplement electron content of the food material 12 . An advantage of this embodiment is the availability of ambient energy to replace or to supplement a battery or other source. Alternatively, the solar cell 54 may be integrally formed in the handle 18 ″′ such that the upper surface of the solar cell 54 is flush with the surface 32 of the handle 18 ″′.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments herein, it is evident that many equivalents, alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly it is intended to embrace all such equivalents, alternatives, modifications and variations within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. | A food treating apparatus and method wherein an electric current is provided by an electric circuit, the food treating apparatus including a vessel and a handle, and wherein at least part of the electric circuit is integral with the handle and is operative to provide electrons to food in the vessel. | 2,517 |
BACKGROUND
[0001] The disclosure is directed to a new and distinct cultivar of Cannabis Sativa plant named ‘Midnight, characterized by an almost equal or substantially the same amount of Cannabidiol (CBD) concentration to Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration.
SUMMARY
[0002] Provided herein is a new and distinct Cannabis Sativa L. plant named ‘Midnight’, having an almost equal ratio of Cannabidiol (CBD) concentration to Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration, as illustrated and described herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0003] FIG. 1 illustrates a single fully grown plant of the variety;
[0004] FIG. 2 illustrates a single leaf of the variety;
[0005] FIG. 3 illustrates a flowering plant in close-up; and
[0006] FIG. 4 illustrates a dried bud.
DESCRIPTION
[0007] This invention relates to a new hybrid marijuana plant, Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica named Midnight. The Midnight is a medicinal variety of marijuana notable for an almost equal ratio of Cannabidiol (CBD) concentration to Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration. In other words, the ratio is substantially close to 1.
[0008] The present plant was developed over 3 years through selective breeding from parents of unknown provenance in Birya, Israel. Propagation occurs from seed, but large scale production generally occurs through asexual propagation using stem cuttings. The plant may be grown outside in a normal warm summer, including many locations below 50N and virtually all climates below 45N.
PLANT
Exposed Plant Structure
[0009] The Plant is an annual, dioecious plant with bush-like stature. The natural height at 5 months old of indoor growth is ˜150-160, and ˜170 cm outdoors
[0010] A detailed list of characteristics follows:
Botanical classification: Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica Parentage unknown Propagation: Stem cuttings. Time to initiate roots—in summer: Plant description: annual, dioecious flowering shrub; multi-stemmed; freely branching; removal of the terminal bud enhances lateral branch development. Root description: Short taproot (less than 30 cm). Medium to fine, dense lateral roots; white in color, brownish when “potbound” (rootbound).
First Year Stems
[0000]
Stem Strength—lateral stems are strong but benefit from being staked during flowering.
First year stem color—young stem: 144C; older stems: 144A (The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 1995 Ed.),
First year stem diameter between about 2.5 cm and about 4.5 cm.
First year trunk diameter—between 7.0 cm and 8.0 cm at the soil line.
Foliage Description
[0000]
Branch description—branches are short, densely branched with short, broad leaflets.
Leaf Arrangement—palmately compound (digitate) leaves with 8 or 9 leaflets per leaf. This plant has an above-average number of leaves
Texture (upper and lower surfaces). Upper surface scabrid with non-visible stiff hairs; lower surface more or less densely pubescent, covered with sessile glands.
Color of emerging foliage (upper surface). A cross between 144A and 144C (The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 1995 Edition.)
Petiole length −8.8 cm.
Average internodes' length (lower half of plant) 5-6 cm, internodes' length (upper half of plant) 4 cm
Venation pattern—Palmately Compound (Digitate), with serrated leaflets. Each serration has a lateral vein extending to its tip from the central (primary) vein of the leaflet. In the middle leaflet, there is occasional double serration. From each lateral vein there is usually a single spur vein (sublateral vein) extending to the notch of each serration, but occasionally two spur veins.
Vegetative Bud Description
[0000]
The lower flower buds can become too shaded by the leaves, resulting in a lower yield. This plant is particularly bushy for a sativa. The flower buds are highly resinous. Dried buds are dense and compact. There is a high density of trichomes; the visual appearance is ‘sparkling’, especially on the inner section of the dried buds. Dried buds are dense and compact. There is a high density of trichomes; the visual appearance is ‘sparkling’, especially on the inner section of the dried buds.
Flower Description
[0000]
Inflorescence: Cone- or head-like, dense cluster of false spikes with solitary flowers instead of cymes. Enclosed by glandular, beaked bracteole. Flowers are often paired. Petals are absent. Calyxes are densely covered with trichomes, slight purpling of calyx and of primary veins of surrounding leafs.
Wet Flower Color: wet flower buds have many long white pistils, which become brown a week before harvest.
Dried flower color—Dried flower buds are a medium to dark green, with orange-brown hairs.
Spike length—ranges between 5 cm and 20 cm;
Pistils description—white, mid-sized, brown at maturation.
Flowering time—8 weeks
Peduncles
[0000]
Strength: Strong, but can bend horizontally from weight of flower buds.
Texture: Moderately smooth, glabrous.
Pedicels description: Short, scabrid with sessile glands and visible hairs.
[0038] Seeds may be acquired through STS breeding. This involves inducing a female plant to become a male plant by altering its hormones using (in this case) silver nitrate and sodium thiosulfate. The male plant may then be used to pollinate a female of the same variety and collect the seeds. The relative proportion of male plants is low/medium.
[0039] The plant variety is similar to the Avidekel, both having high CBD content. The dried buds also have similar drying and storing properties including high mold resistance, high trichome density.
[0040] The inflorescences (flower buds) of this plant contain an almost equal ratio of CBD:THC (Approximately 12.4:12.7). When these two cannabinoids have an equal ratio, they work together synergistically for optimal medicinal benefits.
[0041] This strain is very versatile. It can be used to treat a wide range of health disorders. It has many beneficial medicinal qualities. Some uses include:
Stimulant Anti-inflammatory Pain management Digestive disorders Sleep disorders Anti-nausea and vomiting (increases appetite) Tourette syndrome Parkinson's disease Spasms Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
[0052] This plant requires frequent watering.
[0053] Rooting hormone and synthetic pesticides are used in propagation. This variety has high pest and disease tolerance
[0000]
USDA Plants Growth Habit Code
FB
Vigor
5/5
Productivity
Moderate to high productivity
Flowering timing
9 Weeks
Flowering score
7.5
Branches
Weak
Fruit
Slightly swolen
THC level
12.7%
CBD level
12.4%
[0054] A crop was grown having the following times of growth cycle operations:
[0000]
date of cutting/or from seeding
21 Apr. 2011
date transferred to cones pot of 0.8 liter
27 Apr. 2011
Date of moved to pot of 11 liters
23 May 2011
Date of taking clones
03 Jun. 2011
Date - start to flower
20 Jun. 2011
Ending flowering
21 Aug. 2011
wet flowers (grams)
494.7
wet leaves (grams)
212.5
wet branches (grams)
211.8
dry flowers (grams)
137.8
Mothers
2 meter
Pot size
25 L
[0055] Permits are required for growth of medical marijuana in certain states in the US and Israel. | The disclosure relates to a new and distinct Cannabis Sativa L. plant named ‘Midnight’, having an almost equal ratio of Cannabidiol (CBD) concentration to Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration, (e.g., substantially close to 1), as illustrated and described herein. | 1,110 |
The cultivar `Cream Reagan` as described and illustrated herein is related to the following cultivars:
`Dark Red Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 9,929);
`Sunny Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 9,928);
`Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,642);
`Salmon Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,869);
`Sulfur Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,786);
`Dark Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,966);
`Orange Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,769);
`Bronze Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,865);
`White Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,784);
`Coral Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,974);
`Yellow Reagan` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,884);
`Dark Splendid Reagan` (U.S. Plant patent application Ser. No. 08/646,224); and
`Splendid Reagan` (U.S. Plant patent application Ser. No. 08/738,605).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention comprises a new and distinct cultivar of Chrysanthemum plant which is a natural occurring sport of a parent Chrysanthemum named `Reagan`. Parent Chrysanthemum `Reagan` is described in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,642. The new cultivar was discovered as a whole plant mutation in 1990 in a greenhouse in Holland.
The invention has been asexually reproduced by cuttings at the same location. The new cultivar has been found to retain all of its distinctive characteristics through successive asexual propagations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a new and distinct variety of Chrysanthemum of a small to medium sized bloom and pale yellow color.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention of a new and distinct variety of Chrysanthemum is shown in the accompanying drawings, the color being as nearly true as possible with color photographs of this type.
FIG. 1 shows the full bloom of the new cultivar.
FIG. 2 shows the various stages of bloom of the new cultivar.
FIG. 3 shows foliage and petiole of the new cultivar.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This new variety of Chrysanthemum is of the botanical classification Chrysanthemum morifolium. When grown in the vicinity of Ter Aar, Holland, it has a response time of approximately 71/2 weeks. This new variety produces small to medium sized pale yellow blooms with a yellow-green center having a 4 week performance (i.e., vase life of 24-28 days). This new variety of Chrysanthemum has been found to retain its distinctive characteristics throughout successive propagations and may be planted under greenhouse conditions in Holland between weeks 50 and 35.
The following is a description of the plant and characteristics (color designations are from R.H.S. Color Chart) that distinguish it from related known varieties and its antecedents. The color designations are taken from the plant itself. Accordingly, any discrepancies between the color designations and the colors depicted in the photographs are due to photographic tolerances.
______________________________________Detailed Botanical Description and Comparative Data______________________________________CULTIVAR Cream Reagan Sunny Reagan______________________________________BudSize Medium Medium cross section cross section ±1.0 cm ±1.0 cm height ±0.7 cm height ±0.7 cmForm Round and flat Round and flatOutside Color Near Yellow 8A Between Yellow 7A/Yellow 9ABloomSize Small to Medium MediumFully Expanded 6-61/2 cm 61/2-7 cmBorne Upper portion Upper portion, single flower per single flower per peduncle lower peduncle, lower portion plural flo- portion plural wers per peduncle flowers per pe- dunclePeduncle Lengths Near the top ±14 Near the top ±14 cm, near the cm, near the middle ±24 cm middle ±24 cm, near the bottom near the bottom ±28 cm ±28 cmPeduncle Lateral Medium mediumShoot, AttachmentPeduncle Lateral Medium mediumShoot, AngleForm Single (Daisy) Single (Daisy)Performance Very good 24-28 Very good 24-28 days (18-20° C.) days (18-20° C.)ColorCenter of Flower:Immature Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 143B 151CMature Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 154A 154ABase of Petals Nearest Yellow 4C Yellow 5A dee- pening slightly to Yellow 6A in the basal halfOuter Petals Nearest Yellow 4C Yellow 5A dee- pening slightly to Yellow 6A in the basal halfInside of Petals Nearest Yellow 4C Yellow 5A dee- pening slightly to Yellow 6A in the basal halfReverse of Petals Nearest Yellow 4C Yellow 6ATonality from A pale yellow A yellow daisyDistance daisy with a fresh with a fresh looking center ha- looking center ving a little or no having a little or pollen no pollenDiscoloration None Some to Yellow 5BPollen Yellow-Orange Yellow-Orange 14A 14APetalsTexture Upperside smooth, Upperside underside smooth smooth, undersi- de smoothNumber 24-30 (two rows) 24-30 (two rows)Cross-section Convex (no keels) convex, two keelsArrangement Imbricated ImbricatedPersistence Good. Petals keep Good. Petals straight or reflex keep straight or somewhat at the reflex somewhat edge at the end of at the edge at the blooming. end of blooming.Fragrance Typical Chrysan- Typical Chrysan- themum themumDisc Diameter Medium to large Medium to large (1.5-2.0 cm) (1.5-2.0 cm)ReproductiveOrgansStamen Yellow, thick, 3 Yellow, thick, mm in length 3 mm in lengthPollen Appears at late Appears at late stage of blooming stage of bloomingStyles Green, thick Green, thickStyle Length ±5 mm ±5 mmStigmas Yellow YellowStigma Width ±1 mm ±1 mmOvaries Enclosed in calyx Enclosed in calyxPlantForm Spray mum meant Spray mum meant for erect culture. for erect culture. Herbaceous. Herbaceous.Growth Medium to tall StrongHeight 100-125 cm 100-125 cmStem Color Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 143C 144AStem Strength Medium StrongStem Brittleness Absent AbsentStem Anthocyanin Absent Present, mainlyColoration at the baseInternodes 3-31/2 cm 3 cmFlowering Response 71/2 weeks 71/2 weeksFoliageColor Upperside green Upperside Green 137A. Underside 137A. Underside Green 137C. Green 137C.Size Length ±12 cm. Length ±12 cm. Width ±10 cm. Width ±9 cm.Quantity 22-28 22-28Shape Lobed, see Lobed photographTexture Upperside rough, Upperside rough, underside smooth, underside slightly hirsute smooth, slightly hirsuteRibs and Veins Ribs well develo- Ribs well deve- ped. Veins not so loped. Veins not developed. so developed.Edge Crenated CrenatedShape of Base of Round RoundSinus BetweenLateral LobesMargin of Sinus Converging ConvergingBetween LateralLobesShape of Base Cordate TruncateApex Mucronate MucronateGrowthDifference in ave- +5 cm +10 cmrage lengthResponse timeDifference in days +1/2 +11/2of average responseResponse to ALAR(g/100 l 300 450H.sub.2 O)Year of Discovery 1990 1991______________________________________CULTIVAR Yellow Reagan Coral Reagan______________________________________BudSize Medium Medium cross section cross section ±1.0 cm ±1.0 cm height ±0.7 cm height ±0.7 cmForm Round and flat Round and flatOutside Color Yellow 9C Greyed Purple 186ABloomSize Medium MediumFully Expanded 61/2-7 cm 61/2-7 cmBorne Upper portion Upper portion, single flower per single flower per peduncle, lower peduncle, lower portion plural portion plural flowers per pe- flowers per pe- duncle dunclePeduncle Lengths Near the top ±14 Near the top ±14 cm, near the cm, near the middle ±24 cm middle ±24 cm, near the bottom near the bottom ±28 cm ±28 cmPeduncle Lateral weak to medium weak to mediumShoot, AttachmentPeduncle Lateral small smallShoot, AngleForm Single (Daisy) Single (Daisy)Performance Very good 24-28 Very good 24-28 days (18-20° C.) days (18-20° C.)ColorCenter of Flower:Immature Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 151C 151CMature Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 154A 154ABase of Petals Yellow 5C Greyed-Red 179C but redderOuter Petals Yellow 5C Greyed Red 179C but redderInside of Petals Yellow 5C Greyed Red 179C but redderReverse of Petals Yellow 4C Greyed Yellow 162D tinged with Red Purple 71B between ribs and marginTonality from A yellow daisy A pale bronzeDistance with a fresh daisy with a looking center fresh looking having a little or center having a no pollen little or no pollenDiscoloration Some to yellow Some to yellow- 5B orange 23CPollen Yellow-Orange Yellow-Orange 14A 14APetalsTexture Upperside Upperside smooth, undersi- smooth, undersi- de smooth de smoothNumber 24-30 (two rows) 24-30 (two rows)Cross-section flat, two keels flat, two keelsArrangement Imbricated ImbricatedPersistence Good. Petals keep Good. Petals straight or reflex keep straight or somewhat at the reflex somewhat edge at the end of at the edge at the blooming. end of blooming.Fragrance Typical Chrysan- Typical Chrysan- themum themumDisc Diameter Medium Medium (1.5 cm) (1.5 cm)ReproductiveOrgansStamen Yellow, thick, 3 Yellow, thick, mm in length 3 mm in lengthPollen Appears at late Appears at late stage of blooming stage of bloomingStyles Green, thick Green, thickStyle Length ±5 mm ±5 mmStigmas Yellow YellowStigma Width ±1 mm ±1 mmOvaries Enclosed in calyx Enclosed in calyxPlantForm Spray mum meant Spray mum meant for erect culture. for erect culture. Herbaceous. Herbaceous.Growth Strong StrongHeight 100-125 cm 100-125 cmStem Color Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 146B 144AStem Strength Medium MediumStem Brittleness Absent AbsentStem Anthocyanin Absent PresentColorationInternodes 3 cm 3 cmFlowering Response 71/2 weeks 71/2 weeksFoliageColor Upperside green Upperside Green 137A. Underside 137A. Underside Green 137C. Green 137C.Size Length ±12 cm. Length ±12 cm. Width ±9 cm. Width ±9 cm.Quantity 22-28 22-28Shape Lobed LobedTexture Upperside rough, Upperside rough, underside smooth, underside slightly hirsute smooth, slightly hirsuteRibs and Veins Ribs well deve- Ribs well deve- loped. Veins not loped. Veins not so developed. so developed.Edge Crenated CrenatedShape of Base of Round RoundSinus BetweenLateral LobesMargin of Sinus Parallel ConvergingBetween LateralLobesShape of Base Asymmetric AsymmetricApex Mucronate CuspidateGrowthDifference in ave- 0 -5 cmrage lengthResponse timeDifference in days +1 +1of average responseResponse to ALAR(g/100 l 280 250H.sub.2 O)Year of Discovery 1990 1998______________________________________CULTIVAR Bronze Reagan Salmon Reagan______________________________________BudSize Medium Medium cross section cross section ±1.0 cm ±1.0 cm height ±0.7 cm height ±0.7 cmForm Round and flat Round and flatOutside Color Greyed Red Nearest to Yellow 179C 23DBloomSize Medium MediumFully Expanded 61/2-7 cm 61/2-7 cmBorne Upper portion, Upper portion, single flower per single flower per peduncle, lower peduncle, lower portion plural portion plural flowers per pe- flowers per pe- duncle dunclePeduncle Lengths Near the top ±14 Near the top ±14 cm, near the cm, near the middle ±24 cm middle ±24 cm, near the bottom near the bottom ±28 cm ±28 cmPeduncle Lateral weak mediumShoot, AttachmentPeduncle Lateral small mediumShoot, AngleForm Single (Daisy) Single (Daisy)Performance Very good 24-28 Very good 24-28 days (18-20° C.) days (18-20° C.)ColorCenter of Flower:Immature Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 151C 151CMature Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 154A 154ABase of Petals Yellow 8A with Nearest to orange an overlay of 29C Greyed Red 179BOuter Petals Yellow 8A with Nearest to orange an overlay of 29C Greyed Red 179BInside of Petals Yellow 8A Nearest to orange an overlay of 29C Greyed Red 179BReverse of Petals Yellow 8C tin- Nearest to orange ged along the 22D center with Greyed Red 179B in a tesse- lated patternTonality from A pale bronze A yellow-orangeDistance daisy with a to orange daisy fresh looking with a fresh look- center having a ing center having little or no pollen a little or no pollenDiscoloration None NonePollen Yellow-Orange Yellow-Orange 14A 14APetalsTexture Upperside Upperside smooth, undersi- smooth, undersi- de smooth de smoothNumber 24-30 (two rows) 24-30 (two rows)Cross-section flat, two keels flat, two keelsArrangement Imbricated ImbricatedPersistence Good. Petals keep Good. Petals straight or reflex keep straight or somewhat at the reflex somewhat edge at the end of at the edge at the blooming. end of blooming.Fragrance Typical Chrysan- Typical Chrysan- themum themumDisc Diameter Medium Medium (1.5 cm) (1.5 cm)ReproductiveOrgansStamen Yellow, thick, 3 Yellow, thick, mm in length 3 mm in lengthPollen Appears at late Appears at late stage of blooming stage of bloomingStyles Green, thick Green, thickStyle Length ±5 mm ±5 mmStigmas Yellow YellowStigma Width ±1 mm ±1 mmOvaries Enclosed in calyx Enclosed in calyxPlantForm Spray mum meant Spray mum meant for erect culture. for erect culture. Herbaceous. Herbaceous.Growth Strong StrongHeight 100-125 cm 100-125 cmStem Color Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 144A 144AStem Strength Medium MediumStem Brittleness Absent PresentStem Anthocyanin Present PresentColorationInternodes 3 cm 3 cmFlowering Response 71/2 weeks 71/2 weeksFoliageColor Upperside green Upperside Green 137A. Underside 137A. Underside Green 137C. Green 137C.Size Length ±12 cm. Length ±12 cm. Width ±9 cm. Width ±9 cm.Quantity 22-28 22-28Shape Lobed LobedTexture Upperside rough, Upperside rough, underside smooth, underside slightly hirsute smooth, slightly hirsuteRibs and Veins Ribs well deve- Ribs well deve- loped. Veins not loped. Veins not so developed. so developed.Edge Crenated CrenatedShape of Base of Round RoundSinus BetweenLateral LobesMargin of Sinus Converging ParallelBetween LateralLobesShape of Base Asymmetric AsymmetricApex Cuspidate CuspidateGrowthDifference in ave- 0 +10 cmrage lengthResponse timeDifference in days -1/2 0of average responseResponse to ALAR(g/100 l 250 450H.sub.2 O)Year of Discovery 1998 1997______________________________________CULTIVAR Sulfur Reagan Parent Cultivar Reagan______________________________________BudSize Medium Medium cross section cross section ±1.0 cm ±1.0 cm height ±0.7 cm height ±0.7 cmForm Round and flat Round and flatOutside Color Yellow 10C Greyed Purple 186D but palerBloomSize Medium MediumFully Expanded 7-71/2 cm 61/2-7 cmBorne Upper portion Upper portion, single flower per single flower per peduncle, lower peduncle, lower portion plural portion plural flowers per pe- flowers per pe- duncle dunclePeduncle Lengths Near the top ±14 Near the top ±14 cm, near the cm, near the middle ±24 cm middle ±24 cm, near the bottom near the bottom ±28 cm ±28 cmPeduncle Lateral weak to medium MediumShoot, AttachmentPeduncle Lateral small MediumShoot, AngleForm Single (Daisy) Single (Daisy)Performance Very good 24-28 Very good 24-28 days (18-20° C.) days (18-20° C.)ColorCenter of Flower:Immature Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 151C 151CMature Yellow-Green Yellow-Green 154A 154ABase of Petals Yellow 6D Purple 75BOuter Petals Yellow 6D Purple 75BInside of Petals Yellow 6D Purple 75BReverse of Petals Yellow 6D Red-Purple 69D but palerTonality from A yellow daisy A pale pink daisyDistance with a fresh look- with a fresh look- ing center having a ing center having little or no pollen a little or no pollenDiscoloration None Some to Red- Purple 69DPollen Yellow-Orange Yellow-Orange 14A 14APetalsTexture Upperside smooth, Upperside smooth, underside smooth underside smmothNumber 24-30 (two rows) 24-30 (two rows)Cross-section flat, two keels flat, two keelsArrangement Imbricated ImbricatedPersistence Good. Petals keep Good. Petals straight or reflex keep straight or somewhat at the reflex somewhat edge at the end of at the edge at the blooming. end of blooming.Fragrance Typical Chrysan- Typical Chrysan- themum themumDisc Diameter Medium Medium (1.5 cm) (1.5 cm)ReproductiveOrgansStamen Yellow, thick, 3 Yellow, thick, mm in length 3 mm in lengthPollen Appears at late Appears at late stage of blooming stage of bloomingStyles Green, thick Green, thickStyle Length ±5 mm ±5 mmStigmas Yellow YellowStigma Width ±1 mm ±1 mmOvaries Enclosed in calyx Enclosed in calyxPlantForm Spray mum meant Spray mum meant for erect culture. for erect culture. Herbaceous. Herbaceous.Growth Strong StrongHeight 100-125 cm 100-125 cmStem Color nearest Green Yellow-Green 143C 144AStem Strength Medium to strong MediumStem Brittleness Absent PresentStem Anthocyanin Absent AbsentColorationInternodes 3 cm 3 cmFlowering Response 71/2 weeks 71/2 weeksFoliageColor Upperside Green Upperside Green 137A. Underside 137A. Underside Green 137C. Green 137C.Size Length ±12 cm. Length ±12 cm. Width ±9 cm. Width ±9 cm.Quantity 22-28 22-28Shape Lobed LobedTexture Upperside rough, Upperside rough, underside smooth, underside slightly hirsute smooth, slightly hirsuteRibs and Veins Ribs well deve- Ribs well deve- loped. Veins not loped. Veins not so developed. so developed.Edge Crenated CrenatedShape of Base of Round RoundSinus BetweenLateral LobesMargin of Sinus Parallel ConvergingBetween LateralLobesShape of Base Asymmetric RoundedApex Mucronate CuspidateGrowthDifference in ave- +10 cm 0rage lengthResponse timeDifference in days -1 0of average responseResponse to ALAR(g/100 l 450 300H.sub.2 O)Year of Discovery 1990 1996______________________________________ | A new and distinct cultivar of Chrysanthemum plant named `Cream Reagan`, bearing small to medium sized pale yellow blooms with a yellow-green center and performance of 24-28 days. | 2,398 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to machines for cracking multiple nuts. More particularly, it cracks nuts by rolling them between two surfaces which move relative to one another and become closer together, increasing the pressure on the nuts as the nuts are pulled downward by gravity into a smaller cracking zone.
2. Related Art
Power, U.S. Pat. No. 1,194,318, discloses a conical hopper, a conical rotor mounted within the hopper, means for operating the rotor, there being a downwardly decreasing inter-space between the rotor and the hopper, the hopper being provided with downwardly ranging channels formed in its inner walls, and the rotor being provided with spirally produced channels in its periphery, said channels in the hopper walls being angular in formation and separated by edge portions to which the material is presented upon the rotation of the rotor, and the rotor being provided in the channels with spaced pins projecting beyond the periphery of the rotor.
Spitz, U.S. Pat. No. 1,274,803, discloses a cone-shaped hopper or shell with vertically-disposed ribs on its upper portion and teeth on its bottom portion, and an upright conical member with spiral ribs on its upper portion and teeth on its lower member, the teeth of the hopper and conical member having abrupt faces facing in opposite directions.
Dragon, U.S. Pat. No. 2,129,679, discloses two conical members concentrically mounted one within the other so as to provide a downwardly diminishing substantially annular and conical space or chamber.
Kasser, U.S. Pat. No. 2,302,227, discloses a process of cracking and shelling nuts which consists in rolling the nuts between opposite compressible surfaces so that the nuts are partly embedded in said surfaces, and forcing the rolled nuts at intervals on said surfaces over rigid cracking surfaces.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a nutcracker comprising a conical member with a textured exterior surface inside a vertical cylinder with a textured interior surface. Nuts are placed in the space between the conical member and the vertical cylinder. As the conical member rotates within the vertical cylinder, gravity forces the nuts to roll downward into a cracking zone of increasingly reduced space, until the pressure between the conical member and the vertical cylinder causes the shells of the nuts to crack.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings illustrate several aspects of embodiments of the present invention. The drawings are for the purpose only of illustrating preferred modes of the invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is another perspective view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1 .
FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-2 .
FIG. 4 is a front view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-3 .
FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-4 .
FIG. 6 is a top view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-5 .
FIG. 7 is a rear view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-6 .
FIG. 8 is a side view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-7 .
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-8 taken from the side.
FIG. 10 shows the conical member and rod of the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-9 .
FIG. 11 shows the vertical cylinder, handles, and chute of the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-9 .
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The preferred embodiment of the present invention is a nutcracker 10 which cracks the shells of nuts 2 by utilizing gravity to roll the nuts 2 downward into an increasingly narrow cracking zone 15 between a vertical cylinder 40 and a conical member 20 , as shown in FIG. 9 . A description of the preferred embodiment of the invention follows.
The vertical cylinder 40 is the structural core of the nutcracker 10 . An open cylindrical shape, with open circles at each end and walls extending perpendicularly to the planes of the circles, is preferred because of its ease of manufacture. The vertical cylinder 40 is preferably formed from a rectangular sheet of metal formed into a right, circular cylinder, and welded together at the ends that come together, and preferably has a diameter of eight inches. Tread plate is preferred for the sheet of metal because it is readily available and inexpensive in the welding industry, and easy to form into the desired cylindrical shape. Its elongated protrusions 41 that extend no more than one-eighth of an inch from the surrounding plate surface and are at right angles to each other “woven” into a pattern at regular intervals as shown in FIGS. 1 , 3 , 9 , 10 , and 11 , allow the vertical cylinder to grip the nuts 2 to be cracked. The vertical cylinder 40 will preferably be formed with the treads facing inward, forming a textured interior surface 42 of the vertical cylinder. It is envisioned that tread plate with textures other than that shown, or rigidized metal or dimpled metal could be used as alternatives to the illustrated tread plate. The sheet of metal may be made of any kind of steel; however, stainless steel is preferred because it is the most sanitary material and easily washed. Aluminum, on the other hand, would wear down after repeated use and is therefore not desired.
The vertical cylinder 40 preferably has handles 45 welded onto each side of the vertical cylinder 40 , which allow the nutcracker 10 to be carried and controlled once the nutcracker 10 is placed on the work surface. Welded onto the bottom of the vertical cylinder 40 will preferably be a bottom plate 56 , which prevents the vertical cylinder 40 from digging into the work surface.
Four eight-pound manual release suction cups 80 , each two inches in diameter, are preferably bolted onto the bottom plate 56 , to prevent the nutcracker 10 from moving once it has been placed on the work surface; push-button suction cups could also be used. However, the nutcracker 10 could also be clamped onto the work surface, or even bolted onto the work surface.
A first cross-arm bearing support 50 will preferably be attached at or near the top or the vertical cylinder 40 ; it is envisioned that the first cross-arm bearing support 50 could either be welded onto the vertical cylinder 40 directly, or fastened onto landings 44 which are welded onto the vertical cylinder 40 . The first cross-arm bearing support will preferably have a one-inch first bearing 51 attached to it which is configured to receive a rod 28 and allow the rod 28 to spin in the center of the vertical cylinder 40 . The first cross-arm bearing support 50 will preferably also have smaller holes which are configured to receive bolts for the purpose of attaching a hopper 60 to the vertical cylinder 40 .
The hopper 60 is preferably an inverted partial cone, and serves as a funnel to allow more nuts 2 to be placed into the nutcracker 10 . The hopper 60 is manufactured as a separate piece from the vertical cylinder 40 . The hopper 60 is preferably made of sixteen-gauge sheet metal. The hopper 60 preferably has a horizontal plate 62 with small holes adapted to receive bolts, as well as a pair of slanted plates 64 with apertures adapted to receive bolts, all three plates being welded onto the hopper 60 . Means other than bolts to fasten the hopper 60 to the vertical cylinder 40 are envisioned. The slanted plates 64 are slanted to allow the nuts 2 to fall down into the vertical cylinder 40 . The configuration of horizontal plate 62 and slanted plates 64 have the purposes of securing the hopper 60 to the vertical cylinder 40 , and preventing hands from going into the vertical cylinder 40 and becoming injured. When the hopper 60 is placed onto the vertical cylinder 40 , the hopper 60 and vertical cylinder 40 preferably form an angle of 161 degrees.
As shown in FIG. 9 , a first plate 54 is preferably attached to the entire interior perimeter of the vertical cylinder 40 . The first plate 54 preferably is made of sheet metal and has a smooth top surface, has a hole in its center that is adapted to allow a rod 28 to pass through and spin, and is slanted from the horizontal to allow shelled nuts 2 (comprising nut meat 2 ′ and shells 2 ″) to slide down along the first plate 54 and out of the vertical cylinder 40 through an opening 55 in the vertical cylinder 40 , preferably exiting the vertical cylinder 40 along a spout 46 .
The spout 46 is preferably made from the same piece of sheet metal as the first plate 54 , and preferably has a bottom portion 48 which is parallel to the first plate 54 , and two side portions 49 which serve to guide the nuts 2 in a uniform direction as they exit the nutcracker 10 .
A second plate 52 is preferably attached to the vertical cylinder 40 and to the bottom of the first plate 54 , and has a one-inch second bearing 53 configured to receive a rod 28 and allow the rod 28 to spin. Below the second plate 52 is a bevel gear comprising a first bevel wheel 74 and a second bevel wheel 76 . The first bevel wheel 74 is keyed to hold the rod 28 in place, the rod 28 also being keyed at its bottom end. The second bevel wheel 76 meshes with the first bevel wheel 74 . The second bevel wheel 74 is attached to a shaft 72 and crank 70 , which allow the user to turn the rod 28 within the vertical cylinder 40 , causing the conical member 20 to rotate. However, it is envisioned that there are other ways to turn the rod 28 and conical member 20 , such as with a motor with two sprockets and a chain, or by using a rod 28 long enough to extend beyond the hopper 60 and connected to a crank to the top end of the rod 28 .
The second essential element of the nutcracker 10 besides the vertical cylinder 40 is the conical member 20 . The conical member 20 is centered in the vertical cylinder 40 . The conical member 20 preferably has a broad end 26 with diameter of seven inches, a narrow end 24 with diameter of four-and-one-half inches, and a height of eight inches. The conical member 20 is preferably hollow. It is preferably made of the same material as the vertical cylinder, with the treads facing outward to form a textured exterior surface 22 . For manufacture of the conical member 20 , the tread plate is cut with two arcs of different radii centered upon the same point. A sheet of metal, preferably also tread plate, is also used to close the narrow end 24 of the conical member 20 and the broad end 26 of the conical member 20 . However, if tread plate is used to close the narrow end 24 and the broad end 26 , the treads will face inward so that the exterior portions of the narrow end 24 and broad end 26 are smooth. A single rod 28 preferably extends through and is welded into the center of the narrow end 24 and the broad end 26 . The rod 28 preferably has a diameter of one inch. However, two separate rods could also be used, with one extending from the narrow end 24 and the other extending from the broad end 26 , and still achieve the purposes of the invention. The angle 92 between the textured exterior surface 22 and the broad end 26 is preferably between 80 and 84 degrees, and most preferably 82 degrees.
The area between the textured exterior surface 22 and the textured interior surface 42 forms a cracking zone 15 . The textured interior surface 42 is vertical in the cracking zone 15 , as the textured interior surface 42 is preferably vertical at all points. The textured interior surface 42 is continuous from the top of the vertical cylinder 40 though the cracking zone 15 to the bottom of the vertical cylinder 40 because the vertical cylinder 40 , of which the textured interior surface 42 is a part, is inexpensively made from a single rectangular piece of sheet metal, preferably tread plate, bent into a right cylinder and welded together. The textured exterior surface 22 is also continuous from the narrow end 24 of the conical member 20 through the cracking zone 15 to the broad end 26 of the conical member 20 because the textured exterior surface 22 is also made from a single piece of sheet metal, preferably tread plate.
An angle 90 between the textured exterior surface 22 of the conical member 20 and the textured interior surface 42 of the vertical cylinder 40 causes the cracking zone 15 between the textured exterior surface 22 and textured interior surface 42 to decrease as the nuts 2 are pulled downward by gravity. As the conical member 20 spins within the vertical cylinder 40 , or alternatively, as the conical member 20 is alternately spun in one direction and then the other, gravity causes the nuts 2 to roll downward and the cracking zone 15 is decreased, resulting in increasing pressure applied to the nuts 2 as they are squeezed between the textured exterior surface 22 and textured interior surface 42 .
If either the textured exterior surface 22 or the textured interior surface 42 were smooth, then the nuts 2 would slip and move upward, never breaking or cracking. This is why tread plate is used to grip the nuts—its elongated protrusions 41 which protrude no more than one-eighth of an inch and are at right angles to each other woven into a pattern at regular intervals, cause consistent gripping and cracking of the nuts because of the even distribution of pressure, but not tearing into the shells and creating small pieces which must be cleaned.
If the angle 90 were too great, then the nuts 2 would also slip and move upward, never breaking or cracking. However, if the angle 90 were two small, then the nuts 2 would be crushed and broken repeatedly as the pressure was applied over a greater distance, causing them to break into many small pieces. The inventor has found that an angle 90 between six and ten degrees, and preferably eight degrees, and a minimum cracking zone width M between the bottom part of the textured exterior surface 22 and textured interior surface 42 of three-eighths of an inch to five-eighths of an inch, and preferably seven-sixteenths to one-half of an inch, allows the nutcracker 10 to crack any type of nuts 2 except peanuts. No adjustment of the nutcracker 10 is needed to crack different types of nuts 2 .
When the nuts 2 are poured between the vertical cylinder 40 and the conical member 20 and the conical member is rotated, the nuts 2 move downward, the shells of the nuts crack, and the nuts break into halves and thirds, fall onto the first plate 54 , and slide out of the nutcracker 10 along the spout 46 , as shown in FIG. 9 . Walnuts begin cracking when they are about half-way down from the top of the conical member 20 , and are usually cracked by the time they are two inches down from this half-way point. It has been found that 216 pounds of walnuts per hour, or one bushel of walnuts every ten minutes, can be cracked by hand using the embodiment described herein.
Although this invention has been described above with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these disclosed particulars, but extends instead to all equivalents within the scope of the following claims. | A nutcracker utilizes a conical member with a textured exterior surface rotatably mounted and centered inside a vertical cylinder with a textured interior surface. The nuts occupy a cracking zone between the textured exterior surface and the textured interior surface. As the conical member rotates, gravity rolls the nuts down in a spiraling path into an increasingly smaller cracking zone until the pressure on the nuts between the textured exterior surface and the textured interior surface causes the shells to crack and the nuts to break into halves and thirds. | 2,807 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of food preparation. More particularly, the invention relates to apparatus and method for preparing a decorated cake.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Edible rolled fondant, which is a type of sugar paste rolled out like a pie crust, is used by professional bakers to cover a cake. The rolled fondant generally includes gelatin or agar, as well as food-grade glycerine for maintaining the sugar pliable and producing a dough-like consistency, and may be colored and flavored.
[0003] After the fondant is sufficiently rolled and softened, it is lifted off the worktable and carefully adhered onto the cake, while ensuring that the entire top and sides of the cake are covered in a wrinkle-free manner. The fondant covering helps the cake underneath to stay moist, and constitutes a smooth support surface to which other edible decorations such as fine royal icing and selectively shaped three-dimensional elements can be applied.
[0004] Due to the time consuming process for preparing and applying rolled fondant, the cost of a decorated cake is high.
[0005] It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for reducing the costs for preparing a decorated cake.
[0006] Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention provides a kit for preparing a decorated cake, comprising a hollow receptacle that is shaped and dimensioned, essentially according to a desired size and shape of a cake to be prepared; an edible and ready to use rolled fondant applied to, and in engagement with, at least most of an inner face of said receptacle to define a fondant interior; and a cover for releasably covering said receptacle and for retaining said fondant in a fresh condition, wherein a ready to serve decorated cake is exposable upon introduction of cake material into said fondant interior and inversion and subsequent removal of said receptacle.
[0008] In one aspect, the kit comprises a plurality of the hollow receptacles each of which is of a different size and nested one within the other, wherein a corresponding ready to use rolled fondant is applied to, and in engagement with, at least most of an inner face of each of said receptacles, and wherein the cover releasably covers said plurality of receptacles.
[0009] The present invention is also directed to a method for preparing a chilled decorated cake, comprising the steps of applying an edible and ready to use rolled fondant to an inner face of a hollow receptacle to define a fondant interior; introducing cake material into said fondant interior; sufficiently chilling said receptacle together with said fondant and said introduced cake material to prevent adhesion of said fondant to said receptacle; inverting said receptacle until a fondant engaged cake is lowered onto a tray; and lifting said receptacle so as to be separated from said tray and to expose said fondant engaged cake.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] In the drawings:
[0011] FIGS. 1-8 are a method for preparing a decorated cake, according to an embodiment of the invention;
[0012] FIGS. 9-13 are a method for preparing a decorated cake, according to another embodiment of the invention;
[0013] FIG. 14 is an exploded view of a kit for preparing a decorated cake, according to another embodiment of the invention;
[0014] FIG. 15 is a front view of a cake prepared with the kit of FIG. 14 ; and
[0015] FIG. 16 is a perspective view from the top and side of a hollow receptacle formed with one or more three-dimensionally shaped ornamental cavities.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0016] FIGS. 1-8 illustrate a method for quickly applying rolled fondant to a cake, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
[0017] By using the term “fondant” it is meant to include any edible crust, made of sweet dough and used to coat surfaces of a cake, so as to decorate the cake and add flavor to its texture. Such an edible crust may include marzipan, as well as gum paste or sugar paste.
[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates a kit 10 for preparing a decorated cake, according to one embodiment of the invention. Kit 10 comprises a hollow receptacle 3 , e.g. cardboard mold, that is shaped and dimensioned according to the desired size of a cake to be prepared, a ready to use rolled fondant 5 applied to, and engagement with, the inner face of receptacle 3 , and a cover 7 , e.g. planar, for covering receptacle 3 and retaining fondant 5 in a fresh and appetizing condition.
[0019] Fondant 5 is a three-dimensional shell made of sugar paste, or any other edible paste, well known to cover and decorate a cake. The shell may be smooth, configured with two or three dimensional patterns or by different shapes and sizes. Fondant 5 may also have edible inserts, and be imprinted or otherwise provided with selected edible indicia or other decorations.
[0020] After cover 7 is removed, as shown in FIG. 2 , to make the hollow interior 8 of receptacle 3 and fondant 5 accessible, a cream filling 11 is applied to fondant 5 at the bottom of interior 8 , as shown in FIG. 3 . A cake layer 12 , e.g. a sponge cake or any other type of cake, is applied onto cream filling 11 , and then a second cake layer 17 is applied to a second cream layer 14 , as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 . Alternatively, any other previously prepared cake in an upside-down orientation may be lowered into interior 8 so as to be interfaced with fondant 5 .
[0021] The introduced cake or cake and cream layers may be individually or commercially prepared. Alternatively, the kit may also be provided with a cake mix, a cream filling, or other sugar paste decorations.
[0022] An upside-down tray 15 , which may also provided with the kit, is then positioned on the top of receptacle 3 , as shown in FIG. 6 . The receptacle is then inverted such that the planar element of the tray 15 is positioned on an underlying surface and the fondant, together with the introduced cake material therewithin, is lowered onto the tray. After receptacle 3 is lifted and separated from tray 15 as shown in FIG. 7 , a ready to serve decorated cake 20 overlying tray 15 becomes exposed. Fondant 5 tends to harden to a certain extent over the course of time, and therefore will essentially not adhere to receptacle 3 when the latter is lifted. Decorations may be applied to cake 20 .
[0023] FIG. 9 illustrates a kit 30 according to another embodiment of the invention. Kit 30 comprises three hollow receptacles 3 , 23 and 26 of different sizes nested one within the other. Each of the receptacles is arranged such that its bottom is downwardly positioned and its interior is accessible from above. Applied to, and engagement with, the inner face of each of the receptacles 3 , 23 and 26 is a corresponding ready to use rolled fondant. The interior of receptacles 3 , 23 and 26 is covered by cover 27 .
[0024] After receptacles 23 and 26 are removed from receptacle 3 and separated, as shown in FIG. 10 , cake and cream material is added to the interior of each of the receptacles, as illustrated in FIG. 11 .
[0025] With reference to FIG. 12 , receptacle 3 is then inverted, to discharge therefrom first level cake 20 . Afterwards, receptacle 23 is inverted, to discharge therefrom second level cake 35 onto the top of first level cake 20 . Receptacle 26 is then inverted, to discharge therefrom third level cake 40 onto the top of second level cake 35 . A ready to serve decorated cake 50 shown in FIG. 13 , suitable as a wedding cake, is thereby produced.
[0026] As may be appreciated from the above description, the kit of the present invention enables a fondant covered cake to be quickly and easily produced, together with a unique personal design. The method may be implemented for commercial, mass produced applications.
[0027] For additional cost savings, the receptacle may be reused, such as when made of plastic or is metallic. A more efficient cake preparing method may be realized when both a baking station and a receptacle inverting station are equipped with the same sized receptacle, to ensure that the baked cake will be introducible into the fondant interior prior to being inverted. Thus the discharging of the baked cake from the baking station may be synchronized with the transfer of a fondant applied receptacle to the receptacle inverting station.
[0028] In another embodiment of the invention, the fondant is ensured of being retained in applied relation to the outer receptacle by means of an inner securing receptacle. By retaining the fondant in applied relation to the outer receptacle, the design of the fondant is advantageously able to be displayed to the consumer at a store, thereby increasing the appeal of a kit.
[0029] FIG. 14 illustrates a kit 55 for preparing a two-layered cake 60 shown in FIG. 15 . Ready to use hollow fondant 51 is two-tiered such that the upper tier is of a smaller width than that of the lower tier. Outer receptacle 53 is also two-tiered, and fondant 51 is inserted within, and applied to the inner surfaces of, outer receptacle 53 , so as to have a complementary shape of the latter. Outer receptacle 53 is provided with a lip 54 which is engageable with cover 59 . Two-tiered securing receptacle 63 is insertable within the interior of fondant 51 , and serves to urge fondant 51 towards outer receptacle 53 when cover 59 is engaged with lip 54 and contacts the wider portion of securing receptacle 63 . Kit 55 also comprises decoration 65 that is received within the interior of securing receptacle 63 .
[0030] The cake material may be baked within securing receptacle 63 . After being baked, the cake material is removable from receptacle 63 and temporarily positionable on top of cover 59 , also serving as the tray, after which it is introduced into the fondant interior. Outer receptacle 53 is then inverted until fondant engaged cake 60 is lowered onto cover 59 . Securing receptacle 63 may be reused.
[0031] A kit may be envisioned to prepare a cake of any other desired number of tiers in similar fashion.
[0032] According to another embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 16 , the closed bottom surface 72 of hollow receptacle 75 is formed with one or more three-dimensionally shaped cavities 77 recessed from surface 72 , such as in the form of flowers or the illustrated exemplary Mickey Mouse design.
[0033] In use, ready rolled fondant is adapted to be applied to the inner face of bottom 72 and side 73 surfaces of receptacle 75 , whether manually or by a mechanized process. After pressure is applied to the fondant, such as by a securing receptacle, the fondant is urged into cavity 77 and assumes the three-dimensional shape. Upon filling the interior of receptacle 75 with previously prepared cake material and inverting the receptacle, the latter may be removed to expose the fondant engaged cake, which is produced with an ornamental protrusion protruding from the fondant and complementary to the shape of cavity 77 . This protrusion may be selectively colored as well known by those skilled in the art, such as by food coloring.
[0034] Alternatively, selectively colored fondant is applied (e.g., by injecting), whether manually or by a mechanized process, into a suitable region of cavity 77 to produce the three-dimensional ornamental projection. The main fondant is then applied to bottom 72 and side 73 surfaces of receptacle 75 , as well as to the applied colored fondant, after which cake material is introduced into the interior of receptacle 75 .
[0035] The hollow receptacle may also be pre-partitioned into separate members, which can be disconnected from each other by horizontal displacement, in order not to twist three-dimensionally shaped ornamental protrusions or indentations. These separate members may include handles, to allow proper grasping when separating between members.
[0036] While some embodiments of the invention have been described by way of illustration, it will be apparent that the invention can be carried out with many modifications, variations and adaptations, and with the use of numerous equivalents or alternative solutions that are within the scope of persons skilled in the art, without exceeding the scope of the claims. | A kit for preparing a decorated cake, which comprises a hollow receptacle that is shaped and dimensioned, essentially according to a desired size and shape of a cake to be prepared; an edible and ready to use rolled fondant applied to, and in engagement with, at least most of an inner face of said receptacle to define a fondant interior; and a cover for releasably covering said receptacle and for retaining said fondant in a fresh condition. A ready to serve decorated cake is exposable upon introduction of cake material into said fondant interior and inversion and subsequent removal of said receptacle. | 2,213 |
PRIORITY CLAIM
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/150,090 filed on Feb. 5, 2009 entitled “Reamer and Drill Guiding Device,” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to devices for treating fractures and, in particular, relates to a device for guiding a drill or a reamer co-axially along a guidewire inserted into a bone such that an opening may be formed in the bone at a desired angle and position to accommodate the insertion of a fixation device therethrough.
BACKGROUND
An intramedullary nail is a device used to stabilize long bones such as the tibia or femur. The intramedullary nail is inserted into a medullary canal of the long bone to align and stabilize the bone after an opening through the cortical bone has been formed using, for example, a drill or reamer. To ensure a proper angle of insertion for the intramedullary nail, a guidewire (e.g., a k-wire) may be used to guide the drill or reamer into the bone at the desired angle. The guidewire is generally inserted into the bone at the desired angle and position and the drill or reamer is then slid over the guidewire. To attain the desired angle and position for the cortical bone opening, the drill or reamer should be co-axial with the guidewire. However, in some cases, a bending force at one end of the drill or reamer results in the drill or reamer becoming displaced such that the opening of the cortical bone is formed at an improper angle and/or position
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a device for guiding a drilling tool to form an opening in a bone, comprising a body extending from a distal end to a proximal end, the body including a lumen extending therethrough, the lumen being sized and shaped to slidably accommodate a guidewire therein and a plurality of arms extending proximally from the proximal end, the arms being disposed about the lumen with a gripping surface of each arm being spaced radially from an axis of the guide wire lumen by a distance approximately corresponding to a thickness of a guidewire to be received therein, the gripping surfaces gripping the guidewire to maintain a portion thereof extending proximally of the lumen along the axis of the lumen.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a side view of a system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of a device according to the system of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional side view of the device of FIG. 2 ;
FIG. 4 shows another side view of the device of FIG. 2 , rotated about a longitudinal axis thereof with respect to FIG. 3 ;
FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of the system of FIG. 1 , in a guiding configuration;
FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional side view of the system of FIG. 5 ;
FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of the system of FIG. 1 , in a stopping configuration; and
FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional side view of the system of FIG. 7 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention, which may be further understood with reference to the following description and the appended drawings, relates to devices for treating fractures. In particular, exemplary embodiments of the present invention describe a device for guiding a drill or a reamer co-axially along a guidewire inserted into a bone such that an opening may be formed in the bone at a desired angle and position to accommodate the insertion of a fixation device therethrough. It will be understood by those of skill in the art that although the exemplary embodiments are described in regard to the formation of a cortical opening for the insertion of an intramedullary nail, the device may be used for creating a bone opening in any situation in which a guidewire is used. It should also be noted that the terms “proximal” and “distal,” as used herein, are used to describe a direction toward (proximal) and away from (distal) a user of the device.
As shown in FIG. 1 , a system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises a device 102 that may be used to guide a drilling tool 104 co-axially along a guidewire 106 inserted into a bone 108 to form a cortical opening in the bone 108 at a desired angle and/or position. As shown in FIGS. 2-4 , the device 102 comprises a body portion 110 and a plurality of arms 112 . The body portion 110 extends longitudinally from a distal end 114 to a proximal end 116 and includes a lumen 118 extending therethrough from the distal end 114 to the proximal end 116 . The lumen 118 is preferably sized and shaped to slidably accommodate the guidewire 106 . In a preferred embodiment, the body portion 110 may be substantially cylindrical. However, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that the body portion 110 may take a variety of shapes and sizes.
The arms 112 extend from the proximal end 116 and are positioned around the lumen 118 . Each of the arms 112 may include a contact portion 120 protruding radially inward (i.e., toward an axis of the lumen 118 ) from a proximal end 122 of a radially inner surface 124 of the arm 112 . Each of the arms 112 may also be angled inward toward the longitudinal axis of the lumen 118 such that a distance between the contact portions 120 is substantially the same as or smaller than a diameter of the lumen 118 . This permits the contact portions 120 to hold the guidewire 106 along the axis of the lumen 118 proximally beyond the proximal end of the lumen 118 . In a preferred embodiment, the device 102 includes two arms 112 . However, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that the device 102 may include any number of arms 112 so long as the arms 112 are formed about the lumen 118 with that the contact portions 120 thereof positioned to hold a guidewire 106 received within the lumen 118 on the axis of the lumen 118 .
The drilling tool 104 , as shown in FIGS. 5-8 may be any device capable of drilling a hole in the bone 108 or reaming an existing hole in the bone 108 by sliding along the guidewire 106 such as, for example, a hollow drill. The drilling tool 104 includes a lumen 130 extending therethrough for accommodating the guidewire 106 . The lumen 130 of the drilling tool 104 includes a distal portion 132 sized and shaped to accommodate the device 102 and a proximal portion 134 extending proximally therefrom sized and shaped to accommodate the guidewire 106 . The lumen 130 includes a shoulder 136 angled radially outward at a point where the distal portion 132 and the proximal portion 134 meet such that a cross-section of the distal portion 132 distal of the shoulder 136 is larger than a cross-section of the proximal portion 134 proximal of the shoulder 136 . A distal end 140 of the drilling tool 104 includes a cutting edge sized and shaped to drill a desired cortical opening with an outer surface 138 of the drilling tool 104 sized shaped accordingly. As would be understood by those skilled in the art, the guidewire 106 may be any standard wire useful for guiding a drilling tool 104 therealong. For example, the guidewire 106 may be a Kirschner wire (k-wire).
According to an exemplary method of use of the system 100 , a distal end 126 of the guidewire 106 is inserted into the bone 108 at a desired position and/or angle for the cortical opening. A proximal end 128 of the guidewire 106 is inserted through the lumen 118 at the distal end 114 of the device 102 and the device 102 is slid over the guidewire 106 until the distal end 114 comes into contact with the bone 108 . It will be understood by those of skill in the art that the contact portions 120 of the arms 112 hold the guidewire 106 firmly therebetween. Once the device 102 has been slid to the appropriate position, the proximal end 128 of the guidewire 106 is inserted into the lumen 130 of the drilling tool 104 such that the drilling tool 104 is slidable therealong, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 , in a guiding configuration. In the guiding configuration, the contact portions 120 of the arms 112 hold the guidewire 106 therebetween such that, even when a bending force is exerted on a portion of the drilling tool 104 , the drilling tool 104 will not become displaced and will be guided therealong, co-axially with the guidewire 106 . Thus, the drilling tool 104 slides co-axially along the guidewire 106 until the distal portion 132 of the drilling tool 104 , reaches the bone. Thus, the device 102 acts as a guide for the drilling tool 104 until the distal end 140 reaches the bone 108 , ensuring that the cortical opening will not be displaced or improperly drilled/reamed or damaged.
During the drilling of the bone, the drilling tool 104 continues to slide distally along the guidewire 106 into the bone 108 such that the device 102 enters the distal portion 132 of the drilling tool 104 , as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 , in a stopping configuration. As the drilling tool 104 continues to slide along the guidewire 106 and the device 102 , the drilling tool 104 continues to drill through the bone 108 . In the stopping configuration, the device 102 slides within the distal portion 132 of the lumen 130 relative to the drilling tool 104 until the device 102 comes into contact with the shoulder 136 of the lumen 130 . Thus, in the stopping configuration, the device 102 is within the distal portion 132 of the lumen 118 and acts as a stopper such that once the proximal end 136 of the distal portion 132 abuts the proximal end 122 of the arms 112 of the device 102 , the drilling tool 104 may not slide any further distally. Thus, in the stopping configuration, the device 102 stops the drilling tool 104 limiting the drilling of the cortical opening to a predetermined depth. Once the cortical opening has been drilled as desired, the drilling tool 104 , the guidewire 106 and the device 102 may simply be removed from the bone 108 such that the intramedullary nail may be inserted into the medullary canal of the bone via the cortical opening.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made in the structure and methodology of the present invention, without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided that they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. | A device for guiding a drilling tool to form an opening in a bone, includes a body extending from a distal end to a proximal end, the body including a lumen extending therethrough, the lumen being sized and shaped to slidably accommodate a guidewire therein and a plurality of arms extending proximally from the proximal end, the arms being disposed about the lumen with a gripping surface of each arm being spaced radially from an axis of the guide wire lumen by a distance corresponding to a thickness of a guidewire to be received therein, the gripping surfaces gripping the guidewire to maintain a portion thereof extending proximally of the lumen along the axis of the lumen. | 1,994 |
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Exposing one's eyes to high amounts of ionizing radiation is fairly common in various trades and industries. It is especially true in the medical profession, particularly with doctors who specialize in fluoroscopic procedures including cardiac catherization. An article written by Dr. H. D. Maillie and W. D. Gregory, both of the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, appearing in the August 1973 issue of RADIOLOGY magazine particularly points out this problem. On page 463 the authors describe the average exposure to the eyes of cardiologists. It is also noted that, because of this exposure, they can perform only a limited number of catherizations per week. A more detailed description of this problem follows in the article. A table of findings from a controlled experiment is included on page 465. The tone on page 465 seems to indicate that the yearly exposure of cardiologists is higher than that which is recommended by the National Academy of Sciences Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (the Beir Committee). In summing up, the authors states, "It is felt that, until it can be established that a high threshold does exist for the radiation production of lens opacities in man, steps should be taken to prevent exposures to the eyes in excess of MPD (Maximum Permissible Dose Ionizing Radiation)." However, the authors of this article do not describe or recommend any steps or procedures which will protect the eyes from radiation.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,191,274 and 3,030,628 teach protective face masks and anti-ray eye shields, but neither of these patents discloses an ionizing radiation eye shield of the type described and claimed in the present patent application.
It is, therefore, the principal object of the invention to provide a novel radiation eye shield.
Another object of the invention is to provide a fluoroscopic eye shield which protects a fluoroscopist from the hazards of a direct x-ray beam or the scattered radiation emanating from the patient's body.
Yet another object of the invention is to protect the user's eyes from every angle during cardiac catherization or other lengthy procedures involving fluoroscopy.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a radiation eye shield of lightweight construction and one which remains firmly and comfortably in place during use, even if the user wears glasses.
In particular, the present invention includes a pair of radiation-attenuating goggles of a high density material or one having extra peripheral shielding around the pair of lead-glass lenses. In one example, the housing or frame supporting the lenses suitably comprises the means of support for the additional shielding. However, this extra protective radiation shielding which surrounds the front and side surfaces of the goggles, may also preferably shield the eyes as well from above and below and may actually comprise the same high density material used for the lenses.
The above and other ojects of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following specification and referring to the accompanying drawing, which forms a material part of this disclosure.
The invention accordingly consists in the features of construction, combinations of elements, and arrangements of parts which will be exemplified in the construction hereinafter described and of which the scope will be indicated by the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a top view of the radiation or fluorscopic eye shield of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the invention, taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the invention, taken along the line 3--3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the extra shielding, taken from the top and side, without the goggles present;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a modified radiation eye shield, wherein the front portion is a large viewing window and the remainder portion is the housing supporing same; and
FIGS. 6 and 7 are perspective views of a fluoroscopist, respectively, showing him with and without the goggles and a dramatization of the ionizing radiation impinging upon his eyes, during ordinary fluoroscopic procedures.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention in its broadest application, therefore, comprises frame means or a housing in the form or shape of goggles having lead-glass lenses or a single large lens and wherein the frame means or housing forming the overall goggles comprises a high density material for shielding the eyes from radiation, whether scattered or from a direct beam. Thus, the basic invention may simply comprise a frame means or, preferably, housing in the form and shape of a conventional pair of goggles wherein the material forming same is simply lead, and wherein the lenses are made of a clear or transparent lead-glass material. Other suitable high density materials may be used in lieu of lead, such as tantalum, tungsten, or the like. As will be explained hereinafter in greater detail, the preferred embodiment of the invention incorporates suitable frame means or a housing supporting the lead-glass lenses or lens, wherein the frame means or housing is preferably made from a lead-vinyl material. Such material may comprise a vinyl impregnated with lead or a foam-like vinyl material containing lead, or even a laminate of lead and vinyl or other suitable material possessing effective shielding qualities, as is conventionally well known in the art.
In the drawing, and referring more particularly to FIGS. 1-4, a radiation eye shield is generally designated by the reference character 10, and comprises a suitable frame means or housing 12 having an adjustable, preferably elastic headband 14 attached to the side portions or panels 16. The headband 14 being elastic or otherwise suitably adjustable is used to accommodate the fit of the eye shield or goggles 10 on one's head. The ends of the headband 14 may be fixedly secured to the goggles 10 or may pass through a pair of suitable elongated apertures 15 (only one shown) on each side of the goggles 10 to provide even greater adjustment to the length of the headband 14. The interior edge or front portion 18 of the goggles 10 is contoured and made to fit comfortably against one's face. The top portion 20 of the goggles 10 should preferably have suitable ventilating means, such as the ventilation holes 22 to prevent fogging of the lenses 24 and to permit circulation of the ambient air.
In the particular embodiment of FIGS. 1-4, the eye shield or goggles 10 are equipped with a radiation protective shield 26 of one or more pieces secured in any suitable manner to the goggles 10, such as by means of adhesives, fasteners and the like, to the inner front, side, bottom and even top surfaces of the goggles 10. The front portion 28 of the shield 26 is, of course, provided with suitable cutouts for the eye lenses 24 and for permitting the nose to protrude from the goggles 10. A top portion of the shield 26, although not shown for purposes of convenience, may extend entirely across the roof of the shield 26, as best shown in FIG. 4, and same would also be provided with ventilation holes coincident with those in the top portion of the goggles 10. This top portion is useful for protecting the user from scattered radiation from the patient and table, particularly from scattered radiation reflected from the ceiling and x-ray machine fixtures disposed above and about the user.
As noted hereinbefore, the shield 26 may comprise the actual goggles 10 or it can be made of any suitable high density radiation protective material. The shield 26 may thus be of lead or any other radiation protective metal. The shield 26 should preferably be made of a soft flexible material, and suitably impregnated with a high density material. Such a soft flexible material is "warm to the touch" and is more comfortable to one's face, in comparison to a metal sheet material which is cold to the touch.
The preferred material for the goggles 10 itself or for the shield 26 when the goggles 10 are made of another material, such as plastic, is a lead-vinyl composite with the previously mentioned qualities. Although lead rubber may also be used in lieu thereof, this lead impregnated vinyl material is preferred inasmuch as it is 10% lighter in weight than lead rubber. Lead-impregnated vinyl has a sanitary, non-absorbing, smooth surface on both sides and it also has an indefinite shelf life, as the material does not age. Further qualities and properties are its uniform density, flexibility and pliability. It is also acid and alkali resistant, odorless, and exhibits considerable abrasion resistance. The preferred thickness of shielding may vary over a wide range dependent upon the degree of shielding required. An example of a desired material is Lead X (manufactured by the Bar Ray Company of Brooklyn, N.Y., and Lead X is its trademark).
The goggles 10 have two apertures 27 in the front 28 thereof and extending outwardly therefrom are suitable lens housings 30, for removably replacing the lenses 24, as may be necessary if they break or otherwise are damaged during use, for instance if the goggles 10 are dropped. The housings 30 are suitably provided with external threads, and cover means 32 having compatible internal threads together hold the removable lenses 24 in place. Of course, the lenses 24 may be permanently affixed to the goggles 10, if desired. For example, if desired they may be secured directly to the shield 26 itself or to the front portion 28.
Although the lens 24 may be made from any transparent radiation protective material, it is preferred to employ a transparent lead-glass material for the lens.
If desired, the two lenses 24 may be replaced by a single elongated or wide lens (not shown) forming a large window-like structure with which to look and observe through. Such a structure would provide greater peripheral vision than that of a pair of lenses. Also, these lenses may be angulated and joined at the center by a flexible bond such that they bridge the nose. The lens structure may also be comprised of a composite of lenses completely abridging the eyes and temples to provide further peripheral vision. Such a structure is shown in FIG. 5, where the shield itself is the housing or goggle means, and the front panel is a single large lens, and the radiation eye shield or actual goggles 40 themselves form the extra radiation shielding in these alternate constructions where the material forming the goggles is of high density. For example, the goggles 40 of FIG. 5 may comprise elements of lead-glass fixedly held together by conventional adhering means or other securing means, or the goggles could be made in one piece, although it would be expensive to do so.
FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a fluoroscopist 42 conducting fluoroscopic procedures on a patient 44. The x-ray tube or device emitting x-rays 46 is below the patient and an image amplifier 48 is disposed above the patient. A TV monitor 50 may be mounted on a wall or on a cart and the arrows are representative of the ionized rays scattered about the patient and fluoroscopist during such procedures. Note that both direct and scattered rays can penetrate one's eyes, and the goggles or eye shield 10 of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 6, clearly protects the eyes from every angle, not just from rays directly impinging eyes shielded by simple lead-glass lenses alone.
While the invention has been described, disclosed, illustrated and shown in terms of an embodiment or modification which it has assumed in practice, the scope of the invention should not be deemed to be limited by the precise embodiment or modification herein described, disclosed, illustrated or shown, such other embodiments or modifications as may be suggested to those having the benefit of the teachings herein being intended to be reserved especially as they fall within the scope and breadth of the claims here appended. | A radiation eye shield adapted to protect the wearer from the hazards of direct beam and scattered radiation. In one embodiment, the entire eye shield is of a high density material and in another example of the invention, the shield comprises goggles having a pair of lead-glass lenses and lead impregnated vinyl shielding applied to the front and side surfaces of the goggles surrounding the lenses. | 2,070 |
This invention relates to foodstuffs for suppressing hunger and particularly soft drinks formulated to high total titratable acidity effective to suppress hunger when ingested prior to a meal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Soft drinks of all varieties are well known. They are prepared from still or carbonated water either at home or bottled for sale in the retail trade. The beverages are composed of water, sweetening agents, acid flavor, color and optionally buffering agents and preservatives. Many contain clouding systems designed to replicate natural beverages particularly fruit beverages.
The sweetener, acid and carbon dioxide ratios vary with the type of beverage flavor. FDA approved food colors are often used. Flavors are available from suppliers and can be alcohol extracts of ginger, grape and certain lemon-lime flavors. Emulsion of essential oils are available for citrus flavors, as well as root beer and cola. Caffeine is often added for bitterness. Fruit juice is widely used to manufacture orange, grapefruit, lemon, grape and lime beverages. Sodium citrate is sometimes employed as a buffering agent.
Acidulents are widely used with citric acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid and tartaric acid most commonly used in carbonated beverages. These acids are usually employed at up to 0.12% by weight in ginger ale and lemon-lime and orange beverages and lower amounts in root beer and cola. Higher amounts are used in lemonade and grapefruit. See Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 4, pp 710-725 by John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. (1978).
Numerous patents have disclosed sweetening compositions for beverages and beverages of reduced calories or of improved nutritional value. U.S. Pat. No. 3,647,483, to Eisenstadt, teaches a saccharine sweetening composition comprising saccharine, with glucono-delta-lactone, sodium and/or potassium gluconate and cream of tartar used to avoid the bitter aftertaste of saccharine. The composition is not an acidic beverage and if employed in a beverage would not give the acid content required by the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,121, to Eisenstadt, discloses a sweetener consisting of saccharin, glucono-delta-lactone and an edible bicarbonate. Both Eisenstadt sweetener compositions are intended to sweeten coffee, tea and conventional beverages. U.S. Pat. No. 3,619,205, to Le Van, et al., discloses a slush iced beverage of still or carbonated water. Equal portions of the spoonable slush are mixed with water to form the beverage.
Hawley, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 10th edition, pp. 500, 501, teach glucono-delta-lactone and gluconic acid. Winter, A Consumer's Dictionary of Food Additives, p. 115, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, NY, teach glucono-delta-lactone is an acid used as a leavening agent, and in jelly and soft drinks where a dry food acid is desired.
Tsai, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,701, teaches fruit juice, tea and coffee beverages.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,846,560, to Hempenius, et al., relates to a process for the preparation of an acidified beverage rich in solubilized polypeptide.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,010,285, to Van Doren Jr., discloses an improved aqueous base soft drink concentrate formulation, and more particularly to a formulation which is particularly adapted for retention of carbon dioxide. The flavor concentrate can include sodium citrate, sodium gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,015,023 to Lamberti, et al., relates to the use of certain substituted succinic acid compounds as food additives.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,684, to Kahm, relates to a dietetic beverage for supplementing the requirements of sugar and essential salts in a mammalian body and, more especially, to those requirements in a human body where such components have been depleted through vigorous physical activity. The dietetic composition comprises:
______________________________________Fructose 0.4-0.7%Glucose 1.6-2.8%Sodium Chloride 0.16-0.33%Potassium Chloride 0.03-0.13%Free Citric Acid 0.026-0.26% balance______________________________________
U.S. Pat. No. 4,200,662, to Scibelli, relates to turbid protein fortified acidic soft drinks which have a stable suspension of particles therein.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,855, to Dahlen, et. al., relates to a fruit juice drink.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,800, to Larson, et al., discloses a nutritionally complete liquid diet composition formulated to give a stabilized ready-to-use liquid product useful in providing for patients with compromised digestive function.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,827, to Kupper, et al., relates to a beverage which comprises fruit juice, water and a non-nutritive sweetener, characterized in that it has a background pulp level which is at least 20%, preferably at least 70%, greater than the background pulp level that would be obtained by low shear mixing of the ingredients.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,990, to Amer, relates to improved non-dairy liquid food products such as fruit juices or drinks or other non-dairy liquids containing significant amounts of dietary fiber and desirable calcium.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,571, to Jensen, et al., relates to a low calorie bulking agent and to the employment of a beta glucan hydrolysate as a substitute for sucrose, glucose and the like in a dietetic beverage.
None of the prior art references suggest that human satiety could be achieved by upward adjustments of the acid content of a beverage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
We have discovered a unique method of producing satiety by increasing the titratable acidity of a foodstuff particularly beverages. The beverage is prepared using a unique combination of common food ingredients, is palatable, satiating, and low calorie. When consumed before meals the beverage has been shown to decrease subsequent meal intake.
The beverage is prepared using a high concentration of edible acid of up to 5 to 20 times greater than normally employed in beverages and at least fifty percent greater than the titratable acidity of still lemonade or carbonated lemonade. The high acid content lowering effect on pH is buffered using high levels of metal salts of the same acids to maintain a pH of 2.5-4.0.
An intensive sweetener is used to further reduce calorie content.
We have found at least a 10% reduction in food intake resulting from ingesting the foodstuff shortly before a meal.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
We have developed good tasting foodstuffs particularly diet soft drinks which do not rely on drugs to result in decreased food consumption and do not replace calories with inert materials. We have surprisingly found that a conventionally tasting soft drink can be made by increasing the acid content of a beverage to raise the total titratable acidity (TA) of the beverage to at least about 125 TA and preferably about 150 TA. This is accomplished by a blend of common acids and preferably with the use of glucono-delta-lactone. ##EQU1## Where 11.9826 is the conversion factor from lbs/gallon to gram/ml. ##EQU2##
Other components such as carbonation, sweetener, caramel, color and flavor may contribute to the total acidity in a minimal way.
We have found that the use of glucono-delta-lactone helps us balance flavor and produces a better tasting beverage. We particularly prefer to employ the glucono-delta-lactone with an organic acid and phosphoric acid and often in roughly equal TA portions of one to two parts of each of organic and phosphoric acid TA contribution to each one part glucono-delta-lactone TA contribution.
The glucono-delta-lactone has a low sourness and produces a beverage less tart and sour at low pH than a beverage using other inorganic acidulents.
We have also found it necessary to buffer our very acid food stuff with metal salts of the same acids employed for acidulation. We have found common citrates and phosphates to be highly effective in maintaining the beverage pH above 2.5, preferably 2.5-4.0 and most preferably pH 2.5-3.5.
We employ organic and inorganic acids such as citric, phosphoric, glucono-delta-lactone, gluconic, malic, tartaric, fumaric, adipic and mixtures thereof. We prefer to employ a major amount of citric, phosphoric and the glucono-delta-lactone usually 60%, preferably 75% or more of the acid content of the food stuff. Our food stuff usually contains on a dry weight basis from 5-40% citric acid, preferably 10-25% and from 20-60% glucono-delta-lactone, preferably at least 30% and more preferably 35-55% of the foodstuff. The total acidic materials are employed at about 50-90%, preferably 60-80% and most preferably 65-80% of the foodstuff.
We employ buffers to maintain a pH of 2.5-6.0, preferably pH 2.5-4.0 and most preferably pH 2.5-3.5. We have found that the metal salts of the common acids such as sodium or potassium citrate, disodium or dipotassium phosphate and the like work very well to elevate the low pH caused by the high titratable acidity. We employ buffers from 10-40%, more preferably in excess of 15% and most preferably from 15-35% of the food stuff.
An intensive sweetener which is food approved is employed such as one selected from the group of "aspartame", "sucralose", "acetosulfam", "saccharine", "cyclamate" or others of equivalent sweetness and mixtures thereof.
The type of sweetener is not critical to our invention so long as it is stable in the food for the period of its use. However, we prefer to prepare reduced calorie foods and to use an intensive sweetener exclusively. The intensive sweetener is normally used up to 5%, preferably 0.1-4% of the food stuff depending upon its intensity.
In preparing syrups for beverages, we employ from 1-3% citric acid or combinations of organic acids, 1.5-2.5% phosphoric acid, 2.0-10% glucono-delta-lactone, from 1.0-4.5% acid buffering salts such as alkali metal citrates, mono and di alkali metal phosphates and sweeteners such as aspartame to taste.
The good tasting, satiety producing beverage of this invention can be prepared from still water but is preferably carbonated. The beverage contains at least 0.15% and preferably 0.2% organic acid, preferably citric acid, at least 0.15% and preferably 0.7-1.5% and most preferably 0.85-1.25% glucono-delta-lactone, at least 0.25% acid buffering salt, preferably an alkali metal salt of the acids employed in this invention and most preferably at least 0.4% buffering salt.
The beverage is usually prepared by dissolving the ingredients in water to form a syrup which is blended volumes of carbon dioxide in the final beverage. If desired, however, dry mixes can be prepared for dissolution in water by the consumer or in preparing bottled still beverages.
Flavors, fruit juice, caffeine and other conventional ingredients may be used to formulate the final beverage.
In preparing our beverage the total acid content of the beverage should be 0.7% or greater, preferably 0.75% to 1.5% of the beverage which is five to twenty times greater than in the equivalent non-satiety beverage. The buffer concentration is also high exceeding 0.4%, preferably 0.45% of the beverage to elevate and maintain the pH at 2.5 to 3.5.
The invention is further exemplified by the following example:
______________________________________ExamplePink Grapefruit JuiceSyrup Formula lbs T.A.______________________________________Citric Acid 24.0 49.9Phosphoric Acid (80) 22.5 49.9Glucono-delta-lactone 66.9 50.0Potassium Citrate 26.0 --Dipotassium Phosphate 15.5 --Aspartame 3.75 traceTotal 158.65* 150.0Water to 150.00 gal______________________________________ *Throw = 1 part syrup plus 5 parts water 150 gal = 900 gallons of finished beverage Dissolve the previous listed ingredients in water sufficient to prepare 150 gallons of syrup. Dilute the syrup 5 to 1 with carbonated water and bottle to prepare 900 gallons of a final carbonated drink having the following characteristics:
______________________________________ most preferably preferablyCharacteristic greater than at least about______________________________________TA 110 125 150pH 2.0-6.0 2.5-4.0 2.5-3.5Sweetener to taste 457-525 ppmCO.sub.2 0-6.0 vol 1.0-5.0 vol. 2.5-3.5 vol______________________________________
When 16 oz of the above prepared beverage iS ingested by a small test panel of humans 20 minutes prior to a macaroni and beef meal, the amount of food eaten is reduced by 10-30% and yet the beverage tastes like a conventional diet soft drink. The 10-30% reduction in food intake has been replicated three times, two of which were statistically significant.
While this invention is applicable to mono and disaccharide sweetened beverages including coffee and tea, it is most applicable to diet beverages sweetened with intensive sweeteners especially citrus flavored beverages. The invention is most applicable to normally high acid citrus beverages such as grapefruit drinks and lemonade.
Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages are by weight. | A food product with high titratable acidity which is effective to suppress hunger is disclosed. The product is buffered to maintain the product at a pH of 2.5-6.0. | 1,978 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to devices to help minimize medical recovery time, especially devices to help prevent medical errors at the point of service in hospitals, emergency rooms, rehabilitation facilities, and/or nursing homes.
[0002] Medical errors are a source of added expense to a nations overall health care costs. Unfortunately, many instances of easily preventable medical errors have been a source of very disturbing news at various times over the last several years. Reducing the number of medical errors should decrease the number of preventable deaths, result in a better quality of life for the patient, and decrease the cost of medical care.
[0003] Additionally, medical care can be somewhat rushed because of the emergency nature of some situations and staffing issues in others. It is believed that many hospitals are working with less than optimal nurse staffing, which may often result in short cuts being taken. Saving the nursing staff from having to waste additional time looking up medical information by making it readily available at the point of care can save precious time and also help contribute to the prevention of medical errors. Likewise, saving time in emergency situations by having medical information at the point of service can save the time normally needed to test for information, such as blood type, which both saves time and prevents medical errors. In some cases, the time savings alone may mean the difference between life and death or aiding in creating a better outcome across a range of possible outcomes in a given situation.
[0004] Furthermore, patient recovery time can vary according to a number of factors. Some evidence suggests that the spirits of the patient may be one of those factors and many hospitals now allow family and loved ones to spend time with a patient beyond what were traditional visiting hours in the hopes that it would aid in a patients recovery. As many people have experienced, a patient's spirit may be reduced because of some of the factors within a hospital, including being uncomfortable. One unnecessary cause that may make some patients uncomfortable can be the knowledge of the possibility of embarrassment caused by a typical hospital gown that does not provide adequate coverage or that causes people to become exposed too easily by the gaping of material between fasteners.
[0005] Therefore, a need exists for an improved system and method to help prevent medical errors by providing commonly needed medical information specific to the patient at the point where care is being provided to such patient. A need further exists for an improved system and method to help prevent medical errors by providing commonly needed medical information that would save the care giver the time needed to look up such information. A further need exists for an improved system and method to help prevent medical errors by providing commonly needed medical information. A further need exists for a patient gown that provides adequate coverage and that closes securely, while still being easily opened, but that does not lend itself to the patient becoming accidentally exposed. A further need exists for a patient gown that is comfortable for the patient to use.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0006] In one form, the system and method to help prevent medical errors by providing commonly needed medical information provides such information on the hospital garment.
[0007] An object of the disclosed invention is the provision of new and improved system and method to help prevent medical errors by providing commonly needed medical information that is provided at the point of medical service by being placed at strategic points on the hospital garment.
[0008] Further objects and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the following detailed description made with reference to the accompanying drawings which form a part of the specification and wherein:
[0009] FIG. 1 is a front plan view of a form of the invention in the form of a hospital garment;
[0010] FIG. 2 is a partial cutaway of the front plan view of the hospital garment of FIG. 1 with the upper right hand pocket removed to show an opening for heart monitor cords or other things; and
[0011] FIG. 3 is a back plan view of the hospital garment of FIG. 1 .
[0012] It should be noted that the terms patient garment, patient gown, and hospital gown mean the same thing as used throughout this application as they are really one and the same thing. A hospital gown can be utilized in places that are not hospitals, such as doctor's offices and nursing homes.
[0013] Referring to FIGS. 1-3 , there is shown one form of a system to help prevent medical errors in the form of hospital gown 10 . In one form, hospital gown 10 can be constructed somewhat similarly to a standard hospital gown. Hospital gown 10 can include a body portion 11 made out of a suitable washable cloth material. Body portion 11 can terminate in neck opening 12 at the top, leg opening 14 at the bottom, and sleeves 20 and 22 on opposite sides of body portion 11 . Sleeves 20 and 22 preferably include arm openings 16 and 18 at their ends opposite body portion 11 . Hospital gown 10 can have a front 24 and a back 26 .
[0014] In one form, hospital gown 10 has a body opening 28 in the back 26 that can be opened and closed to allow hospital gown 10 to be easily put on and removed. Hospital gown 10 can also have a body opening 30 in the front 24 that can be opened and closed to allow hospital gown 10 to be easily put on and removed. Such body opening 30 in front 24 can be in addition to, or instead of, body opening 28 in the back 26 . Body openings 28 and 30 also provide the caregiver with any needed access to perform their duties such as listening to the wearer's heart or lungs.
[0015] One or more fasteners 32 or 34 can be provided to fasten body openings 28 or 30 in the closed position. In one form, fasteners 32 or 34 can be a single string that is tied together. In another form, fasteners 32 or 34 can be one or more snaps or buttons that can fasten the gown closed. In yet another form, fasteners 32 or 34 can include one or more hook and loop fastener devices, such as VELCRO, that can be used to close gown 10 . In the form depicted, a single hook and loop fastener 32 can be used to form a re-sealable seam to securely fasten the front body opening 30 , for example where the single hook and loop fastener 32 runs along the length of gown 10 from a point proximate to neck opening 12 to an area proximate to leg opening 14 . This form of fastener 32 running all, or most, of the length of gown 10 can aid the wearer's spirits by providing them the confidence of knowing that their gown 10 provides adequate coverage and is unlikely to cause an accidental exposure.
[0016] Also in the form depicted, multiple hook and loop fasteners 34 can be used to close gown 10 . Here, the multiple hook and loop fasteners 34 can be placed along the length of gown 10 from a point proximate to neck opening 12 to an area proximate to leg opening 14 . In one form, critical portions of gown 10 at opening 28 can be cut to overlap each other by an amount sufficient to prevent accidental exposure due to the gaping of material between adjacent fasteners 34 . In one form, the overlap can be from 4-12 inches of material that is overlapped.
[0017] Similar to more typical hospital gown, additional fasteners 36 and 38 can be provided along the length of sleeves 20 and 22 between the neck opening 12 and arm openings 16 and 18 to close sleeves 16 and 18 while allowing them to be opened when required. In a preferred form. fasteners 36 and 38 can be hook and loop type fasteners. Such fasteners are typically easier to close than the more typical snaps used in many such gowns because they do not need to be as precisely aligned as the snaps require.
[0018] In one form, opening 40 is provided on front 24 of gown 10 in an area that is preferably proximate to the heart of the wearer of gown 10 . In a preferred form, opening 40 can be in the form of the depicted slit, which is preferably covered by the outer material 42 that forms chest pocket 50 in a somewhat typical manner. An additional piece of outer material 44 can also be sewn or otherwise securely attached to gown 10 to form an additional chest pocket 52 . In a preferred form, one or more pieces of outer material, such as 46 and 48 , are securely sewn or otherwise attached to gown to form pockets, such as hip pockets 54 and 56 , that are closer to the wearer's hands and more easily reached by the wearer when their arms are down in a normal at rest position. Having pockets much lower on the gown makes it more comfortable because it is more convenient for the wearer to place and retrieve items and also gives them a place to warm their hands if their hands feel a bit chilly. In one form, a second opening is provided on front 24 of gown 10 in an area that is preferably covered by one of the pieces of outer material 46 and 48 that forms hip pockets 54 and 56 .
[0019] In a preferred form, gown 10 can be personalized with preselected information concerning the intended wearer that can be very useful to the care giver, especially information (including medical information) that can help prevent medical errors. Such information can include a person's name 58 , blood type 60 , allergies or the absence of any allergies 62 , medical conditions or the lack of any medical conditions 64 , emergency contact information in case something happens to the patient 66 . Additional information could be provided concerning particular procedures that are scheduled, such as identification of a limb to be amputated, identification of a specific artery to be un-blocked, or other information identifying the particulars of a scheduled surgery or other procedure.
[0020] In one form, such information can be provided on the front 24 of gown 10 by permanently providing the information on gown 10 . In one form, such information can be embroidered on gown 10 , such as on one or more of the pieces of material 42 , 44 , 46 and 48 that can form pockets 50 , 52 , 54 , and 56 . If the wearer does not own gown 10 , pockets material 42 , 44 , 46 and 48 can be re-moveably attached to the gown, such as by using a hook and look type fastener. However, if the wearer owns gown 10 , such material forming pockets can be securely sewn on and then replaced if the information changes.
[0021] Some people may be concerned about keeping their information, including medical information, more private. In such instance, the information can remain covered until needed by a care giver. For example, a privacy screen, in the form of additional material can be provided to cover up such information until needed. Such privacy screen 70 can be re-moveably secured to gown 10 over information 58 - 64 using a hook and loop type fastener along the privacy flaps entire perimeter, or at portions along such perimeter, so that they can be easily removed and/or replaced by the caregiver. Alternatively, such privacy screen can be in the form of a privacy flap 70 , which can be securely sewn to gown 10 , for example, along its top portion 72 closest to neck 12 such that gravity causes the rest of the privacy flap to hang down and cover such medical information. This allows the caregiver to easily move the privacy flap 70 upward in order to view the information underneath. In a preferred form, privacy shield is made from a similar material as the rest of gown 10 and makes the information underneath unreadable or difficult to read at a particular distance.
[0022] While gown 10 has been described above as being made from a cloth material, an alternative would be for patient gown 10 to be made out of a disposable material similar to a paper towel, such as a disposable cellulose based material. Such gowns could be of particular use for providing information, including medical information, for a given surgery or other procedures. A marker could even be used to write on the patient gown 10 to identify a particular limb that required amputation or another body part that surgery was going to be performed in order to prevent medical errors. For example, if the patient's right arm needed to be amputated the corresponding right arm 20 of gown 10 could contain information identifying the right arm was to be amputated. Additionally, the left arm 22 of gown 10 might include information indentifying the right arm (or at least not the left arm) was to be amputated. In such case, right arm 20 might have written on it “Amputate this arm” and left arm 22 might have written on it “NOT THIS ONE, THE OTHER ONE”. Alternatively, such information could be provided by the removal of the right arm 20 of gown 10 while keeping left arm 22 intact.
[0023] While the present invention has been illustrated and described herein assembled to form a patient gown, it should be apparent from the foregoing that other clothing may be assembled containing similar medical information, for example, pajamas, a nightgown, a bathrobe and other clothing. | A device to help minimize medical recovery time and to help prevent medical errors in the form of a garment that is more comfortable for a patient to wear and that provides information, such as medical information, that saves the care giver time and that can help prevent medical errors. Such information can include allergies, medical conditions, blood type, identification of scheduled procedures, name, emergency contact numbers and other medical information. Privacy flaps can be provided to cover such information when it is not being used by the caregiver. The garment securely fastens in both the front and back to prevent accidental exposure, including accidental exposure through gaping material between fasteners. Additionally, pockets are provided at approximately hip level to allow the wearer to comfortably place their hands in their pockets if they want their hands to be warmer. | 2,471 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention pertains to the art of dishwashers and, more particularly, to a dishwasher having a controller that selectively releases a rinse aid during a rinse cycle based on a temperature of washing fluid in the dishwasher.
[0003] 2. Discussion of the Prior Art
[0004] The prior art is replete with dishwashers that employ various techniques to wash a wide range of kitchenware, such as dishes, pots, pans, glasses and the like. The dishwashers perform washing operations that typically employ a number of cycles to wash the kitchenware. In general, the number and type of cycles vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. In addition to standard cycles, e.g., wash, rinse and dry, often times, a dishwasher will have “special” cycles that address particular wash conditions, e.g., heavy soil, light soil, pot scrubber etc. In any event, the cycles are generally divided into steps, each having a particular duration. However, while the number and duration of steps will vary from appliance to appliance, there are certain steps that occur in every washing operation. That is, every washing operation has at least one washing step, during which water is mixed with detergent and directed onto kitchenware to wash away soil, and at least one rinsing step, during which clean water is sprayed onto the kitchenware to remove remaining soil and/or detergent.
[0005] As indicated above, during the washing step, detergent is mixed with water to form a washing fluid. The detergent can simply be placed within the dishwasher and exposed to sprays or jets of water or, alternatively, released from a dispenser. The release of detergent is typically based upon time. That is, at some point after initiation of the washing step, a controller executes a timed release of detergent from the dispenser.
[0006] During the rinsing step, clean water is sprayed onto the kitchenware to wash away any remaining soil and/or washing fluid. Actually, depending on the particular dishwasher, the washing operation may include multiple rinse steps to ensure that all the soil and/or washing fluid is washed away, leaving behind sparkling clean dishes. Following the rinse step, the washing operation enters a drying phase or step where the dishes are allowed to dry, either by the passage of time, or through the introduction of heat into the dishwasher. Unfortunately, after the drying phase, water spots often times remain on the kitchenware. While particularly noticeable on glassware, the water spots can also be present on other kitchenware, such as plates, silverware and the like.
[0007] In order to reduce water spots, many consumers add a rinse aid that is released during one of the rinse steps. In some cases, the rinse aid can be in the form of a tablet that is supported from a dishrack in the dishwasher. However, in most cases, the rinse aid is in the form of a liquid released from a dispenser. That is, at some point during the rinse step, a controller will automatically release the rinse aid from the dispenser. More specifically, as long as there is rinse aid in the dispenser, the controller will release the rinse aid into the washing chamber at a predetermined time during the rinse step. The rinse aid then mixes with the water and is sprayed into the kitchenware in order to reduce spotting. However, adding rinse aid at an inappropriate point can result in improper mixing of the water and rinse aid.
[0008] Based on the above, there exists a need in the art for a dishwasher including a controller that releases rinse aid only at an appropriate point of a rinse cycle. More specifically, there exists a need in the art for a dishwasher that can sense a temperature of washing fluid and release rinse aid at a point in the rinse cycle at which proper mixing of rinse aid and washing fluid will occur.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The present invention is directed to a dishwasher having a system for conditionally releasing a rinse aid into a washing chamber. In accordance with the invention, the dishwasher includes a dispenser for storing rinse aid, a sensor for detecting a temperature of water or washing fluid in the washing chamber and a controller operatively coupled to the sensor and the dispenser. The controller, based upon a signal received from the sensor indicating a temperature of the washing fluid, activates the dispenser to release the rinse aid. The controller is programmed to only release the rinse aid when the temperature of the washing fluid is above a predetermined threshold value. That is, the controller will only release the rinse aid if the temperature of the washing fluid is above a cloud point of the rinse aid such that foaming will not occur upon mixing of the rinse aid with the washing fluid.
[0010] Additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts in the several views.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0011] FIG. 1 is an upper right, perspective view of a dishwasher incorporating a rinse aid dispensing system constructed in accordance with the present invention, with a door of the dishwasher being in an open position.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0012] With reference to FIG. 1 , a dishwasher constructed in accordance with the present invention is generally indicated at 2 . As shown, dishwasher 2 includes a tub 5 which is preferably injection molded of plastic or formed from stainless steel so as to include integral bottom, side, rear and top walls 8 - 12 respectively. Within the confines of walls 8 - 12 , tub 5 defines a washing chamber 14 within which soiled kitchenware is adapted to be placed upon shiftable upper and lower racks (not shown). Tub 5 has attached thereto a frontal frame 16 which pivotally supports a door 20 used to seal washing chamber 14 during a washing operation. As shown, door 20 is pivotally supported to frame 16 at a bottom portion 21 . In connection with the washing operation, door 20 is preferably provided with a detergent tray assembly 22 including a detergent dispenser 23 within which a consumer can place liquid, particulate or tabular washing detergent for dispensing at a predetermined portion of a washing operation. In addition, in a manner that will be discussed more fully below, detergent tray assembly 22 also includes a rinse aid dispenser 24 for releasing a rinse aid during another predetermined portion of the washing operation. In any case, door 20 is provided with a liner 25 within which is arranged detergent tray assembly 22 , as well as a vent 26 that allows hot air to escape from washing chamber 14 following a drying operation. Liner 25 also includes a lower lip portion 27 that extends across bottom portion 21 of door 20 .
[0013] Disposed within tub 5 and, more specifically, mounted within a central opening (not shown) in a sump portion 28 of tub 5 is a pump assembly 30 . In the embodiment shown, pump assembly 30 includes a main housing 33 , an annular, radially outermost strainer 36 and a filter guard 39 . Extending about a substantial portion of pump assembly 30 , at a portion raised above bottom wall 8 , is a heating element 44 . In a manner known in the art, heating element 44 preferably takes the form of a sheathed, electric resistance-type heating element. A detailed description of the exact structure and operation of pump assembly 30 does not form part of the present invention and thus will not be described more fully herein. Instead, various known pump arrangements can be employed, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,997,193 which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0014] In general, pump assembly 30 is adapted to direct washing fluid to at least a lower wash arm 47 and a conduit 51 . As depicted, conduit 51 includes a substantially horizontal lower section 53 extending away from main housing 33 of pump assembly 30 , a vertical section 54 , which generally extends along rear wall 11 , and a generally horizontally extending upper portion (not shown) which leads to an upper wash arm (also not shown). Vertical section 54 has attached thereto a wash fluid diverter (not shown) that engages with a rack mounted wash arm (also not shown). In any case, pump assembly 30 is designed to establish a controlled flow of washing fluid that is sprayed upon kitchenware supported within washing chamber 14 during the washing operation.
[0015] At the completion of the washing operation, pump assembly 30 guides the washing fluid through a drain pump (not shown) having associated therewith a drain hose 85 including at least one corrugated or otherwise curved portion 89 that extends about an arcuate hanger 92 provided on an outside surface of side wall 10 . Drain hose 85 is also preferably secured to tub 5 through various clips, such as that indicated at 95 . In any event, in this manner, an upper loop is maintained in drain hose 85 to ensure proper drainage in a manner known in the art.
[0016] In accordance with the invention, dishwasher 2 includes a controller 100 that is operatively connected to rinse aid dispenser 24 . Controller 100 is also operatively connected to a temperature sensor 104 which is preferably mounted within sump portion 28 of washing chamber 14 . Temperature sensor 104 is positioned so as to detect and signal a temperature of washing fluid circulating within washing chamber 14 . In accordance with the invention, controller 100 will only activate rinse aid dispenser 24 , releasing rinse aid into washing chamber 14 , when a temperature of the washing fluid is at or above a predetermined temperature value. Most preferably, controller 100 will only activate rinse aid dispenser 24 when the temperature of the washing fluid, as sensed by temperature sensor 104 , is above approximately 125° F. (51.7° C.). That is, rinse aid will only be released when the temperature of the washing fluid is above a cloud point of the rinse aid as will be discussed more fully below.
[0017] After loading kitchenware into washing chamber 14 , detergent into detergent dispenser 23 and rinse aid into rinse aid dispenser 24 , a consumer initiates a washing operation in a manner known in the art through user interface 110 . Initially, water is introduced into tub 5 upon opening of a water valve 115 , with the water being sprayed about washing chamber 14 by, for example, wash arm 47 to perform an initial dishware cleansing operation. After a predetermined time period, dishwasher 2 enters a washing step at which point detergent dispenser 23 is opened, releasing detergent into washing chamber 14 to mix with the water to form a washing fluid. In some instances, the water is heated by heating element 44 prior to the introduction of detergent. In any event, the washing fluid enters pump assembly 30 and is sprayed about washing chamber 14 onto the kitchenware. Often times, periodic partial drain steps are initiated to remove soil accumulating in the washing fluid. That is, depending upon a level of soil in the washing fluid, as sensed by, for example, a turbidity sensor (not shown), some portion of the washing fluid is directed through drain hose 85 and onward to a household drain and additional fresh water is introduced into washing chamber 14 .
[0018] At the completion of the washing step, all of the washing fluid is drained from washing chamber 14 and a rinse step is initiated during which water which forms a fresh washing or rinse fluid is released into washing chamber 14 . Once a sufficient amount of rinse fluid is in washing chamber 14 , pump assembly 30 is activated and the rinse fluid is sprayed through, for example, wash arm 47 , onto the kitchenware. As the rinse fluid circulates throughout the system, heating element 44 is activated to raise the temperature of the rinse fluid. In accordance with the invention, at a predetermined point in the cycle, controller 100 checks to make sure the water temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold temperature, e.g., approximately 125° F. (51.7° C.) as determined by sensor 104 . If not, rinse aid is not dispensed. That is, controller 100 will only release rinse aid when the temperature of the rinse fluid is sufficiently above the cloud point of the rinse aid. More specifically, if, for whatever reason, the temperature of the rinse fluid does not reach the predetermined temperature, controller 100 will not release rinse aid, even though dispenser 24 is full. In this manner, controller 100 ensures that rinse aid dispenser 24 is not activated to release a rinse aid if the temperature of the washing fluid is below the predetermined temperature. Accordingly, upon releasing the rinse aid into the washing fluid, controller 100 ensures that the rinse aid will not foam which could create excessive noise or create cavitations that could be detrimental to pump assembly 30 .
[0019] At this point, it should be readily understood that the present invention ensures that rinse aid is only dispensed when the temperature of the washing fluid is of a sufficient level such that the rinse aid properly mixes with the washing fluid to ensure adequate dispersion within the wash system and eliminate any negative effects that could be associated with foaming of the rinse aid upon mixing with a washing fluid having too low of a temperature. In this manner, the present invention aids in having dishwasher 2 operate quietly and, ultimately, prolongs an overall service life of pump assembly 30 .
[0020] Although described with reference to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it should be readily understood that various changes and/or modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the spirit thereof. For instance, while shown in connection with a conventional dishwasher, the present invention could be readily incorporated into other dishwashers such as, for example, drawer-type dishwashers. Also, the particular type and style of the rinse aid dispenser employed in connection with the present invention can readily vary. In general, the invention is only intended to be limited by the scope of the following claims. | A dishwasher includes a system for conditionally releasing a rinse aid into a washing chamber. The dishwasher includes a dispenser for storing rinse aid, a sensor for detecting a temperature of washing fluid in the washing chamber and a controller operatively coupled to the sensor and the dispenser. The controller, based upon a signal received from the sensor indicating a temperature of the washing fluid, activates the dispenser to release the rinse aid. The controller is programmed to only release the rinse aid when the temperature is above a predetermined threshold value. | 2,499 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
My invention relates to injecting needles for injecting fluids into the human body and, more particularly, to such an injecting needle carrying an inclinometer which indicates to the physican the angle at which the needle is inserted into the skin.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The anesthesiologist is frequently required to inject deep nerves with a local anesthetic solution or a neurolytic solution for nerve blockade. A successful nerve block depends on correct placement of the injecting needle. In particular, many blocks of nerves near skeletal structures require precise insertion of the injecting needle; that is, the needle must be inserted at a specific angle to the skin so that the needle is directed toward the required nerve.
For example, in caudal epidural anesthesia the needle is inserted into the caudal canal at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees in the female and 10 to 20 degrees in the male. In intercostal nerve blocks the needle forms an 80 degree angle with the skin. In a celiac plexus block the needle is introduced at an angle of 45 degrees and increased to 60 degrees when the needle contacts the lumbar vertebra. In a paravertebral lumbar sympathetic ganglion block the needle is inserted at an angle of 45 degrees to the skin, and, when the transverse process is contacted, the angle is changed to 85 degrees.
U.S. Pat. no. 4,031,890 discloses an I.V. injector which is provided with a safety disc so that the angle of entry of the cannula with respect to the skin surface always will be at least 45 degrees.
U.S. Pat No. 2,411,165 discloses a gravity-responsive clinometer in which the angle of inclination is determined by the position of a ball confined within a curved slot provided with a scale graduated in degrees.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, the primary object of my invention is to provide an injecting needle with an inclinometer which will indicate to the doctor the angle of inclination of the needle relative to the patient's skin.
Another object of my invention is to provide such an inclinometer in the form of an inexpensive gravity-responsive inclinometer in the form of a transparent arcuate tube containing a ball whose position in the tube indicates the angle of inclination to the physician.
A further object of my invention is to provide such a inclinometer in the form of a coupling which can be inserted between the syringe and needle of a conventional injecting needle and syringe assembly.
An additional object is to provide such an inclinometer which can be detached from the coupling once the needle has been inserted at the desired angle.
Still another object of my invention is to provide the coupling with a manually controllable valve and with means for attaching a second syringe thereto after the contents of the first syringe have been injected, the valve functioning selectively to provide a second flow path for directing the contents of the second syringe into the injecting needle.
My invention may be broadly summarized as an injecting needle and syringe assembly including an inclinometer for indicating to the physician the angle of inclination of the needle relative to the patient's skin. Other features of my invention include: a coupling which can be inserted between the syringe and needle of a conventional injecting needle and syringe assembly, the coupling serving as the means for detachably mounting the inclinometer on the assembly; and providing the coupling with means for attaching thereto an additional syringe whose contents can be directed into the injecting needle by the operation of a valve formed in the coupling.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view illustrating one embodiment of my invention; i.e. a conventional syringe and injecting needle assembly modified to incorporate a gravity-responsive inclinometer for indicating the inclination angle α relative to the patient's skin.
FIG. 2 is a top view of FIG. 1 and is partially exploded to show the coupling on which the inclinometer is mounted.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a partial top view illustrating the detachable nature of the inclinometer.
FIG. 5 is a side elevational view showing a second embodiment of the invention wherein the coupling of the preceding figures has been modified to include means for attaching thereto a second syringe.
FIG. 6 is an opposite side elevational view of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a top view of FIGS. 5 and 6; and
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 8--8 of FIG. 7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 illustrates the basic elements of the preferred embodiment of the broadest feature of my invention. A conventional syringe and injecting needle assembly includes a disposable injection syringe assembly 10 and an injection needle assembly 12 which are normally directly detachably coupled together. The needle assembly 12 includes a plastic bushing 14 to which the injection needle 16 is fixed. In this illustration, the needle 16 forms an angle (90°-α) relative to the plane 18 of the patient's skin, where α is the angular displacement of the needle from the perpendicular to plane 18. A plastic coupling tube 21 is inserted between the syringe assembly 10 and the bushing 14, thereby interconnecting the syringe assembly 10 and the needle assembly 12 and permitting the fluid in the syringe assembly to pass through the coupling tube 20 and into the needle assembly 12.
An inclinometer 22 is secured to the coupling 12 and provides to the physician an indication of the angle α. Inclinometer 12 consists of an arcuate transparent hollow tube 22 in which is disposed a steel ball 24 which rolls freely along the tube's lower surface portion which functions as a track for the ball. Along the curved length of the tube are graduations 26 calibrated in + or - degrees of the inclination angle α from the perpendicular. Since the inclinometer 22 is fixed to the coupling tube 20, the inclinometer tube 22 will move in a vertical plane as the needle 16 is rotated through the angle α. Since the ball 24 is loosely disposed within the tube and freely rollable therein, the tube 22 will move relative to the ball which gravity will cause always to seek the lowest point within the tube, assuming the plane 18 is vertical. Thus, the position of ball 24 within the tube 22 will be a measure of the angle α which, for the illustrated example, is approximately ±20 degrees, indicating that the needle is inclined upwardly or in the clockwise direction 20 degrees from the normal or perpendicular to the skin plane 18. If the needle were inclined at the same angle α from the perpendicular, but in the downward or counterclockwise direction, the ball would be opposite the -20 degree graduation. Of course, if the needle were horizontal, i.e. perpendicular to the vertical skin plane 18, then the ball would be opposite the 90 degree graduation. The graduations may be marked with any desired scale, such as degrees from the plane of the skin. The graduations can be calibrated according to any particular curve of the tube 22 so that the ball 24 will always indicate a measure of the angle of inclination.
FIG. 2 and 3 show in more detail the construction of the coupling tube 20 and the manner in which the inclinometer 22 is mounted thereon. The larger diameter left end 30 of tube 20 slides over the tapered male connecting tube 28, which is an integral part of the plastic syringe assembly 10, such that a friction fit is formed so that tube 28 and end 30 form a tight, leak-proof friction fit. The right hand or male end 32 of the coupling tube 20 is tapered and forms a tight friction fit with the interior of the needle bushing 14. Molded integrally with the tube coupling 20 is a projecting post 34 which forms a friction fit with a bushing 36 molded integrally with the plastic tube 23. Post 34 has an axial recess 38 along its surface for receiving a matching key or radially inwardly projection 39 of bushing 36, thereby preventing rotation of the inclinometer bushing 36 relative to the mounting post 34, but permitting the physician to remove the inclinometer from the post by applying outward force to overcome the friction fit of the two members. Such a construction permits the physician to remove the inclinometer, if desired, after the needle has been inserted in the patient's skin at the desired angle.
FIG. 4 illustrates the detachable nature of the inclinometer.
FIGS. 5-8 illustrate another embodiment of my invention and the same reference numerals are used to indicate corresponding parts of the two embodiments. In this second embodiment, a modified coupling tube 20' is inserted between the syringe assembly 10 and the needle assembly 12 in the same manner as already described. However, also molded integrally with the coupling tube 20' are an outwardly projecting bushing 40 and a 3-way stopcock or valve assembly 42. The open end 44 of the bushing 40 has the same internal diameter as the open end 30 of the coupling tube 20 (FIG. 2) and, therefore, can receive the tapered male connecting tube 28 of a second conventional syringe assembly 10'. The bore of the bushing 40 is in selective fluid communication with the bore through the coupling 20' via the 3-way stopcock 42. This feature allows a physician to attach a second full syringe 10' to the needle assembly after the contents of the first syringe assembly 10 have been injected, and without having to remove the first syringe 10.
The molded valve assembly 42 has an operating knob 46 containing three projections carrying arrows indicating which flow path has been selected by the rotational position of the valve. For example, in the position illustrated in FIG. 6 and 8, the flow path to the second syringe assembly 10' is blocked, while the flow path through the length of the coupling tube 20' is open so that the contents of the first syringe 10, coupled to the end 30 of the coupling tube 20', will flow through the bore 48, through the valve 42 into the needle assembly 12 attached to the tapered end 32 of the coupling tube 20'. When it is desired to inject the contents of the second syringe 10' into the patient, then the valve 42 is rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise from the position shown in FIG. 6 (clockwise in FIG. 8), thereby placing the internal bore 50 of the bushing 40 into fluid communication with the right hand portion of the bore 48 in the coupling tube 20'. The valve handle 46 is molded integrally with a valve core 52 which has three ports as clearly shown in FIG. 8. The valve core is molded within the valve casing 54, which is molded integrally with the coupling tube 20', in such a way that the valve core may be rotated relative to the casing but cannot be moved axially relative thereto. In this second embodiment, the inclinometer 22 is mounted via its bushing 36 onto post 34 formed on the bottom of the valve casing (as viewed in FIG. 7) in the same manner as described with respect to the first embodiment of FIGS. 1-4. Thus, the inclinometer can be detached, and coupling 20' can be used with or without the inclinometer.
The inclinometer tube 23 may be any clear plastic, such as PVC, cellulosic acetate, propionate or butyrate. Furthermore, the ball 24 may also be made of plastic so long as the relationship between the weight of the ball and its friction with the tube 23 permits the ball easily to roll or slide under the force of gravity to remain in the lowest portion of the tube. It has been assumed that the surface of the skin to be injected is always in the vertical plane, which condition can be easily obtained by tiltable operating tables and the like. If the patient's skin surface should be in any other plane, such as a horizontal one, it is clear that the orientation of the inclinometer can be adjusted so that the position of ball 24 will always be a correct indication of the angle of inclination. | A syringe and injection needle assembly with a gravity-responsive inclinometer for indicating the angle of inclination of the needle relative to a patient's skin. A plastic coupling tube for insertion between the syringe and needle of a conventional syringe and injection needle assembly and having means for mounting the inclinometer. The coupling tube may have an auxiliary inlet for receiving a second syringe, in which case a three-way valve is incorporated in the coupling tube for selectively providing fluid flow communication between the two syringes and the injection needle. The coupling tube may also be used without the inclinometer for the purpose of providing means for coupling a second syringe to the injection needle. | 2,182 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a water resistant sunscreen and insect repellent on a disposable applicator. More particularly, the present invention relates to a single-use disposable towel or wipe made from a non-woven, woven or porous material saturated with a combination water resistant sunscreen and insect repellent composition. The water resistant sunscreen and insect repellant composition, when rubbed over the skin, provides a thin, non-greasy film that provides protection against insect bites as well as the harmful effects of the sun.
[0002] It is well known that sunlight contains ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B rays (UVA and UVB rays). Prolonged exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays can be extremely harmful to unprotected skin, and in some cases can lead to a person developing early wrinkles, skin cancer and other skin related problems. Sunscreens and sunblocks have been developed to reduce the harmful effects of the sun on the skin—they are generally contained in lotions which vary on a scale of increasing protection from 1 to 50 (although there are questions regarding the effectiveness of products claiming protection factors above about 30). The scale is called the Sun Protection Factor (“SPF”). The SPF value of a sunscreen allows the consumer to determine the degree of sunburn protection that the user desires for a given period of time from direct exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays.
[0003] Another well known problem that arises from spending time outdoors is exposure to insects and insect bites. Mosquitoes, flies and ticks can be annoying and can cause painful bites which have the potential to spawn secondary infections or transmit diseases such as West Nile virus, Lyme disease, spotted fever and numerous other serious illnesses. Insect repellents are often used to discourage biting insects from landing on treated skin or clothing.
[0004] Combination sunscreen-insect repellents are well known compositions for protecting the skin against both insect bites and the harmful effects of prolonged exposure to the sun. Generally, they are commercially available in the form of aerosols, pump sprays or lotions that have a limited effectiveness and other considerable draw-backs. Primarily, combination sunscreen and repellant compositions can be greasy, have a foul odor and are only effective for short periods of time. These compositions typically require multiple applications and are easily removed in water. This is a distinctive problem in warm or humid climates or when a person is engaged in an activity which causes them to perspire.
[0005] In addition, aerosols, pump sprays and lotions can be somewhat difficult to apply. They are not easily controlled, especially around irregular surfaces such as the face. This can result in the unintentional inhalation of mist or vapors, or possibly cause excess chemical to come in contact and irritate the user's eyes. Furthermore, because of the high viscosity, lotions are sometimes ineffective in permitting the sunscreen-repellent composition from absorbing into skin surfaces that are partially covered by hair, such as the legs or chest. Lotion, even after being massaged into such areas after application, tends to intermingle with the hair. Instead of being absorbed into the skin, the lotion will merely congeal on top of the surface—providing less protection for the user.
[0006] Furthermore, existing aerosols, pump sprays and lotions containing both sunscreen and insect repellent agents are inconvenient and bulky. They are relatively heavy and require a large storage area for transporting. In addition, the applicators, e.g., pump and spray bottles often break before the compositions are used up, thus wasting product.
[0007] Accordingly, there exists a need for a combination sunscreen and insect repellent that is long lasting and effective, but fast, easy and safe to apply. Desirably, such a combination sunscreen and insect repellant provides a single use, one-step controlled application that is water resistant, non-greasy, pleasant smelling and cost effective. More desirably, such a composition has reasonable manufacturing and packaging costs, and uses industry standard effective and long lasting materials.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] A disposable personal applicator is formed from a non-woven, woven or porous fibrous material that is saturated with a composition containing a waterproof sunscreen and insect repellent. A preferred composition includes a sunscreen agent, an insect repellent agent, a solvent and a film forming agent present in an amount effective to form a thin film when the composition is applied to the skin of a person.
[0009] The sunscreen agent is present in an amount effective to provide a SPF from about 5 to 50. Preferably, the sunscreen agent is present in an amount effective to provide a SPF from about 15 to 30.
[0010] One suitable sunscreen agent is a composition of homosalate at a concentration of about 2.0 percent to about 15.0 percent by weight of the total composition, octinoxate at a concentration of about 7.5 percent by weight of the total composition, octisalate at a concentration of about 4.0 percent to about 5.0 percent by weight of the total composition and oxybenzone at a concentration of about 5.0 percent to about 6.0 percent by weight of the total composition. The sunscreen can include inactive ingredients, such as acrylates, octylacrylamide copolymer or an alcohol such as ethanol.
[0011] A preferred insect repellent agent is DEET present in a concentration of about 5.0 to about 35.0 weight percent of the weight percent of the total composition. A suitable delivery agent is an alcohol based agent, such as ethanol.
[0012] The applicator towel is a non-woven, woven or porous fibrous material. The material can be a polymeric fiber, a natural fiber, or a blend of polymeric and natural fibers. Suitable polymeric non-woven, woven or porous fibers are polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers or a blend thereof. The non-woven, woven or porous fibrous material can also be formed as a biodegradable material.
[0013] These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, in conjunction with the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] While the present invention is susceptible of embodiment in various forms, there is hereinafter described a presently preferred embodiment with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiment illustrated.
[0015] It should be further understood that the title of this section of this specification, namely, “Detailed Description Of The Invention”, relates to a requirement of the United States Patent Office, and does not imply, nor should be inferred to limit the subject matter disclosed herein.
[0016] The present invention provides a single use disposable personal applicator is formed as a towel or wipe made of a non-woven, woven or porous fibrous material that is saturated with a composition containing a waterproof sunscreen and insect repellent. When rubbed over a user's skin, the towel releases a thin, non-greasy film containing the combination sunscreen-repellent composition that provides the wearer with protection against insect bites as well as the harmful effects of prolonged exposure to the sun.
[0017] A preferred form of the sunscreen-repellent composition contains a sun a sunscreen agent, an insect repellent agent, a solvent and a film forming agent which is present in an amount effective to form a thin film when the composition is applied to the skin of a user. The composition is saturated in a wipe, preferably a non-woven, woven or porous wipe, which is used to apply the composition to the skin. Once the wipe is rubbed over the skin, sunscreen-repellent composition is released from the wipe and absorbed into the surface of the skin.
[0018] It is anticipated that a variety of sunscreen active agents can be used in the present towel composition. For example, sunscreen active agents such as aminobenzoic acid up to about 15.0 percent by weight, avobenzone up to about 3.0 percent by weight, cinoxate up to about 3.0 percent by weight, dioxybenzone up to about 3.0 percent by weight, methyl anthranilate up to about 5.0 percent by weight, octocrylene up to about 10.0 percent by weight, pandimate O up to about 8.0 percent by weight, phenyl benzimidazone sulfonic acid up to about 4.0 percent by weight, sulisobenzone up to about 10.0 percent by weight, titanium dioxide up to about 25.0 percent by weight, trolamine salicylate up to about 12.0 percent by weight and zinc oxide up to about 25.0 percent by weight are anticipated to be suitable for the present towel composition.
[0019] A present applicator is a towel article having a sunscreen active agent composition of homosalate at a concentration of about 2.0 percent to about 15.0 percent by weight, octinoxate at a concentration of about 7.5 percent by weight, octisalate at a concentration of about 4.0 percent to about 5.0 percent by weight and oxybenzone at a concentration of about 5.0 percent to about 6.0 percent by weight. The inactive ingredients in the sunscreen can include, for example, acrylates, octylacrylamide copolymer, alcohol (such as ethanol) and, if desired, a fragrance.
[0020] The resulting sunscreen has a long efficacy period when subjected to perspiration, underwater submersion or extreme environmental conditions having high humidity. Moreover, the sunscreen agent is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a SPF of between about 5 and 50, and preferably about 15 to 30.
[0021] A suitable insect repellent is M-toluamide, N,N-diethyl, commonly known as DEET, in an amount of about 2.0 percent to about 99.0 percent, and preferably, about 5.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent. DEET is known in the art and is the active ingredient in many commercially available insect repellent products. It has been shown to be safe for direct application to human skin, and is effective in repelling biting insects such as mosquitoes, flies and ticks which may carry infectious diseases. The resulting composition containing the repellent agent has a pleasant odor, and is applied in such a manner that minimizes concerns regarding inhaling or ingesting mists or vapors. Since the DEET is combined with the sunscreen agent, the repellent agent is highly resistant to water, yet can be easily removed by scrubbing with soap and water. The composition was tested under strict laboratory conditions using appropriate protocols approved by the FDA and EPA.
[0022] One solvent for use in the present formulation of the water resistant sunscreen and insect repellent composition is an alcohol such as ethanol. The solvent is present in a concentration of about 2.0 to about 80.0 percent by weight of the composition, and preferably is present in a concentration of about 60.0 percent of the composition. Suitable film forming agents are DEET and sunscreen mixtures. The film forming agent serves to protect, and is present in a concentration of about 2.0 to about 80.0 percent by weight of the composition, and preferably is present in a concentration of about 40.0 percent of the composition.
[0023] The towel or wipe applicator of the present invention is a non-woven, woven or porous fibrous material which has a high wet strength and provides a pleasant feel when rubbed over the skin. It is sufficiently bulky and strong to prevent break up during use, but not too substantive to make the user reluctant to dispose of the article after single use. The fibrous material can be made from either a natural or polymeric fiber, and has a basis weight of about 15 to 90 grams per square meter (gsm). Suitable polymeric materials for forming the fibers of the non-woven, woven or porous towel or wipe are polyethylene and polypropylene. It is anticipated that other synthetic materials and natural materials having similar characteristics and weight would be equally suitable for use in the current invention, which other synthetic and natural materials are within the scope and spirit of the present invention. It is also anticipated that a readily biodegradable or dispersible material can be used for the towel to reduce environmental concerns regarding disposal or the like.
[0024] The towel or wipe applicator is evenly saturated with the sunscreen-repellent composition in such a manner that the composition is released when the wipe is rubbed over the user's skin. One embodiment of the towel has the wiper (dry towel) saturated with a composition of about 1.0 to about 45.0 percent by weight of sunscreen, about 1.0 to about 45.0 percent by weight of insect repellent, about 2.0 to about 80.0 percent by weight of solvent and about 1.0 to about 80.0 percent by weight of film forming agent. A preferred towel includes the sunscreen agent mixtures in a concentration of about 38.0 percent, the alcohol solvent (e.g., ethanol) in a concentration of about 47.0 percent, and the film forming agent DEET and sunscreen mixtures in a concentration of about 31.0 percent. A present applicator includes a towel that is about 22.4 percent by weight of the applicator in total (total towel and composition), DEET that is about 15.5 percent by weight of the applicator in total; sunscreen that is about 15.5 percent by weight of the applicator in total and alcohol (e.g., ethanol) that is about 46.5 percent by weight of the applicator in total.
[0025] All patents referred to herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, whether or not specifically done so within the text of this disclosure.
[0026] In the present disclosure, the words “a” or “an” are to be taken to include both the singular and the plural. Conversely, any reference to plural items shall, where appropriate, include the singular.
[0027] From the foregoing it will be observed that numerous modifications and variations can be effectuated without departing from the true spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the present invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific embodiments disclosed is intended or should be inferred. The disclosure is intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims. | A single-use disposable applicator for applying sunscreen and insect repellent to the skin is a non-woven, woven or porous fibrous material wipe that is saturated with a composition containing a waterproof sunscreen agent and an insect repellent. A film forming agent and solvent may also be present. When rubbed over the skin, the wipe provides a thin, non-greasy film that provides protection against UV absorption and insect repellent properties. The sunscreen and insect repellent combination contained in the wipe has an SPF factor between 2 and 50 and is long lasting and water resistant, which makes it ideal for use during hot or humid weather conditions. | 2,413 |
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/484,234 filed Jun. 30, 2003 and patent application Ser. No. not yet known filed on Jun. 30, 2004, the entire disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Adenoviruses commonly infect the eye, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and can infect other organs such as the liver, urinary bladder, pancreas, central nervous system and others. There are over 50 known serotypes of Human Adenoviruses of which at least 24 have been identified as pathogens. Adenovirus has been shown to persist for months after initial infection in particular in immunosuppressed patients.
TABLE 1 Adenoviruses Serotypes and Disease Disease Major Serotypes* Acute febrile pharyngitis 1, 2, 3, 5 , 6, 7 Acute respiratory disease 3, 4, 7 , 14, 21 Acute hemorrhagic cystitis 11, 21 Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis 8, 11, 19, 37 Gastroenteritis 40, 41 Hepatitis 1, 2, 5 Meningoencephalitis 7 , 12, 32 Pertussis-like syndrome 5 Pharyngoconjuctival fever 3, 7 , 14 Pneumonia (children) 1, 2, 3, 7 Pneumonia (adults - military recruits) 4, 7 *Serotypes in bold with underline have been tested and shown to be sensitive to CTC-96
[0003] An example of Adenovirus-related disease
[0004] Adenoviruses are the most prevalent causes of acute ocular viral disease for which there is no known cure. The actual prevalence and incidence of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) caused by Adenoviruses in the US and internationally are unknown, because general practitioners and optometrists see most cases and this infection does not have to be reported to any medical authority. EKC is highly contagious and has the tendency to occur in epidemics.
[0005] While EKC is a self-limiting disease that generally resolves within 1-3 weeks. the patient may remain highly infectious for 10-14 days or more after symptoms develop (I). Symptoms of EKC include conjunctival redness, swelling or redness of the eyelid, discharge from the eye, sticking together of eyelids, pain or discomfort in the eye, photophobia, or a sensation of a foreign body in the eye. In Severe cases, membranous and pseudomembranous conjunctivitis can be seen in one third of cases, which can lead to conjunctival scarring and symblepharon formation (adherence of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctivas) (2;3). Both membranes and pseudomembranes can occur in EKC with a distinguishing corneal involvement that ranges from diffuse, fine, superficial keratitis to epithelial defects to subepithelial opacities (2;3). In 20-50% of cases, corneal opacities can persist for weeks to months to several years (1;3). This phenomenon can decrease visual acuity significantly and cause glare symptoms (2).
[0006] There is no specific direct antiviral chemotherapy against Adenoviruses at present. Corticosteroids may be used to limit corneal damage but have the side effects referred to above and also of interfere with viral clearance (3;4).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] We have discovered an effective method for the treatment for Human Adenoviruses, and, in particular, Adenovirus-derived keratoconjunctivitis for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes and respiratory disease. The treatment for adenovirus-derived keratoconjunctivitis, whether it be for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, can be achieved by topical administration. The treatment for respiratory disease may be by injection or by nasal administration, i.e., by spray or nose drops. As used herein, the expression “therapeutic treatment” means treatment for a subject already having the disease. As used herein, the expression “prophylactic treatment” means treatment for a subject who, while not being infected by the virus, is in a situation wherein they are susceptible to or subject to the possibility of acquiring the disease, e.g., in a household where another resident is already infected with the disease. We have also shown in vitro that CTC-96 is effective against types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7, attesting to the effectiveness of CTC-96 against the adenovirus derived diseases outlined in Table 1. More particularly, we have discovered that in the eye there is a significant reduction in Adenovirus-derived keratoconjunctivitis disease can be achieved by the by the topical administration of an anti-adenovirus therapeutic or prophylactic effective amount of Compound CTC-96.
[0008] As used herein, the word “therapeutic” means use of the inventive method to treat a subject who has already been infected with Adenovirus. As used herein, the word “prophylactic” means use of the inventive method to protect or decrease the likelihood of a subject who may be exposed to Adenovirus from being infected with the virus.
[0009] Compound CTC-96 has the structure:
wherein R 1 and R 1′ are methyl, R 2 and R 2′ are hydrogen and R 3 and R 3′ are methyl, and X and X′ are each:
and Q′ is Br = .
[0012] CTC-96 may be prepared by the method described in the U.S. Pat. No.5,756,491, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0013] Generally, this compound is administered topically in the form of an aqueous solution.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 is a graph of Human Adenovirus titers following exposure to CTC-96 prior to cell infection;
[0015] FIG. 2 is a graph of virus tiers after exposure of Human Adenovirus infected cells to CTC-96;
[0016] FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the effect of treatment of Adenovirus Induced Keratoconjunctivitis with CTC-96; and
[0017] FIG. 4 is a graph depicting adenovirus titers after treatment of Adenovirus infected rabbit eyes with CTC-96.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0018] We have demonstrated, by using Adenovirus type 5, that we can reproduce human Adenovirus Infection in rabbit eyes and have shown both excellent antiviral activity and conjunctivitis therapy using CTC-96 which we believe is unique as there is no effective drug against this virus and its pathology in the eye. In addition, we have shown CTC-96 efficacy against Adenovirus types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 in HeLa cells in tissue culture. Since these human viruses cannot be grown in animal models, this provides an excellent indication of the effectiveness of CTC-96 against a broad spectrum of Adenovirus types. To determine CTC-96 efficacy against several types of serotypes of adevirus the following procedure was followed:
1. Hela cells were confluent at the time of inoculation. 2. Virus dilutions were prepared from the known titers of the stock viruses (4×10 5 pfu/ml; 4×10 4 /0.1 ml) of Ad1 Kmetz, Ad2 Wolf, Ad3 Holyfield, Ad4 Harris, , Ad7a Joseph, ATCC. This virus inoculation yielded a virus infection with an m.o.i. (multiplicity of infection) of approximately 1.0. 3. 100 □l of each Ad serotype were inoculated onto cultures containing Hela cells. 4. During the adsorption period, Doxovir concentrations of 500, 250, 100, 50, 10, and 0 μg/ml were prepared in culture medium according to the dilution protocol. 5. Virus was adsorbed at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 water-vapor atmosphere for 1 hour. 6. After adsorption, the virus inocula were removed from all the wells and 2 wells each were overlayed with 1 ml of Doxovir (in tissue culture medium) at concentrations of 500, 250, 100, 50, 10, and 0 μg/ml. 7. The plates were incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 water-vapor atmosphere for 24 hours. 8. After 24 hours, the plates were washed. 9. Each well was refilled with 1 ml of fresh tissue culture medium without Doxovir. 10. The cells were scraped from the wells. 11. The media and cells were then frozen at −75° C. pending titrations. 12. Titration of duplicate samples were thawed from each Ad serotype, Doxovir concentration and its no drug control. 13. Viral titers were determined at each drug concentration.
[0032] CTC-96 has considerable advantages as an anti-viral drug: a) because of its unique mode of action it Is effective against herpes and HIV virus mutants which are resistant to currently used drugs; b) because the drug acts against two different viral targets in herpes virus the development of CTC-96-resistant mutants is deemed to be extremely rare; and c) because CTC-96 has anti-inflammatory properties its use replaces the use of steroids in herpes virus and Adenovirus therapeutics. Steroids modulate the immune response in the areas where they are applied and increase tissue susceptibility to pathogens.
[0033] Efficacy Studies
[0034] Efficacy of CTC-96 against Adenovirus types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 in culture
[0035] Anti-adenovirus activity of CTC-96 was evaluated by standard cell culture using HeLa cells, a human cervical carcinoma immortalized cell line (the usual host for laboratory grade adenovirus) and anti-viral plaque-reduction assays. CTC-96 has an inhibitory (prophylactic) effect on growth when virus is exposed to the drug prior to cell infection.
[0036] FIG. 1 shows Adenovirus type 5 titers following direct exposure of the virus to CTC-96 prior to HeLa cell infection.
[0037] The data graphically depicted in FIG. 1 were obtained as follows: varying concentrations of the CTC-96 were mixed with concentrated Human Adenovirus, [Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)] and incubated at 37° C. for 60 minutes. Aliquots were then diluted 500 fold into growth medium. Hela cells were exposed to 100 μl of the diluted material to initiate infection. These monolayers were incubated for 24 hours at 37% and 5% CO2 and then washed, scraped, sonicated, centrifuged and the supernatant serially diluted. These serial dilutions were plated onto indicator HeLa cell monolayers and adsorbed for 60 min, aspirated and a methycellulose overlay placed over the cells, which were then incubated for 3 days at 37%. Cultures were counterstained with 1% methylene blue, allowed to dry and the plaques counted. Results are expressed as mean ±SD (where error bars are not visible they are contained within data point).
[0038] CTC-96 also has a potentially therapeutic effect as can be seen by inhibition of viral growth in Adenovirus infected cells, which are subsequently exposed to the drug. FIG. 2 shows virus titers obtained after exposure of human Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infected HeLa cells to CTC-96. These data were obtained as follows: Adenovirus was adsorbed onto HeLa cell monolayers for 60 min at 37%; serial dilutions of CTC-96 were overlaid onto the minelayers. Monolayers were then incubated for 24 hr at 37° C. and 5% CO2. Monolayers were then washed, scraped, sonicated, centrifuged and the supernatant serially diluted. These serial dilutions were plated onto indicator HeLa cell monolayers and adsorbed for 60 min, aspirated and a methylcellulose overlay placed over the cells, which were then incubated for 3 days at 37%. Cultures were counterstained with 1% methylene blue, allowed to dry and the plaques counted. Results am expressed as mean & SD (where error bars are not visible they are contained within data point).
[0039] Clinical results and plaque assay viral titers of three CTC-96 treatment/dosing regimens of rabbit eyes infected with Human adenovirus, Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), were evaluated. On “Day 1” animals were infected with Human Adenovirus Type 5 by the installation of 10 6 pfu adenovirus according to our protocol of conjunctival and corneal scarification for the induction of Keratoconjunctivitis. Clinical conjunctivitis was observed in all animals by day 8 post-inoculation. Animals were then randomized and the following experimental groups were treated with CTC-96 or placebo in a double blind experiment:
(1) Placebo (diluent alone), 9×/day, for 21 days: (4 rabbits). (2) CTC-96 50 μg/ml, 9×/day, for 21 days: (4 rabbits). (3) CTC-96 50 μg/ml, 6×/day, for 21 days: (4 rabbits). (4) C T W 25 μg/ml, 6×/day, for 21 bays: (4 rabbits).
[0044] Clinical disease progression and resolution were evaluated by slit lamp microscopy on days 1,3,7,10,13,18,21,24,28 and 31 after initial drug dosing. The intensity of the keratitis was quantified using a clinical grading system (5).
[0045] Application of 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml prevented progression of disease severity. Application of 50 μg/ml 6 or 9 times a day for 21 days resulted in complete resolution of clinical disease by day 21 while placebo treated animals continued to show symptoms for another 10 days.
[0046] The results are depicted in FIG. 3 which shows CTC-96 treatment of Adenovirus induced keratoconjunctivitis. The data In FIG. 3 were obtained as follows: rabbits were infected with Human Adenovirus Type 5 by the installation 10 6 pfu adenovirus according to our protocol of conjunctival and corneal scarification for the production of Keratoconjunctivitis. On day 8 post-inoculation treatment with eye drops containing CTC-96 or placebo was initiated. Animals were examined for stromal keratitis and scored by the corneal disease scale of Wander et al.(5). The following are the Criteria For Determination Of Conjunctival Disease:
Area of Conjunctival Disease Conjunctival Severity 0 Normal cornea. 0 Normal conjunctiva. +1 ≦25% involved. +1 Mild conjunctival injection. +2 >25%, ≦50% involved. +2 Moderate conjunctival injection/ chemosis. +3 >50%, ≦75% involved. +3 Severe conjunctival injection/ chemosis. +4 >75%, ≦100% involved. +4 Pseudomembrane present.
[0047] The efficacy of CTC-96 treatment of rabbit eyes infected with Human adenovirus, Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), was also evaluated by adenovirus recovery from tear film cultures adsorbed onto confluent HeLa cell monolayers. Application of 50 μg/ml 6 or 9 times a day resulted in a rapid fall in viral presence in the eye with no detectable virus by day 13 while placebo treated eyes continued to show detectable virus until day 24. FIG. 4 shows adenovirus titers after treatment of rabbit eyes with CTC-96 or placebo. These data were obtained by the following procedure: rabbits were infected with Human Adenovirus Type 5 by the installation 10 6 pfu adenovirus according to our protocol of conjunctival and corneal scarification for the production of Keratoconjunctivitis. On day 8 post-inoculation treatment with eye drops containing CTC-96 or placebo was initiated. Adenovirus recovery from tear film was evaluated by plaque assay on confluent HeLa cell monolayers. Data are presented as Average±SD. | A method for the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of adeviruses, More specifically, a method for the therapeutic treatment of adenovirus in a subject by topically administering an antiviral effective amount of CTC-96 to the subject. In addition, a method for the prophylactic treatment against an adenovirus infection in a subject by topically administering a prophylactically anti-adenovirus effective amount of CTC-96 to the subject to minimize the likelihood of the subject veing infected by the adenovirus. | 2,330 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] ‘Kiko’ is a product of a breeding-program which had the objective of creating new chrysanthemum cultivars with a decorative type flower, a 8 week response and a medium plant height (1 m.). The new plant of the present invention comprises a new and distinct cultivar of Chrysanthemum plant. ‘Kiko’ is a seedling from a cross in a breeding program maintained under the control of inventor. The female parent is #98.0106—unpatented—, an unnamed seedling not available to inventor for description. The male parent is unknown, being a mixed population of a group of male parents. The new and distinct cultivar was discovered and selected as a flowering plant within the progeny of the stated cross by Mark Roland Boeder in a controlled environment (greenhouse) in Rijsenhout Holland in 2001. The first act of asexual reproduction of ‘Kiko’ was accomplished when vegetative cuttings were taken from the initial selection in 2001 in a controlled environment in Rijsenhout Holland.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is a new and distinct variety of chrysanthemum bearing spectacularly large blooms with elongated quilled pink ray-florets.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0003] The present invention of a new and distinct variety of chrysanthemum is shown in the accompanying drawings, the color being as nearly true as possible with color photographs of this type.
[0004] FIG. 1 shows a plant of the cultivar in full bloom.
[0005] FIG. 2 shows the various stages of bloom of the new cultivar.
[0006] FIG. 3 shows the foliage of the new cultivar.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0007] This new variety of chrysanthemum is of the botanical classification Chrysanthemum morifolium. The observations and measurements were gathered from plants grown in Rijsenhout Holland in a photo-periodic controlled crop under conditions generally used in commercial practice. The greenhouse temperatures during this crop were at day-time between 18° C. and 25° C. and at night 20° C. After a long day period of 14 days the photo-periodic response time in this crop was 56 days. After the long day period to flowering growth retardants were applied 2 to 3 times in an average dose of 2.5 gram/liter water. The plants were observed (directly) during the flowering of this crop. When slightly damaged during harvest, the ray florets have proven to be sensitive to botrytis. No tests were done on disease or insect resistance or susceptibility. No tests were done on cold or drought tolerance. This new variety produces large sized inflorescences with elongated quilled pink ray-florets blooming on the plant for 5 weeks. This new variety of chrysanthemum has been found to retain its distinctive characteristics throughout successive propagations however the phenotype may vary significantly with variations in environment such as light intensity and temperature. To show the phenotype as described ‘Kiko’ can be planted without assimilation lightning (high pressure sodium lamps) between week 4 and week 32 under greenhouse conditions in Holland. With assimilation light (minimum level 2500 lux) it can be planted year round under greenhouse conditions in Holland.
[0008] From the cultivars known to inventor the most similar existing cultivar in comparison to ‘Kiko’ is ‘Dance’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,941). When ‘Dance’ and ‘Kiko’ are being compared the following differences and similarities are noticed. Both ‘Dance’ and ‘Kiko’ are typically grown as disbud varieties, producing large sized blooms with elongated quilled ray florets. The differences of ‘Dance’ and ‘Kiko’ are (1) Size inflorescence. The size of the bloom of ‘Dance’ is smaller than that of ‘Kiko’ (2) Length ray floret. The ray florets of ‘Dance’ are shorter in length than those of ‘Kiko’. (3) Color ray florets. The ray florets of ‘Dance’ are purple colored, while those of ‘Kiko’ are pink.
[0009] The following is a description of the plant and characteristics that distinguish ‘Kiko’ as a new and distinct variety. The color designations are taken from the plant itself. Accordingly, any discrepancies between the color designations and the colors depicted in the photographs are due to photographic tolerances. The color chart used in this description is: The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, edition 1995.
TABLE 1 Botanical Description of cultivar ‘Kiko’ Bud Size Large, cross-section 1.5 cm height 1.5 cm Outside color Yellow-green 145A Involucral bracts 3 rows, length 1 cm, width 1.5 cm Involucral bracts among disc-florets Not present Involucral bracts color Green 138B Inflorescences Type Double Height 5 cm Size Large Fully expanded 19 cm Number per stem 1 (typically grown as disbud) Performance on the plant 3 weeks Seeds Seed production not observed Fragrance Typical chrysanthemum, slight Peduncle length 3 cm Peduncle color Green 138C Color Center of the flower Immature Yellow-green 150D Mature Yellow-green 144D Color of the ray-florets Upper surface Red-purple 65B Lower surface Red-purple 65B Tonality from Distance A disbudded mum with pink flowers and a cream disc Color of the upper surface of the Red-purple 65B ray-florets after aging of the plant Ray florets Texture Upper and under side smooth Number 200 Shape Elongated quilled Longitudinal axis of majority Straight to incurving Length of corolla tube 8 cm Ray-floret margin Entire Ray-floret length 9 cm Ray-floret width 0.2 cm Ratio length/width High Shape of tip Incurved Disc florets Disc diameter 1 cm Distribution of disc florets Few, only visible at mature stages of flowering. Shape Tubular Color Yellow-green 154D Receptacle shape Domed raised Reproductive Organs Stamen Present in disc florets only Stamen color Yellow-green 144 B Pollen Produced in small quantities Pollen color Yellow 7A Styles Present in both ray and disc florets Style color Yellow 13A Style Length 4 mm Stigma color Yellow-green 145 D Stigma Width 1 mm Ovaries Enclosed in perianth Plant Form A disbudded mum meant for erect culture Growth habit Upright Growth rate Medium vigor Height 1 m Width 30 cm Internode lenght 2.5-3 cm Spray formation Not formed when grown as disbud Stem Color Yellow-green 148C Stem Strength Strong Stem Brittleness Not brittle Stem Anthocyanin coloration Absent Flowering Response (photo- 56 days periodic controlled crop, not natural season) Foliage Color immature stage Upper side Yellow-green 147B Under side Yellow-green 148C Color mature stage Upper side Yellow-green 147A Under side Yellow-green 148B Color midvein mature leaf Upper side Green 138C Under side Green 139C Size Large; length 15-17 cm, width 7-9 cm Quantity (number per single stem) 30 Shape Cordiform Texture upper side Fleshy and glabrous Texture under side Pubescent Venation arrangement Palmate Shape of the margin Dentate Shape of Base of Sinus Between Acute Lateral Lobes Margin of Sinus Between Lateral Converging Lobes Shape of Base Truncate Apex Mucronulate Petiole Length 1.5-3 cm Petiole Color Green 138C
[0010]
TABLE 2
Differences of ‘Kiko’ with comparison variety ‘Dance’
‘Kiko’
‘Dance’
Size inflorescence
19 cm
13.5 cm
Length ray florets
9 cm
7 cm
Color ray florets
Red-purple 65B
Purple 77B to 77C | A Chrysanthemum plant named ‘Kiko’, which when grown as a disbud is characterized by large inflorescences, about 19 cm in diameter, with elongated quilled pink ray-florets, with response time of 56 days. | 1,163 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is related and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/087,852 filed on Dec. 5, 2014.
BACKGROUND
[0002] During a flight or other travel methods such as car, trains, and the like, a passenger's hand cannot provide the support or the comfort needed to rest or comfortably relax. Using a pillow provided by the airline may be unsanitary and any pillow brought from home typically would be too large and/or inconvenient. The disclosed technology provides a solution for travelers struggling with the problem of comfortably resting one's head during road trips, times of relaxation, and travel.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0003] FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a pillow according to one example of the disclosed technology.
[0004] FIG. 2 is a partial cut away view of the pillow shown in FIG. 1 in use.
[0005] FIG. 3 is a partial cut away view of a pillow according to another example of the disclosed technology.
[0006] FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the pillow shown in FIG. 3 .
[0007] FIG. 5 is an end view of the pillow shown in FIG. 3 .
[0008] FIG. 6 is a top plan view of still another example of a pillow according to the disclosed technology.
[0009] FIG. 7 is an end view of a pillow according to another example of the disclosed technology.
[0010] FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the pillow shown in FIG. 7 .
[0011] FIG. 9 is a top plan view of a pillow according to another example of the disclosed technology.
[0012] FIG. 10 is an end view of the pillow shown in FIG. 9 .
[0013] FIG. 11 is a top plan view of a pillow according to an example of the disclosed technology.
[0014] FIG. 12 is a top plan view of a pillow according to an example of the disclosed technology.
DESCRIPTION
[0015] For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the claimed technology and presenting its currently understood best mode of operation, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the claimed technology is thereby intended, with such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device and such further applications of the principles of the claimed technology as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the claimed technology relates.
[0016] The disclosed technology provides comfort for the hand, neck, and head when relaxing, sleeping, or traveling. The pillow may be made using nylon fiber as the fabric and thousands of micro-air beads to provide contoured support, cooling comfort airflow, and head, hand, and neck support. Variations of the pillow may use foam, down, feathers, and the like in place of the micro-air beads. Other variations may use other fabrics in place of nylon. The pillow itself may be fitted with the ambidextrous mitten-shaped sleeve and a removable pillow case. The pillows shown herein are generally square or round shaped and more or less symmetrical, but the present technology could also be practiced using pillows of other or more irregular shapes as desired. In some examples, the pillow and cover are machine washable and dryable. Sleeve sizes may vary so as to fit the hands of children, teenagers, and adults. Once the hand is in the desired position, users can then comfortably place their hand to their head and rest or sleep as desired.
[0017] The disclosed technology comprises a variety of small and lightweight pillows that can easily be packed or stored away when not in use. FIG. 1 shows a top plan view of a hand pillow 10 according to one example of the disclosed technology. This particular example of a hand pillow 10 comprises a pillow or cushion portion 12 and a sleeve portion 14 . The pillow portion 12 comprises a fabric cover enclosing some type of padding or cushion. The fabric may be made of cotton, nylon, silk, denim, or any other suitable natural or synthetic material or combination thereof. The padding or cushion may be a plurality of micro-air beads, solid foam batting, feathers, or any other loose or solid suitable material normally used to fill pillows.
[0018] The sleeve portion 14 is secured to one face of the pillow portion by a seam 16 . The seam 16 may be formed by stitching or secured using a suitable adhesive. Optionally the sleeve portion may be formed from the fabric cover of the pillow portion 12 itself. An opening 24 along one edge of the pillow 12 allows the user to insert a hand into the sleeve portion to hold the pillow 10 . Optionally, the opening 24 may include a draw string or other securing means so as to allow the user to tighten the opening 24 sufficiently so as to prevent the pillow 10 from sliding off the user's hand accidentally. The sleeve portion 14 in this particular example comprises two thumb portions 20 , 22 disposed on either side of a larger central cavity 18 . With this particular arrangement the user can insert either the left or right hand comfortably for use. In other examples, only a larger central cavity is used which still allows either hand to be used to hold the pillow but does not segregate the user's thumb from the rest of the hand. Optionally, the sleeve portion is lined with a material different from that which covers the rest of the pillow 10 such as fleece or other suitable material.
[0019] FIG. 2 shows a pillow 10 according to the example shown in FIG. 1 in use. In this particular example, a user 28 has inserted his hand 26 into the sleeve portion 14 of the pillow 10 through the opening 24 . When the user curves his hand 26 into a loose fist the pillow portion 12 of the hand pillow 10 curves accordingly. The first face 32 of the pillow portion 12 on which sleeve 14 is disposed curves in towards the user's hand which allows the second face 30 of the pillow portion 12 which is disposed opposite the sleeve 13 to form a resting area for the user's face.
[0020] FIGS. 3-5 show a partial cut away side view of another example of a hand pillow 34 according to the disclosed invention. In this particular example, the pillow 34 comprises a pillow portion 36 is generally shaped like a rectangular solid and has a first face 46 and a second face 38 on which a sleeve portion 48 is disposed. The sleeve portion 48 is generally rectangular in shape which allows a user 44 to insert either hand 42 into the sleeve through an opening 40 disposed along one end of the pillow portion 36 . The pillow portion 36 comprises an inner cushion portion and an outer covering portion which may be made from suitable materials as previously discussed. Optionally the pillow 34 may include an access opening 50 through which material may be added or removed from the pillow interior. The pillow portion 36 and sleeve 48 may be sized as desired with larger versions for adults and smaller versions for children. The hand pillow 34 may be used by inserting a hand 42 into the sleeve portion 48 and resting the first face 46 of the pillow portion 36 against the user's 44 face or head. In this particular example, the pillow portion 36 is sized so as to be at least slightly larger than the user's hand so that the entirety of the user's hand is covered by cushioning material when the pillow-covered hand is placed against the user's face or head.
[0021] FIGS. 6-8 show yet another example of a hand pillow 52 according to the disclosed technology. In this example, the hand pillow 52 comprises a pillow portion 54 and a sleeve portion 56 which is sized and configured so as to allow insertion of their the user's right or left hand through an opening 58 near one edge of the pillow. The hand pillow further includes a strap portion 60 secured to one end either by stitching, glue, or some other suitable securing method. The strap 60 may be made from the same material as the pillow covering or of a different material. The user may insert a hand through the strap 60 prior to insertion into the sleeve portion so as to prevent the pillow from being lost or dropped. Optionally, the strap may be made from an elastic material so the pillow can be rolled up and the strap drawn over the outside of the roll to secure the pillow for storage as shown in FIGS. 7-8 .
[0022] FIGS. 9-10 show yet another example of a pillow 62 according to the disclosed technology. In this particular example, the pillow 62 comprises a cushion portion 64 having a front face 78 and a back face 80 . A cavity 66 accessible via an opening 68 in one end of the cushion portion 64 is disposed between the front face 78 and back face 80 of the pillow and is generally sized and configured so as to accommodate either of the left of right hand of a user. A loop or strap comprising two separable portions 70 , 72 is fixed to the pillow. One end of each strap portions 70 , 72 is fixed to a face 78 , 80 of the pillow using glue, snaps, sewing, or other suitable means. Each strap portion 70 , 72 includes an end portion 74 , 76 where a releasable joining means is secured. The specific joining means may vary, but can include snaps, buttons, hook-and-loop style fasteners, and the like. The two strap portions 70 , 72 may be joined together at their respective end potions 74 , 76 to form a unified strap or loop.
[0023] FIG. 11 shows another example of a hand pillow 90 according to the disclosed technology. In this example, a handle 94 is attached to one end of the pillow 90 . In this particular example, the handle 94 is attached to the end of the pillow opposite the opening 98 to the hand cavity 96 disposed within the cushion interior 92 of the pillow 90 . In other examples, the handle may be attached to one of the sides of the pillow adjacent to the opening 98 or on the same side as the opening 98 .
[0024] FIG. 12 shows still another example of a hand pillow 100 according to the disclosed invention. In this example, a handle 104 is attached to one face 102 of the pillow 100 . The handle 104 is attached to the face 102 of the pillow approximately midway between the opening 108 to the hand cavity 106 disposed within the cushion interior of the pillow 100 and the opposite end of the pillow. In other examples, the handle may be attached to one of the faces of the pillow closer or farther from the opening to the pillow interior as desired.
[0025] While the claimed technology has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character. It is understood that the embodiments have been shown and described in the foregoing specification in satisfaction of the best mode and enablement requirements. It is understood that one of ordinary skill in the art could readily make a nigh-infinite number of insubstantial changes and modifications to the above-described embodiments and that it would be impractical to attempt to describe all such embodiment variations in the present specification. Accordingly, it is understood that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the claimed technology are desired to be protected. | The present invention is a pillow that will form fit over children's, teenagers, and adults hands. This pillow will provide a cushion between an individual's hand and head and/or face. The pillow can be used when lounging on the couch, during a car ride, in flight, etcetera. The intended use of the pillow is to provide comfort during times of relaxation or short periods of rest. The pillow is equipped to fit either hand for convenience and is optionally equipped with a machine washable pillowcase for purity and aesthetics. | 2,092 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to the field of clasps used for securing jewelry on the wearer.
[0003] 2. Description of Prior Art
[0004] Jewelry clasps known in the prior art are subject to several limitations. For instance, conventional jewelry clasps are difficult to engage and disengage, as the clasp is capable of being secured by the wearer in only one direction. Accordingly, the wearer must carefully engage and secure the clasp. Additionally, a jewelry clasp securable in only one direction requires additional time and effort of the wearer to properly open and close likewise, the projections on such clasps are prone to snagging the wearer's hair and/or clothes.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,562 to Pogharian (“Pogharian”) is an example of the prior art which exhibits such limitations. The latch member of Pogharian can only be inserted and secured into the housing in one direction. Additionally, the latch member of Pogharian contains an external stop member formed to abut the outer end of the housing bottom in order to firmly secure the clasp. This additional structure, projecting externally from the housing, can catch and snag on the wearer's hair and/or clothing during the clasp's engagement.
[0006] In view of the foregoing, there is a need for a jewelry clasp that overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention provides for a jewelry clasp which is engagable in multiple directions, reliable, sturdy, and secure. The present invention includes a jewelry clasp of the latch type having a pivotally mounted catch member in a housing and spring actuated in conjunction with a latch member which is insertable and engagable in multiple directions.
[0008] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the housing is grooved on both parallel walls near the end in which the latch member is inserted. The latch member includes a raised circular notch on one side which fits into the groove in the housing, insertable into the housing up to the point where the raised circular notch abuts the end of the groove. In an alternative embodiment, the latch member includes raised circular notches stationed in the same relative positions on each side.
[0009] Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention to provide a jewelry clasp that is engagable in multiple directions, which is secure and easily opened and closed by the wearer.
[0010] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a jewelry clasp that is free from external parts which can catch and snag the wearer's hair and/or clothing. Other objects of the present invention shall be apparent to a person skilled in the art based on the disclosure contained herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate by way of example and not limitation, the present invention, and together with the preceding general description and the following detailed description, explain the principles of the invention.
[0012] In the drawings:
[0013] [0013]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention in an engaged condition.
[0014] [0014]FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken on line 2 - 2 of FIG. 1.
[0015] [0015]FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken on line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2.
[0016] [0016]FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken on line 4 - 4 of FIG. 2.
[0017] [0017]FIG. 5 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 2, but showing the elements of the invention in the disengaged condition.
[0018] [0018]FIG. 6 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 5, illustrating the unlocking of an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 additionally illustrates that rotating the latch member 180° will not impact engagement or disengagement.
[0019] [0019]FIG. 7 is a top view of an alternative embodiment of the latch member.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0020] Embodiments of a jewelry clasp which utilize the present invention address the need for an apparatus that is reliable, sturdy, secure and capable of engagement in multiple directions. Ideally, the present invention allows for the quicker and easier engagement and disengagement of the wearer's jewelry, along with the lack of the jewelry clasp containing an external structure which can catch and snag in the wearer's hair or clothing. As is shown in the Figures, a jewelry clasp ( 1 ) capable of engagement in multiple directions is described. The jewelry clasp ( 1 ) may be constructed of any metallic material of strength and economic feasibility such as gold alloy, sterling silver, stainless steel, or the like.
[0021] In a first embodiment of the present invention, the jewelry clasp ( 1 ) includes a channel housing ( 10 ) with two opposed and parallel side walls ( 20 ) and ( 22 ) and a bottom ( 30 ). Side walls ( 20 ) and ( 22 ) extend to form into rings ( 28 a - b ) to receive the necklace or chain. The outer end of the housing ( 10 ) is open to receive a latch member ( 40 ). The housing ( 10 ) includes two opposed grooves ( 5 a ) and ( 5 b ) on each of the side walls ( 20 ) and ( 22 ), respectively. To increase reliability and minimize the amount of pieces required for assembly, the housing ( 10 ) and its side walls ( 20 ) and ( 22 ), bottom ( 30 ), and rings ( 28 a - b ) may be constructed as one piece of material and shaped to conform to the embodiment of the present invention.
[0022] In an embodiment of the present invention, the latch member ( 40 ) is arrow-shaped with its outer end formed into a ring ( 28 c ) to receive the necklace or chain. The latch member ( 40 ) includes two side panels ( 42 ) and ( 44 ). A circular notch ( 100 ) is provided on the first side panel ( 42 ) of latch member ( 40 ). The circular notch ( 100 ) is of a size to fit within grooves ( 5 a ) and ( 5 b ). An arrow-shaped insertion member ( 46 ), including indentations ( 48 a ) and ( 48 b ) formed therein, is provided on one end of latch member ( 40 ). The indentations ( 48 a ) and ( 48 b ) receive the hook portion ( 52 ) of a catch member ( 50 ). The inner end of the insertion member ( 46 ) is preferably rounded to a point and abuts the stop portion ( 54 ) of the catch member ( 50 ).
[0023] In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the side panels ( 42 ) and ( 44 ) each contain a circular notch ( 100 ) and ( 101 ), the center lines of such notches being co-linear. See FIG. 7.
[0024] Catch member ( 50 ) is pivotally mounted by a pin ( 60 ) inside housing ( 10 ) and has a downward tail ( 56 ) preferably approximately half the length of housing ( 10 ). A spring ( 70 ) is held in place between protrusions ( 59 a ) and ( 59 b ). One end of the spring ( 70 ) rests on the interior of the bottom ( 30 ) of the housing ( 10 ). So configured, the spring ( 70 ) acts as a bias member on the catch member ( 50 ).
[0025] Housing ( 10 ) contains a recess ( 16 ) wherein the indentation ( 58 ) of catch member ( 50 ) protrudes to a level equal with the housing ( 10 ). Indentation ( 58 ) is of a size capable of accepting a person's fingernail or other device for pressing down the catch member ( 50 ) and for compression of the spring ( 70 ).
[0026] To engage, the wearer inserts latch member ( 40 ) into the open end of housing ( 10 ). The insertion member ( 46 ) pushes against hook portion ( 52 ) of the catch member ( 50 ). This action causes the spring ( 70 ) to compress, allowing the insertion member ( 46 ) to be inserted into the housing ( 10 ) until it abuts the stop portion ( 54 ) of the catch member ( 50 ). Circular notch ( 100 ) fits within grooves ( 5 a ) or ( 5 b ), resting securely at the end of grooves ( 5 a ) or ( 5 b ) when insertion member ( 46 ) abuts stop portion ( 54 ). The spring ( 70 ) recoils and the catch member ( 50 ) recedes back into housing ( 10 ), with indentation ( 48 a ) or ( 48 b ) being locked into place by hook portion ( 52 ). Due to the jewelry clasp's ability to engage in multiple directions, only one of grooves ( 5 a ) and ( 5 b ) and indentations ( 48 a ) and ( 48 b ) is necessary to secure the engagement of the latch member ( 40 ). Thus, a complete 180° rotation of the latch member ( 40 ) will not affect engagement, allowing the wearer to engage the clasp ( 1 ) in multiple directions. See FIGS. 5 - 6 .
[0027] To disengage, the wearer applies downward pressure on indentation ( 58 ), thereby compressing the bias member and pivoting the catch member ( 50 ) up so that hook portion ( 52 ) separates from indentation ( 48 a ) or ( 48 b ), allowing latch member ( 40 ) to freely slide out of the housing ( 10 ).
[0028] Thus, a jewelry clasp for securing jewelry is disclosed. Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to these embodiments, and equivalents may be substituted for elements in these embodiments, without departing from the general spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims. Accordingly, the specification and drawings should be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. | The present invention allows for a jewelry clasp that is engagable in multiple directions, minimizing the wearer's effort and time in properly securing the wearer's jewelry. The jewelry clasp has a complete internal engagement, eliminating external structures that may catch and snag on the wearer's hair and/or clothes. | 1,793 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a checkerlike game embodying a game board having board magnets therein and movable game pieces having piece magnets therein and involves interactions between the board magnets and the piece magnets.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known to place bar magnets and magnetic pieces in permanently closed boxlike structures. Structures exist wherein laterally spaced magnets have their poles orthogonal to a permanently closed housing. This is exemplified by magnetic credit cards and the techniques developed for their manufacture. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,651,312 issued on Mar. 21, 1972 to W. W. Barney.
Barney does not disclose a housing which can be reopened. Moreover, Barney does not address the problem of reprogramming the positions of a plurality of magnets with respect to a fixed peripheral geometry for the housing, a credit card.
As known, a magnetic game comprises a flat board having a SINGLE playing surface and checkerlike playing pieces. The board is square and is divided into a plurality of playing squares in a checkerboard fashion with squares arranged in rows, columns, and diagonals. Alternate diagonals of squares are colored differently. One set of alternate diagonals of squares, the playing squares, has under EACH square a bar magnet with either an N-pole or an S-pole proximate to the playing surface. Players of a game on this board having found games less and less interesting and appealing as the game is repeated because they tend to learn the relative positions of opposite polarity squares of the board. This information is acquired when a piece is not repelled by one square but is repelled by another. See U.S. Pat. No. 2,819,904 issued on Jan. 14, 1958 to W. M. Nelson et al.
Such games, as known, are played with cylindrical playing pieces which have two flat surfaces. These pieces have magnets imbedded therein without regard or reference to a color difference on the flat surfaces. Each magnet has an S-pole and an N-pole. In one portion of the playing pieces, the S-poles are adjacent first colored surfaces. In a remaining portion, the N-poles are adjacent first colored surfaces.
The board, as known, is flat and has a magnet located under each square which is used for playing. One symmetric portion of the board, for example, the alternate diagonals, is used for play. This portion may be colored red, for example, and an unplayable portion may be colored black, for example. The board magnets are located under each square with either an S-pole or an N-pole adjacent thereto. The S-poles and N-poles are arranged in a symmetric pattern. See U.S. Pat. No. 2,819,904 supra. One problem with this arrangement is that when a face of the cylindrical playing piece of one polarity lands on a square having underneath a pole of the same polarity the piece is not only repelled but is either translocated to another square or to its curved wall. Thus, the player must manually flip over the playing piece. This is an annoying inconvenience which substantially slows the pace of the game.
Another problem with the game as known is the permanent site of each individual magnet in the board. This lack of flexibility and lack of programmability for the board reduces the commercial value of the game. What is needed is a variation of this game wherein the degree of skill necessary to play the game may be selected by selection of a particular program for the board, i.e., a pattern for the various combinations of S-poles and N-poles of board magnets which may be placed adjacent a surface of the board.
Flexibility in programming is not itself the only problem to be solved. A means is needed to quickly change the pattern of the board without the necessity of rearranging individual magnets within the board. An automatic or semi-automatic means is needed for changing the pattern. Considerable consumer interest is expressed for those games wherein several elements of a game or toy are remotely changed by one manual movement.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The inventions are a means for automatically flipping the playing pieces of the game, the means comprising spherical balls and spherical cavities in the playing squares; a game board having a magnet pattern which is changeable by reorienting the board; and a game board having a magnet pattern which is changeable by removing, adding, translocating, and flipping individual magnets therein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a novel playing piece for this invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmented perspective view of the novel playing piece of this invention;
FIG. 3 is a fragmented perspective view of a novel playing board of this invention; and
FIG. 4 is a partial cross section taken along the line 50--50 of FIG 3.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Shown in FIG. 1 is playing piece 10. The playing piece 10 comprises two outer parts of a shell. A rough textured part is a half 12 of the piece 10. The half 12 may also be made to exhibit as first color, red, for example, whereas another part of the shell may be made to exhibit a second color, white, for example. Another half 14 of the piece 10 is smooth textured and fits snugly against the half 12 to form a spherical body. Each half, 12 and 14, is designed with a concentric flat face 16 thereon.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, each playing piece 10 is held together by any suitable means such as a cylindrical member, for example. The cylindrical member in the present embodiment is a magnet 18 having opposite poles 20 and 22. Poles 20 and 22 may be north poles and south poles, respectively. Usually these poles are designated "N-" and "S-", respectively.
The piece 10 is generally describable as comprised of two halves 12 and 14 which exhibit mirror symmetry with respect to each other as to their shape. In fact, they are mirror symmetric about an imaginary plane at their juncture. This means that a half 12 placed at the plane P projects the shape of the other half 14 into the plane P provided the plane P is a reflecting mirror.
The flat faces 16 of the halves 12 and 14 are further arranged such that they are parallel to the plane P and concentric with an imaginary principal symmetry axis Q of the piece 10. The axis Q is therefore orthogonal to the plane P and flat faces 16.
The magnet 18 has a principal longitudinal symmetry axis R. When the piece 10 is manufactured and assembled axis R is coincident with the axis Q. The plane P then bilaterally traverses the magnet 18. The plane P is generally referred to as a mirror-symmetric internal plane of the piece 10. The magnet 18 is mirror-symmetric about the imaginary plane S. When piece 10 is assembled the plane S is coincident with the plane P. The axis R is referred to as an internal principal symmetry axis.
The game is played with a plurality of pieces 10, for example ten pieces, assembled according to FIG. 2 to appear as shown in FIG. 1. The plurality is assembled such that one pole of the piece magnet 18, for example an N-pole, is located in the first half 12 in a preselected number of the pieces 10, for example seven pieces, and such that the other poles of the remaining piece magnets 10 are located in the second half 14.
A portion of the pieces 10, for example one-half or five, are provided for one player. This portion is placed on a playing board with a first mirror-symmetric half, for example half 12, oriented away from the board. The remaining pieces 10 have their second mirror-symmetric half, for example half 14, located away from the board and are provided for another player.
A plurality of persons play the game on a board 30. The board 30 comprises a solid molded upper frame 32, a solid molded lower frame 34, a field plate 36, and a plurality of board magnets 38.
The upper frame 32 has an opening 40 which is adapted to receive a protruded part 42 of the lower frame 34. The part 42 is press fitted into the opening 40 and the board 30 is held together by friction between the upper frame 32 and the lower frame 34, the field plate 36 being held therebetween.
A first surface 44 of the board 30 is divided into a plurality of spaces, for example squares 46 and squares 48. The squares 46 are distinguished from the squares 48 by a color difference. The squares 46 may be colored white, for example, and the squares 48 may be colored red, for example. The game is played on either of the sets of squares 46 and 48. Thus, the playing squares used for a game are alternate linear squences of playing squares, for example sequences 50 anf 52, which are diagonally oriented with respect to an edge 54 of a surface, which in this example is the surface 44.
Another method of distinguishing the squares 46 from the squares 48 is to provide a difference in texture such as a smooth surface for the squares 46 and a rough surface for the squares 48.
A carity 60 is located in each of the playing squares 46 and 48, preferably in the center thereof. The cavity 60 is a spherical depression in the upper frame 32 with a flat face 62 located as a surface thereof. Each cavity 60 has an aperture 64 on the surface 46 or 48. A periphery of the flat face 62 is concentric with the periphery of the aperture 64.
The cavity 60 has a surface which is comprised of the flat face 62 and a spherical wall 66. The wall 66 is preferably shaped and adaptd to receive either half 12 or 14 of the piece 10.
The field plate 36 is comprised of a material which attracts both poles 20 and 22 of magnets 18. It is shaped and adapted to fit only under all of the peripheral squares of the game board. The upper frame 32 has four edges 54, 72, 74 and 76. The field plate 36 lies under the playing squares 46 and 48 adjacent these edges. Similarly, like playing squares on a surface 78 of the lower frame 34 which are adjacent edges 80, 82, 84, and 86 thereof underlie the field plate 36.
The lower frame 34 is adapted to receive the plate 36 around the periphery 88 of the protruded part 42, the plate 36 being adapted to lie on a flat surface 90 of the frame 34 and a flat surface 92 of the upper frame 32 being adapted to lie on the plate 36. A cavity 40 in the upper frame 32 is adapted to receive the protruding part 42.
The surface 78 of the lower frame 34 is similar to the surfce 44 of the upper frame 32 and has like cavities therein and like squares thereon. The squares 46 and 48 on surface 78 may be similarly colored or textured or differently colored or textured.
The protruded part 42 of the lower frame 34 has openings 94 therein which are adapted to receive the magnets 38. The openings 94 have apertures 96 at the surface 98 of the frame 34. Any opening 94 receives all of a magnet 38. Hence, one flat surface 100 of the magnet 38 is flush with an aperture 96 and proximate to an adjacent flat face 62 on the surface 44 of the frame 32. The corresponding opposite flate surface 100 on the magnet 38 is adjacent a similar flat face 62 on the surface 78.
The game may be played by first linearly arranging four pieces 10 in like squares 46 adjacent one edge 76, for example, and four pieces in like squares 46 adjacent another edge 72, for example. Alternate moves, of each player's own pieces, by each player are made to a different like square 46 until either a first player's pieces 10 are all in the original location of a second player's pieces 10 or all of the first player's pieces have been flipped so that another half 12 or 14 is showing. Either the first player or the second player may move first to commence the game.
The pieces 10 are equipped with an outer housing which is adapted to be spherical and received by the cavities 60 such that they are flipped and repositioned in the cavity 60 when an opposite pole of a magnet adjacent a flat face 62 is encountered by a half 12 or 14 of a piece 10.
The pattern of the board 30 may be changed, i.e., the positions of the magnets 38 relative to an edge, such as 54, in front of or associated with a player. This is designed into the board by purposefully not placing magnets 38 adjacent all of the squares 46 and 48. The magnets 38 are placed adjacent some of both the squares 46 and the squares 48 in an asymmetric pattern. The pattern is therefore semi-automatically changed with respect to a player by rotating the board about an axis orthogonal to a surface 44, for example n/2 pi radians where n is not a multiple of 4. This feature of the board is predicated upon the player being stationary with respect to the board.
There are two like surfaces 44 and 78 of the board 30. Because the magnets 38 are heteropolar, i.e., have different poles, an "S-" pole and an "N-" pole, for example, when one pole is adjacent a flat face 62 of the frame 32 the other different pole is adjacent the opposite face 62 in the frame 34. Thus, when the board 30 is flipped over such that the surface 78 is used for play a new and different pattern is present.
Various combinations of flips and rotations of the board 30 may be selected to achieve a new pattern or program. With the magnets 38 fixed a total of eight different patterns may be used.
The board 30 has a novel design which further permits the locations of the magnets 38 with respect to each other to be changed to give a virtually unlimited variety of patterns or programs. The frames 32 and 34 are frictionally held together and are openable and reclosable whereby the magnets 38 are removable, reorientable in their openings 94, rearrangeable, and replaceable. As a further means of changing the pattern or program additional magnets may be added.
FIG. 4 provides a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 3. Shown there is a partial section of the upper frame 32 and a partial section of the lower frame 34 along the line 50--50. The flat faces 62 of the cavities 60 are adjacent faces of the magnet 38. As shown, cavities 62 are on each surface 44 and 78 and concentric with an underlying magnet 38 or cavity 94.
The invention is predicated upon a greater frictional resistance to the motion of the piece 10 with respect to the surface 66 of the cavity 60. When the flat 16 is congruent with and adjacent the flat 62 of the cavity 60, The firctional resistance to a movement of the playing piece 10 is greatest. At other positions of the piece 10 with respect to the cavity 60, only one spot on the piece 10 is touching the flat 62 and a coincidence of the surface of the piece 10 with the periphery 64 of the cavity forms a line of contact resembling an arc. The inventor has experimentally determined that when like poles are adjacent the face 16 and the face 62, during contact, movement of the piece 10 by a repelling magnetic force raises the piece 10 and decreases the frictional resistance enabling the piece 10 to flip to a more stable mechanical position wherein another face 16 with an opposite underlying pole positions itself adjacent the face 62. Experiments with a completely spherical piece and a spherical cavity adapted to receive said piece have resulted in inadequate and asymmetric repositioning of the piece. | A game board having two playing surfaces each symmetrically divided into a plurality of like regions which are arranged to form rows, columns, and diagonals of the regions in the fashion of a checkerboard. The game is played by moving pieces having bar magnets therein about the regions. Some regions have bar magnets thereunder which either repel or attract the pieces. The game provides for automatic, in place, flipping of pieces which are repelled and for reprogramming of the positions of the magnets in the board. | 2,807 |
BACKGROUND
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to wheelchairs and is particularly directed to decorative body shells which are mountable on conventional wheelchairs to simulate automobiles and the like.
2. Prior Art
As is well known, many thousands of people are confined to wheelchairs each year, due to illness, accident or other misfortune. When this occurs, a considerable amount of mental therapy is required to assist the victim in adjusting to such confinement. While such adjustment is a serious matter with all wheelchair patients, it is far more serious in the case of children, who often tend to develop severe inferiority complexes as a result of such confinement. Furthermore, wheelchairs are designed for function, rather than for aesthetics, and the appearance of prior art wheelchairs is certainly not pleasing to the eye and even tends to have an appearance which is mentally depressing. Thus, prior art wheelchairs serve to provide mobility for non-ambulatory patients, however, the appearance of the prior art wheelchairs also serves as a constant reminder to the patients that they are disabled. These problems are especially aggravated for children when the wheelchair patients encounter other children playing in peddle-driven toy vehicles, such as cars, trucks, airplanes and the like. Unfortunately, most wheelchair patients cannot operate such peddle-driven vehicles, even if they could manage to climb into and out of such toy vehicles. Thus, the wheelchair patients must simply sit by and watch, while other children enjoy such toys. Over the years, numerous improvements have been made to improve the functioning of wheelchairs and to provide accessories which would enhance the functionality of wheelchair patients. However, virtually nothing has been done to improve the appearance of the wheelchairs. Thus, none of the prior art wheelchairs have been entirely satisfactory.
BRIEF SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF INVENTION
These disadvantages of prior art wheelchairs are overcome with the present invention and improved wheelchairs are provided which are pleasing in appearance and which serve to significantly improve the patient's self-image and to greatly decrease the patient's mental depression.
These advantages of the present invention are preferably attained by providing body shells which are attachable to the wheelchair frame and which simulate the appearance of an automotive vehicle or the like.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a wheelchair which is attractive in appearance.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an wheelchair having an appearance which serves to enhance a patient's self-image.
An additional object of the present invention is to provide means to enhance the appearance of the wheelchair.
A further object of the present invention is to provide means for enabling a wheelchair to simulate the appearance of an automotive vehicle or the like.
A specific object of the present invention is to provide means for improving the appearance of a wheelchair comprising body shells which are attachable to the wheelchair frame and which simulate the appearance of automotive vehicles or the like.
These and other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, taken with reference to the figures of the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side view of a wheelchair embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view of the wheelchair of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal section through the wheelchair of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a rear view of one of the wheel covers of the body shell of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a top view of the wheelchair of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a view similar to that of FIG. 5 showing the front and rear portions of the decorative shell opened to facilitate folding of the wheelchair for storage or transportation;
FIG. 7 is a front view of an alternative form of the decorative body shell of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 8 is a side view of the body shell of FIG. 7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In that form of the present invention chosen for purposes of illustration in the drawing, FIGS. 1-5 show a wheelchair, indicated generally at 10, enclosed within a decorative body shell 12 which simulates the appearance of an automotive vehicle, in this instance, a fire engine. As best seen in FIGS. 3 and 5, the body shell 12 comprises a pair of side panels 14 and 16 which are secured to the frame 18 of the wheelchair 10 by suitable means, such as machine screws, bolts or the like, not shown. The side panels 14 and 16 may be flat sheet of material, such as wood, plastic, metal, fiberboard or the like. Preferably, however, the side panels 14 and 16 will be contoured to provide a more three-dimensional simulation of the desired appearance. Adjacent the front ends 20 and 22 of the side panels 14 and 16, are hinged front sections 24, 26 and 28. Sections 24 are generally extensions of the side panels, 14 and 16, respectively, which are hingedly connected to the front ends 20 and 22 of the side panels 14 and 16 and which project beyond the footrest 30 of the wheelchair, as best seen in FIG. 3. Sections 26 are lateral components which are hingedly connected to the respective side panels 14 or 16 and which extend inwardly therefrom to simulate the grill and windshield of the vehicle. Sections 28 are horizontal components which are hingedly connected to the side panels 14 or 16 and which overlie the lateral sections 26 to simulate the hood or cab roof of the vehicle. If desired, suitable accessories, such as rotating lights 32, sirens 34 or the like may be mounted on the horizontal sections 28, as shown, and may be operable, if desired, by manual or electrical means, as is well known. Finally, wheel covers 36 may be provided, secured to the wheels 40, but sufficiently inside of the handwheels 38 to prevent interference with the patient's hands, when the patient is using the handwheels 38 to manipulate the wheelchair 10. As seen in FIG. 4, the wheel covers 36 are formed of two half-circular members 42 having central recesses 44 for fitting about the axle 46 of the wheelchair wheel 40. The wheel cover halves 42 are joined by suitable means, such as braces 48 secured to the members 42 by screws 50. side panels 14 and 16 may also carry rear sections 52, which are hingedly secured to the rear ends 54 of the side panels 14 or 16 and extend inwardly to simulate the rear end of the vehicle. Preferably, suitable means, such as magnetic latches 56 will be provided to releasably connect the adjoining edges of the lateral sections 26, horizontal section 28 and rear sections 52 of side panel 14 to the corresponding members of side panel 16 to form a complete body shell, as indicated generally at 58, and, hence, to provide the appearance of an integral vehicle. Obviously, the exterior surfaces of the body shell 58 may be decorated, substantially as desired, to enhance the vehicle simulation.
In use, the body shell 58 is mounted to enclose a wheelchair 10 and the side panels 14 and 16 are secured to the frame 18 of the wheelchair 10 by suitable means, such as machine screws, bolts or the like, not shown. In the normal position, the lateral sections 26, horizontal sections 28 and rear sections 54 of side panel 14 will extend toward the corresponding components of side panel 16 and will be releasably secured together by suitable means, such as magnetic latches 56. Consequently, the body shell 58 will substantially enclose the wheelchair 10 to simulate the appearance of a desired vehicle. To allow a patient to enter the wheelchair 10, the horizontal front sections 28 are swung upwardly, outwardly and downwardly, to lie adjacent the outside of the extension front sections 24, as seen in FIG. 6, and the extension front sections 24 are swung open, as indicated by arrows 60. This opens the entire forward area of the wheelchair 10 to allow the patient to enter the wheelchair 10 in a normal manner. When the patient is seated on the seat 62 of the wheelchair 10 and their feet have been placed on the footrest 30, the extension front sections 24 and horizontal front sections 28 are returned to the closed positions, providing the appearance that the patient is seated within the simulated vehicle. The patient may then maneuver the wheelchair in a conventional manner, by appropriate manipulation of the handwheels 38. Also, the patient may actuate the rotating light 32 and siren 34 in accordance with the play action suggested by the appearance of the vehicle simulated by the body shell 58. For storage or transportation, the horizontal front sections 28 are folded over outside of the extension front sections 24 and the lateral front sections 26 are folded inwardly, as indicated by arrows 64 to lie adjacent the inside of the extension sections 24. Also, the rear sections 52 are folded inwardly to lie adjacent the outside of the rear end 54 of the side panels 14 and 16. Thereafter, the wheelchair 10 may be collapsed in a conventional manner for storage or transportation, with the body shell 58 occupying little, if any, additional space.
FIGS. 7 and 8 show an alternative form of body shell, indicated generally at 66, simulating the appearance of aircraft. The aircraft body shell 66 is comprised os side panels 68 and 70 which are secured to the frame 18 of the wheelchair 10 by suitable means, such as machine screws, bolts or the like, not shown, to enclose the wheelchair 10 in substantially the same manner as described above with respect to the fire engine body shell 58 of FIGS. 1-3. In this form of the present invention, semi-conical front sections 72 and 74 are hingedly connected to the front ends 76 of the side panels 68 and 70, respectively, to enclose the footrest 30 and front end of the wheelchair 10 and to simulate the nose of an airplane. The adjacent edges of the semi-conical front sections 72 and 74 may be releasably secured together by suitable means, such as magnetic latches 56. To allow the patient to enter the wheelchair 10, the semi-conical front sections 72 and 74 are swung open and apart to allow free access to the wheelchair 10 and seat 62. For storage and transportation, the semi-conical front sections 72 and 74 may be opened, as for allowing entry to the wheelchair, or may be removed and stored separately, due to their additional bulk.
Obviously, different body shells may be provided which simulate numerous different types of vehicles, such as automobiles, trucks, military vehicles, boats, etc. substantially as desired. In addition, numerous other variations and modifications can obviously be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the forms of the present invention described above and shown in the figures of the accompanying drawings are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. | A device for improving the appearance of a wheelchair having A body shell attachable to the wheelchair frame to simulate the appearance of an automotive vehicle or the like and having portions foldable to allow a patient to enter and use the wheelchair. | 1,896 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a cap for use with a cannula and, more particularly, to a cap having a valve for resealably providing access to the interior of a cannula.
A prior art cannula is shown in FIG. 1 and includes a flexible body 10 having a flexible end 12 for insertion into a blood vessel. Prior to insertion of the cannula into the blood vessel, a needle 14 must be inserted through the cannula such that the pointed end of the needle extends beyond the flexible end 12. The needle allows the cannula to be guided through a patient's skin and to penetrate the blood vessel as the cannula 10 is inserted therein.
Subsequent to the insertion of the flexible end 12 into a blood vessel, the needle 14 is extracted in order to allow the insertion of a tube for allowing passage of blood or other fluids to r from the cannula 10 through the tube. In order to provide a proper seal around the needle and the tube inserted into the cannula and to prevent blood from flowing out of the cannula when the needle is extracted, a cap member 16 is provided positioned on the end of the cannula 10 and includes a plurality of slits extending radially across the center of the cap 16 for providing a recloseable opening for insertion of the needle and tube therethrough.
A recurring problem with the above-described arrangement is the prevention of small leaks through the slits in the cap member after the needle 14 has been withdrawn.
One prior art solution for properly sealing a cannula is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,752 issued to Honkanen et al in which a pair of seal members are provided for closing off the end of a cannula. In particular, a first seal member is provided having a conical shape and a cruciform slit for permitting passage of a surgical instrument therethrough. It is disclosed that fluid pressure will force the cruciform slit portion to contract together to form an impervious seal to fluid flow. However, such a construction depends on the seal members defining the slit being in proper alignment with each other in order to prevent fluid flow and therefore requires that the end portions of the seal be formed as a sufficiently stiff structure to prevent collapse of the seal members in toward each other. In order to prevent fluid flow past the first seal member when a tube is inserted therethrough, a second seal member lacking slits is required to sealingly contact the tube. Thus, two seals are required to effectively prevent flow through the valve portion of the cannula.
Accordingly, there is a need for a cap member having a valve portion which will reliably reseal the cannula end after removal of an instrument or tube therefrom. In addition, there is a need for a cap member which will provide an effective seal around the exterior of an instrument or tube which has been inserted into fluid communication with the interior of a cannula.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a cap for resealably sealing the end of a cannula to allow the insertion and removal of a tube or surgical instrument such as a needle into the cannula.
The cap includes a sleeve defining cylindrical inner and outer surfaces for the cap and a first flange extending radially inwardly from the inner surface of the sleeve at a first end of the cap. A valve body is formed integrally with a radially inner edge of the first flange and extends from the first cap end toward a second end of the cap in spaced relationship to the inner wall of the sleeve. The valve body defines an elongated tube-like member and includes an inlet end adjacent to the first cap end and an outlet end located intermediate the first and second cap ends.
The valve body is formed by four radially extending lip or gusset members which are spaced circumferentially from each other and define a right angled cross at an outlet end of the valve body located distal from the inlet end. Each of the lip members includes a pair of web members converging toward each other from the inlet end to the outlet end wherein the web members of each of the lip members meet along a radial line at the outlet end to form a resealable opening for allowing passage of a tube or medical instrument through the outlet end.
The web members of adjacent lips intersect each other along web intersection lines and each of the intersection lines extend radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet to the outlet end of the valve body.
cap further includes a second flange located at the second cap end and extending radially inwardly a lesser amount than the first flange. The second flange is configured to engage over a radially outwardly extending flange located on an end of a cannula. Thus, when the cap is placed over the end of a cannula the second flange and sleeve surround and form a seal with an exterior surface of the cannula and the valve body will extend into the interior of the cannula where the lip members form a normally closed opening preventing fluid flow out of the cannula through the cap. By providing converging webs forming the lip members, any pressure exerted by fluids in the cannula upon the lip members causes the web members to be compressed inwardly toward each other, thus firmly closing the valve to prevent fluid flow out of the cannula.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevational view in partial cross-section of a prior art cap member in place on a cannula;
FIG. 2 is a partially cut away perspective view of the cap member of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the cap member of the present invention taken along line 3--3 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an end view taken from an outlet end of the cap;
FIG. 5 is an end view taken from an inlet end of the cap; and
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line of intersection between adjacent web members and showing the cap in place on the end of a cannula.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 2, the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20. A first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20, and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20.
A valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22. As may be seen in FIG. 3, the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28, and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24, 26 of the sleeve member 22.
The valve body 32 is formed as a tube-like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20. As may be seen in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other. The lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32.
As is best shown in FIG. 2, the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross-shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right-angled cross at the outlet end 36.
As may be seen in FIGS. 4 and 5, the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38. Each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 (see FIG. 3). In addition, each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32, and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48.
It should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed. When a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube. It should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching, tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38. In other words, the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve, and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube.
The cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and, as may be seen in FIG. 2, the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50, 52, respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula. In addition, the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula.
Referring to FIG. 6, the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56. The cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58. The cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56.
As a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50, the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20. With the cap 20 thus in position, the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56. The cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64.
It should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56. Thus, the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve, and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve. In addition, the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube.
In addition, as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members, any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve.
Further, it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention. For example, five or more radially extending lips may be provided, each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members.
While the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims. | A cap is provided for resealably sealing the end of a cannula to allow the insertion and removal of a tube or surgical instrument such as a needle into the cannula. The cap includes a valve body having a plurality of radially extending lip members arranged to form a pair of intersecting duckbill valves and a sleeve is provided for mounting the cap member to the end of a cannula. | 2,397 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a new and unique facing for a golf club. A set of golf clubs is comprised of a number of woods and a number of irons. This invention relates to a facing for both woods and irons.
Golf is a game played with a small round ball and a set of golf clubs. The golf ball is struck with one of the golf clubs and propelled a distance toward a desired spot. A certain spin is imparted to the golf ball due to the contact of the golf ball with the golf club. If the ball is not struck properly the spin imparted may cause the ball to slice or to hook to one side of the playing surface or the other. The elimination of this slice or hook has been sought, probably, since the invention of the game of golf many years ago. It is old art to create a pattern on the facing of a golf club. These patterns have not, however, eliminated the slice or the hook of the golf ball.
This invention relates to a new and unique method of eliminating the slice or the hook of the golf ball by creating a new and unique golf club facing.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is the primary object of this invention to construct a golf club facing having a specific pattern so that the slice or the hook of the golf ball will be eliminated.
It is a further object of this invention to create a facing on a golf club so that the golf ball, after having been struck, will travel in the direction intended by the player.
It is an additional object of this invention to create a golf club facing which is durable and resistant to cuts, nicks, and scratches due to the deposition of a layer of hard chromium plating.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1a is a front view of a golf club head showing a rectangular pattern on the facing.
FIG. 1b is a front view of a golf club head showing a diamond shaped pattern on the facing.
FIG. 2 is a cross-section through FIG. 1a.
FIG. 3a is a front view of a detachable golf club facing having a rectangular pattern.
FIG. 3b is a front view of a detachable golf club facing having a diamond pattern.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view similar to that of FIG. 2 and disclosing a hard chrome coating.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to FIG. 1a, a golf club C having a shaft S and a head H is shown. The facing F is that part of the head H which contacts the golf ball (not shown).
The groove or slot G is shown in FIG. 2. This slot G has a depth D and a width W. The slot G is channel-shaped such that the width W is constant over the depth D. In this way the slot G resembles an open-ended box-type structure. The facing F contains a number of slots G machined, embossed, cut or engraved onto its face. In the preferred embodiment, the depth D of the slot G is about 0.020 inches and the width W is about 0.080 inches. The distance L between the successive slots is about 0.080 inches.
In FIG. 1a the face F of the head H is machined with two sets of slots G. The first of these sets is comprised of a number of parallel vertical slots 10 engraved, machined embossed or cut into the facing F of the head H. The second of the sets of slots is comprised of a number of horizontal parallel slots 12 engraved, machined, embossed or cut into the facing F of the head H. The intersection of these slots, 10 and 12, creates the appearance on the facing F of a number of rectangles.
FIG. 1b likewise shows two sets of parallel slots. The slots in FIG. 1b are not, however, horizontal and vertical in direction as in FIG. 1a. Slots 14 are parallel to each other. The slots 14 are at a diagonal on the face F in which the angle between a vertical line and the diagonal is a positive angle. The slots 16 are likewise parallel to each other and on a diagonal, but the angle with the diagonal is negative rather than positive relative to an x, y coordinate. When viewed from the front of the facing F, the intersections of the sets of slots, 14 and 16, resembles a number of diamonds on the facing F.
FIGS. 3a and 3b show a detachable facing F of a golf club. In FIGS. 3a and 3b a number of holes 18 are drilled through the facing F in order to provide a means for fastening the facing F to the club C. FIG. 3a has a set of vertical and horizontal slots, creating a number of rectangles, similar to FIG. 1a. FIG. 3b has a set of diagonal slots, creating a number of diamond shapes as is shown in FIG. 1b.
In FIG. 4 the slots G and the facing F have a layer of hard chrome plating P deposited on them. This plating P is used to provide a hard, wear resistant, attractive surface for the facing F. This plating P is generally resistant to scratching, cutting, or nicking. In the preferred embodiment of the invention the plating P would have a thickness of approximately 0.004 inches. This plating P would be deposited on the facing F and the slots G after the slots G have been engraved, machined, embossed or cut into the club head H.
OPERATION OF THE INVENTION
The series of slots G engraved into the facing F are relatively wide when viewed relative to their depth D. A golf ball is a relatively hard, wound or solid, ball covered with a slightly resilient material. When the club C strikes the golf ball the golf ball flattens to some extent. As the golf ball is flattened the series of slots G mesh with and contact with the resilient covering of the golf ball. The facing F and the slots G have a combined surface area greater than that of the facing F alone. It is this greater surface area which is in gripping contact with the golf ball covering. This greater surface area yields a greater gripping contact with the resilient covering. This greater gripping contact results in better control over the spin imparted to the ball. By controlling the spin of the ball, the tendency to slice can be eliminated.
The hard chrome plating acts to preserve and protect the inter-connecting slots and to thereby lengthen the useful life of the golf clubs.
While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, it is understood that it is capable of further modification, uses and/or adaptations of the invention following in general the principal of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customery practice in the art to which the invention pertains, and as may be applied to the central features hereinbefore set forth, and fall within the scope of the invention of the limits of the appended claims. | A facing for a golf club having a series of channel-shaped spaced apart slots, said slots having a width of approximately 0.080 inches; said slots having a depth of 0.020 inches; and the distance between each set of slots being approximately 0.080 inches is disclosed. | 1,257 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to fluid-filled bladder-type mattresses such as waterbed mattresses and air mattresses, and particularly to bladder mattresses adapted to suppress undesired lateral and vertical motion of the mattress and undesired fluid wave motion.
Suppression of bed motion is desired in both air and waterbed mattresses. Discomfort, difficulty in movement and nausea may result from excessive bed motion.
Undesired motion is not only a concern in the more conventional applications and use of fluid-filled beds, it is particularly a problem in fluid-filled beds used for emergency purposes where motion of a bed supporting an injured person may aggravate injury.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Waterbed and air mattresses are known wherein motion is suppressed or minimized. Conventional air mattresses comprise, for example, an array of tubular sections formed by bonding the upper surface member to the lower surface member and wherein the sections are in fluid communication through selected constructions. Such a mattress is particularly susceptible to buckling along the bonding ribs, which is undesirable, particularly of an air mattress in emergency or disaster applications where bed movements and buckling may aggravate injury or render transport of a patient more difficult.
The problem of wave motion in waterbed mattresses is well-known. Three techniques are known for wave motion suppression in liquid-filled bladders. The first technique involves use of a fluid other than water which is characterized by a high viscosity and inherent damping characteristics. A second technique involves inclusion of energy absorbing means within the bladder. A third technique involves isolation of the fluid within compartments of the mattress.
All of these techniques exhibit particular disadvantages. The high viscosity fluid is generally expensive and not readily available. Further, the fluid may present a hazard if the bladder ruptures. Still further, the fluid may not be readily disposable.
A popular energy absorbing technique known to the art involves the use of wave motion absorbing cylinders within the bladder. However, undesired gas bubbles tend to be trapped within the cylinders and to be released into the bed, thereby creating gas pockets.
The use of barriers to compartmentalize the fluid is only partially effective. Wave motion can readily propagate through most pliant barriers known to the art. Moreover, relatively rigid barriers detract from the known desirable characteristics of liquid fluid-filled mattress, for example, by creating non-uniformities in the support properties of the mattress. Still further, fully compartmentalized structures require individual filling of each compartment. Therefore, except for bifurcated structures (double twin mattresses) provided with absorbent barriers, compartmentalized structures have not been well received.
What is therefore needed is a mattress structure which is capable of suppressing waves as well as any motion in the mattress structure without detracting from the support characteristics of the mattress.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, a fluid-filled bladder-type mattress includes a plurality of pliant panels periodically disposed at oblique angles between upper and lower surface members of the bladder mattress for suppressing motion. In the preferred embodiment of a liquid fluid-filled bladder, a single bladder chamber includes a plurality of planar membrane panel members bonded along angular lines alternately and obliquely to the upper and the lower surface members of the bladder to define a herringbone-type surface bonding pattern. The pattern of panel arrangement has been found to contribute significantly to suppression of liquid fluid wave propagation by dispersing, canceling and dissipating the periodic wave energy.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be better understood by reference to the following detailed description of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a side cross sectional view of FIG. 1 along section line 2--2; and
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a rib construction according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a bladder-type mattress 10 adapted for containing a fluid medium such as water or air. In the particular preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 1, the mattress 10 is best suited to contain water for reasons hereinafter explained.
Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 together, the mattress is seen to comprise an upper surface member 12 and a lower surface member 14. Typically the surface members 12, 14 are made of a pliant vinyl sheet material such as polyvinylchloride (PVC) substantially impervious to fluid leakage. The upper surface member 12 and lower surface 14 may be sealingly joined at a side margin 15 to define a fluid tight bladder.
According to the invention there is provided within the bladder mattress 10 a plurality of panels 16 disposed interior to the mattress 10 at oblique angles between the upper surface member 12 and the lower surface member 14. The purpose of the panels 16 is to suppress the motion of the mattress 10.
The panels 16 preferably comprise a pliant sheet material, such as PVC and are attached to the upper surface member 12 and to the lower surface member 14. When the bladder mattress 10 is inflated, the panels 16 are tightly drawn between the upper surface member and the lower surface member. Preferably, the panels 16 are bonded to the respective upper surface member 12 and lower surface member 14 along linear ribs 18 formed by the fusion of the sheet material of the panels 16 with the upper surface member and lower surface member 12, 14. The panels 16 are preferably formed of a single elongate sheet, and the ribs 18 are preferably disposed in a column array 20 such that the panels 16 define a periodic alternating zigzag pattern of panels 16 between the upper surface member 12 and the lower surface member 14. According to the invention, therefore the ribs 18 and the panels 16 of the mattress 10 adapted to hold water or other liquid are disposed in an oblique angle pattern. Specifically, the ribs 18 are disposed in at least a first column array 20 and second column array 22, the second column array 22 being parallel to the first column array 20, and the ribs of each of the column array 20, 22 being parallel within the column array and oblique to the axes of the respective column array 20, 22. In the top plan view (FIG. 1) the ribs 18 define a herringbone or tractor tire pattern. Viewed in side cross section (FIG. 2) the panels 16 present an oblique face. This disposition is adapted to alternately deflect liquid wave energy transversely incident to the axes of the column array 20, 22 upwardly or downwardly and laterally.
Several column arrays 20, 22 and also 24 and 26 are preferred in the liquid-filled mattress 10. Wide width mattresses, such as double, queen and king sizes typically have four to six columns. Generally, at least two different angular dispositions of ribs 18 are preferred. It has been observed that at least two rows of ribs 18 disposed in columns with the sense of the ribs 18 of one column arranged substantially perpendicular to the sense of the ribs in another column produce optimal results. For example, liquid waves incident on one column of panels 16 are not only reflected and dispersed, they appear to be canceled and dissipated, and the resultant waves appear to be channeled to the second column where the panels 16 (disposed with the sense of the ribs 18 arranged to be substantially perpendicular to incident waves) further reflect, disperse, dissipate and cancel the wave energy of the liquid. It has thus been observed that waves are rapidly suppressed and a substantially stable liquid support bed is obtained in a mattress constructed according to the invention.
A specific preferred embodiment of a queen-size mattress 10 comprises an upper surface member 12, lower surface member 14, four column arrays 20, 22, 24 and 26 disposed in parallel the length of the mattress and defining panels 16 zigzagging between the upper surface member 12 and lower surface member 14 with linear bonding ribs 18 disposed at approximately 45 degrees to the axes of the column arrays 20, 22, 24 and 26 and perpendicular to the ribs 18 of the adjacent column arrays. The column arrays 20, 22, 24 and 26 may be laterally separated from the lateral sides of the mattress 10 and from one another by approximately the width of the column array. Each of the column arrays is on the order of 8 to 18 inches wide and preferably about 12 inches wide. The ribs 18 of one column array are also disposed to be linearly offset from the ribs 18 of the adjacent column arrays, as is illustrated in FIG. 1.
Each of the ribs 18 preferably has rounded or blunt end 28 at the extrema of the bond with the surface members 12, 14, as shown in FIG. 3. The ribs 18 are approximately 3/4 inch wide by about 8 to about 18 inches long. The panels therefore include loose side margins or flaps 30, as shown in FIG. 5, extending about 1/2 to about 2 inches beyond the extrema of the ribs 18. These flaps 30 serve to disperse the tension load at the bond end as between the ribs 18 and the panels 16 to reduce the possibility of rip damage to the mattress material.
The invention has now been described with reference to specific preferred embodiments. Other embodiments will be apparent to those with ordinary skill in the art. For example, individual panels 16 may be bonded at oblique angles between the upper surface member 12 and the lower surface member 14 in random or other suitable patterns. In the embodiments herein disclosed, column arrays 20 are preferred because of the ease of bonding an elongate sheet of vinyl material between the upper and lower surface members. Alternatively, the panels 16 may be rigid members attached to only one side, for example, the upper surface member 12, or the panels 16 may be suspended on a support member such as a cord stretched between the lateral sides of the mattress 10. It should be noted that pliant panels are generally preferred because rigid members can introduce nonuniformities into the surface characteristics of the mattress 10. Moreover, a pliant member can extend between the upper surface member and the lower surface member and be attached thereto to provide tension support resisting relative lateral motion of the upper surface member 12 and lower surface member 14, particularly in the case of the air mattress 100 embodiment of FIGS. 3 and 4. Therefore, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as indicated by the claims appended hereto. | A fluid-filled bladder-type mattress includes a plurality of panels periodically disposed at oblique angles between upper and lower surface members of the bladder mattress for suppressing motion. In one preferred embodiment, a single bladder chamber is filled with a liquid fluid, and panels comprising a plurality of planar membrane members are bonded along angular lines alternately and at oblique angles to the upper and lower surface members of the bladder in a herringbone bonding pattern to provide an open inner structure promoting wave energy dispersion and dissipation. A mattress embodying the invention minimizes horizontal motion and fluid wave propagation. | 1,885 |
The present patent document claims the benefit of the filing date of DE 10 2007 001 181.6, filed Jan. 5, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
The present embodiments relate to an imaging system for capturing an image sequence.
During a number of medical applications (e.g. an endoscopic intervention), a patient is irradiated over a period of time for imaging purposes. The patient is continuously exposed to ionizing radiation during this time. During lengthy treatments, such continuous exposure results in radiation damage, such as reddening of the skin and other tissue damage. Medical personnel, such as the doctor carrying out the treatment and/or the medical personnel assisting the doctor may be in close proximity to the patient during the treatment. The medical personnel may be exposed to continuous stray radiation during the treatment.
Conventially, exposing the patient and the medical personnel to radiation in this way was regarded as acceptable in view of the medical benefit. Alternatively, the radiation dose was reduced, even though this adversely affects the image quality of the x-ray images obtained, as the image sharpness depends on the radiation dose. The radiation dose cannot therefore be reduced arbitrarily.
SUMMARY AND DESCRIPTION
The present embodiments may obviate one or more drawbacks or limitations inherent in the related art. For example, in one embodiment, patient imaging is performed in a non-damaging manner for capturing an image sequence over a period of time, the images obtained being characterized by high image quality.
In one embodiment, a method for capturing an image sequence includes taking a reference image using a high radiation dose of a radiation source; the references image is stored; taking another current image using a lower radiation dose; and comparing the reference image with the current image. If, on the basis of the comparison, a change is detected in the current image, another image is taken using a high radiation dose.
The method may used by a medical imaging device, such as an x-ray machine.
When capturing an image sequence, non-damaging imaging may be achieved by taking individual images using a high radiation dose instead of continuously applying a high radiation dose to the patient. This provides high-resolution (i.e. highly detailed) images that can be used as the comparison basis for detecting a movement or change in the patient's body. Such an image is, for example, the reference image which is followed by at least one current image that was taken using a lower radiation dose. The radiation dose of the current image is set such that the image quality is adequate for comparison with the reference image. A computer may automatically compare the reference image with the current image. The computer may detect dynamic processes resulting in a change in the current image compared to the older reference image. Only if such a change is detected will another image, which will replace the reference image, be taken using a high radiation dose. The replacement reference image will provide the medical personnel with an updated high-quality visualization of the processes in the patient's body. The imaging method may be used with a flat-panel x-ray machine and/or a computed tomography (CT) scanner.
The other image may not be a complete image, which reproduces the entire body region under examination depicted in the reference image. The other image may be a sub-area of the complete image. Only an image detail is captured with a high resolution. The image detail corresponds to the area of the current image in which the change was detected. The static areas are not continuously exposed to the full radiation, but only the areas in which changes are discernible are repeatedly captured using a high radiation dose.
The image detail may be inserted in the reference image at the position where the change was detected. This provides a complete current image with a high degree of sharpness, with only a small part of the patient's body having been exposed to the high radiation dose in order to update the reference image by the image detail. Suitable computer-based image processing techniques may be used to replace an image detail of the reference image by the image detail subsequently obtained.
The image made up of the image detail and the reference image may be stored as the updated reference image and used as the reference image for the comparison. The stored image may be used in an iterative loop. After detection of a movement or change by the current image, the reference image may be immediately adapted automatically so that a high-quality current recording of the body region under examination is available.
In one embodiment, to capture the image detail, a beam path of the medical imaging device is restricted by a collimator. The collimator may mask out part of the beam path, which reduces the radiation dose to which the patient is exposed. Using the part of the beam path passing through an aperture of the collimator, a high-quality recording of the region in which a change was detected in the current image can be obtained.
In one embodiment, the collimator may be moved automatically based on the change detected. The collimator may be set to image a plurality of details and positions. The method may be characterized by a particularly high degree of automation so that the method is carried out quickly.
The collimator may be moved to a number of predetermined positions. The number of predetermined positions is correlated with the size of the collimator aperture. Image details may be captured from all the predetermined positions, so that the contiguously disposed image details cover the entire image. For example, four defined collimator positions are provided which are matched to the size of the collimator aperture. The collimator may be moved to one of the four positions, so that one quadrant of the reference image may be taken in each case. Establishing the predefined positions enables the collimator to be controlled in a particularly simple manner.
In one embodiment, at least the reference image is visualized on a display. A high-resolution current image may be displayed in real time.
In one embodiment, the further image is taken if a predefined threshold value is exceeded when comparing the reference image with the current image. The threshold value represents a limit value of a visualization parameter, such as a predefined grayscale value, which visualization parameter is taken into account for comparing the reference image with the current image. The threshold value may be set by an imaging device operator. The sensitivity of a processing unit may be modified for evaluating the comparison result.
The radiation dose may be set using a control unit of the medical imaging device. The medical imaging device includes an x-ray generator for producing the beam path. The control unit of said x-ray generator automatically adjusts the intensity of the x-ray radiation, for example, the size of the radiation dose, based on the comparison of the reference image with the current image. Recordings with high or low image sharpness are accordingly obtained. The medical imaging device may be, for example, an x-ray emitter.
The current image may be taken with a radiation dose that may be less than 50% and, more preferably 25%, of the size of the radiation dose of the reference image. The radiation dose of the current image may be lower than the radiation dose of the reference image, however, it is sufficient for showing the relevant differences between the current image and the reference image in the specific application and using suitable methods. This may provide a particularly non-damaging patient imaging method in which the radiation dose for the patient is reduced.
In one embodiment, an imaging apparatus includes an imaging device with a radiation source and a detector, a control unit and a processing unit. The processing unit compares a stored reference image taken using a high radiation dose with a current image taken using a low radiation dose. The control unit triggers the imaging device to take another image with a high radiation dose on the basis of the comparison.
The components of the apparatus may be interconnected by a data link so that the imaging device is automatically triggered depending on the comparison result. The processing unit processes a software-based combination of mathematical and logical operations which enables the difference of the values of the visualization parameter (e.g. grayscale value) to be taken for each point of the reference image and of the current image, so that any exceedance of the predefined threshold value of the visualization parameter can be interpreted as a change. The processing unit may be part of the control unit, but can also constitute a separate entity connected to the control unit via a data link. If a change is detected, the control unit may automatically send a control signal to the imaging device to take the further image which will provide more precise information about the change than the current image.
In one embodiment, the imaging device may include a collimator that restricts a beam path of the radiation source when the further image is taken. The collimator may be adjusted automatically by the control device in order to obtain a recording of a particular image detail.
In one embodiment, the processing unit inserts the image detail into the reference image and stores the updated reference image.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates one embodiment of an imaging apparatus,
FIG. 2 a shows a block diagram of a method for capturing an image sequence,
FIG. 2 b schematically illustrates one embodiment of a collimator, and
FIG. 2 c shows a radiation dose and a dose-area product over time for the individual steps according to FIG. 2 a.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1 , an imaging apparatus 2 includes an imaging device 4 with a radiation source 6 , a radiation detector 8 , and a collimator 10 . The imaging device 4 may be an x-ray machine. The apparatus 2 may be controlled by a control unit 12 that includes a processing unit 14 . A patient 18 positioned on a patient positioning table 16 may be moved into a beam path 20 emitted by a radiation source 6 . A series of recordings of a region under examination of the patient 18 may be made using the imaging device 4 . An image sequence may be recorded during a medical intervention with continuous irradiation of the patient 18 .
A method for capturing an image sequence is shown in the block diagram of FIG. 2 a . A reference image B R with high image sharpness is taken with a high radiation dose D H (see FIG. 2 c ). The reference image B R may be stored and/or displayed on a display 22 . The display 22 provides the treating physician with visual assistance during the medical intervention.
A series of current images B A of the entire region under examination may be taken. The current images B A may correspond to the reference image B R with respect to their size and position relative to the patient. A lower radiation dose D N is used. For example, the current images B A are less sharp. The processing unit 14 may automatically compare each of the current images B A with the reference image B R in respect of a visualization parameter, for example, the grayscale value of each image pixel. A predefined adjustable threshold value may be used for the comparison. If the two images coincide, for example, if the changes in the current image B A are below the threshold value, a further current image B A is taken. If changes exceeding the threshold value are detected in the current image B A compared to the reference image B R , depending on the position of these changes, an image detail 24 is captured using a high radiation dose.
In the current image B A according to FIG. 2 a , the changes are in a first quadrant I of the image B A . The control unit 12 accordingly controls the collimator 10 to mask out part of the beam path 20 . Only the first quadrant I is captured as an image detail 24 . The size of an aperture 26 of the collimator 10 may be adjusted so that only a quarter of the total image, such as the first quadrant I, is captured. The image detail 24 is then automatically inserted into the reference image B R , for example, at the position where the change was detected. For example, the image detail 24 is inserted in the first quadrant I of the reference image B R . An updated reference image B R may be obtained, stored, and simultaneously displayed on the display 22 . The updated reference image B R may be used as the basis for comparison with the subsequent current images B A .
FIG. 2 c shows a radiation dose D and a dose-area product P. FIG. 2 c shows radiation dose per irradiated area over time t. The item instants t 0 to t 6 specify the times where the acts of the method are carried out. When the reference image B R is taken, a high radiation dose is used. The high radiation may be about 100% of the radiation dose D. The beam path 20 may remain unrestricted when the reference image B R and the current image B A are taken, so as to produce a maximally large-area complete image, as shown in FIG. 2 b . As the reference image B R has a size which is defined as maximally large, the dose-area product P may remain 100%. When the current image B A is taken, a much lower radiation dose D is used. The lower radiation dose D may be about 25% of the maximum possible radiation dose D H . The radiation dose D is regulated via an x-ray generator (not shown in greater detail here) of the x-ray device 4 . The generator may be controlled via the control unit 12 . The current image B A may be as large as the reference image B R . The dose-area product P may be only about 25% based on the low radiation dose D N .
In one embodiment, the collimator 10 is not used to screen off the beam path 20 , apart from the first quadrant I in which a change was detected, until capture of the image detail 24 at time t 4 . To capture the image detail 24 , a maximum radiation dose D H is used. As the image area is restricted to a quarter of the total image area in this case, the dose-area product is only 25%. As shown in FIG. 2 c , this method is particularly non-damaging for the patient, while at the same time the images displayed to assist the medical personnel have optimum image quality.
While the invention has been described above by reference to various embodiments, it should be understood that many changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention. | A medical imaging system is provided. The medical imaging system includes an imaging device with a radiation source and a detector, a control unit; and a processing unit. The processing unit is operable to compare a stored reference image taken using a high radiation dose with a current image taken using a lower radiation dose. The control unit is operable to trigger the imaging device to take a further image using a high radiation dose based on the comparison. | 2,660 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to means for the atomizing of cosmetic products, in particular hair lacquer.
The use of so-called spray bombs for the application of hair lacquers is well known, with the lacquer being expelled in atomized form by means of a halofluorocarbon propellant gas contained within the bomb.
It has now been ascertained that the use of such propellant gases may be harmful to the health and that it would be advisable to abandon the atomizing of hair lacquers and similar cosmetic products by means of propellant gases, for example, chlorofluorocarbide, chlorodifluoromethane and mixtures of chlorodifluoromethane and tetrafluorodifluoroethane.
A further drawback of the said spray bombs consists in their rather high cost of manufacture.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the object of this invention to remove the above-mentioned drawbacks by allowing the atomizing of hair lacquers without the use of halofluorocarbon propellant gases and appurtenant spray bombs.
This object is attained according to this invention by using at least one bomb, to be filled with the lacquer to be atomized and provided in a head part with a controllable valve and an atomizing nozzle unit, said container being connected by a suitable hose to means for generating compressed air.
In a preferred advantageous embodiment, more than one bomb can be removably arranged in seats provided in a housing body, with the compressed-air generating means, for example a small piston compressor, seated in the rear part of the said housing body.
The arrangement according to this invention will now be described more in detail with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof given by way of example without being limited thereto and is shown in the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front view of a housing body having two bombs;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the housing body according to FIG. 1, with one bomb lifted out, along with its compressed-air supply hose;
FIG. 3 shows the connection between the compressor and the two bombs for the atomizing of hair lacquer;
FIG. 4 is a cross-section of a detail showing the compressed-air check valve;
FIG. 5 shows a side view of a removable atomizing nozzle.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As shown in FIG. 1, one or more bombs 1 are arranged with their lower part 4 inserted into a suitable seat 2 of a housing body 3. Each lower part 4 of the relative bomb 1 is designed to receive the lacquer to be atomized. For example, part 4 may be screwed to a head part 5 containing the atomizing mechanism to be described hereinafter.
FIG. 2 shows the bombs 1 seated in the seats 2 provided in the front part of the housing body 3. The said housing body 3 has in its rear part a bay 6 suitably designed for receiving a means for the generation of a compressed-air flow, for example a piston compressor (not shown). The outflow side of the compressor is connected by means of a suitable hose 7 to the atomizing head 5 (FIG. 4). The atomizing head 5 comprises a union 8 for connecting the corresponding hose 7. Same union leads to a valve 14 which is controlled by a flat movable cover 9 part of the atomizing head 5. When exerting a pressure on the cover 9 in direction of the arrow f (FIG. 2), the valve 14 will be opened allowing the compressed air to flow from the hose 7 toward the removable spraying nozzle unit 10 and allowing at the same time the lacquer to be expelled in the form of an atomized veil 11. For the purpose, the valve body is provided with a peripheral groove 14a open on the outside.
Advantageously, the hoses 7 surround the corresponding bomb 1 in form of a spiral, allowing the easy extraction of the bomb 1 from its corresponding seat 2 or vice versa, the reseating of the bomb 1 together with its hose 7 into the seat 2.
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the compressed-air supply circuit leading to the atomising head 5 of the two bombs 1. From a source of compressed air, for example a compressor 12, a supply hose 13 leads to a `Y`-ramification 13a, whose ramification branches are connected to the flexible hoses 7 leading toward the corresponding atomizing heads 5. Advantageously, the ramification 13a is incorporated within the housing body 3, with only the unions for the connection of the hoses 7 being left free (FIG. 4).
FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional detail of the atomizing head 5, in particular the compressed-air flow check valve. The movable cover 9 of the head 5 allows to operate a spindle valve indicated by 14. The shaft 15 of the said valve, is biased to closed position by a spring 16 in. When pressing the cover 9 in the direction of the arrow f, against the thrust of a spring means 17, the shaft 15 is pushed down allowing the flow of compressed air from the hose 7, through the valve 15, to a channel 18 in the head leading to the atomizing nozzle unit 10.
As shown in FIG. 5, the removable atomizing nozzle unit 10 of the head 5 is formed of a first flow duct 19 connectable to the channel 18 for the compressed-air supply. In addition, the nozzle unit 10 is provided with a second inlet duct 20 leading to the lacquer in the bomb 1 and drawing lacquer therefor the Venturi principle.
The end 19a of the nozzle for the compressed air duct 19 is closed to the orifice end 20a of the nozzle for the aspirated lacquer duct 20. The duct 20, 20a for drawing the lacquer ends in an upper cone 21, separated by a vertical notch 22 from the orifice 19a of the duct 19. The vertical notch 22 is most important for the safe operation of the nozzle unit 10, because it is this vertical notch 22 which allows the perfect and really surprising atomising effect.
The cone 21 containing the orifice 20a of the duct 20 prevents the formation of droplets at the end of of the atomizing phase and therewith prevents the blocking of the ducts 19, 19a, 20, 20a. | Means for atomizing cosmetic products, in particular hair lacquers, in which each bomb to be filled with hair lacquer to be atomized is provided with a controllable valve as well as with an atomizing nozzle unit and in which the said valve and the said nozzle are connected by means of a suitable hose containing means for the generation of compressed air. | 1,106 |
This application is the US national phase of international application PCT/GB00/12353 filed 7, Dec. 2000, which designated the US.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a mobile carriage, in particular embodied as a processing or a cleaning device which is suitable in particular for independent driving by the provision of at least one sensor device.
Cleaning machines are known to a sufficient extent, for example, from international PCT application WO 98/43527 which was published before the priority date, on Oct. 8, 1998.
The actual devices and components used for the floor cleaning in this case may comprise a bristle-containing roller or, for example, two interacting bristle-containing rollers, rotating about a horizontal axis, a circulating brush belt or, for example, one or more interacting brush disks, rotating about at least more or less vertical axes, or combinations of the above devices or the like.
Also already disclosed are self-propelling processing machines and cleaning apparatuses which have corresponding sensor devices. Such sensor devices may comprise, for example, optical sensor devices using a laser beam for sensing purposes (for example in the horizontal plane) and/or ultrasonic sensors, radar sensors, or the like. In particular nowadays, use can even be made of sensors based on a camera with a silicon chip for evaluating the recorded image.
In order for it to be possible to achieve corresponding good sensing of the surroundings and in respect of any existing obstacles, it has already been proposed to fit a total of 96 sensors in a wide range of different locations on a previously known processing machine.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is thus to provide an improved sensor system which operates efficiently and effectively and is also of cost-effective construction.
The carriage, which is preferably comparable with a robot and is preferably automatic, in particular in the form of a processing or cleaning machine, is distinguished in that, at least in dependence on the carriage traveling on a curved path or on an actuating, processing or cleaning unit, preferably in the form of a processing or cleaning head, provided on the vehicle pivoting, the at least one sensor device is pivoted along in unison at least in relative terms in the same direction. In a preferred embodiment, the pivoting operation may take place in direct correspondence with the angle deflection of the direction of travel or the rotation of the processing or cleaning head.
This makes it possible to realize the essential advantage that, by virtue of the navigation devices pivoting along in unison, a considerably greater surrounding region may be covered, to be precise always in alignment with the critical region in which a movement takes place. This makes it possible to reduce drastically the number and cost of the sensor devices which are otherwise required.
In a preferred embodiment, at least one sensor device, for example a laser sensor, is provided at floor level, in particular level with the running wheels or slightly above this, for example approximately level with a chassis or base of the processing device or of the cleaning machine. This sensor device may be a laser scanner which operates automatically over a horizontal angle range and senses the surroundings. Although this sensor, for example in the form of a laser scanner, already senses the surroundings over a wide-angle range from left to right (usually symmetrically in relation to the center longitudinal axis) when the carriage is traveling in a straight line, the solution according to the invention provides considerable advantages. The advantage according to the invention is manifested, in particular, when the carriage is traveling on a curved path or with the processing or cleaning head pivoting to a pronounced extent since, according to the invention, in this case the sensor is pivoted along in unison. This means that, from the outset, the sensed sensor field may be of comparatively small configuration and even certain lateral dead angles may be provided since, for example when the carriage is traveling to the left, the monitored and scanned region is then pivoted along in unison to the left, that is to say the lateral zones which otherwise, when the carriage is traveling in a straight line, are dead zones are also covered.
Alternatively or as a supplement, according to the invention, at least one higher-level sensor device is, or preferably more than one higher-level sensor devices are, provided, the latter being arranged, for example, in front of the outer paneling of the automatic carriage or of the cleaning device. This sensor device may have a tree-like or column-like construction, which is coupled to the steering or pivoting device of the steering mechanism and/or of the pivotable processing or cleaning head. With the processing or cleaning head pivoting, it is also possible for this sensor device, i.e. for example the sensor column, to be pivoted along in unison and aligned in the running direction in each case.
In a further modification of the invention, it is also possible, however, for this higher-level sensor device to be arranged beneath an outer paneling of the automatic processing or cleaning machine if at least parts of the covering behind which the critical sensor devices are seated are more or less “transparent” for said sensor device or window through-openings are provided at appropriate locations. The only essential factor is for it to be possible over a sufficient angle range, even beneath such an outer paneling of the processing or cleaning machine, for the corresponding sensor devices to be pivoted along in unison.
The invention is described, in particular, for the case of a preferably self-propelling processing or floor-cleaning machine. It is also possible, however, for the invention to be used equally well for any mobile vehicle, in particular also a self-propelling vehicle. Possible examples of these also include lawnmowers, automatic lawn-sprinkling systems, agricultural machinery, road-cleaning or processing machines, snow plows, etc. There is no restriction to certain mobile vehicles or processing or cleaning machines.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is explained in more detail hereinbelow with reference to an exemplary embodiment. In the drawings, in specific terms:
FIG. 1 : shows a simplified perspective illustration of a cleaning machine with a sensor device according to the invention which can be pivoted along in unison;
FIG. 2 : shows a side view of the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 3 : shows a plan view of the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 1 and 2 ;
FIG. 4 : shows a plan view which corresponds to FIG. 3 but with the carriage traveling on a curved path to the left rather than straight ahead; and
FIG. 5 : shows a partly schematic side illustration for the purpose of explaining that the sensor device and the sensor tree may also be designed as a tactile sensor element and/or an additional sensor element, in particular tactile sensor element, may be provided for the purpose of sensing the floor.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIGS. 1 to 4 show exemplary embodiments of a floor-treating or floor-cleaning machine which, in terms of basic construction, corresponds to the floor-cleaning machine which is known from international PCT application WO 98/43527, which was published before the priority date. The floor-cleaning machine of such a construction has a treating head 3 which can be pivoted about a vertical axis, it further being possible for the cleaning head to be pivoted jointly about the vertical pivoting axis via a running roller 5 which can be pivoted along in unison. The vertical pivoting axis is preferably offset in relation to the vertical diameter through the running roller which can be pivoted along in unison. As far as the construction and functioning of such cleaning machines are concerned, you are referred to the abovementioned prior publication WO 98/43527 in full, and this is included in the contents of the present application. Insofar as the functioning and construction have been described in this prior publication, it is possible to omit such a description here.
In order to configure, for example, a floor-treating machine known from the abovementioned prior publication as an automatic machine, it is possible, then, to provide the corresponding electrics and electronics for moving the floor-treating machine in accordance with a predetermined path or path region.
In practice, however, such an automatic floor-treating machine may only be used expediently if it can react independently to obstacles in the cleaning region. This requires such obstacles to be detected first of all. Such obstacles may be, for example, in the form of people standing in the cleaning region or in the form of objects which, for example, have been newly placed in position, placed at some other location or displaced, etc.
In order always to monitor such obstacles, and/or the boundary of the treating or cleaning surface, automatically and to be able to evaluate the same electronically, the floor-treating machine according to FIGS. 1 to 4 comprises a first, bottom sensor device 13 , which may comprise, for example, a laser scanner.
The figures show here, on the one hand, the sensor device 13 as well as an associated sensing field 15 , along which the laser beam is moved back and forth permanently and automatically by way of the laser scanner. Within these fields it is possible, within a certain spacing, for the actual sensor 13 to detect, by the evaluation of the reflected light, whether obstacles are located in this region.
It is just as possible, however, to use a different sensor device, for example a sensor based on a radar unit, an infrared unit, ultrasonic sensors, etc. It is also possible, however, to use a camera in order to analyze a corresponding picked-up optical image, by way of possible electronic evaluation methods which are already known nowadays, and to check for the presence of boundaries or obstacles and, in dependence thereon, to change, or at least influence, the continued travel, the travel in a straight line or the travel on a curved path of the automatic cleaning machine.
Also provided is a second sensor device 17 , which, in the exemplary embodiment shown, is arranged above the first sensor device 13 . The second sensor device comprises a column-like construction with a multiplicity of sensor devices 23 , for example in the form of ultrasonic sensor devices 23 , formed there and seated, for example, one above the other on the mutually opposite side regions 19 and in the front region 21 .
Whilst the first sensor device is preferably arranged directly above the floor region, for example level with the running wheels 5 and 7 or, for example, level with the chassis 25 of the processing or floor-treating machine, the so-called second sensor device 17 is preferably arranged above the chassis 25 , that is to say above the floor surface, in the exemplary embodiment shown above the running wheels 7 , and extends there, when the carriage is traveling in a straight line, in the center longitudinal plane of symmetry, the plurality of sensors 13 , arranged on the front and on the mutually opposite sides 19 , being arranged to a more or less pronounced extent vertically one above the other, in the exemplary embodiment shown on a type of sensor column 27 .
This sensor column 27 is likewise firmly connected to the treating or cleaning head, in turn, such that it can be pivoted along in unison, in the exemplary embodiment shown it is mounted directly on top of the first sensor device 13 , with the result that, when the carriage is correspondingly traveling on a curved path or with the processing or cleaning head 3 pivoting, the first and second sensor devices are automatically aligned in the direction of cleaning and travel.
The overall construction is thus such that, by means of a vertical pivoting axis arranged beneath the chassis 25 , the processing or floor-treating head 3 can be pivoted from left to right, it being the case that, when the carriage is traveling in a straight line, said pivoting head projects beyond the front boundary 29 ( FIG. 2 ) and the abovementioned second sensor device 17 is retained and mounted on said projecting sensor-carrying section 31 . The arrangement including the front housing covering 33 of the floor-treating machine is such that, even with lateral pivoting, said second sensor device 17 , for example in the form of the sensor column 27 , is no longer able to collide with the housing covering 33 .
In the case of the plan view according to FIG. 4 , it is possible to see, in the case of the corresponding pivoting movement to the left, the first sensor device 13 pivoting along in unison, with the corresponding alignment of the sensing field 15 , and the second sensor device 17 , formed on the sensor column 27 , jointly pivoting along in unison.
Since, by virtue of this technical measure, the critical region is always sensed and evaluated, it is possible for the number of individual sensor elements to be drastically reduced in comparison with conventional sensor devices.
FIG. 5 corresponds to the lateral illustration according to FIG. 4 . It is further provided in the case of FIG. 5 that the sensor device 13 , 17 acts overall as a tactile sensor element 41 . In other words, if the mobile carriage, for example in the form of the floor-cleaning machine explained, runs into an object which, for example, also projects above the floor in the direction of the machine, it is possible either for the upwardly projecting sensor tree in the form of the second sensor device 17 or else also for the first, bottom sensor device 13 —as a result of the fact that the two units are designed together or separately as tactile sensor devices 41 —to initiate a corresponding signal, upon contact with relevant objects, in order to stop further travel in the forward direction and, if required, to move, for example, some way back again and then to the side, in particular when the carriage is a self-propelling vehicle.
Alternatively or as a supplement, it is also possible to provide a further sensor device 141 , in particular in the form of a tactile sensor device 141 ′, which, in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 5 , comprises a bar-like contact device 45 which projects in the forward and downward directions and is provided at the bottom with a roller or after a contact section 45 ′ tilted down counter to the direction of travel. If the vehicle explained above, for example in the form of a floor-cleaning machine, moves toward downwardly directed stairs, then this floor-sensor device 141 , in particular in the form of a tactile sensor device 141 , would immediately detect that the floor surface terminates at a step or a drop and would bring the vehicle to a standstill or initiate, if required, a change in direction to the side or to the rear or a correspondingly superposed movement. It is thus possible to prevent the vehicle from tumbling downward, for example, on stairs or ramps. | An improved drivable wagon is embodied as a processing or a cleaning device which is suitable in particular for independent driving by the provision of at least one sensor device. The device can be at least swung in unison with at least one steerable running wheel and/or a swingable floor processing or cleaning unit or head. | 2,586 |
This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 08/350,188, filed on Nov. 30, 1994, now abandoned, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 08/197,453, filed on Feb. 16, 1994, abandoned, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 08/037,359, filed on Mar. 26, 1993, abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for treating cardiovascular disorders by administering L-carnitine, an acyl L-carnitine, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof in combination with an ACE-inhibitor. The present invention also relates to orally, parenterally, rectally, or transdermally administrable pharmaceutical compositions suitable for treating cardiovascular disorders, which comprise, as active ingredients, L-carnitine, an acyl L-carnitine, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof and an ACE-inhibitor.
2. Discussion of the Background
Previous therapeutical uses of L-carnitine are already known. For instance, L-carnitine has been used in the cardiovascular field in the treatment of acute and chronic myocardial ischemia, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac insufficiency. In nephrology, L-carnitine has been administered to chronic uremic patients who are subjected to regular hemodialysis treatment with a view to counteracting muscular asthenia and the onset of muscular cramps. Further therapeutic uses are the restoration of the HDL/LDL+VLDL ratio to normal and in total parenteral nutrition. The use of L-carnitine for the treatment of certain myopathies and muscular dystrophies is also known.
The ACE-inhibitors form a class of medicaments that has been recently introduced and are capable of preventing the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II, with a consequent anti-hypertensive effect.
Typical ACE-inhibitors include: captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, fosinopril, zofenopril, pivopril, rentiapril, quinapril, indolapril, spirapril, pentopril, benazepril, libenzapril, cilazapril, delapril and perindopril.
The main indications for which ACE-inhibitors are used are essential hypertension and renovascular hypertension.
Recently, combination preparations of ACE-inhibitors with various types of other medicaments have been proposed for the treatment of diverse pathological conditions. Examples of such combination preparations and the relative therapeutic indications are set out in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Known combination preparations ofACE-inhibitors with other medicamentsMedicaments Indications Reference______________________________________Captopril + diltiazem hypertension US 4,871,731ACE-inhibitors + calcium loss of cognitive EP 0 344 995antagonists functions, Alzheimer, senile dementiaACE-inhibitors + myocardiac post- EP 0 366 033thrombolitics ischaemia disfunctionACE-inhibitor + lithium depression US 4,912,096ACE-inhibitors + calcium medicament addiction EP 381 075antagonistsACE-inhibitors + calcium appetite suppression EP 381 074antagonistsACE-inhibitor + flosequinam cardiopathies WO 90/10445 myocardiac infarction______________________________________
The combinations set out above, particularly if used in the cardiovascular field, do not appear to be wholly satisfactory in that it is foreseeable that the improved therapeutic activity would be accompanied by at least the sum of the side effects of the ACE-inhibitors themselves on the one hand and on the other hand the side effects of the medicaments combined with them.
In particular, in the case of the compositions containing calcium antagonists, side effects caused by excessive peripheral vasodilatation with consequent tachycardial reflex effects are to be expected.
With regard to the use of acyl carnitines in combination with other medicaments, U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,772 discloses combinations of acyl carnitines (in which the acyl group can be saturated C 2 -C 20 acyl, C 2 -C 20 acyl with 1-6 double bonds, C 2 -C 20 hydroxyacyl with 1-3 hydroxyl groups, C 4 -C 20 ketoacyl, unsaturated C 5 -C 20 hydroxyacyl or C 5 -C 20 carbalkoxyacyl) and their pharmacologically acceptable salts in combination with various classes of medicaments, such as beta-lactamase antibiotics, aminoglycosidic antibiotics, antiviral agents, amino acids, relaxing agents for the smooth musculature, polypeptides, anti-inflammatory agents and diuretics. The only example supplied in U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,772 of combination between an acyl carnitine and a medicament with cardiovascular anti-hypertensive action is a combination of palmitoyl carnitine chloride and methyl dopa. The effect foreseen in U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,772 consists of improved gastrointestinal absorption (induced by the presence of the acyl carnitine) of a medicament which is poorly absorbed when administered on its own by the oral or rectal route. It is clear that there is no correlation between the use of acyl carnitines described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,772 and that which forms the subject of the present invention.
Thus, there remains a need for a method to treat cardiovascular disorders. There also remains a need for pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating cardiovascular disorders.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is one object of the present invention to provide a method for treating cardiovascular disorders.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of treating cardiovascular disorders which has a low occurrence of side effects.
It is another object of the present invention to provide novel pharmaceutical compositions for treating cardiovascular disorders.
It is another object of the present invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions which exhibit a low tendency to case side effects.
These and other objects, which will become apparent during the following detailed description, have been achieved by the inventor's discovery that the combination of (a) L-carnitine, an acyl L-carnitine, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof with (b) an ACE-inhibitor offers significant advantages over previously available medicaments for treating cardiovascular disorders, such as ischemia, infarction, angina, hypertension, and congestive heart failure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Thus, in a first embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising (a) L-carnitine, an acyl L-carnitine, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, and (b) an ACE-inhibitor as the active ingredients and a pharmacologically acceptable carrier or excipient. These compositions are suitable for oral, parenteral, rectal or topical (transdermal) administration.
The acyl L-carnitines useful for the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention are those wherein the acyl group is a straight or branched-chain alkanoyl group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl and isovaleryl L-carnitines.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of L-carnitine include all pharmaceutically acceptable salts which are prepared by the addition of an acid to L-carnitine, and which do not give rise to undesired toxic or side effects. The formation of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts is well known in pharmaceutical technology. Non-limiting examples of suitable salts include the chloride, bromide, orotate, acid aspartate, acid citrate, acid phosphate, fumarate, acid fumarate, lactate, maleate, acid maleate, acid oxalate, acid sulphate, glucose phosphate, tartrate and acid tartrate salts. Other suitably acceptable salts which are nontoxic and provide substantially similar results to administration of L-carnitine and the above-identified pharmaceutical salts will be readily apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art and are considered to be equivalent to the salts enumerated above.
For the sake of simplicity and clarity, hereinbelow reference will be made to L-carnitine only, it being understood, however, that whatever is disclosed in connection with L-carnitine equally applies to the above-identified acyl L-carnitine and pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof.
Suitable ACE-inhibitors include captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, fosinopril, zofenopril, pivopril, rentiapril, quinapril, indolapril, spirapril, pentopril, benazepril, libenzapril, cilazapril, delapril and perindopril.
The compositions of the invention suitably contain from 1 to 90% by weight, preferably 25 to 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of an ACE-inhibitor and from 1 to 90% by weight, preferably 25 to 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of L-carnitine. Unit dosage forms will preferably contain from 0.5 g to 2 g of L-carnitine, while the quantity of ACE-inhibitor will depend on the characteristics of this component. For example, with specific reference to ACE-inhibitors already approved for clinical use, ramipril may be present in quantities from 1 to 10 mg, enalapril from 5 to 50 mg, captopril from 10 to 100 mg, and lisinopril from 5 to 50 mg. The composition of the present invention may also be in the form of separate dosage units for simultaneous, separate or sequential use.
In particular, compositions comprising about 1 g of L-carnitine and from 5 to 20 mg of lisinopril are preferred, for administration once per day.
Using other ACE-inhibitors having different pharmacological characteristics (such as captopril), the compositions of the invention will preferably be administered two or more times per day, up to a daily dosage of 2-3 g of L-carnitine and 20-300 mg of ACE-inhibitor.
Suitable forms of administration include capsules, tablets, syrups, granules, ampoules or phials, suppositories, or aqueous or oleous solutions. The compositions of the invention can be prepared by resorting to conventional processes and excipients, such as are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences Handbook, Mack Pub. Co., New York, USA, XVIII Ed., 1984.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating cardiovascular disorders by administering: (a) L-carnitine, an acyl L-carnitine, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, and (b) an ACE-inhibitor to a patient in need thereof. As noted above, the cardiovascular disorders which may be treated by the present method include ischemia, infarction, angina, hypertension, and congestive heart failure.
The present method may be carried out by oral, parenteral, rectal, or transdermal administration. Oral administration is obviously preferred for chronic pathologies, while the parenteral route may be preferable for acute pathologies, for example in the case of an infarction.
Although the exact dosage ranges of (a) L-carnitine, acyl L-carnitine, or pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof and (b) the ACE-inhibitor will vary according to the exact condition being treated and the state of the patient being treated, typically, the method will comprise administering about 0.5 to 3 g, preferably about 1 to 2 g, of L-carnitine (or an equimolar amount of the acyl L-carnitine or salt thereof) daily and about 1 to 500 mg, preferably about 5 to 100 mg of the ACE-inhibitor daily. As discussed above, the dosage range of the ACE-inhibitor may be adjusted based on the exact identity of the ACE-inhibitor.
Other features of the invention will become apparent in the course of the following descriptions of exemplary embodiments which are given for illustration of the invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof.
EXAMPLES
Set out below are the results of certain clinical trials which demonstrate the advantages obtained by the present invention.
Clinical Trials
25 patients suffering from congestive heart failure as a result of coronary pathologies or of ischemia of the myocardium, who had already been treated without appreciable therapeutic response with diuretics and an ACE-inhibitor (captopril) for periods longer than 30 days, were given lisinopril (4 mg) and L-carnitine (1 g) for 15 days.
At the end of the treatment, 23 patients had a hemodynamic profile that was distinctly better, characterized by a reduction of systemic vascular resistance, an increase in contractility and cardiac output not accompanied by an increase in cardiac frequency, and a reduction in arterial pressure. Only two patients did not show significant improvements but the preliminary data indicated that extension of the period of treatment would have produced beneficial effects even in these non-responders. In none of the patients were toxic effects or side effects noted that could be attributed to the pharmacological treatment.
The results set out above show clearly that L-carnitine is able to contribute markedly to treatment with ACE-inhibitors of non-responder patients, without a need to increase the dosage.
Compositions
The following examples illustrate some typical compositions of the present invention. Example 1
______________________________________TABLETS______________________________________Lisinopril 5 mgL-carnitine 100 mgmicrocrystalline cellulose 250 mgmagnesium stearate 20 mglactose 100 mg______________________________________
Example 2
______________________________________CAPSULES______________________________________ enalapril 10 mg L-carnitine 750 mg lactose 250 mg______________________________________
Example 3
______________________________________CAPSULES______________________________________ captopril 50 mg L-carnitine 1000 mg lactose 500 mg______________________________________
Example 4
______________________________________TABLETS______________________________________ramipril 5 mgL-carnitine 350 mgstarch 40 mggelatin 10 mgmicrocrystalline cellulose 20 mgmagnesium stearate 5 mg______________________________________
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. | Compositions containing (a) L-carnitine, an acyl L-carnitine, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof in combination with (b) an ACE-inhibitor are useful for treating cardiovascular disorders. Orally, parenterally, rectally or transdermally administrable pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form contain from about 0.5 to about 2 g of L-carnitine, or an equimolar amount of an acyl L-carnitine or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, and, e.g., from about 5 to about 20 mg of the ACE-inhibitor lisinopril. | 2,017 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] It has been hypothesized that the use of olive oil as a significant source of dietary fat affords cardioprotection. The hypothesis derives, at least in part, from the association of the wide use of olive oil throughout the Mediterranean area with a low incidence of coronary heart disease and certain cancers, e.g., breast and colon, among populations in that area. Visioli, F. & Galli, C., Cardiovascular Reviews and Reports, pp. 389-392, 389 (July 2002).
[0002] The cardioprotective effect associated with the use of olive oil has been attributed to its high content of oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid that constitutes 56%-84% of the total fatty acids in olive oil. Id. More recent evidence shows that the phenolic components of extra-virgin olive oil may play a role in the protection from coronary heart disease observed in the populations of the Mediterranean area. Among the phenolic components of olive oil are those categorized as complex, e.g., oleuropein (OE), and simple, e.g., the oleuropen derivative hydroxytyrosol (HT). Id.
[0003] The phenolic components are present in substantial quantities only in extra-virgin olive oil. The variety designated merely “olive oil” is virtually devoid of such phenolic compounds. Id. It is believed that the presence of the phenolics in the extra virgin oil, but not in merely olive oil, is attributable to the methods used in the extraction of the oil from the olives. These phenolic components of the extra virgin olive oil have been shown to possess potent and dose-dependent anti-oxidant activities and play an important role in enzyme modulation. Visioli & Galli, p. 390.
[0004] Another derivative of oleuropein, the aglycon, which is obtainable by oleuropein hydrolysis, is well known as a pharmacologically active molecule for its potential application as an antimicrobial agent in common olive tree diseases. Brante, R. et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 3198-3203 (2001).
[0005] The phenolic components also correlate with the pungent and bitter taste of the oil, reduction of the oxidative process of fruity flavored aromatic compounds, and the improvement of the olive oil shelf life. Rodis et al., J. Agric. Food Chem, 50, 596-601 (2002).
[0006] The phenolic compounds are either originally present in the olive fruit, or are formed during olive oil extraction. The phenolic compounds, once released or formed during processing of the olives, are distributed between the water and oil phases. Other phenolic constituents are trapped in the solid phase, also known as the “pomace.” Rodis et al., p. 596. The distribution of the phenolics between the water and oil is dependent on their solubilities in the two phases. Only a very minor amount of the phenolics enter the oil phase. In general, the concentration of phenolics in the olive oil ranges from 50 to 1,000 μg/g of oil depending on the olive variety. Id. This amount of antioxidant in the olive oil is 1%-2% of the available pool of antioxidants in the olive fruit. The rest is lost with the waste water (approximately 53%) and the pomace (approximately 45%) depending on the extraction system. Id. Consequently, the low partition efficients of most olive oil antioxidants result in a substantial loss of those components with the waste water during processing. Rodis et al. p. 600; see also Visioli, et al., J. Agric. Food Chem, 47, 3397-3401, (1991).
[0007] The substantial loss of such phenolics is attributable, at least in part, to the fact that a considerable amount of water is employed during the malaxation of extraction process. Malaxation is the continuous washing of the olive paste with warm water prior to the separation of the oil from the paste. The wash water, in addition to that endogenously contained in the olives, is separated from the olive oil and is referred to generally as “waste water” or Olive Vegetation Water (OVW). OVW is a complex emulsion that includes many potentially valuable components, e.g., oil, sugars, polyphenolics, and oleuropein and its various derivatives.
[0008] The OVW presents both opportunity and added costs to the olive oil production process. For example, OVW is a toxic and polluting residue for plants. Certain phenolic compounds within the OVW (e.g., hydroxytyrosol and other polyphenols) show phytotoxic activities for some crops. Soler-Rivas, C., et al., J. Sci. Food Agric, 80, 1013-1023 (2000). Many constituents of the OVW are resistant to biodegradation and are not readily decomposed. And many of those constituents contribute to the emulsion. Thus far, the industry has been unable to develop suitable end-of-pipe treatment technology, and the processing and disposal of OVW constitutes a significant burden on a mill's economy. Visioli et al., p. 3397 (1999).
[0009] Some of those phenolic compounds, however, are associated with potent antioxidant properties. Id. Thus, OVW has potential value as a source of phenolic antioxidants, and might also provide natural bactericidal agents for the protection of crops from pests and diseases. Id.
[0010] Among the most important constituents of OVW is oleuropein and its various derivatives; and, of those, perhaps the most significant is oleuropein aglycon (OA). Soler-Rivas et al., p. 1017-1018 (2000). OA shows potent antioxidant activity, and has a synergistic effect with other constituents of olive oil, e.g., tocopherols. Oleuropein and its various degradation products have also been shown to demonstrate in vitro bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities. Soler-Rivas et al., p. 1019 (2000). OA is the product of a hydrolysis reaction effected by naturally occurring enzymes; and the rate of the reaction, and the resulting quantity of OA, is affected by the processing conditions employed.
[0011] OA is increasingly the focus of commercial attention. Products containing oleuropein and its derivatives are on the market today. Many of those products originate from other sources, e.g., olive leaf, grape seed, and green tea. Further, such products contain mixtures of oleuropeins, and often result from inefficient and costly recovery processes. There remains a need for cost-effective processes for selectively collecting and purifying OA, and other potentially valuable constituents of OVW, and for preparing OVW for disposal.
BRIEF DESCRIPITON OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 illustrates the deglycosylation of oleuropein glycoside to oleuropein aglycoside, which takes place through the action of naturally occuring enzymes.
[0013] FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic illustrations of phase I and phase II of the oleuropein extraction and deglycosylation, as described more fully below.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] The instant invention provides methods for selectively removing and recovering oleuropein aglycon from OVW. In one embodiment, the method involves the following steps:
Obtaining raw OVW comprising oleuropein, oleuropein aglycon, and conversion enzymes; Adding pomace oil to the raw OVW to concentrate oleuropein aglycon in a collection of floating solids; Adding citric acid and heat to form precipitated solids; Adding treated water to raw OVW to form additional precipitated solids and to increase oleuropein aglycon concentration; Adding a solvent mixture (e.g., hexane and acetone) to extract the oleuropeins and further concentrate oleuropein aglycon; and Adding treated water during a final evaporation stage to facilitate oil separation, solvent removal, and further increase the total level of oleuropeins extracted.
The resulting OVW can be used for direct irrigation, or further treatment by conventional waste water processes.
[0021] For purposes of the present invention, the term “raw OVW” refers to an aqueous mixture containing a mixture of oleuropein, oleuropein aglycon, and any of the naturally occurring enzymes capable of hydrolyzing oleuropein to oleuropein aglycon (i.e., conversion enzymes). In preferred embodiments, the raw OVW will be the product derived from a water wash of olive vegetation matter as in the manufacture of olive oil. In such embodiments, raw OVW will comprise the water from a washing step as well as endogenous water removed from the olive vegetation matter.
[0022] The term “treated water” refers to raw OVW that has been processed to remove at least a portion of oleuropeins and oleuropein aglycon. Preferably, treated water will retain a substantial quantity of conversion enzymes.
[0023] The term “floating solids” refers to an oleuropein aglycon-rich collection of water-immiscible constituents that are less dense than water and tend to form or migrate to the surface of the OVW. The floating solids are often manifested as a foam on the surface of the OVW.
[0024] The term “precipitated solids” refers to water-immiscible constituents that are at least as dense as water. The precipitated solids will commonly comprise oleuropein and various sugars. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, those constituents are removed by filtration or centrifugation.
[0000] Phase I
[0025] The initial step to recover the polyphenolics, oleuropein aglycon and it's related compounds is to break the complex emulsion of the water. The initial step is to hold the olive vegetation water for 48 hours upon immediate production as a by-product of the olive oil or to by pass this holding phase and heat the water to 40° C. for 30 minutes in a vertical cylindrical steel vessel, preferably by steam.
[0026] During this heating step the oleuropein is hydrolyzed to the aglycon (OA) by natural enzymes present in the olive vegetation water. The OA rises to the surface as a constituent of a water immiscible foam that can be continually removed by surface skimming or other conventional methods.
[0027] The quantity of oleuropein aglycon can be increased in the floating foam by adding citric acid, olive pomace oil, and heat. Preferably, about 0.01% to about 1.0% citric acid is added; and more preferably, about 0.1% citric acid. Unless stated otherwise, all percentages are by weight. The olive pomace oil is preferably added in a quantity of about 2% about 20% of the raw OVW; and more preferably to a volume equal to about 10% of the volume of raw OVW.
[0028] Heat can also be exploited to increase the quantity of OA in the foam. In preferred embodiments, the temperature is increased to about 100° C. for about one hour. Lower temperatures can be used for correspondingly longer periods to achieve substantially the same effect. During this heating step, additional solids precipitate and are suspended in the aqueous layer. The precipitated, or suspended, solids are high in oleuropeins, sugars, and other components. Although not wishing to be bound by any theory, we believe that the higher level of oleuropeins gained from the addition of the olive pomace oil is due to the drying of the foam as it passes through the hot oil and because the oleuropein aglycon is more oil soluble than the other forms.
[0029] The floating solids on the top layer of the foam are removed by filtration or skimming, and the precipitated solids in the aqueous bottom layer can be removed by filtration or centrifugation. In a preferred embodiment approximately half of the resulting water is added to a second batch of raw olive vegetation water, and the extraction/treatment described above is repeated.
[0030] The final water from this second process is cleaner and more environmentally benign, and can be discharged as irrigation water or it can be disposed of by conventional water treatment methods.
[0031] During this second treatment process, a higher percentage of solids can be recovered thereby increasing the yield since a greater percentage of conversion enzymes accumulate. This process of keeping half of the volume of treated water and adding the other half of the volume from fresh olive vegetation water can be repeated as necessary or until all of the water produced is treated. The recovered solids can be dried, e.g., by heat or vacuum.
[0000] Phase II
[0032] In the second phase, the floating solids from the first phase are extracted by a mixture of solvents. Preferably, the collected floating solids are first dried before the extraction step is performed. Drying can take palce by air drying, under vacuum, with heat, or combinations thereof. Suitable solvents are non-polar organic solvents or mixtures of solvents. Non-polar organic solvents refers to organic solvents that are substantially immiscible with water, or those that are miscible with other organic solvents that are substantially immiscible with water. Exemplary solvents are alkanes (whether straight chain, branched, or cyclic), ethers, petroleum ethers, aromatic solvents and substituted aromatic solvents (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene), polyols, and the like. Preferred solvents include pentane, hexane, heptane, acetone, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, dimethyl furan, and mixtures thereof. It is further preferred that the solvent or solvent mixture has a boiling point lower than that of water (i.e., <100° C.). Especially preferred solvents include a mixture of hexane and acetone. Preferably, the hexane/acetone mixture is from about 40/60 (% by volume) to about 60/40; and more preferably about 50/50.
[0033] In preferred embodiments, there are two additional steps in the extraction process. First, the non-polar solvent or solvent mixture is contacted with the recovered solids. The vertical cylindrical steel vessel, used as the heating equipment in the first step, can be used in this step. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent is pumped into a tank, pumped out of the bottom, and then re-circulated through the top until the desired concentration of oleuropein to oleuropein aglycon is obtained. Preferably, the volume of solvent used is about one to three liters of solvent per kilogram solids, and more preferably, about two to one (l/kg).
[0034] In a second step, the solvent is removed. Solvent removal can be performed under vacuum, heat, or a combination thereof. Preferably, solvent removal is performed by transferring the oleuropein aglycon product of the above extraction step to a second vessel. The second vessel is preferably a stainless evaporation/vacuum vessel, but can be any vessel suitable for removing solvent from a mixture or solution. Generally, the solvent vapors coming off the mixture are routed through a loop and are cooled by water or an air cooler such that the condensed vapors are collected in a storage or collection vessel remotely from the oleuropein aglycon-rich mixture. This step of solvent removal is continued until the volume in the evaporation vessel is about one tenth the original volume.
[0035] At this time, previously treated water is added to the vessel as necessary to precipitate oil and facilitate the total removal of solvent. The vessel is reheated to boiling with the solvent traveling through the same condenser loop to the solvent storage until the vapor temperature exceeds the boiling point of the solvent. The condensate is then directed back to the holding tank for the raw treatment of water until the consistency of the residue in the evaporation tank is a slurry or a pumpable mud. The slurry residue, which does not contain any solvent, is then pumped into pans for drying by the same means as in the first stage. The resulting product is about 40% oleuropein aglycon as determined by HPLC. Remaining solids are natural olive solids.
[0036] The other remaining end products also have potential uses. For example, the solid residue from the extraction step is high in sugar and is a suitable supplement for animal feed or alcohol fermentation. (See Fig. II: Olive Water Treatment-Phase II; and Fig. III: Phase II) | The present invention provides economical methods for collecting oleuropein aglycon from olive vegetation water, a routine byproduct in the manufacture of olive oil. The methods have the advantage of facilitating the collection of other valuable constituents of olive vegetation water, and furthermore render the olive vegetation water environmentally benign, and thus suitable for routine disposal. | 2,540 |
FIELD
This present disclosure relates to orbital surface treatment equipment. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a drive system for equipment for polishing, grinding, or otherwise treating stone and masonry flooring surfaces.
BACKGROUND
Orbital floor grinders typically include an electric motor having an output shaft that extends through a drum assembly. The output shaft drives a belt that drives a plurality of treatment disks that contact the flooring surface. To improve handling of the machine and the treatment effects to the flooring, the orbital machine is typically configured to counter-rotate the drum housing relative to the direction of rotation of at least some of the treatment disks.
The present disclosure relates to an improved configuration for rotating the drum assembly that avoids the need for a separate traveling belt for rotating the drum assembly.
SUMMARY
The disclosure advantageously provides a floor grinder having a rotatable drum assembly.
In one aspect, the grinder includes a drum assembly having a driven pulley having a rotatable drive surface; a drive surface operatively associated with the drum assembly; and a drive unit for imparting rotation to the drum assembly.
The drive unit includes a rotatable pulley positioned adjacent to and in contact with the rotatable drive surface of the driven pulley of the drum assembly and the drive surface of the drum assembly. The rotatable drive surface of the driven pulley is configured to impart rotation to the rotatable drive pulley during rotation of the rotatable drive surface. The rotatable drive pulley is configured to impart rotation thereof to the drum assembly.
In another embodiment, the grinder includes a motor having a rotatable output shaft and a drum assembly. The drum assembly includes a drive pulley connected to the output shaft of the motor, a driven pulley, and a traveling belt travelable around the output shaft and the driven pulley and configured to have a direction of travel imparted to it by the output shaft during operation of the motor to rotate the output shaft. The driven pulley has a shaft extending above an exterior portion of the drum assembly to provide a rotatable drive surface.
The grinder further includes a motor mount connected to the motor; a bearing between the motor mount and the drum assembly to enable the drum assembly to rotate relative to the motor; a drive surface operatively associated with the drum assembly; and a drive unit for imparting rotation to the drum assembly. The drive unit includes a rotatable pulley positioned adjacent to and in contact with the rotatable drive surface of the driven pulley of the drum assembly and the drive surface of the drum assembly. The rotatable drive surface of the driven pulley is configured to impart rotation to the rotatable drive pulley during rotation of the rotatable drive surface, and the rotatable drive pulley is configured to impart rotation thereof to the drum assembly.
During operation of the motor, the output shaft rotates to travel the traveling belt and impart rotation to the driven pulley and the drive surface. The drive surface imparts rotation to the drive pulley, which imparts rotation to the drum assembly.
In yet another embodiment, the grinder includes a motor having a rotatable output shaft and a drum assembly. The drum assembly includes a drive pulley connected to the output shaft of the motor, at least two driven pulleys, and a traveling belt travelable around the output shaft and the two driven pulleys and configured to have a direction of travel imparted to it by the output shaft during operation of the motor to rotate the output shaft. The traveling belt is arranged to impart travel to one of the driven pulleys in a direction corresponding to the direction of travel imparted to the traveling belt and to impart travel to the other one of the driven pulleys in a direction of travel opposite to the direction of travel imparted to the traveling belt, one of the driven pulleys having a shaft extending above an exterior portion of the drum assembly to provide a rotatable drive surface.
The grinder also includes a motor mount connected to the motor; a bearing between the motor mount and the drum assembly to enable the drum assembly to rotate relative to the motor; a drive surface operatively associated with the drum assembly; and a drive unit for imparting rotation to the drum assembly. The drive unit includes a rotatable pulley positioned adjacent to and in contact with the rotatable drive surface of the driven pulley of the drum assembly and the drive surface of the drum assembly. The rotatable drive surface of the driven pulley is configured to impart rotation to the rotatable drive pulley during rotation of the rotatable drive surface, and the rotatable drive pulley is configured to impart rotation thereof to the drum assembly.
During operation of the motor, the output shaft rotates to travel the traveling belt and impart rotation to the two driven pulleys and the drive surface. The drive surface imparts rotation to the drive pulley, which imparts rotation to the drum assembly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further advantages of the disclosure are apparent by reference to the detailed description in conjunction with the figures, wherein elements are not to scale so as to more clearly show the details, wherein like reference numbers indicate like elements throughout the several views, and wherein:
FIGS. 1 and 2 show a grinder according to the disclosure.
FIGS. 3 and 4 are partially exploded views of the grinder of FIGS. 1 and 2 .
FIG. 5 is a lower perspective view of a drum assembly of the grinder of FIGS. 1 and 2 .
FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the drum assembly of FIG. 5 .
FIG. 7 is a partially exploded view of the drum assembly of FIG. 5 .
FIGS. 8 and 9 show a drum drive assembly of the grinder of FIGS. 1 and 2 .
FIGS. 10 and 11 are partially exploded views of the drum drive assembly of FIGS. 8 and 9 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
With reference to the drawings, the disclosure relates to a grinder 10 having a motor 12 mounted by a motor mount 12 a onto a drum assembly 14 , with one or more drive units 16 located on the exterior of the drum assembly 14 for rotation of the drum assembly 14 . A bearing assembly 18 interfaces between the motor mount 12 a and the drum assembly 14 to enable the drum assembly 14 to rotate relative to the motor 12 . The grinder 10 may be integrated with a frame or the like having handles and controls for facilitating operation of the grinder 10 .
The motor 12 is typically an electric motor. The motor 12 may have various motor power ratings, typically ranging between about 5 and 25 horsepower. The motor 12 is fixedly mounted to the motor mount 12 a , and the motor mount 12 a is rotatably mounted to the drum assembly 14 by the bearing 18 . The motor 12 includes an output shaft 12 b that is preferably driven at a variable rotary speed of from about 350 to about 1,400 revolutions per minute.
The drum assembly 14 includes a top plate 20 and circumferential sidewall 20 a , a drive pulley 22 , a drive belt 24 , a plurality of idler pulleys 26 a - 26 c , a plurality of driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d , a bottom plate 30 , and plurality of driven disks 32 a - 32 d . A belt tensioner 34 is mounted to the underside of the top plate 20 to desirably adjust the tension of the drive belt 24 .
The motor 12 is mounted to the exterior of the top plate 20 by the motor mount 12 a . The output shaft 12 b of the motor 12 extends into the drum assembly 14 via an aperture 36 centrally located on the top plate 20 . The drive pulley 22 operatively engages the output shaft 12 b of the motor 12 so as to rotate corresponding to the rotation of the output shaft 12 b . The drive belt 24 travels around the idler pulleys 26 a - 26 c and the driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d and transfers rotation of the drive pulley to the driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d . Together, the idler pulleys 26 a - 26 c and the belt tensioner 34 serve to provide desired tension of the drive belt 24 and contact of the drive belt 24 with the driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d . The drive belt 24 is the only traveling belt utilized on the grinder 10 .
With reference to FIG. 5 , it will be observed that the drive belt 24 is arranged to contact the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 d such that the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c each rotate in the same direction and opposite to the direction of travel of the drive belt 24 , and the driven pulleys 28 b and 28 d each rotate in the same direction and in the same direction of travel of the drive belt 24 . Thus, if the drive belt 24 travels counter-clockwise, the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c each rotate clockwise and the driven pulleys 28 b and 28 d each rotate counter-clockwise.
The driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d each include a downwardly extending shaft 38 that extends from the bottom of each of the driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d and passes through a corresponding aperture 40 of the bottom plate 30 . The driven disks 32 a - 32 d directly connect to the shafts 38 of the driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d adjacent the exterior surface of the bottom plate 30 , and rotate with the driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d . Various work pieces, such as grinding disks and the like, may be connected to the driven disks 32 a - 32 d for treating a flooring surface. Two of the driven pulleys, such as the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c located opposite of one another, include upwardly extending shafts 42 that extend upwardly from the driven pulleys and extend through apertures 44 of the top plate.
With additional reference to FIGS. 8-11 , the drive units 16 connect to and are driven by the upwardly extending shafts 42 of the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c . In this regard, a gear pulley 46 is located on the shafts 46 to provide a rotary drive surface. Alternatively, the shaft 42 itself could provide the drive surface, or the shaft could be coated with rubber or the like to provide a drive surface. As described herein, the gear pulley 46 provides the drive surface. Each drive unit 16 includes an anchor plate 50 that mounts to the top plate 20 of the drum assembly 14 . The anchor plate 50 is connected by a spring loaded yoke system 52 to a pulley mount 54 . The drive units 16 are mounted onto the drum assembly 14 to drive the drum assembly in a direction opposite that of the rotation of the driven disks 32 a - 32 d.
The anchor plate 50 may be an L-shaped metal plate having an aperture 50 a in for mounting of the anchor plate 50 to the top plate 20 as by use of a fastener. An upstanding portion of the anchor plate includes an aperture 50 b for mounting of the yoke system 52 to the anchor plate 50 .
The yoke system 52 includes a yoke end 56 having a pair of arms 56 a and 56 b with aligned apertures for mounting of the yoke end 56 onto the pulley mount 54 . To enable some controlled lateral relative movement, a threaded bolt 58 adjustably connects to the yoke end 56 and a compression spring 60 is located on the bolt 58 opposite the yoke end 56 to bear against the anchor plate 50 . A compression spring 62 interfaces between the yoke end 56 and the pulley mount 54 for enabling controlled vertical movement of the pulley mount 54 relative to the yoke system 52 .
The pulley mount 54 includes a frame 64 having an aperture 66 configured to receive the gear pulley 46 and configured to permit rotation of the gear pulley 46 as driven by the driven pulley 28 a or 28 c . The frame 64 is also configured to rotatably mount, preferably utilizing bearings or the like, a gear pulley 68 adjacent to and in frictional contact with the gear pulley 46 for being driven by the gear pulley 46 . In this regard, the gear pulley 46 and the gear pulley 68 may include surfaces configured to encourage frictional interaction, such as including rubberized surfaces and/or cooperating ridges 46 a and 68 a , respectively. The ridges 46 a and 68 a are shown partly around the circumference, it being understood that they may preferably extend around the circumference. As will be understood, the gear pulley 46 rotating in a first direction, such as clockwise, will impart a rotation to the gear pulley 68 in a second, opposite direction, such as counter-clockwise.
The anchor plate 50 , yoke system 52 , and the pulley mount 54 cooperate to rotatably position the gear pulley 68 in contact with a circumferential surface 70 of the motor mount 12 a . The circumferential surface 70 is preferably coated with a rubber or like material to frictionally engage the gear pulley, yet enable some slippage if substantial counter-rotational forces are encountered. Alternatively, a replaceable fixed (non-traveling) belt or band or sleeve or the like may be located around the circumferential surface 70 to contact the gear pulley 68 .
In operation of the grinder 10 , it will be understood that rotation of the output shaft 12 b is transferred by the drive pulley 22 to cause the drive belt 24 to travel and transfer rotation to the driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d , causing rotation of the driven disks 32 a - 32 d in a first direction, such as clockwise. The clockwise rotation of the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c provides clockwise rotation of the gear pulleys 46 mounted thereon, which transfers an opposite rotation of the gear pulleys 68 . Thus, for example, clockwise rotation of the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c provides clockwise rotation to the gear pulleys 46 . The clockwise rotation of the gear pulleys 46 imparts opposite or counter-clockwise rotation to the gear pulleys 68 . The gear pulleys 68 contact the circumferential surface 70 of the motor mount 12 b , imparting an opposite, clockwise motion to the drum assembly 14 .
Accordingly, in operation, rotation of the output shaft 12 b of the motor 12 is transferred by the traveling drive belt 24 . The drive belt 24 transfers its rotation to the driven pulleys 28 a - 28 d to cause the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c to rotate opposite of the direction of travel of the belt 24 , and the cause the driven pulleys 28 b and 28 d to rotate in the same direction of travel as the drive belt 24 . The rotation of the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c rotates the gear pulleys 46 mounted thereto. The gear pulleys 46 contact the gear pulleys 68 of the drive units 16 to cause the gear pulleys 68 to rotate opposite of the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c . The gear pulleys 68 contact the circumferential surface 70 of the motor mount 12 a to cause the drum assembly 14 to rotate opposite the direction of rotation of the gear pulleys 68 and in the same direction as the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c . The driven pulleys 28 b and 28 d rotate opposite of the drum assembly 14 and the driven pulleys 28 a and 28 c.
The foregoing description of preferred embodiments for this disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments are chosen and described in an effort to provide the best illustrations of the principles of the disclosure and its practical application, and to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the disclosure in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the disclosure as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled. | A drive unit for imparting rotation to a drum assembly of a floor grinder. The drive unit includes a rotatable pulley positioned adjacent to and in contact with a rotatable drive surface of a driven pulley of the drum assembly and a drive surface of the drum assembly. The rotatable drive surface of the driven pulley is configured to impart rotation to the rotatable drive pulley during rotation of the rotatable drive surface, and the rotatable drive pulley is configured to impart rotation thereof to the drum assembly. | 2,929 |
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/193,972 filed on May 13, 1988, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 06/700,351 filed on Feb. 19, 1985, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 06/470,075 filed on Feb. 28, 1983, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to mechanical blood coagulation on endogenous hard body such as bone tissue, for example, employing improved resorbable wax compositions and methods.
2. Discussion of Relate Art
This application is a continuation-in-part of application U.S. Ser. No. 06/700,351 filed Feb. 19, 1985, which is, in turn, a continuation-in-part of application U.S. Ser. No. 06/470,075, filed Feb. 28, 1983, now abandoned.
Published German Patent application P 32 29 540.5 represents the priority document on which the above identified parent applications are based.
For mechanical blood coagulation on endogenous hard body tissues, such as bone, for example, it is customary to treat resected bone parts with bone wax. For the same reason, blocks of bone wax are also used to cover spaces filled with spongiosa.
The waxy masses used up to the present time were made, for example, of beeswax, almond oil and salicylic acid, or beeswax and isopropyl palmitate. Relevant literature includes, for example,
Douglas, B. L.: Oral Surg., Vol. 6, p.1195, 1953;
Selden, H. S.: Oral Surg., Vol. 29, p. 262, 1970;
Shields, T. W.: General Thoracic Surgery, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1972; and
Wolter, D. et al.: Chirug., Vol. 46, p. 459, 1975.
In general, postoperative healing proceeds without disturbance; bacterial contamination is rare.
Commonly, however, in the case of the bone waxes used for coagulation during surgery up to the present time, coverage of the implant by granulation tissue containing abundant macrophages and giant cells is observed, see D. Wolter et al., op eit. The granulation tissue becomes fibrotic within the body with the passage of time.
Direct contact between the bone and the wax does not occur. Nonspecific foreign body reactions often take place at the spongiosa/bone wax contact zones. This inhibits the new formation of bone and promotes the development of pseudoarthroses, see
Geary, I. R. et al.: Ann. Surg., Vol. 132, p. 1128, 1950 and
Howard, C. C. et al.: Clin. Orthop., Vol. 63, p. 226, 1969.
High molecular weight polymers and their use in the medical sector are known. They have fiber properties. Their tolerance and degradability have been studied in detail. Well known, for example, are synthetic filament materials, resorbable with the body, based on polyglycolic acid and polylactic acid; see for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,297,033; 3,626,948; 2,668,162; 2,676,945 and 2,703,316.
Published German patent application P32 29 540.5 relate to resorbable waxes for mechanical blood coagulation on hard body tissue, more especially on bones, which consist of wax-like polyester oligomers of lower hydroxycarboxylic acids. These materials range from viscous to solid at body temperature. By virtue of their structure, these waxes are degradable by the body's own metabolic processes, the degradation rate being adjustable in known manner. The preferred waxes have average molecular weights of about 200 to 1500 and, more especially, of about 300 to 1000.
Corresponding polyester oligomers of lactic acid and/or glycolic acid are described as being particularly suitable. According to the published German patent application cited above, monofunctional and/or difunctional alcohols or carboxylic acids or carboxylic anhydrides and/or primary or secondary monoamines may be used to regulate the average molecular weight of the polyester oligomers. A definitive average molecular weight may be determined in advance in a known manner by selecting suitable mixing ratios of oxycarboxylic acids and additional monofunctional or difunctional component. It is known that the reaction products obtained are not uniform in their degree of oligomerization and still contain certain quantities of the starting components.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term "about".
An objective of this invention is to optimize resorbable waxes for the mechanical absorption of blood on hard body tissue of the described type.
One aspect of the present invention relates to compositions which, because of their consistency, can assume the tasks previously required of a bone wax, but at the same time, as a result of their chemical structure, avoid the disadvantages of the previous bone waxes. In particular, the wax-like compositions in accordance with the present invention are physiologically safe and readily resorbable, and do not lead to the formation of toxic degradation products. In a specific embodiment of the invention, a controllable degradation of these waxy masses by endogenous degradation reactions takes place, so that nonspecific foreign body reactions and, in particular, chronic inflammations at the tissue/bone wax contact zones is avoided. In addition, as a result of the resorbability of the present compositions in accordance with the invention, uninhibited new formation of bone is promoted.
In accordance with the present invention it has been discovered that improved, resorbable, body tissue compatible waxes are produced and isolated from the reaction product of at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and a trihydroxy alcohol or adduct of said alcohol. The trihydroxy alcohol is employed as a co-reactant to adjust the average molecular weight of the resulting polyester oligomer of a hydroxycarboxylic acid such that waxes are obtained which are viscous to solid at body temperature and which exhibit particularly improved properties.
The combination of glycerol with oligoesters of hydroxycarboxyic acids, preferably lactic acid and/or glycolic acid leads to degradable wax-like components of the type mentioned which, on implantation in living body tissue, are distinguished by particularly pronounced compatibility with the body.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to resorbable waxes for the mechanical blood coagulation on hard body tissue, more especially bone, of wax-like polyester oligomers of hydroxycarboxylic acids, especially lactic acid and/or glycolic acid which range from viscous to solid at body temperature and which are prepared using a trihydroxy alcohol or adducts thereof to regulate the average molecular weight of the polyester oligomers. The polyester oligomer waxes according to the present invention has incorporated therein at least one co-reactant moiety bound thereto in a terminal position, where the co-reactant is a trihydroxy alcohol or solvent thereof.
While glycerol is preferred, and physiologically compatible trihydoxy alcohol or adducts, such as glycerol with 1-6 moles of propylene oxide are employed.
The oligomer segments of these preferred wax compositions generally contain the structural unit: ##STR1## wherein R is a straight or branched chain alkyl group, an unsubstituted or alkyl substituted cycloakyl group, or an unsubstituted or alkyl substituted phenyl group, with R preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and most preferably from 2 to 6 carbon atoms; and n is an integer dependent on the selection of the R group, and is preferably chosen so that the mean molecular weight of the polyester-oligomer chain is in the range of from about 200 to about 1500, more preferably about 300 to about 1000. The desired consistency of the wax compositions is attained by careful control of the degree of oligomerization.
The above polyester-oligomer chains are obtained through oligomerization of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, or a mixture of hydroxycarboxylic acids, of the formula ##STR2## wherein R has the meaning given above.
Hydroxycarboxylic acids for use herein include glycolic acid, the isomeric lactic acids, the possibly isomeric α- or β-hydroxypropionic acids, the possibly isomeric α, β- or γ-hydroxybutyric acids, o-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), m-hydroxybenzioc acid and/or p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Specific isomers of the acids mentioned or mixtures of the above acids can be used. When mixtures of two or more hydroxycarboxylic acids are employed, the R group defined above can have more than one structure in the polyester-oligomer chain, depending on the mixture of hydroxycarboxylic acids chosen for its preparation.
The oligomer segments of the optimized bones waxes according to this invention are preferably derived from lactic acid and/or glycolic acid. The starting material for the production of the oligomers may be the monomeric hydroxycarboxylic acids corresponding to the above definition. However, the easy-to-handle dimerization products, i.e., the lactide and/or the glycolide, will generally be used. The lactic acid dimer may be used, for example, as L-lactide or even as D,L-lactide.
Preferred waxes according to the invention are obtained where 9 to 10 mol of the monomeric glycolic acid or about 12 mol of the monomeric lactic acid are used to 1 mol glycerol.
Specific oligomerization reactions are described in the above referenced published German Patent application.
In one particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the wax-like material is at least largely freed from its content of unreacted starting components and consists essentially of the polyester oligomer. In particular, the content of unreacted hydroxycarboxylic acids is reduced to residual contents below 0.5% by weight, preferably to residual contents below 0.2% by weight, and most preferably to at or below 0.1% be weight.
Studies conducted with these materials have shown that tissue damage can be avoided particularly when it is ensured both through the production process and through subsequent purification of the degradable wax that its content of unreacted carboxyl groups is at least greatly reduced or, preferably, is substantially completely eliminated. Free carboxyl groups such a these may even be present in the reaction mixture in the absence of the molecular-weight-regulating dicarboxylic acids discussed in the above-cited published German patent application. The statistical molecular weight distribution which derives directly from the production of the waxes always leaves behind in the oligomeric reaction mixture a certain number of free carboxyl groups, which are present at least predominantly as free monomeric hydroxycarboxylic acids.
The purification of the oligomer reaction product which is initially formed is preferably carried out in accordance with the invention to remove unreacted components or reaction products having an undesirably low molecular weight. Preferably, the initially formed oligomer reaction product is mixed with a water-miscible organic solvent, for example, with a ketone such as acetone, or with an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or the like; and the resulting suspension is introduced into a solvent which does not dissolve the desired oligomer fractions, but is an effective solvent for the unreacted and low molecular weight components of the oligomer reaction product. For example, isopropanol has been found to be a particularly suitable solvent for this second stage of the process. In one effective purification process according to this invention, the oligomerization reaction product initially formed is mixed with water-miscible solvent containing a ketone such as acetone or monohydric alcohol, such as methanol in a ratio of approximately 1:1 and intensively digested. The solids suspension formed is then introduced into several times, for example, 7 to 12 times, its volume is isopropanol and filtered off. The liquid phase is filtered under suction, washed preferably with isopropanol and then dried. A wax-like product of the desired quality substantially free from carboxyl groups is produced in this way.
The polyester oligomer waxes according to the invention are also characterized by an average molecular weight of from about 200 to 1500 and preferably of from about 300 to 1000. The resorbable waxes are paste-like to soft-spreading materials at body temperature which may be brought into a state in which they spread even more easily by brief heating to temperatures of up to about 100° C. and preferably of up to about 60° C. In this form, they are particularly suitable for the mechanical coagulation of blood by application as known per se to body tissue, for example to damaged or otherwise opened bones.
In the case of polycondensates of this type the molecular weight can be simply calculated from the components. For this purpose one first calculates the number of mols of hydroxy carboxylic acid used per mol of regulator or co-reactors such as glycerol in the product. This number is multiplied by the molecular weight of the monomeric hydroxy carboxylic acid minus 18, and the molecular weight of the regulator is added to it. In this manner one can also derive accurate molecular weights. For further details the reader is referred to: W. H. Carothers, et al., J. Am. Chem. So., Vol. 51, p. 2548, (1929) as well as P. J. Flory, Principles of polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press, New York, (1953).
The molecular weights that can be calculated in this way or can be determined via end group determinations are number averages
EXAMPLES
Examples 1 to 5
Procedure for the Preparation of Oligomer Reaction Products of Glycolic Acid with Glycerol
Glycolic acid and glycerol are introduced in various molar ratios as shown in Table 1 into a three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer and distillation bridge; and the mixture is rapidly heated under nitrogen to 150° C. and then over a period of 6 hours from 150° to 200° C. Most of the water of reaction if eliminated which indicates the extent of completion of the ester condensation reaction. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to around 150° C., carefully evacuated to 10 torr and the reaction completed at 200° C./10 torr. After 30 minutes, the product is packed hot at around 150° C. The composition of the reaction mixtures and the oligomer properties are shown in Table 1.
Examples 6 to 8
Procedure of the Preparation of the Reaction Products of Glycolide with Glycerol
Glycolide and glycerol were heated with stirring under nitrogen in a conventional laboratory apparatus, for 1 hour to 195° C. The reactants were then left to react for 3 hours at 195° C., and the reaction product subsequently packed while still hot. An Sn(II) chloride solution in ether was added as catalyst (7 ml of a solution of 2.5 g SnCl 2 in 1000 ml ether in the reaction of 3 mol glycolide with 1 mol glycerol).
Examples 9 to 16
Procedure for the Preparation of the Reaction Products of Lactide with Glycerol
In a conventional laboratory apparatus, lactide (L(-) lactid N, B of Beohringer Ingelheim) and glycerol were heated with stirring under nitrogen for 1 hour to 195° C. The reactants were then left to react for 3 hours at 195° C., and the reaction product subsequently packed while still hot. An Sn(II) chloride solution in ether was added as catalyst (7 ml of a solution of 2.5 g SnCl 2 in 1000 ml ether in the reaction of 3 mol lactide with 1 mole glycerol). Results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Oligohydroxycarboxylic acids from glycolic acid and glycerolRection Mixture YieldGlycolic acid Glycerol water of Viscosity atExamplemol mol reaction % measuring temperature Quality__________________________________________________________________________1 8 1 100 2450 mPas/65-70° C. highly viscous light yellow2 9 1 99.1 3950 mPas/65-70° C. soft, paste-like yellowish3 10 1 97 -- hard, wax-like, yellowish4 12 1 91.4 -- hard, white5 20 1 100 -- hard, white__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Oligohydroxycarboxylic acids from glycerol and glycolideReaction Mixture Content of free Glycerol Glycolide glycolic acid,Example mol mol Quality % by weight______________________________________6 1 4 soft, wax-like 0.05%7 1 4.5 hard, barely -- wax-like8 1 5 very hard, -- not wax-like______________________________________
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Oligohydroxycarboxylic acids from glycerol and lactideReaction Mixture Content of freeGlycerol Lactide Viscosity at glycolic acid,Examplemol mol Quality measuring temperature % by weight__________________________________________________________________________ 9 1 2 viscous, clear 200 mPAS/65-70° C. --10 1 3 highly viscous, 850 mPAS/65-70° C. -- clear11 1 4 soft, clear 2300 mPAS/65-70° C. --12 1 5 soft, clear 2500 mPAS/65-70° C. 0.125%13 1 6 hard, formable, 4750 mPAS/65-70° C. 0.075% clear14 1 8 solid, brittle, 6000 mPAS/65-70° C. -- clear15 1 10 solid, brittle, 14000 mPAS/65-70° C. -- clear16 1 20 solid, brittle, cannot be measured -- clear__________________________________________________________________________
Examples 17 to 19
Purification of the Waxy Oligomer Reaction Product to Isolate Bone Waxes
To remove free glycolic acid and other low molecular weight consitutents, the reaction products of Examples 2 to 4 were purified by reprecipitation.
Procedure
The waxy oligomer reaction products of Examples 2 to 4 based on glycolic acid were suspended in the same quantity by volume of acetone and then precipitated dropwise into 10 times the quantity of isopropanol. Isolation was followed by drying in a vacuum drying cabinet for 24 hours at 50° C.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Unpurified Yield after Free wax of drying Appearance glycolicExample Example No. % by weight of Product acid______________________________________17 2 22.2% a soft paste, 0.0418 3 78% formable, -- wax-like19 4 66% barely wax- like, hard______________________________________ | An improved resorbable body and tissue compatible wax useful for the mechanical coagulation of blood on bones is produced by the reaction of, for example, lactic or glycolic acids with glycerol. The reaction mixture is then purified by forming a solvent suspension and washing with isopropanol to produce a purified wax essentially free of the hydroxycarboxic acid impurity, say, less than 0.1%. | 2,789 |
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a display device for wristwatches and/or wristbands.
BACKGROUND OF THE PRIOR ART
Conventional devices for displaying wristwatches and wristbands generally comprise a curved wristwatch and wristband supporting member to the lower end of which is secured a base or foot member. Exemplary of such devices are those shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,549,369, 4,082,183 and 4,216,858. The construction of conventional wristwatch and wristband display devices requires that they always be supported on a horizontal, or nearly horizontal, surface. whether that surface be located within a display case, or on a countertop. A retailer, therefore, is limited both as to the number, and the arrangement of, watches and/or bands that can be positioned in a display case or on a countertop. The restrictions thus placed upon a retailer of such items also limits his ability to display them in a manner which will best attract the attention of customers and enable them to best select the wristwatch and wristband they may wish to purchase.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, a display device for wristwatches and wristbands has been evolved which can be supported with equal facility on either a horizontal, or nearly horizontal, surface, or a vertical or slanted surface. In brief, the display device comprises a generally C-shaped, upwardly extending wristwatch and wristband retaining portion having a pedestal or base member joined to the lower end thereof and a panel engaging bracket-like member joined to the upper end thereof. The pedestal or base member enables the display device to be supported on a horizontal, or nearly horizontal, surface in a manner similar to conventional wristwatch and wristband display devices of the type shown in the aforementioned U.S. patents. The panel engaging bracket-like member, on the other hand, enables the display device to be supported, independently of the pedestal base member of the device, on a vertical or slanted surface. To this end, the bracket-like member is provided with extension means adapted to be detachably engaged in an opening or hole formed in a support panel. The support panel advantageously is provided with a plurality of such openings of holes, and can be free standing for use on a countertop, for example, or it can be secured to a wall or other supporting surface. The ability to arrange the display device of this invention in both vertically and horizontally aligned relation on such a panel gives a retailer extraordinary flexibility from the standpoint of being able to not only support an appreciable number of the devices on a panel, but, also, to do so in a manner which will be most appealing to customers, and will present to a purchaser a wider variety of items for his or her selection.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a view in perspective of an embodiment of the display device of the present invention supported on a panel, and having a wristwatch and band postioned therein;
FIG. 2 is a front view in elevation of said embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a rear view in elevation of said embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a side view in elevation of said embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary side view of said embodiment of the invention showing the extension means on the bracket-like member of the device being engaged in an opening formed in a panel; and
FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 6--6 of FIG. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring, now, to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a display device constructed in accordance with the present invention, and designated generally by reference numeral 10. The display device 10 is advantageously manufactured as a single molded piece from a suitable plastic material. As shown, the display device 10 has a generally L-shaped base member 12, provided with a face plate 14 extending from the front terminal edge of the base member 12. Face plate 14 can be used to display information concerning the identity, quality, and price of a wristwatch 16 and watchband 18 displayed on the device.
Integrally formed with a side edge of base member 12 is an upwardly-extending connecting wall 20, defining a lower passage 22 immediately above base member 12 and bordered on one side by connecting wall 20. An inverted, generally C-shaped member 24 is integrally formed at its bottom curved section 26, with the top face of connecting wall 20. Preferably, C-shaped member 24 is joined to the base member 12 at an angle whereby the bottom curved section 26 is forward of the upper curved section 30 of C-shaped member 24.
Bottom curved section 26 preferably tapers as it extends upward into the central section 28 of the C-shaped member 24. Central section 28 has sufficient width to allow wristwatch 16 and watch band 18 to be displayed while at the same time enabling the member to be flexed to accommodate wristbands of various lengths and types. The central section 28 of the member 24 widens into upper curved section 30. Further structural support for C-shaped member 24 can be provided by one or more reinforcement beads or bars 32 and 34 positioned on the internal side of C-shaped member 24 (See FIG. 4).
A generally U-shaped bracket-like member is integrally formed with the outer side edge of the upper curved section 30. The member 30 is provided with an extension 38. The extension 38 may have the configuration of a keyhole, as illustrated, or it may take the form of a headed stud, or be hook-like in shape. The positioning of member 36 with respect to the top curved section 30 creates an upper passage 40. The upper passage 40 and the lower passage 22 serve to permit lateral sliding of a watchband such as watchband 18 onto the C-shaped member 24. A watch band having a clasping or buckle closure can also encompass C-shaped member 24 by inserting one end of the watchband through lower passage 22, the other end of the band through upper passage 40, and engaging the clasp or buckle closure of the band, so that the band closure remains in the open section 44 of the C-shaped member 24.
As best shown in FIG. 5, the extension 38 of the bracket-like member 36 is matched with a keyhole opening 46 on a display panel 48, and is inserted through the opening 46 until the member 36 abuts the front face of the panel 48. By sliding the display device 10 in a downward direction, the extension will be behind panel 48 and will be detachably locked into position. To remove the display device 10 from the panel 48, the display device 10 is moved upwardly until the extension 38 is in register with the opening 46 in the panel 40, and is then separated from the panel.
The panel 48 desirably is provided with a plurality of spaced openings 46 as illustrated in FIG. 1, and, as indicated, can be freestanding, or be affixed to a wall.
While a specific embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, numerous modifications may come to mind without significantly departing from the spirit of the invention, and the scope of the protection is only limited by the scope of the accompanying claims. | A display device for wristwatches and wristbands which is capable of being supported on a horizontal, or nearly horizontal, surface, or a vertical or slanted surface. | 1,251 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefits of provisional patent application, the content of which is incorporated by referenced: Varroa Mite Control Entrance (VMCE).
REFERENCE CITED UNITED STATES PATENTS
[0002] Application of Provisional Utility Patent: 60/,928,104
[0003] Application Filing Date: May 8, 2007
UNITED STATES PATENT DOCUMENTS SEARCH
[0004]
[0000]
Patent
Filing
Number
Date
Inventor
Relationship of
4,876,731
19SEP89
Willard
Process for detecting parasite
infestion for package bees
5,069,651
03DEC91
Arndt
Method and Apparatus for
removing parasites from honeybee
using heat and electric fan
6,468,129
22OCT02
Griffith
Bottom board reducing parasite
infestation
6,702,645
09MAR04
Vanderpool
Separating parasites from
honeybees using compressed
air to dislodge parasites
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OF DEVELOPMENT
[0005] The request for this patent is not sponsored by any federal sponsored research or development program.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX
[0006] No Computer Program Listing or Compact Disc is submitted with this patent application.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0007] Over the past three decades, ever since Varroa Mites (also known as Varroa Jacobsoni, Varroa Destructor, Varroa mellifera) were discovered in the United States, they have plagued Apiary honey production. This infestation has affected the commercial, hobbyist and sideliner apiaries through out the United States. Varroa Mites are very destructive to the hive. They enter the hive by attaching themselves to adult Honeybees and are thereby carried into the hive. Adult Varroa Mites lay eggs in brood cells with new, unhatched bee larva, causing deformities to new bees and eventually causing death to the young bee and to the adult host bees. There are numerous research articles on current methods of combating the Varroa Mites populations and methods for detecting Varroa Mite infestation. These methods include non-organic and organic methods for detection and removal of the Varroa Mites.
[0008] Some of the non-organic methods include “Api-guard” and “Mite Away” chemicals, which cause the Honeybees to go into their cleaning hygiene mode. Through this method, the Honeybees will dislodge the Varroa Mites causing them to fall off the bee and land in the bottom of the hive. Varroa Mites like any other pest/insect can and will eventually become immune to these chemicals according to research. The Varroa Mites that are dislodged and land in the bottom of the hive have the ability to climb back up in the brood frames and lay eggs in brood cells. These chemicals used in conjunction with screen bottoms have some reduction of re-infestation of the hive.
[0009] Organic methods include confectioned/powered sugar sprinkled onto the Honeybee while they are in the frames inside of the hive. Similarly, Honeybees go into their cleaning hygiene mode to remove the powered sugar from their bodies, causing the Varroa Mites to be dislodged and fall off the Honeybee and into the bottom of the hive. Again, the Varroa Mites can re-infest the hive by climbing back up on to the frame of brood. The powdered sugar methods used with a screen bottom board also have some reduction of re-infestation of the hive and frames of brood.
[0010] Both of these methods are more effective when used with a screen bottom board and Westel Small Hive Beetle trap or Sticky Bottom Board. Using with screen bottom board, the Varroa Mites that fall through the screen bottom board and land in the Westel Small Hive Beetle trap greatly reduces the re-infestation of the hive. The Sticky Bottom Board fits through the hive opening with a plastic mesh screen to prevent bees from becoming stuck onto the sticky adhesive. The Varroa Mites fall off the Honeybee and through the mesh screen becoming stuck to the sticky board preventing re-infestation of the hive. The draw back to Sticky Bottom Board is it has to be replaced at regular intervals and especially after it has rained. Rain reduces the effectiveness of the sticky bottom board and the corners have known to curl up making the removal of the board more difficult.
[0000] Current method for detecting Varroa Mites infestation is:
[0011] Ether/Alcohol Roll Test—The beekeeper pours ether/alcohol into ajar with fifty to a hundred Honeybees then rolls the jar. The Varroa Mites stick onto the side of the jar and the beekeeper counts the number of Varroa Mites in the sample. Of course, this method kills the Honeybees in the sample as well as the Varroa Mites.
[0012] The Powdered Sugar Roll Test—The beekeeper puts fifty to a hundred Honeybees in jar with a screen mesh lid. The beekeeper adds powdered sugar and rolls the jar covering the honey bees with powered sugar. After the bees finish their cleaning, the beekeeper shakes the powdered sugar onto a piece of white paper or white poster board and counts the number of Varroa Mites. The Honeybees are not harmed and are returned to the hive.
[0013] The Powdered Sugar Frames Test—The beekeeper sprinkles powdered sugar on frames with a piece of poster board and inserts them through the hive entrance to catch the Varroa Mites that have fallen off of the Honeybees. The beekeeper waits approximately fifteen minutes, removes the poster board, and counts the number of Varroa Mites that have fallen onto the poster board.
[0014] The pathogens being passed on to the Honeybees from Varroa Mites is recognized as one possible cause for the Colony Collapse Disorder in Apiary yards across the country. The need to remove the Varroa Mites from Honeybees to ensure a healthy hive for pollination and honey production is clear.
OTHER SELECTED REFERENCES
[0000]
Aratanakul P, Burgett M. 1975. Varroa jacobsoni: A prospective pest of Honeybees in many parts of the world. Bee World 56: 119-121.
Crane E. 1979. Fresh news on the Varroa Mites. Bee World. 608: 8.
Cromroy H L. 1984. The Asian Honeybee Mites, a new threat to American beekeepers. Florida Extension Service. EYN-48. 4 p.
Kevan P G, Laverty T M, Denmark H A. 1990. Association of Varroa jacobsoni with organisms other than honey bees and implications for its dispersal. Bee World 7: 119-121.
Popa A. 1980. Agriculture in Lebanon. American Bee Journal 120: 336-367.
Ritter W. 1981. Varroa disease of the Honeybee Varroa mellifera. Bee World 62: 141-153.
Sanford M T. 2001. Introduction, spread and economic impact of Varroa Mites in North America. In: Mites of the Honey Bee. Hamilton, Ill.: Dadant & Sons. pp. 149-162.
Sanford M T. (1997). A history of varroa Mites in Florida, with discussion of controls. APIS http://apis.ufl.edu/threads/varroa.htm (May 2000).
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0023] A method and apparatus for removing of Varroa Mites from Honeybees. The device consists of two primary components: a brush and a metal receiving tray. The assembly is placed in front of the hive entrance. Honeybees past between the brush and the over a wire mesh screen cover on top of the metal receiving tray. Soft nylon bristles of the brush gently dislodge the Varroa Mites from the Honeybees. Varroa Mites fall off the Honeybees; pass through a wire mesh screen in the metal receiving tray and land onto contact paper with the adhesive side facing upward. This invention prevents the Varroa Mites from re-infesting the Honeybees or the hive. Over a prolonged period of time the Varroa Mite Control Entrance (VMCE) in place reduces the total population of Varroa Mites from the hive body.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] This invention is designed to greatly reduce Varroa Mites on Honeybees using no chemicals.
[0025] This invention has two main parts:
[0026] First, the Brush that is used to dislodge the Varroa mites from the Honeybees.
[0027] Second, the metal tray which the mite's fall into, preventing the Varroa Mites from crawling back up onto their hosts.
[0028] Together, they act to reduce or prevent the Varroa Mites from entering the hive body which reduces the parasitic effect on Honeybee larva that causes deformities in their young.
[0029] FIG. 1 : The wire mesh screen that separates the Honeybees from coming in contact with the adhesive side of the contact paper. The wire mesh screen has approximately 2 mm-4 mm openings in the mesh. The overall size of the wire mesh screen is 12¼″ long by 2/¼″ wide by ¼″ deep.
[0030] FIG. 2 : The metal receiving tray that is 12½′″ long by 2½″ wide and ¼″ deep. The metal receiving tray holds the contact paper with the adhesive side facing upwards.
[0031] FIG. 3 : Shows FIGS. 1 and 2 assembled together. To assemble, place a strip of contact paper 12½″ in long by 2½″ wide into the bottom of the metal receiving tray ( FIG. 2 ) with the adhesive side facing upwards. Then place the wire mesh screen ( FIG. 1 ) into the metal receiving tray.
[0032] FIG. 4 : The brush portion of the Varroa Mite Control Entrance (VMCE). The center section of the brush consists of five strips of wood that are 12¼″ in length and 7/16″ in width and ¾″ in height. In between each of these five strips of wood are ¾″ soft nylon polyester bristles. A ¼″ of the soft nylon polyester bristles is glued between the strips of wood with ½″ of bristles sticking below the bottom of the wood. On each end of the strips of wood is 7/16″ length by 2¼″ wide by ¾″ height. At the very end is piece of wood that is ¾″ in length by 2¼″ wide and 1¾″ tall. The overall dimension of the brush is 14¾″
[0033] FIG. 5 : The metal top that fits over the top of the brush to protect the glue and polyester bristles from rain. This piece is 14¾″ long, by 2¼″ wide and ¾″ deep. It is glued onto the brush portion of the apparatus.
[0034] FIG. 6 : Shows the completed assembly of the brush and tray of Varroa Mite Control Entrance (VMCE).
[0035] FIG. 7 : Shows the Varroa Mite Control Entrance (VMCE) placed on the bottom board of the beehive in front of the entrance for the bee to enter and exit the hive.
[0036] Method of Operation: As the Honeybees pass through the Varroa Mite Control Entrance (VMCE) the soft polyester bristles gentle dislodge the Varroa Mites from the top and back portions of the Honeybee. The Varroa Mites fall through the small wire mess into either oil or a sticky substance preventing the Varroa Mites from re-entering the hive body.
[0037] Goal of Invention: Reduction of Varroa Mite infestation in the hive body which reduces the infestation in Honeybee larva thereby reducing deformities in their young and increasing overall hive health and honey production.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0038] The Varroa Mite Control Entrance (VMCE) is lightweight, easy to clean and can be left in place year around. The Varroa Mite Control Entrance does not require any electric or harmful chemicals making it environmentally friendly. Other inventions and methods are heavy; require electricity, heat, compressed air, or harmful chemicals. The Varroa Mite Control Entrance (VMCE), compared to other inventions, is more cost effect for large commercial Apiaries and is affordable for the hobbyist and sideliner Apiary yards as well.
[0039] Constructing FIG. 1 —The wire mesh screen that fits into the metal receiving tray: Using 2 mm-4 mm wire mesh screen cut to the length of 12¼″ by 2¾″ wide rectangle. Then bend the wire mesh screen down ¼″ on the two sides that are 12¼″ long. This makes the overall dimension of wire mesh screen 12¼ long by 2¼″ wide and ¼″ high.
[0040] Constructing FIG. 2 —The metal receiving tray: This piece is cut from a piece of galvanized aluminum into rectangle shape with the length of 13″ by 3″ wide. Down the long side of the Aluminum rectangle, bend the galvanized aluminum upward ¼″ along each of the sides. Cut a ¼″ slit into the side ¼″ from ends, then bend ¼″ of the galvanized aluminum upward at each end. Fold the galvanized aluminum to create the corners of the metal tray.
[0041] Constructing FIG. 4 —The brush used to dislodge the Varroa Mites:
[0000] The following items are needed:
Five strips of wood that are each 12¼″ in length and 7/16″ wide and ¾″ deep. Two strips of wood 7/16″ in length by 2¼″ in width by ¾″ in height. Two pieces of wood that are ¾″ by 2¼″ by 1¾″ Wood glue ¼″ wide double sided tape Soft nylon polyester paintbrush Two C-clamps Sheet metal bending jig
First cut four pieces of the double sided tape 12¼″ long and cut ¾″ of the bristles off the soft nylon polyester paintbrush. Align the bristles from the paintbrush onto the tape, leaving ½″ of the bristle sticking past the adhesive portion of the tape. Repeat this process for the other three pieces of the double-sided tape. Now peel off the back side of the double sided tape and affix it to the lower portion of strip of wood that is 12¼″ long, add a bead of wood glue down the length of the strip of wood, place another strip of 12¼″ wood on top of the glue. Repeat this process until you have four rows of bristles between the five strips of 12¼″ strips of wood. Use C-clamps to hold the strips of wood together until the glue dries. Once the glue has dried remove the c-clamps and glue the 7/16″×2¼×¾″ pieces of wood to each end of the 12¼″ piece of wood, clamp until glue is dry. Finally, glue the last two-pieces of wood ( 3/4″×2¼″×1¾″).
[0050] Constructing FIG. 5 : Cut a piece of galvanized aluminum into a rectangle 16¼″ long by 4″ wide. Down the long side of the Aluminum rectangle, bend the galvanized aluminum downward ¾″ along each of the sides. Cut a ¾″ slit into the side ¾″ from ends then bend ¾″ of the galvanized aluminum downward at each end. Fold the galvanized aluminum to create the corners of the metal cover. Put beads of wood glue on the top and sides of the brush assembly and place the metal cover over the top of the brush.
[0051] Final assembly: Line the metal tray with contact paper with adhesive side face upward. Place the wire mesh screen into the tray. Place the brush and metal tray in front of the hive opening, pushing against the hive not to allow the Honeybees access between the hive and the brush. | A method and apparatus for removing of Varroa Mites from Honeybees as the Honeybee enter and exit the hive entrance. | 2,425 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a bracket that hooks into store uprights and more particularly a universal upright interface bracket used to support a variety of different shelving. signs, peg hooks, and other various point-of-sale elements in display case uprights.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
Upright interface brackets are used in standard store gondola, dairy case, and frozen food display case uprights. Uprights from different manufacturers have different slot configurations into which shelving is affixed by means of different sized brackets. This is due to proprietary and evolutionary design processes, as well as varying design trends, which have been introduced to meet customer requirements for hook prices and functions.
A continuing and strong need exists to vastly improve the functionality of standard store shelving. This is being driven by the desire to increase shelf space utilization, to alter existing spaces to handle new and different packaging, and to embellish sections of shelf space, setting them apart from other areas of the store, all while maintaining efficiency and cost effectiveness. Because of this need, upgrade and retrofit point-of-sale programs are growing in importance and, as a result, many different types of display cases, each with its own slot configuration, must be used together. This causes an obvious problem, namely the need to keep many different shelf brackets in stock. This is both financially and temporally inefficient.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This problem is solved by the use of a universal upright interface bracket which can be fitted to the wide variety of differing slot configurations present in a given store. The invention is composed of three interlocking components--a fixed bracket member, a sliding bracket member, and a sliding shim--held together by a locking assembly. The fixed and sliding bracket members each have a vertical tab which are vertically aligned when the brackets are fitted together. The tabs interface with slots in a slotted vertical wall. The sliding bracket member can be adjusted vertically with respect to the fixed bracket member along a guide. This allows the bracket to accommodate shelving standards with a variety of slot spacings. The sliding shim fits between the fixed and sliding bracket members and can be adjusted horizontally along guides in the fixed bracket member. This allows the sliding bracket to be snugly fitted into a wide variety of slot depths.
The locking assembly, composed of a screw and rectangular nut, has a dual purpose. The nut is fitted into the fixed and sliding bracket members to prevent the sliding bracket member from sliding so far as to disengage from the fixed bracket member. The screw is passed through the nut and used to fix the position of the sliding shim against the outer wall of the slot.
The tabs and guides of the fixed and sliding bracket members are offset from their respective bodies so that the vertically aligned tabs are flush with one wall of the assembled bracket while still allowing the bracket to fit squarely in the slots. Because of this asymmetry, left and right oriented brackets can be made so that they fit in one common pair of vertically aligned slots.
Because the components of the bracket interlock easily, they can be integrated before assembly into other elements of a point-of-sale unit such as a shelf or peg bar prior to painting, plating, etcetera. For example, one of the bracket members could be welded to a shelf bottom and painted. Then, after finishing, the bracket can be assembled.
OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES
A primary object of the invention is to meet the need for a single upright display bracket which can be used with the wide variety of slot configurations present in current store display uprights.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved bracket which will eliminate the need to stock many different bracket types, thereby lowering storage costs.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved bracket which is simple to fabricate and easy to assemble allowing integration with other display components before assembly.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an improved bracket in which the tabs are offset from the body of the bracket so as to be flush with one of its sides, allowing left and right brackets to be used side by side in a single pair of vertically aligned slots.
Other objects, features, and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon careful consideration of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a right side perspective view of a fixed bracket member;
FIG. 2 is a right side perspective view of a sliding bracket member;
FIG. 3 is a right side perspective exploded view of the locking assembly;
FIG. 4 is a right side perspective view of the sliding shim;
FIG. 5 is a right side exploded perspective view of the bracket prior to assembly;
FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 5 showing the locking assembly about to be placed in position in a nearly assembled bracket and illustrating the bracket's two dimensional movement;
FIG. 6a is a front view of a fully assembled bracket; and
FIG. 6b is a right side elevational view of the assembled bracket with parts shown in phantom and engaging a pair of vertical slots in an upright wall shown in perspective and in cross-section.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Turning to the drawings and in particular FIGS. 1 through 4, the universal upright interface bracket consists of 4 basic components: a fixed bracket member 10, a sliding bracket member 12, a locking assembly 14 and a sliding shim 16. A right handed upright bracket will be described.
The fixed bracket member 10 (FIG. 1) has three distinct regions: an upper vertical portion 18, a middle horizontal portion 20, and a lower vertical portion 22. The three regions may be formed from a single piece where the upper and lower vertical portions lie in parallel planes and are connected by and are substantially perpendicular to the middle horizontal portion. The upper vertical portion is composed of a rectangular body 23 with a top surface 24, and having a tab 26 extending rearwardly and downwardly. A downwardly opening channel 34 is defined by the fixed bracket vertical back surface 28, the fixed bracket tab inner horizontal surface 30, and the fixed bracket tab inner vertical surface 32.
The middle horizontal portion 20 shares back surface 28 with the upper and lower vertical portions and has a centrally located finger slot 36 running from front to back. The lower vertical portion 22 consists of a rectangular body 37 with the back surface 28. It has a finger portion 38 at its bottom bent outward to the right and then downwards forming an angle-iron type construct. At the top and bottom of the rectangular body 37 are upper and lower horizontal guides 40, 42 running from front to back. There is also a forwardly, centrally located vertical slot 44.
The sliding bracket member 12 (FIG. 2) is composed of a vertical rectangular body 46 having a vertical back surface 48. It is bent at the bottom to form a horizontal foot portion 50 extending perpendicularly to the left. Extending rearwardly and downwardly from the back of the middle of the rectangular body is a tab portion 52 having an inner horizontal surface 54 and an inner vertical surface 56. A downwardly opening channel 58 is defined by the vertical back surface 48, the tab inner horizontal surface 54, and the tab inner vertical surface 56. At the top of the rectangular body is a finger portion 60 bent outward to the left and then upwards forming an angle-iron type construct. In the middle of the rectangular body is a forwardly, centrally located vertical guide 62 with upper and lower inner surfaces 64, 66. In the foot portion is a centrally located finger slot 68 running from front to back.
The locking assembly 14 (FIG. 3) is composed of a screw 70 and a rectangular nut 72 with an upper surface 74 and a lower surface 76. The height and width of the fixed bracket vertical slot 44 (FIGS. 1, 5) should be just larger than the height and depth of the nut so when the nut is inserted in the slot it fits snugly. The width of the sliding bracket vertical guide 62 (FIGS. 2, 5) should be just wider than the depth of the nut. The height of the slot should be significantly more than that of the nut so when the nut is inserted into the guide, it can be freely moved vertically along the length of the guide with minimal front to back movement.
The sliding shim 16 (FIG. 4) is a vertical body 78 having the appearance of a right-angled `C` with the open end of the `C`, the shim channel 80, facing forwards. The channel has an inner vertical surface 82 and a height larger than that of the nut 72. The shim also has an outer vertical back wall 84. Extending outward to the left from the top and bottom of the sliding shim, perpendicular to the shim body, are forwardly located upper and lower shim finger portions 86, 88.
The bracket is assembled so that the sliding shim 16 is sandwiched between the fixed and sliding bracket members 10, 12 (FIGS. 5, 6). The upper and lower shim finger portions 86, 88 are inserted in the upper and lower fixed bracket horizontal guides 40, 42 so the shim body 78 is adjacent and parallel to the fixed bracket member lower vertical portion 22 . The fixed bracket upper and lower horizontal guides 40,42 have heights just larger than that of the upper and lower shim finger portions 86, 88 while the length of the guides is significantly longer than the front-to-back length of the finger portions. The guides are positioned so that each shim finger portion can be inserted in its corresponding horizontal guide, and the shim can move front to back when seated in the guides with minimal vertical movement. The vertical position and depth of the shim channel 80 is chosen so that when the shim is seated in the fixed bracket horizontal guides 40, 42, the channel is aligned with the fixed bracket vertical slot 44 and the slot is not covered by the shim body 78 at any point along the shim's full range of motion within the horizontal guides. The sliding and fixed bracket members 10,12 are fitted together by inserting the fixed bracket finger portion 38 into the sliding bracket finger guide 68 while simultaneously inserting the sliding bracket finger portion 60 into the fixed bracket finger slot 36. The bracket finger portions have sufficient vertical length to allow substantial vertical motion of the sliding bracket member 10 with respect to the fixed bracket member 12 without the bracket members disengaging. The bracket finger slots 36, 68 and bracket finger members 38, 60 are positioned on the bracket members so that when the bracket members are engaged, the fixed bracket vertical slot 44 and sliding bracket vertical guide 62 are aligned. The positions of the bracket finger slots 36, 68 and horizontal extensions of the bracket finger portions 38, 60 are chosen so that when the fixed and sliding bracket members are engaged, the fixed bracket upper vertical portion 18 and the sliding bracket body 46 and thus the fixed bracket tab 26 and sliding bracket tab 52 lie in the same plane (FIGS. 6, 6a). The rearward extension of the fixed bracket tab 26 and then sliding bracket tab 52 is chosen so that when the fixed and sliding bracket members are engaged, the fixed bracket tab inner vertical surface 32 and the sliding bracket tab inner vertical surface 56 lie along the same vertical axis.
The rectangular nut 72 (FIGS. 5, 6a) is fitted snugly in the fixed bracket vertical slot 44 passing through the shim channel 80 and into the sliding bracket vertical guide 62. The nut is positioned so that a screw passing rearwardly through the nut will lie in the plane of the shim body 78 (FIG. 6a). The insertion of the screw 70 into the nut keeps the nut positioned between the two bracket members while the walls of the shim channel prevent the nut from rotating. The vertical length of the sliding bracket vertical guide 62 (FIG. 6b) is just short enough so that when the sliding bracket member 12 is moved downwards in relation to the fixed bracket member 10, the sliding bracket vertical guide upper inner surface 64 hits the nut's upper surface 74 just before the bracket members would disengage. The position of the screw 70 in the nut is used to limit how far forward within the horizontal guides 40, 42 the sliding shim 16 can travel. The sliding shim can move forward until the shim channel inner vertical surface 82 hits the tip of the screw. A downward opening adjustable channel 90 (FIG. 6b) is then defined by the outer vertical shim wall 84, the sliding bracket tab inner horizontal surface 54 and the sliding bracket tab inner vertical surface 56.
The assembled bracket (FIG. 6b) is secured to a vertical slotted wall 92 having a front surface 94, a back surface 96 and a thickness 98. The bracket is secured within a pair of vertically aligned slots in the wall--an upper slot 100 having inner bottom surface 102 and a lower slot 104 having inner bottom surface 106, both slots having a depth equal to the wall thickness.
The fixed bracket tab 26 is seated in the upper slot 100 so that the tab's inner horizontal surface 30 rest on the slot's bottom surface 102 and the tab's inner vertical surface 32 abuts the back of the vertical slotted wall 96. The upper tab is held in place via a cantilever force. The width of the fixed bracket channel 34 is substantially greater than the thickness of the vertical wall 98 allowing the tab to be easily seated and removed.
The sliding bracket member 12 is adjusted vertically with respect to the fixed bracket member 10 so that sliding bracket tab 52 engages the lower slot 104 and the sliding bracket tab's inner horizontal surface 54 rests on the slot's bottom surface 106. The width of the sliding bracket channel 58 is substantially greater than the thickness of the vertical wall 98. The depth of the adjustable channel 90 is reduced moving the sliding shim 16 back so the outer vertical shim wall 84 abuts the front surface of the vertical slotted wall 94 and the sliding bracket tab's inner vertical surface 56 abuts the back surface of the vertical slotted wall 96 forming a snug fit. The screw 70 is adjusted until the its end hits the shim channel inner vertical surface 82, holding the shim in position and locking the assembled universal upright bracket in place.
A left handed upright bracket can be constructed in a similar manner. The bracket member tabs would then lie along the plane of an outer wall formed by the left handed fixed bracket member's upper vertical portion 18' and the left handed sliding bracket member's body 46'. Left and right handed universal upright brackets can be placed side by side so that the fixed bracket member's upper vertical portions and the sliding bracket member's bodies are flush with each other and the left and right bracket's tabs are flush and aligned with each other. In this configuration, a left and right upright bracket can engaged a single pair of vertically aligned slots in a vertical slot wall.
It should be understood, of course, that the specific form of the invention herein illustrated and described is intended to be representative only, as certain changes may be made therein without departing from the clear teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following appended claims in determining the full scope of the invention. | A universal shelf bracket composed of three basic interlocking components held together and adjusted by a screw and rectangular nut. The bracket engages a pair of vertically aligned slots in a vertical wall and can be adjusted to fit a variety of slot spacings and depths. The bracket is constructed so that its tabs are both flush with the same outer wall while still allowing the bracket to fit squarely in the slots. Left and right brackets can be constructed so that two brackets can be engaged to one common pair of vertically aligned slots. | 2,784 |
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/015,396 filed on Feb. 9, 1993, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an improved method of application of Minoxidil to stimulate hair growth by means of iontophoretic transport to the hair follicle after converting Minoxidil to an ionic form.
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The patent literature is replete with compositions and processes for stimulating mammalian hair growth and/or keratin formation. Of these, Minoxidil (6-piperidino-2,4-diaminopyrimidine-3-oxide) is a drug which has been found to be useful in promoting hair growth. Minoxidil is normally applied as an active ingredient topically to the area where hair growth is desired. U.S. Pat. No. 4,970,063 describes and defines compositions and methods using what is defined as "Minoxidil," said patent being incorporated herein by reference. Other U.S.A. patents which teach the use of Minoxidil for hair growth are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,461,461; 3,910,928; 4,139,619; and 4,596,812. It is believed that Minoxidil promotes hair growth after diffusion to the hair follicles. The precise site and mechanism of action have not as yet been elucidated.
Although Minoxidil is effective in promoting hair growth after it reaches the hair follicle, the clinical efficacy of topical application is limited by low water solubility and by the fact that the outer layers of skin are an effective barrier to penetration of polar molecules such as Minoxidil.
The technique of iontophoresis employs a small electric current to transport ionic drug compounds into the skin or other tissue. Iontophoresis is believed to increase drug entry through so-called "shunt pathways" provided by hair follicles and sweat glands. Since hair follicles are a major pathway for iontophoretic drug delivery, iontophoresis is potentially the ideal method of administering Minoxidil to the hair follicles.
Water is the preferred solvent for use in iontophoresis. Minoxidil itself has a low solubility in water and, because it has no net ionic charge, does not migrate in an iontophoretic field. In fact, due to the dipolar nature of Minoxidil, there is some evidence that the iontophoretic field inhibits even the passive migration by electro-osmosis often observed with non-charged compounds in electric fields.
Thus, although Minoxidil is effective in promoting hair growth after it reaches the hair follicles, presently there has been no therapeutic delivery system that utilized a transport mechanism other than passive diffusion in its attempt to deliver Minoxidil across the skin's membrane barrier to the hair follicle.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to the application of ionic derivatives or salts of Minoxidil which can effectively be transported via iontophoresis to hair follicles where they promote hair growth.
Specifically, the invention is directed to the cationic derivatives of Minoxidil, such as taught in the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 4,970,063, which are purified and then applied in an electric conductive solution, usually aqueous, to the area where hair growth is desired and transported to the hair follicles by means of iontophoresis.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The term "Minoxidil" as used herein refers to the compound 6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine 3-oxide (the uninverted name used by Chemical Abstracts Service during the ninth and/or subsequent Collective Index Periods and having the Chemical Abstracts Registry Number [38304-91-5]). The Merck Index, Eleventh Edition (published by Merck & Co., Inc., Rathway, N.J., U.S.A., 1989) lists a number of other names, including 6-piperidino-2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide and 6-amino-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-imino-4-piperidinopyrimidine, one of the tautomers of Minoxodil. Reference is also made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,970,063 and 3,461,461. Ionic specifically cationic derivatives of Minoxidil are formed according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention by means such as set forth in the following general procedure.
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR CREATING IONIC DERIVATIVES OF MINOXIDIL
A solution of 4.2 g (0.02 mole) of Minoxidil (6-piperidino-2,4-diaminopyrimidine-3-oxide) in 100 ml of 95% alcohol at about 70° C. is placed in a 500 ml three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, stirrer and a dropping funnel. The stoichiometric amount of an organic acid (0.01 mole of d-tartaric acid or 0.02 mole of one of the other acids listed below) dissolved in 100 ml of 95% ethanol at a temperature of about 70° C. was placed in the dropping funnel and added to the stirred Minoxidil solution in a dropwise fashion over a period of about one hour. Upon completion of the addition, the reaction mixture is stirred, for from 16 to 24 hours, while being maintained at a temperature of about 70° C. Any significant amount of solid present is removed by filtration. The remaining solution is transferred to a 500 ml one-necked flask and concentrated to about 50 ml under reduced pressure using a Roto Vac device. The precipitates formed are collected by vacuum filtration and purified by recrystallization from absolute alcohol.
Seven prototype salts or cationic derivatives were prepared using the general procedure. The salt obtained from the reaction with 5-nitro-2-furoic acid was bright yellow in color; all other compounds were white solids. The salts were characterized by their melting points, elemental analyses, infrared spectra, proton NMR spectra and carbon 13 NMR spectra. The percentage yields, melting points and elemental analyses are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ MOLECULAR MELTINGORGANIC ACID FORMULA OF % POINT, ELEMENTAL ANALYSISREACTANT PRODUCT YIELD °C. % C % H % N__________________________________________________________________________[R-(R*,R*)]-2,3- C.sub.22 H.sub.36 N.sub.10 O.sub.8 87% 212-214 Theory 47.14 6.47 24.99dihydroxy-butan- Found 46.48 6.19 24.46edioc acid (d-tar-taric acid)2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- C.sub.13 H.sub.19 N.sub.7 O.sub.4 86% 198-200 Theory 46.29 5.68 29.06pyrimidinetrione Found 45.05 5.77 28.16(barbituric acid)3,4-dihydroxy- C.sub.16 H.sub.21 N.sub.5 O.sub.5 89% 212-214 Theory 52.89 5.83 19.27benzoic acid Found 52.49 5.96 22.37(protocatechuicacid)2,3,4-trihydroxy- C.sub.16 H.sub.21 N.sub.5 O.sub.6 62% 226-228 Theory 50.66 5.58 18.46benzoic acid Found 50.22 5.57 20.133,4,5-trihydroxy- C.sub.16 H.sub.21 N.sub.5 O.sub.6 85% 211-212 Theory 50.66 5.58 18.46benzoic acid Found 50.63 5.84 21.82(gallic acid)5-nitro-2-furoic C.sub.14 H.sub.18 N.sub.6 O.sub.6 55% 226-228 Theory 45.90 4.95 22.94acid Found 45.81 4.82 22.845,5-dimethyl- C.sub.14 H.sub.22 N.sub.6 O.sub.4 65% 165-167 Theory 49.70 6.55 24.84oxazolidine-2,4- Found 50.21 6.68 26.16dione(dimethadione)__________________________________________________________________________
Equations for the reactions of Minoxidil with the seven organic acids listed in Table 1 are listed below.
Equations for the reactions of Minoxidil with various acids ##STR1##
The cationic derivatives of Minoxidil are not limited to those produced by the seven acids which are listed but may be produced with other organic and inorganic acids.
IONTOPHORETIC TRANSPORT OF CATIONIC DERIVATIVES OF MINOXIDIL
The transdermal iontophoresis of cationic derivatives of Minoxidil was demonstrated in laboratory experiments utilizing fresh, full-thickness mouse skin with clipped hair, which has been reported to be an excellent model for studying the drug permeability of human skin. Iontophoresis was conducted with side-by-side diffusion cells obtained from the Crown Glass Co. A piece of mouse skin was clamped between the two half-cells, and the donor cell was filled with an aqueous solution of one of the ionic derivatives of Minoxidil. The receiver cell was filled with 0.05 molar sodium chloride solution. An electric current was applied across the two half-cells using silver/silver chloride electrodes inserted into both cells through teflon plugs. The donor cell electrode was always the anode (positive pole +) except where otherwise noted. An electric stimulator was used to apply a 0.8 milliamp, current to a diffusion area of 0.64 cm 2 for periods of up to 90 minutes, and the iontophoretic mobility of the ionic derivatives of Minoxidil was determined by sampling the receiver cell compartment at various times throughout the study. The concentration of cationic derivatives of Minoxidil in the receiver cell was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Data was also obtained under passive conditions without any electric current. The results of 4 to 8 separate experiments with each Minoxidil ionic derivative were used to calculate the average flux for passive and active iontophoretic conditions and these data are shown in Table 2 below. Iontophoresis significantly enhanced the skin permeation of the Minoxidil ionic derivatives. The Minoxidil tartrate derivative of those tested showed significant improvement in iontophoretic mobility across the skin. These results demonstrate that iontophoresis can be used to enhance the delivery of Minoxidil to the skin.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Active (Iontophoretic) and Passive Flux (ug/cm.sup.2 /h) of MinoxidilIonic Derivates.sup.1MINOXIDIL IONICDERIVATES.sup.2 5-30 MINUTES 30-90 MINUTES 5-90 MINUTES__________________________________________________________________________Dimethadione 0.1%ACTIVE 68.6 ± 10.3 136.0 ± 19.8 95.8 ± 13.3PASSIVE 25.7 ± 5.5 25.8 ± 2.4 17.2 ± 1.6Dimethadione 0.2%ACTIVE 74.0 ± 15.3 146.6 ± 9.9 97.7 ± 6.6PASSIVE 34.9 ± 5.8 29.2 ± 1.7 19.5 ± 1.2Tartrate 0.1%ACTIVE 65.4 ± 19.4 189.7 ± 36.2 144.6 ± 23.0PASSIVE 59.2 ± 17.6 25.6 ± 6.2 29.6 ± 6.6Tartrate 0.2%ACTIVE 74.3 ± 21.8 180.4 ± 26.7 140.9 ± 22.7PASSIVE 23.3 ± 4.7 20.6 ± 6.8 20.2 ± 5.8Trihydroxybenzoate 0.1%ACTIVE 37.2 ± 5.8 62.4 ± 9.9 59.7 ± 7.8PASSIVE 24.7 ± 4.3 24.5 ± 3.4 21.9 ± 3.6Trihydroxybenzoate 0.2%ACTIVE 53.2 ± 5.6 173.9 ± 29.0 115.9 ± 19.4PASSIVE 4.3 ± 1.9 6.0 ± 1.8 4.0 ± 1.2__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1 Values are the mean and standard error of 4 to 8 separate studies. .sup.2 The terminology for the derivatives is expressed as the common nam for the acid used and the concentration is expressed as percentage of Minoxidil base.
In practice, one method of practicing the invention is to mix the cationic derivative salt of Minoxidil as a distilled water solution in proportion of 0.1 mg/ml to a saturated solution. An iontophoretic device such as manufactured and sold by General Medical Co. under the registered mark LECTRO PATCH would be used. Both treatment pads are saturated with the Minoxidil salt solution. The saturated treatment pads are placed on the skin where enhanced growth is desired. This particular device will only accept up to 1 milliamp (mA) of current. Other iontophoretic devices, such as New Life Litronic Stimulator manufactured by Mid-western Electronics Inc. Model No. 0880 can deliver up to 0.5 mA per cm 2 can also be used. The tolerance of an individual patient determines time and milliamp limits above 0.5 mA per cm 2 .
While the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity, it is manifest that many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. It is understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment set forth herein for purposes of exemplification, but is to be limited only by the scope of the attached claimed or claims, including the full range of equivalency to which each element thereof is entitled. | This invention relates to a method of applying a cationic derivative of Minoxidil which is transported by means of iontophoresis to hair follicles where the cationic derivatives promote hair growth. Each of the cationic derivatives of Minoxidil are synthesized by reacting the Minoxidil parent compound with an organic or an inorganic acid to form the cationic derivative. | 1,777 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention pertains to a resilient, flexible, compressible, bio-compatible prosthesis insertable into the stomach to effect weight loss over a controlled period.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The incidence of obesity and its associated health-related problems have reached epidemic proportions in the United States. See, for example, P. C. Mun et al., “Current Status of Medical and Surgical Therapy for Obesity” Gastroenterology 120:669-681 (2001). Recent investigations suggest that the causes of obesity involve a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, psycho-behavioral, endocrine, metabolic, cultural, and socioeconomic factors. Severe obesity is frequently associated with significant comorbid medical conditions, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, gallstones, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, pulmonary hypertension, and sleep apnea.
[0003] Estimates of the incidence of morbid obesity are approximately 2% of the U.S. population and 0.5% worldwide. Current treatments range from diet, exercise, behavioral modification, and pharmacotherapy to various types of surgery, with varying risks and efficacy. In general, nonsurgical modalities, although less invasive, achieve only relatively short-term and limited weight loss in most patients. Surgical treatments include gastroplasty to restrict the capacity of the stomach to hold large amounts of food, such as by stapling or “gastric banding.” Other surgical procedures include gastric bypass and gastric “balloons” which, when deflated, may be inserted into the stomach and then are distended by filling with saline solution.
[0004] The need exists for cost effective, less invasive interventions for the treatment of morbid obesity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention provides a novel system for treatment of morbid obesity by use of a bioabsorbable gastric prosthesis placed in the stomach through a minimally invasive procedure. The prosthesis takes up space in the stomach so that the stomach can hold a limited amount of food, and preferably exerts pressure on the upper fundus to create a sensation of being full. The material of the prosthesis can be selected to degrade over a predetermined period and pass out of the patient without additional intervention.
[0006] In the preferred embodiment, the prosthesis is a porous weave of bioabsorbable filaments having an open mesh configuration. The prosthesis can be formed from a cylindrical stent, such as by reverting the ends of the cylinder and joining them at the center. The filaments preferably have memory characteristics tending to maintain an oblate shape with sufficient resiliency and softness so as not to unduly interfere with normal flexing of the stomach or cause abrasion of the mucus coat constituting the inner lining of the stomach. The prosthesis may be free floating in the stomach, but is shaped so as to be biased against the upper fundus, or it may be tacked in position adjacent to the fundus by bioabsorbable sutures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0008] [0008]FIG. 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic elevation of a stomach and adjacent parts of the alimentary canal, with the wall adjacent to the viewer partially broken away to reveal an intragastric prosthesis in accordance with the present invention;
[0009] [0009]FIG. 2 is a side elevation of a cylindrical stent from which a prosthesis in accordance with the present invention may be formed;
[0010] [0010]FIG. 3 is a side elevation of a prosthesis in accordance with the present invention, formed from the stent of FIG. 2; and
[0011] [0011]FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic elevation corresponding to FIG. 1, illustrating insertion of a prosthesis in accordance with the present invention through the esophagus and into the stomach.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0012] The present invention provides a volume-filling prosthesis insertable into the stomach for treatment of morbid obesity by taking up space in the stomach to reduce its capacity and by exerting pressure to create a sensation of being full, particularly on the upper fundus.
[0013] [0013]FIG. 1 illustrates a central portion of the alimentary canal including the distal segment of the esophagus 10 , the stomach 12 , and the duodenum 14 (proximate segment of the small intestine). The esophagus 10 opens into the stomach 12 toward the top of the lesser curvature 16 adjacent to the fundus 18 . The pyloric part 20 of the stomach leads to the duodenum by way of the gastric outlet or pylorus 22 which forms the distal aperture of the stomach and has an enclosing circular layer of muscle which is normally contracted to close the aperture but which relaxes to provide an open but restricted passage. Although subject to substantial variation in different individuals, representative dimensions for the stomach are approximately 8 cm long (fundus to pylorus) by 5 cm wide (greatest distance between lesser and greater curvatures), with the esophageal opening being approximately 2 cm in diameter and the pylorus having a maximum open diameter of about 2 cm.
[0014] In accordance with the present invention, an oblate, volume-filling prosthesis 24 is held within the stomach, sized for reception in the proximate portion adjacent to the opening of the esophagus and fundus. Such prosthesis preferably is a porous body formed of a loose weave of thin polymer filaments 26 , having large spaces between filaments for an open area of at least about 80%, preferably more than 90%, so as not to impede the flow of gastric juices or other functioning in the stomach. The filaments 26 have substantial memory characteristics for maintaining the desired oblate shape and size. However, the filaments preferably are sufficiently soft and flexible to avoid abrasion of the mucus coat forming the inner lining of the stomach and to enable normal flexing and shape changes. The size of the prosthesis 24 is substantially greater than the opening of the esophagus, at least about 3 cm in the narrowest dimension, preferably at least about 4 cm. The longer dimension of the oblate prosthesis is greater than 4 cm, preferably at least about 5 cm to prevent the prosthesis from free movement within the stomach. The size and shape of the prosthesis tend to maintain it in the position indicated in FIG. 1, adjacent to the fundus 18 and remote from the pyloric part 20 . Thus, while the prosthesis occupies a substantial portion of the volume of the stomach, preferably approximately one-half the volume, the prosthesis does not interfere with normal digestion of food, such as by gastric juices (hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes) nor with passage of food through the pyloric part 20 and its opening 22 to the duodenum 14 .
[0015] With reference to FIG. 2, the prosthesis can be formed from a substantially cylindrical stent 28 having the desired porous weave and large open area. The filaments 26 and weave pattern are selected to achieve memory characteristics biasing the prosthesis to the cylindrical condition shown. In the preferred embodiment, the opposite ends 30 of the stent are reverted, the end portions are rolled inward, and the ends are secured together such as by suturing. Alternatively, a disk of the same pattern and material can be used in securing the reverted ends together. The resiliency of the filaments tends to bulge the resulting prosthesis 26 outward to the desired oblate shape.
[0016] Prior to reversion of the ends, stent 28 in the condition shown in FIG. 2 can be approximately 2-3 cm in diameter and approximately 8-10 cm long, in a representative embodiment. The filaments can have a diameter of about 0.010 inch to about 0.25 inch. The filaments may be coated or impregnated with other treating agents, such as appetite suppressants, or agents to decrease the likelihood of gastric problems, such as ulcers, due to the presence of a foreign object. However, such problems are unlikely due to the biocompatible nature and the resilient flexibility of the prosthesis.
[0017] It is preferred that the filaments 26 be formed of a bioabsorbable polymer such as a polyglycolic acid polymer or polylactic acid polymer. Similar materials are used for some bioabsorbable sutures having “forgiving” memory characteristics and sufficient “softness” that tissue abrasion is inhibited. The absorption characteristics of the filaments 26 can be selected to achieve disintegration of the prosthesis 26 within the range of three months to two years, depending on the severity of obesity. In the preferred embodiment, the prosthesis will absorb and pass naturally from the stomach approximately 6 months after deployment.
[0018] Nonbioabsorbable materials may be used, such as Nitinol, which exhibit the desired springiness but which would require that the prosthesis be retrieved. An advantage of the preferred, bioabsorbable embodiment of the invention is that delivery can be through the esophagus, with no additional intervention being required.
[0019] With reference to FIG. 4, preferably from the condition shown in FIG. 3, the prosthesis 26 can be compressed to a generally cylindrical shape having a diameter of no more than about 2 cm such that the compressed prosthesis can be carried in a short (approximately 5 cm to 6 cm long) loading tube 32 . The loading tube can be advanced along the esophagus by a central tube 34 of smaller diameter, under the visualization allowed by a conventional endoscope 36 . The tube 34 can enclose a core wire 38 to actuate a pusher mechanism 40 for ejecting the prosthesis 26 when the opening of the esophagus into the stomach has been reached. The endoscope and deployment mechanism can then be retracted.
[0020] While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, while it is preferred that the prosthesis be sized for self-retention in the desired position in the stomach, it also may be secured in position by a few sutures applied endoscopically, preferably in or adjacent to the fundus area of the stomach. | A porous weave of bioabsorbable filaments having an open mesh configuration is formed into an oblate shape having dimensions greater than the esophageal opening and gastric outlet of a stomach. The resulting prosthesis is deployed in the stomach and is of a size to be retained in the proximate portion thereof for exerting pressure on the upper fundus. The prosthesis limits the amount of food that may be held within the stomach, and exerts pressure on the fundus to create a sensation of being full, resulting in weight loss. | 1,749 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/026,728, filed Dec. 21, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6.956,484, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to ignition interlock devices, such as are used in vehicles of drivers with DUI convictions (who, e.g., are endowed with special driving privileges and are in that connection under supervision by a probation officer or the state as a condition of such privileges).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Essentially, an ignition interlock is a device that includes a breathalyzer which prohibits a vehicle from starting if the breathalyzer returns a reading of “under the influence” (i.e., corresponding to a statutory level of impairment or even a lower level of impairment prescribed by the manufacturer). Several courts throughout the U.S. are now requiring that interlock devices be placed in vehicles operated by individuals convicted of DUI offenses. The “LIFESAFER”™ ignition interlock system of the LifeSafer Interlock company (Cincinnati, Ohio) is a well-known conventional example. In it, a buzz tone is emitted during a breathalyzer test to indicate when a deep breath sample containing alveolar air has been provided and, thus, is sufficient to be analyzed.
It has been found that a major drawback of conventional interlock devices is that they might not be effective in deterring DUI offenses if an individual other than the defendant (i.e., the person who has been assigned the interlock device) actually operates the interlock. For instance, a defendant who is once again “under the influence” still might be able to operate the vehicle by asking his/her friend or spouse to supply a “clean” breath sample that will unlock the ignition.
A general solution that has been sought to eradicate this “loophole” has been to require an original “breath pattern” from the defendant against which subsequent attempts to unlock the ignition are compared; this helps thwart the occurrence of non-genuine breath samples. Examples of such an arrangement is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,738,333, 4,912,458 and 4,901,058. However, this solution has been found to present numerous difficulties and drawbacks. For instance, accuracy in comparing “breath patterns” can be highly elusive.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,908 discloses an ignition interlock system in which an individual's fingerprint may be used to verify his/her identity and blood-alcohol content is determined using spectroscopic analysis of the finger from which the fingerprint is obtained. Aside from cost considerations, a major drawback to such a device is that for purposes of motor vehicle operation, state statutes specify the manner in which blood-alcohol content is to be determined and spectroscopic analysis is generally not so specified. Rather, the use of a breathalyzer is typically called for. It would not be sufficient to use fingerprint authentication for interlock devices, because as discussed above, the defendant may provide the authentication while someone else supplies a “clean” breath.
A need has therefore been recognized in connection with providing an effective, foolproof ignition interlock device that precludes loopholes of the type described above.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with at least one presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is contemplated that a system be provided that obtains a photographic image of an individual attempting to disengage an ignition interlock device. Preferably, the photographic image is obtained simultaneously with a breath being blown into the breathalyzer device. Response of the breathalyzer device may preferably be recorded by time and date along with the obtained image. On a periodic basis, photographed images can then be reviewed during routine maintenance, in order to adequately ascertain whether the operator of the vehicle (or other machinery) in each instance indeed corresponded to the individual for whom the interlock device was intended.
In summary, the present invention provides, in one aspect, an apparatus for identifying one or more individuals impaired by a controlled substance, the apparatus comprising: a detection device being adapted to ascertain the degree to which an individual is affected by a controlled substance; and a photographic unit; the photographic unit being operable, responsive to the detection device, to facilitate photographic identification of an individual tested by the detection device who is affected by a controlled substance beyond a predetermined threshold level.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of identifying one or more individuals impaired by a controlled substance, the method comprising the steps of: providing a photographic unit; ascertaining the degree to which an individual is affected by a controlled substance; and operating the photographic unit, responsive to the ascertaining step, to facilitate photographic identification of an individual who is affected by a controlled substance beyond a predetermined threshold level.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further features and advantages thereof, reference is made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and the scope of the invention will be pointed out in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an ignition interlock device with photo identification.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a timeclock apparatus with photo identification.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a motor vehicle 100 or other machinery in which an ignition interlock device, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention, may be employed.
An ignition 102 of the vehicle 100 (or other machinery) may be engageable via interlock device 104 . Interlock device 104 preferably includes a breathalyzer 106 . A photographic unit 108 , on the other hand, preferably includes a photographic apparatus 110 and image storage arrangement 112 .
Preferably, an individual (who is likely a defendant required to use an ignition interlock device), when wishing to start the ignition 102 , will take a test with breathalyzer 106 in conventional manner (e.g. via emitting a sufficient blow of his/her breath into the equipment). If the test determines a state of “under the influence” then, per usual, the interlock device 104 will engage to prevent activation of ignition 102 and, thus, operation of the vehicle 100 or other machinery. Preferably, breathalyzer 106 will also include an arrangement 107 (as conventionally known) for determining whether a breath sample provided by the operator is suitable for testing in the first place. As discussed below, this arrangement 107 will preferably serve to provide an activation prompt to photographic unit 108 . Thus, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the activation of photographic unit 108 will immediately prompt photographic apparatus 110 to take a picture of the individual who is in the process of taking a breathalyzer test. Thus, the photographic apparatus 110 will preferably be mounted in such a manner as to obtain a good view of an individual in the position at which the breathalyzer test is being taken (e.g. it could be mounted inside an automobile and aimed towards the driver's seat). The image storage arrangement 112 , preferably integral with the photographic apparatus 110 , will preferably be suitable for storing the obtained photographic image until such a time that it and other stored images are reviewed to determine whether the image of the photographed individual corresponds to the individual for whom the ignition interlock device is intended. In other words, for example, photographed images (preferably those corresponding to a “failure” condition, or an impaired state of one or more individuals) can be reviewed on a periodic basis during routine maintenance, in order to adequately ascertain whether the operator of the vehicle (or other machinery) in each instance indeed corresponded to the individual for whom the interlock device was intended. Conceivably, when a “failure” state is indicated for a particular incident, a court may be notified. It should well be appreciated that by having an image of an individual who was being tested at the time of a “failure”, a court would have the ability to confidently enforce violations of probation orders (e.g., by preventing a defendant from asserting that someone else was being tested at that point in time).
As discussed above, interlock device 104 will preferably provide a prompt in order for photographic unit 108 to be activated. Although such a prompt may take any of a large number of conceivable forms, it is presently contemplated in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention that the prompt be an audible prompt (wherein the photographic unit 108 would include an appropriate audio receptor, not shown, that is suitable for detecting the audible prompt and thence activating the photographic apparatus 110 ). In a further refinement, such an audible prompt could be similar to the buzz tone associated with the aforementioned “LIFESAFER”™ interlock device, whereby the buzz tone would serve to activate the photographic unit 108 .
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the photographic apparatus 110 and image storage arrangement 112 are integrated into a single, cohesive unit (e.g. in a common housing). The “SILENT WITNESS”™ camera manufactured by Silent Witness Enterprises Ltd., Surrey, British Columbia, Canada, represents a highly favorable arrangement that could function as just described, that is, which includes both a camera and an image storage arrangement.
Although in a presently preferred embodiment of the present invention it is contemplated that an ignition interlock device be employed in an automobile or other motor vehicle, it is conceivable to employ the interlock device in other settings. For instance, the machinery 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 could be in the form of machinery at a factory or plant (e.g. a printing press, lathe machinery, etc.) that would only be operable upon a worker taking a breathalyzer test and being positively identified via a photographic apparatus, in a manner similar to that discussed heretofore.
Several advantages are apparent in connection with an ignition interlock device in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention. Employers may find such a device highly desirable as it may accord protection from liability in situations where there might otherwise be an accident as a result of a worker who is intoxicated (or otherwise affected by a controlled substance beyond a predetermined threshold level) on the job. Settings where this may be useful could include, for example, public transportation companies (where, for instance, bus or trolley drivers would undergo the breathalyzer test prior to operating a vehicle), trucking companies, and even in manufacturing environments, as described above, in which heavy or complex machinery is operated and in which significant dangers are presented if an operator is otherwise intoxicated (or otherwise affected by a controlled substance beyond a predetermined threshold level).
Another potential employment setting would be a timeclock apparatus. In this scenario, photographic images would be obtained of employees, “punching in” to a timeclock, who are impaired by a controlled substance. Any employee so impaired would thus be deterred from having another individual punch the timeclock in his/her place. Such an embodiment would appear to be appropriate in instances, e.g., in which an employer may wish to bar an employee, who is impaired by a given controlled substance beyond a given threshold level, from working that day (or after lunch, when an employee may have had access to alcohol), regardless of whether or not the employee is to operate machinery.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a timeclock apparatus 200 in which an interlock device, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention, may be employed. A timeclock apparatus 200 with time card slot 202 may be engageable via interlock device 204 . Interlock device 204 preferably includes a breathalyzer 206 . A photographic unit 208 , on the other hand, preferably includes a photographic apparatus 210 and image storage arrangement 212 .
It is believed that the inclusion of a photographic apparatus in an ignition interlock device in a motor vehicle or other machinery will provide an additional deterrence factor that may help reduce the likelihood of drunk driving (or impaired machine operation) even further. Particularly, the mere presence of the photographic apparatus, through profound psychological effect, may well provide a significant impetus for an individual to avoid even contemplating any type of loophole for circumventing the interlock.
Although the use of photographic apparatus and image identification has been utilized in “home arrest” settings, it is believed that the presently contemplated use of photographic apparatus and positive identification in connection with the operation of motor vehicles or other machinery has never been contemplated. In a “home arrest” setting, an individual who is confined to the home for part or all of the day and who wears a tracking device, such as an ankle bracelet, to deter unwarranted flight, may be required to “check in” at a breathalyzer device in the home at predetermined times, or even at random times, throughout the day in order to impart a standard of behavior modification. Among many other possibilities, a visual image of the individual may then be transmitted over a communications link to present a visual image of the prisoner, e.g., at a police station or monitoring service. However, the “home arrest” arrangement just described does not serve to prevent or allow the operation of machinery. (An example of such a “home arrest” arrangement may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,377.)
Though the disclosure heretofore has largely focused on contexts in which alcohol consumption is consumed, it should be understood that the embodiments of the present invention are applicable to other types of controlled substances as well, such as, for example, a narcotic drug (e.g., cocaine, heroin or marijuana). In such cases, appropriate detection equipment would be interfaced with an interlock in a vehicle or other machinery and could preferably operate in substantially similar manner as the inventive equipment described heretofore in connection with alcohol.
Though the disclosure heretofore has largely contemplated the use of photographic apparatus to record “still” shots of an individual, such as a digital camera that takes “snapshots”, it should be understood that essentially any type of photographic equipment, configured for producing essentially any type of still or moving record of an individual, could be used, such as a VHS camera or camcorder.
If not otherwise stated herein, it is to be assumed that all patents, patent applications, patent publications and other publications (including web-based publications) mentioned and cited herein are hereby fully incorporated by reference herein as if set forth in their entirety herein.
Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may be affected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. | A system which, in at least one embodiment, obtains a photographic image of an individual attempting to disengage an ignition interlock device or the like to assist in determining whether the individual is the same as one for whom the device is intended. | 2,498 |
This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 07/028,714, filed Mar. 20, 1987, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,333, issued Feb. 14, 1989, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 06/675,949, filed Nov. 28, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,063, issued Mar. 24, 1987.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
U. S. Design Application Ser. No. 648,642, filed Sept. 7, 1984 in the names of the same inventors as in the present application.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an electrified vacuum cleaner hose adapter, and more particularly to a hose adapter having a handle portion which is gripable by a user, and which interconnects an electrified vacuum cleaner hose with an electrified vacuum wand and working implement, such as a rug beater or the like.
In many instances, various manufacturers of vacuum cleaners make specialized interconnecting devices which are not readily obtainable, or which are obtainable only at relatively high price. On the other hand, many manufacturers make generic replacement parts which are adapted for use with many different types of vacuum cleaners, but not for all.
It is the main object of the present invention to provide an electrified vacuum cleaner hose adapter which permits using conventional, relatively low-priced generic type electric hoses in combination with electrified vacuum cleaner attachments such as wands having rug-beaters at the end thereof.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, an electrified vacuum cleaner hose adapter for interconnecting an electrified vacuum cleaner hose with an electrified wand or accessory, comprises a generally tubular handle portion which has a first generally tubular portion integral with a second tubular portion, the first and second tubular portions having longitudinal axes which are at an angle with each other; an inlet member coupled to said handle portion and including a tubular section extending from one end of the handle portion and which is receivable in an opening of an electrified vacuum cleaner hose; and an outlet member coupled to the handle portion and including a tubular section extending from the other end of the handle portion and which is receivable in an opening of an electrified vacuum cleaner wand or accessory. The adapter further comprises a first connector connected to the end portion of the handle portion adjacent the inlet member and having electrical contacts for matingly and electrically connecting with an electrical connector of the electrified vacuum cleaner hose; a second connector connected to the end portion of the handle portion adjacent the outlet member and having electrical contacts for matingly and electrically connecting with an electrical connector of the electrified wand or accessory; a pair of electrical conductors extending between and electrically connecting the first and second connectors; and a channel-shaped manually grippable member connected to the handle portion and protruding from the handle portion over a substantial portion of the length of the handle portion and extending between the first and second connector means and defining a channel-shaped covered passage between the connectors, the electrical conductors extending within the covered passage so as not to be exposed to the outside of the covered passage, the protruding portion of the channel-shaped member at least partly defining the covered passage and defining a manually grippable, slip resistant portion of the adapter when the user's hand is gripped around the adapter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a vacuum cleaner hose adapter according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view thereof;
FIG. 3 is a bottom view thereof;
FIG. 4 is an end view thereof as seen along the line 4--4 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a left end elevational view thereof with respect to FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a right end elevational view thereof with respect to FIG. 2;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view thereof showing the internal mechanisms and electrical interconnecting means;
FIG. 8 is a section taken along line 8--8 in FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a sectional view taken along line 9--9 in FIG. 7;
FIG. 10 illustrates a modified connector member; and
FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of the outlet member.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIGS. 1-6, the electrified vacuum cleaner hose adapter of the present invention generally comprises a substantially tubular handle portion 10 (preferably made of plastic material), a substantially tubular inlet member 12 (preferably made of metallic material) and a substantially tubular outlet member 14 (preferably made of metallic material). A slidable air throttle control 16 is provided for selectively opening and closing an opening 18 in the hose adapter. The air throttle control is generally conventional and does not form a novel feature of the present invention.
At the lower portion of the handle portion 10 a channel-type housing 20 is provided with electrified female plugs 22, 24 extending from opposite ends thereof. The housing 20 is preferably retained within notches or cut-outs formed in the handle portion 10 (to be described later) and is secured in place by means of screws 26,28, as best seen in FIG. 3.
In use, the inlet member 12 is inserted into a receiving opening of an electrified vacuum cleaner hose which has an electrical connector at the end thereof which electrically and mechanically matingly engages with the plug 24. The parts are preferably adhesively or otherwise fixedly connected together so that the electrified hose and the adapter of the present invention are secured together as an integral unit. The interconnection is preferably by means of an adhesive, but may be by means of screws or other interconnecting elements, as desired. The left hand end or outlet member 14 is insertable into a receiving opening in a vacuum cleaner wand which has a connector at the receiving end thereof, the connector of the wand mating with connector 22 physically and electrically to provide electrical power from the electrified hose, through the adapter of the present invention, and to the wand, which has an electrical implement at the remote end thereof, such as a rug beater. The interconnection of outlet member 14 with the wand is preferably not made permanent. In general usage, the wand is disconnected from the adapter of the present invention for ease of storage of the various parts. Since the electrical connector 22 at the outlet end of the adaptor of the present invention is a female connector, there is no danger of electric shock or the like when the wand is disconnected from the outlet member 14 of the adapter. Since the inlet member 12 is fixedly and permanently received in the hose, there is no danger of electric shock from any exposed electrical connector parts.
Referring to FIGS. 7-9, the invention will be described further in greater detail. The handle portion 10 is preferably made of a plastic material (ABS) and is generally of a bent tubular shape. The forward end of the handle portion 10 receives an outlet member 14, which is preferably a tubular metallic member, which is secured within the handle portion 10 preferably by means of a rivet 30, as shown in FIG. 7. Alternatively, the outlet tube 14 may be bonded to the forward end of the handle portion 10, and a rivet can be used to strengthen the bonded interconnection. Similarly, the inlet member 12 is a generally tubular metallic member and is preferably molded directly to the interior of handle portion 10, as shown in FIG. 7. The other surface of portion 12 may be roughened or otherwise conditioned to improve adhesion to handle portion 10 during and after molding.
The handle portion 10 has a protrusion 32 extending downwardly therefrom at the outlet end portion thereof, and a protrusion 34 extending downwardly therefrom at the inlet end portion thereof. As seen in FIGS. 8 and 9, the handle portion 10 has grooves 36, 38 formed along the surface thereof between the protrusions 32, 34, and in which the generally U-shaped channel-shaped housing 20 is received. The housing 20 is fixedly and removably connected to the handle portion 10 preferably by means of screws 26, 28. Other connecting means, such as rivets, adhesives or the like, could be used to connect the housing 20 with the handle portion 10. Screws 26, 28 (or rivets) are preferred since not only do these members serve to connect the housing 20 with the handle portion 10, but they also serve to retain the connectors in position in the longitudinal direction of the adapter. The connectors 22,24 have cut-out portions 25,27, respectively, which matingly engage with the protrusions 32,34 of the handle member 10. This mating engagement effectively "locks" and retains the connectors 22,24 in place, and the screws 26,28 serve to securely retain the members in their fixed, locked position. The protrusions 32,34 have different shapes, so that the respective connectors 22,24 are engageable with only a given one of the protrusions 32,34. Protrusion 32 is generally cylindrical and protrusion 34 is generally trapezoidal with flat sides 34'. The flat sides 34' reduces twisting of the connector on the protrusion. The sides of the protrusion 32 may also be flat for the same reason. The handle portion 10 also has stop members 60, 62 molded integrally therewith, against which the rear surfaces of the connectors 22,24, respectively engage. These "stop" members 60,62 inhibit the connectors 22, 24 from moving backward during engagement thereof with their respective mating connectors on the vacuum cleaner hose and wand. The stop members 60,62 are also preferably substantially flat in the plane perpendicular to the page of FIG. 7, and engage with substantially flat rear end surfaces of the connectors 22,24, thereby also preventing twisting of the connectors relative to the handle portion 10, during engagement thereof with mating connectors, and also during use of the device.
Extending between connectors 22,24 is a pair of wires 44 which respectively interconnect the pair of receptacles of the connectors 22,24. Thus, electrical power received from a vacuum cleaner hose which is connected at the inlet end 12 is transferred to the receptacles of the connector 24, through the wires 44, to the pin receptacles of the connector 22, and then to the vacuum cleaner wand and electrical accessory through interconnection with the connector 22. While the connectors 22,24 are shown as being female connectors, it should be clear that male connectors may be used for one or both of the connectors 22. To increase safety, in some instances it may be desirable to use a male connector in place of connector 24, which will mate with a live female connector of the electrified vacuum cleaner hose. In the unlikely event of the adapter of the present invention becoming disconnected from the electrified hose, this would prevent exposure of live connectors at the end of the electrified vacuum cleaner hose.
The channel-shaped housing 20 has substantially flat side walls 21 which contact substantially flat side walls of the connectors 22,24, as seen in FIGS. 8 and 9. This engagement helps stabilize the connectors 22,24 to further inhibit twisting of the connectors either during interconnection or during use of the device. By virtue of the engagement of the connectors with the respective protrusions 32,34, the end-stops 60,62, the side wall engagement with the channel sides 21 and the locking engagement with the screws 26,28, the connectors 22,24 are firmly held in place to inhibit breakage or movement relative to the adaptor, either during interconnection with other connectors, or during use of the device by a user, even under extreme use and handling conditions.
The arrangement of the present invention not only provides proper electrical connection to enable interconnecting a conventional generic-type hose with a vacuum cleaner electrified wand, but also provides a handle member 10 with a convenient hand gripping portion 50 (see FIG. 7). In use, the user's hand grips the handle portion 10 around the area 50, with the fingers of the hand extending over and around housing 20. The downwardly extending portion 51 of the housing 20 serves as a "stop" to prevent the user's hand from inadvertently slipping rearwardly on the handle portion 10, and the forward downwardly extending portion 52 of the housing 22 serves effectively as a "stop" to prevent slipping of the user's hand past the angularly curved forward portion of the adapter. The housing 20 also extends downwardly of the handle portion 10 (see FIGS. 2 and 7). This provides a protruding gripping portion to prevent slipping of the user's hand circumferentially of the handle portion 10. By virtue of the above arrangement of the housing 20 relative to the handle member 10, a convenient and secure gripping of the adaptor of the present invention is achieved, even when the user's hands are dirty, or slippery due to perspiration, grease or the like. Thus, the protruding housing serves not only as a convenient grip-improving member and slippage reducing member, it also serves as the hollow housing for passing the wire between the connectors, without requiring that the air passage through the adaptor of the present invention be reduced to accommodate the wires 44. Since the housing 20 is removably secured to the handle portion 10, the connectors and wire may be replaced, if necessary.
Another important feature of the present invention is the angular disposition between the outlet member 14 and the inlet member 12. As seen in FIG. 2, the angle between the center lines of members 12 and 14 is preferably approximately 27°. This provides a very convenient operating angle between the hand gripping portion 50 of the handle portion 10 and the wand which connects to outlet member 14. Other similar angles, such as from about 25 to 30° may be used. The prior art angular relationship of 45° has been found to be inconvenien and more difficult to use.
FIG. 10 shows a modified embodiment wherein the connector 22' is enlarged at the portion thereof which extends outwardly from channel 20. This improves the interengagement of the connector 22' with the channel 20 and increases the strength of the resultant arrangement. The connector 22' is shown slightly spaced from the channel member 20 in FIG. 10 for clarity, but in practice, the space 55 does not exist-the connector is preferably in contact with the end of the channel 20. Similarly, the connector 24 at the other end of the adapto can be enlarged at the portion thereof which extends outwardly of the channel.
FIG. 11 shows another embodiment of an outlet member 14 to enable the device to be usable with various specific types of vacuum cleaner wands. Referring to FIG. 11, the outlet member 64, the tip end of which is shown for ease of illustration, comprises a spring-mounted button member 66, which engages into a corresponding opening of a vacuum wand (not shown). The button 66 is integral with a leaf spring member 68 which is connected at a depression 70 of outlet member 66 via a rivet 72. The button member 66 springs downwardly in the direction of the arrow 74 during engagement with the vacuum cleaner wand, and springs outwardly when it is in registration with the corresponding opening or hole (not shown) of the vacuum cleaner wand. | An electrified vacuum cleaner hose adapter for electrically and mechanically interconnecting an electrified vacuum cleaner hose with an electrified vacuum cleaner wand or accessory, comprises a handle portion which includes two tubular portions set at an angle to each other, an inlet member for connecting to a vacuum cleaner hose and an outlet member for connecting to the vacuum cleaner wand or accessory. Electrical connectors are provided at each end of the handle portion of the adapter for connecting with corresponding electrical conductors of the hose and wand, respectively. An electrical wire extends between the connectors. The connectors and the electrical wire are covered by a channel-shaped member which defines a closed passage in the handle portion for enclosing the electrical connectors and wire and for serving as a manually grippable protrusion on the handle portion. | 2,664 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a setting for a jewelry item, and more particularly, to a prong setting for accommodating different size jewelry stones.
[0002] In the jewelry trade, prong settings are used to hold and retain diamonds and other types of precious or semi-precious stones. Presently, prong settings are fixed in position with respect to the jewerly item, and therefore different bezel sizes (openings) are required for different size stones. Prong settings usually come in ¼ carat (4 m/m), ⅜ carat (4½ m/m), one-half carat—⅝ carat—¾ carat—1 carat—all the way up to about 2 carats. For each size, there is a ½ m/m increase. Moreover, even with the ½ m/m separation, the stone that is used often does not fit appropriately.
[0003] The problem with the prior art prong settings is that it is necessary to have a different size setting for each ring or other jewelry item in order to cover the various range of stone sizes. Moreover, even having different size settings is less than desirable, since some stones may not fit appropriately within the prong setting. Moreover, prior art prong settings are less than adequate in terms of strength in holding a stone in position therewithin. Even though a conventional bezel setting overcomes this disadvantage and has added strength for holding the stone in position within the setting, such a setting is less than desirable from an aesthetic point of view. In a conventional bezel setting, a substantial portion of the retained stone is partially or completely hidden from view.
[0004] Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a prong type setting for a ring or other jewelry item which overcomes the above disadvantages and enables the easy retention of various size jewelry stones.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention, a prong setting for a ring or other jewelry item is provided. The prong setting is mounted along the jewelry item and includes a first prong element and a facing second prong element for defining an opening therebetween in which a jewelry stone is received. In one embodiment, the prong elements are movable with respect to one another in order to be able to selectively adjust the distance between the prong elements, and thus the size of the opening. As a result, the prong setting can accommodate jewelry stones of varying size.
[0006] Preferably, the prong elements of the setting are movable with respect to one another by being pivotally attached along the jewelry item. In particular, each prong element has a depending flexible pin element coupled to the jewelry item. Each pin element is received in a hole formed in the jewelry unit and can flex in both a forward and back direction. As a result, each prong element is adjustable in both a forward and back direction so that the setting is capable of receiving different size jewelry stones.
[0007] After the prong elements for any given jewelry item have been moved or positioned as directed, each prong element, including its corresponding depending pin element, is soldered and/or bonded in position.
[0008] In a preferred design, the prong elements include a top lip or wire portion used to engage the jewelry stone. The lip or wire portion of the design is specially sized and shaped to enhance the strength of the setting in holding the stone in position therewithin.
[0009] Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved prong setting for a jewelry item.
[0010] Still another object of the invention is to provide a prong setting for a jewelry item which can accommodate various size jewelry stones.
[0011] Still a further object of the invention is to provide a prong setting for a jewelry item in which the bezel elements thereof may be adjusted in position therealong.
[0012] Yet another object of the invention is to provide a prong setting for a jewelry item in which a jewelry stone fits correctly therewithin.
[0013] A further object of the invention is to provide a setting for a jewelry item which has greater strength in retaining a stone.
[0014] Another object of the invention is to provide a setting for a jewelry item which enables better viewing of the retained stone.
[0015] Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the following description.
[0016] The invention accordingly comprises the features, elements and parts as described in the following description, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0018] [0018]FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing the various component parts of a ring assembly incorporating the inventive bezel setting;
[0019] [0019]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the inventive bezel setting mounted to a ring and retaining a jewelry stone therewithin.
[0020] [0020]FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2;
[0021] [0021]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4 - 4 of FIG. 3;
[0022] [0022]FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5 - 5 of FIG. 3;
[0023] [0023]FIG. 6 is side elevational view in partial cross-section showing the bezel elements of the inventive bezel setting being outwardly adjusted in position in accommodate a larger size stone;
[0024] [0024]FIG. 7 is a side elevational view in partial cross-section showing the bezel elements of the inventive bezel setting being adjusted inwardly in order to accommodate a smaller size stone;
[0025] [0025]FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing a portion of the inventive bezel setting once soldering has taken place;
[0026] [0026]FIG. 9 is a side elevational view showing the inventive bezel setting retaining a jewelry stone and permanently fixed to the ring;
[0027] [0027]FIG. 10 is an exploded perspective view showing the component parts of a ring assembly incorporating the inventive prong setting;
[0028] [0028]FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the inventive prong setting mounted to a ring and retaining a jewelry stone therewithin;
[0029] [0029]FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing the inventive prong setting mounted to the ring;
[0030] [0030]FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view showing the component parts of a ring assembly incorporating an alternate embodiment of the inventive prong setting;
[0031] [0031]FIG. 14 is a side elevational view of the alternative embodiment of the inventive prong setting mounted to the ring; and
[0032] [0032]FIG. 15 is a top plan view of the alternative embodiment of the inventive prong setting mounted to the ring.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0033] Referring first to FIGS. 1 - 5 , a ring assembly generally indicated at 11 and which utilizes the inventive setting 18 is described. Ring assembly 11 consists of a ring or shank 13 made from a precious metal such as gold, silver or platinum, defined by an outer surface 17 , an inner surface 15 and a pair of sidewalls 14 , as is well known in the art. Ring 13 is formed with a cut-out 19 in outer surface 17 in which setting 18 of the invention is received. Cut-out 19 formed in ring 13 is defined by a pair of sloped end walls 16 which lead to a separating protrusion 20 , as shown in FIG. 1. Each of end walls 16 is formed with a radially inwardly extending hole 29 that is used for mounting bezel setting 18 within cut-out 19 of ring 13 , as described below.
[0034] Setting 18 is defined by two facing bezel elements 21 also made from a precious metal. Each bezel element 21 includes an inwardly curved member 25 (see FIG. 4) formed with a slot 26 that is sized to slidably pivot along outside surface 17 of ring 13 . Curved member 25 increases in radial dimension in an upward direction and is formed with an annular running tubular lip 27 . Lip 27 includes an underlying annular groove 28 in which the girdle of a stone mounted in bezel setting 18 is matingly received. Curved member 25 of each of bezel elements 21 leads to a lower axially running supporting bridge element 22 from which a depending pin 23 projects. Depending pin 23 of each of bezel elements 21 is designed for reception within holes 29 formed in cut-out 19 of ring 13 , as best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
[0035] As is well known in the art, a jewelry stone, such as a round diamond, is generally indicated at 31 and includes a table portion 33 , a girdle 35 below which is a tapered portion leading to a cutlet 37 . Stone 31 is mounted within bezel elements 21 of bezel setting 18 (see FIGS. 2 and 3) such that girdle 35 is matingly received within grooves 28 of bezel elements 21 , as discussed above, and cutlet 37 is disposed above bridge element 22 .
[0036] In order for setting 18 to accommodate varying size jewelry stones, pins 23 , which are made from metal, of bezel elements 21 are selectively flexible in is both forward and back directions (see FIGS. 6 and 7), such that each bezel element 21 is capable of slidably moving along ring 13 in corresponding forward and back directions. This is in part achievable since each bezel element 21 has a cut-out 26 which is shaped and sized to slidably fit over outside wall 17 of ring 13 at a location adjacent to where cut-out 19 is formed in ring 13 . Accordingly, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, a larger size stone 33 A, having a table portion 31 A, girdle 35 A and cutlet 37 A, as well as a smaller size stone 31 B, having a table portion 33 B, a girdle 35 B and a cutlet 37 B, can be engagingly accommodated within inventive bezel setting 18 .
[0037] As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, once each of bezel elements 21 of setting 18 are slidably adjusted in position for accommodating a selected size jewelry stone, both curved member 25 and pin 23 are soldered or bonded in some other manner along end walls 16 of cut-out 19 formed in ring 13 by means of solder or bonding agent 38 . A finished ring product, as shown in FIG. 9, is then achieved.
[0038] In accordance with the invention, each setting element is capable of being selectively moved back and forth to accommodate different size jewelry stones. Thus, a selected stone may be laid into the bezel setting in order to obtain a more desired fit than in conventional bezel settings. The advantage is that a buyer can see the jewelry stone in the setting as if it were set permanently therewithin, helping the buyer to envision what the jewelry item will look like when delivered to the buyer in permanent condition. In contrast, prior art bezel settings were not capable of having the stone fit correctly therein, and oftentimes the stone tends to float on top or go too low in the setting, which is less than desirable.
[0039] Referring now to FIGS. 10 - 12 , a prong setting is shown substituted for a bezel setting and is defined by two facing bezel elements 121 made from a precious metal. Each bezel element 121 includes a pair of upwardly depending prongs 125 separated by a slot 126 that is sized to slidably pivot along outside surface 17 of ring 13 . Prongs 125 are each formed with a lip or wire portion 127 at the top end thereof. Lip or wire portion 127 of each prong 125 includes an underlying annular groove 128 in which girdle 35 of stone 31 mounted in the prong setting is matingly received. Prongs 125 of each of bezel elements 121 leads to a lower axially running supporting bridge element 122 from which a depending pin 123 projects. Depending pin 123 of each of bezel elements 121 is designed for reception within holes 29 formed in cut-out 19 of ring 13 , as best shown in FIG. 11. As with the first embodiment of the invention, pins 123 of prong elements 121 are selectively flexible in both forward and back directions such that bezel elements 121 are capable of slidably moving along ring 13 in corresponding forward and back directions.
[0040] Referring now to FIGS. 13 - 15 , an alternative embodiment of a ring assembly which utilizes the inventive prong setting is generally indicated at 211 . Ring assembly 211 consists of a ring or shank 213 made from a precious metal such as gold, silver or platinum, and defined by an outer surface 217 , an inner surface 215 and a pair of side walls 214 , as is well known in the art. Ring 213 is formed with a cut-out portion 219 in which setting 218 of the invention is received.
[0041] Setting 218 includes a bottom 223 from which four upwardly depending, angularly directed and equally spaced prongs 225 extend. Each prong 225 is formed with a lip or wire portion 227 at the top end thereof. Lip or wire portion 227 of each prong 225 includes an underlying groove 228 in which girdle 35 of stone 31 mounted in prong setting 218 is matingly received. Each of lip or wire portions 227 has a substantially cylindrical configuration defining an arcuate length A (see FIG. 15) which extends from between about 18° and 27°. Significantly, the sum of the arcuate lengths of each of lip or wire portions 127 of prongs 225 is between about 20% and 30% of the circumference defined by girdle 35 of stone 31 . This feature is found in both the embodiment of FIG. 13 and 15 , as well as the embodiment of FIGS. 10 - 12 .
[0042] In the specific example shown in FIGS. 3 - 5 , setting 218 consists of four prongs 225 having four corresponding lip or wire portions 227 , as described above. Each wire portion 227 , which is disposed at a substantially equal angular distances from the two adjacent wire portions 227 , has an angular length A. The length A of each wire portion 227 is from between about 20% and 30% of one-quarter of the circumference defined by girdle 235 —in other words, each wire portion 227 has an arcuate extent of 18° to 27°. This ensures sufficient contact between each of lip or wire portions 227 to girdle 35 , maintaining a more secure engagement of stone 31 within setting 218 . Preferably, each lip or wire portion 227 has an arcuate length of from between about 1½ and 2½ millimeters, with a width or thickness of B (see FIG. 14) of between about ¾ and 1¼ millimeters.
[0043] As can be appreciated from viewing the embodiment of FIGS. 13 - 15 , as well as the embodiment previously discussed of FIGS. 10 - 12 , lip or wire portion 227 of each of prongs 225 bulges outwardly in a direction away from stone 31 . Significantly, lip or wire portion 227 bulges outwardly past the outside wall of each of prongs 225 in an amount between about 10% and 25% as compared to the width or thickness of each of prongs 225 . This feature provides further reinforcement to the setting 218 , enhancing its holding strength with respect to stone 31 .
[0044] As can be appreciated from viewing FIGS. 11 - 12 and 14 - 15 , the inventive prong setting design, while providing enhanced strength in holding a stone within the setting, still enables a substantial portion of the stone, whether viewed from the side, top or at an angle, to be visible. This is advantageous as compared to a bezel-type setting, as, by way of example, described in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 - 9 .
[0045] It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained, and since certain changes may be made in the invention described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
[0046] It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention described herein, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. | A prong setting for a ring or other jewelry item is provided. The prong setting is mounted along the jewelry item and includes one or more first prong elements and one or more facing second prong elements for defining an opening therebetween in which a jewelry stone is received. Preferably, each prong element includes a wire or lip portion for selectively engaging the jewelry stone. The wire portion is specially sized and shaped to enhance the strength of the setting in holding the stone therewith. In one embodiment, the prong elements are movable with respect to one another in order to be able to selectively adjust the distance between the prong elements, and thus the size of the opening. As a result, the prong setting can accommodate jewelry stones of varying size. | 2,925 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention is directed to an apparatus for the implementation of a physiologically controlled measurement at a living subject.
[0003] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0004] In a number of examinations of living subjects, meaningful and diagnostically relevant measurements are possible only at specific points in time or during specific phases within a physiological cycle. In computer-tomographic examinations of internal organs that, for example, move in the rhythm of the heart beat or respiration, it can be easily understandable that only slice projections that were acquired during comparable phases of the organ movement can be meaningfully compiled to form a tomography image that is capable of being interpreted. Such measurements therefore are temporally controlled according to a suitably selected physiological signal. One or more relative points in time that are utilized for the time-control of the measurement are thereby defined on the basis of the physiological signal.
[0005] Methods referred to as triggered methods are known for defining these relative points in time. In these methods, a trigger pulse in the physiological signal is employed as a reference time. The relative points in time are then defined in temporal reference to this trigger pulse. Their definition ensues, for example, by indicating a waiting time (delay time) after every trigger pulse and by defining the length of an actual measurement time window (scan acquisition window) that begins after the delay time has passed and within which the measured data are to be registered. The parameters of “delay time” and “scan acquisition window” are usually entered in numerical form as input by the user via a keyboard. The scan acquisition window is derived from a number of other parameters that the user can set, for instance on the basis of a number of sub-measurements that are to be implemented per scan acquisition window. The length of the scan acquisition window then is derived from a multiplication of this number of sub-measurements by the time duration (repetition time) that is to be expended for every sub-measurement and which can likewise may be potentially set.
[0006] Further, there are methods referred to as gating methods. In these, a time window (gate) controlling the measurement is usually defined by amplitude thresholds of the physiological signal. When the physiological signal passes through such a threshold, then this is considered as a switch-on or switch-off time of the time window. Given a breathing-controlled measuring method, for example, a suitable percentage of the respiratory motion can be selected as threshold.
[0007] A problem associated with physiologically controlled measurements is that the signal parameters of the physiological signal employed as reference are often not constant but instead can be subject to considerable fluctuations. In particular, the signal parameters, for instance the signal cycle or the maximum or the average signal amplitude, can change between one phase of the measurement preparation and the phase of the actual measurement implementation, due, for example, to an increase of the heartbeat or respiration rate. When suitable values for the aforementioned parameters of waiting time, length of the scan acquisition window, threshold height and the like have been set in the preparatory phase, these parameter values may no longer be suitable in the following implementation phase of the measurement, and lead to measurement results that have little diagnostic utility.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] It is an object of the present invention to provide a simple arrangement for reliably monitoring whether the (at least one) relative point in time to be employed for the time control of the measurement is still suitable—as soon as it has been set and compared to the current curve of the physiological signal—in order to be able to meaningfully implement the measurement.
[0009] This object is achieved in accordance with the invention in an apparatus for the implementation of a physiologically controlled measurement in a living subject, having a signal acquisition arrangement for acquiring a physiological signal of the subject, display for the graphic display of a time curve of the physiological signal, and a time-setting unit which sets at least one relative point in time that is referenced to the time curve of the physiological signal and that is to be employed for the control of the time sequence of the measurement.
[0010] In accordance with the invention the display is configured for also graphically displaying the at least one relative point in time in its temporal relationship to the physiological signal.
[0011] Due to the simultaneous, graphic display of the at least one relative point in time, the invention makes it possible for the user to continuously visually check whether the respective relative point in time has been suitably set or must be adapted, by comparing the displayed relative point in time to the displayed, current signal curve of the physiological signal. This is possible at first glance because the relative point in time is displayed in temporal relationship to the physiological signal, i.e. based on the same time scale. A mere numerical value for the relative point in time is thus not merely mixed in the displayed information on the screen; rather, the time position of the relative point in time relative to the physiological signal is shown.
[0012] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least two different relative points in time can be set with the time-setting arrangement, with the display being configured for graphically displaying a time window lying between two relative points in time in temporal relationship to the physiological signal. Further, the display can be configured for graphically displaying a time window lying between a relative point in time and a reference point in time of the physiological signal in its temporal relationship to the physiological signal. The time windows can be especially easily visually recognized in an embodiment wherein they are displayed in the form of a time bar. In the case of a number of simultaneously displayed time windows, for example, different colors for the time bars can be employed.
[0013] It can be desirable in some instances for the display to display the physiological signal and the at least one relative point in time with a stationary time axis. In other instances, however, it is also desirable that the display to display the physiological signal and the at least one relative point in time with a moving time axis.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] [0014]FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of the measurement arrangement according to the invention.
[0015] [0015]FIG. 2 shows an example of a graphic display on a picture screen of the measurement instrument during a measurement preparation phase in accordance with the invention.
[0016] [0016]FIG. 3 shows an example of a graphic display on the picture screen during a measurement implementation phase in accordance with the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0017] In FIG. 1, the body of the human or animal to be examined is referenced 10 . A detector arrangement 12 registers a physiological signal of the body 10 and conducts this to an electronic measurement control unit 14 . For example, the detector arrangement 12 can register the electrical heart currents as employed for an electrocardiogram (ECG) as the physiological signal. Alternative possibilities are the respiratory motions of the body, pulse, diaphragm movements, etc. The measurement control unit 14 employs the physiological signal for the time control of tomographic or other arbitrary measurements that are implemented at the body 10 with a measurement arrangement 16 . The measurement arrangement 16 can, for example, be a magnetic resonance tomography apparatus or an x-ray computed tomography apparatus. When such tomographic examinations are undertaken at cyclically (though not necessarily regularly) moving internal organs such as, for example, the heart or lung, then tomographic images that are diagnostically relevant are obtained only when the number of individual measurements that are needed for the reconstruction of the tomographic image are implemented during corresponding cycle phases, i.e., for example, during phases when the heart is at rest. For this reason, the measurement control unit 14 controls the measurement arrangement 16 such that its measuring activities occur only during a specific measurement time window within the cycle of the detected physiological signal.
[0018] This measurement time window is not defined by the measurement control unit 14 itself. On the contrary, the user defines the length and relative position of the measurement time window (i.e., starting and ending time) within the signal cycle by the user entering values for one or more parameters via a keyboard 18 connected to the measurement control unit 14 . For example, these parameters can be: one or more amplitude thresholds of the physiological signal (in gating methods) or a waiting time until the beginning of the measurement time window after a pulse spike of the physiological signal employed as a trigger, the number of individual measurements to be implemented during the measurement time window and the measurement time to be made available per individual measurement (given trigger methods).
[0019] The user can then graphically view the measurement time window defined by entering the parameter values on a picture screen of a display 20 driven by the measurement control unit 14 . The physiological signal as well as the measurement time window are mixed in the image on the display 20 , the latter in such a way that its time position and extent relative to the physiological signal can be immediately seen. Preferably, the measurement time window is represented by a bar or a line that extends in the same time scale as the physiological signal along the latter. If the user is not satisfied with the position and size of the measurement time window, the user can correct the parameter values until the measurement time window that has been set is the one desired.
[0020] [0020]FIG. 2 shows an example graphics on the display 20 in the case of an ECG-triggered measurement. An ECG signal 22 thereby serves as physiological reference signal. This is displayed on the display 20 along a horizontal time axis 24 . In addition to the ECG signal 22 , an arrangement of, preferably, differently colored horizontal bars 26 , 28 , 30 is also displayed on the display 20 . The middle bar 28 thereof represents the measurement time window that has been set for the implementation of the measurement, the left bar 26 represents a time delay after a R-spike 32 of the ECG signal employed as trigger pulse, and the right bar 30 denotes a remaining time. This remaining time is derived from the difference between a maximum time duration (user acquisition window) that is available overall and is prescribed by the user as additional parameter and the sum of time delay and measurement time window.
[0021] In a phase preparatory to a measurement, the displayed physiological signal curve 22 is cyclically updated, for example after every trigger pulse or respectively following a predetermined time duration, for instance respectively every three seconds. At each updating, the curve 22 is re-plotted, whereby the point in time of the trigger pulse 32 (the middle spike of the QRS complex in the ECG signal) remains standing at a fixed point in the display window of the picture screen 20 . Given gating methods that, for example, employ a respiratory signal as physiological reference signal, the reaching of a threshold can be accepted as fixed point. The stationary but repeatedly updated image of the physiological signal thus arises on the display 20 given a stationary time axis 24 . As a result of the surveyable, additional mixing-in of the bars 26 , 28 , 30 , with reference to which the user can recognize the current setting of the measurement parameters, it is especially easy for the user to find the most suitable values for these parameters.
[0022] In the exemplary graphic of FIG. 2, arrows 34 indicate two successive R-spikes in the ECG signal 22 that are employed as trigger pulses; a cross 36 references a recognized extra systole. Two vertical lines 38 —the left line thereof lying at the time location of the trigger pulse 32 employed as fixed point for the graphic display—indicate the average interval between two successive R-spikes of the ECG signal 22 . A region between the left line 38 and a broken line 40 represents an overall time window (“system acquisition window”) recommended to the user on the basis of a long-term statistics and within which the measurement events should occur. This system acquisition window is derived from the average R-R interval reduced by twice standard deviation. The latter corresponds to the region between the line 40 and the right line 38 . For better visualization, the system acquisition window and the region of twice the standard deviation can have differently colored backgrounds.
[0023] The signal curve 22 with the bars 26 , 28 , 30 is displayed on the picture screen of the display 20 not only during preparation for the measurement but also during the implementation of the actual measurement. Separate display windows for the preparation for the measurement and the measurement implementation can thereby be established on the display 20 in order to already begin preparing a subsequent measurement simultaneously with the implementation of a measurement. FIG. 3 shows an example of a graphic display on the display 20 for the measurement implementation. Corresponding elements are thereby referenced with the same reference characters as in FIG. 2. During the measurement implementation, the signal curve 22 is preferably plotted in continuous form, i.e. is pushed through the display window (along an arrow 42 from right to left here) with a moving time axis 24 as close as possible to real time. Simultaneously, the bars 26 , 28 , 30 also are plotted in terms of their relative position and extent with reference to the signal curve 22 and are likewise moved through the display window. The user can thus very easily recognize whether the setting of the parameters implemented in the phase of preparing for the measurement is suitable or, for example, requires adaptation due to a faster heart beat.
[0024] The next trigger pulse in the form of the R-spike 32 of the ECG signal 22 may already (unexpectedly) occur before the expiration of the measurement time window that has been set (correspondingly before the end of the bar 28 ). This is illustrated in the right half of FIG. 3. This case can be visualized for the user by a bar 44 , that extends up to the end of the user acquisition window set by the user, being mixed in beginning with the point in time of the interruption. A signal color, for example red, may be specifically reserved for this purpose. The user can thus immediately recognize when the heart rhythm or, in general, the rhythm of the physiological signal, increases so greatly that the measurement should be interrupted and should only be restarted after modified parameter values have been set.
[0025] Numerical values for those points in time that mark the starting or ending points in time of the bars, also can be displayed on the picture screen 20 in addition to the bars 26 , 28 , 30 .
[0026] Although modifications and changes may be suggested by those skilled in the art, it is the intention of the inventors to embody within the patent warranted hereon all changes and modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of their contribution to the art. | An apparatus for the implementation of a physiologically controlled measurement at a living subject has a signal acquisition arrangement for acquiring a physiological signal of the subject, a display for the graphic display of a time curve of the physiological signal, and a time-setting arrangement for setting at least one relative point in time that is referenced to the time curve of the physiological signal and that is to be employed for the control of the time sequence of the measurement. The display is configured for also graphically displaying the at least one relative point in time in its temporal relationship to the physiological signal, particularly by mixing at least one time bar in the displayed image. Quick visual monitoring of the relative points in time that are set is thus possible. | 2,718 |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This present invention concerns a device obtain lengthening of the limbs and/or other parts of the body of a puppet, such as for example a doll including in a semiautomatic form, as reaction determined by a specific electronic device, on use of the toy.
STATE OF THE ART
It is well-known that in the field of toys there is continuous research to create objects that stimulate children's imagination and make their toys more interesting and involving.
In the doll field, for example, a great many models have been created that imitate the sounds and movements of the newborn, of infants and adults in such a way that the child who plays with them can easily immerse itself in the role of the mother, of the newborn or of the adult, but until now no one has been able to produce a device that would allow a doll or other puppet to vary the length of the limbs and/or other parts of the body in such a way as to simulate growth by simple and therefore durable and cheap means.
The solution has been sought, but the mechanisms created have been complex and costly, using pneumatic systems that inflate an outer covering, or mechanical systems with gears, or others such as those described in the patents listed below.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,622,021 of 1986 there is described a rod connected to a thread which is pulled from the outside and gives the sensation of lengthening.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,865 of 1992 there is described a mechanism which, creating a depression on the mouth, with manual action, simulates chewing and thus the doll grows thanks to the external manual action.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,828,528 of 1981 there are described cloths sewn in the form of bellows which inflate one by one when a thread is pulled, giving the sensation of growth
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,722 of 1981 there are described internal gears by means of which a post to which the head of the doll is fixed is operated. The necessary energy is supplied manually operating a spring-loaded system from the outside.
It is thus evident from what has been briefly described that the devices described do not solve brilliantly the requirement to make the limbs of a doll or similar grow.
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE INVENTION
The object of this present invention is a device by means of which simulation of the lengthening of shortening of, for example, a limb is achieved by creating a telescopic structure, sliding of which to create lengthening of shortening is controlled by threads that are rolled or unrolled on a disc shaped like one or more side-by-side pulleys, thanks also to the action of a counteracting spring. The movement of the spools is controlled by a circuit that registers shaking and therefore playing with the toy according to the equation, more playing=more growth (that is, more shaking more growth). Growth of the toy determines a further phase of play that coincides with the need, for example, to change the doll's clothes, since its growth has made them too small.
The device will be described in the attached drawings in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a view in longitudinal section of the device applied to a doll
FIG. 2 shows a view in longitudinal section of the detail of an arm connected by an appropriate thread to a pulley
FIG. 2.1 shows a view in longitudinal section of the detail of an arm connected to a disk with cam
FIG. 3 shows a view in longitudinal front section of the trunk
FIG. 4 shows a front and side view of a 2-stage pulley to obtain two different degrees of lengthening with the same angular rotation
FIG. 5 shows a front and side view of a 3-stage pulley to obtain three different degrees of lengthening with the same angular rotation, with a wedge also present on one face
FIG. 6 shows a front and side view of a 4-stage pulley to obtain four different degrees of lengthening with the same angular rotation, with a wedge tangential to the pulley also present
FIG. 7 is the side view of the doll where the left part of the Figure is sectioned close to one of the breast passage holes, and the details within are seen unsectioned.
FIG. 7.1 shows a view from above of the external container. In other words, the doll's thorax, which is sectioned in such a way as to show what happens inside when the breast also grows. The rear part is on the left of the Figure and is sectioned near the electric motor, whereas the front part is on the right and sectioned near the breast passage holes.
FIG. 8 is the view from above of the preceding Figure, where the left part of the Figure is sectioned close to the electric motor whereas the right part is sectioned near one of the breast passage holes and shows the extruded breast from the side.
FIG. 8.1 shows a sectioned lateral view of the external container, in other words the thorax of the doll, which is sectioned in such a way as to show what happens internally when the breast grows, The rear part of the Figure is sectioned near the breast passage holes.
FIG. 9 is the side view of the doll in which the left part of the Figure is sectioned near the electric motor and the right part near one of the breast passage holes and the details within are shown not sectioned. The motor and pulley are inclined in such a way that the axis of rotation is almost parallel to the mobile plate and to the posterior part of the body.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
With reference to the said figures, the simulation for example of the growth of a limb is obtained with the particular ( 1 ) in thermoplastic in the form of a tube with a restriction of the internal section supporting a spring ( 2 ) at the part ( 1 . 1 ) and supporting the gluing to the remaining part of the limb at the part 1 . 2 , whereas at the other extremity 1 . 3 it is tapered to obtain an aesthetically correct coupling with the particular 3 , which represents the sliding part of the extensible arm, because, at extremity 3 . 1 , it allows the reaction with the spring 2 , which is compressed or released according to whether the cable 4 , connected in 3 . 2 , or fixed with a section of yielding metal cylinder 3 . 2 a , appropriately deformed by squashing, is extended or withdrawn.
Extension or withdrawal of the cable 4 takes place by action of the pulley 5 , with a fixing hole 5 . 1 for the cable 4 , governed by the motor 6 , controlled by an electronic circuit 7 powered by an accumulator 8 .
The particular 3 has a joint 3 . 3 for connection by joint or gluing of the front part of the extensible organ 3 to the rest of the limb.
According to this present invention as shown in FIG. 1, in a toy that requires elongation of the limbs or other parts of the body, for example a doll, there is an electronic control circuit ( 7 ) which recognises whether the user has used, touched or moved the toy. This requisite is important, because if the user relates to the toy, the growth that the toy's mechanisms make available becomes visible almost immediately.
The electronic circuit 7 has, as said, a device for recording the number and frequency of the shakes the toy receives. These are the parameters utilised to give consent to growth. That happens because, in the presence of the events described, the electronic circuit 7 sends a command and the necessary energy, taken from the accumulator 8 , to the electric motor 6 —connected by the electric wires 6 . 1 —which starts up and drives the reducer 8 a , connected through pulley 5 and the cables 4 to the extremity of the extensible organ 3 , permitting the amount of extension provided for.
The electric motor 6 , following consent from the electronic circuit 7 , rotates and draws with it the cams 5 . 1 a positioned on the disc 5 a or the pulley 5 of FIG. 2 which—see FIG. 2 . 1 —slackening the cable 4 . The spring 2 is no longer compressed and expands, moving the particular 3 , providing evidence of the lengthening of the limb. At that point the doll's clothes have become short and tight and the user has to change them, thus meeting a natural need which will be learned quickly and indelibly.
The electronic circuit is calibrated in such a way that if, for example, the toy is not used for 100 hours, the limbs and other parts of the body shrink and retract to the original position of FIG. 1, showing an evident and apparent slovenly aspect, because the clothes have suddenly become too large and too long.
FIG. 3 shows a preferential section of the bust in which it can be seen that the device of FIGS. 2 and 2 . 1 consists of an outer piece 9 and an inner piece 3 which are connected by slotting in to the lower and upper part of the bust respectively and keep the spring 2 compressed thanks to the action described above of the cable 4 . They represent a solution for lengthening and shortening the limbs and other parts of the toy's body.
Again in FIG. 3, one sees an alternative solution for extension of the bust by which the lengthening and shortening of this part of the body is obtained by the spring 2 a , which is compressed between the upper and lower parts of the bust thanks to the reaction points 12 . 1 and 15 . 1 , when the lower part is connected directly to the pulley 5 . through the weakly elastic cable 4 a fixed to the support 12 . 2 . This is possible because the two sections of the bust slide over each other like the sections of a telescope, like the particulars indicated in FIGS. 2 and 2 . 1 , and also because the distance the thread moves to ensure the functioning is appropriately determined through idler pins and bearings to reduce friction and hence the size of the motor.
In FIG. 3 we see the result achieved for the pelvis. In FIG. 1 the same extension elements of FIG. 2 —jointed or glued in the points 15 . 2 and 15 . 3 through the cable 4 connected to the pulley 5 —keep the spring 2 compressed or determine an extended position for it, managing to show the extension envisaged for the neck, too.
FIG. 4 shows the reason why the legs connected with thread 4 lengthen more that the arms. As can be seen, the pulleys differ in their radius and pulley 20 has a greater radius than pulley 21 . For the same number of rotations, therefore, cable 4 is wrapped less around pulley 20 than it is around pulley 21 . When, for the reasons described, the electronics 8 give permission to slacken cable 4 , the pulley moves through an fixed angle, whereas the two cables travel different distances.
FIG. 5 shows a pulley 5 formed of 3 pulleys 20 , 21 and 22 coupled in such a way as to create different extensions for the arms, legs and neck, or vice versa; as can be seen this pulley also presents the wedge 24 . FIG. 7.1 sketches the breast of a doll seen from the side in longitudinal section performed on the outer casing. The same view but from above appears in FIG. 7 . From both the Figures one notes that pulley 5 is fitted with wedge 24 . When it rotates in the release stage, the wedge pushes the mobile plate 25 which is held in the retracted position by the action of the spring 26 positioned around the pin 27 solid with the outer casing and held by the locking ring 28 . When the motor 8 has consent to release the cables 4 , these lengthen, because the pulley 5 rotates and in the presence of the wedge 24 it will act on the mobile plate 25 , which overcomes the reaction of the spring 26 , allowing the mobile plate 25 to run, guided by the pins 27 until the wedge 2 and the mobile plate 25 reach the position indicated in FIGS. 8 and 8 . 1 , where the breast 29 is shown, Connected to the mobile plate 25 it has emerged fully from the aperture 30 .
FIG. 6 shows a wedge 24 placed radially on the outside of the pulley 5 , because in some cases the motor could work inclined 90° with its axis parallel to the mobile plate 25 as indicated in FIG. 9, and then, to push the mobile plate 25 , only the position of the wedge in relation to the pulley changes.
It can be observed from FIG. 2 that when all the components have been mounted, the spring 2 is mounted, with the cable 4 running within it, and then the spring 2 is allowed to run within the piece 9 and then the pieces 9 and 3 are brought into position, connecting the cable to the pulley 5 at point 5 . 1 to make it wrap around the pulley. The operations described are repeated for the two arms, the two legs and the neck and the front halves of the bust are mounted.
The accumulator and controlling electronics had been mounted earlier, so that the toy is then ready for use with few and simple operations. | The object of the present invention is a device by means of which simulation of the lengthening of shortening of, for example, a limb is obtaining by construction of a telescoping structure, the mutual sliding of which, and therefore the lengthening or shortening is controlled by means of threads that are rolled or unrolled from a disk shaped like one or more side-by-side pulleys. Thanks also to the action of a counteracting spring. The movement of the spools is controlled by a circuit that registers shaking and therefore playing with the toy according to the equation, more playing=more growth (that is, more shaking more growth). | 2,443 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process for producing an improved filling mix and on hydration without cooking or baking produces a smooth, creamy and firm texture with a sliceable pie cut characteristic on setting.
The trend requires food preparation to be of the type of instanteous use. This means that in instant pudding or instant filling preparations, these foods are prepared from a dry mix without cooking. The difficulty associated with these conveniences is that starting materials used to prepare these high quality instant foods must be carefully controlled and the tolerance of these controls are exceptionally tight wherein many of these formulations are not considered satisfactory and require recycling, reworking, etc. of the finished dry mixes increasing the costs of production.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,592 issued to Carpenter et al. describes a pudding mix composition which, when combined with milk produces a desirable, creamy, glossy pudding. This is accomplished using fine particles of pregelatinized starch having less than a maximum of 1% by weight of the starch having a particle diameter greater than 63 microns (i.e., retained on a 230 mesh U.S. Standard Screen). A regular starch would generally have a particle size wherein less than 50% by weight of the starch particles pass through a 400 mesh U.S. Standard Screen with a substantial amount of the starch being retained on a 230 mesh U.S. Standard Screen (e.g., greater than 10%, usually greater than 25-50% by weight of the starch). U.S. Pat. No. 4,438,148 issued to O'Rourke et al. describes the use of controlled sized finely divided starch and controlled sized finely divided sugar particles to achieve a desirable, creamy, glossy pudding while U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,712 issued to Katcher et al. claims an improved dry instant pudding mix made from controlled sized starch and sugar.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,554,143 issued to Hinz et al. teaches that finely divided starch particles can be used in an instant pudding mix, only if their rate of hydration is retarded. Hinz et al. achieve the hydration rate retardation by coating the starch with a hydrophobic rate retardation by coating the starch with a hydrophobic material such as a lipid or talc. The problem Hinz et al. recognized is that when fine starch particles hydrate, there is a tendency for these particles to lump to the point when it is quite difficult to prepare a smooth pudding product.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,622 issued to Wison et al. describes a product and process for the making of a dry mix capable of being hydrated in an aqueous medium to form, without need for cooking, a firm gelled mass suitable for use as a pastry or pie filling having textural and organoleptic properties similar to those possessed by a cooked, starch-based filling. This product is produced by mixing sugar, starch, food-grade acidulant and appropriate amounts of flavorants and/or colorants. The starch component provides specific properties of viscosity and texture to the hydrated product. This procedure, however, provides a very grainy, lumpy appearance resembling an apple sauce product. This appearance is not desired in the production of pie fillings or puddings.
In a copending application U.S. Ser. No. 802,544 filed Nov. 27, 1985 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,397, issued Jan. 13, 1987, being commonly assigned to this application, there is a method described which provides an instant mix, and on reconstitution or hydration a no bake pie-filling mix is produced which has an improved glossy, smooth, creamy and firm texture with a sliceable pie cut characteristic on setting. This is accomplished by uniformity oil coating the natural carbohydrate sweetener solid particles with a liquid hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated edible oil, then dry mixing the oil coated sweetener with a rapid hydratable cold water swelling starch, maltodextrin, flavorants and the like to provide a flowable powder. This is accomplished in two steps to provide a highly desirable product in the presence of maltodextrin.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides another process for making an improved instant filling mix which on reconstitution produces a highly desirable glossy, smooth, creamy and firm texture with a sliceable pie cut characteristic on setting made from standard and finely divided particles, normally sized ingredients of filling mix such as starch, sugar or other sweeteners as well as other materials.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A process has been discovered for making an improved instant filling mix which on hydration produces a smooth, creamy and firm texture with a sharp pie cut characteristic on setting. The process includes the following steps:
(A) Dry mixing (1) a natural carbohydrate sweetener solid particles; (2) a rapid hydratable cold water swelling starch; (3) maltodextrin having a dextrose equivalent between about 5 and about 20; (4) flavor(s) and (5) edible food acid(s) for a period of time sufficient to obtain a substantially uniform mix.
(B) The product of (A) is mixed with about 4 to about 6 weight % of the total mixture of a liquid hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated edible oil until a uniform mixture of a flowable powder is obtained.
It has been discovered in this invention that if all the ingredients of sweetener, starch, malto-dextrin and/or flavor and edible foods are uniformly mixed and an edible oil in amounts ranging from about 4 to about 6 weight percent of the total composition is mixed with the premixed ingredients, the resulting product, on hydration, produces a smooth, creamy and firm texture with a sliceable pie cut characteristic on setting. If the maltodextrin or starch present in the mix, is added with oil prior to use with the remaining ingredients, a smooth and creamy filling will not be obtained in some instances because uniform distribution of the ingredients will not be achieved and, if a smooth and creamy filling is achieved, the set pie filling on prolonged setting will be syneresed to the point where the set will break down. To assure the smooth and creamy texture of the filling made by this invention, malto-dextrin is used to aid the uniform distribution of the ingredients on hydration. If maltodextrin is not used, the resulting product is lumpy, grainy and not acceptable as a high quality filling mix.
The weight percentage of ingredients used in the process of this invention based on the total composition are as follows:
______________________________________Ingredients Weight Percentage______________________________________natural carbohydrate sweeteners about 55 to about 80% preferably about 60 to about 68%rapid hydratable cold water about 16 to about 20%swelling granular starch preferably about 17 to about 19%malto-dextrin having a dextrose about 5 to about 15%equivalent between about 5 to preferably about 8 toabout 20 preferably about 9 to about 10%about 12edible oil about 4 to about 6% preferably 4.5 to about 5.5%flavor below about 1% preferably about 0.2 to about 0.5% as needededible food acid 0 to about 5% preferably about 1.0 to about 1.5%color as needed______________________________________
Additional ingredients, if desired, can be used in the above combination of materials to enhance taste, flavor, sweetness and whatever is needed to provide a satisfactory food product.
In this invention, the natural carbohydrate sweetener which can be used is sugar from any source available in dry granular form such as sucrose or dextrose as well as other solid sweeteners such as fructose, corn syrup solids, or mixtures thereof among other natural sweeteners. These sweeteners must be free flowing particles of suitable size to make instant mixes.
Various maltodextrins (hydrolyzed cereal solids) which are starch hydrolysates produced by converting pure refined corn starch into nutritive saccharides through the use of acids or specific enzymes, are used in this invention. The carbohydrate composition of maltodextrin is arranged to yield a dextrose equivalent from about 5 to about 20, preferably 7 to about 12. These are typically bland in flavor and without appreciable sweeteners. This maltodextrin is a free-flowing powder and its presence is for aiding the uniform distribution of all ingredients on hydration.
The rapid hydratable cold water swelling starch of this invention are being used as a thickening agent. These starches are obtained from a variety of starch sources such as tapioca, corn, high amylose, sweet potato, potato, waxy maize, canna, arrowroot, sorghum, waxy sorghum, waxy rice, sago rice and the like. The essential feature of the starch is that it is a rapid hydratable cold water swelling starch, preferably granular, which will set up on hydration with all the remaining ingredients present at room temperature in a reasonable time preferably in less than 2 hours and preferbly less than 1 hour in a smooth, creamy and firm texture with a sliceable pie cut characteristic. The type of starches that can be used can include the types of starches described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,949,104 issued to Hsiung Cheng, among other and commercially available, cold-water swelling starches identified as NU-COL 231, NU-COL 326, NU-COL 4227, MIRA-GEL 463 (manufactured and sold by the A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company, Decatur, Ill.). The preferred starch is the MIRA-GEL 463 which is a cold water swelling starch which hydrates in water at ambient temperatures, first forming to a thick smooth consistency and then setting to a resilient colloidal gel structure. The particle size of the starch is that which is normally used in the instant pudding or pie fillings, i.e., particle size wherein 95% passes through 100 Mesh U.S. Standard Screen and at least 65% passes through a 200 mesh U.S. Standard Screen. Finer particles can be used if desired. It is essential that the size particles of the starch are such that in the combination of the other ingredients a free-flowing powder is available. The term "cold water swelling" as used herein relates to the use of water for hydration below the boiling point of water, preferably below 150° F. and more preferably below 120° F. and ideally at room temperature or ambient temperatures.
The edible oil which is used herein is a liquid at use and preferably liquid at room temperature and can be any food acceptable hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated edible oil. The preferred oils are the hydrogenated vegetable oil including, among others: coconut oil, palm kernel oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, canola oil, corn oil and mixtures thereof. The oils used herein cannot have a taste or flavor which would interfer with the desirable taste and flavor of the filling mix.
The flavors used in this invention can be any acceptable flavors. These include among others, lemon, cherry, almond, pecan, strawberry, orange, lime, blueberry, raspberry and the like.
The edible food acids which can be used include, among others, citric acid, malic acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, or mixtures thereof.
After all the ingredients have been dry mixed, prior to the hydration step, the resulting product must be a flowable powder. On hydration, the product of this invention produces, without cooking or baking, a smooth, creamy and firm texture with a sharp pie cut characteristic on setting.
The following examples are presented for the purpose of further illustrating the present invention and are not to be taken as limiting.
EXAMPLE I
No Bake Lemon Pie
______________________________________ Weight Weight %Ingredients Grams of Total______________________________________Sugar 160 65.7Rapid Hydratable Cold Water 45 18.3Swelling Granular StarchMIRA-GEL 463 (Staley)Malto-dextrin (Lodex 10) 22 8.96dextrose Equivalent 10Hydrogenated Oil 13 5.2Citric Acid 3.0 1.2Lemon Flavor 2.0 0.81Yellow Color 0.007 0.002Trisodium Citrate 0.5 0.20Total 245.5 100______________________________________
Mixing procedure: All of the dry ingredients were thoroughly mixed in a Mixmaster® Blender. When the mix was a homogeneous mix, the hydrogenated oil was added and mixed for 10 minutes until a homogeneous flowable powder product was obtained. In a mixer containing 2 cups of hot water at 120° F., where the beaters are increased in the water and rotating, 245.5 grams of the above flowable powder product was slowly sprinkled on top of the water until all the product was added. The mixing continued (two minutes) until the product mixture was smooth and lump free. The resulting product was poured into a container and allowed to set up for 45 minutes. The product has a smooth, creamy and firm texture with a sliceable pie cut characteristic on setting.
EXAMPLE II
No Bake Lemon Pie
______________________________________ Weight Weight %Ingredients Grams of Total______________________________________Sugar 182 74.1Rapid Hydratable Cold Water 45 18.3Swelling Granular StarchMIRA-GEL 463 (Staley)Hydrogenated Oil 13 5.2Citric Acid 3.0 1.2Lemon Flavor 2.0 0.81Trisodium Citrate 0.5 0.20Yellow Color 0.007 0.002Total 245.5 100______________________________________
The sugar content of Example II was increased over Example I to provide the same solids content since Example II was prepared without maltodextrin. The mixing procedure of Example I was followed wherein the hydrogenated oil was added to the homogenous dry mix without maltodextrin and mixed for 10 minutes until a homogeneous flowable powder product was obtained. In a mixer containing 2 cups of hot water at 120° F.; where the beaters are immersed in the water and rotating, 245.5 grams of the above flowable powder product was slowly sprinkled on top of the water until all the product was added. The mixing continued for two minutes. The resulting product was poured into a container and allowed to set up for 45 minutes. The product was a very grainy, lumpy pie filling resembling an apple sauce product. This is not acceptable in regard to the required creamy and smooth property of Example I. The texture, however, was firm and had a sliceable cut characteristic.
EXAMPLE III
The process of Example I was repeated except the hydrogenated vegetable oil was mixed with the malto-dextrin. The starch was added to the oiled malto-dextrin and mixed thoroughly. The remaining dry ingredients were added to the oiled maltodextrin and starch and mixed for 15 minutes. The resulting product was added to 2 cups of hot water (120° F.) and mixed until smooth. Two egg yolks and one tablespoon of melted butter, used to add body, were added to the mixture and mixed again. The mixture was poured into a pie plate and set in one hour. The filling was smooth and creamy, however, on prolonged sitting, the product syneresed to the point where the set broke down.
EXAMPLE IV
The procedure of Example III was repeated except the starch was mixed with hydrogenated vegetable oil and the remaining ingredients were dry mixed with the oiled starch. The result of this example was similar to that of Example III that being a smooth product but the break down in set occurred on prolonged sitting.
The above disclosure has provided a description of the invention for the purpose of enabling the person skilled in the art how to make and use the same and has not been made for the purpose of detailing all things known or obvious to the skilled worker. Upon reading this disclosure, many modifications and variations be included within the scope of the present invention which is defined by the following claims. | A process for producing an instant no-bake filling mix which upon reconstitution or hydration has an improved glossy, smooth, creamy and firm texture with a sliceable pie cut characteristic on setting. A pre-filling mix is provided by mixing all dry ingredients and then incorporating fat or oil. | 2,509 |
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A normally spherical pellet has an energy-absorbing, clayey, deformable core encased in a substantially spherical, knit or open-work, two-way stretch fabric cover carrying a marking powder dislodged upon impact of the pellet with a hard surface.
PRIOR ART OF INTEREST
Reference is made to the following United States patents found in a preliminary Patent Office search on this disclosure.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,325,168 Fyanes
U.S. Pat. No. 3,634,280 Dean et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,637,220 Fraley
U.S. Pat. No. 4,065,126 Mantz
U.S. Pat. No. 4,150,826 Baldorossi et al.
None of these patents is possessed of the structural features or performance characteristics of the structure disclosed and claimed herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an isometric perspective showing a game playing setup in which the pellet of the invention is utilized.
FIG. 2 is a cross-section through a typical pellet constructed in accordance with the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In order to permit a player to practice his golf swings, particularly for longer shots rather than putting, there is afforded a setup which can be utilized indoors and in the usual size room. On the room floor there is erected a target board 6, usually of plywood or the like, arranged substantially upright and adequately supported against impact. The face 7 of the board is conveniently demarked or decorated to illustrate a golf hole 8 and a surrounding green 9 as well as accompanying rough 11 or comparable typography. While there is no particular scale involved, it is convenient to have the green 9 appear to an observer just as a practical green would appear to him if he were many yards distant.
In the same room and disposed on the floor a short distance from the target 6; for example, about six or eight feet away, is a mat 12 conveniently of a flexible material having upstanding bristles 13 therein and also carrying a deposit 14 of a clayey material so as to receive the stem of a golf tee 16 of the customary construction. The arrangement is such that the tee stands above the mat 12 very much as a tee would appear under normal exterior circumstances, the clayey material 14 serving as a substitute for the earth.
For use in connection with this equipment there is provided a pellet 21. This is a substantially spherical body of a clayey, energy-absorbing material 22 of approximately the same configuration and size as the customary golf ball and approximately of the same weight. The precise material used can be any of several variations, such as modelling clay, some waxes and the like, preferably with an additive such as sand grains of different sizes. These increase the weight of the pellet, and they are readily reworked with the main pellet material as the pellet is reshaped after impact. The material 22 in generally spherical form is first encased in a pocket-like enclosure 23 of two-way stretch woven, knit or other fabric having small interstices 24 therethrough. The fabric is brought around the spherical core 21 and has its edges gathered and sewn together at a closure 26 so that in effect the exterior appearance of the pellet is substantially spherical and uniform and is like that of a golf ball.
In addition, the pellet is provided with a particular area marker 27. This can be accomplished in various different ways, but in the present case the cover at one site is provided with a number of extending filaments 28 of a readily visible color.
The cover 24 is especially provided with and carries a fine powder, which does not show in the drawing but is interrelated with the cover and occupies many of the interstices therein. The powder is a relatively fine, readily visible talc, preferably white. During normal handling of the pellet, the powder remains well in place. Nevertheless, upon hard impact of the pellet with a surface, the powder is shaken loose or dislodges and deposits on the impacting surface.
In the normal use of the structure, the powdered and covered pellet, in its generally spherical configuration, is placed on the tee 16 in the usual way of a golf ball. The player, standing on or near the mat 12, addresses the pellet in the usual fashion, customarily with an iron club with which he particularly desires to practice. He makes the customary swing against the pellet and dislodges and drives or impels the pellet toward the target 6, endeavoring to land the pellet in the vicinity of the hole 8.
As he does so, two things occur. First, the impact of the golf club face against the pellet dislodges some of the powder onto the club face so that the area or zone of impact can be readily discerned upon later looking at the club face. Also, the club face, usually not flat but scored or serrated, makes a comparable imprint in the surface of the deformable pellet. Upon examination thereof subsequently it can readily be determined just where and at what orientation the club face contacted the pellet.
In addition, the pellet absorbs much of the impact energy by deforming out of the spherical shape to afford a flattened face where the club head hit it and where it hits the target. The pellet does not spring back nor restore itself to its initial shape.
The second thing that occurs is that when the pellet hits the target, the impact is sufficient so that additional powder leaves the pellet covering and deposits on the target so as to afford an indication of the location where the target impact occurred.
If desired, the target 6 can contain a number of indicating markers 31 with indicia 32 simulating arbitrarily the number of yards that the pellet has travelled comparable to the true flight of an actual golf ball.
At the target the pellet is likewise flattened and so eventuates with two flattened faces the relationship of which to the initial position of the pellet and to each other is more readily gauged by reference to the marker 27 and filaments 28.
The impact of the club face leaves a corresponding approximately flat area on the pellet, and the customary grooves on the club face leave corresponding marks on the pellet. These can be visually compared with a corresponding flat area due to impact with the target as to location in order to estimate closely just how the pellet was hit and in what direction it rotated during flight. A close estimate of hooking or slicing can be made.
By the use of this structure the player can determine accurately where the impact of his club with the pellet has occurred, both as to position on the club face above the teedup portion and laterally with respect to the club shank. Furthermore, by observing the powder mark on the target he can determine how well his swing has propelled the ball to the desired target area; that is, whether there has been rotation during flight resulting in a hook or a slice.
Following a single use of the pellet, it can be retrieved and after examination can manually be pressed back into substantially its original spherical form for reuse.
Since the pellet is highly energy absorbing and soft and not springy, it cannot cause any substantial damage even if it misses the panel completely and hits other objects in the room.
It has been found that by repeated use of the setup described with the characteristic pellet that it is possible to improve the accuracy of golf shots sufficiently to reduce the number of strokes required in an actual game. | A practice ball for use in simulated golf driving has a claylike, energy-absorbing, deformable core normally substantially spherical, surrounded by an open-work or knit fabric carrying a powder readily dislodged upon impact of said pellet with a hard surface. | 1,315 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention herein disclosed relates to a planter for holding plants and soil and, more particularly, to a planter with a convertible base component having reservoirs and associated capillary wells which render the planter self-watering.
2. Description of the Related Art
Prior art inventions which provide, generally, planters having bases are known and are disclosed in the following U.S. patents: Rothe U.S. Pat. No. 2,550,602, issued; Hille U.S. Pat. No. 2,802,304, issued; Reynolds U.S. Pat. No. 3,058,263, issued; Green U.S. Pat. No. 3,220,144, issued; Delogne U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,953, issued; Daenen U.S. Pat. No. 3,906,666, issued; Kay U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,382, issued; Holtkamp U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,577, issued; and Tardif U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,875, issued.
These prior art inventions, however, relate to planters having bases which are either non-detachable or, if detachable, are not convertible. Further, none of the prior art planters provide for a convertible base in combination with associated capillary wells and reservoirs.
For example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,382 to Kay, there is shown and described only a planter consisting of a pot and a tray which snap lock by way of a plurality of protuberances disposed in the tray and corresponding apertures in the pot. Nowhere therein, however, is it shown or described that the tray is convertible or that associated capillary wells and reservoirs comprise the invention.
The Kay disclosure is representative of the prior art inventions and it illustrates that the art has lacked a planter apparatus having a base which is versatile, conveniently nestable, relatively inexpensive to manufacture and which provides a means for supplying water to plant life contained therein continuously, following conventional watering, and for an extended period of time.
The invention disclosed herein provides a planter apparatus which achieves these advantages in a manner not revealed by the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Various planter configurations are conventionally known. For example, planters constructed of wood, clay, plaster and metal have been in existence for many years. Quite often, planters such as these have been configured such that a tray is provided below the planter to collect surplus water not absorbed by the soil or the plants therein contained following watering. Where a tray is not so provided, planters such as these are often configured simply with drainage holes at the bottom of the planter to allow water to pass directly out of the planter and onto whatever surface is below the planter.
In either case, despite whether a tray is provided, the operation of plant watering has been an inefficient process. This is because, where a tray has not been provided, no measure is provided for utilizing or recycling water that passes through the planter without being absorbed by either the plant life or soil contained therein. Where a tray is provided, it is commonly used only to collect surplus water so as to protect the surface below the planter. Thus, conventionally, planters have not included structure which efficiently recycles surplus water following watering.
More recently, planters made of plastic have become known. Plastic planters often include detachable trays. Like earlier planters, however, many of the plastic planters having trays make no provision for recycling surplus water collected in the tray following watering.
Certain devices, however, are known which provide for the watering of plants as by capillary action. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,220,144 to Green, a system which includes a feed tube, a reservoir and a water tower is disclosed. As explained in Green, water travels from the tower through a port to the reservoir. The water is then absorbed through the feed tube, which is packed with sand and disposed within a planter, by capillary action.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,953 to Delogne wicks, which extend from a plant container into a water-filled reservoir, supply plant life therein contained with water by capillary action.
Also, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,577 to Holtkamp there is disclosed a similar invention which provides for the capillary transmission of water from a water containing tray to a pot by way of a water pervious pad having one or more hinged, movable tabs which can be bent downwardly through an opening for submergence in the water in the tray.
Despite that they relate to the watering of contained plants by capillary action, however, none of the above-described inventions, disclose or teach the capillary watering of contained plants by associated wells and reservoirs as in the present invention.
Further, despite that consumers have grown increasingly particular and, now more than ever before, demand that consumer products including planters adapt for variable use, planters are not known which have convertible base components and which provide structure for effectively recycling surplus water collected in the base in either of its upright or inverted configurations.
The present invention provides such a planter having a convertible base in combination with associated capillary wells and reservoirs. Thus, the planter of the present invention generally comprises a container component and a base component wherein the container has disposed at its bottom a plurality of capillary wells and wherein the base component, in either of its upright or inverted positions, has disposed thereon associated reservoir means.
When the base component is in its upright configuration, it functions as a tray. Because the planter thus configured is readily adaptable for use either by direct placement upon a supporting surface or, as by hanging, connecting means are provided in the present invention to assure that the tray remains secured to the container component when the base is secured thereto in either of its upright or inverted configurations.
When the present invention is disposed upon a supporting surface, a user has the option of inverting the base component in which case the base functions as a pedestal thereby giving the planter a wholly distinct appearance. When so configured, a downwardly depending annular ring in the bottom of the container fits into a corresponding annular channel disposed on the inverted surface of the base.
In both its upright and inverted configurations, the base provides reservoir means for the collection of water and for communication with the capillary wells which depend downwardly from the outside surface of the container bottom.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further objects and features of the present invention are revealed in the following Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment of the invention and in the drawing figures wherein:
FIG. 1 is a top, plan view of the apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side, elevational view of the apparatus of the present invention showing the container and base components, the base being shown in both its inverted position and upright position as depicted in phantom;
FIG. 3 is a partial cross-section of the apparatus of the invention taken in the plane of line 3--3 of FIG. 1 and showing the base component in its attached, inverted configuration;
FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of the invention, similar to FIG. 3, showing the base component in its attached, upright configuration;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged partial cross-section detailing the connection between the container and base components of the apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a partial bottom plan view of the base component in its inverted configuration; and
FIG. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the press-fit means by which the base component connects to the container when the base is in its upright configuration.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now by reference numerals to the drawings which depict the invention in its preferred embodiment, attention is initially directed to FIGS. 1 and 2. It will be understood that shown therein is a planter 10 generally comprising a container 12 and a convertible base 14. The base 14 is depicted in FIG. 2 in both its upright 16 (phantom lines) and inverted 18 configurations.
In FIG. 1, it can be seen that the container 12 generally comprises an upper lip 20, an inner wall 22 and a bottom 24. Disposed between the inner wall 22 and the bottom 24 is an annular ring 26 which is stepped-down from both inner wall 22 and bottom 24.
Upper lip 20, inner wall 22, annular ring 26 and bottom 24 are all integrally formed as by injection molding. Thus, while any suitable materials can be employed for manufacturing the components of the present invention, it is preferred that moldable thermosetting and thermoplastic synthetic resinous materials such as olefin polymer and copolymeric materials like polypropylene and polyethylene be used. Desirably, these materials provide a sufficient degree of rigidity while retaining a degree of resiliency.
As can be seen in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, there are disposed radially about inner wall 22 a plurality of stanchions 28 which support base lip 30 when one planter 10 is placed within another.
While planter 10 can be stacked or nested with base 14 in either of its upright 16 or inverted 18 configurations, it is preferred that nesting be performed with base 14 in its upright 16 configuration in order to achieve optimum compactness.
Disposed within bottom 24 are a plurality of capillary wells 32. As clearly shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, capillary wells 32 are molded to bottom 24 such that they depend downwardly therefrom. The capillary wells 32 each include a plurality of cut-outs 34, as best shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, which facilitate the passage of water into and out of the container 12.
Positioned below both inner wall 22 and bottom 24 of the container 12 is molded and stepped-down annular ring 26. Radially disposed therein are a plurality of star-shaped connectors 36 and slots 38. Like cut-outs 34 in capillary wells 32, both connectors 36 and slots 38 also facilitate the passage of water into and out of the container 12.
When it is desired to attach container 12 to base 14 in its upright 16 configuration, such as is shown in phantom in FIG. 2 and in FIG. 4, capillary wells 32 are aligned with corresponding well reservoirs 40 which depend downwardly from the bottom 42 of base 14 when in its upright 16 configuration.
Preferably both capillary wells 32 and well reservoirs 40 are circular, the diameter of each capillary well being slightly smaller than that of each corresponding well reservoir 40.
Once the corresponding structures are aligned, the capillary wells 32 are lowered into the corresponding well reservoirs 40. Because the capillary wells 32 depend downward from the bottom 24 of container 12 to a distance slightly less than the distance the corresponding well reservoirs 40 depend downward of the bottom 42 of the base 14 in its upright 16 configuration, a suitable clearance is established within each well reservoir 40 to permit the unrestricted flow of water therein and into each capillary well 32. This relationship is shown particularly in FIG. 4.
With the capillary wells 32 and well reservoirs 40 in registry, star-shaped connectors 36 align with tray nipples 44 which are stepped-up from and circumferentially disposed thereabout the bottom 42 of the base 14 in its upright 16 configuration.
As shown particularly in FIGS. 1, and 4 and more particularly in FIGS. 5 and 7, star-shaped connectors 36 include individual tabs 46 which yield to graspingly engage tray nipples 44 when sufficient downward pressure is applied to container 12 when it is aligned with base 14 in its upright 16 configuration.
It should be noted that, because tray nipples 44 are molded in such a way as to project upwardly from spacers 48, sufficient clearance is provided between the underside 50 of annular ring 26 and the tray 52 region of base 14 in its upright 16 configuration so as to permit the unrestricted passage of water through slots 38 and connectors 36 disposed within the annular ring 26.
As can be appreciated, the passage of water through these structures and either into or out of the container 12 occurs in both directions depending upon how full the tray 50 is with water.
In operation, the planter 10 of the present invention (when configured with its base 14 in its upright 16 position) is readily adaptable to be placed upon a supporting surface or, following the attachment of appropriate suspension means (not shown) for use as a hanging planter. Once the base 14 is secured to the container 12, as described, it is only detachable when sufficient prying force is applied.
As configured, when plants contained within the planter are watered, water migrates through the soil toward the bottom 24 of the container 12. Once the water reaches the bottom 24, it flows both into the individual capillary well 32/well reservoir 40 structures and also into the stepped-down annular ring 26 where it disperses onto tray 52 after having passed through slots 38 and star-shaped connectors 36.
Provided that sufficient watering occurs to fill the well reservoir 40 structures and the tray 52, water will then be absorbed by the plant life until such time as the water is either totally absorbed or evaporated.
As indicated at the outset, and as depicted generally in FIG. 2, the base 14 is convertible such that, in addition to being adapted for connection to the container 12 in its upright 16 configuration, it is also adapted for use in its inverted 18 configuration whereupon it functions as a pedestal.
FIG. 3 provides, perhaps, the best depiction of the planter 10 of the present invention when adapted for use with base 14 in its inverted 18 configuration. In FIG. 3 it can be seen that the underside 50 of annular ring 26 fits between concentric inner 54 and outer 56 annular ribs which extend upwardly and away from the bottom exterior surface 58 of the base 14.
Basically, the distance between the inner and outer ribs 54 and 56 forms a channel 60 the width of which corresponds with the width of the underside 50 of the annular ring 26. Thus, when so configured, the container 12 rests securely within the channel 60 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 6.
Pedestal nipples 61, shown in FIGS. 3 and 6 and particularly in FIG. 4, are also provided and are disposed circumferentially within and upwardly from channel 60. When base 14 is attached to container 12 in its inverted 18 configuration, these structures function in conjunction with star-shaped connectors 36 in the same manner as do tray nipples 44 when base 14 is in its upright 16 configuration. This structure is shown in FIGS. 3 and 6. Thus, base 14 securely attches to container 12 in both its upright 16 and inverted 18 configurations thereby facilitating ease of handling and movement of planter 10 both when empty and when filled with soil and plant life.
Also shown in FIG. 3 is the cavity reservoir 62 which is formed when container 12 is mated with base 14 in its inverted 18 configuration. While not shown in FIG. 3 (rather See FIG. 4), well reservoirs 40 which depend downwardly from the bottom 24 of base 14 in its upright 16 configuration project upwardly into cavity reservoir 62 when the base 14 is in its inverted 18 configuration. Thus, to properly position the container 12 with the base in this configuration, the container need only be rotated slightly until the capillary wells 32 are out of alignment with well reservoirs 40.
When water is added to plants contained within the planter 10 in its pedestal configuration, the water migrates to the bottom 24 of the container whereupon it is dispersed into cavity reservoir 62 through capillary wells 32. Also, as can be seen in FIG. 6, gaps 64 in the annular inner 54 rib allow any water that migrates through slots 38 and/or star-shaped connectors 36 to flow into cavity reservoir 62.
As is true when base 14 is assembled with container 12 in the upright 16 configuration, when sufficient water is added to fill cavity reservoir 62 of planter 10 with base 14 inverted, water can then be absorbed by the contained plant life until such time as as the water is either totally absorbed or evaporated.
As can readily be appreciated, base 14 easily and conveniently separates from container 12 for cleaning or removal of any debris impeding water flow in either of its upright 16 or inverted 18 configurations.
The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not, however, intended to limit the invention to the precise embodiments disclosed because, obviously, modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The described embodiments were chosen in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Thus, while the present invention has been described by reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood that modifications and variations of the invention may be constructed without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. | An improved planter apparatus for holding soil and plants and the like comprising a container and a base releasably securable to the bottom of the container. The container and base are provided with press-fit locking means for connecting the base to the container. The base is convertible such that it functions as a tray in an upright configuration and as a pedestal when inverted. Downwardly depending capillary wells project from the bottom of the container into association with reservoirs disposed within the base in both of its convertible configurations. The dimension of the base is such that, when the base is attached to the container in its upright configuration, multiple planters can be nested. The nestability of the apparatus provides for convenient handling of multiple planters as well as commercial packaging and transportation cost benefits. | 2,998 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The field of invention relates to fluid dispenser apparatus, and more particularly pertains to a new and improved mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus wherein the same is arranged to accommodate mouthwash fluid for selective dispensing.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various fluid dispensing apparatus is available in the prior art and set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,746 to Wright wherein a liquid closure cap is arranged for mounting to an upper end of a fluid container.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,734,106 to Zimmerman sets forth a toothbrush mouthwash rinser kit arranged to secure a toothbrush and liquid cap structure mounted to a handle portion of the toothbrush member.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,848 to Chattman sets forth a mouthwash packaging structure having a cap mounting a toothbrush thereto.
As such, it may be appreciated that there continues to be a need for a new and improved mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus as set forth by the instant invention which addresses both the problems of ease of use as well as effectiveness in construction and in this respect, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of mouthwash dispensing apparatus now present in the prior art, the present invention provides a mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus wherein the same is arranged to selectively direct mouthwash fluid therefrom. As such, the general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new and improved mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus which has all the advantages of the prior art mouthwash dispensing apparatus and none of the disadvantages.
To attain this, the present invention provides a wall plate arranged for selective reception of a support member having a floor, with an internally threaded cylindrical skirt arranged to receive a mouthwash dispensing fluid container therewithin, with a valve plate reciprocatably mounted relative to a bottom surface of the floor to permit selective fluid flow therethrough. The apparatus is further arranged to include an adapter head arranged to receive a mouthwash bottle thereon having a truncated, conical directional conduit to receive an outlet opening of the fluid bottle.
My invention resides not in any one of these features per se, but rather in the particular combination of all of them herein disclosed and claimed and it is distinguished from the prior art in this particular combination of all of its structures for the functions specified.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus which has all the advantages of the prior art mouthwash dispensing apparatus and none of the disadvantages.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new and improved mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus which is of a durable and reliable construction.
An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus economically available to the buying public.
Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus which provides in the apparatuses and methods of the prior art some of the advantages thereof, while simultaneously overcoming some of the disadvantages normally associated therewith.
These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is an illustration of the wall support structure of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an isometric illustration of the mouthwash dispenser bottle of the invention.
FIG. 3 is an orthographic view, taken along the lines 3--3 of FIG. 2 in the direction indicated by the arrows.
FIG. 4 is an isometric illustration of an adapter head structure for use by the invention.
FIG. 5 is an isometric illustration of the adapter head mounted to the mounting skirt structure of the invention, as indicated in FIG. 1, in cooperation with a cup dispenser flange.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With reference now to the drawings, and in particular to FIGS. 1 to 5 thereof, a new and improved mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus embodying the principles and concepts of the present invention and generally designated by the reference numerals 11 through 47 will be described.
More specifically, the mouthwash dispenser kit apparatus of the instant invention essentially comprises a wall plate 11 having a top surface 12 orthogonally oriented relative to a front surface 13, with a rear surface 14 arranged for contiguous mounting to a support wall (not shown) employing mounting apertures 17 to receive fasteners therethrough for direction into the wall. The top surface 12 includes a plurality of T-shaped slots 15 directed into the wall plate originating through the top surface 12, with a front wall slot opening 16 in communication with an upper portion of the T-shaped slot and a lower portion of each T-shaped slot arranged for receiving a locking plate of a first width substantially equal to the first widths of each lower portion of each T-shaped slot. The upper portion of each T-shaped slot is arranged to receive a locking plate head 25. A plurality of such locking plate heads 25 are provided, as illustrated in FIG. 1, in association with a plurality of locking plates 24. The locking plate heads 25 are defined by a second width greater than the first width to be received within an upper portion of the T-shaped slot, with each front wall slot opening 16 arranged for receiving a support leg 23 orthogonally and medially bisecting each respective locking plate head 25. A cylindrical internally threaded mounting skirt 18 includes a support floor 19 having a floor opening 20 directed coaxially therethrough coaxially aligned with the cylindrical mounting skirt 18. An annular seal 21 is arranged in surrounding relationship relative to the floor opening 20 and may optionally include a piercing blade 22 arranged for projecting through a typical foil seal of an associated commercially available container. The support legs 23 are integrally mounted to an exterior surface of the mounting skirt 18 orthogonally oriented relative to its axis. A support plate 26 is positioned below the floor 19 having confronting support ledges 27 on opposed sides of the support plate 26 slidingly receiving a valve plate 28 therebetween. The valve plate 28 has a valve plate bore 29 arranged for selective alignment with the floor opening 20, whereupon the valve plate 28 is biased by a valve plate spring 30 into a displaced position to displace the valve plate bore 29 relative to the floor opening 20, whereupon manual depressing of the valve plate 28 permits alignment of the valve plate bore relative to the floor opening 20 permitting fluid flow therethrough. A valve plate handle 31 projecting exteriorly of the support plate 26 is arranged for convenient manual grasping for displacement of the valve plate as noted above.
The FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the use of a fluid container 32 utilized by the invention having a fluid container externally threaded outlet opening 33 for reception within an outlet opening head 34. The outlet opening head 34 has a head outer threaded portion 35 for threaded engagement within the internally threaded mounting skirt 18. Head inner threads 36 engage the fluid container's externally threaded outlet opening 33. A head central opening 37 directed medially of a top wall of the outlet opening head 34 includes a surrounding head central opening seal 38 for engagement with the annular seal 21 to permit fluid flow through the floor opening 20 only.
The FIG. 4 illustrates the use of a container adapter 39 employed by the invention as a portion of the kit structure to include a lower externally threaded cylindrical adapter head 40 arranged for selective reception within the mounting skirt 18. An adapter head floor 41 has a truncated conical receiving tube 42 coaxially aligned relative to the adapter head 40 projecting above the floor 41 within the adapter head formed of a resilient polymeric material to receive a fluid container opening thereabout in a sealing relationship (see FIG. 5). A plurality of support ribs 43 extend upwardly in a parallel relationship relative to the receiving tube axis 42a of the receiving tube 42, and a support rib plate 44 is provided having support rib slots 45 therethrough, with each slot arranged to receive an individual support rib 43 of the plurality of support ribs 43 to assist in alignment of the commercially available fluid container, as illustrated in FIG. 5. The use of the valve plate structure, as illustrated in FIG. 1, is employed by the organization, as illustrated in FIG. 5, and wherein the FIG. 5 structure further includes a cup holder flange 46 orthogonally mounted to the wall plate front surface 13 having a cup holder flange opening 47 directed therethrough to accommodate commercially available cup members in a convenient manner relative to the fluid dispensing structure for use by individuals.
As to the manner of usage and operation of the instant invention, the same should be apparent from the above disclosure, and accordingly no further discussion relative to the manner of usage and operation of the instant invention shall be provided.
With respect to the above description then, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.
Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention. | A wall plate is arranged for selective reception of a support member having a floor, with an internally threaded cylindrical skirt arranged to receive a mouthwash dispensing fluid container therewithin, with a valve plate reciprocatably mounted relative to a bottom surface of the floor to permit selective fluid flow therethrough. The apparatus is further arranged to include an adapter head arranged to receive a mouthwash bottle thereon having a truncated, conical directional conduit to receive an outlet opening of a fluid bottle. | 2,152 |
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application Serial No. 60/458,682, filed Mar. 28, 2003, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is directed to a pest control system comprising a low melting point polymer or copolymer, high levels of a solid fatty acid, and active compounds to produce a solid slow release generator of the active compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] It is well known that high molecular weight fatty acids such as stearic acid will bloom to the surface when compounded into a plastic matrix. Stearic acid is used in polymers as a process lubricant and an anti-block agent because of this property. However, when more than one to two percent of stearic acid is used with a conventional polymer, the compound becomes very difficult or impossible to process on conventional equipment such as an extruder or injection molding machine. This is due to the vast differences in melting points of stearic acid and the polymers plus the incompatibility between the two materials. The stearic acid lubricates to the extent that the compound simply turns in the barrel of the extruder or molding machine. If a low melt polymer conventional pellet is used, the same incompatibility is demonstrated when higher levels (above about 2%) of stearic acid is used.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] It has now been discovered by the applicant that by using small granules, small irregularly shaped particles or powder form of a low melting-point polymer, one is able to obtain a polymeric system containing high levels of a solid fatty acid, such as stearic acid. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a pest control system comprising a pest control formulation comprising a low melting polymer or copolymer (that is, a polymer or copolymer having a melt temperature of below 250° F., preferably below 200° F.), high levels of a solid fatty acid, and one or more active agents to produce a solid slow release generator of the active agents. By “high levels of a solid fatty acid” is meant from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, preferably from about 15 wt % to about 30 wt %, of the total formulation. The system is useful for making articles such as animal collars, ear tags, pest strips or blocks, and the like, for releasing the active agent from the article over an extended or prolonged period of time. By “extended or prolonged period of time” is meant for a period of activity longer than the period of activity exhibited by the raw active ingredient alone.
[0005] The present invention is further directed to a method for preparing a polymeric pest control system comprising high levels of a solid fatty acid, the method comprising combining an active agent with from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt % of the solid fatty acid, heating the combination to a liquid state, and then adding the combination to granules of, small irregularly shaped particles of, or powder of a low melting polymer or copolymer to make a dry blend. This dry blend may then be processed into a shape on a conventional extruder or molding machine at low temperatures. The resulting active agent generator is formed by extrusion or molding the mix into any desired shape such as a flea and tick collar for animals, a film covering for preventing bacteria or fungal growth on beds, etc.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0006] As used herein, “a” and “an” mean one or more, unless otherwise indicated.
[0007] The “fatty acid” or “solid fatty acid” useful in the present invention is any fatty acid of from about 16 to about 36 carbon atoms and being a solid at room temperature. Such fatty acids include, but are not limited to, stearic, palmitic, margaric, nonadecanoic, arachidic, heneicosanoic, dehenic, tricosanoic, tetracosanoic, pentacosanoic, and cerotic fatty acids. The solid fatty acid is present in the formulation of the invention in an amount of from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, preferably from about 15 wt % to about 30 wt %.
[0008] The “low melting polymer or copolymer” is selected from those polymers or copolymers having a melt temperature of below 250° F., preferably below 200° F. Examples of polymers and copolymers useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, polyethylene, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, ethylene acid copolymers, ethylene acrylates, polyurethanes, styrene-butadiene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, and mixtures and copolymers thereof. In order to obtain compatibility with the solid fatty acid and to improve processing of the formulation in conventional equipment, the polymer or copolymer is used, partially or wholly, in the form of granules, small irregularly shaped particles or powder. Conventional pellets of polymers are very difficult to work with in this invention and can only constitute a small percentage (no greater than about 15 wt % and preferably below about 10 wt %) of the total amount of polymer or copolymer, if they are used at all. The low melting polymer or copolymer is present in the formulation of the invention in an amount of from about 40 wt % to about 80 wt %, preferably from about 50 wt % to about 70 wt %, of which at least about 40 wt % is in the form of granules, small irregularly shaped particles or powder.
[0009] The pest control active agent may be an insecticide, bactericide, fungicide, acaricide, attractant, repellent, or any other biologically active ingredient that is compatible with the other components of the pest control system. In one presently preferred embodiment, the active agent is chosen from any active agent known to be useful in the control of insect or acarid pests. Exemplary pesticides and repellents which are effective against horn flies, face flies, stable flies, house flies, mosquitoes, lice, ticks, and mites are bioresmethrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, cypermethrin, decamethrin, pyrethrins, resmethrin, cyhalothrin, allethrin, dichlorvos, carbaryl, naled, citrus oils, citronella oil, pine oil, stirofos, fenvalerate, stabilene, benzyl benzoate, methyl nonyl ketone, N-butylacetanilide, di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate, 2-octylthioethanol, dimethyl carbate, dimethyl phthalate, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, and 2,3:4,5-bis (2-butylene)-tetrahydro-2-furfural. Many of these active ingredients are effective both as a pesticide and as a repellent, and the activity of many is enhanced by the inclusion of a synergist. Especially preferred synergists include piperonyl butoxide and N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide. The active agent may be a liquid or a solid at room temperature.
[0010] To prepare pest control systems according to the invention, the pest control active agent and the solid fatty acid are mixed together at a predetermined ratio, with the proviso that the fatty acid is present at a high level. Generally, the amount of fatty acid in the formulation should be at least about 5 wt %, preferably at least about 15 wt %. The active agent/fatty acid mixture is then heated to a liquid state and added to granules of, small irregularly shaped particles of, or powder form of a low melting polymer or copolymer to make a dry blend. This dry blend formulation may then be processed into a shaped article, such as a pet collar or an ear tag or the like, on a conventional extruder or molding machine at low temperatures (that is, at temperatures that will melt the low melting polymer or copolymer, which is generally below about 250° F.) by methods known in the art.
[0011] If processing of the shaped article takes place at higher temperatures, the article should be cooled to room temperature as quickly as possible. In some cases when the article is not quickly cooled, there is excessive bloom on the surface, which can flake off. When this happens, the article can be annealed at 140° F. as a post operation to prevent the excessive bloom.
[0012] Additional components may optionally be included in the pest control system of the invention. Such optional ingredients can include, but are not limited to, plasticizers, synergists, fragrances, coloring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers, and the like.
[0013] After being processed into the desired shape, the active agent will, together with the solid fatty acid, bloom to the surface of the article, making the active agent available to an environment, such as an animal for example, for pest control purposes, such as, for example, the control of insects and/or acarids on the animal. The fatty acid/active agent combination blooms to the surface and stops until a part of the surface material is removed. When the surface material is removed, it is replaced by more of the combination of the fatty acid/active agent from the inter-matrix of the plastic.
[0014] The following examples illustrate the practice of the present invention. Parts are given as percentages and temperature in degrees Fahrenheit unless otherwise noted. “RT” is room temperature.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0015] The formulation in Table 1 is prepared, and is then formed into an insecticidal dog collar, as follows:
TABLE 1 Ingredients: Percentages: d-cyphenothrin (Gokilaht) Tech. 15.6 Safflower Oil 5.0 Stearic Acid 20.0 Polymer MU 760-00 59.3 Blaze Orange T-15 colorant 0.1
[0016] Sources:
[0017] Gokilaht (d-cyphenothrin; synthetic pyrethroid) Technical—MGK Company.
[0018] Microthene® Polymer MU 760-00 (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ground powder, melt index: 32 (EMI), particle size: 35 mesh)—Equistar Chemicals, LP.
[0019] Colorant—Day Glow Color Corp
[0020] Mixing Procedure:
[0021] 1. The Gokilaht, safflower oil and stearic acid are weighed together. Heat is applied and the mixture brought to a liquid state at 165° F.
[0022] 2. The polymer is weighed and placed into a mixing vessel.
[0023] 3. The liquid active agent/stearic acid mixture is slowly added to the polymer while mixing.
[0024] 4. The Blaze Orange is then added and the resulting blend is allowed to cool to room temperature.
[0025] The blend is then extruded or molded into the shape desired, which, in this Example was a dog collar.
[0026] These collars were subjected to efficacy evaluation against fleas and ticks. The tests consisted of a treated group of three dogs (one collar per dog) and a control group of three untreated dogs. The dogs were chosen from random breed adult dogs of mixed sexes and with reasonably uniform haircoat types, and the dogs were individually housed, fed and maintained. The dogs were treated once on day 0 by buckling the test collar around the dogs' necks, leaving at least space for 2 fingers. The dogs were infested with fleas ( Ctenocephales felis ) and ticks ( Rhipicephalus sanguineus ) on the day before treatment and then re-infested weekly thereafter, each re-infestation to be made approximately 24 hours before the first of the next series of flea and tick counts. Flea and tick timed finger counts were performed at 24 and 48 hours after treatment and at 24 hours after each re-infestation. Comb counts, by removing and discarding all fleas and ticks, were performed at 72 hours after treatment and after each re-infestation.
[0027] The results are presented in Tables I-A and I-B below:
TABLE I-A Three-Dog Group Mean Efficacy Against Fleas Day % Efficacy 1 53 2 71 3 86 7 79 9 85 14 76 16 87 21 91 23 96 28 79 30 94 35 84 37 91 43 84 45 91
[0028] [0028] TABLE I-B Three-Dog Group Mean Efficacy Against Ticks Day % Efficacy 1 70 2 74 3 76 7 80 9 84 14 90 16 91 21 95 23 96 28 97 30 95 35 91 37 95 43 98 45 99
Example 2
[0029] The formulation in Table 2 is prepared, following the procedures of Example 1:
TABLE 2 Ingredients: Percentages: Propoxur (Sendran) Tech. 15.60 Nylar, 97% acitve 0.7 Safflower Oil 10.0 Stearic Acid 20.0 Polymer MU 760-00 58.6 Rocket Red colorant 0.1
[0030] Sources:
[0031] Sendran (2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methylcarbamate) Technical—Bayer, Inc.
[0032] Nylar® comprises approximately 50% by weight pyriproxyfen and approximately 50% by weight corn oil and is available from MGK Company.
Example 3
[0033] The formulation in Table 3 is prepared, following the procedures of Example 1:
TABLE 3 Ingredients: Percentages: Permethrin Tech. 15.6 Nylar, 97% active 0.7 Safflower Oil 5.0 Stearic Acid 20.0 Polymer MU 760-00 58.6 Blue Pigment R6BL9019 0.1
[0034] Sources:
[0035] Permethrin Technical—MGK Company.
[0036] The material of the above formulation was subjected to a weigh loss test to ascertain if the non-polymer materials would release from the polymer matrix. The test consisted of extruding the material into dog collars, weighing the collars, wiping the surface of the collars with a clean paper towel and reweighing. The weight difference from each wiping demonstrates the weight loss as it might happen in actual use. A commercial cat pest control collar was similarly tested, as a comparison. While the weight loss of the collar of this invention was lower overall than that of the commercial collar, it followed the same profile of continuous loss over the course of the 25-day study. Also, while it was impossible in this study to ascertain the percent of active agents being released by the wipe test, visual observations show that the released material was a mixture of the oil phase materials and stearic acid.
Example 4
[0037] The formulation in Table 4 is prepared, and is then formed into an insecticidal dog collar, as follows:
TABLE 4 Ingredients: Percentages: d-cyphenothrin (Gokilaht) Tech. 14.2 Phosflex 390 5.1 Stearic Acid 6.4 Nylar, 98.8% active 0.6 Polymer MU 760-00 53.7 Elvax 150 10.0
[0038] Sources:
[0039] Phosflex 390 (isodiphenyl phosphate)—Akzo Nobel.
[0040] Elvax (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer; conventional pellets)—DuPont.
[0041] Mixing Procedure:
[0042] 1. The Gokilaht, phosflex, stearic acid and Nylar are weighed and added to a heatable mixing vessel. The materials are heated to 165° F. and mixed until a honogenous solution is achieved.
[0043] 2. The MU 760-00 and the Elvax 150 polymers are weighed, placed into a mixing vessel and blended to uniformity.
[0044] 3. While the polymers are mixing, the heated liquid active agent/stearic acid mixture is sprayed onto the polymers. Mixing continued until the mass reached room temperature.
[0045] 4. The liquids should be applied to the polymer powder while the polymers are being mixed, so as not to cause large lumps to form. This should be done far enough in advance of extrusion (generally about 24 hours is sufficient) so that the liquids can solidify and a free-flowing powder is achieved.
[0046] The resulting formulation was extruded into dog collars. The Extrusion Profile is:
Extruder: Prodex 2½ inch; PE Screw 24/1 single stage; Screw rpm = 30 Zone temperatures: #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 Gate Die off off off 205 205 195 195 Screen Pack: 1-40 2-80 Collar dimensions and weight: 1 in. × 0.513 in. × 0.109 in. −0.748 grams; oval shape | The present invention is directed to a pest control system comprising a low melting point polymer or copolymer, high levels of a solid fatty acid, and active compounds to produce a solid slow release generator of the active compounds. | 2,478 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Free throw shooting is a pivotal part of basketball. All levels of basketball from amateurs, professionals and championships are won and lost at the free throw line. The Magic Arc allows a basketball player to improve in this important area of the game.
The Magic Arc came to fruition from observing the mechanics of hundreds of players from different skill levels of basketball. The players who shoot a higher percentage from the free-throw line have more arcs on the ball.
The present device will give the basketball player an optimal line of sight to the basket from the free-throw line. With this device a basketball player could actually see the correct arc and the basketball at its apex to make the basket. The Magic Arc can also be used to help a basketball player to improve their mid range jump shot. Therefore, this This product is a dual purpose shooting aid.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A basketball free-throw shooting aid that helps a basketball player to envision and increase his/her ability to develop a consistent shooting arc from the free throw line to the basketball hoop.
The Magic Arc is placed on the ground to stand directly in front of the free throw shooter. The vertical adjustable length pole is adjusted in height for the shooter's comfort. The next step is to attach the Tubular Are Guide to the front of the basketball rim. This will enable the shooter to develop a consistent shooting arc simply by shooting the basketball to follow the path of the Arc Guide in the direction of the basketball hoop.
The player has also the capability of placing The Magic Arc in different shooting spots around the perimeter of the key area. By applying the same concept as shooting free throws but instead shoots mid range jump shots.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 . Is a side view of the base assembly, frame, connector piece and Tubular Arc Guide attached to basketball rim.
FIG. 2 . Is an enlarged side view of the pole cut to size sealed onto the molding taken from FIG. 1 .
FIG. 3 . Is an enlarged front view of the Connector Piece taken from FIG. 1 .
FIG. 4 . Illustrates an enlarged side view of the Tubular Arc Guide attached to the basketball rim taken from FIG. 1 .
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
1 [.] Base assembly
2 [.] Form fitting hole located on the back of base assembly for pole to be inserted
3 [.] Metal circular rod attached inside vertical adjustable pole
4 [.] Assembly includes alien screw and washer to secure the vertical adjustable pole.
5 [.] Hole drilled in protrusion on front part of base assembly includes bolt, washer and nut to hold side pole
6 [.] side pole cut to size a molding is formed and attached at one end of the side pole to slide onto the adjustable pole
7 [.] Hose clamp wraps around at the bottom of the molding to secure in place.
8 [.] Vertical adjustable pole
9 [.] Holes on the side of pole to adjust to various height settings
10 [.] Metal mechanism used to adjust pole upward or downward
11 [.] Metal pipe fits over adjustable pole to stabilize the base assembly
12 [.] Inner pole smaller in diameter to fit in vertical adjustable pole to increase the height of the pole
13 [.] Hole drilled in the inner pole to hold the connector piece with assembly includes bolt, washers, circular spacers and nut
14 [.] Spacer attached inside inner pole in front
15 [.] Spacer attached to inner pole behind the connector piece
16 [.] Connector Piece
17 [.] Threaded hole drilled in the Connector Piece with a thumb screw to stabilize and suspend the Tubular Arc Guide in the air
18 [.] First section of the Tubular Arc Guide.
19 [.] Second section of the Tubular Arc Guide
20 [.] Third section of the Tubular Arc Guide
21 [.] Hole drilled through the Tube to connect to the Connector piece
22 [.] Connection piece molded at the end of Tubular Arc Guide with a threaded hole drilled through to connect the second section
23 [.] Hole drilled through the second tube to attach to the connection piece located at end of the first section
24 [.] Thumb screw
25 [.] Connection piece molded at end of tubular arc guide with a threaded hole drilled through to connect the third section
26 [.] Thumb screw
27 [.] Hole drilled through the third tubing to attach to the connection piece located at end of the second section
28 [.] metal hook inserted at the tip inside a circular molding
29 [.] basketball rim 4 [.]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The Magic Arc of includes a base-assembly that is made of lightweight rigid material. The top side of the base-assembly has a form fitting hole located on the back of the base. In front of the base there is a protrusion.
There are two poles made of lightweight material that attaches to the base-assembly to form a solid frame for support. The pole is attached to the protrusion by drilling a hole through the protrusion to connect the pole with a bolt, washer and nut. The pole is to be angled to be perpendicular from the base-assembly.
Towards the top of the side pole it is cut to fit into a molding that slides onto the vertical adjustable length pole. The sturdy molding slides onto and around the vertical adjustable length pole, with a screw hose clamp attached around the bottom of the circular molding.
The vertical adjustable length pole is inserted into the form-fitting hole, located on the back of the base-assembly. The adjustable length pole is secured to the base by an alien screw, located on the bottom of the base that screws into a threaded rod.
The vertical adjustable length pole comprised of two poles. One pole is made slightly smaller in diameter to fit inside of the other pole. This allows the inner pole to adjust in height by sliding the metal mechanism that is attached to the inner pole. By pushing the metal mechanism inward and pushing the inner pole upward simultaneously into the various holes positioned on the side of the outer pole.
Attached to the top of the inner pole section of the vertical adjustable length pole is a connector made from rigid material. The connector is attached via holes drilled through the inner pole and the connector attached by a bolt, washer, circular spacers and nut.
The inner pole can be modified by cutting a U-shape form that will allow the connector to be inserted. A hole must be drilled through the connector to house a thumb screw. Inside the inner pole lie two spacers. The spacers are attached to both sides of the inner pole.
Attached to the connector on the vertical adjustable length pole is a Tubular Arc Guide made from sturdy material, yet flexible in its application. The Tubular Arc Guide is formed into the shape of an arc. Each section has holes drilled on the end enabling thumb screws to attach all sections together by a connecting piece.
At the end of the final piece of the Arc Guide is a metal hook that is inserted at the tip inside a circular mold. The metal hook attaches to the front of the basketball rim.
To secure the base while utilizing the Magic Arc, a metal pipe has been cut to fit over and slide onto the adjustable pole. The metal pipe rest on the top of the base assembly located where the adjustable pole inserts into the hole. This enables the Magic Arc to remain stable on the ground while in use. | The purpose of the shooting aid is to provide the basketball player with a visual trajectory of the correct path from the free throw line to the basketball hoop. The unique Tubular Arc Guide design offers the basketball player one of the most effective methods to increase their ability to make a higher percentage of free throws. | 1,363 |
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Technical Background:
[0002] The present invention relates to a catheter, and more particularly to a catheter with a centering tip.
[0003] 2. Discussion:
[0004] Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and stenting are therapeutic medical procedures used to increase blood flow through the coronary arteries and can often be used as alternatives to coronary bypass surgery. In PTCA procedures, the angioplasty balloon is inflated within the narrowed or stenosed vessel, at the desired location for treatment, such as an atheroma or plaque deposit, in order to obtain an enlarged opening or lumen. In stenting, an endoluminal prosthesis of any appropriate type is implanted in the vessel to maintain patency following the procedure. In order to initiate these procedures, one must first introduce a guidewire into the lumen of the vessel to serve as a conduit for other interventional devices, such as angioplasty balloons and stent delivery systems. This guidewire must be advanced into a position past the location of the stenosis. Additional interventional devices, such as angioplasty balloon catheters and stent delivery systems, are then advanced over the guidewire and positioned at the site of the stenosis, to initiate therapeutic treatment of the lesion.
[0005] A common treatment method for using such an angioplasty balloon catheter or stent delivery system is to advance the catheter into the body of a patient over the guidewire, by directing the catheter distal end percutaneously through an incision and along a body passage until the device is located within the desired site. One difficulty commonly encountered with the procedure is that irregularities of the lumenal surface and narrowing of the passageway may result in delivery difficulty, because the distal end of the balloon catheter or the stent delivery system may “catch” on the wall surface. This may cause a challenge in reaching the targeted position in the vessel, and therefore may inhibit successful treatment of the lesion. Another difficulty that is encountered with this procedure is that once the target lesion is reached, stent deployment may not be perfectly uniform if the stent delivery system is not centered within the vessel. This lack of centering may result in the stent cells around the circumference of the stent not opening up completely, resulting in non-uniform deployment. The end result may be reduced strength and incomplete stent scaffolding of the vessel, and a less than optimal clinical result.
[0006] The general concept of a centering catheter for treating a body vessel with a radioactive source is well known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,224,535 and 6,267,775.
[0007] However, the art has yet to disclose or suggest any devices for centering a non-radiation source catheter during its entire journey through the vasculature and to the treatment site, to facilitate access to tortuous anatomy, and then to promote uniform deployed stent expansion at the treatment site.
[0008] The present invention provides for a centering catheter which operates to remain centered during its entire journey through the vasculature and toward the treatment site, as well as at the treatment site, and which overcomes many of the disadvantages associated with the use and operation of prior art devices.
[0009] An objective of the present invention is to facilitate access to tortuous anatomy, so that a lesion location may be more easily reached and the vessel may be treated. Another objective of the present invention is to facilitate uniform deployed stent expansion by stabilizing the stent delivery system catheter and centering it in the vessel during stent deployment.
[0010] The centering catheter of the present invention comprises an elongated catheter body having a proximal end and a distal end, and at least one centering device attached near the distal end of the catheter. The centering device comprises a proximal end and a distal end and at least two struts extending therebetween. The centering device has a smaller diameter for insertion into a lumen and a larger diameter for expanding to substantially equal the diameter of the lumen and to center the catheter within the lumen. The centering device also has a plurality of intermediate diameters, between the smaller diameter and the larger diameter. These intermediate diameters may be utilized as the centering device adjusts to diameter variations in the lumen of the vessel during the catheter journey through the vasculature and toward the treatment site. Once the site is accessed, the centering device may also facilitate uniform stent delivery for either balloon expandable or self-expanding stents, by centering the distal end of the catheter during the deployment of the stent. Uniform stent expansion may contribute to a successful clinical outcome by insuring that optimal scaffolding of the vessel has occurred and optimal radial strength has been achieved to resist elastic recoil of the vessel following an interventional procedure. The catheter may then be withdrawn from the lumen of the vessel.
[0011] In accordance with one aspect, the present invention is directed to a catheter having at least one centering device attached near the distal end of the catheter. Each centering device comprises a proximal end and a distal end and at least two struts extending therebetween. Each centering device preferably has a variable diameter that centers the distal end of the catheter, steering the catheter away from the vessel wall during its insertion through the vasculature to the treatment site.
[0012] In accordance with another aspect, the present invention is directed to a stent delivery system comprising at least one centering device attached near the distal end of the stent delivery system. Each centering device comprises a proximal end and a distal end and at least two struts extending therebetween. Each centering device preferably has a variable diameter that centers the distal end of the catheter during the process of stent deployment.
[0013] An advantage of the present invention is that the sometimes-tortuous anatomy of the vasculature may be more easily traversed while avoiding lumen damage, and access to the lesion location may be facilitated by the availability of a centering device that centers the catheter throughout its introduction into the vessel. Another advantage of the present invention is that the centering device may stabilize the distal end of the catheter during stent expansion, and may therefore allow the operator to achieve a more uniform stent expansion with resultant clinical benefits to the patient.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0014] The foregoing and other aspects of the present invention will best be appreciated with reference to the detailed description of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0015] [0015]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic, partial, enlarged, cross-sectional view of an example embodiment of the centering catheter, with the centering device on a balloon catheter, in accordance with the present invention.
[0016] [0016]FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic, partial, enlarged, cross-sectional view of an example embodiment of the centering device, with the centering device on a stent delivery system, in accordance with the present invention.
[0017] [0017]FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic, partial, enlarged, cross-sectional view of a non-centering stent delivery system catheter in an irregular and narrowed lumen of a tortuous vessel.
[0018] [0018]FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic, partial, enlarged, cross-sectional view of an example embodiment of the centering catheter, with the centering device on a stent delivery system in an irregular and narrowed lumen of a tortuous vessel, in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0019] The centering catheter of the present invention is designed to facilitate access to a treatment site in a lumen of a vessel through tortuous anatomy, and to facilitate uniform stent deployment at the treatment site. The centering catheter of the present invention comprises an elongated catheter body having a proximal end and a distal end, and at least one centering device attached near the distal end of the catheter. The centering device comprises a proximal end and a distal end, and at least two struts extending therebetween. The centering device has a smaller first diameter for insertion into the lumen, a larger second diameter for expanding to substantially equal the diameter of the lumen of the vessel, and a plurality of intermediate diameters therebetween.
[0020] The centering device may be employed in any type of flexible elongated medical device product, including catheters, cannulae, guidewires and scopes. Although the centering catheter may be utilized in conjunction with any type of device, for ease of explanation, the exemplary embodiments described below will refer to a balloon catheter and stent delivery system.
[0021] While the present invention may be realized in a number of exemplary embodiments, for ease of explanation, two exemplary embodiments will be described in detail. Referring to the figures, there is illustrated in FIG. 1 a centering catheter 10 made in accordance with the present invention. The distal end of the centering catheter 10 comprises an inner member 20 , which extends longitudinally through the centering catheter 10 ; a catheter tip 25 ; at least one centering device 40 attached to the circumference of the inner member 20 ; and an angioplasty balloon 30 attached to the inner member 20 proximal to the at least one centering device 40 . Each centering device 40 comprises a proximal end 42 and a distal end 44 and at least two struts 50 extending therebetween. The struts 50 may be equally or unequally spaced. The struts 50 may be longitudinal, as illustrated in FIG. 1, or circumferential, or any number of other suitable configurations. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the centering device 40 has a larger diameter that substantially equals the diameter of the lumen, and substantially exceeds the diameter of the inner member 20 . Therefore, the centering device 40 may center the tip 25 of the centering catheter 10 in the lumen during and throughout insertion into the vessel, until the treatment location is reached.
[0022] The at least one centering device 40 may be made from any number of suitable materials, and is preferably made from a superelastic alloy such as Nitinol. The struts 50 may alternatively be hingedly connected struts. The centering device 40 may be coated with any number of suitable materials, and is preferably coated with a lubricious or biologically compatible coating. The centering device 40 may be removably or permanently attached to the inner member 20 . The centering catheter may be any suitable configuration catheter, and may preferably be an over the wire or rapid exchange catheter.
[0023] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the centering catheter may be advanced into the lumen of a vessel with the centering device 40 expanding to make contact with the walls of the lumen. The centering device 40 thus serves to center the distal end of the catheter 10 and its inner member 20 as it is pushed through the vasculature to the treatment site. The struts 50 are compressible and allow the centering device 40 to vary its diameter as the lumenal diameter varies, while always keeping the catheter tip 25 of the centering catheter 10 centered in the lumen. This may facilitate the pushability and trackability of the centering catheter 10 as it traverses the vasculature.
[0024] [0024]FIG. 2 illustrates another exemplary made in accordance with the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, a centering catheter 10 is a stent delivery system which comprises an inner member 20 , which extends longitudinally through the catheter 10 ; a catheter tip 25 ; at least one centering device 40 attached to the circumference of the inner member 20 ; an angioplasty balloon 30 attached to the inner member 20 proximal to the at least one centering device 40 ; and a stent 60 mounted on the angioplasty balloon 30 . Each centering device 40 comprises a proximal end 42 and a distal end 44 and at least two struts 50 extending therebetween. The struts 50 may be equally or unequally spaced. The struts 50 may be longitudinal, as illustrated in FIG. 2, or circumferential, or any number of other suitable configurations. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the centering device 40 has a larger diameter that substantially equals the diameter of the lumen, and substantially exceeds the diameter of the inner member 20 . Therefore, the centering device 40 may center the catheter tip 25 of the centering catheter 10 in the lumen during and throughout insertion into the vessel, and during stent deployment. Another centering device may also be added to the centering catheter 10 at the proximal end of the stent 60 to facilitate uniform stent deployment.
[0025] The at least one centering device 40 may be made from any number of suitable materials, and is preferably made from a superelastic alloy such as Nitinol. The chronic outward force of the Nitinol may be increased, and/or the diameter of the centering device may be increased to enhance the stabilization of the system during stent deployment. The struts 50 may alternatively have hinges near their midpoints. The centering device 40 may also be coated with any number of suitable materials, and is preferably coated with a lubricious or biologically compatible coating. The centering device 40 may be removably or permanently attached to the inner member 20 . The centering catheter 10 may be any suitable configuration catheter, and may preferably be an over the wire or rapid exchange catheter. The stent 60 may be a balloon expandable stent, as illustrated in FIG. 2, or a self-expanding stent.
[0026] As illustrated in FIG. 2, the centering catheter 10 may be a stent delivery system that is advanced into the lumen of a vessel, with the centering device 40 expanding to make contact with the walls of the lumen. The centering device 40 thus serves to center the distal end of the catheter 10 and its inner member 20 as it is pushed through the vasculature to the treatment site. The struts 50 are compressible and allow the centering device 40 to vary its diameter as the lumen diameter varies, while always keeping the catheter tip 25 of the centering catheter 10 centered in the lumen. This may facilitate the pushability and trackability of the centering catheter 10 as it traverses the vasculature. When the treatment site is reached, the centering device 40 may stabilize the stent delivery system in the lumen of the vessel to insure uniform stent 60 deployment.
[0027] There is illustrated in FIG. 3 a non-centering catheter 100 in an irregular and narrowed lumen of a tortuous vessel 200 . The lumen may be narrowed by plaques and other deposits 210 on the lumenal surface. The tip 110 of the non-centering catheter 100 may therefore become uncentered and may “catch” on the lumenal surface. Delivery of the noncentering catheter 110 to the targeted position in the lumen of the vessel may be difficult. In addition, deployment of a stent 120 (shown mounted on a balloon 130 ) may not be perfectly uniform.
[0028] There is illustrated in FIG. 4 a centering catheter 10 with the at least one centering device 40 on a stent delivery system in an irregular and narrowed lumen of a tortuous vessel 200 . The lumen may be narrowed by plaques and other deposits 210 on the lumenal surface. Delivery of the centering catheter 10 to the targeted position in the lumen of the vessel may be facilitated by the presence of the at least one centering device 40 , which tends to center the tip of the catheter 25 in the lumen of the vessel 200 . Deployment of a stent 60 , shown mounted on a balloon 30 , may be facilitated by the presence of the at least one centering device 40 , which tends to center the catheter 10 within the vessel and facilitate uniform stent deployment.
[0029] Although shown and described are what are believed to be the preferred embodiments, it is apparent that departures from specific designs and methods described and shown will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The present invention is not restricted to the particular constructions described and illustrated, but should be constructed to cover all modifications that may fall within the scope of the appended claims. | A catheter with at least one centering device attached near a distal end of the catheter. The centering device has at least two struts extending between a proximal end and a distal end. The centering device has a variable diameter and tends to center the distal end of the catheter, steering the catheter away from the vessel wall during insertion through the vasculature and toward the treatment site. The centering catheter may facilitate access to tortuous anatomy by preventing the catheter tip from catching on irregularities in the lumenal surface. The centering catheter may also facilitate uniform stent expansion by stabilizing the catheter during stent deployment. | 2,807 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/701,812, filed Aug. 21, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,906,974, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/340,987, filed Nov. 17, 1994, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Kidney dialysis has been a therapeutic boon to thousands of patients a year, who have severely compromised or non-existent kidney function. However, many of these patients experience side effects and complications ranging from hypersensitivity to recurrent hypotension. For a general discussion of hemodialysis complications, see Levin, et al., "Complications During Dialysis", in Nissenson, et al., eds., Dialysis Therapy, Hanley & Belfes, Inc., 1986, p. 85. Among the most common of complications is hypotension, arising in 20-30 percent of all hemodialysis patients. Many of these patients experience chronic hypotension, some so severe that they cannot tolerate the procedure at all, and must resort to peritoneal dialysis or transplant. The incidence of intradialytic hypotension occurs most frequently in older patients and in women.
The cause of intradialytic hypotension varies depending on whether it occurs early or late in the treatment phase. It may result when the rate of intravascular volume depletion during ultrafiltration exceeds replacement. The diffusion of replacement fluid into the intravascular space counteracts the normal compensatory response of increased peripheral resistance. Also, hypotension can occur even during volume overload because of the time dependency of refilling of the intravascular space. Similarly, if the patient's weight is below the "dry weight", volume shifts may no longer be adequate to maintain blood pressure. For a discussion of the causes of hypotension in hemodialysis, see Schulman, et al., "Complications of Hemodialysis", in Principles and Practices of Nephrology, Jacobson, et al., eds., B. C. Decker, Inc., 1991, pp. 757-759.
Other causes of intradialytic hypotension have been described. Shulman, infra, p. 759 lists as early hemodialysis hypotension causes: dialyzer volume, bioincompatible membranes, various medications, sepsis, and pericardial tamponade; listed as late stage hypotension causes, in addition to ultrafiltration rate and a too low setting for dry weight: excessive weight gain, decline in osmolarity, acetate accumulation, arrhythmia, and autonomic neuropathy. It is significant to note that most of the common causes of intradialytic hypotension involve fluid volume changes for which the body is incapable of fully compensating.
Treatment of intradialytic hypotension focuses on its suspected cause. If a too rapid removal of fluids is the suspected cause, dialysis is discontinued and the patient is placed in the Trendelenburg position to enhance venous return. (See Kidney Electrolyte Disorders, eds. J. C. M. Chan, et al., Churchill Livingstone, 1990). The most common pharmacologic intervention for hypotension is administration of isotonic or hypertonic saline, to restore fluid balance. Pressor agents are not generally recommended, in part because a high percentage of hemodialysis patients are older persons with manifest clinical hypertension. In fact, it is recommended in designing hemodialysis regimens for these patients, that all blood pressure medication be curtailed for at least four hours prior to treatment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Since patients requiring hemodialysis generally must be treated two to three times weekly for several hours per treatment, it is medically desirable to minimize complications as much as possible to avoid sequelae requiring further intervention, and needless traumatization of the patient. This is especially desirable for predictably recurrent complications in particular patient subgroups, such as those having recurrent hypotension.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a preventive therapy in which an agent is administered prophylactically about the time dialysis commences, to achieve circulatory stability and maintain blood pressure at acceptable levels. From the standpoint of patient well-being it is preferable to prevent hypotension from occurring than to treat the condition once it is manifest.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a therapy for intradialytic hypotension generally which prevents hypotension arising from multiple causes, and not just treating manifest hypotension once a suspected cause has been identified.
In the method of the present invention, stroma-free hemoglobin is peridialytically administered in a low dose for stabilizing the circulatory system in hemodialysis patients susceptible to chronic episodes of blood pressure fluctuation, and for treating chronic hypotension in susceptible patients undergoing hemodialysis.
The hemoglobin solution administered is stroma-free hemoglobin and preferably diaspirin cross-linked. It is advantageous to administer the solution over a period of 10 to 45 minutes after commencement of hemodialysis.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic showing the design of clinical trials.
FIGS. 2a and 2b are graphs depicting the course of systolic (2a) and diastolic (2b) blood pressure during hemodialysis.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
While any patient undergoing renal hemodialysis may encounter complications because of the frequency and duration of treatment, certain patient subgroups appear to be especially prone to complications such as hypotension occurring early in the procedure or in the later stages. These recurrent hypotensive episodes can be generally of two types, (1) in which blood pressure fluctuates, sometimes erratically, or (2) the patient experiences a sudden drop in pressure resulting in dizziness and actual fainting. These episodes may be accompanied by cardiac arrhythmia, which actually contributes to the condition. Such sudden drops in pressure may occur more than once in a single dialysis procedure. In general, a hypotensive event is said to occur when blood pressure falls either suddenly or transiently about 10 minutes after procedure initiation, by greater than about 20 mm Hg, or when systolic blood pressure falls below 100 mm Hg although these criteria will vary and are often interpreted very subjectively.
Patients who experience hypotension or blood pressure fluctuation can be identified from their file histories, and may be considered for the hemoglobin therapy of the present invention if routine adjustments in the dialysis procedure (lowering rate of ultrafiltration, salt concentration of the dialysate, etc.) do not produce a remission of the episodes. It will largely be a matter for the attending physician or nephrologist to ascertain those who qualify for hemoglobin therapy, taking into account factors such as the age and condition of the patient, secondary pathologies, drug regimens, the frequency and severity of hypotensive episodes, etc.
Administration of hemoglobin suppresses blood pressure fluctuation, and largely prevents intradialytic hypotension. One unexpected benefit is to minimize and virtually obviate conventional therapeutic intervention, even for causes of hypotension classically associated with fluid imbalances. Infusions of albumin, iso- and hypertonic saline, are avoided, which enhances patient comfort and well-being during the dialysis procedure.
The hemoglobin therapy of the present invention involves administration of hemoglobin in a pharmacologically effective amount, generally, at low doses. In the clinical studies set forth in the Example, three dose levels of 25, 50 and 100 mg hemoglobin/kg body weight were infused. In other studies, and from animal models, pharmacologic efficacy is achieved in dose ranges from 10 mg/kg to about 1200 mg/kg. Any dose in this range is "low" when defined as an amount of hemoglobin too low to serve as a one-for-one oxygen carrying replacement for whole blood in which blood loss results in hypotension at least as pronounced as is observed in susceptible patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Response of individual patients to particular doses of hemoglobin will vary, as with any drug, and the physician will adjust the dose to achieve the optimal effect. In some patients a dose of 15 mg/kg may be adequate, but in others a dose towards the high end of the recommended dose range (1200 mg/kg) may be required. In the occasional patient a dose in excess of 1200 mg/kg may be needed to be pharmacologically effective, and is still considered by Applicants to be within the scope of the invention so long as the low dose definition set forth herein is met.
While it is known that the pharmacologic effects of hemoglobin are dose dependent up to a certain threshold, the duration of the effects is affected by dose, with the effects obtained at a larger dose continuing longer. In patients having a history of primarily late stage hypotension, larger doses may be indicated so that an adequate level is present at later times in the dialysis treatment, when hypotensive episodes are anticipated. In some patients, it may be most beneficial to administer the hemoglobin in more than one dose, or even in a continuous dose, over the course of dialysis. Such variations are within the scope of the present invention, so long as administration occurs peridialytically in relation to the treatment.
Timing of hemoglobin administration is preferably coincident with the commencement of dialysis, and continues by intravenous infusion over a 10 to 45 minute period. Although hemoglobin administration may be efficacious as a palliative during acute episodes of hypotension, the principal embodiment of the invention is to administer the hemoglobin prophylactically in advance of such episodes so as to prevent hypotensive episodes from occurring.
The hemoglobin utilized in the treatment of this invention is stroma-free, substantially free of endotoxin, and sterile. While unmodified stroma-free hemoglobin is pharmacologically effective, it tends to dissociate readily into its subunits giving it a much reduced half-life in the bloodstream. Renal toxicity has also been reported. It is therefore preferable to utilize a cross-linked, or cross-linked polymerized hemoglobin manufactured according to a number of methods in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,826,811, 4,001,401, 4,412,989, and 5,084,558. Most preferred is diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin made as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,600,531 and RE34,271 hereby incorporated by reference. The hemoglobin is further purified and sterilized as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,831,012, 4,861,867, and 5,128,452.
Further advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the Example which follows:
EXAMPLE
Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) in a 10 percent solution was infused into patients undergoing hemodialysis according to the randomized, single-blinded, cross-over protocol illustrated in FIG. 1. Approximately equal numbers of patients (n=3) for a test group and a control group receiving normal saline, for each of 3 treatment groups (25, 50, and 100 mg hemoglobin/kg of body weight) were infused on day 1 with either saline or DCLHb. At day 7 the groups were reversed and then infused with the opposite of either saline or DCLHb than they received on day 1. Since one patient received only the control solution and did not cross-over, an extra patient was added to the control group, bringing the total to 19. Patients were unaware of which treatment was received. Various physiologic parameters were monitored, including blood pressure and the incidence of conventional intervention for hypotension.
FIGS. 2a and 2b depict the data for systolic and diastolic pressures. It is evident that the test and control groups at each dosage level do not differ at the commencement of dialysis, but thereafter out to about 210 minutes there is a significant elevation in both systolic and diastolic pressures. Thereafter, the groups once again become indistinguishable.
Table 1 summarizes the combined systolic blood pressure data. Blood pressure increases are dose dependent averaging 2 mm Hg for 25 mg/kg dose and 29 mm Hg for the 100 mg/kg group.
TABLE 1______________________________________Blood Pressure Change 25 50 100 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg______________________________________Change in BPs DCLHb 2 ± 12* 15 ± 29* 29 ± 8*Change in BPs placebo -1 ± 9 4 ± 10 -4 ± 12______________________________________ *p < 0.05 vs. placebo; MANOVA
Correspondingly, the control groups generally demonstrated a reduction in systolic blood pressure.
The results in Table 2 indicate an increase in hypotensive events as indicated by increased administration of hypertonic saline. The frequency of hypertonic saline interventions were significantly less in the DCLHb groups.
The stabilization of blood pressure as indicated by the number of hypertonic saline interventions (Table 2) indicates 1 hypotensive episode in one of 18 patients receiving DCLHb compared to 20 episodes in 9 of 19 patients while receiving the control solution. Thus, low dose hemoglobin administration incident to hemodialysis stabilizes blood pressure and significantly reduces the need for conventional hypotensive interventions.
TABLE 2______________________________________Frequency of 23.4% NaCl IVP for Treatment or Prevention ofHypotension DCLHb Normal Saline # interventions # interventions (# patients) (# patients)______________________________________25 mg/kg 1 (1) 3 (2)50 mg/kg 0 (0) 9 (5)100 mg/kg 0 (0) 8 (2)Total Interventions 1 (1) 20 (9)(Total Patients)______________________________________ | Low doses of stroma-free diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin are administered to patients undergoing hemodialysis, to achieve hemostabilization and avoid hypotensive episodes in susceptible patients. Hemoglobin therapy when implemented prophylactically in hemodialysis also partially obviates the need for further interventions to control circulatory system instability. | 2,062 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a milking plant comprising a stall adapted to house one animal at a time for milking of the animal, and a device for automatic milking of the animal in the stall.
2. Description of the Prior Art
EP-B1-452 381 discloses such a milking plant intended for automatic milking of loose housed cows at optional points of time. Since the known milking plant is relatively expensive it is important that it is efficiently utilized.
A problem of the known milking plant, however, is that it has to be regularly closed for necessary cleaning and service of said automatic milking device. Furthermore, directly after milking of an ill or medically treated cow, the known plant has to be closed for an extra cleaning of the automatic milking device, in order to avoid contamination of the milk extracted from the next cows which are milked. Since a cleaning interval can last for about 45 minutes the known milking plant is therefore not satisfactorily utilized.
The object of the present invention is to provide a milking plant of the kind described above, which can be utilized more efficiently as compared with the known milking plant.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This object is obtained by a milking plant of the kind initially stated, which is characterized in that said automatic milking device comprises a first milking unit with teatcups and a second milking unit with teatcups, and an attachment means adapted to attach the teatcups of either the first or the second milking unit to the animal's teats. As a result one milking unit can be used for milking of animals, while the other milking unit is subjected to some suitable treatment, such as service or cleaning. Consequently the utilization efficiency of the milking plant according to the invention is substantially improved, as compared with the known milking plant.
Cleaning means may suitably be adapted to clean milk passages in one of the milking units, while the teatcups of the other milking unit are available for said attachment means. Said cleaning means may comprise a cleaning device adapted to be connected to the teatcups of one of said milking units. As an alternative, said cleaning means may comprise two cleaning devices adapted to be connected to the teatcups of the first milking unit and the second milking unit, respectively, when required. Hereby, any one of the cleaning devices can be subjected to necessary service, while the other is used for cleaning of any one of the milking units, which contributes to the improvement of the utilization efficiency of the milking plant.
According to a preferred embodiment of the plant of the invention, a displacement means is adapted to displace the teatcups of the first milking unit and the second milking unit, respectively, between a milking position, in which the teatcups are available for said attachment means, and a stand-by position, in which the teatcups are not available for the attachment means. As an alternative the two teatcup clusters of the milking units may be placed in two different milking positions, respectively, and the attachment means be adapted to bring teatcups from and leave them in said two milking positions.
The displacement means may be adapted to simultaneously displace the teatcups of the first milking unit and the second milking unit such that the teatcups of the first milking unit are displaced from their stand-by position to their milking position, while the teatcups of the second milking unit are displaced from their milking position to their stand-by position, and vice versa. For example, the milking position and the stand-by position, respectively, for the teatcups of the first milking unit may be the same as the milking position and the stand-by position, respectively, for the teatcups of the second milking unit. In this case the displacement means may comprise a holding means which carries the teatcups of both the first and second milking units, the holding means being rotatable about a (suitably vertical) shaft for displacing the teatcups between the milking and stand-by positions.
Alternatively, the milking position for the teatcups of the first milking unit may be the same as the milking position for the teatcups of the second milking unit, whereas the stand-by positions for the teatcups of the first and second milking units are different. For example, the displacement means may comprise a holding means which carries the teatcups of both the first and second milking units, the holding means being movable back and forth for displacing the teatcups between the milking and stand-by positions.
Advantageously, cleaning means may be adapted to be connected to the teatcups of the first milking unit and the second milking unit, respectively, when the teatcups are in their stand-by position.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing showing a first embodiment of the milking plant according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing showing a second embodiment of the milking plant according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a stall and an automatic milking device of a milking plant of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a stall and an automatic milking device of the milking plant of the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the figures, components which correspond to one another have been given the same reference numerals.
In FIG. 1 there is shown a milking plant according to the invention comprising a first milking unit A and a second milking unit B, which are adapted to milk independently of each other. The first milking unit A comprises four teatcups A1, and a milk conduit A2, which is connected to the teatcups A1. The milking unit A further comprises a flow meter A3, a receiver A4, a pump A5 and a milk filter A6, which are connected to the milk conduit A2 in said order, as seen in the milk flow direction. The milk filter A6 is automatically exchangeable for a new milk filter as indicated in FIG. 1. The second milking unit B comprises four teatcups B1, a milk conduit B2, a flow meter B3, a receiver B4, a pump B5 and a milk filter B6, which are connected to one another in the corresponding manner described above in connection with the first milking unit A. Downstream of the milk filters A6 and B6 the two milk conduits A2 and B2 are connected to a milk tank 8 via two valves A7 and B7 and connected to two drain conduits A10 and B10 via two drain valves A9 and B9.
A displacement means 12 is adapted to displace the teatcups A1 and the teatcups B1, respectively, between a milking position I and a stand-by position II. In FIG. I the teatcups A1 are in the milking position I, while the teatcups B1 are in the stand-by position II.
A cleaning device comprises four cleaning cups 13, which are connectable to teatcups in the stand-by position II, and a cleaning apparatus 14, which is connected to the cleaning cups 13 via a cleaning conduit 15. The cleaning apparatus 14 is connectable to the milk conduit A2 between the milk filter A6 and the valve A7 via a valve 16, and to the milk conduit B2 between the milk filter B6 and the valve B7 via a valve 17.
The displacement means 12 comprises a holding means 18, which carries the teatcups A1, B1 and which is rotatable about a vertical shaft 19, see FIG. 3. The teatcups A1 and B1 are arranged in respective rows on opposite sides of the shaft 19. A control unit 20 is adapted to control a device 21 for connection of the cleaning cups 13 and removal of these from teatcups which are in the stand-by position II, and to control the displacement means 12 to turn the holding means 18 180° about the shaft 19 to switch the teatcups A1, B1 between the milking position I and the stand-by position II.
In FIG. 3 there is shown the teatcups A1 in their milking position I and the teatcups B1 in their stand-by position II. The holding means 18 carries the teatcups A1 close to a stall 22, which is adapted to house one animal 23 at a time for milking of the latter. An automatic milking device 24 has an attachment means in the form of a robot arm 25, which is adapted to bring teatcups, in this case the teatcups A1, from the milking position I and attach them to the teats of the animal. For example, the robot arm 25 may be of the type disclosed in EP-B1-452 381.
The milking plant according to FIGS. 1 and 3 operates in the following manner. When the teatcups A1 are used for milking, the valves 16 and A9 are closed while the valve A7 is open, whereby extracted milk can flow through the conduit A2 via the flow meter A3, the receiver A4, the pump A5 and the milk filter A6 to the milk tank 8. If desired, the milking unit B may be cleaned simultaneously by activating the control unit 20 to control the device 21 such that the latter connects the cleaning cups 13 to the teatcups B1. Then the milk filter B6 is removed from the milk conduit B2 and the valve 17 is opened while the valve B7 is closed. The cleaning apparatus 14 supplies cleaning liquid through the cleaning conduit 15 to the cleaning cups 13. From the cleaning cups 13 the cleaning liquid is conducted via the teatcups B1, the flow meter B3, the receiver B4, the pump B5 and the valve 17 back to the cleaning apparatus 14.
When the cleaning operation is finished the milking unit B is first drained off by removing the cleaning cups 13 and opening the drain valve B9. Then a new milk filter B6 is fitted in the conduit B2 and the valves 17 and B9 are closed while the valve B7 is opened, whereby the cleaned milking unit B is ready for use.
When the milking unit A is to be cleaned the control unit 20 is activated to control the displacement means 12 to turn the holding means 18 180°, whereby the teatcups A1 are displaced to the stand-by position II while the teatcups B1 are displaced to the milking position I. Now an animal can be milked by means of the milking unit B. After the cleaning cups 13 have been connected to the teatcups A1 and the cleaning apparatus 14 has been connected to the milk conduit A2 by closing the valve A7 and opening the valve 16, and the milk filter A6 has been removed, the milking unit A can be cleaned in the corresponding manner described above for the milking unit B.
FIG. 2 shows a milking plant which is identical to the milking plant according to FIG. 1, except that the displacement means is designed differently and that there is an additional cleaning device. Thus, the milking plant according to FIG. 2 has a displacement means 26, which comprises a holding device 27 carrying the teatcups A1 and B1 in two aligned rows, and a drive means 28, which is displaceable back and forth between two end positions along a guide rail 29 and which is rigidly connected to the holding means 27, see FIG. 4. When the drive means 28 is in one of its two end positions the teatcups A1 are in the milking position I while the teatcups B1 are in a stand-by position IIa, and when the drive means 28 is in its other end position the teat cups B1 are in the milking position I while the teatcups A1 are in a stand-by position IIb. By means of the device 21 the cleaning cups 13 are connectable to the teatcups B1, when the teatcups B1 are in their stand-by position IIa.
Said additional cleaning device comprises four cleaning cups 30, which are connectable to the teatcups A1, when these are in their stand-by position IIb, and a cleaning apparatus 31, which is connected to the cleaning cups 30 via a cleaning conduit 32. The cleaning apparatus 31 is connectable to the milk conduit A2 between the milk filter A6 and the valve A7 via a valve 32. In this case the cleaning apparatus 14 is only connectable to the milk conduit B1 via the valve 17.
A device 33 of the same kind as the device 21 is adapted to connect the cleaning cups 30 to and to remove these from the teatcups A1, when the teatcups A1 are in their stand-by position IIb. A control unit 34 is adapted to control the devices 21 and 33, and to control the drive means 28 for its displacement along the guide rail 29 between said end positions (indicated by an arrow in FIG. 4).
When the teatcups B1 are in their stand-by position IIa, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 4, the milking unit B can be cleaned by activating the control unit 34 to control the device 21 such that the cleaning cups 13 are connected to the teatcups B1. The milk filter B6 is removed from the milk conduit B2 and the valve B7 is closed while the valve 17 is opened. When the cleaning operation is finished the milking unit B is drained off and is prepared for milking in the corresponding manner described above for the milking plant according to FIGS. 1 and 3.
In case the teatcups A1 are in their stand-by position IIb and the milking unit B is utilized for milking, the milking unit A can be cleaned by activating the control unit 34 to control the device 33 such that the cleaning cups 30 are connected to the teatcups A1. The milk filter A6 is removed and the valve A7 is closed while the valve 32 is opened. When the cleaning operation is finished the milking unit B is first drained off by removing the cleaning cups 30 and opening the drain valve A9. Then a new milk filter A6 is fitted in the conduit A2 and the valves A9 and 32 are closed while the valve A7 is opened, whereby the cleaned milking unit A is ready for use. | A milking plant comprises a stall adapted to house one animal at a time for milking of the animal and a device for automatic milking of the animal in the stall. According to the invention the automatic milking device comprises a first milking unit with teatcups and a second milking unit with teatcups and an attachment means adapted to attach the teatcups of either the first or the second milking unit onto the animal's teats. During milking, the milking unit which is not used for milking may be cleaned or serviced, in order to be prepared for the next animal to be milked. | 2,506 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 61/508,282, filed on Jul. 15, 2011.
BACKGROUND
This disclosure relates to golf clubs and more particularly to a golf shaft or shafts having interchangeable heads.
Golfing can be difficult to play not just for the skill required but because the golf equipment necessary to play is difficult to lug around a golf course. One who may want to walk the course may not be able to because the fourteen clubs allowed to be carried along with other golf paraphernalia like balls, tees, etc. are simply too heavy to carry. The golfer may then be forced to rent a golf cart and give up the opportunity to walk the course while significantly increasing the cost of the round by renting the cart.
Some modular club systems exist in which the club heads are detachable from a shaft. However, the existing systems are difficult to assemble and take apart quickly.
SUMMARY
According to an embodiment disclosed herein, a golf club system includes a club head and a shaft. The club head has a column extending upwardly therefrom, the column having a tooth extending radially outwardly therefrom, the tooth having a first magnet attaching thereto. The shaft has a wall defining a hollow portion that receives the column, the wall having a slot therein the slot having an insertion portion through which the tooth may slide axially and an attachment portion in which the tooth may rotate circumferentially after passing through the insertion portion and a second magnet that engages the first magnet in the tooth after the tooth rotates circumferentially away from the slot.
According to a further embodiment disclosed herein, a method of attaching and detaching a shaft from a club head, includes the steps of providing a first club head having a column extending upwardly therefrom, the column having a tooth extending radially outwardly therefrom, the tooth having a first magnet attaching thereto, providing a shaft, the shaft having a slot therein, rotating the tooth circumferentially within the slot about the shaft, and engaging the first magnet of the tooth with the second magnet.
Although the different examples have the specific components shown in the illustrations, embodiments of this invention are not limited to those particular combinations. It is possible to use some of the components or features from one of the examples in combination with features or components from another one of the examples.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
This disclosure can be further understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a modular golf system described herein.
FIG. 2 is a an exploded perspective view of a disassembled golf club taken along the line 2 - 2 of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 3 is a view of a tooth used in FIG. 2 .
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a golf bag for use with the modular golf system of FIG. 1 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIGS. 1 and 4 illustrate a modular golf system 10 . The golf system 10 includes a shaft 15 and a plurality of club heads 20 including driving iron club head 25 , 3 iron club head 30 , 7 iron club head 35 , 9 iron club head 40 , pitching wedge club head 45 and putter club head 50 . The club heads 20 are each attached to the shaft 15 by a joint 55 . The club heads 20 and the shaft 15 are stored in a lightweight golf bag 60 as will be discussed infra. Other clubs heads such a wedge(s), a driver, a chipper, a hybrid, a wood or other heads used in golfing may be used by utilizing the teachings provided herein. In fact, a utility head such as a ball retriever club head 65 may also be used. A second (or more) upper shaft 70 that may be shorter, longer or extending for use with a belly putter or for the ball retriever club head 65 , or the like, incorporating a joint 55 , may also be included.
Each club head 20 includes a club head 20 , a lower shaft 75 and a hosel 80 that connects the lower shaft 75 to the club head 20 . The lower shaft 75 has a flared portion 85 at an end distal from the hosel 80 . The flared portion 85 creates a shoulder 90 that interacts with the upper shaft 15 as will be discussed infra. A keyed portion 95 extends beyond the flared portion 85 and is coaxial with the lower shaft 75 . Each upper shaft 15 includes a grip 100 and an elongated portion 105 that also terminates at the joint 55 as will be discussed infra.
The lower shaft 75 of each club head 20 may be longer or shorter than the other club heads given the requirements of the game. For instance, the club heads 20 for the lower numbered clubs are generally longer than the club heads 20 for the higher numbered club heads. So the club head 45 for a wedge has a lower shaft 75 that is shorter than the lower shaft 75 for the nine iron club head 40 which is shorter than the 7 iron club head 35 etc. This is not to say that the lower shafts 75 , as in some golfing systems, cannot be equal in length or different in length in other ways.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3 , the joint 55 is described. The upper shaft 15 terminates in a wider portion 110 than the width of the upper shaft 15 . A hollowed portion 115 in which the keyed portion 95 extends forms a mild interference fit therein such that the keyed portion may be inserted, rotated coaxially and removed. The interference fit can be defined as one in which the key portion may not move if undisturbed in the hollowed portion 115 but will move if force beyond the force gravity is added. An end 120 of the keyed portion 95 may have a chamfer 117 to allow easier insertion into the hollowed portion 115 . The keyed portion 95 includes a column 125 that extends beyond and coaxially with the shoulder 90 .
A tooth 130 extends radially outwardly from the column 125 that fits in the hollowed portion 115 . The tooth has a width W 1 , a height H 1 and a length L 1 . A first magnet 135 , which may be permanent and made of a durable alloyed rare earth material including neodymium, or the like, is attached by cementing or the like, into place in an indentation 140 in a side 145 of the tooth 130 . As shown in FIG. 3A , the first magnet 135 is recessed into the indentation 140 to minimize a force of a golf club swing on the first magnet 135 . Such force would be carried by the tooth 130 to wall 170 in the wider portion 110 . The first magnet 135 may also be cemented to the side 145 and not be placed in an indentation 140 .
Referring back to FIG. 3 , the wider portion 110 of the elongated portion 105 has a slot 150 . The slot has a width W 2 that is roughly equal to the width W 1 , and a height H 2 that is equal or greater than the height H 2 so that if the tooth is inserted in the slot 150 , the tooth height H 1 is equal to a the height H 2 of the surface 155 of the wider portion 110 or extends there beyond such that a mild interference fit as defined above exists. The slot 150 is defined by an insertion portion 160 extending through the wider portion 110 and an open attachment portion 165 that extends circumferentially around and through the wider portion 110 from the insertion portion 160 . The insertion portion 160 has a length L 2 that forms a mild interference fit, as above, with the length L 1 of the tooth 130 .
The slot attachment portion 165 terminates in a wall 170 of the wider portion 110 . A second magnet 175 , which may also be permanent, is attached within a recess 180 in the wall 170 . As above, the second magnet 175 may be recessed in the recess 180 or attached to the wall 170 . One of the first magnet 135 and the second magnet is arranged so that its positive pole faces away from the wall 170 and the other of the first magnet 135 and the second magnet is arranged so that its negative pole faces away from the side 145 of the tooth 130 . The first and second magnets 135 , 175 will then attract each other during operation because positive pole and a negative pole attract one another. The joint 55 is defined by: the hollowed portion 115 of the wider portion 110 , the slot 150 , and the second magnet 175 in the wall 170 in the shaft 15 ; and by the tooth 130 , the first magnet 135 , the column 125 , the shoulder 90 , and the flared portion 85 of the club head 20 .
To mount a club head 20 to a shaft 15 , a golfer chooses a club head 20 for a required shot or other particular use. For instance, if the required shot is under one hundred yards, the golfer may choose a wedge club head 45 and if the ball is on a green (not shown), the golfer may choose a putter club head 50 . The golfer grasps the putter club head 50 , inserts the column 125 within the hollowed portion 115 , aligns the tooth 130 with the insertion portion 160 of the slot 150 , slides the tooth through the insertion portion 160 until the tooth contacts the wider portion and until the shoulder 90 contacts the wider portion 110 (which happens simulataneously), and rotates either the club head 50 or the shaft 15 so that the tooth moves circumferentially in the attachment portion 165 of the slot 150 until the side 145 of the tooth 130 engages the wall 170 in the wider portion 110 . At this point the first and second magnets 135 , 175 ensure that the tooth 130 does not disengage from the wall 170 . In the instant example, the tooth 130 rotates counter-clockwise relative to the shaft 15 , so that impact with a golf ball (or turf or sand or a ball washer—not shown) by a club head 20 does not cause a club head 20 to disengage the magnets 135 , 170 for a right-handed golfer. As one of ordinary skill in the art can appreciate, if a golfer is left-handed, the slot 150 would be arranged so that clockwise rotation of the tooth 130 is required.
Once a shot is completed and another club head 20 is desired, e.g., the golfer is done putting and is ready to select another club head 20 , the process is reversed. The right-handed golfer, the club head 50 is rotated clockwise relative to the shaft 15 so that the tooth 130 moves thereby disengaging the magnets 135 , 175 and the tooth engages wide portion wall 185 . The tooth 130 is then slid through the insertion portion 160 and the column 125 disengages the hollowed portion 115 . Another club head, such as driving iron club head 25 may be coupled to the shaft 15 .
Referring now to FIG. 4 , golf bag 60 is shown. The bag 60 has a shoulder strap 200 attached at either end to a body 205 . Though the body 205 is shown as cylindrical, other shapes are contemplated herein. The bag 60 has a plurality of holster-shaped outer pockets 210 attached to an outer surface 215 of the bag 60 . The interior 220 of the bag 60 is hollow so that the shaft 15 or other shafts may be carried therein. The bag is lighter because the golfer does not have to carry fourteen shafts due to the unique nature of the joint 55 described herein, only one shaft 15 is necessary for a golfer to carry. The bag 60 may have other pockets 230 to carry balls, tees, markers, divot tools, distance lens, etc. (not shown) as may be necessary.
The pockets 210 , which may be holster-shaped, have an elongated section 235 for fitting the lower shafts 75 therein and a wider portion 240 extending above the elongated section 235 for fitting the club head 20 therein. To protect the club heads 20 from the elements, the wider portion may be capped by a cover 245 that attaches to the outside surface 250 of the pocket 210 by a zipper 255 . Indicia 260 may be placed on each pocket 210 to enable a golfer to properly store and select each club head 20 . The elongated sections 235 are sized to accommodate a length of each lower shaft 75 . In other words, the elongated sections 235 are longer for a 3 iron club head 30 than for a 9 iron club head 40 . The pockets may be aligned (e.g., for pockets with club heads for a 2, 3, 7 and 9 iron) in such a way that the lengths of the lower shafts 75 for each column of pockets equal the lengths of the lower shafts 75 for other aligned pockets (as for the club heads for a driver “D”, 4, 6, pitching wedge “PW” that may equal the club heads for the 2, 3, 7 and 9 iron) to maximize space on the surface 250 of the bag 60 . The pockets 210 may also interleave such that pockets 210 aligned in a first column 260 may have each pocket with the wider portion 240 extending to the right (as seen in FIG. 4 ) and the second column 270 may have pockets 210 with their wider portions 275 extending to the left and below the wider portions 240 of the first column 260 to create a staggering of the pockets 210 in the first column 260 and the second column 270 . This staggering allows for the placement of more club heads 20 on the bag 60 .
The applicants have discovered that the prior art systems have mechanical connections that tend to wear over time creating tolerances (slop) in the joints. This slop may cause the joints to loosen thereby lessening the feel a golfer expects when hitting the ball because of relative motion in the joints. The golfer may also lose power because of energy absorbed in the joint due to relative motion therein. The joints may also cause noise. Because the embodiments shown herein use first and second magnets, which may be permanent, even if the mild interference fits are loosened by wear, the first and second magnets 135 , 175 will keep the tooth 130 in contact with the wider portion 110 so that there is minimal or no movement in the joint 55 to enhance feel, minimize noise, maximize power and maximize the golfing experience over time.
Although an example embodiment has disclosed, a worker of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of the claims. For example, any feature of the various examples described above may be used with any other feature of a different example. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine their true scope and content. | A golf club system includes a club head and a shaft. The club head has a column extending upwardly therefrom, the column having a tooth extending radially outwardly therefrom, the tooth having a first magnet attaching thereto. The shaft has a wall defining a hollow portion that receives the column, the wall having a slot therein the slot having an insertion portion through which the tooth may slide axially and an attachment portion in which the tooth may rotate circumferentially after passing through the insertion portion and a second magnet that engages the first magnet in the tooth after the tooth rotates circumferentially away from the slot. | 2,745 |
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a Continuation-In-Part of Provisional application Ser. No. 60/003,948, filed Sep. 19, 1995.
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a Continuation-In-Part of Provisional application Ser. No. 60/003,948, filed Sep. 19, 1995.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to garden tools and more particularly to the hoe type garden tool having a unique heart shape and includes multiple edges and angles configured to perform various garden tasks and a handle with a disconnect head which is equipped with three different angles.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
It is common practice when weeding and/or cultivating to use a hoe, which is a long handled implement having a straight edge blade fastened perpendicular to the handle. This implement performs a chopping action upon the ground for the purpose of breaking, loosening, and digging out weeds. This chopping and digging process is activated by the operator with his extended arm and offers very poor leverage. The straight cutting edge of this implement is very inefficient for cutting into the ground and further makes hoeing a very exhaustive and back breaking task.
Agricultural implements of various kinds are known for use in manual operations for working the soil, cutting weeds, and their roots beneath the surface of the ground, pulverizing the upper crust of the earth for planting of seeds, furrowing the pulverized crust for planting, and hoeing or covering the planted seeds or fertilizer. Furthermore, various kinds of agricultural implements have been used which accomplish a combination of these agricultural operations. However, a single implement which is simply constructed and economical for purchase by the average homeowner who desires to have his own garden spot which is useful for weeding, pulverizing the upper crust of the earth, furrowing and covering the furrows, is not known.
Several prior art devices have attempted to provide the required operations, as, for example, the U.S. Pat. No. 2,011,062 to Masamitsu which discloses a gardening implement comprised of a substantially flat plate-like blade of a generally triangular outline. The blade is shaped such that the two edges are concaved and of like curvature and length whereas the other and longer edge is formed at a point centrally of its ends with a rounded outwardly projecting edge portion.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,545,551 to Niemeyer discloses an interchangeable blade hoe kit which includes a handle with a hollow cylindrical terminal portion which is threaded internally so as to screw on to the extensions of the blades. A hole is drilled angularly through both the handle and the extensions where they screw together to provide registering apertures for the insertion of a bolt which is engaged by a nut.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,730,679 to Tallerico et al discloses a garden tool handle and a connected head part. The head part includes multiple sides, each formed into a tool part for performing a specific garden task.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,788 to Gilstrap discloses an interchangeable handle and utility tool head system where different tool heads are used with the handle. The different tool heads have similar shanks with a screw threaded end. The handle has a female coupling on one end to receive the screw threaded shank. A positive securing device prevents rotation of the tool head relative to the handle where a keyway and key system prevents the rotation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,161,278 to Tomm discloses a handle connector with an anti-loosening lock comprising a head member having an internally threaded handle receiving opening with a handle connected with the head member by a manually releasable connector assembly positioned between the head member and a first end of the handle.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,730,679 to Tallerico et al discloses a handle and a connected head part. The head part includes multiple sides each formed into a tool part for performing a specific garden task. The shorter end edges of the head are formed into a pointed nose and a slotted hoe. One longer side edge of the head part includes formed projections which define slots with the opposite side edge of the head part having downturned arched projections formed there along which alternate with flat projections. The head part is bowed form side edge to side edge to facilitate use of the nose and hoe.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is a wooden handled, heart shaped garden tool and includes multiple edges and angles configured to perform various garden tasks and a bolt attached thereon to mate with a handle equipped with three different mounting angles. The handle is made from a hard wood or plastic and comes in either 5 foot or 6 foot lengths. The long handles allow for the user to stand upright while working. Attached to the end of the handle, furthest from the user is a 6 inch long connector with three different angled connections or bosses. These bosses are threaded on the interior to accept a 1/2" threadrod. One boss comes straight from the end of the connector, the second boss is ninety degrees from the connector and handle, and the third boss is fifty four degrees from the connector and handle. A disconnect has also been designed for the center of the handle to allow it to be taken apart for ease of shipping or storing or to add a longer length handle section.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a top, rear, perspective view, partially cutaway, showing the heart shaped blade at 90° to the handle.
FIG. 2 is a top, front, perspective view, partially cutaway, showing the heart shaped blade at 90° to the handle.
FIG. 3 is a top view of the heart shaped blade of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a side view of the heart shaped blade of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of the disconnect head of the invention with the handle cutaway.
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a handle coupling.
FIG. 7 is a side view of the heart shaped blade mounted in the 54° boss of the disconnect head of the invention.
FIG. 8 a side view of the heart shaped blade mounted in the 90° boss of the disconnect head of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a side view of the heart shaped blade mounted in the end boss of the disconnect head of the invention.
FIG. 10 is a side view of the invention in a vertical cutting position.
FIG. 11 is a side view of the invention in a horizontal cutting position.
FIG. 12 is a side view of the invention in a horizontal position being used as a weed puller.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings, the reference numeral 10 refers generally to the heart shaped garden tool of this invention. Tool 10 includes an elongated handle 17 formed of wood or similar material. The heart shaped head 18 is preferably formed of durable, rigid, material such as metal or metal alloys, and may comprise three different blades (4", 6" and 7") made from 12 gauge steel. A 1/2" threadrod 16, which is 3" long may be welded to the center of each blade at a thirty six degree angle. A locking nut 15 is threaded on the threadrod 16 and when the threadrod 16 is threaded into one of the threaded connector holes 12, 13, or 14 located in connector 11, on handle 17, the threadrod 16 is locked in place with locking nut 15.
The heart shaped head 18 may be made in different sizes to suit the use for which it is being applied. A small heart (4") may be used for removing individual weeds from flower beds and yards. A (6") heart is for use for normal sized yards and gardens and the (7") heart is for larger yards and gardens. All three blade sizes are equipped with a very sharp edge 21 that has been hand sharpened.
The heart shape results from forming the head 18 with a pointed snout 19 at a first end and a "V" shape 20 at a second end opposite the snout 19. When each of the several sized heart shaped heads 18 are connected to the handle 17 and connector 11, several different tools are created with various uses for each tool.
FIGS. 3 and 4 more clearly show the sharpened edges 21 and 21' on the top surface of heart shaped head 18. FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the connector 11 having a mounting hole 22 beginning at a first end and running to a point near a second end of the connector 11 where three bosses 12, 13, and 14 are formed. Connector 11 is fastened to handle 17 with a set screw 34 threaded in a hole 23 formed in connector 11. A first threaded connector hole 12 (boss) is formed in connector 11 at 90° to the center line of connector 11. A second threaded connector hole 13 (boss) is formed in connector 11 at the end of connector 11 parallel to the center line of connector 11. A third threaded connector hole 14 (boss) is formed in connector 11 at 54° to the center line of connector 11.
The relationship of the heart shaped blade head 18 with threadrod 16 which is 36° to head 18, when attached to the different angles on the handle connector 11 are as follows. When head 18 is attached to the boss 13 coming directly from the end of the handle 17, (FIG. 9) the resulting tool edges, weeds, cuts, pulls weeds, digs holes, and removes ice from walks and drives. The pointed end of snout 19 goes through the soil easier than a round shape. The "V" shape 20 in the back of the blade 18 becomes a weed puller by locking the "V" shape 20 (FIG. 12) on weed 41 growing in soil 40 and pulling handle 17 in the direction shown by arrow 43 and thereby pulling weed 41 up and out as shown by the arrow 42. The blade 18 becomes a weed puller by locking the weed 41 needing to be pulled and either jerking the weed 41 out of the soil 40, or in the case of a tough weed 42, the weed 42 is locked in the "V" shape 20 and the handle is lifted upwardly using the snout 19 of the heart shaped blade 18 as a fulcrum and the weed 42 is lifted roots and all.
To dig holes, the operator simply sinks the snout 19 into hole. When the handle is lowered to a normal position for the user, the blade 18 will have cut its way across the hole and will be loaded with soil and in a flat position ready to be lifted from the hole.
To remove ice from sidewalks, the user would turn the blade 18 on its side to be in the cutting position. A few chops of the blade 18 and an opening will be made in the ice. The point 19 and the sharp edge 20, 21 are placed under the sheet of ice to loosen and remove the ice.
To remove sod, the blade 18 is turned on its side in the cutting position and a cut is made in the sod. The blade 18 is then turned on its other side and a second cut, opposite the first, is made. Two more cuts are made in the sod to create a square. The handle 17 is held in an upright position and the snout 19 is inserted into one of the cuts. By bringing the handle down, the blade 18 changes pitch and cuts under the sod. The blade 18 is now flat and completely under the sod which can be lifted from the ground.
Attaching blade 18 to the fifty four degree boss 14 results in an angle of ninety degrees to the handle 17. This creates a tool similar to the common garden hoe but with a point entering the ground 40. In this position, the tool 10 not only weeds and chops, but creates a planting furrow by pulling the point of the heart through the soil. When the blade 18 is turned over with the "V" notch 20 facing downward, and pulled down the newly planted furrow, the two half round shoulders of the heart on either side of the notch 20 cover the furrow over.
When the heart shaped blade 18 is attached to the ninety degree boss 12, the point 19 of the heart is angled backward and becomes a very effective digging tool that takes full advantage of the sharp blade 18, angle of entry, and pulling power of the user. The tool 10 in this position, will be used in those areas that are heavily overgrown or that contain hard, compacted soil.
FIG. 6 shows a coupling which may be used to extend the length of handle 17. Sleeves 35 and 35' are placed over the
FIG. 6 shows a coupling which may be used to extend the length of handle 17. Sleeves 35 and 35' are placed over the handle 17 ends and held in place with set screws 34'. The coupling consists of a bolt 37 welded inside the sleeve 35' and a locking nut is screwed thereon. Nut 36 is welded inside sleeve 35. The two handle 17 parts are joined with bolt 37 and reverse flange nut 36, and locked in place.
With two different length handles, three different connecting angles on the handle, and three different heart shaped blades, the invention offers the user a variety of tools to make many jobs in the yard and garden much easier. The heart shaped garden tool of the invention cuts, trims, edges, and weeds in minutes with no bending or stooping.
The heart shaped blade 18 may be a 12 GA. steel blade which resharpens easily with an ordinary file. Filing the top surface edge of the blade 18 provides a sharp cutting surface with the bottom surface being flat and the top surface being shaped downwardly to form the sharp edge. As pressure is exerted on the top of blade 18, the sharp edge begins to penetrate the ground surface and the sharpened edge continues to be guided downwardly, and deeper into the surface to be cut.
Several other attachments have been designed for the handle 17 and connector 11 including hoes, a rake, a cultivator, fork and others.
It will be realized that various changes may be made to the specific embodiment shown and described without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention. | The invention is a wooden handled, heart shaped, garden tool configured to perform various garden tasks. The tool includes multiple edges and angles configured to perform various garden tasks and a bolt attached thereon at 36° to mate with a handle connector equipped with three different angled mounting bosses. One boss comes straight from the end of the connector, the second boss is ninety degrees from the connector and handle, and the third boss is fifty four degrees from the connector and handle. A coupling has also been designed for the center of the of the handle to allow it to be taken apart for the ease of shipping or storing or to add a longer length handle section. | 2,562 |
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/797,523, filed on Nov. 25, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,352, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/440,179, filed on Nov. 22, 1989, abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to novel and useful agricultural formulations of herbicidal agents which exhibit poor solubility characteristics in both aqueous and organic media.
Emulsifiable suspension concentrate compositions (or oil flowable dispersions) are compositions which consist essentially of an active agent in a solid state suspended in a non-aqueous liquid containing a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants and said compositions having the property of forming an emulsion when diluted with water.
Emulsifiable suspension concentrate compositions containing pesticides such as herbicides and fungicides as the active agent and paraffinic oils as the non-aqueous liquid are described in European Patent Applications EP-A1-243872 and EP-A2-142670. However, said patent applications do not describe the use of aromatic solvents as the non-aqueous liquid.
Herbicidal agents, such as N-phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate) and 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)nicotinic acid (imazapyr), are especially useful for controlling undesirable plant species when applied postemergence. In addition to being highly effective herbicides, said compounds are zwitterionic in nature and generally relatively insoluble in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. Therefore, these types of herbicidal agents are routinely formulated as the corresponding salts as described in European Patent Application EP-A2-220902 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,060.
It is an object of this invention to provide an emulsifiable suspension concentrate composition of the free acids of a herbicidal agent, such as N-phosphonomethylglycine and 2-(imidazolin-2-yl)pyridine carboxylic acids, without the pre-formulation of the corresponding herbicidal salts. It is an object of this invention to produce herbicidal compositions which are physically stable and readily dilutable in hard or soft water to give a sprayable herbicidal emulsion.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a novel emulsifiable suspension concentrate composition of a herbicidal agent characterized by a relative degree of insolubility in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. The emulsifiable suspension concentrate composition of the invention is comprised of an active herbicidal agent, or combination of agents, in a solid state suspended in a water immiscible solvent containing an anionic surfactant and a nonionic surfactant and optionally containing an antifoam agent and a suspending or thickening agent.
The water immiscible solvent is a non-paraffinic heavy aromatic solvent consisting of a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalenes and alkylnapthalenes, having a distillation range of about 118° to 305° C.
The above-described compositions allow the formulation of active herbicidal agents such as amino acids and imidazolinylnicotinic acids without further chemical modifications, such as salt or ester formation. The above compositions provide a stable, concentrated, readily dilutable form of a herbicide suitable for spray application. The compositions also exhibit surprising herbicidal efficacy comparable to the efficacy of the corresponding salts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention also relates to an emulsifiable suspension concentrate composition of a herbicidal agent comprising an amino acid or imidazolinylpyridine carboxylic acid (alone or in combination) in a solid state suspended in a water immiscible liquid containing an anionic surfactant and an ethoxylated fatty acid surfactant and optionally containing an antifoam agent and a thickening or suspending agent.
The herbicidal agent is usually sold in a concentrated form either as a solid or a liquid and, just prior to application, the concentrate is diluted with water, or water containing adjuvants, and sprayed on fields of soil and/or actively growing plants. Solid concentrate formulations, such as granulars, wettable powders and dusts, may also be used.
Since not all solid concentrate formulations of the free acid form of herbicidal agents, such as N-phosphonomethylglycine, exhibit the same high magnitude of efficacy and further since certain highly effective herbicidal compounds, such as N-phosphonomethylglycine and imidazolinylnicotinic acids, are relatively insoluble in water and conventional organic solvents, they are not readily amenable to commercial formulation. Chemical modification of said compounds to give the corresponding salts is required to improve their solubility characteristics. Surprisingly, it has been found that compounds, such as amino acids and imidazolinylnicotinic acids, may be formulated as liquid concentrates without further chemical modifications of said compounds and with a high degree of retention of efficacy.
The emulsifiable suspension concentrate compositions of the present invention are comprised of about 10% to 50% of a herbicidal agent, such as N-phosphonomethylglycine or an imidazolinylnicotinic acid, alone or in combination, suspended in about 29% to 84% of a non-paraffinic aromatic solvent mixture having a distillation range of 118° to 305° C. containing about 3% to 10% of an anionic surfactant, about 3% to 10% of an ethoxylated fatty acid surfactant, 0 to about 0.10% of an antifoam agent and 0 to about 2.0% of a suspending or thickening agent.
One preferred composition comprises about 30% to 50% of an active herbicidal agent or combination of agents, about 40% to 57% of a non-paraffinic aromatic solvent mixture having a distillation range of 118° to 305° C., about 5.0% to 7.0% of an anionic surfacant, about 5.0% to 7.0% of an ethoxylated fatty acid surfactant, about 0.02% to 0.15% of an antifoam agent and 0.5 to 2% of a suspending agent.
Among the herbicidal agents suitable for use in the compositions of the invention are amino acids such as glyphosate and imidazolinylpyridine carboxylic acids such as imazapyr and combinations thereof. A preferred herbicidal agent is glyphosate, alone or in combination with an imidazolinylnicotinic acid.
Solvents suitable for use in the compositions of the invention include heavy aromatic solvent mixtures having a distillation range of 118° to 305° C. Preferred solvents include those mixtures of aromatics having a distillation range of about 183° to 285° C., and the most preferred aromatic solvent mixtures is that which distills in a range of about 225° to 280° C. Anionic surfactants suitable for use in the present invention include alkylarylsulfonic acids such as C 8 -C 18 alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid being the preferred anionic surfactant.
Among the ethoxylated fatty acid surfactants which may be employed are ethoxylated castor oils with about 15-60 ethylene oxide units per molecule. Preferred ethoxylated castor oils are those which have about 36-40 ethylene oxide units per molecule. Suitable antifoam agents include silicone polymers containing silica such as dimethylsilicone polymer plus silica, and suitable suspending or thickening agents include hydrated fumed silica or attapulgite clays or amine treated attapulgite clays.
The herbicidal emulsifiable suspension concentrate compositions may be prepared by dissolving an anionic surfactant in an aromatic solvent and adding a solid herbicidal agent or combination of agents, with vigorous agitation to form a suspension. This suspension is milled to the required particle size distribution. A median particle diameter of 1-2 microns provides suitable physical properties. The milled suspension is treated with an ethoxylated fatty acid surfactant and, optionally, an antifoam agent and a suspending or thickening agent and mixed thoroughly. Alternatively, the herbicidal agent is milled as a dry powder and is added to a solution of the anionic surfactant in the aromatic solvent with vigorous agitation to ensure complete dispersion and the remaining components are added with stirring.
The above-prepared emulsifiable suspension concentrate compositions are physically stable and demonstrate excellent dilution properties in hard and soft waters to produce a sprayable herbicidal emulsion. In practice, it is generally preferable to dilute the compositions of the invention in water containing about 0.25% of an adjuvant such as a polyoxyethylene sorbitan laurate surfactant to obtain an especially high degree of herbicidal activity.
In order to facilitate a further understanding of the invention, the following examples are presented primarily for the purpose of illustrating certain more specific details thereof. The invention is not to be deemed limited thereby except as defined in the claims. Unless otherwise noted, all parts are by weight.
EXAMPLE 1
______________________________________Component %______________________________________N-phosphonomethylglycine 41.90Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 6.00Ethoxylated castor oil, 36 C..sup.1 6.00Dimethylsilicone polymer with silica.sup.2 0.10Mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons with 46.00a distillation range of 226°-279° C..sup.3 100.00______________________________________ .sup.1 36 units of ethylene oxide per molecule Flomo ® 36 C., manufactured by DeSoto .sup.2 TH 100IND ® antifoam, manufactured by ThompsonHayward .sup.3 Aromatic 200°, manufactured by EXXON
Method 1
An anionic surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, is dissolved in a water immiscible solvent, Aromatic 200®, with stirring. This solution is treated with the herbicidal agent, N-phosphonomethylglycine, in a crystalline or powder state with vigorous stirring to give a dispersion. The resultant dispersion is milled until a median particle size of 1-2 microns is obtained.
The milled dispersion is treated with an ethoxylated fatty acid surfactant, castor oil, 36C 1 , and an antifoam agent, dimethylsilicone polymer with silica 2 and mixed thoroughly.
Method 2
The herbicidal agent, N-phosphonomethylglycine, is milled to give a median particle size of 1-2 microns and then added to a solution of an anionic surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid in a water immiscible solvent, Aromatic 200®, with vigorous agitation. The resultant dispersion is treated with an ethoxylated fatty acid surfactant, castor oil, 36C 1 , and an antifoam agent, dimethylsilicone polymer plus silica 2 , and mixed thoroughly.
Physical Properties
The physical characteristics of the above-described N-phosphonomethylglycine emulsifiable concentrate composition are shown below.
______________________________________Viscosity (Brookfield LVT at 22° C. 500-600 cPspindle #2, speed 30 rpm)Density at 20° C. 1.41 g/mLParticle size (Horiba CAPA 700) 1.21 microns (median)pH, 2% diluted in deionized water 2.0-2.4Dispersibility in water (in both Good emulsifica-standard hard and soft waters), tion, no oil sep-2.5 g in 100 ml total volume. aration after 24 hours.______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
______________________________________Components A B______________________________________Imazethapyr -- 33.3Imazapyr 33.33 --Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 5.00 5.00Ethoxylated castor oil, 36 C..sup.1 5.00 5.00Dimethylsilicone polymer with 0.03 0.03silica.sup.2Mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons 56.64 56.64with a distillation range of226°-279° C. 100.00 100.00______________________________________ .sup.1 36 units of ethylene oxide per molecule Flomo ® 36 C., manufactured by DeSoto .sup.2 TH IND30 ® antifoam, manufactured by ThompsonHayward .sup.3 Aromatic 200 ®, manufactured by EXXON
Method
The herbicidal agent, as a finely divided powder, is added to a rapidly stirred solution of the anionic surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, in the aromatic solvent, Aromatic 200®. The resultant dispersion is treated with the remaining components and placed on a high shear mixer for 3 minutes.
Optionally the solid herbicidal agent is milled to a median particle size of 1-2 microns prior to use in the above-described preparation.
______________________________________Physical Properties A B______________________________________Dispersibility in water, Good emulsi- Good emulsi-4.0 g in 100 ml total fication, fication,volume. slight settl- slight settl- ing after 24 ing after 24 hours, easily hours, easily resuspended resuspended______________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
______________________________________Preparation of combination emulsifiable suspension con-centrate compositionsComponents C D______________________________________Glyphosate 37.69 32.89Imazapyr 4.20 9.00Dodecylbenezenesulfonic acid 6.00 6.00Flomo ® 36 C..sup.1 6.00 6.00TH 100IND ® antifoam.sup.1 0.10 0.10Aromatic 200 ®.sup.1 46.01 46.01 100.00 100.00______________________________________ .sup.1 As described in Example 1.
Method
A solution of dodecylbenzene in Aromatic 200® is treated with glyphosate with rapid stirring. The resultant dispersion is treated with the remaining components and placed on a high shear mixer for 3 minutes.
Optionally, a dispersion of glyphosate and the imidazolinylnicotinic acid solid in a solution of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid in Aromatic 200® is milled to give a median particle size of 1-2 microns prior to the addition of the remaining components.
______________________________________Physical Properties C D______________________________________Dispersibility in water, Good emulsi- Good emulsi-4.0 g in 100 ml total fication, fication,volume. slight oil slight oil separation separation after 24 after 24 hours, easily hours, easily resuspended resuspended______________________________________
EXAMPLE 4
Greenhouse Postemergent Herbicidal Evaluation
This is an evaluation of the postemergent herbicidal activity of the emulsifiable suspension concentrate composition of N-phosphonomethylglycine as compared to a commercial aqueous solution composition of the isopropylammonium salt of N-phosphonomethylglycine.
The test compositions used for this evaluation are the emulsifiable suspension concentrate composition of N-phosphonomethylglycine which is described in Example 1 and referred to herein as Glyphosate 40 ESC and an aqueous soluble composition of the isopropylammonium salt of N-phosphonomethylglycine which is commercially sold by Monsanto under the trademark ROUNDUP® and referred to herein as Glyphosate Salt.
Seedling plants are grown in jiffy flats for about 2 weeks. The glyphosate 40 ESC composition is dispersed in water containing 0.25% TWEEN-20®, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate surfactant manufactured by Atlas Chemical Industries in sufficient quantity to provide the equivalent of about 0.063 kg to 0.500 kg per hectare of N-phosphonomethylglycine to the plants when applied through a spray nozzle operating at 40 psi for a predetermined time. The Glysphosate Salt is dispersed in water according to the label directions and applied to the plants as described above. After spraying, the plants are placed on greenhouse benches and cared for in the usual manner commensurate with conventional greenhouse practices. The plants are evaluated at 7 and 14 days after treatment and rated according to the rating system shown below.
______________________________________Rating System % Control______________________________________No effect 0Possible effect 1-10Slight effect 11-25Moderate effect 26-40Definite injury 41-60Herbicidal effect 61-75Good Herbicidal effect 76-90Approaching complete kill 91-99Complete kill 100______________________________________
______________________________________Plant Species UsedCommon Name Scientific Name______________________________________Mustard Wild Brassica kaberCotton Gossypium hirsustumCorn Zea maysMorningglory Ipomoea purpureaSoybean Glycine maxBarnyard Grass Echinochloa crus-galliLambsquaters Chenopidium albumRagweed Ambrosia artemisifoliaGreen Foxtail Setaria veridis______________________________________
The data obtained at 14 days after treatment are reported in Table I below.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Postemergence Herbicidal Evaluation Grn Rate Must Cot Field Morn Soy Barn Lambs Rag FoxComposition (ka/ha) ard ton Corn glry bean yardg quart weed tail__________________________________________________________________________Glyphosate Salt 0.500 80.0 80.0 90.0 66.7 78.3 98.7 99.3 38.3 100.0Glyphosate ESC 0.500 60.0 50.0 95.0 71.7 80.0 94.3 96.3 40.0 91.7Glyphosate Salt 0.250 38.3 35.0 58.3 63.3 63.3 71.0 83.3 33.3 85.0Glyphosate ESC 0.250 33.3 40.0 85.3 75.3 71.7 78.3 100.0 53.3 93.3Glyphosate Salt 0.125 13.3 20.0 18.3 30.0 20.0 23.3 61.7 6.7 46.7Glyphosate ESC 0.125 26.7 3.3 71.7 30.0 50.0 48.3 83.3 23.3 81.7Glyphosate Salt 0.063 0.0 3.3 3.3 15.0 6.7 16.7 36.7 0.0 20.0Glyphosate ESC 0.063 6.7 0.0 61.7 10.0 20.0 35.0 70.0 13.3 40.0__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
Field Postemergent Herbicidal Evaluation
The test compositions used are Glyphosate 40 ESC and Glyphosate Salt, and are as described in Example 4.
A field containing established, actively growing plants is divided into plots of 10 meters×30 meters and is sprayed with a tractor mounted compressed air sprayer with a delivery of 200 liters per hectare. The Glyphosate 40 ESC composition is dispersed in water containing 0.25% TWEEN-20® in sufficient quantity to provide the equivalent of 2.0 kg to 0.5 kg per hectare to the plants. Glyphosate Salt is dispersed in water according to the label directions and applied to the plants as described hereinabove. The plots are evaluated at 7 and 14 days after treatment. Each treatment is replicated once. The data obtained for 14 days after treatment is reported in Table II.
______________________________________Plant SpeciesCommon Name Scientific Name______________________________________Redroot pigweed Amoranthus retroflexusCommon lambsquarters Chenopodium albumCommon purslore Portulara oleraceaCommon ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolaLarge crabgrass Digitaria sanguiralisFall panicum Panicum diclotomiflorumBarnyard grass Echirochloa curs-galliFoxtail millet Setaria italica______________________________________
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Postemergence Field Evaluation Red Root Fox Rate Pig Lambs Rag Crab Fall Bard tailComposition kg/ha weed quart weed gras pani yardq millet__________________________________________________________________________Glyphosate Salt 0.5 100 80 98 100 95 100 100Glyphosate ESC 0.5 100 100 85 100 98 100 100Glyphosate Salt 1.0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Glyphosate ESC 1.0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Glyphosate Salt 2.0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Glyphosate ESC 2.0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100__________________________________________________________________________ | There are provided compositions comprising a concentrated amount of an herbicidally active agent, or combination of agents, in a solid state suspended in a water immiscible solvent containing an anionic surfactant and a nonionic surfactant and optionally containing an antifoam agent and a suspending or thickening agent. Upon dilution with hard or soft water, said compositions readily form sprayable herbicidal emulsions. | 2,573 |
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 10/741,646, filed Dec. 19, 2003, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/453,002, filed Jun. 3, 2003 now abandoned claiming the benefit of the filing date of provisional application Ser. No. 60/385,082, filed Jun. 3, 2002 entitled SILICA-CALCIUM PHOSPHATE COMPOSITE FOR IMPROVED SYNTHETIC GRAFTED RESORBABILITY AND TISSUE REGENERATION, which are incorporated by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to bone tissue generation and more particularly to a method for bone tissue generation employing a method for the generation of bone tissue by the preparation and the application to bone defect sites of a resorbable silica-calcium phosphate bioactive composite (SCPC) that finds utility as a bone tissue engineering scaffold.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Silica-based bioactive glasses and calcium phosphate ceramics have long been known to serve as synthetic materials useful in the promotion of bone formation in repairing bone fractures and the like. These materials are considered bioactive because they bond to bone and enhance bone tissue formation with a variable degree of success.
An estimated 11 million people in the United States have at least one medical device implant. Two types of implants, fixation devices (usually fracture fixation) and artificial joints are used in orthopedic treatments and oral and maxillofacial procedures. Approximately 80% of the fracture fixation requires adjuvant grafting. Among the joint replacement procedures an increasing number are revision surgeries with their adjuvant need for bone grafting.
Current approaches to difficult bone repair problems include utilization of autografts, allografts and synthetic grafts. Although at present auto graft material is preferentially used, there is limitation in its use, including donor site morbidity, limited donor bone supply, anatomical and structural problems and elevated levels of resorption during healing. The use of allografts has a disadvantage of eliciting an immunalogical response due to genetic differences and the risk of reducing transmissible diseases. Considerable attention has been directed to the use of synthetic materials for bone graft, most notably hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and bioactive glass. The synthetic graft material is also used to form coatings on implants, such as pins and the like, to promote attachment of new bone growth to the implement. In addition, these materials are also used as fillers in biopoloymer composites and drug delivery vehicles.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for the generation of bone tissue by the preparation and the application to bone defect sites of a resorbable silica-calcium phosphate bioactive composite (SCPC) that finds utility as a bone tissue engineering scaffold. The resorbable silica-calcium phosphate bioactive composite can be applied directly to bone defect or can be employed as a bioactive coating on implants to facilitate bone growth around the implant.
The improved SCPC defines a surface that can contain four different phases; 1) silica modified with calcium and/or phosphorous, 2) unmodified silica/silanol groups required to nucleate calcium phosphate precipitation, 3) calcium phosphate modified with silica and 4) unmodified calcium phosphate. These four different phases ensure the availability of a surface with superior bioactivity as compared to calcium phosphate ceramic or bioactive glass conventionally used as a scaffold to promote bone tissue growth. In addition the presence of sodium in the form of β-NaCaPO 4 has a synergistic effect on the absorbability of protein that contributes to improved bioactivity.
While the resorption and bioactivity of bioactive glass is limited by the diffusion of Ca and P ions from the glass bulk to the surface, the resorption and bioactivity of the SCPC does not depend on the bulk composition. In addition to providing an immediate bioactive surface layer that enhances protein adsorption and cell function, the silicon released from the surface may have a stimulatory effect on bone cell function.
The bioactivity and the resorbability of the SCPC is affected and controlled by its chemical composition, which prior to thermal treatment, comprises a mixture of an organic or inorganic silica salt and a calcium phosphate. In addition, its crystalline structure, the degree of the alkaline environment presented by the SCPC composition, its porosity and its thermal treatment temperature combine to provide the improved bioactivity as compared to conventionally used compositions such as bioglass. For example disruption of the crystalline structure of the bioactive phases caused by the exchange of silica in the calcium phosphate phase and the exchange of phosphate into the silica phase improves the bioactivity of the SCPC. Moreover, the corrosion rate and resorbability are enhanced by this ion exchange in the bioactive phases. Similarly the porosity of the SCPC, which may range between about 10 vol % to about 80 vol %, controlled during its formation by particle size of the ingredients, the presence of a fugitive agent or a foaming agent, and/or the pressure applied when forming green shapes prior to sintering, improves bioactivity with increasing porosity. It is preferred that the size of the pores be less than 800 μm and it has been found that good results are achieved when pore size ranges from about 0.1 μm to 500 μm The presence of an alkaline environment, such as provided by the presence of sodium ions, has been found to increase the bioactivity of the SCPC. Likewise the sintering temperature effects a change in the bioactivity and resorbability of the SCPC.
In the present invention after thermal treatment the silica is present both in amorphous form and in crystalline form. The crystal form can comprise L-quartz and/or α-cristobalite (tetragonal crystal structure). The silica may be present in amounts ranging from 0.3094 moles to 0.9283 moles. The calcium phosphate portion of the SCPC can be present in many forms such as for example, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate (β-Ca 2 P 2 O 7 (H)) and/or β-NaCaPO 4 (rhenanite). The precise structure of the SCPC will depend on the initial chemical concentration of each component and on the thermal treatment protocol.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIGS. 1 , 2 and 3 show the results of histological evaluations of critical size bone defects, created in the cortical bone of the femora of New Zealand rabbits.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The SCPC is prepared by forming an aqueous or non-aqueous paste of a sufficient amount of an organic or inorganic silica salt such as sodium silicate to provide between about 0.31 mole and about 0.93 mole of silica in the thermally treated composite and calcium phosphate such as bicalcium phosphate. In the alternative, an alkali metal oxide such as sodium oxide may be included in a mixture comprising silica in place of the sodium silicate. The paste may be pressed into pellets for more convenient handling. It will be understood that the silicate salt and calcium phosphate may be mixed as a dry powder with good results. The mixture, be it in the form of pellets or other formed shape or as a dried powder, is sintered at temperatures ranging from about 130° C. to about 1200° C.
The composition of the samples after thermal treatment, shown in Table 1 below, was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The relatively high molar concentration of silica that derived from a silica salt causes a shift in the 20 in the position of the characteristic signals of the silica and calcium phosphate phases and is indicative of the silicate-phosphate ion substitution. The ion substitution exchange resulted in significant decrease in the crystallization temperature in both the silica and calcium phosphate phases. For example as shown in the table, cristobalite, which normally is formed when low quartz is heated to around 720° C., was formed in the phase composition of the composite at the lower temperature of 690° C. The formation of these crystalline phases at lower temperature increased the bioactivity of the SCPC.
TABLE 1
Sample
SiO 2
Temp
Id. No.
(Mole)
(° C.)
Phase Composition
C3S1
0.3094
355
L-quartz (L) + β-Ca 2 P 2 O 7 (H) +
β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (I) + β-NaCaPO 4 (L)
C1S1
0.6193
355
L-quartz (L) + γ-Ca 2 P 2 O 7 (H) +
β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (I) + β-NaCaPO 4 (L)
C1S3
0.9283
355
L-Quartz(L) + β-NaCaPO 4 (L)
C3S1
0.3094
690
a-cristobalite(I) ++ β-Ca 2 P 2 O 7 (H) +
β-NaCaPO 4 (L)
C1S1
0.6193
690
a-cristobalite (H) + β-NaCaPO 4 (H) + L-Quartz
C1S3
0.9283
690
a-cristobalite (H) + β-NaCaPO 4 (H) + Na 2 Si 3 O 5
C3S1
0.3094
800
a-cristobalite (H) ++ β-Ca 2 P 2 O 7 (H) +
β-NaCaPO 4 (H)
C1S1
0.6193
800
a-cristobalite (H) + β-NaCaPO 4 (H) +
L-quartz(L)
C1S3
0.9283
800
a-cristobalite (H) + β-NaCaPO 4 (H) +
L-quartz(L)
Following thermal treatment, the SCPC material is ready for use such as by forming granules into a desired shape, such as a block, sphere or sheet or application of a layer of the composite over at least a portion of a suitable prosthesis for implant. For example, the composite can be deposited as a layer on a device such as a pin for insertion in the bone being repaired. In addition the composite may be applied directly to bone being repaired.
As mentioned above, it is highly preferred that the bioactive composite be porous. Good results can be achieved when porosity ranges from 10 vol % to about 80 vol %. For the higher porosities it is preferred to include a suitable pore former such as a fugitive material that is consumed during the thermal treatment process. Likewise, pore formation can be initiated in the raw composite mix by including a foaming agent or a fugitive solvent. Pore forming and fugitive agents for use in ceramic composites are well known and are commercially available and the selection of a suitable agent is clearly understood. In many cases the solvent of the composite paste will itself form pores in sufficient number and size as it leaves the paste during thermal treatment. It is preferred that the pores be less than 800 μm to aid in maintaining the structural integrity of the finished composite. The bioactive composite may have a pore size of between about 0.1 μm to about 500 μm and good results are achieved with pore sizes ranging from about 10 μm to about 300 μm
The composites of Table 1 were tested for adsorption of serum protein, a necessary first step to the production of new bone growth around the SCPC, and it was found that protein adsorption varied with the sintering temperature which the material was pretreated at during processing. It was found that protein adsorption dropped as the sintering temperature was increased to about 690° C. and thereafter sharply increased between 690° C. and 800° C. Although it is not fully understood, this may be attributed to the transformation of silica from amorphous phase to a crystalline phase which may inhibit protein adsorption onto the surface of the SCPC thermally treated at the lower temperature below 690° C. However, the silica is transformed from L-quartz into α-cristobalite (after thermal treatment above 690° C.) which is associated with a significant increase in serum protein adsorption. In addition, the formation of β-NaCaPO 4 which also begins forming at about 690° C. and increases as the treatment temperature increases above about 690° C. is also associated with a significant increase in serum protein adsorption. Regardless of the thermal treatment, however, the SCPC of the present invention absorbs more protein than the standard bioactive glass alone. Also, the disruption of the structure of the SCPC caused by the exchange of silica in the calcium phosphate phase and the exchange of phosphate into the silica phase improves protein adsorption.
SCPCs, identified in Table 1 as C3S1, C1S1 and C1S3 were sintered at temperatures ranging between 355° C. and 800° C. The phase compositions at several sintering temperatures have been determined and are set out in Table 1.
The compositions were tested for protein absorption as reported by Ahmed, El-Ghannam and Fouda, biomaterials Forum, 27 th Annual Meeting Transactions, 23, May-Jun. 2001 in the following manner.
Particles (90-250 μm) from each of the samples were separately immersed in a simulated body fluid comprising fetal bovine serum for 3 hours at 37° C. After immersion the protein was extracted using 1% SDS. Protein concentration was determined using a gold staining dot block technique. For a comparison, a control experiment using bioactive glass particles of the same particle size range was run in parallel. After the samples were cooled down to room temperature they were immersed in protein solution. The adsorbed protein was determined as described above. Samples containing α-cristobalite and β-NaCaPO 4 adsorbed statistically significant higher amounts of serum protein than samples containing L-quartz and pyrophosphate. As the amount of the cristobalite increased the adsorption of protein increased.
EXAMPLE 1
The following example illustrates the effect on bone tissue regeneration by the resorbable bioactive SCPC of the present invention.
Samples prepared as described above and identified in Table 1 above as C1S1 and C1S3 and thermally treated at 690° C. were analyzed along with a control consisting of a commercially available bioglass were evaluated for bone tissue response in the following manner.
A rabbit femur model was used to evaluate bone tissue response to the new material. Nine (9) rabbits 3-4 months weighing about 3 kg were used. A critical size bone defect (7 mm in diameter) was created in the cortical bone of each femur. Granules of C1S3 and C1S1 as well as the control bioglass were used separately in sufficient amount to fill the defects. The animals were sacrificed after 3 weeks. Bone segments containing the defects were fixed, dehydrated, decalcified, sliced into thin sections (5-7 micron) and stained with H & E.
Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the C1S3 particles showed a pore size ranging from 10-300 μm. Measurements of porosity using mercury intrusion method showed that the particles acquired 54% porosity. The pore size is large enough to allow for bone cell colonization and vascularization of the newly formed bone. The high porosity percent provides high surface area for bone cell attachment and stimulation of bone bioactivity reactions that results in bone formation. Moreover, the porosity regulates graft material resorption during new bone tissue formation.
FIGS. 1 , 2 and 3 show the histological evaluations of critical size bone defects, created in the cortical bone of the femora of New Zealand rabbits that were grafted with particles (150-600 μm) of C1S3 ( FIG. 1 ), C1S1 ( FIG. 2 ), both sintered at 690° C., and bioactive glass ( FIG. 3 ), the compositions of which are shown in Table 1 above. After 3 weeks, defects grafted with C1S3 were almost completely filled with new bone ( FIG. 1 ). Bone formed in the internal side of the defect has been completely remodeled and few vascular cavities remained. The bone defect treated with composition C1S1 ( FIG. 2 ) also showed substantial development of new bone tissue. The defect treated with bioactive glass (BG) alone ( FIG. 3 ) exhibited less new bone tissue and a considerable amount of BG is observed filling the marrow cavity and the defect itself.
These results indicate that SCPCs containing a high silica concentration not only have strong stimulatory effects on bone cell function but also resorb in harmony with the new bone tissue formation. New bone is also present within the marrow cavity that was initially filled with graft material. The architecture of the remodeled cortical bone and marrow resembles that of normal healthy bone. This indicates that the composition of the present invention, particularly the C1S3 material, has a strong stimulatory effect on stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts and can be used as a delivery system for mesnechymal stem cells. EDX analysis of the new bone that formed inside the defect indicates that it is mineralized bone with a Ca/P ratio of 1.65. On the other hand, defects grafted with BG were filled with a substantial quantity of graft materials in addition to bone. It is interesting to note that new bone tissue formed not only on the outer surfaces of C1S1 particles but also inside the pores of the particulates. These results clearly demonstrate that the porous SCPC of the present invention is highly bioactive in that it has a strong stimulatory effect on bone cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation and bone tissue regeneration.
The foregoing example is by way illustration only and should not be taken as limiting the invention. Although preferred embodiments have been described herein in detail, it is understood by those skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims appended hereto. | A method is disclosed for the generation of bone tissue by the preparation and the application to bone defect sites of a resorbable silica-calcium phosphate bioactive composite (SCPC) that finds utility as a bone tissue engineering scaffold. The resorbable silica-calcium phosphate bioactive composite can be applied directly to bone defect or can be employed as a bioactive coating on implants to facilitate bone growth around the implant. The resorbable silica-calcium phosphate bioactive composite is prepared from a mixture of a silica salt in an amount to provide between about 0.31 moles and about 0.93 moles of silica and calcium phosphate, said silica salt being present in the resorbable silica-calcium phosphate bioactive composite. The mixture is thermally treated at a temperature ranging between about 130° C. to about 1200° C. to form said resorbable silica-calcium phosphate bioactive composite having a phase composition comprising a thermally treated form of silica and calcium phosphate. | 2,940 |
Priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/478,198 filed Jun. 13, 2003 is hereby claimed.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Background of the Invention
The provisional continuation application described here pertains to “A Non-invasive, Miniature, Breath Monitoring Apparatus”, application Ser. No. 09/891,106, Filed on Jun. 25, 2001, incorporated herein by reference. Said application describes a spectroscopic gas analyzer for rapid, non-invasive, multicomponent analysis of breath and subsequent determination of cardiac output, or other useful physiological measurements. While the device is appropriate for clinical or out-patient (i.e., point-of-care) use in its current configuration, a number of specialized applications require an even smaller system. These include, but are not limited to:
“Mobile” human testing; device is carried by the human subject/patient (e.g., in backpack) during the test. This configuration allows freedom of motion, such as running, cycling, or other, Highly portable; for measurements in remote, inaccessible applications such as high altitude research, airplane or spacecraft missions (e.g., sustained micro-gravity research), military field clinics, screening of underserved civilian communities, especially in remote locations, home use, Integrated sensor suite; device is embedded with other sensors to form part of a package such as stress test equipment, ambulance diagnostics, Animal testing; device is strapped to animal subject for unimpeded diagnostic measurement. This is important as the animal cannot always be tested in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Examples of relevant applications include: cardiac output determination in race horses or dogs running on a track, or dolphins under water.
The continuation disclosed herein teaches a novel means of miniaturizing the technology from our application Ser. No. 09/891,106.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The principal purpose of the disclosed invention consists of the quantitative analysis of gas-phase components of breath and the subsequent determination of cardiac output ({dot over (Q)}). This measurement is made non-invasively by using novel embodiments of spectroscopic gas sensing technology there-by facilitating further miniaturization than in the original disclosure. The present invention is unique in its optical design allowing multiple species to be monitored simultaneously to determine an accurate measure of {dot over (Q)}. The use of such an approach has not been reported previously to make {dot over (Q)} measurements on subjects at rest or during exercise, nor any other form of breath analysis.
By making minor adjustments, the instrument is capable of measuring alternative analytes that may be of interest for {dot over (Q)} monitoring (e.g., methane and Freon 22). The integration of an O 2 measurement channel allows the metabolic measurements to be carried out in conjunction with {dot over (Q)} monitoring.
Similarly, the instrument has the capability of measuring numerous other gases, such as NH 3 , CO, N 2 O, ethanol, acetone, aldehydes, etc. for other biomedical applications, as described in our original application. Substitution of the standard four measurement channels (i.e., CO 2 , H 2 O, C 2 H 2 , and SF 6 ) with any of the above does not necessitate any software modifications and only requires minor hardware modifications (i.e., substitution of the optical filters).
The above and other objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying figures illustrate complete preferred embodiments of the present invention and the best modes presently devised for the practical application of the principles thereof, in which:
FIG. 1 . Schematic representation of the disclosed invention.
FIG. 2 . Drawing of lead-salt detector array.
FIG. 3 . Optical layout of the disclosed invention interfaced with 4-element detector array.
FIG. 4 . Three-dimensional representation of light pipe-gas cell-detector array assembly.
FIG. 5 . Optomechanical layout of the disclosed invention, using a four-detector mid-IR array in conjunction with one far-IR detector.
FIG. 6 . Prism-based beam combiner.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A typical embodiment of the invention disclosed in application Ser. No. 09/891,106, filed on Jun. 25, 2001 is shown schematically in FIG. 1 . In summary, radiation from emitter ( 1 ) is collected by miniature sample cell ( 2 ) (the emitter is said to be “butt-coupled” to the sample cell), where sample cell ( 2 ) consists of a low volume light pipe. The breath sample to be analyzed is continuously aspired through sample cell ( 2 ). The radiation exiting the sample cell is modulated by optomechanical chopper ( 3 ) and collected by optic ( 4 ), which can consist of an off-axis parabolic reflector, collimated by optic ( 4 ) and projected into optical chamber ( 6 ). The modular design of optical chamber ( 6 ) made up one of the novel features of application Ser. No. 09/891,106 incorporated by reference and is discussed in detail therein. In summary, collimated beam ( 5 ) is partitioned to a plurality of detectors ( 7 ) and ( 11 ) by means of suitable beamsplitters, mirrors, and lenses. Each detector is equipped with a narrow bandpass optical filter (NBOF)—not shown—which isolates the appropriate spectral window to make the measurement of the corresponding analyte (see application Ser. No. 09/891,106 for a detailed explanation). The signals from the detectors are amplified and conditioned by pre-amplifier boards ( 8 ) and ( 12 ), and analog signal ( 9 ) is relayed to computer and electronics stack ( 10 ), where the signals are conditioned further and digitized. The invention disclosed herein concerns miniaturization of optical chamber ( 6 ).
One embodiment of the disclosed invention is motivated by the recent availability (e.g., SensArray Corporation, Burlington, Mass.) of small lead-salt (e.g., lead sulfide, PbS, and lead selenide, PbSe) arrays that do not require cryogenic cooling to respond sensitively to infrared (IR) radiation appropriate for measuring the compounds of interest for breath analysis (see application Ser. No. 09/891,106); i.e., in the 1.0–6.0 μm wavelength range. These arrays only include a small number of elements, say 2–16, and can be custom-engineered with the appropriate mask for a wide range of pixel sizes and geometries. FIG. 2A illustrates a four-element array (front view), where each detector ( 13 ) is symmetrically distributed in a standard electronics package ( 14 ). A 3-D representation is given in FIG. 2B .
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention where the light pipe ( 2 ) bolts directly to gas filter correlation cell ( 21 ), which, in turn, bolts directly to detector heat sink ( 19 ). Cell ( 21 ) is isolated from ( 2 ) and ( 19 ) via a pair of optical windows ( 20 ). Another window—not shown—at the other end of light pipe ( 2 ) seals low volume conduit ( 18 ) from the sample stream aspired continuously from the human/animal subject being tested. Gas cell ( 21 ) consists of four independent chambers ( 17 ) that can be filled with a suitable gas filter correlation (GFC) gas via ports ( 16 ). Gases of interest to breath analysis commonly measured by GFC spectroscopy include C 2 H 2 , CH 4 , CO, N 2 O, etc. (see application Ser. No. 09/891,106 for further details). When GFC is not employed, chambers ( 17 ) can be filled with room air, N.sub.2, argon, or can be sealed under vacuum. Each detector element ( 13 ) of the array can be apertured by a different gas cell and NBOF using this simple approach. A 3-D representation of the assembly shown in FIG. 3 is shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B and further teaches how such a novel optical chamber can be configured. FIGS. 4A and 4B also show optical block ( 22 ), which houses IR source ( 1 ). Note that a gap may be required for the blade of optomechanical chopper ( 3 ); in many cases a chopper is not required as the array can be integrated/gated electronically. FIGS. 4A and 4B also illustrate the modular nature of the design. Optomechanical blocks ( 2 ), ( 19 ), ( 21 ), and ( 22 ) can conveniently and economically be machined out of aluminum. This novel miniature assembly also has the advantage of being very economically attractive, as many optical elements used in the original design (see application Ser. No. 09/891,106) can be omitted. The inherent simplicity of the design also makes it very robust.
The approach used in FIGS. 3 and 4A and 4 B can be employed to monitor a wide range of breath gases, including, but not limited to, the following combinations:
Four mid-IR detector system for {dot over (Q)} monitoring; C 2 H 2 reference (GFC compartment filled with C 2 H 2 ), C 2 H 2 sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ), CO 2 reference (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ), CO 2 sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ). This approach also requires far-IR detector ( 11 ) for SF 6 monitoring (see application Ser. No. 09/891,106), as illustrated schematically in FIG. 5 , where beamsplitter ( 23 ) reflects the long wavelength IR radiation through optical block ( 25 ), Six mid-IR detector system for {dot over (Q)} monitoring; C 2 H 2 reference (GFC compartment filled with C 2 H 2 ), C 2 H 2 sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ), CO 2 reference (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ), CO 2 sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ), CH 4 reference (GFC compartment filled with CH 4 ), CH 4 sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ). This configuration does not require a far-IR detector, as CH 4 is used in lieu of SF 6 as the blood-insoluble gas, Four mid-IR detector system for CO pulmonary diffusive capacity monitoring; CO reference (GFC compartment filled with CO), CO sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ), CH 4 reference (GFC compartment filled with CH 4 ), CH 4 sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ). This configuration does not require a far-IR detector, as CH 4 is used in lieu of SF 6 as the blood-insoluble gas, Six mid-IR detector system for {dot over (Q)} and CO pulmonary diffusive capacity monitoring; C 2 H 2 reference (GFC compartment filled with C 2 H 2 ), C 2 H 2 sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ), CO 2 reference (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ), CO 2 sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ), CO reference (GFC compartment filled with CO), CO sample (GFC compartment filled with N 2 ). This approach also requires far-IR detector ( 11 ) for SF 6 monitoring (see application Ser. No. 09/891,106), as illustrated schematically in FIG. 5 , where beamsplitter ( 23 ) reflects the long wavelength IR radiation through optical block ( 25 ).
Note that N 2 O can be substituted directly for C 2 H 2 , where desired, as the blood-soluble gas. Many other permutations are possible due to the modular nature of the design.
In another preferred embodiment of the disclosed invention, GFC cell assembly ( 21 ) and detector array assembly ( 22 ) are replaced entirely by a dispersive mid-IR spectrometer including a linear array, consisting of a plurality, typically 128 or more, of detectors. Examples of suitable array detectors for IR measurements include: pyroelectric and thermopile array systems, as supplied by Ion Optics, Inc. (Waltham, Mass.), multiplexed lead sulfide and lead selenide arrays Textron Systems (Petaluma, Calif.) and/or Litton Electro-Optical Systems (Tempe, Ariz.) and/or SensArray Corporation (Burlington, Mass.) would be suitable. Other detector arrays, such as mercury cadmium telluride, supplied by Cincinnati Electronics Corp. (Mason, Ohio), and indium antimonide, supplied by Litton Electro-Optical Systems (Tempe, Ariz.), could also be used for IR measurements The array, which needs to have a response time below 30 ms, is optically interfaced with a grating, such as a holographic grating, which disperses the broadband radiation into its component wavelengths without the need for moving mechanical parts using a standard spectrometer design (e.g., Czerny-Turner). This allows spectra to be processed to extract analyte concentrations using standard methods (see Baum, M. M.; Lord, H. C. Spectroscopic Remote Sensing Exhaust Emission Monitoring System. U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,851, Sep. 24, 2002). In one preferred embodiment of the disclosed invention, a mid-IR spectrometer (e.g., using a PbSe array) is used in conjunction with a far-IR SF 6 detector in an analogous fashion to the configuration shown in FIG. 5 . When an array is used with sensitivity in the far-IR, (e.g., mercury cadmium telluride), all analytes of interest may be monitored in the dispersive spectrometer. Alternatively, CH 4 can be used in lieu of SF 6 as the blood-insoluble gas and all analytes of interest can be monitored in the mid-IR spectrometer.
Finally, FIG. 6 shows a preferred embodiment of the disclosed invention for combining the emission from a plurality of IR sources ( 26 ) including, but not limited to:
Pulsable broadband emitter (e.g., SVF360-8M, CalSensors, NL8LNC, Ion Optics, Waltham, Mass.), IR light emitting diode (LED) (suppliers include: Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Nauky, Ukraine, Telcom Devices Corporation, Camarillo, Calif., Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Laser Monitoring Systems Ltd., Devon, England), Superluminescent diode (Sarnoff Corporation, Princeton, N.J.), Narrow-band semiconductor incandescent source (Ion Optics), Tunable diode laser, a tunable quantum cascade laser, a pulsed miniature CO 2 laser, such as LASY-1 manufactured by Access Laser Co. (Marysville, Wash.), Any other emitter of radiation that can be electronically pulsed.
The output from the IR emitted is collimated using suitable optics ( 27 ) and the resulting beams ( 29 ) are combined using (optically coated) prism ( 28 ). The combined beam traverses light pipe ( 2 ) and can be analyzed with the optical chamber(s) disclosed in the original application, or with any of the embodiments discussed above. This embodiment does not require chopper ( 3 ) as all beams are already electronically modulated/pulsed.
This invention is not to be limited by the embodiment shown in the drawings and described in the description which is given by way of example and not of limitation, but only in accordance with the scope of the appended claims. | A means of miniaturizing the rugged, spectroscopic gas analyzer for rapid, non-invasive, multicomponent analysis of breath described in application Ser. No. 09/891,106, Filed on Jun. 25, 2001. A significant (ca. 4×) reduction in analyzer dimensions is achieved through a redesign of the optical bench: single detectors of IR radiation are replaced by detector arrays. A number of embodiments are discussed. | 2,416 |
RELATED CASE
This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 13,244, filed Feb. 21, 1979, issuing as U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 4,250,893 on Feb. 17, 1981.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
Copending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 13,244 discloses a sample collection device for drawing samples of blood and other fluids for clinical testing purposes. The device includes a deformable vial, a non-vented cap removably secured to the open end of the vial, and a closure member for initially sealing the collection tube and, following the collection of a sample, for closing the vial itself. The cap includes an integral collection tube extending therefrom, the tube terminating in a tip which, instead of being blunt with an end face extending at right angles to the axis of the tube, is beveled to define an oval end face sloping at an angle of approximately 45° with respect to that axis. For further details, reference may be had to such application and patent issuing therefrom, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
A main aspect of this invention lies in the discovery that beveling the face of a tube for collecting samples of blood and other biological fluids has the important effect of reducing resistance that might exist to the entry of such fluids into the bore of the tube. The beneficial effects are particularly noticeable with fine-bore collection tubes formed of polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, and other polymeric materials commonly regarded as being hydrophobic in nature. Blood and other biological fluids that would strongly resist entering the bore of such a tube if the end face were disposed at right angles, and such end face were then brought into contact with a supported drop of such a fluid, are found to enter the bore quite readily if the end face is disposed at an angle of approximately 35° to 60° measured from a plane normal to the axis of the tube. The preferred range is 40° to 55°, with the optimum being approximately 49° to 52°. Beveling the tip as so described also yields important advantages even when the tube is formed of a material generally regarded as being hydrophilic, such as glass or cellulose acetate propionate. The ease with which biological fluids may be drawn into the bore of such a tube is noticably enhanced when the tip is beveled rather than blunt, and when the oval surface of the tip is brought into contact with a body of such fluid. Furthermore, when the tube is dimensioned to be filled by capillary action, the difference in tip construction is found to yield a decrease in the fill time for such a tube.
Capillary tubes for use in collecting samples of blood and other biological fluids without the need for producing a partial vacuum or suction effect at the opposite ends of such tubes, are commonly formed of hydrophilic materials, partly because the use of other materials would make it difficult or impossible to cause liquid to enter the tubes by capillary action, and partly because such other materials exhibit insufficient attraction to such liquids to overcome the internal forces of the liquids. An important aspect of this invention lies in the discovery that if the tip of a small bore capillary tube is beveled as described, resistance to entry of biological fluids into the bore of such a tube is sufficiently diminished that such tube may be used as a standard capillary tube, being filled by capillary or gravity action, notwithstanding the fact that such tube is formed of a hydrophobic polymeric material.
Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the specification and drawings.
DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a capillary tube having a tip construction embodying the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of the tip of the tube, such tip being shown in relation to a drop of blood resting upon a support surface.
FIG. 3 is an end view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to the drawings, the numeral 10 designates a blood collecting pipette in the form of a straight cylindrical tube having a tip or collecting end portion 11 and an opposite end portion 12. The bore or lumen 13 of the open-ended tube has a uniform diameter which, in the case of a capillary tube, would not exceed about 2 millimeters. The length of the tube might vary considerably in accordance with desired volumetric capacity and intended use.
A characteristic feature of collection tube 10 lies in the bevel of tip 11. End face 14, instead of extending along a plane normal to the longitudinal axis 15 of the tube, lies along a plane disposed at an oblique angle with respect to that axis. Specifically, end face 14 is oval in configuration with the long axis 16 of the oval (FIG. 3) intersecting a plane normal to the longitudinal axis 15 at an acute angle α within the range of about 35° to 60° and, preferably, 40° to 55°. The optimum range for most applications is believed to be approximately 49° to 52°, with angles in the upper part of such range believed to be more effective with tube materials of greater hydrophobicity.
The material from which collection tube 10 is formed should be rigid, transparent, and inert with respect to biological fluids. Cellulose acetate propionate has been found particularly effective, although other polymeric materials such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, trimethyl pentene, polyethylene terephthalate, and acrylics may be used. As indicated, the tube may also be formed of glass; however, in such a case some of the benefits of the invention will not be fully realized since one of the more important advantages of this invention lies in rendering polymeric materials operative for a use for which they have not previously been regarded as well suited, largely because of the resistance to the entry of blood and other biological fluids into the bores of blunt-ended plastic tubes. Most advantageously, therefore, tube 10 is formed of a plastic material which, although relatively rigid, should not be as brittle or frangible as glass.
Referring to FIG. 3, it will be observed that the inner edge 14a of the annular end face 14 is of oval configuration, a necessary result from the facts that bore 13 is cylindrical and that planar face 14 extends at an angle within the range of 35° to 60° with respect to a plane normal to the axis of that bore. Outer edge 14b is also oval in configuration, although that is believed to be of lesser importance than the oval configuration of inner edge 14a. Outer edge 14b should be non-circular and, if oval, its long and transverse axes should ideally be superimposed or congruent with those of the oval defined by edge 14a.
The precise reasons why angling or beveling the end face of a blood collection tube markedly increases the performance of that tube may not be fully known, but it is believed that the oval configuration of end face 14, and particularly inner edge 14a, presents to the liquid droplet surface, which tries under the action of intermolecular forces to maintain a configuration of minimum area, a gradual transition from the droplet configuration to the configuration defined by the bore. This droplet surface can assume highly complex configurations as the liquid tries to satisfy the minimum area condition subject to the constraints imposed by the surrounding solid surfaces. FIG. 2 somewhat schematically illustrates a drop of blood 17 on a support surface 18. Internal molecular forces of attraction or cohesion cause that drop to minimize its surface area; if the drop were free falling rather than supported, it would tend to assume a spherical configuration. Even when supported as shown, such a drop tends to define a circular area of contact with surface 18 and to provide an exposed surface 17a of uniform convexity about a central axis perpendicular to the support surface. Consequently, when tip 11 is urged into contact with drop 17, the oval end surface 14 and its concentric edges, particularly inner edge 14a, cause a reformation of the contour of surface 17a. If the end surface 14 were at right angles to the bore of the tube instead of being beveled as shown, then contact between that face and the surface of the drop would tend to be compatible with the surface tensioning forces acting to minimize the surface of the drop; in such a case, the line of contact between the drop and the inner edge of the bore would normally be circular, as presented by phanton line 19 in FIG. 3, and such a circular line of contact would result in minimal deformation of the fluid surface within the circular opening of such a tube. In such a case, urging the blunt tip of the tube more deeply into the drop would increase hydrostatic pressure but would not appreciably alter the line of contact; hence, if a blunt-tipped collection tube were formed of a plastic material generally regarded as being hydrophobic, contact between the tip and the drop would not sufficiently disrupt the surface tensioning forces to cause the liquid to enter the bore by capillary action unless, of course, a substantial pressure head were developed. Since a drop of blood, commonly produced by pricking a finger or heel with a lancet, is of only limited volume and depth, it is difficult if not impossible to create a sufficient pressure head to overcome the surface tension and cause the fluid to enter the mouth of a blunt-tipped tube of hydrophobic material.
In contrast to the action of a blunt-ended tube, contact between the end face 14 of tube 10 and drop 17 tends to minimize the surface deformations required to transform the liquid surface from the droplet configuration to the configuration defined by the inside of the tube. If, for example, tube 10 were lowered into contact with drop 17 in the direction indicated by arrow 20, then it is believed apparent that the end face 14 would first contact the drop at two diametrically opposing points lying along the minor axis of the oval at inner edge 14a. The point contact then expands into line contact, but the line is an oval one defined by edge 14a rather than a circular one as previously described with regard to line 19. An oval line of contact along 14a, and an oval area of contact between surface 14 and liquid surface 17a, compel changes in the liquid surface that directly oppose those forces tending to minimize the surface area of the droplet. As the droplet reforms in an effort to restore itself to a condition of minimized surface area, it adopts a configuration that causes it to creep beyond edge 14a and enter the bore of the tube. Finally, once the liquid surface has entered the bore, continued flow proceeds, impelled by gravity draw and/or capillary forces.
The explanation given above for the effectiveness of the tube is theoretical and it is possible that other factors may contribute to the physical operation of the present invention, but such effectiveness of operation is readily demonstrated. Microcapillary tubes of polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and other plastics generally regarded as hydrophobic have been found to operate effectively as spontaneously-filling capillary blood tubes only if their tips are beveled as described. Blood from the exposed surface of a drop readily enters the tip of such a tube and, if the tube is disposed horizontally or sloped downwardly from its tip, will quickly fill such tube even though the material from which the tube is formed is generally classified as being hydrophobic. If such a tube is formed of a material considered to be only mildly hydrophobic or hydrophilic, then filling will occur against gravity with the tube sloping upwardly from its beveled tip end.
The collection tube has been described as being formed of transparent material. The term "transparent" is used herein to mean a material having sufficient clarity to permit observation of the contents of the bore of such a tube and, therefore, such term is to be regarded as applying to materials which permit such observation even though they might be considered translucent rather than optically clear.
Tube 10 has been shown in the drawings as having a uniform outside diameter; however, it is to be understood that such tube or its tip may be tapered, as disclosed in the aforementioned copending application, and such tube may have means at its opposite end for connection to a suitable collection vessel. The structure and advantages of the invention are also illustrated by the following example.
EXAMPLE
Acrylic capillary tubes of approximately 50 microliters capacity were compared with micropipettes formed of soda-lime glass of 50 microliters capacity, marketed by American Dade Division of American Hospital Supply Corporation, Miami, Florida under the designation ACCUPETTE. Several of the acrylic tubes and, initially, all of the glass tubes, had their end surfaces at right angles to the straight uniform bores of such tubes. Other acrylic tubes were identical to the first group of acrylic tubes except that their end faces were beveled at angles within the range of 45° to 55° as described above. The testing fluid was anticoagulated blood containing one milligram per milliliter of disodium EDTA.
Each glass tube filled readily from a drop of blood carried by a support surface, using standard capillary pipetting technique. Using the same procedure with acrylic tubing having right angle tip surfaces, it was found to be extremely difficult to initiate entry of blood into the tips of the tubes, even when such tips were swirled or moved about in the blood droplets. Once entry was initiated, it was found that such acrylic tubes would fill; however, spontaneous entry of blood into the tips of such tubes, upon contact between the blunt ends thereof and the blood droplets, was not found to occur.
Spontaneous entry of blood from droplets contacted by the beveled end faces of the acrylic tubes occurred, and such tubes filled quickly and smoothly. Entry and filling were found to occur most readily with a tip angle of approximately 51°.
Certain of the glass tubes had their tips reformed to provide beveled surfaces within the range of 45° to 55° and were tested following the same procedure. Spontaneous entry occurred as before; however, a noticable reduction in fill time, as compared to glass tubes having blunt end faces, was observed.
While in the foregoing I have disclosed an embodiment of the invention in considerable detail for purposes of illustration, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that many of these details may be varied without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. | A collection tube and method for drawing samples of blood and other biological fluids, such tube having a tip construction effective in promoting the entry of such fluids into the tube and, where the tube is designed to fill by capillary attraction, in enhancing the rate and extent of such action. The fine-bore tube is transparent and is cylindrical in shape with its tip beveled to define an oval planar end surface, the long axis of the oval intersecting a plane normal to the longitudinal axis of the tube at an acute angle within the range of about 35° to 60°. | 2,571 |
This application claims benefit of Provisional Ser. No. 60/205,656, filed May 18, 2000.
The present invention is an embodiment of the designed phase-change canister material delivery system as applied to a fire extinguishing method and system in which the delivery capsule is formed by confining a fire extinguishing agent within a designed phase change container comprising the shell of a fire extinguishing agent in solid form. The container is delivered and allows delivery, in close proximity to burning substances such that release of the agent from the ruptured container and the container itself extinguishes or suppresses the fire.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a fire extinguishing and fire retardant delivery method and system to suppress and extinguish fires, in particular, wildfires. Wildfires, which include forest and range fires, are fully self-sustaining and are either of such a size or in such a location, which make them unmanageable by conventional means. Current technologies for wildfire suppression are fuel starvation and/or removal and aerial delivery of suppression agents, such as water and retardant slurries. The self-sustaining nature of wildfires means that they generate very large incoming airflows, vertical updrafts and turbulence, which provide fuel/air sourcing and mixing. These airflow patterns generated by these fires make it difficult to deliver slurry retardant and/or water to the core of the fire. Delivery of such materials to the core of the fire can cool, block infrared transmission, and deprive the fire of fuel. The system of the present invention provides a method and means for delivering to a fire target, a retardant or extinguishing material in a thermal and/or pressure-sensitive container.
Another direct application of the type of container embodied in this patent is the use as a non-lethal weapon. The rupture of the canister can have a stun effect coupled with the disbursement of material into a crowd.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A fire suppression or extinguishing method is provided comprising the step of confining a fire extinguishing or suppressing agent in slurry, liquid or gaseous form within a phase-change canister which comprises a shell of such an agent in solid form. The optimum system uses an agent in solid form which sublimates at atmospheric pressure at temperatures above about −150° C. The container is designed and delivered in close proximity to burning substances such that the container ruptures releasing the agent onto the burning substance.
The container is formed such that the shell comprises an agent in solid form and the inner core is filled with an agent in slurry, liquid or gaseous form.
The container may be made on an apparatus comprising a shaped molding cavity for receiving the liquid agent to form a shell; a feature for cooling the surface to solidify the liquid to form the shell, a feature for filling the shell with the liquid agent and sealing the shell to form the container, and a feature for releasing the container from the molding surface. Another apparatus for forming the container comprises a shaped molding cavity for receiving the liquid agent to form a shell; a feature to solidify the liquid to form the shell by a pressure-controlled phase change and a feature for releasing the container from the molding surface
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a partial cut-away view of a container according to the invention for delivery to a fire.
FIG. 2 is a cross-section of an apparatus for preparing the container shown in FIG. 1 .
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The fire extinguishing or fire retardant agents typically used in the present invention are materials which can be totally absorbed and/or dispersed into the target environment, yet which are benign relative to the target environment. The preferred materials for the solid shell of the container are solid carbon dioxide, ice or other solid fire retardant or extinguishing agents. Carbon dioxide and ice are the preferred materials for use as the shell as a non-lethal weapon. As explained in more detail below, the container may be sealed under pressure or it may be unpressurized. The shell material is selected so that the shell material itself also serves as a fire extinguishing or retarding agent, thereby enhancing the effects of the material dispersed from the container. The shell composition and thickness are designed so that it will weaken or fail, releasing the enclosed material, either by the phase change of the shell material, i.e. melting or sublimation, and/or by bursting of the shell upon impact.
The shell thickness of the container may be readily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the type of material to be dispersed, the desired radius of dispersement, the time-delay, if any, between the placement of the container and the moment of dispersement, and the target environment conditions for dispersement of the encased material. A property of the container wall is that in the target environment it will undergo a change in phase consistent with that which would readily disperse or be absorbed by the target environment. Typically, the shell will change its physical state in accordance with the system state variables at the target or environment. That is, the shell material will melt and/or sublime at the temperature or other environmental conditions at the target site.
The materials may be distributed at the target site by bursting of the container. For example, a shell of solid carbon dioxide may contain a core of a liquid dioxide, water, or other extinguishing agent or fire retarding agent. The shell may also, for example, be made of ice and contain a core of liquid carbon dioxide, water or other extinguishing agent or retarding agent. Furthermore, the shell may be made of a solid retardant and/or extinguishing agent and the core may contain liquid carbon dioxide, water, or other extinguishing agent and/or retarding agent. The contents may be pressurized or not, depending on the timing of the burst, desired radius of dissipation or desired dispersion method. Typically, the core material will be sublimable at a temperature above about −150° C. up to about 100° C. The bursting of the container due to changes in environmental conditions or impact at the target site is much more desirable than the use of explosives. Explosive bursting charges are environmentally unacceptable, can add undesirable debris to the environment and generate incendiary materials as a result of the explosion process.
Another method of release of the materials is by diffuision mixing. The material within the container, i.e. bacterial agents or chemical agents may be diffuision driven for dispersion and thus may require a release mechanism involving the erosion of the container wall.
Finally, release may be triggered by an environmental effect, such as thermal or pressure activation such that the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of the shell and the contents serve as rupture triggers within the container.
The containers may be delivered from aircraft or thrown or shot into the target area using catapults, air pressure guns and the like.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a partial cutaway of one embodiment of a container according to the present invention. The container comprises a shell ( 10 ) and a hollow interior containing a slurry, liquid or gas of a fire extinguishing or fire retarding material ( 11 ). The shell ( 10 ) is also made of a fire extinguishing or retarding material. Indentations ( 10 a ) serve to facilitate release of the container from the mold from which it is made. Preferably, the container is of a relatively large size, having an interior volume determined by the fire suppression application. It can carry charges of sufficient amounts of material such as carbon dioxide, which will at room temperature be converted into a large volume of gaseous carbon dioxide and some liquid carbon dioxide. The vapor pressure of liquid carbon dioxide rises with temperature, and can reach approximately 1,000 atmospheres at temperatures of about 160° C. Thus, the containers in the practice of the invention when using carbon dioxide as an interior component should be constructed to resist rupture when introduced into a fire until the maximum internal stress in the shell wall is exceeded by either or both the internal pressure built up or external forces. In practice, the charged container is introduced into the fire by being dropped, thrown or shot into the blaze. The heat of the fire primarily reduces the shell thickness, and thus its overall strength to a point where the internal pressures cause shell rupture and disburse the contained material. This is assuming that the shell was not designed to rupture on impact. The heat of the fire raises the temperature slightly within this container design. The container explodes spreading the contents into the surrounding area. The liquid and gaseous contents expand rapidly with the liquid material phase changing to gaseous, thus chilling the surrounding area as well as displacing hot gases and replacing them with CO 2 . The contents of the container, as well as the shattered container particles are rapidly vaporized to provide a blanket in the target area which serves to smother and extinguish the blaze.
The process of the invention may be employed with containers of varying size, from those which are very small, which may be manually thrown or dropped into the fire to those which must be either mechanically catapulted to the fire or dropped from an aircraft or balloon suspended above the fire.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown an apparatus for forming a container according to FIG. 1 by controlled temperature time phase transition. For convenience, only half of the apparatus is shown with the mirror image of the other half (not shown) required to make a complete container. There is a piston ( 12 ) having a surface ( 13 ) in the shape of desired shape of the container with ridges (not shown) that form indentations such as ( 10 a ) in the exterior surface of the shell which serve to promote release of the shell from the mold. This piston can be cooled with a cooling agent such as liquid nitrogen, which is introduced through conduit ( 14 ). The piston ( 12 ) is compressed to form the shell from fluid (liquid, slurry or gaseous) initially introduced through line 15 . The shell is then filled through conduit ( 15 ) with the liquid, slurry or gas materials intended to comprise the core. The sealing piston ( 16 ) is utilized to seal the contents within the shell. The forming and sealing pistons ( 12 ) and ( 16 ) are then withdrawn, respectively, from each half of the formed container and the container is released from the surface ( 13 ). Alternatively, a solid shell can be formed using a similar apparatus having walls sufficient to withstand the necessary pressure for a controlled pressure-time phase transition.
As shown, the liquid nitrogen coolant is supplied from pressurized tank 17 where it is collected in depressurized traps 18 . Excess nitrogen gas is vented through vent 19 .
Carbon dioxide is supplied from tank 20 from which it is filtered through filter 21 and depressurized in traps 22 . The carbon dioxide which will be frozen to form the shell of the canister is introduced via conduit 23 to surface 13 . The carbon dioxide which will form the liquid/gas/solid contents of the container is introduced via line to conduit 15 .
The hydraulic system for manipulating pistons 12 and 16 is provided by hydraulic fluid storage tank 24 and pump 25 . The flow of hydraulic fluid is controlled by valve controllers 26 to compress pistons 16 or 12 , respectively, by pressuring compartments 26 or 27 . The pistons 16 or 12 are withdrawn, respectively, by pressuring compartments 29 or 28 .
Materials other than carbon dioxide may be utilized in tank 20 , such as water or aqueous slurries or solutions of fire retardant agents.
It is understood that certain changes and modifications may be made to the above containers and apparatus without departing from the scope of the invention and it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not limiting the invention in any way. | A fire extinguishing and fire retarding method is provided comprising the step of confining a fire extinguishing and fire retarding agent in slurry, liquid or gaseous form within a shell wherein the shell comprises such an agent in solid form. An agent such as ice water, or liquid carbon dioxide is useful when employing the shell as “non-lethal” device. The solid shell is sublimable and will burst upon impact or upon exposure to the environmental conditions at the target site to release the contents of the shell as well as the fragments of the shell onto the target site. | 2,140 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a receptacle for treatment of fluid materials and specially to a container which can be used for filtering, separating, and dispensing measured quantities of a liquid.
In particular, the vessel of this invention is concerned with a beaker or cup having a bottom drain opening for gravity flow discharge. The device includes a companion sluice valve assembly for controlling the rate of discharge flow. A strainer basket is also incorporated for filtering incoming liquids.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The utensil of this invention is designed to provide in one unit a measuring cup having the combined features and convenience of use previously not available in such devices. The improved design of this invention incorporates detachable component parts which can be disassembled for cleaning and replacement to provide trouble-free operation.
A sluice valve assembly is adapted for a snap-fit or equivalent coupling attachment to an exterior portion of the cup. The valve assembly includes a valve housing and a slidable valve member which can be readily removed from within the housing. The significance of this structural arrangement of the valve assembly is particularly advantageous when the device is used as a kitchen utensil for food handling or in laboratory use wherein cleanliness and hygienic conditions are of particular importance. Additionally, since the valve assembly is readily accessible, it can be washed free of deposits of foreign matter which can interfere with its smooth and effective operation. In contrast, prior devices of this nature which have been patented, such as those shown in U.S. Pat. No. 954,346 or in U.S. Pat. No. 1,327,389, include valve mechanisms which form an integral part of the device and are not separately removable for maintenance or replacement. A disadvantage therefore of these patented devices is that it is more difficult to maintain sanitary conditions as, for example, by sterilization of the individual valve components. Further, routine maintenance is hampered when the valve is relatively inaccessible.
Another problem with prior art devices is that it is difficult to obtain a smooth, steady, laminar flow through a discharge outlet as may be required for accurate measurement of the discharged material. This is overcome, in part, in the instant invention by the application of a strainer basket which is placed over the mouth of the cup. In addition, the strainer is adapted for receiving one of a plurality of apertured disc insets wherein each of the discs contains an apertured grid pattern for preventing different size particulate material from entering into the cup and thus contaminating the valve assembly or otherwise causing a blockage or interference with proper operation of the valve mechanism. In this connection and as a further feature, a sloped transverse wall surface has been provided for directing the liquid contents toward a centrally located outlet orifice for gravity flow discharge. The funnel-like surface increases the flow velocity and is believed to reduce sedimentation on the floor or bottom of the cup. This approach of incorporating a funnel shaped interior transverse wall surface in a device of this type for improving discharge flow characteristics has not previously been shown.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The subject matter of the dispensing utensil of this invention includes a substantially cylindrical cup shaped vessel having an open mouth for receiving liquid materials and a sloped interior transverse wall surface for directing the contents toward a centrally located outlet orifice for gravity flow discharge of same. A sluice valve assembly is releasably attached to the cup in registration with the outlet orifice for selectively regulating the rate of discharge flow. The valve assembly includes a valve housing for accommmodating a slidable valve member. The nature of the invention is such that a smooth, uniform and laminar discharge flow can be controlled by the user's push-pull manipulation of a terminal end of the valve member.
A constructional feature of this device is that the substantially cylindrical wall of the cup shaped vessel extends below the outlet orifice and forms a skirt enclosure which will support the dispensing utensil when placed on a horizontal surface. The sluice valve assembly is externally mounted to the cup and recessed within the skirt enclosure.
A purpose of this device is for the separation of liquids having different specific gravities and can be applied in the culinary arts, for instance, to remove grease or fats from gravies or soups or for clarifying butter. The invention also incorporates a separable strainer basket which is suspendable within the mouth of the cup. The strainer basket is provided with an apertured disc inset wherein each of a plurality of such apertured discs is provided respectively with different size openings forming a grid pattern, and an appropriate disc can be selected in accordance with the materials to be separated or filtered from the inflowing liquid. The removal of such particulate materials is useful for eliminating impurities and also for preventing clogging of the valve mechanism.
It should further be noted that the cup is provided with graduated markings to facilitate the determination of and to control the amount of liquid ingredients to be dispensed. In this connection, the utensil can be used for dispensing such food ingredients as pancake batter. In addition, the constituent components as provided for in a recipe can be quickly and easily dispensed with the device being used as a general purpose measuring cup.
Having thus summarized the invention, it will be seen that an object thereof is to provide a dispensing utensil of the general character described herein which is not subject to the disadvantages of the prior art.
Specifically, it is an object of the instant invention to provide a dispensing utensil having a cup shaped vessel with a valve controlled outlet orifice for regulating gravity discharge flow from the vessel.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a dispensing utensil which can be held in one hand and the valve mechanism operated using the other hand to selectively control the quantity of liquid contents discharged.
A still further object of this invention is to provide a dispensing utensil wherein the valve assembly is readily removable for cleaning and maintenance purposes.
A further object of this invention is to provide a dispensing utensil having a strainer basket adapted to be seated over the mouth thereof wherein selected aperture disc insets can be used with the strainer basket for predetermining the size of particles to be filtered from the incoming liquid.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a dispensing utensil having an interior transverse wall surface being sloped toward a centrally located outlet orifice for improving the discharge flow characteristics.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings in which are shown the preferred embodiments of the invention:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the dispensing utensil of this invention with a portion being cut away to expose the sluice valve assembly;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 2--2 of FIG. 1 and shows the dispensing utensil of this invention including the component strainer basket and sluice valve assembly mounted in registration with the outlet orifice and recessed within the skirt portion of the extended cup wall section;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 3--3 of FIG. 2 and shows the sluice valve assembly including the valve housing and slidable valve member shown in an open position with a valve stem shown extending through the skirt portion of the cup wall;
FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view shown to an enlarged scale indicating in detail the coupling arrangement between the outlet orifice and the valve housing; and
FIG. 5 is a sectional view slightly enlarged and taken substantially along line 5--5 of FIG. 3 and shows the valve housing including the channel for receiving the gate closure portion of the slidable valve member.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now in detail to the drawings, the reference numeral 10 denotes generally a dispensing utensil as constructed in accordance with this invention. The dispensing utensil 10 as typically illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 appears as a beaker or cup shaped vessel having a substantially cylindrical body portion 12 which terminates at an upper end in a peripheral edge 14 defining a mouth opening for receiving a strainer basket 16. The peripheral edge 14 also forms a spout or pouring lip 18. A handle extension 20 is shown as being formed integrally with the body portion 12 and is angled as shown for comfortable gripping. The body portion 12 is provided with an interior transverse wall or intermediate surface 22 which is sloped gradually toward a centrally located outlet orifice 24. The funnel or frustoconical shaped intermediate surface 22 provides desired hydraulic characteristics for the outflow of liquids and has a constant gradient being in the range of 10°-20° from the horizontal and preferably approximately 15°. Discharge flow through the outlet orifice 24 is controlled by a sluice valve assembly 26, details of which will be more fully discussed hereinafter.
As noted in the drawings, the body portion 12 extends at its lower end below the sloped intermediate surface 22 and forms a skirt 28 which surrounds and recesses the sluice valve assembly 26 and also provides a pedestal or base for stabilizing the cup and permitting free standing upon a horizontal support surface.
The cup body 10 is preferably fabricated from a transparent material such as clear polycarbonate or Pyrex glass, and the sluice valve assembly 24 can be made of a high density polyethylene or equivalent material. Although the dimensions of the dispensing utensil 10 can be varied in accordance with the proposed use requirements, a 250 or 300 milliliter (approximately 8 or 10 ounce) capacity has been found to be adequate for most common usage within the kitchen.
A series of graduations 30 such as hatch markings are inscribed on the body portion 12 corresponding to the volumetric capacity of the utensil 10, and, for example, a 250 milliliter capacity can be graduated with spaced divisions indicating 25 milliliter increments.
The sluice valve assembly 26 includes a valve housing 32 having a discharge port 34 extending therethrough. The housing 32 is adapted for removable coupling to the cup body 12 with the discharge port 34 being in registration with the outlet orifice 24. A snap-fit watertight connection is provided between the valve housing 32 and cup body 12. In the embodiment shown this is accomplished by providing the outlet orifice 24 with a depending cylindrical extension 36 which carries a flexible sealing ring 38; a mating portion of the valve housing 32 has an internal diameter conforming to the external dimension of the extension 36 and is provided with a corresponding interior groove 40 for lockingly engaging the sealing ring 38 and providing a snap fitting.
The sluice valve assembly 26 also includes a slidable valve member or stem 42 having a gate closure element 44 at one end. The valve member 42 extends through an opening 46 in the skirt 28 and terminates in a finger grip element 48 at the other end. The gate closure element 44 is adapted for slidable accommodation within a receiving channel 50 formed in the valve housing 32. The gate closure element 44 is slidably displaceable in varying degrees into or out of the discharge port 34 for controlling the rate of outflow and for terminating flow.
In operation, the dispensing utensil 10 can be held in one hand by the handle 20; the other hand can be used to manually grasp the finger grip element 48 and to manipulate it through a push-pull action such as noted by the phantom lines in FIGS. 2 and 3. After the desired liquids have been discharged or conversely retained within the utensil 10, the gate closure element 44 is positioned to seal the discharge port 34, and the remaining contents can be poured utilizing handle 20 and lip 18.
It is also contemplated that a compression spring can be placed over the valve stem 42 and between the skirt 28 and gate closure element 44. This will contain the gate closure element 44 in a normally closed position.
It should be apparent that with a little dexterity and with the aid of graduations 30 the user can readily control and discharge a desired quantity of the liquid contents. Further, since the cup body 12 is transparent, visual observation of different colorations of the contents or of the division line between liquids of different specific gravities can be used for aiding in the separation of liquids as, for example, to remove fats or greases from gravies or soups.
After use, the valve housing 32 can be detached and removed for cleaning or sterilization. The valve stem 42 can be readily passed through the opening 46, and the gate closure element 44 can be slid out from within channel 50.
The strainer basket 16 provides for the filtering of the incoming liquids and can thus be used to remove undesirable particulate material or for preventing impurities from clogging or otherwise interfering with the operation of the sluice valve assembly 26. The strainer basket 16 includes a ring or retainer 52 which corresponds in diameter to the open mouth for complementary fit within cup body 12 and is designed for seating on edge 14. A selection of replaceable disc insets having different size openings or grid patterns such as disc 54 having apertures 56 forming a grid pattern can be respectively positioned and held in the retainer 52 as shown in FIG. 2. The strainer basket 16 can be removed after the inflow of liquids or prior to the pouring of the contents from the utensil 10 using lip 18.
It should be noted that the dispensing utensil of this invention can be applicable for other uses than those herein described and can dispense a wide range of fluids or flowable granulated materials in measured quantities as may be required in industrial, commercial or laboratory situations.
The above cited embodiment is intended as exemplary, and while it has described the invention with specific implementation thereof, other modifications and changes might be made in this embodiment as set forth and will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, it should be understood that all material shown and described in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense, and the invention should be considered as comprehensive of all of the same which come within the scope of the appended claims. | A graduated measuring cup having a sloped transverse wall surface for directing liquid contents toward a centrally located outlet orifice for gravity flow discharge. A sluice valve assembly is attachable to the cup in registration with the outlet orifice for selectively regulating the rate of discharge flow. The sluice valve assembly is detachable from the cup for cleaning or replacement. A strainer basket having an apertured disc inset is positionable over the mouth of the cup for filtering incoming liquids. | 2,548 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It has long been desired to defat nuts, thereby lowering their caloric content. However, it has often been difficult to remove significant amounts of fat from nuts without simultaneously diminishing their flavor. The present invention avoids this problem with a process of defatting nuts where the nuts retain a greater portion of their natural flavor.
The term "nuts" as used in this description includes whole nuts and pieces of nuts such as peanuts, almonds, Brazil nuts, filberts, pecans, walnuts, and the like. For conciseness, the following disclosure will center around the production of low-fat peanuts. It is not, however, limited to peanuts, because the principles of the present invention, as it relates to peanuts, are also applicable to other nuts.
The basic procedures for preparing partially-defatted nuts by pressing oil from them have been known for a number of years. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,003,415 to Ammann and 3,294,549 to Vix et al. disclose examples of such processes. Broadly, these methods involve pressing nuts until the desired quantity of oil is removed and then steaming or cooking the partially-defatted nuts in water until the nuts are reconstituted to substantially their original size and shape. The nuts have a substantially high moisture content. Further work on the process of Vix et al. is described in a series of articles entitled "Development and Potential of Partially Defatted Peanuts," Peanut Journal and Nut World, January and February 1967, and an article entitled "Low Calorie Peanuts," Food Processing/Marketing, September 1965.
Later workers, encouraged by the appeal of low fat products to weight conscious consumers, continued work in this area.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,740,236 to Baxley indicates that roasted peanut flavor appears to be reduced in proportion to the percentage of the peanut oil removed during the pressing process. Baxley, however, does not attempt to prevent this flavor loss but, instead, provides a process for improving the flavor of the nuts after defatting. In this process, the defatted nuts are reconstituted in an aqueous binder solution which may contain flavors.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,752 to Baxley discloses a process of improving the flavor of partially-defatted nuts by quenching them in a flavored oil after roasting.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,833 to Gannis et al. also recognizes the adverse effect defatting has on the flavor and texture of partially-defatted nuts and suggests reconstituting the partially-defatted nuts with a glycerol-containing solution prior to roasting. When roasted, the reconstituted nuts are disclosed to have an improved flavor, texture, and storage stability.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,329,375 to Holloway, Jr. et al. discloses a process for producing low fat nuts which retain more of their natural flavor and aroma. This involves preroasting the nuts, pressing them to partially remove the oil, and then completing roasting. An improvement on this process is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,466,987 to Wilkins et al.
The exact reason for the flavor loss in partially-defatted nuts is not fully understood. The Doctoral Dissertation of M. E. Mason, entitled "Procedures in Studying and Factors Influencing the Quality and Flavor of Roasted Peanuts," (Oklahoma State University, 1963, pp. 63 and 64), indicates that oil pressed from peanuts contains aleurone grains, among other particulates, which appear to contain flavor precursors. The Mason dissertation, however, was not concerned with the preparation of low-fat nuts, but simply with gaining a better knowledge of the source and identification of flavor principles in peanuts.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an improved process for preparing partially-defatted nuts which retain a greater degree of their natural nut flavor. As a result, the partially-defatted nuts produced by this process have an overall combination of texture, flavor, and mouthfeel more closely resembling nut products containing their natural oil content. Nevertheless, this peanut product has a significantly reduced calorie content.
The process of the present invention involves pressing raw redskin nuts with a moisture content of 6% to 7% or greater under conditions effective to remove about 40% to 52% of the oil content of the nuts. The pressed nuts are then blanched and roasted to develop their flavor and color fully.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
By utilizing the process of the present invention, partially-defatted nuts of all varieties can be produced with a greater degree of their natural flavor and aroma retained. The nuts can be whole or split depending upon the desired end use.
Preferably, the nuts used in the process of this invention are decorticated--i.e., the nut shell is removed prior to pressing--to save energy and to enable efficient moisture control. Blanching--i.e., removing the skin--is also advantageously employed in the practice of this invention with the point at which the nuts are blanched being varied, as determined by the skilled artisan. For example, the skins of partially-defatted redskin peanuts to be air-roasted can be removed either before or after roasting to improve the flavor of the nuts. However, nuts to be granular-roasted, as described in more detail below, should be blanched prior to roasting to avoid contamination of the heat transfer vehicle with pieces of skin. Desirably, the nuts are blanched without the traditional heating to loosen their skins.
Surprisingly, it has been found that raw redskin nuts at a moisture content above about 6% and preferably about 6% to about 7%, can be effectively defatted without conventional hydration treatment. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that traditional defatting methods produced nuts which had a non-uniform moisture content and at least some protein denaturation. In such processes, nuts, such as peanuts, were pre-wetted to a uniform moisture content of less than about 10% and pre-roasted to loosen the skins and facilitate blanching prior to pressing. Further, according to previous teachings, the moisture content of the nuts during pressing was thought to be critical with a narrow range of acceptability (i.e., 3.5% to 4.5%). It was felt that moisture contents below 3.5% would cause excessive breakage and that moisture levels above 4.5% would block oil removal and significantly extend the press time (i.e., by a factor of 2 or more). Further, the present invention's avoidance of a pre-wetting step precludes leaching of soluble materials from the nuts, and oil is readily removed.
The peanuts are pressed according to any technique which will extract about 40% to about 50% of the initial oil content of the nut. This can be achieved, for example, by employing a Carver press at applied pressures of greater then about 1,000 psig for about 15 to about 120 minutes. Although the exact oil extraction pressure can be varied to control the degree and rate of extraction, pressures of less than about 1500 psig, are preferred. The pressure is preferably brought up to the desired level as quickly as possible. It should be recognized, however, that although pressures much higher than 1500 psig will achieve more rapid oil extraction, the nuts may be more extensively damaged and the level of retained natural flavor reduced. By contrast, pressures below 1,000 psig may cause less breakage of nuts, but the time required for oil extraction will greatly increase. A desirable balance between calorie content and final product flavor and texture can be achieved by reducing oil content to between about 40% and about 52%.
After pressing, the nuts are flattened and undesirably dense, so they must be returned to approximately their original size and shape. It is desired to obtain post-roasting bulk densities of less than about 0.40 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc), with levels in the range of about 0.32 to about 0.39 g/cc being particularly desirable. Products with these bulk densities have significantly reduced calorie levels but still retain a nut-like crunch and chew. These bulk densities are determined by filling a 500 cubic centimeter graduated cylinder with nuts, determining the weight of the nuts, and dividing the weight in grams by the volume in cubic centimeters.
After partial defatting, the nuts must be roasted to obtain a final roasted nut product. Roasting can be accomplished in any suitable manner, such as by the art-recognized technique of dry-roasting, to achieve the desired degree of flavor and color development while at the same time drying the nuts to a moisture content low enough to obtain the desired crunch and chew. When dry-roasting, the pressed nuts must be first wetted by contacting them with sufficient water to reconstitute them not during the contact with water but when subsequently roasted. Such contact is at a temperature of 40° F. to 80° F. with a level of 3 to 7, preferably 4, pounds of water per hundred pounds of nuts. At such ratios, the nuts can be efficiently wetted without significant loss of flavor components which will occur when greater quantities of water are utilized. Nut-water contact can be in any suitable mixing device such as a rotatable coating drum. If the partially defatted nuts are instead oil roasted, no wetting is required.
Advantageously in the practice of the present invention, nuts are dry-roasted or granularly roasted--i.e., by contacting the nuts with a finely divided heat transfer vehicle. An Agtron color photometer can be employed to standardize the degree of roast. Typically, this device is employed in the green mode with 12% and 33% plates defining the scale on which a reading of about 60 to about 95 is preferred. Most preferably, the reading will be within the range of about 80 to about 90.
In dry roasting, the nuts are roasted in a stream of hot air at a temperature of about 275° F. to about 400° F., preferably about 320° F. to about 335° F., for a time sufficient to achieve the desired roasting of the particular type of nut being processed. For example, the time and extent of roasting will be greater for peanuts (i.e., about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes) than for cashews (i.e., about 3 minutes to about 15 minutes). The most appropriate conditions to be adopted in any particular instance can be readily determined by the skilled artisan.
In granular roasting, the nuts are contacted with a finely divided heat transfer vehicle which is heated to a temperature of about 315° F. to about 465° F., preferably about 380° F. to about 410° F. The contact will vary depending upon the particular type of nut being processed, as well as the roasting temperature and the degree of roasting desired. For example, the time and extent of roasting will be greater for peanuts (i.e., about 1 minute to about 9 minutes) than for cashews (i.e., about 0.5 minutes to about 3 minutes). Again, the most appropriate granular roasting conditions can be readily determined by the skilled artisan. The finely divided heat transfer vehicle can be any suitable finely divided material which will absorb heat from a heat source, such as an ignited jet, and transfer heat upon contact with the nuts. The finely divided heat transfer vehicle may be salt, sand, ceramic beads, and metal balls, preferably, ceramic beads.
When the desired degree of roast is achieved, the temperature of the nuts should be rapidly reduced so they are not badly over-roasted or burned. This can be accomplished by dumping them rapidly from the roasting apparatus and flushing them with a stream of ambient air. Air blowing can, however, be eliminated if the nuts are dropped a significant distance from the roasting apparatus and are spread uniformly on an open mesh conveyor.
After roasting, and preferably after cooling, the nuts can be coated with various flavoring agents, allspice, cinnamon, clove, caraway, bay, sage, ginger, basil, and the like, which can be employed alone or with condiments such as salt, pepper, monosodium glutamate, and the like. Also, texturizers such as glycerine and binders such as natural gums, dextrins, gelatin, sugars, and the like, may be applied. Advantageously, a portion or all of the added materials can be introduced prior to completion of the roasting operation. It is particularly beneficial to infuse with flavored oils in accordance with our copending and simultaneously-filed application entitled "Infusion Flavoring Of Partially-Defatted Nuts", which is incorporated by reference.
The following examples arc presented for the purpose of further illustrating and explaining the present invention and are not to be taken as limiting in any regard. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight and are based on the total weight of the product at that particular stage in processing.
EXAMPLE Ia
This example illustrates the production of low-fat roasted peanuts according to the present invention.
Raw redskin Jumbo Runner peanuts having 7% moisture may be placed in a Carver press and pressed at 1,200 psig for about 20 minutes. The pressure starts at a value of about 500 psig and is gradually raised to the final pressure of 1,200 psig over the period of pressing. Pressing under these conditions removes about 40% of the original oil content of the nuts. The peanuts are then blanched by means of a whole nut blancher. The blanched peanuts are contacted with water at a level of 4 pounds of water per 100 pounds of nuts. The peanuts are then dry roasted by exposing them to a stream of hot air at a temperature of about 325° F. for about 20 minutes to roast the peanuts to a point where they exhibit a 95 reading on the Agtron color photometer employed in the green mode with the scale defined by the 12% and 33% plates. This product exhibits a bulk density of about 0.40 grams per cubic centimeter, has an acceptable appearance with respect to the number of cracks, and has a good texture and flavor.
EXAMPLE Ib
Raw redskin Jumbo Runner peanuts having 7% moisture are treated according to the same procedure as described in Example Ia except that the nuts are pressed at 1,200 psig for about 30 minutes. The pressure starts at a value of about 500 psig and is gradually raised to the final pressure of 1,200 psig over the period of pressing. Pressing under these conditions removes about 52% of the original oil content of the nuts. The final roasted product exhibits a bulk density of about 0.38 grams per cubic centimeter, has an acceptable appearance with respect to the number of cracks, and has good texture and flavor.
As a comparison, the oil reduction percentage and calorie content for 1/5 cup of nuts produced according to Examples Ia and Ib are compared to full-fat peanuts. The results are shown below in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________ Gms. Oil % Oil Calories % CalorieProduct (1/5 cup) Reduction (1/5 cup) Reduction______________________________________Example Ia 8.26 42.8 110.3 35.6Example Ib 7.28 50.3 99.3 42.0Full Fat 14.46 -- 171.3 --______________________________________
The above description is presented for the purpose of teaching the person of ordinary skill in the art how to make and use the invention. It is not intended to detail all those obvious modifications and variations of the invention which will become apparent to the skilled worker upon reading the description. It is intended, however, that all such obvious modifications and variations be included within the scope of the invention which is defined in the following claims. | The present invention relates to a process for preparing low-fat roasted nuts. This process comprises pressing raw redskin nuts with a moisture content of 6% or greater to remove about 40% to about 52% of their oil content and then roasting the nuts. The resulting nuts are low in fat yet retain a significant portion of their flavor-imparting substituents. | 2,570 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional application of pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/869,861, filed on Oct. 10, 2007.
FIELD
The present invention relates to chemical dispensing and, more particularly, to a device for selectively dispensing a chemical agent into a targeted environment.
BACKGROUND
Dispensing of a chemical agent slowly over a period of time is useful in many industries, particularly in the agriculture, railroad and roadway maintenance industries. Conventional application of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides is time consuming and requires repeated application. Typically, application of these chemical agents is time sensitive for the chemical agent to be effective. Additionally, environmental factors such as rain may wash away the chemical requiring another application within a specified period of time for the chemical to be effective.
Various slow dispensing devices have been developed to release small amounts of fertilizer, pesticides or herbicides over an extended period of time. Some of these devices include biodegradable materials impregnated with the chemical to be dispensed. As the biodegradable material decomposes, the chemical is released. Other devices have dissolved the desired chemical in an elastomeric material at a super saturated concentration causing the chemical to bloom to the surface of the elastomer and be dispensed into the surrounding environment.
Problems associated with such slow dispensing devices include leaching of chemicals and the danger of exposure to the user, fragile carrier systems whereby the carrier material is susceptible to breakage during handling and installation, or conversely, the carrier material is not biodegradable and requires removal and disposal after a period of time.
SUMMARY
The present invention includes a biodegradable carrier material wrapped in a biodegradable paper, film or fabric to protect the user from exposure to the chemical in the carrier material, and a biodegradable, braided twine or rope surrounding the carrier material and paper to provide strength and ease of handling to the system. One or more carrier materials may be included each separately wrapped by the paper or wrapped together and surrounded by the rope.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the chemical application line of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional end view of an embodiment of the chemical application line of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 3 is a plan view of various uses of the chemical application line of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a placement of the chemical application line around the foundation of a house.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a placement of the chemical application line around a memorial stone.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a placement of the chemical application line along a highway.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a placement of the chemical application line along a sidewalk.
FIG. 8 is a plan view of a placement of the chemical application line along an intersection.
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a placement of the chemical application line along a fence.
FIG. 10 is a plan view of a placement of the chemical application line along a railroad track.
FIG. 11 is an elevation and plan view of a placement of the chemical application line in a citrus grove.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a placement of the chemical application line on a fruit tree branch.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein. However, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale, some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for the claims and/or as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.
Moreover, except where otherwise expressly indicated, all numerical quantities in this description and in the claims are to be understood as modified by the word “about” in describing the broader scope of this invention. Practice within the numerical limits stated is generally preferred. Also, unless expressly stated to the contrary, the description of a group or class of materials as suitable or preferred for a given purpose in connection with the invention implies that mixtures or combinations of any two or more members of the group or class may be equally suitable or preferred.
Referring initially to FIGS. 1 and 2 , a chemical application line of the present invention is generally indicated by numeral 20 . Chemical application line 20 includes core chemical carrier 22 , a paper 24 wrapping the core chemical carrier 22 and a braided rope 26 surrounding the paper 24 and core chemical carrier 22 .
Two or more core chemical carriers 22 may be included in the chemical application line 20 . As shown in FIG. 2 , four core chemical carriers 22 are included. Core chemical carriers 22 may include a number of different chemical depending on the specific application. For example, the core application carrier 22 may include fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, insect attractants, animal repellants or an exothermic chemical heater.
Core chemical carrier 22 may include various compostable, biodegradable or degradable binding materials to contain and release the chemical at a desired rate and time. For example, the binding materials may include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch or sugar cane fiber individually or mixed in various combinations to achieve a desired decomposition rate according to the application and rate at which the chemical is to be discharged. These materials may decompose within 30 to 180 days or longer depending on the binding material and the environment of the application. A corn starch-based binding material typically decomposes faster than a potato or tapioca starch binding material, for example. For a six-month application of a pesticide, three core carriers 22 may be included in the chemical application line. The binding material of the first core carrier may be made of a corn starch with a decomposition time of 30 days. The second binding material may be made of a combination of corn starch and potato starch with a decomposition time of 90 days. The third binding material may be made of a potato or tapioca starch with a decomposition time of 180 days. In this manner, the pesticide may be released over a six-month period to provide continuous application of the desired pesticide or fertilizer for the desired time.
In order for the pesticide to achieve a continuous release, the first binder and pesticide mixture 30 may be homogeneous so that as the binder initially begins to break down, the pesticide is released into the environment. Second core carrier 32 may have an outer layer 34 of binder material only and an inner layer 36 of a binder and pesticide mixture. The outer layer 34 may be formulated to decompose within 30-45 days. When the inner layer 36 is reached, the pesticide begins to be released as the inner layer 36 breaks down. Because the inner layer 36 decomposes at a slower rate than the first binder, for example, a higher concentration of the pesticide may be combined with the inner layer binder 36 so that the release of pesticide is generally constant over the life of the second core carrier 32 . The third core carrier 38 may include an outer layer 40 that decomposes within approximately 90 days with an inner layer 42 mixed with the pesticide that also decomposes within 90 days.
The paper 24 wrapping the core chemical carrier 22 protects the user from exposure to the chemical contained within the core chemical carrier 22 . The paper 24 may be a cellulose paper, a fabric, film or other biodegradable coating or wrapping. For example, core chemical carrier 22 may be sprayed or dipped in a starch-based liquid coating to provide a protective layer. The coating 24 may readily decompose or dissolve when exposed to moisture and thereby activate the core chemical carrier 22 . Alternatively, the coating 24 may be of varying thicknesses and thus time to decompose for each of the core chemical carriers 22 to provide a delayed release of the chemicals.
The braided rope 26 provides strength to the system and protects the core chemical carriers 22 . The thickness and composition of the rope 26 may be tailored to the environment and the method of application. The rope 26 may be made of natural fibers such as hemp or may be made from sugar cane fibers, starches or other biodegradable materials. Selection of the type of rope 26 may be made based on the application time period of the chemical.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4 , the chemical application line 20 may be applied along a driveway 50 , a sidewalk 52 , the foundation 54 of a house 56 , around a tree 58 , along a fence 60 , and along a street 62 . For the applications along the driveway 50 , sidewalk 52 , fence 60 and street 62 , the chemical application line 20 may include a fast-acting herbicide, such as a vegetation killer, which may be released for a period of one or more years. The chemical application line 20 around the foundation 54 of house 56 may include a vegetation killer, a pesticide and a rodent repellant. The chemical application line 20 around the tree 58 may include a fertilizer for flowers or other plants around the tree 58 and a rodent repellant to discourage rabbits and other animals from eating the flowers or other plants.
Referring to FIG. 5 , the chemical application line 20 may be applied around a memorial stone 70 in a cemetery to keep weeds from growing around the stone 70 and reduce the time necessary for mowing by eliminating the need to trim.
Referring to FIG. 6 , the chemical application line 20 may be applied along the top 80 and bottom 82 of a fence line 84 , and along a highway 86 . At the top 80 of fence 84 the chemical application line 20 may include natural repellants to deter nuisance wildlife from entering a roadway, such as deer. Placed along interstates and highways at high risk areas for deer crossings, this deterrent may reduce costly accidents and save the lives of both humans and wildlife. Further placing the chemical application line 20 along the highway including a vegetation killer improves visibility and reduces the time and cost of road maintenance. Additionally, a pesticide may also be included in the chemical application line 20 along the shoulder of the highway 86 to reduce or eliminate damage from fire ants and other pests that build nests along the edge of roads causing the road to weaken and crumble.
Referring to FIGS. 7-10 , the chemical application line 20 may be used to fill and treat cracks along walks 90 , walls 92 , curbs 94 , medians 96 , parking lots 98 and railroad tracks 100 , keeping these areas free from weeds. Additionally, medians containing vegetation may be continually fertilized by the release of a fertilizer from the chemical application line 20 .
Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12 , the chemical application line 20 may be used in citrus groves 110 to help keep the trees warm during cold weather occurrences. The chemical application line may encapsulate heat packets consisting of iron powder, water, salt, activated charcoal and vermiculate. When the line 20 is stretched, the wrapping (not shown) is torn or broken to allow the compound to be exposed to air triggering an exothermic reaction to warm the citrus grove 110 . The exothermic reaction may last for 6-12 hours. Multiple chemical application lines 20 may be arranged to provide longer term protection from freezing weather.
Chemical application line 20 containing insect attractants may be placed in fruit trees 112 to attract bees or other pollinating insects to enhance the yield of the fruit trees 112 .
It is to be understood that while certain forms of this invention have been illustrated and described, it is not limited thereto, except in so far as such limitations are included in the following claims and allowable equivalents thereof. | A chemical application line is provided having a core chemical application carrier to dispense a desired chemical into a target environment over a period of time. The chemical application line includes a degradable film or paper covering the carrier to provide protection from the chemical when handling. The chemical application line also includes a degradable rope surrounding the carrier to provide strength and durability to the line. | 2,124 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is in the field of tennis rackets made up of essentially two channel-shaped members which have interengaging portions within their geometrics so that they can be received in tight interengaging relationship.
2. Description of the Prior Art
All are familiar with the conventional tennis rackets which for years have been made of wood and provided with gut or nylon strings. The playing characteristics of such wood rackets, however, unavoidably vary because of differences in the character of the wood, humidity and age. Such changes may tend to cause the head of the racket to warp due to variations in string tension.
The prior art is also replete with suggestions relating to steel and aluminum tennis rackets which do not have some of the noted disadvantages of the wood rackets but they are nevertheless difficult to fabricate and quite expensive.
The prior art also contains numerous disclosures, some of them quite incidental, dealing with the use of synthetic resins as materials for tennis racket manufacture, either alone or in combination with metal. The following discussion refers to some of such prior art disclosures but is meant to be illustrative only and is certainly not exhaustive.
In the late 1920's Robinson in his U.S. Pat. No. 1,636,867 disclosed a tennis racket which included a truss-type structure which could be utilized alone or embedded in a suitable material such as a "Bakelite" thermosetting resin. Panker U.S. Pat. No. 1,954,327 which issued in 1934 referred to a method of making tennis rackets by embedding a previously tightly stretched network in a frame consisting of a material which during embedding was rendered plastic and which hardened after being shaped to the desired shape to secure the strings firmly in position.
Hatton U.S. Pat. No. 2,274,788 issued in 1942 described a composite tennis racket in which a central metal tube was encased in a suitable plastic material such as a cellulose base material or a thermosetting resin.
Robinson U.S. Pat. No. 2,593,714 issued in 1952, describes in connection with FIG. 170 a method for manufacturing a tennnis racket in which plastic tubes are inserted into a prepared mold, utilizing tapered insert pins inserted between the opposed plastic tubes to form the stringing holes.
In more recent times, Eshbaugh in U.S. Pat. No. 3,483,055 which issued in 1969 described a method of producing tennis racket frames from flexible winding materials which involved the winding of such winding materials about a suitable form and then heat curing the materials to a rigid condition while under pressure.
Howe U.S. Pat. No. 3,690,658 described a tennis racket construction having a central dampening core sandwiched between skins of high strength material which served as the racket faces. The bow portion of the racket had at least one web having higher strength characteristics than the core, and extending normal to the skins, Layers of elastomeric material were utilized between the skins and the core to assist in laminating the core, skins and web into a unitary structure.
Erwin et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,037 which issued in 1973 described a racket composed of a head portion and a handle portion integrally formed by a tubular member composed of helically wound fibers of high tensile strength embedded in a hardened binder having a preformed reinforcing member defining the base of the oval head portion and bounded on opposite sides to the tubular member, the handle portion being defined in part by generally parallel extending portions of the tubular member surrounded by a grip. The racket was produced by helically winding high strength fibers around the core, removing the core and finally hardening the binder.
Regardless of the method employed for making tennis rackets from synthetic resinous materials, the punching and drilling of string holes in volume production is quite an expensive procedure because of the costs of the tooling and the drilling time required. To our knowledge, no one had successfully molded in holes into a synthetic resin frame because of the complexity required in the mold.
The present invention overcomes the difficulty of the prior art and provides a tennis racket frame utilizing readily moldable parts having generally uniform wall thicknesses, the geometry of the parts being such that they can be identical in cross-section and by inverting one part with respect to the other, the various ribs and walls are made to engage with each other into firm integrated relationship.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a tennis racket frame comprising a pair of channel-shaped members, the two channel-shaped members preferably having identical cross-sectional configurations so that all of the members can be made from a single mold. Each channel-shaped member preferably has a marginal rib, a first upstanding wall portion spaced from the marginal rib by a first groove, a second upstanding wall portion adjacent the other marginal edge of the member, and a second groove inwardly of the second wall portion.
In a particularly preferred form of the present invention, we provide a tennis racket frame in which each of the channel-shaped members has a flat base portion, a marginal rib of equal or greater thickness than the base portion at each marginal edge thereof, the marginal ribs having depending portions defining a flat recessed portion at the underside of the base portion, a first wall extending perpendicular to the base portion and spaced from one of said marginal ribs by a distance slightly less than the width of the first wall, a second wall extending from the base portion in parallel spaced relation to the first wall, the second wall having a width and height dimension the same as those of the first wall, and means extending from the base portion to define a groove inwardly of the second wall and having a width slightly less than that of one of the walls. The channel-shaped members are interengaged with one channel member being in inverted relation with respect to the other, one wall of one channel member being received between the marginal rib and a wall of the other channel member, and the other wall of the channel member being bottomed in the aforementioned groove. Each of the walls of the channel members may have a tapered end portion to facilitate wedge locking engagement between the two channel members. Each of the channel-shaped members is provided with slots therein which are arranged to be aligned with slots in the other channel member so that the slots when in registry define string holes for the frame.
The rackets of the present invention may also be provided with facing strips on both faces thereof for purposes of increasing the stiffness and strength.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be readily apparent from the following description of certain preferred embodiments thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, although variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the disclosure, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a tennis racket produced according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken substantially along the line II--II of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of one of the two channel members before the two members are assembled into interengaging relationship to form the finished racket;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the handle portion taken substantially along the line IV--IV of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged elevational view illustrating the manner in which the slots in the two interengaging channel members cooperate to define stringing holes; and
FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken substantially along the line VI--VI of FIG. 5.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In FIG. 1, reference numeral 10 indicates generally a tennis racket produced according to the present invention and including a head portion 11, a throat portion 12 and a handle portion 13. The head of the racket is provided with the usual strings 14 extending along and across the oval-shaped head portion 11.
Turning now to FIGS. 2 and 3 it will be seen that the tennis racket of the present invention involves the interengagement of two channel-shaped members generally identified at reference numerals 15 and 16, respectively. For convenience, since the two channel members 15 and 16 are identical in cross-sectional configuration, corresponding portions of these two channel members will be given the same subscripts. Thus, the channel-shaped member 15 has a flat portion 15a while the channel-shaped member 16 has a similar flat base portion 16a. The channel-shaped member 15 is provided with a marginal rib 15b at one marginal edge thereof and a second marginal rib 15c along its other marginal edge. The ribs 15b and 15c have a thickness equal to or greater than the thickness of the flat base portion 15a. Similarly, the channel member 16 has corresponding marginal rib portions 16b and 16c. The marginal rib portions 15b and 15c (as well as rib portions 16b and 16c) are formed with flat recessed portions 15d and 16d, respectively, for receiving flat facing strips 17 and 18. These facing strips may be strips of synthetic resin containing steel, fiberglas, graphite, aluminum, titanium, boron, or other high modulus fibers, or they may be strips of high strength, high modulus metals which add stiffness and strength to the frame assembly.
The channel-shaped members themselves may be made of a reinforced plastic material such as a nylon which is reinforced with short fibers of glass, steel, aluminum or other stiff material. While the use of facing strips 17 and 18 will be desirable in most instances, they may not be required if the body of the channel members is composed of an exceptionally strong composite material such as one containing "Kevlar 49" which is the Du Pont Company's trademark for its lightweight, high strength, high modulus organic reinforcing fibers contained in an epoxy or polyester matrix.
The channel-shaped member 15 includes a first wall 15e which is spaced from the marginal rib 15c by a distance slightly less than the width of the wall 15e. Similarly, a wall 16e extends perpendicular to the flat base portion 16a of the channel member 16. A second wall 15f extends perpendicular to the base portion 15a in generally parallel spaced relation to the wall 15e, the second wall 15f having a width and height dimension the same as those of the first wall 15e. The corresponding wall portion on channel member 16 has been identified at reference numeral 16f. An angular rib 15g is provided on the base portion 15a in spaced relation to the wall portion 15f to define a groove therein inwardly of the wall 15f, the groove having a width slightly less than the width of the wall 15e or 15f. The channel member 16 is provided with a corresponding rib 16g, as shown in FIG. 2. The walls 15e and 15f as well as walls 16e and 16f are provided with tapered end portions such as those indicated at 15h and 16h, respectively, to facilitate a wedge locking engagement between the two sections when they are mated in the position shown in FIG. 2 of the drawings. In other words, the wall 16f is fitted in wedged engagement in the groove which exists between the wall 15e and the rib 15c and the wall 15e has a tapered end portion 15h which facilitates wedge locking engagement in the groove provided between the rib 16g and the wall 16f. The same is true, of course, in the opposite side where the wall 16e is received in wedged engagement between the rib 15g and the rib 15b and the wall 15f is likewise received in the groove provided between the web 16c and the wall 16e.
Turning next to FIG. 3, it will be seen that the walls 15e and 15f cooperate to define the oval string-receiving head portion of the racket and their extremities define the handle portion of the racket. At the throat portion of the racket, there may be provided additional brace members 15i, 15j, 15k and 15l which cooperate with corresponding base members on the channel-shaped member 16 to provide additional rigidity in the throat section.
The channel-shaped member 15 may also include a centrally extending wall 15m in that portion of the channel-shaped member which extends from the throat of the racket through the handle portion, as best illustrated in FIG. 4. The wall 15m is received in a groove provided by an angular rib 16n which is spaced from the corresponding centrally disposed wall 16m of the channel section 16. The end portion of the wall 16m is, in turn, received in the groove provided between the wall 15m and an angular rib 15n formed in the base portion of the channel member 15.
The manner in which the string holes are provided is best illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 of the drawings. As there illustrated, the wall member 15e (as well as the wall member 16e) is provided with a series of spaced slots 15o which are arranged to be aligned with correspondingly shaped slots 16o provided in the wall 16f and thereby defining a plurality of spaced string apertures 19 as best seen in FIGS. 5 and 6. As best seen in FIG. 6, the apertures 19 which extend between the abutting walls 15b and 16e are aligned with the apertures 19 which extend between the abutting walls 15e and 16f. It should also be noted that the walls in the vicinity of the slots 15o and 16o can be rounded off to give a relatively wide radius (a 1/16 inch or so) to avoid any sharp edges at the string hole areas. The extremity of the slot 16o, identified at 16p, may be provided with a double wall thickness to create a flush face at the resulting hole when the two sections are mated.
The channel members 15 and 16 are assembled as shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 and may be secured together with a suitable adhesive or otherwise secured together. Then, the handle portion 13 may be provided in the usual manner, as by applying a pair of pallets to the frame structure and winding a layer of leather over the assembled pallets.
The tennis racket assembly of the present invention has unique advantages as compared with other tennis racket assemblies composed of plastic materials. For one, the two channel sections are readily moldable in a single mold. The string holes are achieved without drilling as a natural result of the geometry employed. Furthermore, the cross-section of the channels can be shaped to create string protection channels. The mating sections are also such that it is virtually impossible to detect that the frame is made of two sections.
It should be evident that various modifications can be made to the described embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. | This invention is concerned with a tennis racket frame which comprises a pair of channel-shaped members in interengaging relationship, the channel-shaped members forming the faces of the head portion of the racket frame, and the sidewalls of each of the members having apertures therein in alignment to provide string holes therein. The racket frame is preferably composed of a synthetic resinous material which may be integrally reinforced with high modulus reinforcing fibers, or reinforced by attached facings of high strength, high modulus materials. | 2,585 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a fish lure, and in particular, to a fish lure having interchangeable body parts.
A wide variety of fish lures are designed to catch certain fish in particular different circumstances. For example, the type of fish which is to be caught, weather conditions, time of day and other factors determine which particular lure will be most effective to catch the fish at a particular time and location. For this reason, most fishermen have a relatively large collection of lures which are used in various fishing endeavors.
The present invention is directed to a fish lure having an interchangeable body sleeve whereby a single generic lure body may be transformed into a variety of different lure types, thereby eliminating the necessity of having multiple lures. The invention provides a rigid lure body which is connected to a line and uses a flexible body sleeve which is placed over the rigid body. Sleeves are designed in a variety of configurations, sizes and colors, and when used in combination with the generic body, create a different lure configuration with each sleeve. While fishing, a fisherman can easily interchange one body sleeve for another without taking the lure off of the line by simply removing the rear treble hook and sliding off the sleeve that is being used and replacing it with another sleeve. This permits the fisherman to experiment as to what lure design, color, size or other feature catches the most fish without having to undergo the tedious process of attaching and detaching a variety of different lures.
Among the objects of the present invention are the provision of a generic fish lure capable of a variety of different configurations using interchangeable body sleeves, the provision of a lure which eliminates the need for attaching and detaching lures from a line when a lure change is desired and the provision of a lure which eliminates the need for a large number of different lure configurations for various fishing conditions. These and other objects will become apparent from the following description and drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a top perspective view of an assembled fish lure in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view thereof.
FIG. 3 is an elevational view of a generic form of a lure in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a view of the lure disassembled.
FIGS. 5A through 5E show alternate embodiments of interchangeable body sleeves used with the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIGS. 1 and 2 show views of a lure 10 in accordance with the present invention in an assembled condition. The lure 10 includes a head 12 having a variety of features, such as a bill 16 and eyes 18. The head also includes a hook eye 14 for attaching a fishing line, which eye is preferably attached to the bill 16 A body portion 20 of the lure 10 includes front treble hook 21 and a rear treble hook 22. An interchangeable body sleeve 24 is shown in place over the body 20, as further described hereinbelow.
FIG. 3 shows a generic form of the lure 10 without the body sleeve 24 and rear treble hook 22 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Referring to FIG. 4, the fish lure of the present invention is shown in a disassembled condition. The body 20 is preferably attached to the head 12, and extends rearwardly therefrom. It is contemplated that the body 20 be formed in a curved cylindrical configuration with a forward end 25 and a distal tail end 26. Each body sleeve 24 takes the form of a flexible, tubular sleeve having an outer design to attract fish and an opening 27 on one end thereof. Preferably, the sleeve is made of plastic, fabric or other similar flexible material. Notwithstanding various outer design features, the body sleeve 24 is sized to be attached onto the body 20 by sliding distal tail end 26 of the body 20 into the opening 27 in the sleeve 24 until the forward end of the sleeve abuts the head 12 of the lure 10. Preferably, a light lubricant is used to facilitate the process. The rear treble hook 22 is removable, using a suitable screw 28, or other suitable attaching means to enable the body sleeve 24 to be attached directly on the body 20 without interference. When the sleeve 24 is in place on the lure body 20, the screw 28 is reattached to complete the lure.
FIGS. 5A through 5E disclose a variety of body sleeves, 24A through 24E respectively, showing various outer designs to simulate a variety of bait types.
It will be appreciated that the number of sleeves shown are exemplary only, and that an infinite variety of sleeves of various sizes, colors, shapes and so forth may be used with the present invention to attract fish in keeping within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the following claims. | A fish lure, including a rigid body and interchangeable body sleeves, telescopically attached to the rigid body, whereby a variety of bait configurations can be used on the same lure in accordance with particular fishing conditions. | 879 |
DESCRIPTION
This invention relates to an insert for seats in general and, in particular, to seat cushions and backs of seats for motor vehicle seats.
With reference to motor vehicle seats, to which the invention is specifically but not exclusively applied, said seats are provided with a tubular metal frame apt to support the padding by means of the elastic inset or inserts. The known types of inserts consist of a flexible structure comprising steel springs and denote considerable drawbacks caused by friction between the elements of said structure and the fixing ends. Moreover, deformation of the springs can cause breakage and destruction of the padding as well as noise and creaking due to the metal parts rubbing against each other. Furthermore, the embodiment of such inserts is complex and consequently uneconomic.
The present invention proposes to eliminate the above and other drawbacks and to provide an elastic insert, satisfactory from all aspects and which allows to obtain in an easy and rational manner, predetermined and controlled springing actions according to the requirements and end use of the invention. A further object of the invention is to provide an insert which besides having the desired comfort is of simple construction, which obviously leads to economic advantages.
The insert according to the present invention is characterized in that together with the metal supporting frame, it has at least one flexible plate connected to said frame by elastic elements. The elastic elements are advantageously made in rubber or a similar material and have a practically continuous and flat surface, said elements being secured to said supporting frame. This concept can, in practice, lead to various embodiments of the insert all of which fall within the scope of the present invention.
The continuous surface elastic elements are, at least in part, annularly shaped, securable, on one side, to the flexible plate or plates and, on the other side, to the supporting frame of the insert.
In order to provide inserts having areas of different and desired elasticity, the flexible plate or plates are provided with shaped apertures apt to delimit the zones of controlled flexibility, in order to form zones of differing longitudinal or transversal flexibility. According to one advantageous embodiment of the insert, the flexible plates are made of plastic material, such a polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., preferably obtained by molding, and the thickness of which may be conveniently varied. Moreover, the plates may incorporate reinforcements, such as cross bars or similar expedients, to retain connecting means and securing hooks.
The invention will now be described in conjunction with the annexed drawings which illustrate, by way of example, some forms of embodiment of the insert according to the present invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is the vertical cross-section of a motor vehicle seat, with seat cushion and back of seat, provided with the inserts according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a detail, in elevation of the frame of the back of the seat shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a detail on a scale larger than that of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a variant of the embodiment of the back of the seat according to FIG. 2, whereas
FIG. 5 is a detail in cross-section;
FIG. 6, identical to FIG. 2, shows in transversal cross-section a further embodiment of the insert;
FIG. 7, is a variation of the embodiment of an elastic element.
With reference to the figures in the drawings, A indicates the seat, the seat cushion of which is equipped, in the known manner, with a reclining seat back. The seat back and seat cushion are both fitted with a metal frame B (see also FIGS. 2 and 3) of suitable contour and advantageously consisting of a tubular metal element 10 apt to retain, as described herebelow, insert C consisting of one or more plates 12, suitably arranged with respect to each other in rows or columns.
The insert shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 of the drawing consists of a plurality of flexible plates arranged in rows with respect to supporting frame B. In the case illustrated, plates 12 are two in number per row, each being conveniently arranged for the purposes to be explained hereafter.
Each one of flexible plates 12 is provided, at one of its vertical ends, with an aperture 16 which forms a cross bar 18, provided in its mid part with a slot 20 conveniently inclined with respect to the longitudinal axis of said cross bar.
Cross bar 18 is adapted to retain an elastic element 22 which, in the case illustrated, is annularly shaped and joins the two or more flexible plates 12 which constitute the row or rows retained by supporting frame B to each other, thereby exerting on said plates a traction.
The other vertical end of flexible plate 12 considered in FIGS. 2 and 3, terminates with a fin 24 which is folded as a hook to embrace, with an amplitude of at least 180°, risers 10 of supporting frame B to ensure the securing of insert C to said frame.
FIG. 4 shows a different embodiment of insert C for one of the frames B of the seal illustrated in FIG. 1. Insert C of the embodiment consists of one only flexible plate 12a, of a suitable width, provided along its vertical edges with a plurality of slots 16a which retain corresponding elastic annular elements 22a. Each one of said elements is secured to riser 10a of frame B by means of a plate, the extremity 24 of which is folded over to form a hook (see also FIG. 6).
In the version according to FIG. 5, insert C, held by frame B, consists of a plurality of flexible plates 12b arranged according to rows and columns perpendicular to each other. Each of said plates is provided with slots 16b and 17 on its longitudinal and transversal edges, apt to retain annular elastic elements 22b and 23, secured to said frame B by means of hooks 24b and 25.
Moreover, two or more of flexible plates 12b are vertically and/or horizontally connected to one another by intermediate elastic elements 28, secured to plates by slots 17 on the edges of said contiguous plates.
Lastly, FIG. 7 illustrates a variation of the embodiment of the elastic element consisting of a tension element 22 having a slotted end, the extremities of which are secured, respectively, one to the flexible plate and the other to frame B by means of hooks 40 in said frame.
Other variations and modifications may be embodied according to different requisites of use called for in each case, for example, and as shown in FIG. 3, the engagement of elastic elements 22 in apertures 16 of flexible plates 12 may be implemented by a feather edge or a dove tail connection 30, provided in a suitable position between cross piece 18 and the corresponding extremity of flexible plate 12. Moreover, and in order to provide an insert C having the desired characteristics of elasticity and flexibility, apertures 14 in flexible plates 12 can be conveniently shaped so as to obtain longitudinal and/or transversal areas of different flexibility. The possibility is not excluded of manufacturing said plates 12, at least in part, with a metallic material and that is, at the limits, said plates may be made totally in metal or provided with metallic reinforcements embedded or distributed in their different sections, particularly in the position of cross bars 18 and/or securing hooks 24.
The same applies to elastic elements 22, the width and/or thickness of which may vary depending on the elastic action they are to develop.
It is understood that the present invention also covers the seat, the seat cushion and/or seat back which incorporate the insert according to the invention.
In practice, the construction details may be varied without, however, departing from the scope of the invention and, therefore, from the field of the patent. | A flexible insert is provided for attachment to a seat support frame. The insert comprises a flexible plate having an aperture and having at an end of said plate a crossbar with an insertion slot. An elastic annular element is connected to said plate by insertion into an aperture in said plate delimited by said crossbar.
The flexible plate may be connected through said elastic annular element to another flexible plate. Connection of the flexible plate to the support frame may be made by securing means attached to the frame and connected either to the flexible plate or to the elastic annular element. | 1,427 |
FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a feminine hygiene product dispenser.
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates generally to a dispenser for feminine hygiene products wherein the products are easily accessed by lifting or sliding a lid, and after the selected product is removed, the lid self-closes protecting the remaining products.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Feminine hygiene products come in many forms including sanitary napkins, vaginal tampons, panty liners, and panty shields. These products are generally sold in box packaging containing a plurality of individual units. The box packaging usually displays the contents of the box via external advertising and is usually constructed from a paper product. The box packaging is not easily opened and closed, often tearing or failing to adequately seal the remaining product from contaminants once opened. The external advertising and paper packaging makes the box the hygiene products came in an undesirable storage option, and definitely not a desirable option if kept in plain view. Women often store the box packaging and hygiene product out of sight, under the sink, or in a bottom drawer, making access more difficult and contamination more likely. A preferred storage location would be sterile or aseptic, and easy to access.
[0004] Easy access becomes imperative for women with limited motility, the handicapped, and the aging. A good location for storage and easy access would be the bathroom countertop, however the undesirable box packaging prevents placement there. Many women require habitual and regular feminine hygiene products, and repeatedly accessing a difficultly located product is undesirable.
[0005] Therefore it is desirable to have a dispenser for feminine hygiene products that is pleasing to look at, so as to be placed for convenient access, is easy to open and close, and which will maintain a protected environment for the unused hygiene products.
[0006] Boxes, containers, packages, and cases for holding or storing general items are numerous. There are many of the same constructed specifically for feminine hygiene products. However, none satisfy the described needs above.
PRIOR ART
[0007] Boxes and containers with lids are well known in the art. Simple cigar type boxes have been used to package various tobacco products and after emptied of the original contents, the cigar box has been historically utilized for protecting or keeping personal items safe and secure. When used to package tobacco products, the cigar box is of a shape and dimension, usually rectangular, to match the stacking of the tobacco products to maximize the number of products contained within the box. Cigar type boxes are generally constructed to be durable enough to be utilized beyond the original purpose of packaging. The cigar box tends to be ornate and appealing to look at, often with gold inlay or wooden trim. The indication from the cigar box appearance is that the user is proud of its contents, and displays the box prominently in plain view on a desk or table When the lid is closed, the cigar box seals the tobacco products from the outside environment, protecting the contents. The advantages of the cigar box include sealing the product from the outside environment, constructed to contain many tobacco products, aesthetically pleasing, and able to be opened with a specific pressure and lift of the lid. The disadvantages of a cigar box, when used for containing items other than tobacco product is that the size and dimension cannot accommodate some items such as feminine hygiene products. The lid requires specific pressure, and often times, a hook of a fingernail to open. Finally, in the context of feminine hygiene products, the user may not desire the contents of the box to be known, and therefore a discrete pleasing appearance is preferred.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,639 to Murphy discloses a flexible, flat, wallet-like case for enclosing a single tampon or sanitary napkin. Murphy's teaching is directed to a single-pocket case with the additional object of maintaining thinness. The characteristics of thinness, flexibility and the ability to hold only one tampon or sanitary napkin limit the usefulness of Murphy's invention. It is not suitable for carrying a variety of feminine hygiene products.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 3,557,853 to Jones discloses a foldable cloth bag for carrying one or two sanitary napkins but fails to teach a dispenser for home use that is easy to open and able to store many feminine hygiene products.
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,526 to Stephens teaches a case specifically designed to house a variety of feminine hygiene products of various sizes for easy carrying and access, but fails to teach of a dispenser for home use that would hold a plurality and/or variety of feminine products.
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 2,843,170 to Frankfurt discloses a flexible case for sanitary napkins. The primary disadvantages of the case are that it is flexible and it is configured to primarily accommodate sanitary napkins. In addition, the case's general construction, including its combination of zippers and snaps, does not provide an easily accessible dispenser.
OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES
[0012] It is an object of the present invention to provide a dispenser for a plurality of feminine hygiene products, that is pleasing to look at but not descriptive of contents allowing for accessible placement in the bathroom, bedroom, or convenient accessible location.
[0013] It is also an object of the present invention to provide a dispenser that is easy to open and close for the ordinary user, as well as the user who suffers from limited motility, arthritis, or other physical limitations.
[0014] It is a further object of the invention is to provide a dispenser that stores the unused feminine hygiene products in an aseptic or clean environment safe from damage or contamination.
[0015] It is also a further object of the invention to provide a dispenser of a size and dimension matching the feminine hygiene product desired to be stored within, so that the feminine hygiene product precisely stacks within the dispenser, maximizing the number of product stored while still maintaining the intended shape.
[0016] Other aspects, objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of a preferred embodiment in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and appended claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIG. 1 is a perspective drawing of a hinged-lid feminine hygiene product dispenser, in accordance with one embodiment.
[0018] FIG. 2 is a two-dimensional left-view of the hinged-lid feminine hygiene product dispenser of FIG. 1 .
[0019] FIG. 3 is a two-dimensional right-view of the hinged-lid feminine hygiene product dispenser of FIG. 1 .
[0020] FIG. 4 is a two-dimensional view of the top-view of the hinged-lid feminine hygiene product dispenser of FIG. 1 .
[0021] FIG. 5 is a two-dimensional bottom-view of the hinged-lid feminine hygiene product dispenser of FIG. 1 .
[0022] FIG. 6 is a two-dimensional rear-view of the hinged-lid feminine hygiene product dispenser of FIG. 1 .
[0023] FIG. 7 is a two-dimensional front-view of the hinged-lid feminine hygiene product dispenser of FIG. 1 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIGS. 1-7 , a preferred embodiment of the present device is shown, illustrating the hinged-lid feminine hygiene product dispenser. The exemplary embodiments according to the present device are illustrated with those components necessary to demonstrate the inventive design.
[0025] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the assembled device from a perspective view having an open box shaped container 100 , constructed of a front panel 110 , a left panel 150 , a right panel 140 , a bottom panel 130 , a rear panel 120 , and a lid 160 . Said left panel 150 and right panel 140 are of a distance apart so as to accommodate a feminine hygiene product. The lid 160 , is of a longitudinal length greater than the bottom panel 130 and hingedly connects at hinge points 170 . Said hinge points 170 being located on the right panel 140 and left panel 150 , approximately along the axis of the long side of the rear panel 120 . The lid 160 being of a greater longitudinal length provides for an overhang 180 that when closed hangs over the front panel 110 , said overhang 180 makes for an easy surface to open and close the lid 160 . A further reason for the overhang 180 is to facilitate closing of the lid 160 in that the weight of the overhang 180 is sufficient enough to overcome the friction in the hinge points 170 , thus the lid 160 will self close once the user releases the lid 160 . FIG. 1 demonstrates the embodiment having the lid 160 in the open position.
[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates the embodiment of FIG. 1 , having an open box shaped container 100 , constructed of a front panel 110 , a left panel 150 , a bottom panel 130 , a rear panel 120 , and a lid 160 . The lid 160 , is of a longitudinal length greater than the bottom panel 130 and hingedly connects at hinge points 170 . Said hinge point 170 being shown located on the left panel 150 , approximately along the axis of the long side of the rear panel 120 . The lid 160 being of a greater longitudinal length than the bottom panel 130 , provides for an overhang 180 that when closed hangs over the front panel 110 . By practice, applicant discovered that overhang 180 should be a width approximately the width of a finger, thus making for easy opening for users suffering from limited motility, arthritis, or other ailments preventing normal hand dexterity.
[0027] To open the invention, a user would run her finger or edge of her hand up the front panel 110 and up against the overhang 180 underside surface. Applying easy pressure the lid 160 swingably opens exposing the feminine hygiene products for selection, when the pressure is removed the weight of the lid 160 and overhang 180 overcomes the friction in the hinge points 170 and the lid self closes. With the lid 160 closed, the feminine hygiene products are protected.
[0028] FIG. 3 illustrates the embodiment of FIG. 1 , having an open box shaped container 100 , constructed of a front panel 110 , a right panel 140 , a bottom panel 130 , a rear panel 120 , and a lid 160 . The lid 160 , is of a longitudinal length greater than the bottom panel 130 and hingedly connects at hinge points 170 . Said hinge points 170 being shown located on the right panel 140 , approximately along the axis of the long side of the rear panel 120 . The lid 160 being of a greater longitudinal length than the bottom panel 130 , provides for an overhang 180 that when closed hangs over the front panel 110 . The hinge points 170 may be at any location on the rear panel 120 , right panel 140 or left panel 150 so as to allow for easy opening and closing of the lid 160 .
[0029] FIG. 4 illustrates a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 , having an open box shaped container 100 , constructed of a front panel 110 , a right panel 140 , a left panel 150 , a bottom panel 130 , a rear panel 120 , and a lid 160 . The lid 160 is shown in the closed position. The lid 160 , is of a longitudinal length greater than the bottom panel 130 and hingedly connects at hinge points 170 . Said hinge points 170 being shown located on the right panel 140 , approximately along the axis of the long side of the rear panel 120 . The lid 160 being of a greater longitudinal length than the bottom panel 130 , provides for an overhang 180 that when closed hangs over the front panel 110 . The overhang 180 allows for an easy and accessible surface for opening the invention.
[0030] FIG. 5 illustrates a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 , having an open box shaped container 100 , constructed of a front panel 110 , a right panel 140 , a left panel 150 , a bottom panel 130 , a rear panel 120 , and a lid 160 . The lid 160 is shown in the closed position. The lid 160 , is of a longitudinal length greater than the bottom panel 130 and hingedly connects at hinge points 170 . Said hinge points 170 being shown located on the right panel 140 , approximately along the axis of the long side of the rear panel 120 . The lid 160 being of a greater longitudinal length than the bottom panel 130 , provides for an overhang 180 that when closed hangs over the front panel 10 and can be clearly seen from the bottom view. In the illustrated embodiment the overhang 180 is of an elliptical arc shape, however the overhang 180 may be of any shape to match the aesthetic tastes of the user.
[0031] FIG. 6 illustrates a rear view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 , having an open box shaped container 100 , constructed of a front panel 110 , a right panel 140 , a left panel 150 , a bottom panel 130 , a rear panel 120 , and a lid 160 . The lid 160 is shown in the closed position. The lid 160 , is of a longitudinal length greater than the bottom panel 130 and hingedly connects at hinge points 170 . The illustrated configuration allows for the hinge points 170 to be singular on each side, and could be constructed from a wooden dowel, a metal pin, or any other round object that the lid 160 could pivot on. The rear panel 120 can also be used as a hinge point 170 so long as the hinging method makes for an easy to open lid 160 .
[0032] FIG. 7 illustrates a front view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 , having an open box shaped container 100 , constructed of a front panel 110 , a right panel 140 , a left panel 150 , a bottom panel 130 , and a lid 160 . The lid 160 is shown in the closed position. The lid 160 , is of a longitudinal length greater than the bottom panel 130 and hingedly connects at hinge points 170 . In the illustrated embodiment, the lid 160 fittingly inserts between the right panel 140 and left panel 150 , coming to rest on the front panel 120 . The illustrated configuration allows for the hinge points 170 to be singular on each side and approximately centered on the rear panel 120 and could be constructed from a wooden dowel, a metal pin, or any other round object that the lid 160 could pivot on. The rear panel 120 can also be used as a hinge point 170 so long as the hinging method makes for an easy to open lid 160 .
[0033] The foregoing embodiments and advantages are merely exemplary and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. Those skilled in the art can appreciate from the foregoing description that the techniques of the embodiments of the invention can be implemented in a variety of forms. For example, the hinge point 170 may be put anywhere so as to facilitate opening and closing of the lid. For another example, the lid 160 may either be between the left panel 150 and right panel 140 or in the alternative; the lid 160 could be on top of the left panel 150 and right panel 140 , having the front panel 110 and rear panel 120 being of greater width to compensate for the lid's 160 different location. Therefore, while the embodiments of this invention have been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the embodiments of the invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification, and following claims. | A hinged-lid feminine hygiene product dispenser comprising an open box shaped container being of adequate height, depth, and width so as to accommodate a plurality of feminine hygiene products within said open box shaped container, further having a lid being slightly longitudinally longer than the bottom of the container and hingedly connected so as to fittingly swing over the top of the container closing the box, while still having an overhang to easily open and close the lid. | 2,786 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention generally relates to dispensers of vaporizable media. More specifically, this invention relates to a device for dispensing a fragrance or deodorant in the form of a vapor for air freshening in an enclosed environment.
The need for effectively combating airborne malodors in homes and enclosed public buildings, by odor masking or destruction, is well established. Various kinds of vapor-dispensing devices have been employed for this purpose. The most common of such devices is the aerosol container which propels minute droplets of an air freshener composition into the air. Another common type of dispensing device is a dish containing or supporting a body of gelatinous matter which when it dries and shrinks releases a vaporized air-treating composition into the atmosphere. Other products such as deodorant blocks and liquid wicks are also used for dispensing air-treating vapors into the atmosphere by evaporation. Another group of vapor-dispensing devices utilizes a carrier material such as paperboard impregnated or coated with a vaporizable composition.
A number of recent developments include a liquid air-treating composition in an enclosure, all or part of which is formed of a polymeric film through which the air-treating composition can migrate to be released as a vapor at an outer surface. Use of this type of permeable polymeric membrane controls the dispensing of air-treating vapors and tends to eliminate great variations in the rate of dispensing over the life of the product. Such products are considered advantageous when compared with the many air-treating products for which the rate of vapor release drops substantially over the life of the product.
Products of the type having a sheet of permeable polymeric material to control the emission of air-treating vapors may be in a variety of forms. In some, the polymeric sheet covers a cylindrical container, while in others the liquid air-treating material is trapped between the permeable sheet and an impermeable plastic sheet. In still others, the permeable polymeric material forms a flexible pouch having a content of the air-treating liquid. The liquid, prior to activation, is isolated within a breakable container such as a glass vial or an impermeable plastic inner pouch, or the like.
Publications of background interest in connection with air freshener devices include U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,481,296; 2,594,714; 3,790,081; 3,946,945; 4,130,245; 4,145,001; 4,220,281; 4,306,679; 4,382,548; 4,502,630; 4,558,820; 4,583,686; 4,595,925; 4,615,486; 4,660,763; 4,630,775; 4,739,928; 4,849,606; 4,948,047; 4,960,240; 4,983,578; 4,998,671; and the like; incorporated by reference.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,157,787 describes an air freshener device which consists of a container with an open topside. The open topside is bordered by a peripheral flange, and the container has a content of a volatile ingredient. The topside of the container is sealed with two coextensive layers of thin plastic film bonded to the peripheral flange surface. The inner layer is a vapor-permeable film, and the outer layer is a peelable vapor-impermeable film.
Some air freshener dispensers are expensive to manufacture. Other air freshener dispensers are inexpensive to produce, but tend to have inferior construction and functionality.
There remains a need for a well-constructed air freshener dispenser device which can be mass-produced economically and which can deliver a vapor medium at a controlled uniform rate over an extended period of time.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved air freshener dispenser device for delivering an odorant and/or deodorant vapor in an enclosed environment.
It is another object of this invention to provide an air freshener dispenser device with a primary structure which is a semi-rigid plastic assembly that can be produced economically by a thermoforming means.
It is another object of this invention to provide an air freshener dispenser device that consists of multiple cartridges which provide a more versatile range of air freshener dispensing functionality.
It is another object of this invention to provide an air freshener dispenser device which has a pair of cartridge units which are connected end-to-end by a flexible hinge means.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an air freshener dispenser device with dual rigidly supported reservoir enclosures which respectively have a volatile air freshener content, and which respectively have a topside sealed with a translucent or transparent permeable membrane.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention shall become apparent from the accompanying description and drawings.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One or more objects of the present invention are accomplished by the provision of an air freshener dispenser device consisting of an attached pair of identical cartridge units which are connected end-to-end by a flexible hinge means, wherein each cartridge is a structural assembly comprising:
(a) an elongated shallow tray having side walls with an upper edge flange which forms a peripheral margin around the open space of the tray;
(b) a thin membrane which covers the open space of the tray and is bonded to the flange peripheral margin, and the membrane forms a sealed reservoir enclosure within the tray interior, and the said membrane is permeable to a volatile medium in the reservoir enclosure;
(c) a volatile air freshener medium which is contained within the reservoir enclosure; and
(d) a thin peelable impermeable membrane which is laminated coextensively with the permeable membrane to prevent volatilization of the air freshener medium through the permeable membrane from the reservoir enclosure.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an invention air freshener dispenser device with an imprinted design.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 3-5, respectively, illustrate alternative reservoir configurations for the tray interior and volume of air freshener ingredient taken along lines 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a side view of a FIG. 1 air freshener dispenser device which is folded in a tray-bottom to tray-bottom configuration of the twin cartridges.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 illustrates a present invention air freshener dispenser device 10 which has a design imprinted on the upper surface of each cartridge.
A FIG. 1 type of air freshener dispenser device has a semi-rigid structure, and its typical dimensions are about nine inches in length, about one half to one inch in width, and about one sixteenth to one half inch in thickness.
A FIG. 1 type of air freshener dispenser device can be utilized by peeling the outer impermeable membrane partially or completely from one cartridge, or peeling the outer impermeable membrane from each of the twin cartridges.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional end view of a FIG. 1 type of air freshener dispenser cartridge which has tray 12 and air freshener ingredient 14, and a flange 15 which is seal-bonded with inner thin film vapor-permeable membrane 16 and coextensive outer thin film vapor-impermeable membrane 18.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional end view similar to FIG. 2, in which centrally disposed structural reinforcing rib 19 extends along the bottom surface of tray 12. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional end view similar to FIG. 3, in which two spaced structural reinforcing ribs 19 extend along the bottom surface of tray 12. Rib 19 can have a configuration which is adapted to key tray 12 into a conformational slotted space in a dispensing housing structure. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional end view of an alternative reservoir configuration with a stepped structure.
FIG. 6 is a side view of a FIG. 1 air freshener device, which has cartridges 20 folded 90° C. with trays 12 in a bottom-to-bottom configuration. Cartridges 20 are folded along seams 21. FIG. 6 also illustrates the partial removal of membrane 18 from the surface of membrane 16 of the upper positioned cartridge 20.
Tray 12 of each cartridge 20 can be constructed by either injection or thermoform molding of a thermoplastic polymer such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, end-to-end attached trays 12, and interconnecting flexible hinge band 23, are thermoformed as a unitary structure, and optionally include folding seams 21 to facilitate a 90° C. folding of cartridges 20.
Thin film vapor-impermeable membrane 18 is bonded to thin film vapor-permeable membrane 16 in the form of a laminate. Vapor-impermeable membrane 18 is peelable, so that its removal allows air freshener ingredient 14 to migrate through vapor-permeable membrane 16 and volatilize into the atmosphere. Peelable membrane 18 can be adapted for removal from both cartridge units at the same time, or from each cartridge unit at different times.
Vapor-permeable membrane 16 can be in the form of a flexible thin film of a thermoplastic polymer such as polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, cellulose acetate, and the like. Membrane 16 permits migration of the enclosed volatile air freshener ingredient 14, either as a liquid or a vapor, depending on the type of membrane 16 being employed. Membrane 16 can be a microporous type (submicron pores), such as isotactic hydrophobic polypropylene film sold under the CELGARD tradename (Celanese). Microporous thermoplastic polymer films are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,055,297; incorporated by reference.
Vapor-impermeable membrane 18 can be in the form of a flexible thin film such as aluminum foil or nylon film, which is peelable from its adhering bond to vapor-permeable membrane 16.
In a preferred embodiment a laminate of membrane 16 and membrane 18 is preformed, and then applied to tray 12 to cover the open interior, and heat-sealed along periphery flange 15 to enclose the reservoir content of air freshener ingredient 14. Production of a laminate of permeable and impermeable membranes is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,145,001; incorporated by reference.
In another preferred embodiment the membrane laminate is not heat-sealed to periphery flange 15 at the respective ends of twin cartridges 20. In FIG. 1 the heat-sealing of the membrane laminate end sections is shown as chevron-shaped heat-seal 22. This facilitates manual gripping and peeling of membrane 18 from membrane 16.
Air freshener ingredient 14 can be any air treating material which can migrate through membrane 16 and disperse into the atmosphere in vapor form. Typically air freshener ingredient 14 is a fragrance or a deodorant in liquid or gel form.
Preferably, air freshener ingredient 14 is a liquid fragrance comprising one or more volatile organic compounds which are available from perfumery suppliers such as Firmenich Inc., Takasago Inc., Noville Inc., Quest Co., and Givaudan-Roure Corp.
Most conventional fragrance materials are volatile essential oils. The fragrance can be a synthetically formed material, or a naturally derived oil such as oil of Bergamot, Bitter Orange, Lemon, Mandarin, Caraway, Cedar Leaf, Clove Leaf, Cedar Wood, Geranium, Lavender, Orange, Origanum, Petitgrain, White Cedar, Patchouli, Lavandin, Neroli, Rose absolute, and the like.
A wide variety of chemicals are known for perfumery, such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, terpenes, and the like. A fragrance can be relatively simple in composition, or can be a complex mixture of natural and synthetic chemical components.
A typical scented oil can comprise woody/earthy bases containing exotic constituents such as sandalwood oil, civet, patchouli oil, and the like. A scented oil can have a light floral fragrance, such as rose extract or violet extract. Scented oil also can be formulated to provide desirable fruity odors, such as lime, lemon or orange.
Synthetic types of fragrance compositions either alone or in combination with natural oils are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,314,915; 4,411,829; and 4,434,306; incorporated herein by reference. Other artificial liquid fragrances include geraniol, geranyl acetate, eugenol, isoeugenol, linalool, linalyl acetate, phenethyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, methylionone, isobomyl acetate, and the like.
A liquid fragrance also can be formed into a thixotropic gel by the addition of a thickening agent, such as fumed silica of the type marketed under the Cabosil trademark (Cabot Corporation).
A fragrance ingredient also can be in the form of a crystalline solid, which have the ability to sublime into the vapor phase at ambient temperatures. A crystalline fragrance starting material can be selected from organic compounds which include vanillin, ethyl vanillin, coumarin, tonalid, calone, heliotropene, musk xylol, cedrol, musk ketone benzophenone, raspberry ketone, methyl naphthyl ketone beta, phenyl ethyl salicylate, veltol, maltol, maple lactone, proeugenol acetate, evemyl, and the like. This type of fragrance can contribute a long term air-treating capability to an air freshener dispenser device.
A present invention air freshener dispenser device can be produced in a continuous process by providing a moving band of thermoformed end-to-end hinged trays in repeating unitary sections, in combination with an air freshener filling station, and a moving band of flexible membrane laminate in contacting and sealing proximity with the flanges of the filled trays. The unitary sections are cut and trimmed from the moving band at the terminal end of the production line.
A present invention air freshener device can be produced in high volume from relatively inexpensive plastic materials. After usage, the device qualifies for disposal as a non-hazardous solid waste.
The present invention also contemplates an integrated combination of a FIG. 1 type air freshener device and a dispensing holder structure. The FIG. 1 device then functions as a replaceable assembly having a dual refill cartridge capacity. | This invention provides an air freshener dispenser device which consists of twin cartridges which are connected end-to-end with a flexible hinge means. The two cartridges can be folded together and incorporated in a dispensing holder as multiple refill units. Each cartridge is composed of a shallow tray which contains a volatile air freshener medium, and which has its open surface sealed with a coextensive bonded laminate of an inner vapor-permeable membrane and an outer peelable vapor-impermeable membrane. Removal of the peelable vapor-impermeable membrane sealing the two trays allows delivery of the air freshener medium as vapor into the environment at a controlled rate over an extended period of time. | 2,268 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
None
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This application relates generally to portable rest or sleeping surfaces and, more particularly, to a lightweight, portable, padded mat that is impervious to fluids and to invasion by infectious organisms and vermin and a method for making the same.
Rest or sleeping mattress or mats are known to the art. Generally speaking, such known mats are comprised of an outer cover around a filler or padding. In most instances the prior are expedients have filler or padding of cotton batting, foam or the like and a fabric or plastic cover. The covers of the prior art mats generally are stitched and secured around the filler. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a stitched fabric cover provides innumerable portals of entry for infections organisms, such as bacteria, or vermin such as head lice or scabies, both through the weave of the fabric and through the stitch holes. Furthermore, a cover made from a material with limited portals of entry, such as plastic, which has stitched seams still presents an unacceptably high number of sites accessible by fluid, bacteria or vermin. Furthermore, such stitched mattresses have threads that fray and pull loose and also include rough seams and sharp corners that are unacceptable on mats used by children.
A number of prior art expedients have been offered in an attempt to limit contamination of such sleeping or rest mats and mattresses by bacteria or vermin. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,371,919, to Mahoney, provides a vermin proof combined mattress and spring; U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,057, to Ahim, provides a method of making a protective layer of film to protect a mattress from injurious substances and bacteria; U.S. Pat. No. 5,007,123, to Salyards provides a flexible covering for reducing moisture and bacteria in a mattress; and, U.S. Pat. No. 5,265,294, to McClure et al. discloses a mattress having a seamless, impermeable PVC cover.
The prior art mattresses and covers have several drawbacks. For example, the patents either disclose large full sized mattresses or simply coverings for mattresses. It will be appreciated that full sized mattress are not particularly lightweight or portable or easily used by children. The prior art designs do not lend themselves to convenient storage and occasional use, for example, for convenient storage in a child-care center and occasional use by children for rest or nap. Furthermore, the use or application of a separate, bacteria or vermin resistant cover to a rest or nap cot is impractical. The process is time consuming, requires additional storage space, and requires the maintenance and disinfection of both the cot and the cover. Moreover, the production of a full sized mattress with a totally seamless surface can be quite costly.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a padded, foldable and portable infection resistant mat for use in the child-care environment, for example, that is durable and relatively simple and economical to construct, lightweight and easy to use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is among the several objects of the present invention to provide a padded mat that is resistant to invasion by infectious organisms and vermin.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a mat that is lightweight and portable.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a mat that is segmented for folding to allow convenient storage.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide such a mat that has a cover that is sealed in such a manner that it does not create portals of entry for infectious organisms, vermin, or body fluids.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a mat that has seams with no sharp edges and no sharp corners.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide such a mat that has seams that are sealed by radio frequency (RF) welding techniques which satisfy the aforestated objects.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide such mat that is easily and economically manufactured, convenient to use, and well suited for its intended purposes.
In accordance with the invention, generally stated, an infection resistant mat is provided having individual segments containing foam padding and a contiguous cover of impervious material. The cover is constructed by radio frequency (RF) sealing of the seams which eliminates portals of entry for infectious organisms, vermin or body fluids. Air channels communicate between the segments to allow pressure equalization among the several segments during use. The RF sealed seams eliminate sharp edges and sharp corners. The individual segments allow the mat to be folded for convenient storage. The mat also can be constructed with only one padded segment.
The mat can be constructed with the cover having the resting surface of one color and the floor-contacting surface of a contrasting color so that the resting surface always is turned up to avoid contamination. The materials are fire retardant and easily cleaned.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of the portable, infection resistant mat of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan of the portable, infection resistant mat of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a side elevation view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of the portable, infection resistant mat of the present invention, partially folded for storage;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the portable, infection resistant mat of the present invention taken along line 5 — 5 of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the portable, infection resistant mat of the present invention taken along line 6 — 6 of FIG. 2 .
Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding elements throughout the various drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The portable infection resistant mat of the present invention is indicated generally by reference numeral 10 in the drawings. Mat 10 , as illustrated, includes a cover 12 and around an inner padding 14 (FIG. 5 ). Mat 10 can be of any size, however, a size convenient for use by children in a day care environment is preferred. For example, mat 10 can range in dimension from 19 inches by 46 inches to 24 inches by 48 inches. Of course, the mat 10 can be much wider and much longer for use by an adult. The detailed description of the elements and manufacture of mat 10 now will be described in greater detail.
Cover 12 of mat 10 preferably is constructed from a material which is fire retardant and durable, such as approximately 10 mil to approximately 20 mil super strong vinyl. The cover material also is easy to clean and to disinfect. Most important, however, is the fact that cover 12 is impervious to liquids, such as urine or other body fluids, and also is impervious to disease causing bacteria and impervious to vermin, such as head lice. The cover 12 of mat 10 includes a top sheet 16 and a bottom sheet 18 . It will be appreciated that the top sheet 16 and the bottom sheet 18 are constructed from contrasting color materials so that the bottom sheet 18 , which has contact with the floor, for example, is always placed on the floor and is not used as a resting surface (FIG. 3 ). Thus, the sleeping side of mat 10 is distinguished from the floor side, providing more sanitary conditions of use.
As best seen in FIGS. 1-4, mat 10 is divided into segments, 10 A, 10 B and 10 C. It will be appreciated that mat 10 can include more than three segments or fewer than three segments, depending upon the desired length of the mat. The segmented mat allows the mat 10 to be folded for storage, as shown partially folded in FIG. 4 . The top and bottom cover sheets are sealed along the seams S by radio frequency (RF) welding, as will be explained in greater detail below, to form a contiguous cover. However, at this point it will be noted that the cover sheets are welded together between the segments, to create thin, flexible hinge areas 20 and 22 , for example, which facilitate folding. Of course if mat 10 had more segments it also would include additional hinge areas. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 6, it will be noted that when the hinge areas 20 and 22 are sealed by RF welding, discrete areas are not welded, thereby creating air passageways 24 and 26 . Air passages 24 and 26 allow for air flow between the various segments, thus equalizing pressure within the various segments when a user lays on the mat, providing a more comfortable mat. Air passages made by this method do not require hard inserts or tubing and thus are more comfortable.
Referring to FIG. 2, it will be noted that the novel RF welding technique used to produce mat 10 produces seams S without stitch holes, thus eliminating another site of bacterial contamination and does not have threads that can unravel. Furthermore, the manufacturing technique yields a mat 10 having rounded corners C, which is important for mats used by small children.
Each segment of mat 10 includes padding 14 . Padding 14 preferably is a polyurethane foam of an appropriate thickness, preferably between ½ inch and 3 inches, most preferably 1 to 2 inches. The thickness of padding 14 should be sufficient to provide a padded, comfortable rest surface if mat 10 is placed directly on a floor.
The mat 10 of the present invention generally is manufactured and constructed by the following steps:
Two aluminum bottom nests are attached to an aluminum turntable on a radio frequency (RF) vinyl welding machine;
A top sealing brass die is attached to a top heated platen on the RF welding machine;
A “distance down” limiting switch is set for the height of the die;
Copper outside RF shields are set for the down stroke of the brass die;
A bottom limit switch is set for the lowest level for the brass die;
The power level is set for the RF power to the specific die used for sealing on the production run;
The pre-seal time, seal time and cool down time are set on the RF welding machine based upon the thickness and type of vinyl used for the cover;
The lower and upper plate current and power settings are sent on the RF welding machine;
The skip switch is set on the “on” position on the turntable drive;
The operation switch on the control panel is set to “Semiautomatic”;
A sheet or piece of cover vinyl is placed on one of the bottom aluminum nests so that it completely covers the aluminum;
On one end of the vinyl sheet appropriate tags are positioned under the vinyl on the aluminum nest;
The foam padding is appropriately positioned on the vinyl and centered inside the aluminum bottom nest;
One sheet or piece of vinyl is placed on top of the foam, completely covering the bottom pieces of vinyl;
The start button is activated on the RF welding machine; the turntable rotates 180 degrees and then stops; the RF welding machine upper platen compresses down on the foam and vinyl; after settling for approximately 3 seconds, the RF power is applied and the two sheets of vinyl are welded together at their peripheral edges under the brass die and completely sealed;
The turntable rotates again and a completely sealed mat rotates out of the RF welding machine;
An operator picks up the mat and places it on an inspection table;
The operator pulls off any excess vinyl. On the outside seam is a tear seal that allows the vinyl to pull of cleanly. The excess vinyl is recycled;
The mat is inspected to see that all seams are completely sealed with no foam caught in the seal or any defects in the vinyl; and
The mat is place in a shipping box for shipment.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made in the mat of the present invention without departing from the scope of the appended claims. Therefore, the foregoing description and accompanying drawings are intended to be illustrative only and should not be construed in a limiting sense. | An infection resistant mat having individual segments containing foam padding and a contiguous cover of impervious material. The cover is constructed by radio frequency (RF) sealing of the seams which eliminates portals of entry of infectious organisms, vermin or fluid. Air channels within the cover communicate between the segments to allow air pressure equalization among the several segments during use. The contiguous cover creates hinges between the segments that allow the mat to be folded for storage. The mat also can be constructed with only one padded section. | 2,141 |
BACKGROUND
Procedures requiring the use of peripherally inserted central catheters (“PICC”) often employ pressure activated valves to seal these catheters when not in use. Such pressure activated valves are designed to remain closed during normal pressure fluctuations between uses to prevent leakage and backflow which may lead to occlusions and/or infections. However, these valves have often been unsuitable for the injection of fluids at high pressures or volumes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a device for transferring fluids between an internal structure in a living body and an exterior thereof, comprises a housing including a pressure activated lumen extending to a distal end opening to a power injection lumen that extends to a distal port configured for connection to a fluid conduit extending to a target structure within the body and a pressure activated valve extending across the pressure activated lumen and controlling fluid flow therethrough, the pressure activated valve opening to permit fluid flow therethrough into the power injection lumen when a fluid pressure differential thereacross is at least a first predetermined threshold level and remaining sealed when the fluid pressure differential thereacross is less than the first threshold level in combination with a proximal port coupled to the housing for movement between a first position in which a proximal end of the power injection lumen opens to the proximal port and a second position in which a proximal end of the pressure activated lumen opens to the proximal port.
The present invention is further directed to a method for transferring fluids between a target internal structure of a living body and an exterior of the body, the method comprising connecting to a proximal end of a fluid conduit extending into the body to the target structure a distal port of a housing opening to a power injection lumen thereof, the housing including a pressure activated lumen extending to a distal end opening to the power injection lumen with a pressure activated valve opening to permit fluid flow therethrough into the power injection lumen when a fluid pressure differential thereacross is at least a first predetermined threshold level and remaining sealed when the fluid pressure differential thereacross is less than the first threshold level and moving a proximal port of the housing to a first position in which the proximal port is fluidly coupled to the power injection lumen in combination with supplying a first fluid to the proximal port at a power injection pressure greater than the first threshold level, moving the proximal port of the housing to a first position in which the proximal port is fluidly coupled to the pressure activated lumen and supplying a second fluid to the proximal port at a pressure greater than the first threshold level and less than the power injection pressure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawing illustrates the design of the present invention wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a first view of an apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows an exploded view of the device of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 3 shows an internal view of the device of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 4 shows a side view of the device of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 5 shows a bottom view of the device of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 6 shows a top view of the device of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of the device of FIG. 1 in a position permitting flow through a pressure activated valve; and
FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of the device of FIG. 1 in a normal flow position.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention, which may be further understood with reference to the following description and the appended drawings, relates to a system and method for high pressure and high volume injection without damaging a pressure activated valve. In particular, the present invention relates to the selective engagement for high pressure and high volume injection of separate lumens within a device employed in conjunction with a catheter (e.g., a PICC catheter) with at least one of the lumens employing a pressure activated valve.
Presently available pressure activated valves are generally unable to sustain the high pressures and flow rates associated with power injection (e.g., of contrast media). An exemplary embodiment of the present invention seeks to alleviate this problem by incorporating with a pressure activated valve a bypass feature allowing power injection without damaging the pressure activated valve.
As shown in FIGS. 1-8 , a port 100 according to a first embodiment of the invention includes two passages which may be selectively engaged to select either power injection or standard infusion/withdrawal of fluids. The port 100 comprises a base 110 and a cover 120 joined together, for example, via any known means such as bonding, welding, friction fit, etc. Protruding distally from the port 100 is an elongated tubular body 105 with a lumen 115 extending therethrough and into the base 110 , as will be described in greater detail below. It is noted that the term proximal as referred to herein refers to a direction approaching a user or point of user access to the device while distal refers to a direction toward an interior of the body of the patient.
The tubular body 105 is provided with a barbed fitting comprising a series of ridged portions 106 designed to frictionally engage a catheter disposed thereover. Specifically, the ridged portions 106 are formed with a diameter sized to frictionally engage inner walls of a catheter, thereby firmly securing the catheter to the port 100 . Accordingly, to mate to the port 100 , a catheter is guided over the tubular body 105 to a proximal-most position and frictionally retained thereon. In an alternate embodiment, the tubular body 105 may be insert molded on the catheter, as those skilled in the art will understand.
As shown in the exploded view of FIG. 2 , a silicone disk 130 is provided in the port 100 , in engagement with a correspondingly sized recess 131 in the base 110 which opens to the lumen 115 . The silicone disk 130 effectively regulates the pressure and flow of fluids passing therethrough the port 100 . As would be understood by those skilled in the art, the disk 130 may be formed in any desired configuration to obtain desired flow configurations. For example, the disk 130 and a slot or slots therethrough may be formed as shown for any of slitted membranes disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/768,571 entitled “Pressure Activated Safety Valve With Anti-Adherent Coating” filed on Jan. 29, 2004 to Weaver, et al. (the '571 app.); U.S. application Ser. No. 10/768,565 entitled “Pressure Activated Safety Valve With High Flow Slit” filed on even day herewith naming Karla Weaver and Paul DiCarlo as inventors, and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/768,629 entitled “Stacked Membrane For Pressure Actuated Valve” filed on even day herewith naming Karla Weaver and Paul DiCarlo as inventors, and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/768,855 entitled “Pressure Actuated Safety Valve With Spiral Flow Membrane” filed on even day herewith naming Paul DiCarlo and Karla Weaver as inventors, and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/768,479 entitled “Dual Well Port Device” filed on even day herewith naming Katie Daly, Kristian DiMatteo and Eric Houde as inventors. The entire disclosures of each of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in this application. The silicone disk 130 is held in place over the recess 131 via a disk retainer 135 which engages a periphery thereof. When the cover 120 is mounted to the base 110 , a portion of the cover 120 engages the disk retainer 135 applying pressure against the disk 130 to hold the disk 130 against a periphery of the recess 131 and prevent the silicone disk 130 from being moved therefrom.
A rotating luer 150 engages a proximal end of the base 110 at a proximal end of the port 100 , as further shown in FIG. 3 . The rotating luer 150 includes a lumen 155 extending therethrough from a proximal end 151 to a distal end 152 and at least two tabs 160 extending therefrom about a circumference of an end plate 158 of the luer 150 which preferably forms a substantially continuous surface with the portion of the port 100 (i.e., proximal ends of the base 110 and the cover 120 regardless of a rotational orientation of the luer 150 . The tabs 160 indicate an alignment of the lumen 155 in relation to the two lumens 115 and 125 of the port 100 , as will be described in greater detail below. The luer 150 also includes a disk-shaped mating projection 156 which is received within a correspondingly shaped and sized slot 154 to rotatably secure the luer 150 to the base 110 .
Two O-rings 140 are provided between the rotating luer 150 and the upper and lower body portions 120 , 110 to provide a fluid seal therebetween. However, those skilled in the art will understand that any number of O-rings may be provided in the device and these O-rings may vary in thickness and size to obtain the desired seal. The O-rings may exhibit elastomeric properties and may, in an exemplary embodiment, be received in recesses formed on a proximal faces of the base 110 and the cover 120 around proximal openings to the lumens 115 , 125 , respectively.
As shown in FIG. 3 , when in a pressure activated position, the lumen 155 of the luer 150 is aligned with the lumen 125 of the cover 120 which opens to the disk 130 . As would be understood by those skilled in the art, when a pressure differential between the lumen 125 and the lumen 115 exceeds a predetermined threshold, edges of the slit(s) in the disk 130 are moved apart from one another and fluid will flow through the disk 130 into the lumen 115 to a catheter attached thereto. When the pressure differential remains below the predetermined threshold, the disk 130 remains sealed preventing fluid flow from the lumen 115 to the lumen 125 .
In order to configure the port 100 in the pressure activated position as also shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 , a user of the port 100 rotates the luer 150 until the tabs 160 are aligned with corresponding projections (e.g., projections 161 ) on the port distal body of the port 100 (i.e., the base 110 and/or the cover 120 ) to an indicated pressure activated position. Specifically, the proximal portion of the port 100 may be labeled to indicate the locations of the lumens 115 and 125 , as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 . A physician may then rotate the proximal portion of the port 100 to align the tabs 160 with the projections 161 . Rotating the proximal portion of the port 100 in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction until the lumen 155 aligns with the desired lumen of the port 100 engages the desired one of the lumens 125 and 115 . It is further noted that, when the tabs 160 are not aligned with the projections 161 , the port 100 is in an off position with both of the lumens 115 and 125 sealed to prevent the flow of fluid into or out of the proximal portion of the device.
Once the pressure activated valve has been selected, the flow of fluid through the port 100 is guided through the pressure activated valve, as detailed above, with fluid entering the port 100 through an externally attached fluid source via an attachment means shown at the proximal end 151 of the rotating luer 150 . The fluid flows through the lumen 155 and into the lumen 125 and, when the pressure differential exceeds the predetermined threshold level, past the silicone disk 130 into the lumen 115 via the recess 131 . The fluid is passes through the lumen 115 toward the elongated tubular body 105 as flow toward the proximal end of the lumen 115 is prevented by the fluid-tight seal formed by the distal face of the rotating luer 150 which covers the proximal opening to the lumen 115 when the pressure activated valve has been selected. The fluid flows out of the distal opening of the elongated tubular body 105 to a targeted site in the body via a catheter or other device attached to the tubular body portion 105 as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
Alternatively, if the “<5 mL/s” marker is selected, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 8 , the lumen 155 is connected directly to the lumen 115 located inside the base 110 of the port 100 . An external high pressure or high volume fluid source may then be attached to a proximal end of the port 100 so that high pressure and/or high volume fluid (e.g., at flow rates and pressures suitable for the power injection of contrast media) supplied to the port 100 passes directly through the lumen 115 to the distal opening in the body 105 and into the catheter without passing through the disk 130 . It is further noted that the diameter of the lumen 155 may be substantially similar to the diameter of the lumen 115 to allow for an undeterred flow of fluid therethrough.
The present invention has been described with respect to particular designs and embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the described exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be altered without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, the port 100 may be altered in geometry, with the diameters of the either of the lumens 115 , 125 and 155 increased or decreased to accommodate the requirements of a patient or procedure for which they are intended. Furthermore, a design may be incorporated with each of the lumens 115 and 125 identified by a different color or pattern of colors, eliminating the need for written markings on the outer body of the port 100 .
It is to be understood that these embodiments have been described in an exemplary manner and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention which is intended to cover all modifications and variations of this invention that come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. The specifications are, therefore, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. | A device for transferring fluids between an internal structure in a living body and an exterior thereof, comprises a housing including a pressure activated lumen extending to a distal end opening to a power injection lumen that extends to a distal port configured for connection to a fluid conduit extending to a target structure within the body and a pressure activated valve extending across the pressure activated lumen and controlling fluid flow therethrough, the pressure activated valve opening to permit fluid flow therethrough into the power injection lumen when a fluid pressure differential thereacross is at least a first predetermined threshold level and remaining sealed when the fluid pressure differential thereacross is less than the first threshold level in combination with a proximal port coupled to the housing for movement between a first position in which a proximal end of the power injection lumen opens to the proximal port and a second position in which a proximal end of the pressure activated lumen opens to the proximal port. | 2,587 |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a low profile device for treatment of vascular abnormalities, such as the repair of aneurysms.
In the past, treatment of aneurysms involved an open surgical procedure which exposed the affected lumen and bypassing the aneurysm with an artificial tubular graft.
More recently stent grafts have been employed as a minimally invasive alternative to traditional graft bypass surgery. There are a number of stent graft designs that have been tried. Current designs are limited to use with patients having large vessels because of the large size of the delivery systems. Such large sizes require surgical exposure of the vascular system and in smaller patients, often females, such stent grafts are simply too large to use at all. In addition, such larger stent graft designs can be difficult to position and may cause damage to the blood vessels.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a stent graft design that has a low cross sectional profile that can be delivered percutaneously and used in patients with small and tortuous vessels.
It is a further object to provide a stent graft that is highly flexible.
It is a still further object to provide a stent graft that is simple and inexpensive to construct.
These and other objects are achieved by providing a stent graft that has a minimal metallic endoskeleton that holds the graft material in place until secondary deployment of additional stents. Such a minimal metallic endoskeleton allows the delivery system to have a lower cross-sectional profile than conventional stent grafts.
The endoskeleton of the stent graft of this invention has a first self expandable metallic stent located at the distal end thereof and a second self expandable metallic stent located at the proximal end thereof. At least one flexible longitudinal strut member extends between and is connected to the first and second stents. The strut member can have a fixed length or can be a compound strut comprised of two or more strut sections that are fastened together in a manner that allows a sliding motion between the strut sections so that the compound strut can be elongated by applying traction to the proximal stent.
The endoskeleton of the stent graft of this invention may be bifurcated for use with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta.
The endoskeleton of the stent graft of this invention is inserted into a tube of a graft material and the tube attached to the first and second stents. In the case of the bifurcated system, the graft material is also connected to the third contralateral stent.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a straight tubular form of the endoskeleton of the stent graft of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a portion of a stent used in the invention;
FIG. 3 is a plan view, partially in section, of the straight tubular form of the endoskeleton attached to the inside a tubular graft;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a bifurcated form of the endoskeleton of the stent graft of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a plan view, partially in section, of the bifurcated form of the endoskeleton attached to the inside of a tubular graft; and
FIG. 6 is a partial plan view of the bifurcated stent attached to a two component strut to permit sliding elongation, shown in its collapsed condition;
FIG. 7 is a partial plan view of the strut of FIG. 6 shown in its extended condition; and
FIG. 8 is a plan view of the bifurcated stent of the FIG. 6 embodiment shown with tubular graft material attached thereto.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The endoskeleton 10 of the straight tubular form of stent graft 30 is illustrated in FIG. 1 .
Endoskeleton 10 is comprised of a first stent 12 and a second stent 14 . Stents 12 and 14 are identical in construction, each being a cylindrical spring assembly made from a single piece of fine gauge stainless steel spring wire or nitinol having a diameter of about 0.4 to 0.5 mm that is bent into a sinusoidal configuration comprised of a plurality of arms 16 and outer and inner elbows 18 and 19 , respectively, as best seen in FIG. 2 . Elbows 18 and 19 are illustrated as being simple arches, but other elbow configurations, such as a recurved arch or aperatured arch may be used.
Struts 20 , 21 , and 22 extend between first and second stents 12 and 14 , as shown. Struts 20 - 22 are constructed of fine gauge stainless steel spring wire or nitinol having a diameter of about 0.3 to 0.6 mm. Struts 20 - 22 are attached to stents 12 and 14 in any suitable manner, such as soldering to outer elbows 18 at solder joint 24 ; they may, alternatively be attached by bending, or cut from a single piece of metal. The struts are substantially evenly spaced apart around cylindrical stents 12 and 14 .
Although three struts are preferred, a single strut may be used. More than three struts may also be used, but the number used should not be such that the flexibility of the stent graft is compromised.
A straight tubular stent graft 30 is formed by compressing stents 12 and 14 and inserting endoskeleton 10 into elongated cylindrical graft tube 31 , as best seen in FIG. 3 . The graft tube 31 is attached to stents 12 and 14 by sutures 32 passed through graft 31 and outer elbows 18 .
Graft tube 31 may be formed of any conventional graft material which is known to be substantially biologically inert, non-biodegradable, and durable. A suitable such graft material is polytetrafluoroethylene (“PTFE”) sold under the trademark “IMPRA” by Bard of Tempe, Arizona. The diameter of the graft tube 31 can be between about 6 and about 40 mm in diameter and between about 1.5 and about 400 mm in length.
The endoskeleton 40 of a bifurcated form of stent graft 60 of this invention is illustrated in FIG. 4 . Endoskeleton 40 is comprised of a first stent 42 and a second stent 44 having struts 46 , 47 , and 48 extending therebetween and attached thereto in the same manner as for the straight tubular form 10 discussed above. Stents 42 and 44 are cylindrical spring assemblies of the same configuration and material as discussed above, except that stent 42 has approximately twice the diameter of stent 44 . Stent 50 is attached to stent 42 by means of a single strut 52 .
Bifurcated stent graft 60 is formed by positioning a partially compressed bifurcated endoskeleton 40 inside a bifurcated tubular graft 61 as shown in FIG. 5 . Graft 61 is formed of the same material as graft 31 .
Stent 44 is located inside, and adjacent the end of, channel 62 and sewn to graft 61 by sutures 63 , only two of which are shown. Stent 44 is in a partially compressed state so that an outward force is applied to the inner side of channel 62 .
Stent 50 is located inside, and adjacent the end of, channel 64 and sewn to graft 61 by sutures 65 , only two of which are shown. Stent 50 is in a partially compressed state so that an outward force is applied to the inner side of channel 64 .
Stent 42 extends outwardly from the end of channel 66 and is sewn to graft 61 by sutures 67 , only two of which are shown. Being in a partially compressed state at its inner end, stent 42 exerts an outward force on the inner side of channel 66 .
Stent 42 is not covered by graft material 61 to allow placement of the stent graft 60 across critical branch vessels without causing occlusion, the blood flowing through the open structure of the uncovered stent. This is especially true in the abdominal aorta where the renal arteries are just above the level of the aneurysms. An uncovered stent 42 can be placed safely across the origins of the renal arteries and still allow a fixation site for the stent graft 60 .
Graft material 61 is configured to wrap around stent 50 and is sewn along stitch line 68 to form channel 64 . There is no communication between channel 62 and channel 64 along the stitch line 68 , but both channels 62 and 64 communicate with channel 66 .
Bifurcated stent graft 60 is used to repair aneurysms of the abdominal aorta which typically occur where the aorta branches into smaller (iliac) arteries. Bifurcated stent graft 60 can be used in conjunction with the straight tubular stent graft 30 described above by inserting straight tubular stent graft 30 into channel 64 of bifurcated stent graft 60 and sewing it into place. The end of bifurcated stent graft 60 containing channel 66 is located in the aorta with channel 50 (extended by insertion of a stent graft 30 ) and channel 62 being located in the adjacent iliac arteries.
A variation of the endoskeleton of bifurcated stent graft 60 is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. In this variation, single strut 52 of FIG. 4 is replaced by a two component strut comprised of fixed strut 152 and sliding strut 252 . Fixed strut 152 is attached to stint 142 and sliding strut 252 is attached to stint 150 , the reference numbers of the components in FIGS. 6 and 7 common to those in FIG. 4 being the same but increased by 100 or, in the case of the sliding strut, by 200.
Sliding strut 252 has a ring 254 attached at its outer end. Ring 254 fits over fixed strut 142 in sliding relationship. In FIG. 6 sliding strut 252 is shown in its unextended (collapsed) configuration. In FIG. 7 sliding strut 252 is shown in its extended configuration. Cap 154 attached to the outer end of fixed strut 152 prevents passage of ring 254 thereover.
FIG. 8 illustrates the bifurcated configuration employing the sliding strut configuration illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. In other respects, the bifurcated configuration of FIG. 8 is the same as the bifurcated configuration illustrated in FIG. 5, and identical components of the FIG. 8 configuration have the same reference numbers as those used in FIG. 5, but increased by 100.
In FIG. 8, the sliding strut 152 / 252 (not shown) is in the collapsed configuration shown in FIG. 6 . That portion of graft 161 covering sliding strut 152 / 252 and stent 150 is collapsed, accordion style, since it must have a length long enough to accompany stent 150 (to which it is attached by sutures 165 ) as strut portion 252 is extended.
The endoskeletons of both the straight stent graft 30 and bifurcated stent graft 60 are easily compressed into a small diameter endoprosthesis package for percutaneous delivery to the required aneurysm repair site since a minimum number of stents are employed (two in straight stent graft 30 and three in stent graft 60 ). For example, straight stent graft 30 can be collapsed to a diameter of about 3.3 mm and bifurcated stent graft 60 can be collapsed to a diameter of about 4.0 mm.
The stent grafts 30 and 60 of the invention are introduced through a conventional sheath with a hemostatic valve. The sheath and taper dilator is initially positioned over an intravascular guide wire. The tapered dilator is removed and the stent graft is advanced through the sheath with a blunt pushing device. The distal tip of the sheath is demarcated with a radiopaque marker.
After stent graft 30 or stent graft 60 is secured in place in the artery of a patient, additional (secondary) stents can be inserted inside the graft tube along the length thereof. | A low profile stent graft for treatment of vascular abnormalities such as aneurysms. The endoskeleton of the stent graft has first and second self-expandable stents. The stents are spaced apart and connected together by at least one, and preferably three, flexible strut members. A tubular graft is placed around the endoskeleton while the stents are in a partially compressed state, and attached to the stents. A bifurcated configuration is disclosed that can be employed where the stent graft is to be used for repair of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. | 2,081 |
[0001] This application is a formal application claiming the priority of provisional U.S. patent application No. 61/148,391, filed Jan. 30, 2009, the specification of which is incorporated by reference herewith in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This invention relates to massage tools. More specifically, it relates to such tools that are ergonomically designed so that they can be used to massage with a reduced muscle fatigue of the massage therapist.
DISCUSSION OF PRIOR ART
[0003] Massage services are in high demand worldwide. However, performing a massage is physically demanding both in term of physical energy as well as wear and tear of therapist's hands, wrists, arms and shoulders. Repetitive motion problems are amongst the most common.
[0004] There are many kinds of massage assisting tools. These include massage chairs, pillows, beds, mattresses, massage bath tubs, massage belts, vibrators etc.; various accessories and implements such as massage balls, massage thumps, massage rollers, etc. are also known. Examples of such products are described in the following U.S. patents and patent applications:
U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,706, issued Oct. 7, 2008 to Louis, U.S. Pat. No. 7,252,645, issued Aug. 7, 2007 to Polins, U.S. Pat. No. 7,179,240, issued Feb. 20, 2007 to Wu, U.S. Pat. No. 7,141,030, issued Nov. 28, 2006 to Chen, U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,738, issued Jul. 31, 2001 to Louis, U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,694, issued Jun. 5, 2001 to Goulding-Thompson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,469, issued Jan. 4, 2000 to McAtee, U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,385, issued Apr. 29, 1997 to Hwang, U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,222, issued Jan. 17, 1995 to Yih-Jong, U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,328, issued Nov. 20, 1984 to Wolocko, U.S. Pat. No. 3,545,434, issued Dec. 8, 1970 to Woodruff, U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,689, issued Feb. 9, 1999 to Faroky et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,005, issued Dec. 1, 1998 to Chubinsky, 20050159689, issued Jul. 21, 2005 to Olson, 20040249324, issued Dec. 9, 2004 to Louis, 20040230147, issued Nov. 18, 2004 to Fretterd.
[0021] There are also systems involving transmission of energy and allowing a change of massage applicators. Examples of such products are shown in the following U.S. patents:
U.S. Pat. No. 7,354,408, issued Apr. 8, 2008 to Muchisky, U.S. Pat. No. 7,229,424, issued Jun. 12, 2007 to Jones et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,175,592, issued Feb. 13, 2007 to Lee, U.S. Pat. No. 6,988,997, issued Jan. 24, 2006 to Stultz, U.S. Pat. No. 6,758,826, issued Jul. 6, 2004 to Luettgen et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,735,808, issued May 18, 2004 to Chen, U.S. Pat. No. 6,585,668, issued Jul. 1, 2003 to Nissim, U.S. Pat. No. 6,332,873, issued Dec. 25, 2001 to Naruse et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,737, issued Jul. 31, 2001 to Meilus, U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,693, issued Jun. 5, 2001 to Lambden, U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,827, issued Feb. 23, 1993 to Wei, U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,117, issued Apr. 24, 1990 to Muchisky et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,102,334, issued Jul. 25, 1978 to Muchisky, U.S. Pat. No. 4,098,266, issued Jul. 4, 1978 to Muchisky et al.
[0036] There are also devices/systems using gravity as energy for massaging. Examples of such products are shown in the following U.S. patents:
U.S. Pat. No. 7,320,668, issued Jan. 22, 2008 to Warder, U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,121, issued Apr. 17, 2001 to Mollet, U.S. Pat. No. 5,913,839, issued Jun. 22, 1999 to Wincek, U.S. Pat. No. 1,265,083, issued May 7, 1918 to Hoard.
[0041] While each of the above-noted developments is useful, there is still a need to reduce physical stress on massage therapists' hands, wrists, arms and shoulders.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
[0042] Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an ergonomic massage tool the use of which is relatively easy on therapist's hands, wrists, arms and shoulders by reducing the stress on and in them while providing an effective massage.
[0043] Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the ensuing description and drawings.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0044] In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a massage tool which comprises a shank coupled with a user's body support and with a massage applicator spaced from the body support by a predetermined distance.
[0045] In an embodiment of the invention, the massage tool comprises a shank having a predetermined length, the shank having a first end adapted for engaging a user's (massage therapist's) shoulder, upper arm or vicinity, and a distal second end coupled with a massage applicator.
[0046] In one embodiment, the first end is coupled with a body engagement structure and the distal end is coupled with a massage applicator (a body contact head).
[0047] In one embodiment, the shank comprises means for adjusting its length according to the massage therapist's size, personal preference and ergonomic considerations. The shank may be extendible and/or retractable. In one embodiment, the shank is foldable. In one embodiment, it is made of separable components for easy storage and/or transportation.
[0048] In an embodiment of the invention, the shank comprises at least one hand grip portion. The portion may be of a size and shape to facilitate manipulation of the shank during a massage.
[0049] In one embodiment, the hand grip portion is disposed at an angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the shank, the angle selected according to ergonomic considerations.
[0050] Preferably, the shank is rigid enough to transfer a force from the massage therapist's body to the recipient's body, the force sufficient for massage purposes. The shank may be made of a material exhibiting a degree of flexibility and/or may comprise a compressible mechanism, e.g. a shock absorber, so as to counteract a possibility of the user's excessive force, if any, applied through the user's body during the therapy.
[0051] The contact heads may be removable from said distal end of the shank and interchangeable.
[0052] According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for performing a massage using a tool comprising a shank having a first end coupled with a user's body support and with a massage applicator spaced from the body support by a predetermined distance, the method comprising the steps of
a) contacting the applicator with the massage recipient's body, b) applying a pressure with the body through the body support and the shank onto the massage applicator with a force selected to perform a massage therapy, and c) moving the shank with the applicator on a massage recipient's body to perform the massage.
[0056] For the purpose of the present specification, the term “shank” denotes any structure, elongated or not, suitable to be coupled with a body support and a massage applicator.
[0057] According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for performing a massage using a tool comprising a shank having a first end coupled with a user's body support and with a massage applicator spaced from the body support by a predetermined distance, the method comprising the steps of
d) contacting the applicator with the massage recipient's body, e) applying a pressure with the body through the body support and the shank onto the massage applicator with a force selected to perform a massage therapy, and f) moving the shank with the applicator on a massage recipient's body to perform the massage.
[0061] For the purpose of the present specification, the term “shank” denotes any structure, elongated or not, suitable to be coupled with a body support and a massage applicator.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
[0062] Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0063] FIG. 1 . a is a front view of an embodiment of the massage tool;
[0064] FIG. 1 . b is a front view of another embodiment of the massage tool;
[0065] FIG. 1 . c is a front view of yet another embodiment of the massage tool;
[0066] FIG. 1 . d is a front view of yet another embodiment of the massage tool;
[0067] FIG. 2 a is an illustration of the use of the massage tool of the invention;
[0068] FIG. 2 b is another illustration of the use of the massage tool;
[0069] FIG. 3 is a front view of the body support;
[0070] FIG. 4 is a cross-section along the lines A-A of the body support of FIG. 3 ;
[0071] FIG. 5 shows a side view of another embodiment of the tool without a massage applicator;
[0072] FIG. 6 shows a sectional front view of an applicator holder;
[0073] FIG. 7 a is a front view of an exemplary massage applicator;
[0074] FIG. 7 b is a side view of the applicator of FIG. 7 a;
[0075] FIG. 8 a is a perspective view of another massage applicator;
[0076] FIG. 8 b shows a front view of the applicator of FIG. 8 a;
[0077] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of yet another massage applicator;
[0078] FIG. 10 a is a perspective view of still another massage applicator;
[0079] FIG. 10 b illustrates a front view of the applicator of FIG. 10 a ; and
[0080] FIG. 11 illustrates still another embodiment of a massage applicator.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0081] FIG. 1 . a illustrates one embodiment of the massage tool of the invention. The tool, generally designated as 10 , has a shank 12 which is connected with a body support 14 through a pivotable connection 16 enabling the body support, in operation of the tool, to adapt to the curvature of the user's body. The shank has a longitudinal axis 18 . At the end of the shank 12 opposite to the body support, a massage applicator 20 is coupled to the shank 12 using a known mechanical connection. In FIG. 1 . a, the applicator is a wheel mounted to a holder 22 which is in turn threadedly connected to the shank 12 .
[0082] The shank has a grip portion 24 which is bent at an angle to the axis 18 to facilitate hand grip for ergonomic reasons. Alternatively, the shank may be shaped to form two hand grip portions (not illustrated).
[0083] The shank should be lightweight to reduce the user's fatigue in operation. It may be made of metal or another material, e.g. a polymer. It may have a degree of flexibility to reduce the possibility of discomfort or injury of the massage recipient in case of application of excessive force by the user of the tool during massage.
[0084] The length of the shank 12 can be adjusted to suit the size and preference of the user (distance from the user's shoulder to the massage recipient's body may vary) and/or therapy requirements. The length adjustment means are schematically represented at 26 . They may be exemplified by a separable segment of the shank or an extendible portion thereof.
[0085] The shank 12 may comprise at least one compressible mechanism, e.g. a well-known spring-loaded shock absorber (not illustrated) so as to counteract a possibility of the user's excessive force, if any, applied through the tool during the therapy.
[0086] FIG. 1 . b illustrates another embodiment of the massage tool of the invention. The grip portion is placed in between two elongated elements of a crutch-like shank 12 for improved grip or for providing alternative grip options for various users.
[0087] FIG. 1 . c illustrates another embodiment of the massage tool of the invention. The grip portion is placed at one side of the shank 12 for improved grip or for providing alternative grip options for various users.
[0088] FIG. 1 . d illustrates another embodiment of the massage tool of the invention. The grip portion is placed at both sides of the shank 12 for improved grip or for providing alternative grip options for various users.
[0089] FIG. 2 a is an illustration of the use of the massage tool of the invention. A massage therapist (also synonymously referred to as a user in the specification) holds the tool 10 so that one end of the tool (the applicator end) contacts the body of a prone massage recipient and the other end, with a body support, rests against the therapist's shoulder or a shoulder area. The body support may be placed in the armpit, against the shoulder joint, against the upper arm or anywhere in the vicinity, the purpose being for the user to apply a force with the user's upper body onto the applicator end and thereby reduce the energy use by hand and arm muscles. In the FIG. 2 a , the body support is shown for simplicity as resting against the shoulder joint of the user. In FIG. 2 b , the body support rests against the user's upper arm.
[0090] For clarification, the term “body support” denotes herein an element of the tool of the invention that can be shaped and sized to be used as either the top of a crutch (when placed in the armpit of the user) or as a rifle butt (when placed against the shoulder or in the vicinity thereof).
[0091] FIGS. 3 and 4 show the body support in more detail.
[0092] As shown in FIG. 5 , the shank can be assembled from two parts for easy storage and transportation, element 28 denoting a temporary connection e.g. a bayonet connection. Alternatively, the shank may be foldable, wherein the element 28 would denote a suitable joint, known in the mechanical art.
[0093] The applicator 20 is mounted on the shank using an applicator holder 22 shown in detail in FIG. 6 . The upper part 34 of the holder 30 is threaded into the lower part of the shank 12 ( FIG. 1 ) or connected thereto using alternative suitable means.
[0094] FIGS. 7 a , 7 b , 8 a , 8 b , 9 , 10 a , 10 b and 11 illustrate various applicators which can be used in connection with the tool of the invention. The applicators may be ball tips, wheels, rollers, contact heads with two contact points ( FIG. 11 ) for areas like the soft tissues along the two sides of the spine, or other massage applicators known in the prior art.
[0095] The element in FIG. 9 may be incapable of rolling but has a soft surface to allow user to place their hand, finger or fingers underneath on patient's body to, at one hand, maintain palpation, i.e. feeling the patient's muscles, and on the other hand, applying force from the user's shoulder, armpit, trunk, other upper arm or the palm of the other hand as opposed to from the user's fingers or edges of the hand, hence reduce the stress on the user's fingers and hand. The diameter should be large enough to minimize the pressure on user's hand, finger or fingers, but small enough to be easily manipulate-able. An good compromised diameter would be about 1 inch. The length of the element should be long enough to be able to cover 1 to 4 fingers, and should short enough to be easily manipulate-able. A reasonable compromised length would be 2-3 inches. The soft surface can be made of, for example but not limited to, soft rubber layer, soft polyurethane layer, sturdy foam layer, or any such material know in the art, to protect the user's hand, finger or fingers and to allow greater degree of comfort possible. In such situation, the user will first place one hand, finger or fingers at desired spot on patient's body, then place the soft-surfaced element according to FIG. 9 on the hand, finger or fingers, then apply strength from their upper body such as shoulder, while sensing patient's muscle or muscles with the hand, finger, or fingers on patient body and using the other hand stabilize the massage tool 10 and guide the application of the strength from the user's upper body.
[0096] In operation, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 a and 2 b , the therapist places the massage applicator on desired location of patient's body and applies a suitable amount of pressure onto patient's body by pressing on the body support 14 of the massage tool 10 . The therapist guides the shank of the tool with hand and shoulder, while controlling the pressure applied on the body support.
[0097] Although the description above contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. For example, the body support may have other shapes and structure or it may be connected with the shank in a manner allowing the pivotal motion in many planes; the extended rigid structure may have other shapes than illustrated; the applicator connection to the tool may be effected in many ways; the applicator may be integral with the tool; the applicators may have various shapes, dimensions, textures, hardness to suit various therapeutic needs; the shank or other components of the tool may be equipped with oscillatory motor/mechanism to allow massage applicator to vibrate to provide further therapeutic benefits.
[0098] Thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given. | A massage tool has a shank with a body support at one end and a massage applicator at the distal end. In use, the massage therapist applies a pressure with his/her shoulder or upper arm onto the body support while the massage applicator is contacted with the massage recipient's body and guided to perform a massage therapy. The tool is intended to reduce or prevent the stress on therapist's hands, wrists, arms, elbows and shoulders. | 2,947 |
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/846,677, Filed Sep. 22, 2006
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to oxygen delivery for aircraft pilots and passengers, and is particularly applicable to supplemental oxygen requirements for general aviation.
[0003] Pilots of general aviation aircraft are required to use supplemental oxygen when above 12,500 feet in altitude for greater than 30 minutes. When flying above 14,000 feet, pilots must use oxygen at all times. Passengers must have oxygen available at altitudes greater than 15,000 feet. Currently, this requirement is handled by aircraft carrying bottles of compressed oxygen or chemical oxygen generators when planning to operate in a regime requiring supplemental oxygen. Such bottles are heavy, and must be re-filled or replaced often when used with current supplemental oxygen systems. Other oxygen sources, such as oxygen concentrators, might be employed, but devices of this type suitable for small aircraft, would typically require a method of conserving oxygen used by passengers and pilots, to avoid the need for an inconveniently large and heavy high capacity concentrator. Use of a device called a conserver, which is placed in the product line between an oxygen source and a user, potentially could improve the situation for either oxygen bottles or a concentrator solution for supplemental oxygen.
[0004] The conserver, many designs of which are known in the art, is depicted in a general sense in FIG. 1 . A conserver generally is placed between oxygen supply 1 and a user, who accesses the conserver through a breathing device such as a cannula. Many types of cannula are known in the art, and do not form part of the novelty of the invention. A breath sensor, 4 , typically consisting of a pressure transducer and detection circuit, senses a user's breath demand, and responds by delivering a volume of oxygen-rich gas (known as a bolus) to the user through a valve 3 . This bolus, which is significantly less than the total volume of a typical inhalation, is entrained in the breath's air intake, and mixes with the air, eventually reaching the lungs, esophagus, and respiratory cavities (nose and mouth). Approximately half of an inspiration enters the lungs, where oxygen is absorbed. Elevated oxygen concentrations in this volume result in greater transfer of the gas to the blood. Because the lungs can only make use of oxygen in the volume that reaches them, conserver designs try to ensure that the bolus is delivered during the portion of an inhalation that actually reaches the lungs, typically the first 50% of a breath. Thus quick delivery of the bolus allows smaller boluses to be delivered while still satisfying the user's need for oxygen. Thus, the conserver delivers an effective amount of oxygen in relatively small, short bursts, constituting a more efficient use of the oxygen supply, whether sourced from finite supplies such as bottles or, fixed rate supplies, such as small concentrators. Such conservers are described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/192,194, 11/170,743, and 11/274,275, which are incorporated in their entirety by reference. Typically a conserver will also have programmable logic, 2, which allows for the valve timing, and thus bolus characteristics, to be adjusted by various inputs, such as required aggregate oxygen delivery rate for example.
[0005] Although individual conservers of the type currently known could be used with oxygen supplies with finite capacities such as compressed oxygen cylinders, such conservers could not be plumbed together for use with oxygen concentrators or other rate-limited oxygen sources, because they do not effectively deliver oxygen using an oxygen source without a pressure regulator and similarly, do not have means to match their output to the rate of oxygen production of a concentrator. Known medical oxygen conservers would also not be well-suited to the general aviation requirements where oxygen demand is determined by altitude and not medical need. Thus, it is the object of this invention to provide a conserver which is usable in a general aviation environment and achieves the result of more efficient use of an oxygen supply while providing adequate supplemental oxygen for higher altitude aircraft operation from a rate limited oxygen source.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The invention is a multi-port oxygen conserver system for general aviation, including at least one oxygen source input, at least pilot oxygen output port and at least one passenger output port, wherein each port includes a breath pressure sensor and a gas control valve, and each system includes an ambient pressure input, which in some embodiments is connected to an integrated pressure sensor, or aircraft instrumentation and a CPU, adapted to acquire the breath pressure sensors' or the aircraft's altitude data and to independently control the valves' timing. In one embodiment, the system further includes at least one back-up oxygen source port, a pressure sensor adapted to read the source pressure and be read by the CPU and, a source control valve, controlled by the CPU adapted to select either the primary source or the back-up source. In a preferred embodiment, the conserver system includes a user input panel adapted to communicate with the CPU.
[0007] In various embodiments, the controller inputs and operations include:
1. Individual pilot and passenger flow settings 2. Pilot only flow setting 3. Production capacity distribution: 4. Altitude adjusting flow setting: 5. Adaptive auto-pulse: 6. Pilot selective delivery
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The detailed description of how to make and use the invention will be facilitated by referring to the accompanying drawings.
[0015] FIG. 1 depicts the general operation of a conserver.
[0016] FIG. 2 depicts a multiport conserver according to the invention
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0017] Referring to FIG. 2 , a conserver of the present invention is shown. The conserver receives pressurized oxygen-rich air from a supply 1 , which could either be a finite capacity supply such as compressed gas bottles, or a limited rate supply such as an oxygen concentrator or other oxygen generating system. Both supply types could be available either simultaneously or in rotation. By allowing dual source inputs to the conserver, the invention provides an automated means for backup oxygen based on flow demand from passengers or to automatically switch from a depleted or faulted primary oxygen source to a backup source without interrupting the delivery of oxygen to the pilot and passengers. A concentrator is the preferred approach of the inventors, as electrical power is typically available, and therefore a concentrator needs very little service compared to refilling gas bottles. The utilization of an oxygen conservation system in conjunction with an oxygen concentrator also removes time constraints from the flight duration that might otherwise be present using gas bottles or chemical oxygen generators. An exemplary suitable concentrator is described in referenced U.S. application Ser. No. 10/192,194. If needed, such a concentrator could be supplemented by gas bottles for circumstances where the rate required exceeds the capacity of the concentrator. In any case, the projected increase in time before re-fill for gas bottles, using the novel conserver, is a factor of six, so the invention provides significant improvement even for the case where bottles only are used.
[0018] At least two independent ports are advantageous for most general aviation applications, as the pilot's needs are greater than passengers', both by law and for safety reasons. Thus the conserver will preferably have at least two distribution ports serviced by valves 3 . Each valve will preferably have an associated breath sensor 4 . In the example shown, four passenger ports and one pilot port are shown, each with its own valve and sensor. Also, by way of example, one controller (CPU) 2 is shown which controls valve timing for each valve independently and manages the oxygen supply and distribution for the whole plane. Of course, multiple controllers could also be employed. The control of the valve timing determines the bolus volume, and therefore gas usage rate for each port. The oxygen source pressure sensor 5 allows the source of oxygen to be monitored for safety purposes and also for the bolus delivery timing to be adjusted to maintain proper oxygen volume delivery even as the source pressure varies with altitude or as a finite oxygen source is depleted beyond the regulator's set-point. Rate limited oxygen concentrators generally produce oxygen based on a pressure ratio between a high pressure, PH, and a low pressure, PL where, the backpressure in the system changes with altitude, which would make current conserver technologies give unreliable bolus volume doses. The ambient pressure sensor 6 allows adjustment and response to the changing ambient pressure conditions without manual intervention by the flight crew. The ambient pressure sensor may also be used as a trigger for activating the oxygen supply when altitude is reached. Alternatively, ambient pressure could be acauired from the aircraft's instrumentation. A variety of user inputs or pre-programmed modes allow for significant flexibility in how gas is used by each passenger and pilot, thereby allowing for a variety of ways to reduce gas utilization while maintaining safety. The user interface panel (UIP) 7 enables the conserver to be adapted to suit the number of passengers in a plane and to adjust the amount of oxygen delivered to each patient independently. The UIP also functions to notify the flight crew of any errors or alarm conditions detected in the oxygen supply and delivery system. The backup oxygen input system 7 allows the conserver system and CPU to switch over to a backup supply in situations where the primary source is depleted or when the demanded delivery rate exceeds the capacity of the primary oxygen source. In cases of emergency or unexpected changes in altitude this backup system can ensure proper oxygen delivery without flight crew intervention.
[0019] Various exemplary modes of operation include:
[0000] 1. Individual pilot and passenger flow settings:
a. Each distribution port on the conserver would enable users to select the appropriate flow setting for their physical condition and flying altitude
2. Pilot only flow setting:
b. The pilot would select the amount of oxygen required based on flying altitude and physical condition. c. The conserver would then distribute the remaining oxygen to the passengers evenly based on total minute-volume delivery (assuming a fixed-rate oxygen generating system as the oxygen source).
3. Production capacity distribution:
d. The conserver could deliver the entire production capacity of the supply to the passengers and pilot based solely on the number of active ports. This would ensure maximum delivery of oxygen up to the capacity of the source. e. Each position could have a simple ±switch that would refine the delivery amount at a given port to allow for some individualization of oxygen delivery.
4. Altitude adjusting flow setting:
f. The conserver's ambient pressure sensor would adjust the dosage rate to the pilot based on the flying altitude. Dosing could commence at 12,500 feet during daytime hours and 5,000 feet during nighttime hours and proportionally increase with altitude to the maximum rate of delivery based on the oxygen source. g. The conserver could alternately have an altitude adjustment setting where the pilot would select the approximate flying altitude and the conserver would deliver a fixed amount based on that setting up to the maximum delivery rate of the oxygen source.
5. Adaptive auto-pulse:
[0000]
h. To ensure oxygen delivery to the pilot and passengers at all times, the oxygen ports could be equipped with adaptive auto-pulse (see references) to deliver the correct minute volume of oxygen in the absence of breath detection.
6. Pilot selective delivery:
The oxygen conserver could alter the delivery of oxygen to maintain delivery to the pilot in preference over the passengers if the conserver's source pressure sensor detected a drop in the source pressure
[0028] Other modes of operation may suggest themselves to one skilled in the art given the flexibility of the novel conserver.
[0029] A visual confirmation that oxygen is being delivered such as an LED indicator is advantageous as well.
[0030] Another embodiment of the distributed conserver design could include a number of satellite conservers in communication with a main control unit at the oxygen source. This concept is similar in principle to the communication concepts identified in referenced patent application Ser. No. 11/274,755 However, in an aircraft environment, each seat could have an integrated conserving device with a common supply. With a rate limited supply, each seat conserver would communicate via hardwire or RF communication to the source controller to balance the oxygen demand to the oxygen supply, in order to achieve modes of operation such as described above. In this embodiment, the source unit would provide the CPU functions described above. | The invention is multi-port oxygen conserver design, particularly suited for general aviation applications. The novel conserver provides separate bolus control capability for multiple users from a common oxygen supply. Thus a mix of gas usage reduction modes can be employed depending on whether the user is a pilot or passenger, operating altitude, and availability of oxygen, while maintaining safe operation. | 2,168 |
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is related to provisional application Ser. No. 60/331,131 filed Nov. 9, 2001 entitled FLUIDIC SPA NOZZLE WITH MODE CHANGE DISC.
BACKGROUND AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Fluidic and spa nozzles are widely known in the art. See for example the following patents:
U.S. Pat. Nos.
Inventor
3,471,091
Baker
4,151,955
Stouffer
4,227,550
Bauer
4,325,235
Bauer et al
4,407,032
Bauer et al
4,416,030
Reynoso
4,800,046
Malek et al
4,982,459
Henkin
4,985,943
Tobias et al
5,095,558
Howard
5,269,029
Spears et al
5,495,627
Leaverton
5,810,257
Ton
6,378,146
Johnston
6,401,273
Fung et al
The present invention incorporates fluidic oscillators adaptable for submerged operation, e.g. for spa use, which can be caused to sweep or not sweep a jet of water with simple manual adjustment from the front of the device. In addition, the frequency of oscillation or sweeping of the water jet into the spa can be changed by adjusting the length and size of the inertance loop plates attached to the walls of the fluidic element itself. The inertance plates have inertance loop-forming grooves formed therein, one end of each inertance plate, forming a loop groove being juxtaposed over an aperture to a control passage and the other end of the loop groove being juxtaposed over a pass-through port or passage to the corresponding end of the loop on the loop groove in the opposing inertance plate to thereby form the frequency determining loop connecting the control ports of the fluidic oscillator.
The invention also features a mode disc which is secured to the front of the fluidic in such a manner as to allow it to be manually rotated by a spa user to change the outlet geometry of the fluidic element and thus the character of the fluidic stream. In one position, the mode ring has a slot which aligns with and provides a continuation of the fluidic exit geometry and thus allows the water jet to oscillate. Upon rotation of 90°, for example, the slot is perpendicular to the fluidic exit geometry, and this results in the edges of the oscillating wave being backloaded so that the output is a straight focused jet. The shape of the rectangle can be made with the generally round section to control the feel of the jet in the jet mode. In addition, it can be adjusted to angles in between to achieve progressively narrower oscillations. The mode control disc has a pair of depressions or slots to each side of the slot in the mode disc to enable easy and firm grasping between the user's fingers.
Air is routed through a central control valve. Air enters the rear of the spa nozzle housing and is kept separated from the water passages by O-rings. The air passes through two channels along either side of a water conditioning passage. The air goes to the top and bottom inertance plates of the fluidic oscillator. The inertance plates have an air channel in them to carry the air to an air entrainment hole or port downstream of the power nozzle.
Thus, the object of the invention is to provide an improved fluidic spa nozzle. A further object of the invention is to provide an improved fluidic spa nozzle which incorporates a manually movable mode-change disc to control the sweeping of the jet back and forth in the spa.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved fluidic spa nozzle which incorporates inertance loop plates which are interconnected by a pass-through. Another object of the invention is to provide a structure which enables the air to be introduced into the spa nozzle just downstream of the power nozzle and to maintain the inertance loop substantially free of air and thus maintain the inertance loop operable.
The inertance loop is comprised of a pair of plates secured to said top and bottom walls, respectively, each plate has a groove cut therein forming the inertance loop and having one end of said groove juxtaposed over an aperture in one of said control ports and the opposite end of said groove being juxtaposed over a passage passing between the top and bottom walls to interconnect with the end of a groove of opposing plates secured to the top and bottom walls. The spa tub nozzle includes a water ingestion port in the passage for purging air from said inertance loop.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent when considered with the following specification and attached drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is an exploded isometric view of a fluidic spa nozzle incorporating the invention,
FIG. 2A is a sectional view of the assembled fluidic spa nozzle, and FIG. 2B is a sectional view taken on the plane of the device showing the fluidic silhouette,
FIG. 3A is a front view of a schematic version of the device showing the mode disc,
FIG. 3B is a schematic isometric view of the device showing the oscillating liquid jet,
FIG. 3C is a schematic illustration showing the mode disc in a position to prevent sweeping, and
FIG. 3D is a further isometric schematic view showing the straight flow.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the exploded view of FIG. 1 , the spa nozzle includes a main housing 10 which has an external threaded portion 11 for below the waterline securement or mounting by a gland nut (not shown) in the wall W of a spa, an air inlet barb 12 and a main water inlet barb 13 . The air inlet 12 is connected to a valve (not shown) for ON/OFF control.
The upstream end 14 of subhousing 15 has a cutout 16 ( FIG. 2A ) that aligns with the flow inlet 13 to control water flow rate from full to about 30%. Subhousing 15 has a flared or bell-shaped section 15 B and an annular rib 15 R which engages the inner wall of main housing 10 . The downstream end of the subhousing 15 has a hook element CHM which will be described later in connection with the securement thereto of the escutcheon 40 .
The fluidic oscillator element 20 includes an annular dam member 21 that receives an O-ring member 22 which engages the inner wall 23 of the upstream end 14 of subhousing 15 (see FIGS. 2 A and 2 B). This forms a water chamber WCP for feeding water into the fluidic itself. The fluidic oscillator per se is shown in silhouette form in FIG. 2 B and includes a plug P, a power nozzle PN for projecting a jet stream of water past a pair of control ports CP 1 , CP 2 through an interaction region IR which has sidewalls SW 1 and SW 2 which diverge or flare outwardly toward ambient and top TP and bottom BT walls. Top and bottom inertance plates 25 and 26 , respectively, are mounted on the top and bottom walls and have inertance loop forming grooves ILG (only one shown in FIG. 1 ) formed in the faces thereof. One inertance loop coupling aperture is shown in the view taken in FIG. 1 and designated as ILC for inertance loop connection passage to interconnect the control ports CP 1 and CP 2 . A similar passage or opening is formed in the opposite control passage CP 1 , but in the opposite sidewall thereof. (See exploded view shown in FIG. 1. )
The opposing ends of the inertance grooves and the inertance loops themselves are juxtaposed over a pass-through passage PTP so that the inertance loop extends between the two control ports CP 1 , CP 2 and controls the frequency of oscillation of the fluidic oscillator. Thus, the inertance loop between the two control ports CP 1 and CP 2 is comprised of inertance loop coupling passages ILC (one for each control port), two inertance loop grooves ILG (one in each of plates 25 and 26 ) which are connected by the passthrough passage PTP. The fluidic oscillator operates in a conventional fashion as follows: the water jet issues through power nozzle PN and passes across the control ports adjacent thereto and due to some perturbance, the jet will be closer to one or the other control port CP 1 or CP 2 . This produces a pressure gradient across the jet at the control ports to switch the let to one side or the other and then the process repeats. As noted earlier, the length and size of the inertance loop plates attached to the control ports of the fluidic element set the oscillating frequency. The frequency oscillation or sweeping of the water jet into the spa tub per se can be changed by adjusting the length and size (area) of the inertance loops formed on the inertance loop plates.
An air passage or groove AG is formed in the top and bottom inertance plates for matching with other holes all in the body of the fluidic for air entrainment admission to air entrainment hole AH. In this embodiment the air entrainment hole AH is located downstream of the power nozzle PN. The fluidic interaction region IR has sidewalls SW 1 , SW 2 that diverge downstream of the power nozzle PN to form a “V” shape. To obtain sufficient air entrainment, the air entrainment hole must be located close to the power nozzle where the jet is still focused. If the air entrainment hole AH is moved further downstream, the moving (sweeping) jet is not over the hole for a sufficient period of time to allow sufficient air to be drawn in.
When the air entrainment hole AH is positioned close to the power nozzle PN to optimize air entrainment, some quantity of air would be drawn into the inertance loop constituted by the groove AG in inertance plates 25 , 26 . Air is sufficiently less dense than water so its inclusion in the inertance loop would first raise the oscillating frequency, and then as more air contaminates the inertance loop, the oscillations would stop.
To solve this problem, a water ingestion port WIP is added to the inertance loop. In addition to slowing the frequency (desirable in this application), the key benefit of the water ingestion port WIP is to provide water to purge the air contamination from the inertance loop. Without the water ingestion port WIP, the air entrainment hole AH would need to be placed further downstream and less air would be entrained into the exiting water (undesirable).
Air entrainment may be enhanced by a slot structure SLO extending downstream of air entrainment port or hole AH, as is disclosed in Thurber et al application Ser. No. 09/899,547, filed Jul. 6, 2001, entitled SPA NOZZLES WITH AIR ENTRAINMENT, incorporated herein by reference.
Integrally molded with the fluidic is an annular ring 29 which receives a rotatable or movable mode change disc 30 which has tabs 31 , 32 that are fitted into arcuate guide slots 33 , 34 . Mode change disc member 30 is also retained in position by a snap-on escutcheon member 40 . Snap-on escutcheon member 40 has a cooperating latch member CLM which engages a cooperating hook member CHM on the downstream end of housing 15 . Mode change disc 30 has an elongated slot 35 . The important feature about mode-change disc 30 is the slot 35 and its orientation relative to the downstream end of the interaction region or chamber IR. As illustrated, the mode disc 30 is generally round and has a generally rectangular slot 35 therein. The slots 33 , 34 and tabs 31 , 32 allows the mode disc 30 to be rotated up to about 90° to change the outlet geometry and thus the sweep of fluid stream. At 0° rotation (FIGS. 3 A- 3 B), the slot 35 is aligned with the diverging ends of the fluidic oscillator. As shown in FIG. 2B , the slot 35 is aligned with the width of the diverging end of sidewalls SW 1 and SW 2 of the interaction region IR, thus allowing the water jet to sweep. Thus at 0° rotation, the slot 34 provides a continuation of the exit geometry of the interaction region IR and allows the submerged jet to sweep or oscillate back and forth in the water of the spa tub. At 90° rotation, the slot 34 is perpendicular to the fluidic exit geometry. This results in the edges of the oscillating wave being backloaded, and the output is a straight focused jet. The rectangular slot 34 can be made larger with a generally round section to control the field of the straight jet in the jet mode. The disc 30 can be adjusted to angles from between 0° and 90° to achieve progressively narrower sweeping oscillations.
The mode control disc 30 has a pair of side slots or depressions F 1 , F 2 to each side of the slot in the mode disc 30 to enable easy, ergonomic and firm grasping between the user's fingers.
In the straight jet mode, the jet may have a pulsating sensation, depending on the size of the opening chosen. This pulsation feels twice as quick as the oscillations in oscillating mode due to the jet passing through the center twice per oscillation.
In the straight jet mode, the water is concentrated in a smaller area than the oscillation mode. Therefore, the momentum flux and intensity, is greater. Control of the flow rates can be accomplished by rotating the sleeve valve formed in the subhousing and discussed briefly above.
Air can be routed through the central control valve on the spa nozzle to a manifold, and an air line (not shown) from this manifold is connected to each spa nozzle housing via air barb fitting 12 . Air enters the rear of the housing and is separated from the water passages by the rear O-ring RO. The air passes through the two channels HC 1 and HC 2 on either side of the water chamber WCP. Air passages then turn 90° through aperture APP to the top and bottom inertance plates 25 , 26 of the fluidic, and each of the inertance plates 25 , 26 have an air channel AG in them to carry the air to the pass-through hole AH downstream of the power nozzle PN.
The fluidic oscillator can be set in any angular position. As illustrated in the drawings, the fluidic oscillator is constrained in its fore and aft position by being retained between the housing and the escutcheon. It is constrained from rotating by the friction of the rear O-ring.
While the invention has been described in relation to preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be appreciated that other embodiments, adaptations and modifications of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. | There is disclosed a fluidic spa tub nozzle having a fluidic oscillator with diverging sidewalls and a cooperating mode-change member for changing the mode from an oscillatory swept jet mode to a straight jet mode and positions thereinbetween. The fluidic oscillator has an inertance loop formed by groove plates secured to the top and bottom walls of the fluidic oscillator. | 2,541 |
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